Pulmonary alveolus and Cattaraugus Reservation, Erie County, New York: Difference between pages
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'''Cattaraugus Reservation''' is an [[Indian reservation]] located in [[Erie County, New York]]. As of the [[2000]] census, the Indian reservation had a total population of 2,001. Smaller parts of the reservation are found in [[Cattaraugus Reservation, Cattaraugus County, New York|Cattaraugus County]] and [[Cattaraugus Reservation, Chautauqua County, New York|Chautauqua County]]. |
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The '''alveoli''' (singular: ''alveolus'') are very small porous air sacs found in the [[lung]] tissue of certain organisms. The lungs use passive [[osmotic]] [[diffusion]] which does not require the assistance of [[adenosine triphosphate|ATP]]-fueled enzyme-based transport. Substances move through the [[concentration gradient]] from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. In the alveoli, this means oxygen in the red blood cells will have a lower concentration than in the air. Conversely, carbon dioxide will have a higher concentration in the [[red blood cell]]s than in the air. This causes the diffusion of oxygen into the blood, binding to [[haemoglobin]] [[protein]] molecules, and the diffusion of carbon dioxide through to the alveoli to be expelled into the air. Although carbon dioxide and oxygen are the main molecules exchanged, water vapour is also found to be excreted through the lungs. |
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== Geography == |
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One of the dangers of this process is that molecules with a high affinity for haemoglobin, such as [[carbon monoxide]], may also bind to red blood cells. Carbon monoxide will readily diffuse past the alveoli in the lungs and into the blood cells. This means that if the concentration of carbon monoxide is high enough, oxygen deprivation will occur. The lungs contain ~300 million alveoli, each wrapped carefully in a network of capillaries. Often, the lungs and their alveoli are the first line of defence against airborne bacteria. There are many defences employed to protect the lungs, including small hairs in the breathing passages, mucus lining in the lungs, and coughing and sneezing to dislodge mucus contaminated with dust particles or micro-organisms. |
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According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the Indian reservation has a total area of 66.5 [[square kilometer|km²]] (25.7 [[square mile|mi²]]). 65.6 km² (25.3 mi²) of it is land and 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.36% water. |
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== Demographics == |
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==Alveolar gas pressures== |
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As of the [[census]] of [[2000]], there are 2,001 people, 703 households, and 480 families residing in the Indian reservation. The [[population density]] is 30.5/km² (79.0/mi²). There are 753 housing units at an average density of 11.5/km² (29.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the Indian reservation is 11.74% White, 0.00% [[African American]], 86.81% [[Native American]], 0.00% [[Asia|Asian]], 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.20% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. 0.90% of the population are [[Hispanic]] or [[Latino]] of any race. |
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Normal alveolar gas pressures are PO2 = 105 mmHg and PCO2 = 40 mmHg. |
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Normal air pressures are P02 = 160 mmHg and PCO2 = .3mmHg. |
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The alvolar oxygen pressure is lower because some oxygen leaves to the pulmonary capillaries. The alveolar carbon dioxide pressure is higher because carbon dioxide enters the alveoli from the pulmonary capillaries. |
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There are 703 households out of which 41.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.6% are married couples living together, 29.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% are non-families. 26.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.85 and the average family size is 3.40. |
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The factors that determine the values for alveolar PO2 and PCO2 are: |
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*The pressure of outside air |
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*The rate of alveolar ventilation |
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*The rate of total body oxygen consumption and CO2 release |
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In the Indian reservation the population is spread out with 35.3% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.3 males. |
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[[Hypoventilation]] exists when the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation increases. [[Hyperventilation]] exists when the same ratio decreases. |
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The median income for a household in the Indian reservation is $28,713, and the median income for a family is $27,933. Males have a median income of $25,735 versus $23,438 for females. The per capita income for the Indian reservation is $12,382. 30.6% of the population and 27.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 41.9% are under the age of 18 and 16.2% are 65 or older. |
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==Exchange between blood and gas== |
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The blood that enters the pulmonary capillaries is the systemic venous blood which enter the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. |
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Due to differences in partial pressures across the alveolar-capillary membrane, O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses out. Thus, the blood that returns to the heart has the same PO2 and PCO2 as the alveolar air. The more pulmonary capillaries participating in this process, the more total O2 and CO2 can be exchanged. |
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==Diseases== |
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[[Pneumonia]] is an infection of the alveoli, which can be caused by both [[virus]]es and [[bacteria]]. Toxins and fluids are released from the virus causing the effective surface area of the lungs to be greatly reduced. If this happens to such a degree that the patient cannot draw enough oxygen from his environment, then he may need supplemental oxygen. |
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In [[asthma]], the [[bronchioles]], or the "bottle-necks" into the sac are restricted causing the amount of air flow into the lungs to be greatly reduced. It can be triggered by irritants in the air, [[photochemical smog]] for example, as well as substances that a person is allergic to. |
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[[Emphysema]] is another disease of the lungs, whereby the delicate lining of the alveoli is broken down, greatly reducing the effective surface area for diffusion. The gradual loss of the lungs' ability to draw oxygen into the blood deprives organs of oxygen. The [[heart]] attempts to pump more blood through the body in order to satisfy the body's need for oxygen, which in some cases may cause strain on the heart. |
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[[Chronic bronchitis]] occurs when too much mucus is produced by the lungs. The production of this substance occurs naturally when the lung tissue is exposed to irritants. In chronic bronchitis, the air passages into the alveoli, the broncholiotes, become clogged with mucus. This causes increased coughing in order to remove the mucus, and is often a result of extended periods of exposure to cigarette smoke. |
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[[Cystic fibrosis]] is more a genetic condition caused by the dysfunction of the transmembrane conductance regulator, a [[transmembrane]] protein responsible for the transport of chloride ions. This causes huge amounts of mucus to clog the bronchiolites, simular to chronic bronchitis. The result is a persistent cough and reduced lung capacity. |
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[[Lung cancer]] is a common form of cancer causing the uncontrolled growth of cells in the lung tissue. It is often difficult to prevent once started, due to the sensitivity of lung tissue to radiological exposure. |
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This article is incomplete, and any contributions would be welcome. Improvements in grammar, spelling or factual information presented herein are also welcome. |
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[[da:Alveole]] |
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[[de:Alveole]] |
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Revision as of 07:38, 14 June 2003
Cattaraugus Reservation is an Indian reservation located in Erie County, New York. As of the 2000 census, the Indian reservation had a total population of 2,001. Smaller parts of the reservation are found in Cattaraugus County and Chautauqua County.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Indian reservation has a total area of 66.5 km² (25.7 mi²). 65.6 km² (25.3 mi²) of it is land and 0.9 km² (0.3 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.36% water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 2,001 people, 703 households, and 480 families residing in the Indian reservation. The population density is 30.5/km² (79.0/mi²). There are 753 housing units at an average density of 11.5/km² (29.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the Indian reservation is 11.74% White, 0.00% African American, 86.81% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.20% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. 0.90% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 703 households out of which 41.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.6% are married couples living together, 29.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% are non-families. 26.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.85 and the average family size is 3.40.
In the Indian reservation the population is spread out with 35.3% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.3 males.
The median income for a household in the Indian reservation is $28,713, and the median income for a family is $27,933. Males have a median income of $25,735 versus $23,438 for females. The per capita income for the Indian reservation is $12,382. 30.6% of the population and 27.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 41.9% are under the age of 18 and 16.2% are 65 or older.