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Pretty Woman

2024-12-11T13:23:49Z

Broodingomnipresence: Undid revision 1262435894 by 82.9.51.176 (talk) Edit introduced improper editorializing as well as multiple typos and grammatical mistakes; it should be considered vandalism.

{{Short description|1990 film by Garry Marshall}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pretty Woman
| image = Pretty_woman movie.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = A man in a smart black suit stands back to back with a woman wearing a black short skirt and black thigh-high boots.
| director = [[Garry Marshall]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Arnon Milchan]]
* [[Steven Reuther]]
* [[Gary W. Goldstein]]
}}
| writer = [[J. F. Lawton]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Richard Gere]]
* [[Julia Roberts]]
}}
| music = [[James Newton Howard]]
| cinematography = [[Charles Minsky]]
| editing = {{plainlist|
* [[Raja Gosnell]]
* [[Priscilla Nedd-Friendly|Priscilla Nedd]]
}}
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Touchstone Pictures]]
* [[Silver Screen Partners|Silver Screen Partners IV]]
* [[Regency Enterprises|Regency International Pictures]] (uncredited)
}}
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]
| released = {{Film date|1990|3|23|United States}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $14 million
| gross = $463.4 million
}}

'''''Pretty Woman''''' is a 1990 American [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Garry Marshall]], from a screenplay by [[J. F. Lawton]]. The film stars [[Richard Gere]] and [[Julia Roberts]], and features [[Héctor Elizondo]], [[Ralph Bellamy]] (in his final performance), [[Laura San Giacomo]], and [[Jason Alexander]] in supporting roles.<ref name="Pretty Woman">{{cite web |title=''Pretty Woman'' Credits |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/19475/pretty-woman#credits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816030024/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/19475/Pretty-Woman/full-credits.html |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |access-date=June 17, 2016 |work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]}}</ref> The film's story centers on [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] [[Call girl|escort]] Vivian Ward and wealthy businessman Edward Lewis. Vivian is hired to be Edward's escort for several business and social functions, and their relationship develops during her week-long stay with him. The film's title ''Pretty Woman'' is based on the 1964 song "[[Oh, Pretty Woman]]" by [[Roy Orbison]]. The original screenplay was titled "3,000," and was written by then-struggling screenwriter J. F. Lawton.

Originally intended to be a dark cautionary tale about class and sex work in [[Los Angeles]], the film was re-conceived as a romantic comedy with a large budget. ''Pretty Woman'' received mixed reviews from critics upon release, but widespread praise was directed towards Roberts' performance and her chemistry with Gere. It saw the highest number of ticket sales in the US ever for a romantic comedy,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/9158072/Richard-Gere-Pretty-Woman-a-silly-romantic-comedy.html |title= Richard Gere: Pretty Woman a 'Silly Romantic Comedy' |first= Rosa |last= Prince |work= [[The Daily Telegraph]] |date= March 21, 2012 |location= London |access-date= April 4, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141109195441/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/9158072/Richard-Gere-Pretty-Woman-a-silly-romantic-comedy.html |archive-date= November 9, 2014 |url-status= live}}</ref> with [[Box Office Mojo]] listing it as the number-one romantic comedy by the highest estimated domestic tickets sold at 42,176,400, slightly ahead of ''[[My Big Fat Greek Wedding]]'' (2002) at 41,419,500 tickets.<ref name="boxmojo" /> The film grossed {{US$|463.4|link=yes}}{{nbsp}}million worldwide and at the time of its release, was the [[List of highest-grossing films|fifth-highest-grossing film of all time worldwide]], behind only ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' ({{US$|701|long=no}} million at the time), ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' ($530 million at the time), ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' ({{US$|474|long=no}} million at the time), and ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' ($470 million at the time). It was also the highest grossing R-rated film released by [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios]], holding the record for 34 years until [[Marvel Studios]]' ''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]'' surpassed it in 2024.

''Pretty Woman'' catapulted Roberts to superstardom, earning her the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical]], in addition to her first nominations for the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] and the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]]. The film also received nominations for the [[BAFTA Award for Best Film]] and the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]].

== Plot ==


One night, leaving a business party in the [[Hollywood Hills]], Edward takes his lawyer Philip's [[Lotus Esprit]] and finds himself in the [[red-light district]] on [[Hollywood Boulevard]]. There he meets an absolutely beautiful but struggling prostitute Vivian Ward.

Lost and struggling to operate the [[Manual transmission|stick-shift]], Vivian offers to drive Edward to the [[Beverly Wilshire Hotel|Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel]]. Impulsively, he hires her for the whole night and, despite initial awkwardness, finds her charming and they [[fornicate|have sex]] in his [[Penthouse apartment|penthouse]] suite.

The following day, Edward asks Vivian to stay for the week, as he must attend a series of business events while attempting to acquire Jim Morse's shipbuilding company. After negotiating, Edward and Vivian agree on $3,000. He also gives her money to buy appropriate clothes.

However, when trying to shop on [[Rodeo Drive]], snobbish and rude saleswomen turn Vivian away. She asks the hotel manager Barney for assistance. He gets upscale store saleslady Bridget, who is very kind, to find her a cocktail dress for that evening's business dinner. Later, Barney teaches her table etiquette.

Edward is astounded by Vivian’s transformation. At dinner, he introduces Vivian to Morse and his grandson David, who is to take over the company. The Morses are charmed by her, but ultimately the dinner does not go well as they are unhappy with Edward's plan to dismantle their company.

Edward opens up to the transformed Vivian. He reveals details about his personal and business life, including his estranged relationship with his late father Carter.

Edward takes Vivian along as his date to a [[polo]] match. When Philip sees Vivian talking to David Morse, he tells Edward his suspicions that she is a corporate spy. Edward dismisses Philip's concerns by explaining their arrangement. With the knowledge of Vivian's true background, the married Philip goes to talk to her alone and crudely propositions her for her services. Back in Edward's suite, Vivian gets upset with Edward for exposing her in that way. He apologizes, admitting that he was jealous of Vivian talking to David and acknowledging that her directness is having a positive effect on him.

Edward takes Vivian by [[Business jet|private jet]] to see ''[[La traviata]]'' at the [[San Francisco Opera]], a story about a prostitute who falls in love with a wealthy man. She is moved, and she breaks her "no kissing" rule before having sex with him. Believing Edward has fallen asleep, Vivian says she loves him.

As the week is almost finished, Edward offers to get Vivian a condominium and an allowance, promising to visit her regularly. However, Vivian is offended, feeling he is now treating her like a prostitute. She shares her childhood fantasy of being rescued by a knight on a white steed.

Edward meets with Morse but, influenced by Vivian, chooses to work with him to save his company instead of dismantling it. Meanwhile Philip, furious that Edward's new direction has cost him a fortune, goes to the Beverly Wilshire to confront him. However, he finds Vivian. So, blaming her for Edward's changes and angry at his business decision, Philip hits her and attempts to rape her. Edward arrives, pulls Philip off of Vivian, punches and fires him.

After completing his business in [[Los Angeles]], Edward asks Vivian to stay with him for one more night, but only if she wants to, not because he is paying her. She gently refuses and leaves after telling him she thinks he has "lots of special gifts."

Vivian returns to her [[apartment hotel]] to pack for her move to [[San Francisco]] to get a new job and finish her high school degree. She gives her roommate, fellow prostitute Kit De Luca, some money and tells her she has "a lot of potential." Kit leaves sex work and enrolls in [[cosmetology|beauty classes]]. Vivian then waits in her apartment for the bus.

Vivian's rejection prompts Edward to re-evaluate his life, so he reroutes the chauffeur to her [[apartment]] instead of the airport. He climbs out of the white [[Limousine|limousine's]] sunroof and ascends the fire escape to 'rescue' Vivian, just like the knight in her childhood fantasy. When he asks her what happens after the knight rescues her, she responds "She rescues him right back", and kisses him.

== Cast ==
''As per the opening credits''
* [[Richard Gere]] as Edward Lewis, a rich corporate raider from New York who hires Vivian to be his escort for a week
* [[Julia Roberts]] as Vivian Ward, a free-spirited [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] [[prostitution|prostitute]]
* [[Ralph Bellamy]] as Jim Morse, owner of Morse Industries, a troubled shipbuilding company Edward plans to take over
* [[Jason Alexander]] as Philip Stuckey, Edward's insensitive lawyer
* [[Héctor Elizondo]] as Barnard "Barney" Thompson, the dignified and soft-hearted hotel manager
* [[Laura San Giacomo]] as Kit De Luca, Vivian's sarcastic wisecracking best friend and roommate who taught her the prostitution trade
* [[Alex Hyde-White]] as David Morse, Jim Morse's grandson, who is being groomed to take over the Morses' shipbuilding company
* [[Amy Yasbeck]] as Elizabeth Stuckey, Philip's wife
* [[Elinor Donahue]] as Bridget, a friend of Barney Thompson who works in a women's clothing store
* [[John David Carson]] as Mark Roth, a businessman in Edward's office
* [[Judith Baldwin]] as Susan, one of Edward's ex-girlfriends whom he runs into at Phil's party at the beginning of the film. She has recently married and Edward's secretary was a bridesmaid.
* Patrick Richwood as Night Elevator Operator Dennis
* [[James Patrick Stuart]] as Dennis Rowland, the day bellhop
* [[Dey Young]] as a snobbish saleswoman in a clothing store
* [[Larry Miller (comedian)|Larry Miller]] as Mr. Hollister, the manager of a clothing store where Vivian buys her new wardrobe
* [[Hank Azaria]] as a detective (film debut)
* Jason Randal as a magician

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The film was initially conceived as a dark drama about prostitution in Los Angeles in the 1980s.<ref name="dvd">{{cite video |date= 2005 |title= Pretty Woman: 15th anniversary |type= DVD |publisher= Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Touchstone}}</ref> The relationship between Vivian and Edward also originally included Vivian being addicted to [[drugs]]; part of the deal was that she had to stay off [[cocaine]] for a week. Edward eventually throws her out of his car and drives off.<ref name=Graham>{{cite episode|title=Julia Roberts, Tom Hanks, Timothée Chalamet, Cher |series=[[The Graham Norton Show]] |network=BBC |date=1 December 2023 |season=31 |number=9}}</ref> The original script by J.{{nbsp}}F.{{nbsp}}Lawton, called ''3000'',<ref name="VF">{{cite web |last=Erbland |first=Kate |date=March 23, 2015 |title=The True Story of Pretty Woman's Original Dark Ending |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/03/pretty-woman-original-ending |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128004806/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/03/pretty-woman-original-ending |archive-date=January 28, 2018 |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> ended with Vivian and her prostitute friend on the bus to Disneyland.<ref name="dvd" /> Producer [[Laura Ziskin]] considered these elements detrimental to a sympathetic portrayal of Vivian, and they were removed or assigned to Kit. The deleted scenes have been found, and some were included on the DVD released for the film's 15th anniversary.<ref name="dvd" /> In one, Vivian tells Edward, "I could just pop ya good and be on my way," indicating her lack of interest in "[[pillow talk]]." In another, she is confronted by a drug dealer, Carlos, then rescued by Edward when the limo driver Darryl gets his gun out.

Though inspired by such films as ''[[Wall Street (1987 film)|Wall Street]]'' and ''[[The Last Detail]]'',<ref name="VF" /> the film bears a resemblance to [[Pygmalion (mythology)|Pygmalion myth]]s: particularly [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s [[Pygmalion (play)|play of the same name]], which also formed the basis for the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical ''[[My Fair Lady]]''. It was [[The Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]] then-president [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] who insisted the film be re-written as a modern-day fairy tale and love story, as opposed to the original dark drama. It was pitched to [[Touchstone Pictures]] and re-written as a romantic comedy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |date=August 26, 2016 |title=8 Movies With Major Title Changes |url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/lists/movies-original-titles-before-change-923339/item/arrival-movie-title-changes-2016-923334 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831131329/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/movies-original-titles-before-change-923339/item/arrival-movie-title-changes-2016-923334 |archive-date=August 31, 2016 |access-date=August 27, 2016 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> The title ''3000'' was changed because Disney executives thought it sounded like a title for a science fiction film.<ref>{{cite book |author-link= James B. Stewart |last= Stewart |first= James B. |title= [[DisneyWar]] |page= [https://archive.org/details/disneywar00stew/page/110 110] |location= New York |publisher= [[Simon & Schuster]] |year= 2005 |isbn= 978-0-7432-6709-0 }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The casting of the film was a rather lengthy process. Marshall had initially considered [[Christopher Reeve]], [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], [[Kevin Kline]], and [[Denzel Washington]] for the role of Edward, and [[Albert Brooks]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2011 |title=The Lost Roles of Albert Brooks |url=https://www.vulture.com/amp/2011/06/the-lost-roles-of-albert-brooks.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704080548/https://www.vulture.com/amp/2011/06/the-lost-roles-of-albert-brooks.html |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |access-date=June 15, 2021 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> [[Sylvester Stallone]], [[Christopher Lambert]], [[Al Pacino]] and [[Burt Reynolds]] turned it down.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burt Reynolds Reflects on the Roles He's Turned Down |last=Schaffstall |first=Katherine |date=March 16, 2018 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/burt-reynolds-reflects-roles-hes-turned-down-1095043/ |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref><ref name=Collider>{{Cite web|url=https://collider.com/galleries/pretty-woman-behind-the-scenes-facts/|title=Surprising Behind-the-Scenes Facts about Pretty Woman|first=Tom|last=Reimann|date=April 25, 2019|website=Collider|access-date=January 2, 2023|archive-date=January 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102063114/https://collider.com/galleries/pretty-woman-behind-the-scenes-facts/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pacino went as far as doing a casting reading with Roberts before rejecting the part.<ref>{{cite interview |first= Al |last= Pacino |subject-link= Al Pacino |date= June 15, 2007 |url= http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0706/15/lkl.01.html |title= ''"Al Pacino Interview"'' |interviewer= [[Larry King]] |work= [[Larry King Live]] |publisher= [[CNN]] |access-date= June 16, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070621070302/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0706/15/lkl.01.html |archive-date= June 21, 2007 |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Sam Neill]], [[Tom Conti]] and [[Charles Grodin]] tested for the part along with Roberts.<ref name="Lorraine">{{Cite web |last=LoBianco |first=Lorraine |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Pretty Woman |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/19475/pretty-woman#articles-reviews?articleId=359271 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Turner Classic Movies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615111534/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/19475/Pretty-Woman/articles.html |archive-date=June 15, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-23 |title="Pretty Woman" turns 25: Go behind the scenes with 21-year-old Julia Roberts |website=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pretty-woman-turns-25-go-behind-the-scenes-with-21-year-old-julia-roberts/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gere initially refused but when he met with Roberts, she persuaded him and he eventually agreed to play Lewis.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 24, 2015 |title='Pretty Woman' Cast Reunites 25 Years Later |website=TODAY.com |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ub6BdLFWyg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116022214/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ub6BdLFWyg |archive-date=November 16, 2017 |access-date=September 10, 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He reportedly started off much more active in his role; but Garry Marshall took him aside and said "No, no, no, Richard. In this movie, one of you moves and one of you does not. Guess which one you are?"<ref>{{cite book|last=Tiffin|first=George|title=A Star is Born: The Moment an Actress becomes an Icon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZeQCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Head of Zeus|isbn=978-1-78185-936-0|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OZeQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT493 493]}}</ref>

[[Julia Roberts]] was not the first choice for the role of Vivian, and was not wanted by Disney. Many other actresses were considered. Marshall originally envisioned [[Karen Allen]] for the role; when she declined, auditions went to many better-known actresses of the time including [[Molly Ringwald]],<ref name=LATimes>{{cite news |last= Corcoran |first= Monica |url= https://latimes.com/features/lifestyle/la-ig-molly29-2008jun29,0,7763315.story |title= Molly Ringwald: Pretty in Pucci |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date= January 8, 2013 |date= June 28, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090308044451/http://www.latimes.com/features/lifestyle/la-ig-molly29-2008jun29,0,7763315.story |archive-date= March 8, 2009 |url-status= live}}</ref> who turned it down as she didn't like the story as she felt "there was something icky about it".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ringwald |first=Molly |date=April 26, 2012 |title=I am Molly Ringwald. AMA |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/ssoxc/comment/c4gnk8j/?context=3 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Reddit |quote=I think I saw an early draft and it was called "$3,000." I don't specifically remember turning it down. The script was okay but I gotta say, Julia Roberts is what makes that movie. It was her part. Every actor hopes for a part that lets them shine like that.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/apr/24/i-was-projected-as-the-sweet-american-girl-next-door-it-wasnt-me-molly-ringwald-bites-back | title='I was projected as the sweet American girl next door. It wasn't me': Molly Ringwald bites back | newspaper=The Guardian | date=April 24, 2023 | last1=Williams | first1=Zoe }}</ref> [[Winona Ryder]] auditioned, but was turned down because Marshall felt she was "too young."<ref name=Collider/> [[Jennifer Connelly]] was also dismissed for the same reason.<ref name="dvd" /> [[Emily Lloyd]] turned it down as it conflicted with her shooting for the film ''[[Mermaids (1990 film)|Mermaids]]''.<ref name=yahoo>{{cite web|url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/emily-lloyd-the-unluckiest-actress-in-hollywood-113758144.html|title=Emily Lloyd: The Unluckiest Actress In Hollywood History?|work=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|last=Arnold|first=Ben|date=July 27, 2016|access-date=December 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519134831/https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/emily-lloyd-the-unluckiest-actress-in-hollywood-113758144.html|archive-date=May 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Drew Barrymore]], [[Patricia Arquette]], [[Brooke Shields]], [[Uma Thurman]], and [[Kristin Davis]] also auditioned for the role of Vivian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burton |first=Lynsi |date=March 18, 2015 |title='Pretty Woman': 25 years later |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/entertainment/movies/slideshow/Pretty-Woman-25-years-later-105532/photo-7670983.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905211621/https://www.seattlepi.com/entertainment/movies/slideshow/Pretty-Woman-25-years-later-105532/photo-7670983.php |archive-date=September 5, 2021 |access-date=September 5, 2021 |website=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/features/patricia-arquette-julia-roberts-escape-at-dannemora-the-act-homecoming-1203231800/ | title=Julia Roberts and Patricia Arquette on Thriving in Hollywood as 'Rad 51-Year-Old' Women | date=June 4, 2019 |website=Variety}}</ref> [[Meg Ryan]], who was the studio and Marshall's top choice, turned it down as well.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1133589/it-d-be-a-big-mistake-to-not-check-out-these-30-pretty-woman-secrets-huge | title=It'd be a Big Mistake to Not Check Out These 30 ''Pretty Woman'' Secrets⁠—Huge! |website=E! Online |date=August 31, 2022}}</ref> According to a note written by Marshall, [[Mary Steenburgen]] was also among the first choices. [[Diane Lane]] came very close to being cast (the script was much darker at the time); they had gone as far as costume fittings, but due to scheduling conflicts she could not accept. [[Michelle Pfeiffer]] turned the role down, saying she did not like the script's "tone."<ref name="Daryl Hannah">{{cite web |date=2007-02-27 |title=Darly Hannah Pleased to Decline Pretty Woman |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/hannah%20pleased%20to%20decline%20pretty%20woman%20offer_1023365 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013202701/http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/hannah%20pleased%20to%20decline%20pretty%20woman%20offer_1023365 |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=August 20, 2007 |website=[[World Entertainment News Network|WENN]] |via=Contact Music}}</ref> [[Daryl Hannah]] was also considered but believed the role was "degrading to women."<ref name="Daryl Hannah"/> [[Valeria Golino]] was in consideration, but was not selected because of her thick Italian accent,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jang |first=Meena |date=2016-05-16 |title=1989: When Valeria Golino Was Indie Royalty in Cannes |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/1989-valeria-golino-was-indie-894394/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |quote=My accent was charming, but when it came to be between Julia Roberts and me, she was American.}}</ref> and [[Jennifer Jason Leigh]] had auditioned.<ref>{{cite journal |date= December 4, 2005 |first= Boris |last= Kachka |title= Lone Star: Jennifer Jason Leigh Plays an Extroverted Striver in Abigail's Party, Now, that's a stretch |url= http://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/theater/15247/ |page= 2 |journal= New York Magazine |access-date= September 29, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121016061522/http://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/theater/15247/ |archive-date= October 16, 2012 |url-status= live}}</ref> [[Lea Thompson]] unsuccessfully auditioned for the role as she thought the film was a drama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WKOof2WPJ7o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/WKOof2WPJ7o| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title = Lea Thompson's Disastrous "Pretty Woman" Audition - "Late Night with Conan O'Brien"|website=[[YouTube]] |date=May 10, 2021 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

When all the other actresses turned down the role, 21-year-old [[Julia Roberts]], a relative unknown, with only the sleeper hit ''[[Mystic Pizza]]'' (1988) and the yet-to-be-released ''[[Steel Magnolias]]'' (1989), for which she would be nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]], won the role of Vivian. Her performance made her a star. J.{{nbsp}}F.{{nbsp}}Lawton, writer of the original screenplay, has suggested that the film was ultimately given a happy ending because of the chemistry of Gere and Roberts.<ref name="VF" />

Veteran actor [[Ralph Bellamy]], who plays James Morse, appears in his final acting performance before his death in 1991. [[Jason Alexander]], who had also recently been cast for his role as the bumbling [[George Costanza]] in ''[[Seinfeld]]'', was cast as Philip Stuckey. A VHS copy of ''Pretty Woman'' would appear in Seinfeld's apartment in later seasons of ''Seinfeld'' as a homage to Alexander's participation in the film.

=== Filming ===
The film's budget was substantial, at {{US$|14|long=no}} million, so producers could shoot in many locations.<ref name="dvd" /> Most filming took place in [[Los Angeles, California]], specifically in [[Beverly Hills]], and inside soundstages at [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]] in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]].<ref name=Lorraine/> The [[escargot]] scene at the restaurant was shot at Rex II Ristorante, now named Cicada.<ref name="locations">{{cite web |title=Pretty Woman |url=https://movie-locations.com/movies/p/Pretty-Woman.php |website=movie-locations.com |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref> Scenes set in the [[Beverly Wilshire Hotel]] lobby were shot at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in [[Los Angeles]]. Filming commenced on July 24, 1989,<ref name="Lorraine" /><ref name=afi>{{Cite web |title=Pretty Woman (1990) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/55709 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016171602/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/55709 |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |access-date=October 16, 2019 |website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]}}</ref> but was immediately plagued by problems. These included [[Ferrari]] and [[Porsche]] declining the product placement opportunity for the car Edward drove, as neither firm wished to be associated with prostitutes.<ref name="dvd" /> [[Lotus Cars]] saw the placement value and supplied a Silver {{fraction|1989|1|2}} [[Lotus Esprit|Esprit SE]] (which was later sold).<ref>{{cite web |title=Lotus Espirit SE Pretty Woman Movie Car |url=http://www.lotusespritworld.com/EOtherstuff/PrettyWomanAuction.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314075138/http://www.lotusespritworld.com/EOtherstuff/PrettyWomanAuction.html |archive-date=March 14, 2018 |access-date=22 March 2018 |website=Lotus Esprit World}}</ref>

Filming was a generally pleasant, easygoing experience, as the budget was broad and the shooting schedule was not tight.<ref name="dvd" /> While shooting the scene where Vivian is lying down on the floor of Edward's penthouse, watching reruns of ''[[I Love Lucy]]'', Garry Marshall had to tickle Roberts' feet (out of camera range) to get her to laugh.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2015 |last=Peng |first=Chelsea |title=16 Things You Never Knew About 'Pretty Woman' |url=https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/news/a13735/pretty-woman-trivia/ |website=Marie Claire |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803230639/https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/news/a13735/pretty-woman-trivia/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The scene in which Gere playfully snaps the lid of a jewelry case on her fingers was improvised, and her surprised laugh was genuine. [[Red dress of Julia Roberts|The red dress]] Vivian wears to the opera has been listed among the most unforgettable dresses of all time.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Henderson |first1=Jessica |title=The 20 Greatest Movie Dresses of All Time |url=https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/g1398/greatest-movie-dresses-ever/?slide=11 |website=Marie Claire |date=28 February 2012 |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414200246/http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/g1398/greatest-movie-dresses-ever/?slide=11 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the scene in which Roberts sang a [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] song in the bathtub, slid down, and submerged her head under the bubbles; she emerged to find the crew had left except for the cameraman, who captured the moment on film. In the love scene, she was so stressed that a vein became noticeable on her forehead and had to be massaged by Marshall and Gere. She also developed a case of [[hives]], and [[Calamine|calamine lotion]] was used to soothe her skin until filming resumed.<ref name="dvd" />

[[Shelley Michelle]] acted as [[body double]] for Roberts in risqué scenes and the film's publicity poster.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |title=Emilia Clarke suffered in vain: here are 13 famous nude scenes that were actually performed by body doubles |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/hollywood-movie-nude-scenes-performed-body-doubles/julia-roberts-pretty-woman/ |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=The Telegraph |date=11 April 2017 |archive-date=April 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407205701/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/hollywood-movie-nude-scenes-performed-body-doubles/julia-roberts-pretty-woman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming wrapped on October 18, 1989.<ref name=Lorraine/>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
In its opening weekend, the film was at [[List of 1990 box office number-one films in the United States|number one at the US box office]], grossing {{US$|11280591 |long=no}} and averaging {{US$|8513|long=no}} per theater.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-03-26-ca-277-story.html|title=SHORT TAKES : 'Pretty Woman' Finishes First Weekend With a Happy Ending|website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 1990 }}</ref><ref name="boxmojoweek">{{cite news|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=prettywoman.htm|title=Pretty Woman (1990)—Weekend Box Office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=September 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930221910/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=prettywoman.htm|archive-date=September 30, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite dropping to number two in its second weekend, it grossed more with {{US$|12471670|long=no}}.<ref name="boxmojoweek" /> It returned to number one at the US box office in its sixth weekend and was number one for three weeks. It was in the Top 10 movies in the US for 16 weeks.<ref name="boxmojoweek" /> In Australia, it was [[List of 1990 box office number-one films in Australia|number one]] for 12 weeks and was [[List of 1990 box office number-one films in the United Kingdom|number one]] for nine consecutive weeks in the UK. {{as of|2009|9|29|alt=As of September 29, 2009}}, it has grossed {{US$|178406268|long=no}} in the United States and {{US$|285000000|long=no}} in other countries for a total worldwide gross of {{US$|463406268}}.<ref name="boxmojo">{{cite news |url= https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=prettywoman.htm |title= Pretty Woman (1990) |work= Box Office Mojo |access-date= September 29, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120501100849/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=prettywoman.htm |archive-date= May 1, 2012 |url-status= live}}</ref> It was the fourth highest-grossing film of the year in the United States and Canada<ref name="boxofficemojo">{{cite news |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1990&p=.htm |title=1990 Yearly Box Office Results |work=Box Office Mojo |access-date=September 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206182952/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1990&p=.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the third highest-grossing worldwide.<ref name="boxmojowide">{{cite news |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1990&p=.htm |title=1990 Yearly Box Office Results |work=Box Office Mojo |access-date=September 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426000919/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1990&p=.htm |archive-date=April 26, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Disney]]'s highest-grossing film ever, surpassing ''[[Three Men and a Baby]]''. It was also Disney's highest-grossing [[MPAA rating system|R-rated]] release until ''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]'' surpassed it in 2024.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=January 10, 1994|page=24|first=Don|last=Groves|title=Japan ends year with 'Cliffhanger'}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=September 3, 1990|page=4|title='Pretty Woman' now top Disney grosser}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Lifetime Grosses by MPA Rating |website=Box Office Mojo |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic/mpaa.htm?page=R&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820163450/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic/mpaa.htm?page=R&p=.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2016 |access-date=July 4, 2016}}</ref> It is the fourth-highest grossing [[romantic comedy]] film to date.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 21, 2022 |title="The 15 highest-grossing rom-coms of all time |url=https://ew.com/gallery/highest-grossing-rom-coms/#242491 |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=EW.com}}</ref>

=== Critical response {{anchor|Critics}} ===
''Pretty Woman'' received mixed reviews from critics, with positive reviews praising the stars' chemistry and the dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Semigran |first=Aly |date=March 23, 2015 |title=The 25 Most Iconic Things About 'Pretty Woman' |url=https://www.vh1.com/news/48dqma/pretty-woman-25th-anniversary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625162759/https://www.vh1.com/news/48dqma/pretty-woman-25th-anniversary |archive-date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=[[VH1]] |quote=When it arrived in theaters back in 1990, the film opened to mixed reviews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Dana |date=December 17, 2019 |title=Movies turning 30 in 2020 |url=https://www.chron.com/culture/main/slideshow/Movies-turning-20-in-2020-198712.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625162923/https://www.chron.com/culture/main/slideshow/Movies-turning-20-in-2020-198712.php |archive-date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=[[Houston Chronicle]] |quote=Pretty Woman received mixed reviews from critics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Flockhart |first=Gary |date=February 15, 2023 |title=Pretty Woman: The Musical to visit Edinburgh Playhouse on UK tour - how to get tickets |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/pretty-woman-the-musical-to-visit-edinburgh-playhouse-on-uk-tour-how-to-get-tickets-4027437 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625163328/https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/pretty-woman-the-musical-to-visit-edinburgh-playhouse-on-uk-tour-how-to-get-tickets-4027437 |archive-date=June 25, 2024 |access-date=June 25, 2024 |work=[[Edinburgh Evening News]] |quote=The film received mixed reviews on its release}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bukszpan |first=Daniel |date=September 10, 2010 |title=The 15 Most Profitable Movies of All Time |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2010/09/10/The-15-Most-Profitable-Movies-of-All-Time.html |access-date=August 9, 2024 |work=[[CNBC]] |quote=The movie was not exactly well received by critics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pretty Woman |date=9 February 2010 |url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/pretty-woman |access-date=November 2, 2024 |website=Time Out Magazine}}</ref> On review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] the film holds an approval rating of 65% based on 77 reviews, with an average rating of 6.0/10. The website's critical consensus states, "''Pretty Woman'' may be a yuppie fantasy, but the film's slick comedy, soundtrack, and casting can overcome misgivings."<ref>{{cite web |url= https://rottentomatoes.com/m/pretty_woman/ |title= Pretty Woman |work= [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date= November 20, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130102221755/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/pretty_woman/ |archive-date= January 2, 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.metacritic.com/movie/pretty-woman |title= Pretty Woman Reviews |work= [[Metacritic]] |access-date= September 29, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110416085642/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/pretty-woman |archive-date= April 16, 2011 |url-status= live}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemascore.com|title=Find CinemaScore|format=Type "Pretty Woman" in the search box|publisher=[[CinemaScore]]|access-date=March 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102130540/https://www.cinemascore.com/|archive-date=January 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film's detractors criticized the overuse of the "[[hooker with a heart of gold]]" trope.<ref name="Lorraine" /> Others opined that the film sugarcoats the realities of [[sex work]].<ref name="EW2010" /><ref name="Kenny">{{cite news |last1=Kenny |first1=Glenn |title=Julia Robert's career |url=https://ew.com/article/1994/12/02/julia-roberts-career/ |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=EW.com |date=December 2, 1994}}</ref> [[Gary Giddins]] wrote, "In the insidious ''Pretty Woman'', all women who aren't explicitly identified as tramps are gold-digging wives or snooty shopkeepers. It's the kind of working-class fantasy that wants the men in the audience to identify with a ruthless corporate pirate (Richard Gere) and the woman to identify with a simple but grandhearted streetwalker (Julia Roberts), who, given a chance, could be a lady's lady....The attempted laughs (few succeed) are at her expense."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Giddins |first=Gary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz-JXShQWlMC |title=Natural Selection: Gary Giddins on Comedy, Film, Music and Books |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0195179514 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Bz-JXShQWlMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA201 201] |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref>

[[Owen Gleiberman]] of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gave the film a "D," saying it "starts out as a neo-Pygmalion comedy" and becomes a "plastic [[Screwball comedy|screwball]] soap opera", with the "kinds of characters who exist nowhere but in the minds of callowly manipulative Hollywood screenwriters".<ref name="EW1990" /> Gleiberman conceded that with the film's "tough-hooker heroine, it can work as a feminist version of an upscale princess fantasy."<ref name="EW1990" /> He also said it "pretends to be about how love transcends money," but "is really obsessed with status symbols."<ref name="EW1990">{{cite magazine |first=Owen |last=Gleiberman |url=https://ew.com/article/2007/07/26/pretty-woman-2/ |title=Pretty Woman |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=March 23, 1990 |access-date=September 29, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090427093915/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,316998,00.html |archive-date= April 27, 2009 |url-status= live}}</ref> On the film's twentieth anniversary, Gleiberman wrote another article addressing his original review, saying that while he felt some of his criticisms were valid, he would have given it a "B" today.<ref name="EW2010">{{cite magazine |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |date=March 24, 2010 |title='Pretty Woman': 20 Years after My Most Infamous Review (Yes, I gave it a D), Here's My Mea Culpa—and Also My Defense |url=https://ew.com/article/2010/03/24/pretty-woman-my-most-infamous-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922161815/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2010/03/24/pretty-woman-my-most-infamous-review/ |archive-date=September 22, 2012 |access-date=July 15, 2011 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave a positive review, praising how the film is about "a particularly romantic kind of love, the sort you hardly see in the movies these days".<ref name="Ebert">{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=March 23, 1990 |title=Pretty Woman |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/pretty-woman-1990 |access-date=November 2, 2024 |website=RogerEbert.com}}</ref> He added it "protects its fragile love story in the midst of cynicism and compromise. The performances are critical for that purpose. Gere plays new notes here; his swagger is gone, and he's more tentative, proper, even shy. Roberts does an interesting thing; she gives her character an irrepressibly bouncy sense of humor and then lets her spend the movie trying to repress it. Actresses who can do that and look great can have whatever they want in Hollywood."<ref name="Ebert" />

''[[The New York Times]]''{{'}} [[Janet Maslin]] wrote: "Despite this quintessentially late 80's outlook, and despite a covetousness and underlying misogyny that bring Mr. Marshall's earlier '[[Overboard (1987 film)|Overboard]]' to mind, 'Pretty Woman' manages to be giddy, lighthearted escapism much of the time. Ms. Roberts, as noted, is a complete knockout, and this performance will make her a major star...Mr. Gere is mildly constrained by the button-down aspects of Edward's character, but he manages to be dapper, amusing, and the perfect foil. Though it has not been that long since he himself was on the other side of the [[American Gigolo|Hollywood gigolo equation]], he conveys a dignity and presence well suited to a soon-to-be-radicalized captain of industry."<ref name=Maslin>{{Cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |date=March 23, 2020 |title=Review/Film; High-Rolling Boy Meets Streetwalking Girl |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/23/movies/review-film-high-rolling-boy-meets-streetwalking-girl.html |access-date=November 2, 2024 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219003019/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/23/movies/review-film-high-rolling-boy-meets-streetwalking-girl.html |archive-date=December 19, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Carina Chocano of ''The New York Times'' said the movie "wasn't a love story, it was a money story. Its logic depended on a disconnect between character and narrative, between image and meaning, between money and value, and that made it not cluelessly traditional but thoroughly postmodern."<ref name=Chocano>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/magazine/mag-24Riff-t.html?pagewanted=all |title= Thelma, Louise and All the Pretty Women |first= Carina |last= Chocano |work= [[The New York Times]] |date= April 11, 2011 |access-date= February 28, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170401002608/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/magazine/mag-24Riff-t.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date= April 1, 2017 |url-status= live}}</ref> In a 2019 interview, Roberts expressed uncertainty over whether the film could be made today due to its controversial premise, commenting, "So many things you could poke a hole in, but I don't think it takes away from people being able to enjoy it".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/mar/15/highly-relatable-julia-roberts-and-lucas-hedges-on-their-family-affair | title='I wish I had her cheeks': Julia Roberts and Lucas Hedges on their family affair | newspaper=The Guardian | date=March 15, 2019 | last1=Nicholson | first1=Amy }}</ref><ref name=R29>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Anne |date=March 23, 2020 |title=30 Years Later, "Pretty Woman" Is So Much More Than A Guilty Pleasure |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/07/203053/pretty-woman-modern-review-julia-roberts-richard-gere |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=[[Refinery29]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Tobias>{{Cite news |last=Tobias |first=Scott |date=23 March 2020 |title=Pretty Woman at 30: conservatism, materialism and glowing star power |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/mar/23/pretty-woman-30-conservatism-materialism-glowing-star-power |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323150231/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/mar/23/pretty-woman-30-conservatism-materialism-glowing-star-power |archive-date=2020-03-23 |access-date=November 2, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Result
|-
| [[63rd Academy Awards|Academy Awards]]<ref name="Oscars1991">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1991 |title=The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners |access-date=October 20, 2011 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020005240/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1991 |archive-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref>
| [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Julia Roberts]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[BMI Film & TV Awards]]
| Film Music Award
| [[James Newton Howard]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Performed Song from a Film
| "[[It Must Have Been Love]]" – [[Per Gessle]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[44th British Academy Film Awards|British Academy Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1991/film |title=BAFTA Awards: Film in 1991 |website=[[BAFTA]] |year=1991 |access-date=16 September 2016 |ref={{harvid|BAFTA|1991}} |archive-date=January 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103183518/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1991/film |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Arnon Milchan]], [[Steven Reuther]] and [[Garry Marshall]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| Julia Roberts
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Screenplay – Original]]
| [[J. F. Lawton]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| [[Marilyn Vance]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[16th César Awards|César Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Palmarès César 1991 |url=https://www.allocine.fr/festivals/festival-128/edition-18353051/palmares/ |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=AlloCiné |language=fr}}</ref>
| [[César Award for Best Foreign Film|Best Foreign Film]]
| Garry Marshall
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[David di Donatello|David di Donatello Awards]]
| [[David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress|Best Foreign Actress]]
| Julia Roberts
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[48th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/pretty-woman |title=Pretty Woman – Golden Globes |website=[[HFPA]] |access-date=July 28, 2021 |ref={{harvid|HFPA|1991}} |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802124258/https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/pretty-woman |url-status=live }}</ref>
| colspan="2"| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]]
| Julia Roberts
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]]
| [[Richard Gere]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture]]
| [[Hector Elizondo]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| colspan="3"| [[Goldene Leinwand|Golden Screen Awards]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Jupiter Award (film award)#14th Jupiter Award / 1991|Jupiter Awards]]
| Best International Actress
| rowspan="2"| Julia Roberts
| {{won}}
|-
| [[1991 Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news |id={{ProQuest|272573108}} |date=April 23, 1991 |title=Kids choose favorites in entertainment, sports |work=[[Orange County Register]] |page=F04}}</ref>
| Favorite Movie Actress
| {{won}}
|-
| [[17th People's Choice Awards|People's Choice Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1991 Awards |url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=1991 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330232841/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=1991 |archive-date=2016-03-30 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=People's Choice Awards}}</ref>
| colspan="2"| Favorite Comedy Motion Picture
| {{won}}
|-
| [[43rd Writers Guild of America Awards|Writers Guild of America Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551 |title=Awards Winners |date= |work=wga.org |publisher=Writers Guild of America |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121205095022/http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |access-date=2010-06-06}}</ref>
| [[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen]]
| J. F. Lawton
| {{nom}}
|}

'''[[American Film Institute]]''' lists:
* [[AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions]] – #21<ref>{{cite web |title=AFI's 100 Years…100 Passions |url=https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-passions/ |website=American Film Institute |access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Pretty Woman (soundtrack){{!}}''Pretty Woman'' (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack features the songs (among others):
* "[[Oh, Pretty Woman]]" by [[Roy Orbison]], which inspired its title
* [[Roxette]]'s "[[It Must Have Been Love]]," originally released in December 1987, reached No. 1 on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] in June 1990
* "[[King of Wishful Thinking]]" by [[Go West (band)|Go West]]
* "[[Show Me Your Soul]]" by [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]
* "No Explanation" by [[Peter Cetera]]
* "[[Wild Women Do]]" by [[Natalie Cole]]
* "Fallen" by [[Lauren Wood]]
The soundtrack has been certified triple platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 1991 |title=American album certifications – Soundtrack – Pretty Woman |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Soundtrack&ti=Pretty+Woman&format=Album&type=#search_section |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408035507/https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Soundtrack&ti=Pretty+Woman&format=Album&type=#search_section |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=Recording Industry Association of America}}</ref>

The [[opera]] featured in the film is ''[[La Traviata]]'', which also served as inspiration for its plot. The highly dramatic aria fragment that is repeated is the end of "''Dammi tu forza!''" ("Give me strength!"), from the opera. Roberts sings the song "[[Kiss (Prince song)|Kiss]]" by [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] while she is in the tub and Gere's character is on the phone. Background music is composed by [[James Newton Howard]]. The piano piece Gere's character plays in the hotel lobby was composed and performed by Gere. Entitled "He Sleeps/Love Theme," this piano composition is inspired by [[Bruce Springsteen]]'s "[[Racing in the Street]]."{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Musical adaptation ==
{{Main|Pretty Woman (musical){{!}}''Pretty Woman'' (musical)}}
A stage musical adaptation of the film opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] on July 20, 2018, in previews, officially on August 16 at the [[Nederlander Theatre]].<ref name="olivia">{{Cite news |last=Clement |first=Olivia |date=2017-11-21 |title=''Pretty Woman'' Musical Finds Its Broadway Home, Sets Summer 2018 Opening |work=[[Playbill]] |url=https://www.playbill.com/article/pretty-woman-musical-finds-its-broadway-home-sets-summer-2018-opening# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124074450/http://www.playbill.com/article/pretty-woman-musical-finds-its-broadway-home-sets-summer-2018-opening |archive-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> This follows an out-of-town tryout at the [[Oriental Theatre (Chicago)|Oriental Theatre]] in Chicago, which ran from March 13 to April 15, 2018. The musical has music and lyrics by [[Bryan Adams]] and [[Jim Vallance]]; the late [[Garry Marshall]] and J.{{nbsp}}F.{{nbsp}}Lawton wrote the book; and [[Jerry Mitchell]] is the director and choreographer.<ref name="play1">{{Cite news |last=McPhee |first=Ryan |date=October 6, 2017 |title=Jason Danieley Joins Broadway-Bound ''Pretty Woman'' Musical |work=Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/article/jason-danieley-joins-broadway-bound-pretty-woman-musical |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007220556/http://www.playbill.com/article/jason-danieley-joins-broadway-bound-pretty-woman-musical |archive-date=October 7, 2017}}</ref> The Chicago and Broadway cast featured [[Samantha Barks]], in her Broadway debut as Vivian and [[Steve Kazee]] as Edward. Barks finished her run as Vivian on July 21, 2019, and was replaced by Jillian Mueller the following evening, with Brennin Hunt, of ''Rent'' fame, assuming the role of Edward.<ref name="play1" /> [[Orfeh]] portrayed Kit, and [[Jason Danieley]] played Philip Stuckey. [[Eric Anderson (actor)|Eric Anderson]] portrayed the role of Mr. Thompson and Kingsley Leggs played the role of James Morse.<ref name="olivia" />

The UK and Ireland stage musical tour commenced in the fall of 2023. The show opened in [[Bristol]] with cast members, [[Amber Davies]] as Vivian, Oliver Savile as Edward. [[Ore Oduba]] played Mr Thompson. The run is scheduled to continue through most of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Touring the UK and Ireland from Autumn 2023! |url=https://uk.prettywomanthemusical.com/tour/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Pretty Woman The Musical |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0100405|Pretty Woman}}
* {{AllMovie title|39093|Pretty Woman}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=19475}}
* {{AFI film|55709}}
* {{DisneyAtoZ|title=''Pretty Woman''}}
* {{Mojo title|prettywoman|Pretty Woman}}

{{Garry Marshall}}
{{J. F. Lawton}}
{{Roy Orbison}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990s American films]]
[[Category:1990s English-language films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1990s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for Australia]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for Austria]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for Canada]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for Netherlands]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for Germany4]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for New Zealand]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for Norway]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for Sweden]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for Switzerland]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for Billboard200]]
[[Category:Album chart usages for UKSoundtrack]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about the upper class]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in the United States]]
[[Category:Films adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Films directed by Garry Marshall]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by J. F. Lawton]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance]]
[[Category:Films produced by Arnon Milchan]]
[[Category:Films scored by James Newton Howard]]
[[Category:Films set in Beverly Hills, California]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Midlife crisis films]]
[[Category:Touchstone Pictures films]]
[[Category:English-language sex comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award–winning films]]

Leila Nadya Sadat

2021-10-20T03:31:27Z

Broodingomnipresence: Change to reflect that no longer director of Harris institute

'''Leila Nadya Sadat''' (born 1960 in [[Newark, New Jersey]]) is the James Carr Professor of International Criminal Law at [[Washington University School of Law]] and the former Director of the [[Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Washington University Law Faculty|url=http://law.wustl.edu/faculty/pages.aspx?id=390|accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> She has served as Special Advisor on Crimes Against Humanity to Chief Prosecutor [[Fatou Bensouda]] of the [[International Criminal Court]] since December 12, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda Appoints Patricia Sellers, Leila Sadat and Dianne Marie Amann as Special Advisers|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/press%20and%20media/press%20releases/news%20and%20highlights/Pages/pr861.aspx}}</ref>
Sadat is the Director of [[The Crimes Against Humanity Initiative]], a multi-year project to study the problem of crimes against humanity and draft a comprehensive convention addressing their punishment and prevention.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crimes Against Humanity Initiative|url=http://crimesagainsthumanity.wustl.edu/}}</ref> She has spearheaded the international effort to establish this new global convention. In 2012 Sadat was elected to membership in the U.S. [[Council on Foreign Relations]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Council on Foreign Relations, Membership Roster|url=http://www.cfr.org/about/membership/roster.html?letter=S|accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> and in 2018 was elected as the President of the American Branch of the [[International Law Association]] for a two-year term in October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Law Association American Branch|url=https://www.ila-americanbranch.org/leadership/}}</ref>

== Education ==
Sadat received her B.A. from [[Douglass College]], her J.D. from [[Tulane Law School]] (summa cum laude) and holds graduate degrees from [[Columbia University School of Law]] (LLM, summa cum laude) and the [[University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne|University of Paris I – Sorbonne]] (diplôme d'études approfondies). She is bilingual in French and English.

== Career ==
As a scholar, teacher, and author, Sadat has contributed to the establishment and study of the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC).<ref>{{cite web|title=International Humanitarian Law Dialogs 2011|url=http://www.roberthjackson.org/the-center/events/international-humanitarian-law-dialogs/ihld-2011/leila-nadya-sadat/|publisher=Robert H. Jackson Center|accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> She was a delegate to the U.N. Preparatory Committee and to the 1998 Diplomatic Conference in Rome which established the ICC, represented the government of Timor-Leste at the 8th Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the ICC, and served as a delegate for the International Law Association, American Branch at the 2010 ICC Review Conference in Kampala, Uganda.

Sadat is known for her work in Public International Law and human rights. More recently, she has been invited to write on topics ranging from the U.S. use of drones,<ref>[http://law.case.edu/journals/JIL/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1%262.12.Article.Sadat.pdf "America's Drone Wars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309113442/http://law.case.edu/journals/jil/Documents/45CaseWResJIntlL1%262.12.Article.Sadat.pdf |date=2014-03-09 }} Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Fall 2012</ref> the legal categorization of the conflict in Syria,<ref>[http://impunitywatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Sadat-IW-FINAL.pdf "Genocide in Syria: International Legal Options, International Legal Limits, and the Serious Problem of Political Will"] Impunity Watch</ref> the U.S. war on terror and its classification of others as "unlawful enemy combatants,"<ref>[http://djilp.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Sadat-Final.pdf "A Presumption of Guilt: The Unlawful Enemy Combatant and the US War on Terror"] Journal of International Law and Policy, 2009</ref> "Global Trumpism,"
<ref>[https://source.wustl.edu/2017/09/global-trumpism-week-35-celebrating-peace-shadow-mushroom-cloud/ "Global Trumpism, Week 35: Celebrating peace in the shadow of the mushroom cloud"] the Source, 2017</ref> the use of force,<ref>[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/seeking-accountability-for-the-unlawful-use-of-force/7371B2844926616AA2BF7A9D93CDA583 "Seeking Accountability for the Unlawful Use of Force"] Cambridge University Press, 2018</ref> and the law of crimes against humanity.

From 2001-2003 she served as a Commissioner on the [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom|U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom]].<ref>[http://www.uscirf.gov/about-uscirf/former-commissioners Former Commissioners"]</ref> She was nominated by then Minority Leader Richard A. Gephardt and appointed by Congress.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sadat, Gaer Appointed to Commission|url=http://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/press-releases/135-june-27-2001-sadat-gaer-appointed-to-commission.html|publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom|accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> The 9-member Commission was established by the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 to advise the President and the Department of State on Issues of International Religious Freedom, both generally and with regard to particular countries.

Sadat is the current President of the [[International Law Association]] (American Branch),<ref>{{cite web|title=ABILA Officers|url=http://ila-americanbranch.org/Officers.aspx|publisher=American Branch of the International Law Association|access-date=2012-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828103817/http://ila-americanbranch.org/Officers.aspx|archive-date=2010-08-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vice-President of the [[International Association of Penal Law]](AIDP), and is a member of the [[American Law Institute]]<ref>{{cite web|title=American Law Institute|url=http://www.ali.org}}</ref> and the [[Council on Foreign Relations]]. She has also served as a member of the Executive Council, Executive Committee, Program Committee and Awards Committee for the [[American Society of International Law]] and held leadership roles in the [[American Society of Comparative Law]], including serving as the Book Review Editor for the [[American Journal of Comparative Law]].<ref>{{cite web|title=American Journal of International Law: Editorial Offices|url=http://comparativelaw.metapress.com/home/EditorialBoard.mpx|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130128130030/http://comparativelaw.metapress.com/home/EditorialBoard.mpx|archivedate=2013-01-28}}</ref>

Prior to entering law teaching, Sadat practiced law for five years in [[Paris, France]], and clerked for Judge Albert Tate Jr. in the U.S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals. She was also a [[Internship|stagiaire]] at the [[Court of Cassation (France)|Cour de Cassation]] and [[Conseil d'État (France)|Conseil d'Etat]].

Sadat has published more than 100 articles, essays, and books. She also has written many [[op-eds]] and is a regular contributor on ASIL Blog and [http://www.intlawgrrls.com/ Intlawgrrls Blog]. She also authors the blog [http://law.wustl.edu/blogs/windowsontheworld/ Windows on the World] and contributes to the blog [http://law.wustl.edu/harris/lexlata/ Lex lata, lex ferenda].

=== Work on Crimes Against Humanity ===
Sadat is widely considered one of the leading international legal experts' on [[crimes against humanity]]. Her first peer-review paper, which determined if she would get tenure, has become the definitive source on the case of [[Paul Touvier]], a Nazi collaborator in Occupied France during World War II who, in 1994, became the first Frenchman to be convicted of crimes against humanity.<ref>[http://magazine-archives.wustl.edu/Fall01/leilasadat.html "Courting International Justice"] Washington University in St. Louis Magazine, Fall 2001</ref> She is the Chairwoman of the Steering Committee of [[The Crimes Against Humanity Initiative]], the first concerted effort to address the gap that exists in international criminal law by enumerating a comprehensive international convention on crimes against humanity.<ref>Evans, Gareth, [http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/speeches/2009/crimes-against-humanity-and-the-responsibility-to-protect.aspx "Crimes Against Humanity and the Responsibility to Protect"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105053758/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/speeches/2009/crimes-against-humanity-and-the-responsibility-to-protect.aspx |date=2015-01-05 }} International Crisis Group</ref> In this role she spearheaded the drafting of the ''Proposed International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity'' as her role as director of the Crimes Against Humanity Initiative,<ref>[http://www.intlawgrrls.com/2011/11/syrian-state-responsibility.html "Syrian state responsibility"] IntLawGrrls</ref> a project that moved the UN [[International Law Commission]] to begin its own project with a view towards the development of a new UN convention on crimes against humanity.<ref>[http://legal.un.org/ilc/summaries/7_7.shtml "Summaries of the Work of the International Law Commission - Crimes against humanity"] United Nations International Law Commission</ref>

She has lectured widely on this topic, advocating for civil society and state governments to support a new global treaty, including at [[Misericordia University]],<ref>Jayne Ann Bugda, [http://www.pahomepage.com/story/d/story/world-wide-crimes-against-humanity-initiative-at-m/41887/7sW6Y01r9kSLAhBPWmKbHA "World-Wide Crimes Against Humanity Initiative at Misericordia University"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074657/http://www.pahomepage.com/story/d/story/world-wide-crimes-against-humanity-initiative-at-m/41887/7sW6Y01r9kSLAhBPWmKbHA |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesleader.com/news/local-news/50242021/Misericordia-to-host-Sadat-lecture "Misericordia to host lecture by Leila Nadya Sadat, director of the Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073218/http://www.timesleader.com/news/local-news/50242021/Misericordia-to-host-Sadat-lecture |date=2015-05-18 }} Times Leader</ref><ref>Alexandria Smith, [http://highlandernews.net/news/2014/09/16/prof-crimes-against-humanity-impact-us-all/ "Prof: Crimes Against Humanity Impact Us All"] The Highlander</ref> [[Wayne Law School]],<ref>[http://law.wayne.edu/journal-of-law-society/news.php?id=15716 "Human rights expert discusses crimes against humanity at Wayne Law"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007123658/http://law.wayne.edu/journal-of-law-society/news.php?id=15716# |date=2015-10-07 }} The Journal of Law in Society</ref> [[John Burroughs High School]],<ref>[http://jburroughs.org/news-and-events/combating-crimes-against-humanity "Combating Crimes Against Humanity"] John Burroughs School</ref> the School of Human Rights Research in the Netherlands,<ref>http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/chr/Documents/presentation%20Leila%20Sadat{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[1].pdf School of Human Rights Research</ref> the 2013 NAFSA Annual Conference & Expo in St. Louis,<ref>[http://blog.nafsa.org/2013/05/29/forging-a-convention-for-crimes-against-humanity/ "Forging a Convention for Crimes Against Humanity"] NAFSA</ref> The American Foreign Law Association in New York,<ref>[http://us8.campaign-archive2.com/?u=6c67af3c6d73518af2e9f70de&id=14079a3727 "Forging a Convention for Crimes Against Humanity Presented by Leila Nadya Sadat"] American Foreign Law Association</ref> [[Indiana University]] and [[University of Minnesota Law School]].<ref>http://law.wustl.edu/harris/crimesagainsthumanity/?page_id=1441</ref> In April 2015, Leila Sadat presented on the Crimes Against Humanity Initiative at the Universidade Católica Portuguesa. The presentation was attended by the President of the Portuguese Supreme Court, Justice António Henriques Gaspar, Justice Maria dos Prazeres Beleza, also from the Supreme Court of Justice, and Portugal's then-Attorney General [[Joana Marques Vidal]]. Prominent members of the Academy were also present, including the Dean of the Lisbon School of Law of the Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Professor Jorge Pereira da Silva, Professor Germano Marques da Silva, a former Dean of Lisbon School of Law, Professor Luís Barreto Xavier, the Dean of Católica Global School of Law and Professor Gonçalo Matias, Director of Católica Global's Transnational Law Program, and special adviser to Portuguese President Aníbal Cavaco Silva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://law.wustl.edu/harris/crimesagainsthumanity/?p=1777|title=Programs for International Lawyers/LLM for International Lawyers}}</ref>

== Books ==
*''International Law: Cases and Commentary'' (6th edn, forthcoming) (Leila Nadya Sadat, with Mark Weston Janis and John E. Noyes)
*''Seeking Accountability for the Unlawful Use of Force'' (Leila Nadya Sadat, ed., Cambridge, 2018)
*''The Founders''(David M. Crane, Leila Nadya Sadat and Michael P. Scharf, eds, Cambridge, 2018)
*''Forging a Convention for Crimes Against Humanity'' (Leila Nadya Sadat, ed., Cambridge 2011)
*''The Theory and Practice of International Criminal Law: Essays in Honor of M. Cherif Bassiouni'' (Leila N. Sadat, Michael P. Scharf, eds., Martinus Nijhoff 2008)
*''International Criminal Law: Cases and Materials'' (3rd ed., Carolina, 2006) (with Bassiouni, Paust, et al.)
*''The International Criminal Court and the Transformation of International Law: Justice for the New Millennium'' (Transnational, 2002)
*''International Criminal Law: Cases and Materials'' (2nd ed., Carolina, 2000) (with Bassiouni, Paust, et al.)
*''Model Draft Statute for the International Criminal Court Based on the Preparatory Committee's Text to the Diplomatic Conference, Rome, June 15-July 17, 1998, 13ter Nouvelles Études Pénales'' (Leila Sadat Wexler, special ed. 1998)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadat, Leila Nadya}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:International criminal law scholars]]
[[Category:International law scholars]]
[[Category:American women lawyers]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis faculty]]
[[Category:Women legal scholars]]

2008 United States presidential election in Missouri

2016-11-14T22:43:31Z

Broodingomnipresence: made final sentence of intro grammatical; was run-on sentence

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Main|United States presidential election, 2008}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = United States presidential election in Missouri, 2008
| country = Missouri
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = United States presidential election in Missouri, 2004
| previous_year = 2004
| next_election = United States presidential election in Missouri, 2012
| next_year = 2012
| election_date = November 4, 2008
| image1 = [[File:John McCain official portrait with alternative background.jpg|140px]]
| nominee1 = '''[[John McCain]]'''
| party1 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[Arizona]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[Sarah Palin]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''11'''
| popular_vote1 = '''1,445,814'''
| percentage1 = '''49.4%'''
| image2 = [[File:Obama portrait crop.jpg|142px]]
| nominee2 = [[Barack Obama]]
| party2 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[Illinois]]
| running_mate2 = [[Joe Biden]]
| electoral_vote2 = 0
| popular_vote2 = 1,441,911
| percentage2 = 49.2%
| map_image = Missouri Presidential Election Results by Shaded County, 2008.svg
| map_size = 340px
| map_caption = County Results
{{legend|#0645b4|Obama—80-90%}}
{{legend|#4389e3|Obama—60-70%}}
{{legend|#86b6f2|Obama—50-60%}}
{{legend|#b9d7ff|Obama—<50%}}
{{legend|#f2b3be|McCain—<50%}}
{{legend|#e27f90|McCain—50-60%}}
{{legend|#cc2f4a|McCain—60-70%}}
{{legend|#d40000|McCain—70-80%}}
| title = President
| before_election = [[George W. Bush]]
| before_party = Republican Party (United States)
| after_election = [[Barack Obama]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
}}
{{ElectionsMO}}
The '''2008 United States presidential election in Missouri''' was held on November 4, 2008, and was part of the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 United States presidential election]], which took place throughout all 50 states and [[The District of Columbia|D.C.]]. Voters chose 11 representatives, or electors to the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]], who voted for [[President of the United States|President]] and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]].

[[Missouri]] was won by Republican nominee [[John McCain]] by just shy of 4,000 votes, a 0.1% margin of victory. Prior to the election, most news organizations considered this state a toss-up, or a [[swing state]]. On election day, Missouri was the closest state in [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]], with some news organizations not calling the state until two weeks after the election. A high turnout of voters in the GOP strongholds of [[Greene County, Missouri|Greene County]] ([[Springfield, Missouri|Springfield]]) and [[St. Charles County, Missouri|St. Charles County]] combined with Democrat [[Barack Obama]]'s lackluster performance in the more rural parts of the state gave the edge to Republican [[John McCain]]. McCain nipped Obama by fewer than 4,000 votes and the margin of victory was a minuscule difference of 0.13%. The state was so close that Obama could have legally called for a recount, but since he had already won the presidency, he saw no need to do so as the results would have been meaningless in the national totals. It was the first time since 1956, and only the second time since 1900, that Missouri did not vote for the winner of the presidency.

== Primaries ==
*[[Missouri Democratic primary, 2008]]
*[[Missouri Republican primary, 2008]]

==Campaign==
With the advent of the September financial crisis, Obama began to look viable. John McCain's lead diminished and then disappeared; for several weeks Obama even led Missouri polls.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/mo/missouri_mccain_vs_obama-545.html|title=Missouri: McCain vs. Obama|accessdate=April 6, 2009 |publisher=RealClearPolitics}}</ref> Obama started visiting Republican-leaning states, including Missouri. In one of the more memorable trips of the campaign, he drew crowds of 75,000 at [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] and 100,000 at [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Powell |author2=Michael Cooper |title=Day’s Campaigning Shows an Inverted Political Plane|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/us/politics/19campaign.html|work=New York Times|date=October 18, 2008|accessdate=April 7, 2009}}</ref> However, John McCain's campaign managed to close the gap and most polls showed a dead tie on and before Election Day.

Although seven of Missouri's eight neighboring states offered the option of [[early voting]], the option was not available in Missouri.<ref name="sosmo">[http://www.sos.mo.gov/enrweb/raceresults.asp?eid=256&oid=56367 U.S. President And Vice President] from the website of the [[Missouri Secretary of State]]</ref> Election results must go through a certification process before they are official; local election officials had until November 18 to verify their results and process the [[provisional ballot]]s cast throughout Missouri.<ref name="sosmo"/>

===Predictions===
There were 17 news organizations who made state by state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:

# D.C. Political Report: Republican<ref>[http://www.dcpoliticalreport.com/Predictions.html D.C.'s Political Report: The complete source for campaign summaries]</ref>
# [[Cook Political Report]]: Toss-Up<ref>[http://www.cookpolitical.com/presidential#belowMap Presidential | The Cook Political Report] {{wayback|url=http://www.cookpolitical.com/presidential#belowMap |date=20150505003043 }}</ref>
# [[The Takeaway (Radio)|Takeaway]]: Toss-Up<ref>[http://vote2008.thetakeaway.org/2008/09/20/track-the-electoral-college-vote-predictions/ Vote 2008 – The Takeaway – Track the Electoral College vote predictions] {{wayback|url=http://vote2008.thetakeaway.org/2008/09/20/track-the-electoral-college-vote-predictions/ |date=20090422070127 }}</ref>
# Election Projection: Leaning McCain<ref>[http://www.electionprojection.com/2008elections/president08.shtml Election Projection: 2008 Elections – Polls, Projections, Results]</ref>
# [[Electoral-vote.com]]: Leaning McCain<ref>[http://electoral-vote.com/evp2008/Pres/Maps/Dec31.html Electoral-vote.com: President, Senate, House Updated Daily]</ref>
# [[Washington Post]]: Leaning McCain<ref name="Based on Takeaway">Based on Takeaway</ref>
# [[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]]: Leaning McCain<ref>[http://www.politico.com/convention/swingstate.html POLITICO's 2008 Swing State Map – POLITICO.com]</ref>
# [[Real Clear Politics]]: Toss-Up<ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/maps/obama_vs_mccain/?map=5 RealClearPolitics – Electoral Map]</ref>
# [[FiveThirtyEight.com]]: Leaning McCain <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20081106113055/http://www.fivethirtyeight.com/]</ref>
# [[CQ Politics]]: Toss-Up<ref>[http://innovation.cq.com/prezMap08/ CQ Politics | CQ Presidential Election Maps, 2008] {{wayback|url=http://innovation.cq.com/prezMap08/ |date=20081029000000 }}</ref>
# [[New York Times]]: Toss-Up<ref>{{cite news| url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/president/whos-ahead/key-states/map.html?scp=1&sq=electoral%20college%20map&st=cse | title=Electoral College Map | work=The New York Times | accessdate=May 26, 2010}}</ref>
# [[CNN]]: Toss-Up<ref>{{cite news| url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/10/ | work=CNN | title=October – 2008 – CNN Political Ticker – CNN.com Blogs | accessdate=May 26, 2010}}</ref>
# [[NPR]]: Leaning McCain<ref name="Based on Takeaway"/>
# [[MSNBC]]: Toss-Up<ref name="Based on Takeaway"/>
# [[Fox News]]: Toss-Up<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/oreilly/winning-the-electoral-college/ | title=Winning the Electoral College | work=Fox News | date=April 27, 2010}}</ref>
# [[Associated Press]]: Toss-Up<ref>[http://hosted.ap.org/specials/interactives/campaign_plus/roadto270/ roadto270]</ref>
# [[Rasmussen Reports]]: Toss-Up<ref>[http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_20082/2008_presidential_election/election_2008_electoral_college_update Election 2008: Electoral College Update – Rasmussen Reports™]</ref>

===Polling===
{{main|Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2008#Missouri|l1=Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2008: Missouri}}

Throughout the general election, McCain consistently won the state's pre-election polls, even reaching above 50% in some of them. In the fall campaign, polls were back and forth with both. In the last few weeks when Obama was having the momentum, the final 5 polls taken in the state were all a tie.<ref>[http://uselectionatlas.org/POLLS/PRESIDENT/2008/pollsa.php?fips=29 Election 2008 Polls – Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections]</ref>

''Here are the final polls in the state:''
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign=bottom
! Poll Source
! Date administered
! Democrat
! %
! Republican
! %
! Lead Margin
|-
|[http://www.zogby.com/news/ReadNews.dbm?ID=1632 Reuters/Zogby]
|October 31- November 3, 2008
| '''Barack Obama'''
| 48.8%
| '''John McCain'''
| 48.8%
| <center>'''0'''
|-
|[http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/election_20082/2008_presidential_election/missouri/election_2008_missouri_presidential_election Rasmussen Reports/ Fox News]
|November 2, 2008
| '''Barack Obama'''
| 49%
| '''John McCain'''
| 49%
| <center>'''0'''
|-
|[http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/PPP_Release_Missouri_1103967.pdf Public Policy Polling]
|October 31 – November 2, 2008
| '''Barack Obama'''
| 49.4%
| John McCain
| 48.6%
|style="background:#3399FF" |<center>'''0.8'''
|-
|[http://www.zogby.com/news/ReadNews.dbm?ID=1628 Reuters/Zogby]
|October 30- November 2, 2008
| '''Barack Obama'''
| 47.4%
| John McCain
| 45.7%
|style="background:#3399FF" |<center>'''1.7'''
|-
|[http://www.surveyusa.com/client/PollReport.aspx?g=ff462685-8503-45a3-b448-84a2fb062b12/ Survey USA]
|October 30 – November 2, 2008
| '''Barack Obama'''
| 48%
| '''John McCain'''
| 48%
| <center>'''0'''
|}

===Fundraising===
John McCain raised a total of $2,904,162 in the state. Barack Obama raised $4,999,812.<ref>[http://www.fec.gov/DisclosureSearch/MapAppState.do?stateName=MO&cand_id=P00000001 Presidential Campaign Finance]</ref>

===Advertising and visits===
Obama and his interest groups spent $11,323,706. McCain and his interest groups spent $9,428,559.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/map/ad.spending/ | work=CNN | title=Map: Campaign Ad Spending - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com | accessdate=May 26, 2010}}</ref>

The Democratic ticket visited the state 13 times throughout the general election. The Republican ticket visited here 14 times.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/map/candidate.visits/ | work=CNN | title=Map: Campaign Candidate Visits - Election Center 2008 from CNN.com | accessdate=May 26, 2010}}</ref>

'''McCain's Visits:'''
*June 18: [[Springfield, Missouri|Springfield]]<ref>[http://www.news-leader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080618/NEWS06/806180516/-1/BLOGS09 McCain visits Springfield today | News-Leader.com | Springfield News-Leader]</ref>
*July 15: [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]
*July 17: [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]]<ref>[http://www.johnmccain.com/STE/EventDetail.aspx?guid=5ea31db4-d318-473c-8ca0-0e1d367dcac1 John McCain 2008 – John McCain for President]</ref>
*July 30: Kansas City<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://publicbroadcasting.net/kwmu/news.newsmain?action=article&ARTICLE_ID=1327605&sectionID=1 kwmu NewsRoom]</ref>
*August 31: St. Louis
*October 8: Vice Presidential nominee [[Sarah Palin]] campaigned in [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]] at the Show-Me Center on the campus of Southeast Missouri State University in an effort to reach out to the base of the GOP.
'''Obama's Visits:'''
*May 13: During the course of the ongoing Democratic Presidential Primary, Obama visited Thorngate factory in [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]] in Southeast Missouri alongside [[U.S. Senator]] [[Claire McCaskill]] to speak to a group of factory workers. These blue-collar, working-class whites were a voting bloc that strongly backed Hillary Clinton throughout the primary.
*June 9 – 10: [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]<ref>[http://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/political-fix/political-fix/2008/06/obama-planning-to-campaign-two-days-in-missouri/ Political Fix » Blog Archive » Obama planning to campaign two days in Missouri]</ref>
*June 30: [[Independence, Missouri|Independence]]<ref>http://www.kansascity.com/105/story/686290.html</ref>
*July 5: St. Louis<ref>[http://www.myfoxstl.com/myfox/pages/Home/Detail?contentId=6918421&version=7&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=TSTY&pageId=1.1.1 St. Louis Ticket Broker | St Louis Cardinals & St Louis Blues Tickets | Mizzou Football Tickets from The Ticket Guys]</ref>
*July 7: St. Louis (unscheduled; plane maintenance)<ref>http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/politics&id=6249360</ref>
*July 30: [[Springfield, Missouri|Springfield]], [[Rolla, Missouri|Rolla]], [[Union, Missouri|Union]]<ref name=autogenerated1 />
*August 25, 26: Kansas City
*October 18: St. Louis
*October 30: [[Columbia, Missouri|Columbia]]<ref>[http://www.themaneater.com/stories/2008/10/31/obama-revs-mu/ The Maneater – Obama revs up MU]</ref><ref>[http://www.columbiamissourian.com/multimedia/video/2008/10/30/obama-visits-mu/ Obama visits MU – Columbia Missourian]</ref>
*November 1: [[Springfield, Missouri|Springfield]]<ref>http://ozarksfirst.com/content/fulltext/?cid=77101</ref>

== Analysis ==
For the better part of a century, Missouri has been reckoned as the nation's [[Missouri bellwether|bellwether state]]. Prior to 2008, since [[United States presidential election, 1904|1904]], Missouri had voted for the winner in every presidential election except in [[United States presidential election, 1956|1956]] when the state narrowly voted for Democrat [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] of neighboring [[Illinois]] over incumbent Republican [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]. In recent years, however, it has gradually been trending Republican. Although [[Bill Clinton]] of neighboring [[Arkansas]] won the state with ease during both of his elections in [[United States presidential election, 1992|1992]] and [[United States presidential election, 1996|1996]], [[Al Gore]] and [[John Kerry]] considered the Show-Me State a lost cause and did not campaign much there. Although Barack Obama is from neighboring [[Illinois]], at first he likewise put the state as a secondary concern in relation to other [[swing state]]s such as [[Ohio]] and [[Virginia]] where he thought he had more of a chance. As his lead diminished in the summer months, he and McCain moved the campaign to more Democratic-friendly states, as McCain maintained a comfortable polling lead in Missouri. Similar hypothetical general match-up polls taken between McCain and [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton]], however, showed Clinton always leading in Missouri.

A record 2.9 million Missourians, or 69% of eligible voters, cast their ballots in the general election, about 200,000 more than the previous record in the [[United States general elections, 2004|2004 election]].<ref name="sos6nov">[http://www.sos.mo.gov/news.asp?id=758 Carnahan Announces Record Number of Missourians Cast Ballots in General Election] from the website of the [[Missouri Secretary of State]]</ref>

On Election Day, John McCain clung to a tiny lead, with absentee and provisional ballots yet to be counted. By Wednesday, November 19, McCain led President-elect Obama by 1,445,813–1,441,910 votes,<ref name="sosmo"/> or approximately 0.14% of the total popular vote in Missouri. [[CNN]] called the state for McCain that day.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/11/19/mccain-wins-missouri-states-streak-over/ | work=CNN | title=McCain wins Missouri; State's streak over! | accessdate=May 26, 2010}}</ref> The 2008 presidential election was only the second time in 104 years that it had not voted for the winner of the general election. Missouri was, however, the closest state of the 2008 election.

The Democratic base of Missouri rests in its two largest cities in the west and east – [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] and [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], respectively. Obama did extremely well here, winning 83.55% of the vote in St. Louis City and 78.4% in Kansas City. Obama was already a familiar face to St. Louis-area voters, since the St. Louis metro area spills into Illinois. McCain narrowly won the areas in [[Jackson County, Missouri|Jackson County]] outside Kansas City with 49.9% to Obama's 48.8%, but Obama carried the county with 62.14% of the vote due to his strong performance in Kansas City. These two counties, combined with highly affluent and suburban [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]] (where he also won 59.50% of the vote), gave him a 300,000 margin over McCain.<ref name="Election Results 2008">{{cite news|title=Election Results 2008 |work=New York Times |url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2008/results/president/map.html |accessdate=April 7, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103020223/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm |archivedate=November 3, 2004 }}</ref> Obama was also able to carry [[Boone County, Missouri|Boone County]], home to the large college town of [[Columbia, Missouri|Columbia]] (Missouri's fifth-largest city and home of the state's flagship [[University of Missouri]] campus), and [[Jefferson County, Missouri|Jefferson County]], which consists of the southern St. Louis suburbs such as [[Arnold, Missouri|Arnold]] and [[Festus, Missouri|Festus]]. [[George W. Bush]] narrowly won Jefferson County in 2004 over John Kerry.

However, Obama was unable to substantially improve on Kerry's performance in rural Missouri, which is largely responsible for Missouri's Republican tilt. During the 2008 Missouri Democratic Primary, every rural county in Missouri (with the exception of [[Nodaway County, Missouri|Nodaway County]], home of Northwest Missouri State University in [[Maryville, Missouri|Maryville]] in Northwestern Missouri), strongly backed Hillary Clinton, often by more than two-to-one margins. Many, if not all, of these counties that Clinton won in the Missouri Primary ended up voting for McCain in the general election. A number of these counties are ancestrally Democratic. However, these counties are very similar in character to [[Yellow Dog Democrat]] areas in neighboring Tennessee, Arkansas and Oklahoma. The Democrats in these areas are nowhere near as liberal as their counterparts in St. Louis and Kansas City, and much like their counterparts in neighboring Tennessee and Arkansas, had become increasingly willing to support Republicans at the national level.

Obama lost by an almost two-to-one margin in Southwest Missouri, a Republican stronghold for the better part of a century. This region is entrenched in the [[Bible Belt]] and embedded with deep pockets of social conservatives that includes [[Springfield, Missouri|Springfield]] and [[Joplin, Missouri|Joplin]]. Even Bill Clinton could not win Southwest Missouri in 1992 despite the fact that he won the state by double digits. Rural Northern Missouri voted against Obama by a three-to-two margin; this region warmly supported Bill Clinton in both of his bids. Obama also lost much of rural Southeast Missouri. Unlike Northern and Southwest Missouri, Southeast Missouri, which strongly backed Bill Clinton both times, is more Democratic at the local and state levels. The region takes in the [[Lead Belt]], the [[Missouri Bootheel|Bootheel]] and the [[Ozark Plateau]] and includes the largest city of [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]], a booming college town but also a conservative, upper-middle class community that votes overwhelmingly Republican. Southeast Missouri is socially conservative but economically liberal, consistently electing Democrats at the local and state levels. While Obama ran even in the area southwest of St. Louis, he did worse than John Kerry in the Bootheel.<ref name="Election Results 2008"/> Obama was, however, able to pick up two counties in Southeast Missouri: [[Washington County, Missouri|Washington County]] (by a margin of five votes) and [[Iron County, Missouri|Iron County]]. Both counties are predominantly rural and White but are some of the most impoverished counties in the state that are controlled by Democrats at the local and state levels. Both counties gave Hillary Clinton over 70% of the vote in the Missouri Primary as well.

Obama was allowed to request a recount under state law since preliminary results showed a difference of less than 1% of the votes. The request would have had to be granted by the state.<ref>[http://marcambinder.theatlantic.com/archives/2008/02/recount_law_in_missouri.php Recount Law In Missouri], a February 2008 blog entry from ''[[The Atlantic]]'' by associate editor Marc Ambinder</ref> However, since Obama already won the election, there had been no indications to suggest that he would request a recount. He ultimately did not request one.

During the same election, Democratic [[Missouri Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Jay Nixon]] defeated [[U.S. Representative]] [[Kenny Hulshof]] in a landslide for [[Governor of Missouri|the Governor's Mansion]]. Incumbent Republican Governor [[Matt Blunt]] did not seek a second term. Nixon performed extremely well in rural Missouri and clinched 58.40% of the total statewide vote compared to Hulshof's 39.49% to become Governor of Missouri. Republicans were, however, able to hold on to the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] seat in [[MO-09|Missouri's 9th Congressional District]] that was vacated by Hulshof in his unsuccessful gubernatorial bid. Republican Blaine Luetkemeyer narrowly defeated Democrat Judy Baker by less than 3 percentage points, in large part due to McCain winning it by 11 points. At the state level, Democrats picked up three seats in the [[Missouri House of Representatives]] but Republicans expanded their majority in the [[Missouri Senate]], picking up three seats here. Furthermore, upon the 2008 election, Democrats control all statewide offices but one – [[Lieutenant Governor of Missouri|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Peter Kinder]] is a Republican. Democrats held on to the office of Attorney General that was vacated by Governor Jay Nixon; Democrat [[Chris Koster]] defeated Republican Mike Gibbons 52.83% to 47.17%. Democrats also picked up the office of [[State Treasurer of Missouri|State Treasurer]] that was vacated by Republican [[Sarah Steelman]] in her unsuccessful bid for the GOP gubernatorial nomination. Democrat [[Clint Zweifel]] defeated Republican Brad Lager 50.47% to 47.14%.

==Results==
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan="7" | United States presidential election in Missouri, 2008 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2008&fips=29&f=0&off=0&elect=0&minper=0|title=Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections 2008- Missouri|accessdate=January 11, 2013}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE" align="center"
! colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party
! style="width: 17em" |Candidate
! style="width: 17em" |Running mate
! style="width: 5em" |Votes
! style="width: 7em" |Percentage
! style="width: 5em" |Electoral votes
|-
! style="background-color:#FF3333; width: 3px" |
| style="width: 130px" | '''[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]'''
| '''[[John McCain]]'''
| '''[[Sarah Palin]]'''
| align="right" | '''1,445,814'''
| align="right" | '''49.36%'''
| align="right" | '''11'''
|-
! style="background-color:#3333FF; width: 3px" |
| style="width: 130px" | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| [[Barack Obama]]
| [[Joe Biden]]
| align="right" | 1,441,911
| align="right" | 49.23%
| align="right" | 0
|-
! style="background-color:#DDDDDD; width: 3px" |
| style="width: 130px" | [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| [[Ralph Nader]]
| [[Matt Gonzalez]]
| align="right" | 17,813
| align="right" | 0.61%
| align="right" | 0
|-
! style="background-color:#FFCC00; width: 3px" |
| style="width: 130px" | [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]]
| [[Bob Barr]]
| [[Wayne Allyn Root]]
| align="right" | 11,386
| align="right" | 0.39%
| align="right" | 0
|-
! style="background-color:#A356DE; width: 3px" |
| style="width: 130px" | [[Constitution Party (United States)|Constitution]]
| [[Chuck Baldwin]]
| [[Darrell Castle]]
| align="right" | 8,201
| align="right" | 0.28%
| align="right" | 0
|-
! style="background-color:#999999; width: 3px" |
| style="width: 130px" | Write-ins
| Write-ins
|
| align="right" | 3,906
| align="right" | 0.13%
| align="right" | 0
|-
! style="background-color:#0BDA51; width: 3px" |
| style="width: 130px" | [[Green Party (United States)|Green]] ([[Write-in candidate|write-in]])
| [[Cynthia McKinney]]
| [[Rosa Clemente]]
| align="right" | 80
| align="right" | 0.00%
| align="right" | 0
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| colspan="4" align="right" | '''Totals'''
| align="right" | '''2,929,111'''
| align="right" | '''100.00%'''
| align="right" | '''11'''
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| colspan="6" align="right" | Voter turnout (Voting age population)
| colspan="1" align="right" | 66.1%
|}

==Results breakdown==

===By county===
{| style="width:60%;" class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
! County
! Obama%
! Obama#
! McCain%
! McCain#
! Total
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Adair County, Missouri|Adair]]||49.3%||5,735||50.7%||5,891||11,626
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Andrew County, Missouri|Andrew]]||38.8%||3,345||61.2%||5,279||8,624
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Atchison County, Missouri|Atchison]]||34.1%||1,000||65.9%||1,936||2,936
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Audrain County, Missouri|Audrain]]||41.8%||4,434||58.2%||6,167||10,601
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Barry County, Missouri|Barry]]||32.2%||4,630||67.8%||9,758||14,388
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Barton County, Missouri|Barton]]||24.8%||1,455||75.2%||4,414||5,869
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Bates County, Missouri|Bates]]||40.4%||3,271||59.6%||4,833||8,104
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Benton County, Missouri|Benton]]||38.7%||3,629||61.3%||5,759||9,388
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Bollinger County, Missouri|Bollinger]]||29.8%||1,690||70.2%||3,972||5,662
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Boone County, Missouri|Boone]]||56.1%||47,062||43.9%||36,849||83,911
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Buchanan County, Missouri|Buchanan]]||50.1%||19,164||49.9%||19,110||38,274
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Butler County, Missouri|Butler]]||31.0%||5,316||69.0%||11,805||17,121
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Caldwell County, Missouri|Caldwell]]||40.6%||1,814||59.4%||2,654||4,468
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Callaway County, Missouri|Callaway]]||40.8%||7,850||59.2%||11,389||19,239
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Camden County, Missouri|Camden]]||35.6%||7,773||64.4%||14,074||21,847
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Cape Girardeau County, Missouri|Cape Girardeau]]||33.0%||12,208||67.0%||24,768||36,976
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Carroll County, Missouri|Carroll]]||34.2%||1,535||65.8%||2,955||4,490
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Carter County, Missouri|Carter]]||34.8%||984||65.2%||1,840||2,824
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Cass County, Missouri|Cass]]||40.1%||19,844||59.9%||29,695||49,539
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Cedar County, Missouri|Cedar]]||32.9%||2,060||67.1%||4,194||6,254
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Chariton County, Missouri|Chariton]]||43.5%||1,799||56.5%||2,339||4,138
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Christian County, Missouri|Christian]]||31.9%||11,883||68.1%||25,382||37,265
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Clark County, Missouri|Clark]]||46.9%||1,572||53.1%||1,782||3,354
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Clay County, Missouri|Clay]]||49.7%||53,761||50.3%||54,516||108,277
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Clinton County, Missouri|Clinton]]||44.3%||4,545||55.7%||5,709||10,254
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Cole County, Missouri|Cole]]||36.4%||13,959||63.6%||24,385||38,344
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Cooper County, Missouri|Cooper]]||37.9%||2,996||62.1%||4,902||7,898
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Crawford County, Missouri|Crawford]]||39.4%||3,911||60.6%||6,007||9,918
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Dade County, Missouri|Dade]]||29.2%||1,184||70.8%||2,864||4,048
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Dallas County, Missouri|Dallas]]||35.2%||2,656||64.8%||4,895||7,551
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Daviess County, Missouri|Daviess]]||38.2%||1,400||61.8%||2,263||3,663
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[DeKalb County, Missouri|DeKalb]]||36.9%||1,692||63.1%||2,889||4,581
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Dent County, Missouri|Dent]]||30.6%||2,056||69.4%||4,655||6,711
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Douglas County, Missouri|Douglas]]||32.7%||2,140||67.3%||4,405||6,545
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Dunklin County, Missouri|Dunklin]]||39.2%||4,540||60.8%||7,044||11,584
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Franklin County, Missouri|Franklin]]||43.7%||21,256||56.3%||27,355||48,611
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Gasconade County, Missouri|Gasconade]]||37.8%||2,899||62.2%||4,763||7,662
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Gentry County, Missouri|Gentry]]||38.6%||1,235||61.4%||1,964||3,199
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Greene County, Missouri|Greene]]||42.0%||56,181||58.0%||77,683||133,864
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Grundy County, Missouri|Grundy]]||34.5%||1,580||65.5%||3,006||4,586
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Harrison County, Missouri|Harrison]]||33.9%||1,287||66.1%||2,512||3,799
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Henry County, Missouri|Henry]]||44.4%||4,869||55.6%||6,095||10,964
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Hickory County, Missouri|Hickory]]||43.2%||2,171||56.8%||2,850||5,021
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Holt County, Missouri|Holt]]||30.9%||802||69.1%||1,794||2,596
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Howard County, Missouri|Howard]]||42.9%||2,036||57.1%||2,708||4,744
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Howell County, Missouri|Howell]]||34.3%||5,736||65.7%||10,982||16,718
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Iron County, Missouri|Iron]]||51.4%||2,213||48.6%||2,090||4,303
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Jackson County, Missouri|Jackson]]||62.8%||210,824||37.2%||124,687||335,511
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Jasper County, Missouri|Jasper]]||33.2%||15,730||66.8%||31,667||47,397
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Jefferson County, Missouri|Jefferson]]||51.3%||53,467||48.7%||50,804||104,271
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Johnson County, Missouri|Johnson]]||43.8%||9,480||56.2%||12,183||21,663
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Knox County, Missouri|Knox]]||38.5%||759||61.5%||1,212||1,971
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Laclede County, Missouri|Laclede]]||32.4%||5,218||67.6%||10,875||16,093
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Lafayette County, Missouri|Lafayette]]||42.2%||6,902||57.8%||9,442||16,344
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Lawrence County, Missouri|Lawrence]]||31.2%||5,097||68.8%||11,263||16,360
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Lewis County, Missouri|Lewis]]||41.5%||1,837||58.5%||2,594||4,431
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Lincoln County, Missouri|Lincoln]]||44.2%||10,234||55.8%||12,924||23,158
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Linn County, Missouri|Linn]]||45.7%||2,638||54.3%||3,140||5,778
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Livingston County, Missouri|Livingston]]||37.9%||2,435||62.1%||3,993||6,428
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Macon County, Missouri|Macon]]||37.8%||2,784||62.2%||4,586||7,370
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Madison County, Missouri|Madison]]||41.3%||2,042||58.7%||2,897||4,939
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Maries County, Missouri|Maries]]||35.9%||1,599||64.1%||2,853||4,452
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Marion County, Missouri|Marion]]||37.9%||4,703||62.1%||7,705||12,408
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[McDonald County, Missouri|McDonald]]||30.9%||2,454||69.1%||5,499||7,953
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Mercer County, Missouri|Mercer]]||30.7%||519||69.3%||1,169||1,688
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Miller County, Missouri|Miller]]||31.3%||3,553||68.7%||7,797||11,350
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Mississippi County, Missouri|Mississippi]]||42.5%||2,247||57.5%||3,034||5,281
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Moniteau County, Missouri|Moniteau]]||31.8%||2,084||68.2%||4,467||6,551
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Monroe County, Missouri|Monroe]]||40.2%||1,703||59.8%||2,533||4,236
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Montgomery County, Missouri|Montgomery]]||40.6%||2,347||59.4%||3,428||5,775
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Morgan County, Missouri|Morgan]]||39.5%||3,565||60.5%||5,451||9,016
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[New Madrid County, Missouri|New Madrid]]||42.3%||3,370||57.7%||4,593||7,963
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Newton County, Missouri|Newton]]||29.7%||7,450||70.3%||17,637||25,087
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Nodaway County, Missouri|Nodaway]]||44.7%||4,493||55.3%||5,568||10,061
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Oregon County, Missouri|Oregon]]||40.6%||1,811||59.4%||2,652||4,463
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Osage County, Missouri|Osage]]||27.4%||1,907||72.6%||5,062||6,969
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Ozark County, Missouri|Ozark]]||36.3%||1,661||63.7%||2,918||4,579
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Pemiscot County, Missouri|Pemiscot]]||43.4%||3,029||56.6%||3,954||6,983
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Perry County, Missouri|Perry]]||35.2%||3,005||64.8%||5,527||8,532
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Pettis County, Missouri|Pettis]]||38.6%||6,932||61.4%||11,018||17,950
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Phelps County, Missouri|Phelps]]||38.7%||7,394||61.3%||11,706||19,100
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Pike County, Missouri|Pike]]||45.0%||3,487||55.0%||4,268||7,755
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Platte County, Missouri|Platte]]||46.7%||21,459||53.3%||24,460||45,919
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Polk County, Missouri|Polk]]||33.7%||4,553||66.3%||8,956||13,509
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Pulaski County, Missouri|Pulaski]]||35.5%||5,249||64.5%||9,552||14,801
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Putnam County, Missouri|Putnam]]||30.4%||695||69.6%||1,591||2,286
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Ralls County, Missouri|Ralls]]||40.6%||2,041||59.4%||2,987||5,028
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Randolph County, Missouri|Randolph]]||38.2%||3,984||61.8%||6,457||10,441
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Ray County, Missouri|Ray]]||48.4%||5,241||51.6%||5,593||10,834
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Reynolds County, Missouri|Reynolds]]||44.3%||1,417||55.7%||1,780||3,197
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Ripley County, Missouri|Ripley]]||34.5%||1,795||65.5%||3,407||5,202
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Saline County, Missouri|Saline]]||48.7%||4,712||51.3%||4,962||9,674
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Schuyler County, Missouri|Schuyler]]||40.5%||775||59.5%||1,139||1,914
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Scotland County, Missouri|Scotland]]||38.8%||793||61.2%||1,249||2,042
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Scott County, Missouri|Scott]]||35.1%||6,258||64.9%||11,563||17,821
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Shannon County, Missouri|Shannon]]||44.1%||1,637||55.9%||2,075||3,712
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Shelby County, Missouri|Shelby]]||34.0%||1,114||66.0%||2,166||3,280
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[St. Charles County, Missouri|St. Charles]]||45.1%||84,183||54.9%||102,550||186,733
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[St. Clair County, Missouri|St. Clair]]||38.8%||1,886||61.2%||2,981||4,867
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[St. Francois County, Missouri|St. Francois]]||47.7%||11,540||52.3%||12,660||24,200
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis City]]||84.4%||132,925||15.6%||24,662||157,587
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]]||60.0%||333,123||40.0%||221,705||554,828
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri|Ste. Genevieve]]||57.2%||4,979||42.8%||3,732||8,711
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Stoddard County, Missouri|Stoddard]]||29.8%||3,899||70.2%||9,172||13,071
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Stone County, Missouri|Stone]]||31.1%||5,029||68.9%||11,147||16,176
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Sullivan County, Missouri|Sullivan]]||42.2%||1,173||57.8%||1,607||2,780
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Taney County, Missouri|Taney]]||31.2%||6,683||68.8%||14,736||21,419
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Texas County, Missouri|Texas]]||32.1%||3,410||67.9%||7,215||10,625
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Vernon County, Missouri|Vernon]]||38.8%||3,381||61.2%||5,334||8,715
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Warren County, Missouri|Warren]]||43.6%||6,705||56.4%||8,675||15,380
|-
| {{Party shading/Democratic}}|[[Washington County, Missouri|Washington]]||50.0%||4,711||50.0%||4,706||9,417
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Wayne County, Missouri|Wayne]]||37.2%||2,243||62.8%||3,784||6,027
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Webster County, Missouri|Webster]]||35.3%||5,685||64.7%||10,431||16,116
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Worth County, Missouri|Worth]]||37.7%||427||62.3%||707||1,134
|-
| {{Party shading/Republican}}|[[Wright County, Missouri|Wright]]||30.7%||2,557||69.3%||5,784||8,341
|}

===By congressional district===
John McCain carried six of the state’s nine congressional districts, including one district held by a Democrat.
{|class=wikitable
! District
! McCain
! Obama
! Representative
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Democratic}}|{{ushr|Missouri|1|1st}}
| 19.38%
| '''79.70%'''
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[William Lacy Clay, Jr.]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Missouri|2|2nd}}
| '''54.98%'''
| 44.04%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Todd Akin]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Democratic}}|{{ushr|Missouri|3|3rd}}
| 39.06%
| '''59.50%'''
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Russ Carnahan]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Missouri|4|4th}}
| '''60.58%'''
| 37.87%
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Ike Skelton]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Democratic}}|{{ushr|Missouri|5|5th}}
| 35.45%
| '''63.47%'''
| {{party shading/Democratic}}|[[Emanuel Cleaver]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Missouri|6|6th}}
| '''53.58%'''
| 44.67%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Sam Graves]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Missouri|7|7th}}
| '''63.07%'''
| 35.39%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Roy Blunt]]
|- align=center
! {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Missouri|8|8th}}
| '''61.92%'''
| 36.42%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Jo Ann Emerson]]
|- align=center
! rowspan=2 {{party shading/Republican}}|{{ushr|Missouri|9|9th}}
| rowspan=2|'''54.77%'''
| rowspan=2|43.66%
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Kenny Hulshof]] ([[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]])
|- align=center
| {{party shading/Republican}}|[[Blaine Luetkemeyer]] ([[111th United States Congress|111th Congress]])
|}

== Electors ==
{{Main|List of United States presidential electors, 2008}}

Technically the voters of Missouri cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]]. Missouri is allocated 11 electors because it has nine [[Missouri's congressional districts|congressional districts]] and two [[List of United States Senators from Missouri|senators]]. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 11 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 11 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for President and Vice President. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/elections_ec.htm |title=Electoral College |accessdate=November 1, 2008 |publisher=[[California Secretary of State]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030041546/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/elections_ec.htm |archivedate=October 30, 2008 }}</ref> An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a [[faithless elector]].

The electors of each state and the [[District of Columbia]] met on December 15, 2008 to cast their votes for President and Vice President. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 11 were pledged to [[John McCain]] and [[Sarah Palin]]:<ref>[http://www.sos.mo.gov/elections/2008general/presElectors_MORepublican.asp Presidential Electors 2008, MO Republican Party]</ref>
#Willis Corbett
#Scott Dickenson
#Robert Haul
#Ronny Margason
#Cathy Owens
#Ron Muck
#Gene Hall
#R. Mellene Schudy
#Nadine Thurman
#Paul Nahon
#Jerry Dowell

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== See also ==
{{2008 U.S. presidential election state results|state=expanded}}
{{MissouriFederalElections}}
{{United States presidential election, 2008}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:United States Presidential Election In Missouri, 2008}}
[[Category:United States presidential election, 2008, by state|Missouri]]
[[Category:United States presidential elections in Missouri|2008]]
[[Category:Missouri elections, 2008]]

Ed McMahon

2014-12-04T03:41:57Z

Broodingomnipresence: Fixed dates to put in standard format

{{Infobox person
|name = Ed McMahon
|years_active = 1957–2009
|image = EdMcMahon05.jpg
|caption = McMahon in November 2005
|imagesize = 200px
|birth_name = Edward Leo Peter McMahon, Jr.
|alias =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|03|06}}
|birth_place = [[Detroit, Michigan]], U.S.
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|06|23|1923|03|06}}
|death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|education = [[Boston College]]
|alma_mater = [[The Catholic University of America]]
|home_town = [[Lowell, Massachusetts]]
|notable_works = ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|The Tonight Show]]'', ''[[Star Search]]'', ''[[TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes]]''
|party =
|occupation = Comedian, game show host, announcer, spokesman
|spouse = Alyce Ferrill (1945–1974) Victoria Valentine (1976–1989) Pam Hurn (1992–2009)
|signature = EdMcMahon.png
| module = {{Infobox military person |embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flag|United States}}
| branch = {{flag|United States Marine Corps}} [[United States Marine Corps Reserve|USMC Reserves]]
| serviceyears = 1940s–1966
| rank =
| unit =
| battles = [[World War II]] [[Korean War]]
}}
}}

'''Edward Leo Peter "Ed" McMahon, Jr.''' (March 6, 1923 – June 23, 2009) was an American comedian, game show host and announcer. He is most famous for his work on television as [[Johnny Carson]]'s [[Sidekick#In_television|sidekick]], [[announcer]], and [[second banana]] on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|The Tonight Show]]'' from 1962 through
1992. He also hosted the original version of the talent show ''[[Star Search]]'' from 1983 to 1995. He co-hosted ''[[TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes]]'' with [[Dick Clark]] from 1982 to 1998. He also presented sweepstakes for the direct marketing company [[American Family Publishers]] (not, as is commonly believed, its main rival [[Publishers Clearing House]]).<ref>{{Wayback |date=20090629213724 |url=http://blog.pch.com/winners_circle/2009/03/setting-the-record-straight-on-ed-mcmahon.html |title="Setting the Record Straight on Ed McMahon"}}, [[Publishers Clearing House]] official blog, by Dave Sayer, March 15, 2009. (via [[archive.org]])</ref><ref>[[Joel Keller]], "[http://www.tvsquad.com/2009/06/23/ed-mcmahon-did-not-work-for-publishers-clearing-house/ Ed McMahon did not work for Publishers Clearing House]," ''[[TV Squad]]'', June 23, 2009.</ref>

McMahon annually co-hosted the ''[[Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon|Jerry Lewis Labor Day Telethon]]''. In the 1970s and 1980s, he anchored the team of [[NBC]] personalities conducting the network's coverage of the [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]]. McMahon appeared in several films, including ''[[The Incident (1967 film)|The Incident]]'', ''[[Fun with Dick and Jane (1977 film)|Fun With Dick and Jane]]'', ''[[Full Moon High]]'', and ''[[Butterfly (1982 film)|Butterfly]]'', as well as briefly in the film version of ''[[Bewitched (2005 film)|Bewitched]]''. He also performed in numerous television commercials. According to ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', McMahon is considered one of the greatest "sidekicks".<ref>Ben Schott, ''Schott's Mischellany Calendar 2009'' (New York: Workman Publishing, 2008), March 21.</ref>

==Early years==
McMahon was born in [[Detroit, Michigan]] to Edward Leo Peter McMahon, Sr. a fund-raiser and entertainer, and his wife Eleanor (Russell) McMahon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/55/Ed-McMahon.html|title=Ed McMahon Biography (1923-2009)}}</ref> He was raised in [[Lowell, Massachusetts]]. McMahon began his career as a bingo caller in [[Maine]] when he was fifteen.

Prior to this, he worked as a [[carnival barker]] for three years in [[Mexico, Maine]]. He put himself through college as a [[pitchman]] for vegetable slicers on the [[Atlantic City]] boardwalk. His first broadcasting job was at [[WLLH]]-AM in his native Lowell and he began his television career in [[Philadelphia]] at [[WCAU-TV]].

===Military service===
McMahon hoped to become a [[United States Marine Corps]] fighter pilot. Prior to the US entry into [[World War II]], however, both the [[U.S. Army|Army]] and [[U. S. Navy|Navy]] required two years of college for their pilots program. McMahon enrolled into classes at [[Boston College]] and studied there from 1940-41. After [[Pearl Harbor]] was attacked, the college requirement was dropped, and McMahon immediately applied for Marine flight training. His primary flight training was in Dallas, followed by fighter training in [[Pensacola]], where he also earned his carrier landing qualifications. He was a Marine Corps flight instructor for two years, finally being ordered to the Pacific fleet in 1945. However, his orders were canceled after the atomic bomb was dropped on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] forcing Japan's surrender.

As an officer in the reserves, McMahon was recalled to active duty during the [[Korean War]]. This time, he flew the OE-1 (the original Marine designation for the [[Cessna O-1 Bird Dog]]), an unarmed single-engine spotter plane. He functioned as an artillery spotter for the Marine batteries on the ground and as a forward controller for the Navy and Marine fighter bombers. He flew a total of 85 combat missions, earning six [[Air Medal]]s. After the war, he stayed with the Marines, as a reserve officer, retiring in 1966 as a [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]]. In 1982 he received a state commission as a [[Brigadier General (United States)|brigadier general]] in the [[California Air National Guard]], an [[honorific]] awarded to recognize his support for the National Guard and Reserves.<ref>''[[Deseret News]]'', [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qlwzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U4MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5765,6631909&dq=ed-mcmahon+national-guard+california&hl=en "It's General Ed"], February 24, 1982</ref><ref>Jerry Buck, Associated Press, ''Youngstown Vindicator'', [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UiZcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WlUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4931,4589060&dq=ed-mcmahon+national-guard+california&hl=en "Shows Keep McMahon Busy Depite Vows to 'Slow Down'"], January 15, 1984</ref>

===The Catholic University of America===
After World War II, McMahon studied at [[The Catholic University of America]] under the [[GI Bill]] and graduated in 1949. He majored in speech and drama while studying under the Rev. [[Gilbert Hartke]] and was a member of [[Phi Kappa Theta]] fraternity. After graduation, McMahon led the effort to raise funds for a theater to be named for Hartke, and attended its dedication in 1970 with [[Helen Hayes]] and [[Sidney Poitier]].<ref name=CUA/>

While working as [[Johnny Carson]]'s sidekick during ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', McMahon served as the president of the national alumni association from 1967-1971 and would often return to campus, especially for homecoming.<ref name=CUA/> During the University's centennial celebration in 1987, McMahon and comedian [[Bob Newhart]] performed.<ref name=CUA/> He received an honorary Doctor of Communication Arts in 1988. "I owe so much to CU," McMahon once said. "That's where my career got its start."<ref name=CUA/>

Today, the Ed McMahon Endowed Scholarship helps outstanding students and provides scholarship assistance to juniors and seniors who are pursuing a bachelor's degree in either the Department of Drama or the Department of Media Studies within the School of Arts and Sciences.<ref name=CUA/>

==Entertainment career==

===''The Tonight Show''===
McMahon and Johnny Carson first worked together as announcer and host on the ABC-TV daytime game show ''[[Who Do You Trust?]]'' (1957–1962). McMahon and Carson left the show to join ''[[The Tonight Show]]'' on October first, 1962. He describes what happened when the pair first met, the whole meeting being "... about as exciting as watching a traffic light change".<ref>[http://www.lastingtribute.co.uk/tribute/mcmahon/3101828 Lasting Tribute online obituary].{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> For almost 30 years, McMahon introduced the ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|The Tonight Show]]'' with a drawn-out "Heeere's Johnny!" His booming voice and constant laughter alongside the "King of Late Night" earned McMahon the [[nickname]] the "Human [[Laugh Track]]" and "Toymaker to the King". As part of the introductory patter to ''The Tonight Show'', McMahon would state his name out loud, pronouncing it as {{IPAc-en|m|ɨ|k|ˈ|m|eɪ|.|ən}}, but neither long-time cohort [[Johnny Carson]] nor anyone else who interviewed him ever seemed to [[æ-tensing|pick up on that subtlety]], usually pronouncing his name {{IPAc-en|m|ɨ|k|ˈ|m|æ|n}}.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

The extroverted McMahon served as a counter to the notoriously shy Carson. Nonetheless, McMahon once told an interviewer that after his many decades as an emcee, he would still get "butterflies" in his stomach every time he would walk onto a stage, and would use that nervousness as a source of energy.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

His famous opening line to each show "Heeere's Johnny!" was used in the 1980 Horror film [[The Shining (film)|The Shining]] by the character [[Jack Torrance]] (played by [[Jack Nicholson]]) as he attacks his wife and child with an axe.

===''Star Search''===
He was also host of the successful weekly [[broadcast syndication|syndicated]] series ''[[Star Search]]'', which began in 1983 and helped launch the careers of numerous actors, singers, choreographers, and comedians. He stayed with the show until it ended in 1995, and in 2003, he made a cameo appearance on the revival of the [[Columbia Broadcasting System|CBS]] show, hosted by his successor, [[Arsenio Hall]].

===Other roles===
[[File:Ed mcmahon 1990.jpg|thumb|right|McMahon at the premiere of ''[[Air America (film)|Air America]]'', 1990]]

McMahon was the co-host of the long-running annual Labor Day weekend ''[[Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon|MDA Jerry Lewis Telethon]]''. His 41st and last appearance was in 2008, making him second only to Lewis himself in number of appearances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mda.org/news/090623mcmahon.html|title=Longtime MDA Telethon Anchor Ed McMahon Dies|date=2009-06-23}}</ref> McMahon and [[Dick Clark]] hosted the television series (and later special broadcasts of) ''[[TV's Bloopers and Practical Jokes]]'' on [[NBC]] from 1982–98, when Clark decided to move the production of the series to [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]].

In 1967, McMahon had a role in the film ''[[The Incident]]''.

From 1965 to 1969, McMahon was ''communicator'' (host) of the Saturday afternoon segment of [[Monitor (NBC Radio)|Monitor]], the weekend news, features and entertainment magazine on the NBC Radio Network. McMahon had a supporting role in the original 1970's version of the movie "Fun With Dick & Jane" and played himself in [[Steven Spielberg]]'s 1986 ''[[Amazing Stories (TV series)|Amazing Stories]]'' Season 1: Episode 10  ("Remote Control Man").<ref>{{cite web|title=Internet Movie Data Base|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0511113/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm#cast|publisher=IMDB|accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref>
In 2004, he became the announcer and co-host of ''[[Alf's Hit Talk Show]]'' on [[TV Land]]. He has authored two memoirs, ''Here's Johnny!: My Memories of Johnny Carson, The Tonight Show, and 46 Years of Friendship'' as well as ''For Laughing Out Loud''. Over the years, he [[emcee]]d the game shows ''[[Missing Links (game show)|Missing Links]]'', ''[[Snap Judgment (game show)|Snap Judgment]]'', ''[[Concentration (game show)|Concentration]]'', and ''[[Whodunnit!]]''. McMahon hosted ''[[Lifestyles Live]]'', a weekend talk program aired on the [[USA Radio Network]]. He also appeared in the feature documentary film, ''[[Pitch People (1999 film)|Pitch People]]'', the first motion picture to take an in-depth look at the history and evolution of pitching products to the public. In the early 2000s, McMahon made a series of [[Neighborhood Watch]] [[public service announcement]]s parodying the surprise appearances to contest winners that he was supposedly known for. (In fact, it is not clear whether the company McMahon fronted, American Family Publishers, regularly performed such unannounced visits, as opposed to Publishers Clearing House and its oft-promoted "prize patrol".)

Towards the end of the decade, McMahon took on other endorsement roles, playing a rapper for a [[FreeCreditReport.com]] commercial<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/09/25/people.ed.mcmahon.ap|title=Ed McMahon turns gangsta rapper|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=2008-09-25|accessdate=2008-09-25}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> and in a ''[[Cash4Gold]]'' commercial alongside [[MC Hammer]]. McMahon was also the spokesman for [[Pride Mobility]], a leading power wheelchair and scooter manufacturer. His final film appearance was in the independent John Hughes themed rom-com ''[[jelly (film)|Jelly]]'' as Mr. Closure alongside actress [[Natasha Lyonne]].

Mostly in the 1980s through the 1990s, McMahon was the spokesperson for [[Colonial Penn]] Life Insurance Company.

==Personal life==

===Marriage and children===
McMahon married Alyce Ferrell on July 5, 1945, while he was serving as a flight instructor in the Marines;<ref name=Wise1999>{{cite book|last1=Wise|first1=James E.|last2=Rehill|first2=Anne Collier|title=Stars in the corps: movie actors in the United States Marines|year=1999|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1-55750-949-2|pages=133–138}}</ref> the couple had four children: Claudia (b. 1946), Michael Edward (1951–1995), Linda and Jeffrey.<ref>[http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com Social Security Death Index]</ref> In 1972, they separated, and in 1974 they divorced.<ref name=Gliatto1991>{{cite journal|last=Gliatto|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Gliatto|author2=Doris Bacon|date=September 9, 1991|title=Ed Over Heels|journal=People|volume=36|issue=9}}</ref> McMahon married Victoria Valentine on March 6, 1976.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McMahon|first1=Ed|last2=Fisher|first2=David|title=For Laughing Out Loud: My Life and Good Times|year=1999|page=290}}</ref> They adopted a daughter in 1985: Katherine Mary. The couple divorced in 1989; McMahon paid $50,000 per month in spousal and child support.<ref name=Laufenberg1999>{{cite book|last=Laufenberg|first=Norbert B.|title=Entertainment Celebrities|year=2005|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=1-4120-5335-8|page=442}}</ref> On February 22, 1992, three months before his ''Tonight Show'' run came to a close, in a ceremony held near Las Vegas,<ref name=Laufenberg1999/> McMahon married Pamela "Pam" Hurn, a 37-year-old mother of a son named Lex. McMahon's daughter Katherine served as best person at the wedding. McMahon adopted his wife's son, making his name Lex McMahon. Pam Hurn McMahon was widowed in 2009 at the death of Ed McMahon, and spoke at his funeral.

===Financial problems===
In June 2008, it was announced that McMahon was $644,000 behind on payments on $4.8 million in mortgage loans and was fighting to avoid foreclosure on his multimillion-dollar [[Beverly Hills]] home.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080604/ap_on_en_tv/people_ed_mcmahon "Ed McMahon fighting foreclosure on his Beverly Hills home however holds deposits in offshore accounts unaccounted for."] AP News, accessed June 4, 2008.</ref> McMahon was also sued by Citibank for $180,000. McMahon appeared on ''[[Larry King Live]]'' on June 5, 2008 with his wife to talk about this situation. In the interview, McMahon's wife Pam said that people assumed that the McMahons had so much money because of his celebrity status. Pamela McMahon also commented that they do not have "millions" of dollars.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/TV/06/06/lkl.mcmahon/index.html Ed McMahon explains his mortgage mess], CNN.com, June 6, 2008.</ref> On July 30, 2008, McMahon's financial status suffered another blow. According to Reuters, McMahon failed to pay divorce attorney Norman Solovay $275,168, according to a lawsuit filed in the Manhattan federal court. McMahon and his wife, Pamela, hired Solovay to represent Linda Schmerge, his daughter from another relationship, in a "matrimonial matter," said Solovay's lawyer, Michael Shanker.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUKN3047452120080731|title=Ed McMahon sued over legal bills|date=July 30, 2008 | work=Reuters | first=Edith | last=Honan}}</ref>

On August 14, 2008, real estate mogul [[Donald Trump]] announced that he would purchase McMahon's home from [[Countrywide Financial]] and lease it to McMahon, so the home would not be foreclosed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/classified/realestate/la-hmw-hotpropmcmahon14-2008aug14,0,6229599.story|title=Donald Trump to buy Ed McMahon’s house|date=14 August 2008|author=Brenoff, Ann | work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref> McMahon agreed instead to a deal with a private buyer for his hilltop home, said Howard Bragman, McMahon's former spokesman. Bragman declined to name the buyer or the selling price, but he said it is not Trump. "For Mr. Trump, this acquisition was not business-related, but, as he has stated, was meant to help out an American icon," said Michael Cohen, special counsel to Trump. "If another buyer should emerge who will create the benefit Mr. Trump sought for Ed McMahon, then he is clearly pleased." In early September, after the second buyer's offer fell through, Trump renewed his offer to purchase the home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/26528934|title=Donald Trump 'Still Here To Help' Ed McMahon Stay In House|date=3 September 2008|author=Wells, Jane}}</ref>

===Health problems===
On April 20, 2002, McMahon sued his insurance company for more than $20 million, alleging that he was sickened by [[toxic mold]] that spread through his Beverly Hills house after contractors failed to properly clean up water damage from a broken pipe. McMahon and his wife, Pamela, became ill from the mold, as did members of their household staff, according to the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]] suit. The McMahons also blame the mold for the death of the family dog, Muffin. Their suit, the [[Mold_health_issues#Litigation|latest of many in recent years over toxic mold]], was filed against American Equity Insurance Co., a pair of insurance adjusters, and several environmental cleanup contractors. It sought monetary damages for alleged breach of contract, negligence, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. On March 21, 2003, the long battle ended with McMahon reaping $7.2 million from several companies who were negligent for allowing toxic mold into his home, sickening him and his wife and killing their dog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/may/09/local/me-mold9|title=Ed McMahon Settles Suit Over Mold for $7.2 Million|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=October 26, 2014}}</ref> Their dog's death was confirmed to be caused by mold.

McMahon was injured in 2007 in a fall and, in March 2008, it was announced he was recovering from a broken neck and two subsequent surgeries. He later sued [[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] and two doctors claiming fraud, battery, [[elder abuse]], and emotional distress, and accused them of discharging him with a broken neck after his fall in 2007 and later botching two neck surgeries. On February 27, 2009 it was reported that McMahon had been in an undisclosed Los Angeles hospital (later confirmed as [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]]) for almost a month. He was listed in serious condition and was in the intensive care unit. His publicist told reporters that he was admitted for pneumonia at the time, but could not confirm nor deny reports that McMahon had been diagnosed with bone cancer.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUKTRE51Q5H020090227 Ed McMahon ill with pneumonia - Reuters] Reuters UK February 27, 2009.</ref>

==Death==
McMahon died on June 23, 2009, shortly after midnight at the [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center]] in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]. He was 86 years old. His nurse, Julie Koehne, RN, stated he went peacefully. No formal cause of death was given, but McMahon's publicist attributed his death to the many health problems he had suffered over his final months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8115052.stm|title=American TV star Ed McMahon dies|date=2009-06-24|work=BBC News|accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> McMahon had said that he still suffered from the injury to his neck in March 2007.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090623/ap_on_en_tv/us_obit_mcmahon_25 Yahoo: Ed McMahon's death at 86].</ref>

[[Conan O'Brien]] paid tribute to McMahon on ''The Tonight Show'' later that night, saying "It is impossible, I think, for anyone to imagine 'The Tonight Show With Johnny Carson' without Ed McMahon. Ed's laugh was really the soundtrack to that show." O'Brien added that McMahon, with Carson, created "the most iconic two-shot in broadcasting history. There will never be anything like that again."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newjerseynewsroom.com/movies/conan-obrien-pays-tribute-to-ed-mcmahon-dead-at-86|title=Conan O'Brien pays tribute to Ed McMahon, dead at 86|last=Barrett|first=Liz|date=2009-06-24|work=Newsroom New Jersey|accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref>

The [[Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia]] posthumously inducted McMahon into their Hall of Fame in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcastpioneers.com/mcmahon.html |title=Ed McMahon |publisher=Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia}}</ref>

==Books==
{{Library resources box}}
* ''Ed McMahon's Barside Companion'' (World Publishing Company, Copyright 1969 by Parthenon Productions, Inc.), Library of Congress #70-94527
* ''Ed McMahon's Superselling'' by Ed McMahon with Warren Jamison (Prentice Hall Press, Copyright 1989 by Ed McMahon), ISBN 0-13-943366-X
* ''For Laughing Out Loud: My Life and Good Times'' (Warner Books, 1998), co-written with David Fisher
* ''Here's Johnny! My Memories of Johnny Carson, The Tonight Show, and 46 Years of Friendship'' (Berkley Publishing Group – Penguin Group (USA, Inc.), 2005)
* ''When Television Was Young'' (2007)

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Biography|United States Marine Corps}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name=CUA>{{cite web
| url = http://publicaffairs.cua.edu/Releases/2009/09EdMcMahon.cfm
| title = CUA Mourns the Passing of Alumnus Ed McMahon
| publisher = The Catholic University of America
| date = June 23, 2009
| accessdate = 2014-02-02
}}</ref>

}}

* ''Here's Ed'' (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1976) with Carroll Carroll

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0573012}}
* [http://www.hiyoooo.com/ Hiyoooo.com]
* [http://www.broadcastpioneers.com/ Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia website]

{{S-start}}
{{S-media}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Hugh Downs]]
| after=[[Edd Hall]]
| title=''[[The Tonight Show]]'' announcer
| years=1962–1992}}
{{S-end}}
{{TonightShow}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=37102759}}



{{Persondata
|NAME=McMahon, Ed
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= McMahon, Edward Leo Peter "Ed", Jr.
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson|Tonight Show]]'' [[announcer]], [[game show host]], [[actor]], [[spokesman]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=March 6, 1923
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]
|DATE OF DEATH=June 23, 2009
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:McMahon, Ed}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:American comedians]]
[[Category:American game show hosts]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Air Medal]]
[[Category:American radio personalities]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in California]]
[[Category:Game show announcers]]
[[Category:People from Detroit, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Lowell, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:The Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps officers]]
[[Category:United States Naval Aviators]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps reservists]]

Johnny Carson

2014-12-04T03:40:11Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Effect on popular culture */Deleted stupid sentence about Wayne Newton.

{{other people|John Carson|John Carson (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish2|the US ambassador [[Johnnie Carson]]}}
{{redirect|The Squirrel's Nest|the nest of a tree squirrel|Drey}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Johnny Carson
| image = Johnny Carson 1970.JPG
| imagesize = 235px
| caption = Carson in October 1970
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = John William Carson
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|10|23}}

| birth_place = [[Corning, Iowa]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2005|1|23|1925|10|23}}
| death_place = [[Los Angeles, California]]
| nationality = American
| college = [[University of Nebraska-Lincoln]]
| active = 1950–1994
| genre = [[Satire]], [[sketch comedy]], [[improvisational comedy]]
| subject = [[current events]], [[American politics]], [[American culture]], [[pop culture]]
| influences = [[Jack Benny]], [[Red Skelton]], [[Fred Allen]], [[Bob Hope]]<ref name=bio>http://www.anb.org/articles/18/18-03822-print.html</ref>
| influenced = [[David Letterman]]
| signature = Johnny Carson Signature.svg
| website = {{URL|http://www.johnnycarson.com/}}
| spouse = Joan Morrill Wolcott (m. 1949–1963; divorced) Joanne Copeland (m. 1963–1972; divorced) Joanna Holland (m. 1972–1985; divorced) Alexis Maas (m. 1987–2005, his death)
| notable_work = Host of ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]''
| module = {{Infobox comedian awards
| peabodyawards = [[List of Peabody Award winners (1980–1989)#1985|'''Personal Award''' 1985]]
| emmyawards = '''Special Classification of Outstanding Program and Individual Achievement''' 1976 ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]'' 1977 ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' 1978 ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' 1979 ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' '''Governor's Award''' 1980 '''Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Program (Series)''' 1992 ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson''
| americancomedyawards = '''Funniest Male Performer in a TV Series (Leading Role) Network, Cable or Syndication''' 1987 ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' '''Lifetime Achievement Award''' 1992 Lifetime Achievement
}}
}}

'''John William''' "'''Johnny'''" '''Carson''' (October 23, 1925 – January 23, 2005) was an American [[television host]], [[comedian]], [[writer]], [[executive producer|producer]], [[actor]], and [[musician]] known for thirty years as host of ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]'' (1962–1992). Carson received six [[Emmy Award]]s, the Governor's Award, and a 1985 [[Peabody Award]]. He was inducted into the ''[[Television Academy Hall of Fame]]'' in 1987. Johnny Carson was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] in 1992 and received a [[Kennedy Center Honors|Kennedy Center Honor]] in 1993.<ref name="EB">Johnny Carson. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/905828/Johnny-Carson Encyclopædia Britannica Online]. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 30, 2009.</ref>

Although his show was already successful by the end of the 1960s, during the 1970s Carson became an American icon and remained so until his retirement in 1992. He adopted a casual, conversational approach with extensive interaction with guests, an approach pioneered by [[Arthur Godfrey]] and previous ''Tonight Show'' hosts [[Steve Allen]] and [[Jack Paar]]. Late-night host [[David Letterman]] has cited Carson's influence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956906,00.html | work=Time | title=Interview :David Letterman He's No Johnny Carson | date=February 6, 1989}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Carson was born in [[Corning, Iowa|Corning]], [[Iowa]], on October 23 1925, to Homer Lloyd "Kit" Carson, a power company manager, and Ruth (Hook) Carson, who was of [[Irish people|Irish]] descent.<ref name=tynan19780220/> He grew up in the nearby towns of [[Avoca, Iowa|Avoca]], [[Clarinda, Iowa|Clarinda]], and [[Red Oak, Iowa|Red Oak]] in southwest Iowa before moving to [[Norfolk, Nebraska|Norfolk]], [[Nebraska]], at the age of eight. It was there that Carson grew up and began developing his talent for entertaining. At the age of twelve, Carson found a book on magic at a friend's house and immediately purchased a mail-order magician's kit. After the purchase of the kit, Johnny Carson practiced his entertainment skills on family members with card tricks. He was known for following his family members around saying, "Pick a card any card." <ref>{{cite web|last1=Baughman|first1=Judith|title=Johnny Carson|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3468302157&v=2.1&u=mech12755&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=de447effdf175c377fdecf3b257456dd|website=Gale Research Group|publisher=American Decades|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> Carson's mother sewed him a cape, and his first performance was staged right in front of the local Kiwanis Club. He debuted as "The Great Carsoni" at age 14 and he was paid $3 a show.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Baughman|first1=Judith|title=Johnny Carson|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3468302157&v=2.1&u=mech12755&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=de447effdf175c377fdecf3b257456dd|website=Gale Research Group|publisher=American Decades|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> Soon, many other performances at local picnics and country fairs followed. After graduating from high school, Carson had his first encounter with Hollywood.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Baughman|first1=Judith|title=Johny Carsom|website=Gale Research Group|publisher=American Decades|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> Carson hitchhiked to Hollywood, where he was fined and arrested $50 for imitating a midshipman, a story that's often seen as a legend.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Baughman|first1=Judith|title=Johny Carsom|website=Gale Research Group|publisher=American Decades|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> "Johnny embarked on an adventure, one so laden with implications about his future, that some have wondered if the escapade might not actually be a legend."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Corkery|first1=Paul|title=Carson: Biography|publisher=New York, Kampmann & Co.}}</ref>

{{r|tynan19780220}}[[File:U.S. Navy portrait of Johnny Carson.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Navy portrait of Carson]]Carson joined the Naval Air Corps on June 8, 1943, received [[V-12 Navy College Training Program|V-12]] officer training at [[Columbia University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/Careers/Content1?file=trans_johnny_carson.htm&area=Content |title=Careers Johnny Carson |publisher=Military.com |accessdate=2011-04-26}}</ref> and [[Millsaps College]].<ref name="millsaps">{{cite web | url=http://www.millsaps.edu/about_millsaps/timeline.php | title=Timeline | publisher=Millsaps College | accessdate=September 10, 2011}}</ref> Commissioned an ensign late in the war, Carson was assigned to the {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|6}} in the Pacific. While in the Navy, Carson posted a 10–0 amateur boxing record, with most of his bouts fought on board the USS ''Pennsylvania''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxing-scoop.com/show_boxer.php?boxer_ID=12192 |title=Johnny Carson Amateur Boxing Record |publisher=Boxing-Scoop.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-22}}</ref> He was en route to the combat zone aboard a troop ship when the [[bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] ended the war. Carson served as a communications officer in charge of decoding encrypted messages and he said that the high point of his military career was performing a magic trick for [[United States Secretary of the Navy]] [[James V. Forrestal]]. Carson's most important military experience was a conversation with James Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy, who asked Carson if he planned to stay in the navy after the war.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Corkery|first1=Paul|title=Carson: Biography|publisher=New York, Kampmann & Co.}}</ref> In response, Carson said no and told him he wanted to be a magician. Forrestal asked him to perform, in which Carson did with a card trick.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Corkery|first1=Paul|title=Carson: Biography|publisher=New York, Kampmann & Co.}}</ref> Although, Carson created more than just magic that day, more like a promise for the future. The most important thing that Carson experienced that day was his discovery that he could entertain and amuse someone as cranky and sophisticated as Forrestal. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Corkery|first1=Paul|title=Carson: Biography|publisher=New York, Kampmann & Co.}}</ref>

To take advantage of the educational opportunities from the navy, Carson attended the [[University of Nebraska]] in Lincoln, where he joined The Fraternity of [[Phi Gamma Delta]] and continued performing magic (now paid $25 per appearance{{r|tynan19780220}}). He majored in journalism with the intent of becoming a comedy writer, but switched his major to speech and drama a few months later because he wanted to become a radio performer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bushkin|first1=Henry|title=Johnny Carson|date=2013|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|location=New York|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> Carson's college thesis titled "How to Write Comedian Jokes" was a complication of taped skits and jokes from popular radio shows with Carson explaining the comedic technique in a voice-over. It allowed him to graduate in three years.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bushkin|first1=Henry|title=Johnny Carson|date=2013|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|location=New York|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref> Carson graduated with a Bachelor of Arts Degree in radio and speech with a minor in physics in 1949.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bushkin|first1=Henry|title=Johnny Carson|date=2013|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|location=New York|accessdate=2 December 2014}}</ref>

He began his broadcasting career in 1950 at [[KXSP|WOW]] radio and television in [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]], Nebraska.<ref>[http://www.johnnycarson.com/carson/bio_johnny.jsp The Official Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson]</ref> Carson soon hosted a morning television program called ''The Squirrel's Nest''. One of his routines involved interviewing pigeons on the roof of the local courthouse that would allegedly report on the political corruption they had seen. Carson supplemented his income by serving as master of ceremonies at local church dinners, attended by some of the same politicians and civic leaders that he had lampooned on the radio.
[[File:Jack Benny Johnny Carson Benny Show 1955.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Carson as a guest on Jack Benny's television program, 1955.]]
[[File:Johnny carson 1957.JPG|right|thumb|150px|left|Carson in 1957.]]

In 1951 Carson visited California and successfully sought work. The wife of one of the Omaha political figures he spoofed owned stock in a radio station in Los Angeles and referred Carson to her brother, who was influential in the emerging television market in southern California. Later that year Carson went to work at [[CBS]]-owned Los Angeles television station [[KCBS-TV|KNXT]].{{r|tynan19780220}} He would later joke that he owed his success to the birds of Omaha. In 1953 comic [[Red Skelton]]—a fan of Carson's "cult success" low-budget sketch comedy show, ''Carson's Cellar'' (1951 to 1953) on KNXT—asked Carson to join his show as a writer. In 1954 Skelton during rehearsal accidentally knocked himself unconscious an hour before his live show began, and Carson successfully filled in for him.{{r|tynan19780220}} In 1955, [[Jack Benny]] invited Carson to appear on one of his programs during the opening and closing segments. Carson imitated Benny and claimed that Benny had copied his gestures. Benny, however, predicted that Carson would have a successful career as a comedian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUd1-_91YTk |title=Jack Gives Johnny Carson Advice (1955) |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2011-04-26}}</ref>

Carson hosted several shows besides ''Carson's Cellar'', including the [[game show]] ''Earn Your Vacation'' (1954) and the CBS variety show ''[[The Johnny Carson Show]]'' (1955–1956).{{r|tynan19780220}}<ref>{{IMDb title|0047746|The Johnny Carson Show}}</ref> He was a guest panelist on the original ''[[To Tell the Truth]]'' starting in 1960, later becoming a regular panelist from 1961 until 1962. After the [[prime time]] ''The Johnny Carson Show'' failed, he moved to New York City to host ''[[Who Do You Trust?]]'' (1957–1962), formerly known as ''[[Do You Trust Your Wife?]]''. In 1958 he appeared as a guest star in an episode entitled "Do You Trust Your Wife" on [[NBC]]'s short-lived variety show, ''[[The Polly Bergen Show]]''. It was on ''Who Do You Trust?'' that Carson met his future [[sidekick]] and [[straight man]], [[Ed McMahon]]. Although he believed moving to [[daytime television|daytime]] would hurt his career, ''Who Do You Trust?'' was a success. It was the first show where he could [[ad lib]] and interview guests,{{r|pioneersoftv}} and because of Carson's on-camera wit, the show became "the hottest item on daytime television" during his five years at ABC.{{r|tynan19780220}}
{{clear left}}

==''The Tonight Show''==
{{main|The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson}}
NBC's ''Tonight'' was the late-night counterpart to its early-morning show ''Today''. Originating in 1953 with host [[Steve Allen]], ''Tonight'' was somewhat experimental at the time, as the only previous network late-night program was NBC's "[[Broadway Open House]]" which starred Jerry Lester and Dagmar. ''Tonight'' was successful, and when Allen moved on to prime-time comedy-variety shows in 1956, [[Jack Paar]] replaced him as host of ''Tonight''. Paar left the show in 1962.

Johnny Carson's success on ABC's ''Who Do You Trust?'' led NBC to invite him to take over ''Tonight'' a few months before Paar's departure. Carson declined the offer because he feared the difficulty of interviewing celebrities for 1 3/4 hours (105 minutes) daily. [[Bob Newhart]], [[Jackie Gleason]], [[Groucho Marx]], and [[Joey Bishop]] all declined as well, but NBC finally convinced Carson to sign by early February 1962. Carson can be seen discussing his upcoming new job for the first time on the February 11, 1962 episode of [[What's My Line?]].<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VK4jCnt3Nw&t=19m50s</ref> Because Carson had six months left on his ABC contract, NBC used multiple guest hosts until he could take over, including [[Merv Griffin]], [[Art Linkletter]], [[Joey Bishop]], [[Arlene Francis]] [the first woman to host "The Tonight Show"], [[Bob Cummings]], [[Jerry Lewis]], [[Groucho Marx]], [[Donald O'Conner]] and others. .{{r|pioneersoftv}}{{r|tynan19780220}}

Although he continued to have doubts about his new job, Carson became host of ''Tonight'' (later becoming ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]'') on October 1, 1962, and, after a difficult first year, overcame his fears.{{r|pioneersoftv}} While ''Tonight'' under its previous hosts had been successful, especially under Paar, Carson's version eventually did very well in the ratings. [[Billy Wilder]] said of Carson:

{{quote|By the simple law of survival, Carson is the best. He enchants the invalids and the insomniacs as well as the people who have to get up at dawn. He is the [[Valium]] and the [[Nembutal]] of a nation. No matter what kind of dead-asses are on the show, he has to make them funny and exciting. He has to be their nurse and their surgeon. He has no conceit. He does his work and he comes prepared. If he's talking to an author, he has read the book. Even his rehearsed routines sound improvised. He's the cream of middle-class elegance, yet he's not a mannequin. He has captivated the American bourgeoisie without ever offending the highbrows, and he has never said anything that wasn't liberal or progressive. Every night, in front of millions of people, he has to do the ''salto mortale'' [a circus parlance for an aerial somersault performed on the tightrope]. What's more, he does it without a net. No rewrites. No retakes. The jokes must work tonight.{{r|tynan19780220}}}}

McMahon followed Carson from ''Who Do You Trust?'' as his announcer and sidekick and Skitch Henderson was installed as the Maestro of the NBC orchestra. McMahon's famous introduction, "Heeeeere's Johnny!!!" was followed by a brief monologue by Carson. This was often followed by comedy sketches, interviews, and music. Carson's trademark was a phantom golf swing at the end of his monologues, aimed [[stage left]] toward the studio orchestra. (Guest hosts sometimes parodied that gesture. [[Bob Newhart]] rolled an imaginary bowling ball toward the audience.) Johnny enjoyed what he called the "Carson Kits," or beautiful girls, to adorn his show. Theona Bryant, a favorite, was a model. The other "Carson Cuties" were Phyllis Applegate, Norma Brooks, and Sally Todd.

[[Paul Anka]] wrote the theme song, ("Johnny's Theme"), a reworking of his "Toot Sweet"; given lyrics, it was renamed, "It's Really Love," and recorded by [[Annette Funicello]] in 1959. Before taking over ''The Tonight Show'', Carson wrote lyrics for the song and thus claimed 50% of the song's performance royalties (even though the lyrics were never used). The theme is heard being played on sound recordings of Carson's first ''Tonight Show'' and it was used without interruption through to his very last broadcast on May 22, 1992.

The show was originally produced in New York City, with occasional stints in California. It was not live in its early years, although during the 1970s, NBC fed the live taping from Burbank to New York via satellite for editing (see [[#Carson uncensored on satellite|below]]). The program had been done "live on tape" (uninterrupted unless a problem occurred) since the [[Jack Paar]] days. Carson had a talent for quick quips to deal with problems.{{r|tynan19780220}} If the opening monologue fared poorly, the band would start playing "[[Tea for Two (song)|Tea for Two]]" and Carson danced, to laughs from the studio audience. Alternatively, Carson might pull the [[Boom operator (media)|boom mic]] close to his face and announce ''"Attention [[K-Mart]] shoppers!"''

===Move to Burbank===
On May 1, 1972 the show was moved from Thirty Rockefeller Plaza, New York to [[Burbank, California]] because of the studio's proximity to the stars. Carson often joked about "beautiful downtown Burbank"<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/11/business/fi-nbc11 | work=Los Angeles Times | title=NBC socks it to Burbank | first1=Meg | last1=James | first2=Matea | last2=Gold | date=October 11, 2007 | accessdate=May 7, 2010}}</ref> and referred to "beautiful downtown [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]]," which prompted Bakersfield Mayor [[Mary K. Shell]] to chide Carson and invite him to her city to see improvements made during the early 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19810417&id=aGkzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rDIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3823,5529534|title= Bakersfield invites Johnny Carson to 'see for yourself'|author= UPI|publisher= [[Lodi News-Sentinel]] |date = April 17, 1981 }}</ref>

After July 1971, Carson stopped hosting shows five days a week. Instead, on Monday nights there was a guest host, leaving Carson to host the other four each week. Shows were taped in Burbank at 5:30 p.m. (8:30 p.m. Eastern time) to be shown that evening at 11:30 p.m. Eastern time. On September 8, 1980, at Carson's request, the show cut its 90-minute format to 60 minutes; [[Tom Snyder]]'s ''[[Tomorrow (TV series)|Tomorrow]]'' added a half hour to fill the vacant time. [[Joan Rivers]] became the [[permanent guest host|"permanent" guest host]] from September 1983 until 1986. ''The Tonight Show'' returned to using rotating guest hosts, including comic [[George Carlin]]. [[Jay Leno]] then became the exclusive guest host in fall 1987. Leno joked that although other guest hosts had upped their fees, he had kept his low, assuring himself more bookings. Eventually, Monday night was for Leno, Tuesday for ''The Best of Carson''—rebroadcasts usually dating from a year earlier but occasionally from the 1970s.

Although Carson's work schedule became more attenuated, ''Tonight'' remained so successful that his compensation from NBC continued to rise; by the mid-1970s he had become the highest-paid personality on television, earning about $4 million a year (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|4000000|1978|r=-3}}}} today), not including nightclub appearances and his other businesses. He refused many offers to appear in films, including title roles in ''[[The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film)|The Thomas Crown Affair]]'' and [[Gene Wilder]]'s role in ''[[Blazing Saddles]]''.{{r|tynan19780220}}

In recognition of his 25th anniversary on ''The Tonight Show'', Carson received a personal [[List of Peabody Award winners (1980-1989)#1985|Peabody Award]], the Board saying he had "become an American institution, a household word, [and] the most widely quoted American"; they also said they "felt the time had come to recognize the contributions that Johnny has made to television, to humor, and to America."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.peabody.uga.edu/winners/details.php?id=307 | title= Johnny Carson Personal Award | year= 1985 | publisher= [[Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication|Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication]] | accessdate=2011-04-26}}</ref>

===Comic characters===
[[File:Carnac.jpg|thumb|Carson as the character "Carnac the Magnificent", mid-1970s.]]
Carson played several continuing characters on sketches during the show, including
* '''Art Fern''', the "Tea Time Movie" announcer,<ref name=EW>{{cite web|last=Hibberd |first=James |url=http://watching-tv.ew.com/2012/05/14/johnny-carson-pbs-tonight-show-king-of-late-night/ |title='Johnny Carson: King of Late Night' airing tonight: Overrated royalty? A review | Ken Tucker's TV | EW.com |publisher=Watching-tv.ew.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-22}}</ref> whose theme song was "[[Hooray for Hollywood]]". Carson once admitted on camera that this was his favorite character, based on late-afternoon TV hosts who would deliver commercials throughout the movie. Each sketch usually featured three long commercials interrupted by silent, four-second clips from antique films. When the camera returned from each clip, Art was always caught off-guard and immediately reminded viewers that they were watching a film favorite. The movies always had unlikely casts and even less likely titles: "[[Slim Pickens]], [[Patti Page]], Duke Wayne, and [[Charlton Heston]] in another classic Western: 'Kiss My Saddle Horn'!" Carson originally played the fast-talking huckster in his own voice (as Honest Bernie Schlock or Ralph Willie), and finally settled on a nasal, high-pitched, smarmy drone, reminiscent of [[Jackie Gleason]]'s "Reginald Van Gleason III" character. The character, now permanently known as Art Fern, wore a lavish toupee, loud jackets, and a pencil mustache. Actress [[Carol Wayne]] became famous for her 100-plus appearances (1971–1982) as Art's buxom assistant, the Matinée Lady. While Art gave his spiel, she would enter the stage behind him. Art would react to her attractive body, wincing loudly: "''Ho'' — leeeee!" After Carol Wayne's death in 1985, Carson kept Art Fern off the air for most of the next year, and finally hired Danuta Wesley and then [[Teresa Ganzel]] to play the Matinée Lady. Carson also used these sketches to poke fun at the intricate Los Angeles interstate system, using a pointer and map to give confusing directions to shoppers, often including points where he would unfold the cardboard map to point out, via the appropriate picture, when the shopper would arrive at "the fork in the road". Another freeway routine in the same theme centered around the "[[California State Route 90#History|Slauson Cutoff]]", a slang term Carson popularized to describe the truncated Marina Freeway (which ended abrubtly at Slauson Avenue in Culver City). Art Fern would advise drivers to take a series of freeways until they reached the Slauson Cutoff, and would then advise them to "Get out of your car, cut off your slauson, get back in your car," often followed by peals of laughter from the audience, led by McMahon.
* '''[[Carnac the Magnificent]]''', a turbaned psychic who could answer questions before seeing them. (This same routine had been done by Carson's predecessor, [[Steve Allen]], as "The Answer Man". The Carnac character and routine also closely resembled [[Ernie Kovacs]]' character "Mr. Question Man".<ref name=EW />) Carnac had a trademark entrance in which he always turned the wrong direction when coming onto stage and then "tripped" on the step up to Carson's desk. (In one episode, technicians rigged Carson's desk to fall apart when Carnac fell into it.) These comedic missteps were an indication of Carnac's true prescient abilities. Ed McMahon would hand Carnac a series of envelopes containing questions, said to have been "hermetically sealed in a mayonnaise jar and left on [[Funk and Wagnall's|Funk & Wagnall]]'s porch since noon today". Carnac would place each envelope against his forehead and predict the answer, such as "Gatorade". Then he would read the question: "What does an alligator get on welfare?" Some of the jokes were feeble, and McMahon used pauses after terrible puns and audience groans to make light of Carnac's lack of comic success ("Carnac must be used to quiet surroundings"), prompting Carson to return an equal insult. Pat McCormick wrote some of the zaniest Carnac material. The one that had Ed and Carnac nearly rolling on the floor with sustained laughter was "Siss, boom, bah" Answer - "Describe the sound made when a sheep explodes". McMahon would always announce near the end, "I hold in my hand the ''last'' envelope," at which the audience would applaud wildly, prompting Carnac to pronounce a comedic "curse" on the audience, such as "May a flock of wild geese leave a deposit in your breakfast!!" "May your sister elope with a camel!", "May a diseased yak take a liking to your sister", or the most famous: "May the bird of paradise fly up your nose!"{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}
* '''[[Floyd R. Turbo]], American''' (with no pause between words). A stereotypical common working man, wearing a plaid hunting coat and cap, who offered "editorial responses" to left-leaning causes or news events. Railing against women's rights in the workplace, for example, Turbo would shout: "This raises the question: kiss my Dictaphone!"
* '''Aunt Blabby''', a cantankerous and sometimes amorous old lady, invariably being interviewed by straight man Ed McMahon about elder affairs.<ref name=EW /> McMahon would innocently use a common expression like "check out", only to have Aunt Blabby warn him: "Don't say 'check out' to an old person!" Aunt Blabby was an obvious copy of [[Jonathan Winters]]' most famous creation, Maude Frickert, including her black spinster dress and wig.
* '''El Mouldo''', a mentalist, who would attempt to perform mind-reading and mind-over-matter feats, all of which failed. Often his tricks would include an attempt to bilk money from Ed McMahon or would end with him begging the audience for a dollar, or at least bus fare.
* '''The Maharishi''', whose theme song was "[[Sadko (opera)#Principal Arias and Numbers|Song of India]]". This frizzy-haired "holy man" spoke in a high-pitched, tranquil tone, greeted announcer McMahon with a flower, and answered philosophical questions.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

===Carson uncensored on satellite===
Even though Carson's program was based in Burbank beginning in 1972, NBC's editing and production services for the program were located in New York, resulting in the requirement that Carson's program be transmitted from Burbank to New York. In 1976, NBC used the [[Satcom (satellite)|Satcom]] 2 satellite to do this, feeding the live taping (which usually took place in the early evening) directly to New York, where it would be edited prior to the normal broadcast. This live feed lasted usually from two to two-and-a-half hours a night, and was uncensored and commercial-free. During the commercial breaks the audio and picture would be left on, capturing at times risque language and other events that would certainly be edited out later going out over the feed.

At the same time, satellite ground stations owned by individuals began appearing, and some found the live feed. Satellite dish owners began to document their sightings in technical journals, giving viewers knowledge of things they were not meant to see. Carson and his production staff grew concerned about this, and pressured NBC into ceasing the satellite transmissions of the live taping in the early 1980s. The satellite link was replaced by microwave transmission until the show's editing facilities were moved to Burbank.<ref>{{cite video|people=Cooper, Jr., Robert B.|title=Television's Pirates: Hiding Behind Your Picture Tube|date=2006}}</ref>

==Effect on popular culture==
Carson's show launched the careers of many performers, especially comedians. For a comedian appearing on the show, getting him to laugh and being invited to the guest chair was considered the highest honor.{{r|tynan19780220}} Most notable among these were [[David Letterman]], [[Jay Leno]], [[Jerry Seinfeld]], [[Jeff Foxworthy]], [[Ellen DeGeneres]], [[Joan Rivers]], [[David Brenner]], [[Tim Allen]], [[Drew Carey]], and [[Roseanne Barr]]. Carson was successor to ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' as a showcase for all kinds of talent, as well as continuing a [[vaudeville]]-style variety show.

In 1966, Carson popularized [[Milton Bradley Company|Milton Bradley's]] game [[Twister (game)|Twister]] when he played it with actress [[Eva Gabor]]. Not widely known at the time, the game skyrocketed in popularity after the broadcast.<ref>"Menace to Morals: Twister." ''Minnesota Monthly'', January 2011, 70.</ref>

===Controversies and feuds===
Carson often made jokes at the expense of other celebrities. In 1980, Carson backed out of a deal to acquire the [[Aladdin Hotel & Casino]] in Las Vegas, and a competing group led by [[Wayne Newton]] successfully bought the property. According to lawyer Henry Bushkin, Carson became annoyed that he was often portrayed as having "lost" the deal and started telling "lame [and] stupid" jokes about Newton on his show. This created somewhat of a high-profile feud between Carson and Wayne Newton. Newton appeared on ''[[Larry King Live]]'', declaring that "Johnny Carson is a mean-spirited human being. And there are people that he has hurt that people will never know about. And for some reason at some point, he decided to turn that kind of negative attention toward me. And I refused to have it."<ref name="justin">{{cite news | work=[[CNN]]| title=Wayne Newton on Larry King Live| url= http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0711/29/lkl.01.html| accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref> Newton has often told of confronting Carson directly, after which the jokes stopped.<ref>Henry Bushkin. ''Johnny Carson.'' Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2013, ISBN 978-0-544-21762-1, pp. 135-6</ref>

One veteran NBC actor, [[Raymond Burr]], became riled over Carson's continuing fat jokes and refused to appear on ''The Tonight Show''.<ref>Michael S. Starr, "Hiding in Plain Sight", 184.</ref>

Carson reportedly loathed what appeared to represent disloyalty among friends and was displeased when former ''Tonight Show'' guest hosts [[John Davidson (entertainer)|John Davidson]] and [[Joan Rivers]] got their own talk shows. Rivers's show on the [[Fox Network]] directly competed with Carson during the 1986-1987 season and then ended. On June 24, 2009, following [[Ed McMahon]]'s death, Rivers lauded McMahon on ''Larry King Live'' but said that after she got her own show Carson never spoke to her again.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/23/joan-rivers-johnny-carson_n 219520.html|date=2009-06-23]</ref>

In December 1973, Carson joked on ''Tonight'' about an alleged shortage of [[toilet paper]]. [[Panic buying]] and [[hoarding]] ensued across the United States as consumers emptied stores,<ref name=buchsbaum19861021>{{cite news | url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=X20tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tooFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3182%2C1867682 | title=On a roll: Unraveling the truth about toilet paper | work=Boston Phoenix | date=1986-10-21 | accessdate=May 10, 2012 | author=Buchsbaum, Susan | page=6}}</ref> [[Thomas theorem|causing a real shortage]] that lasted for weeks. Stores and toilet paper manufacturers had to ration supplies until the panic ended.<ref name="huntley19731227">{{cite news | url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VepRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J3MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1485%2C752674 | title=Toilet Paper Shortage Hits Suncoast Shoppers | work=St. Petersburg Times | date=1973-12-27 | accessdate=May 10, 2012 | author=Huntley, Helen | pages=2-B}}</ref><ref name=wps19740114>{{cite news | url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fR8qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3igEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4987%2C2267952 | title=Firm Allocates Toilet Paper | work=Milwaukee Journal | date=1974-01-14 | agency=Washington Post Service | accessdate=May 10, 2012 | pages=Accent 2}}</ref> Carson apologized in January 1974<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5-pRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L3MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7268%2C1823113 | title=Toilet Tissue Shortage: Real or Contrived? | work=St. Petersburg Times | date=1974-01-18 | accessdate=May 10, 2012 | pages=25-A}}</ref> for the incident, which became what ''The New York Times'' called a "classic study" of how rumors spread.<ref name="malcolm19740203">{{cite news | title=The 'Shortage' of Bathroom Tissue: A Classic Study in Rumor | url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10A13FA3A5A1B778DDDAA0894DA405B848BF1D3 | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=1974-02-03 | accessdate=July 5, 2013 | author=Malcolm, Andrew H. | page=29}}</ref>

Carson successfully sued a manufacturer of portable toilets who wanted to call its product "Here's Johnny".<ref>Carson v. Here's Johnny Portable Toilets, Inc., 810 F.2d 104, 105 (6th Cir. 1987)</ref>

Carson did a send-up of the "Mr. Rogers" character, where he played an evil Mr. Rogers who wanted children to steal money from their parents so that his show could continue. [[Fred Rogers]] was not impressed with the skit. Carson later apologized to Rogers for making fun of him.

==Business ventures==
Carson was a major investor in the ultimately failed [[DeLorean Motor Company]].

Carson was head of a group of investors who purchased and operated two television stations. The first was [[KVVU-TV]] in [[Henderson, Nevada]], an [[independent station (North America)|independent station]] serving [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], acquired by the Carson group in 1979. Shortly after buying the station, KVVU was rumored to be acquiring an NBC affiliation as then long-time affiliate KORK-TV was in the process of being replaced by [[KSNV-DT|KVBC]], but it never happened.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} Carson's second station, independent [[KNAT-TV]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]] was purchased in 1982. Unlike the Las Vegas operation, KNAT faced stiffer competition for top-quality syndicated programming. Carson sold both of his stations between 1985 and 1986, with KVVU going to [[Meredith Corporation]] and KNAT being sold to [[Trinity Broadcasting Network]].

Carson's other business ventures included the successful Johnny Carson Apparel, Inc.{{r|tynan19780220}}—his turtlenecks became a fashion trend—and a failed restaurant franchise.<ref>{{cite news | last = Bernstein | first = Adam | title = For Decades, Comic Ruled Late-Night TV | work= [[The Washington Post]] | date = 2005-01-24 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A30475-2005Jan23}}</ref>

==Retirement==
[[File:Johnny Carson portrait.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Johnny Carson in the 1990s]]
Carson retired from show business on May 22, 1992, at age 66, when he stepped down as host of ''[[The Tonight Show]]''. His farewell was a major media event, often emotional for Carson, his colleagues, and the audiences, and stretched over several nights.

[[NBC]] gave the role of host to the show's then-current permanent guest host, [[Jay Leno]]. Leno and [[David Letterman]] were soon competing on separate networks.

===Post-retirement appearances===
[[File:JohnnyCarson1994.jpg|thumb|right|Johnny Carson, on a trip to Tanzania in 1994.]]
At the end of his final ''Tonight Show'' appearance, Carson indicated that he might, if so inspired, return with a new project. Instead he chose to go into full retirement, rarely giving interviews and declining to participate in NBC's 75th anniversary celebrations. He made an occasional cameo appearance, including voicing himself on the May 13, 1993 episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' ("[[Krusty Gets Kancelled]]"), telephoning David Letterman on a November 1993 episode of ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'', and appearing in the 1993 NBC Special ''[[Bob Hope]]: The First 90 Years''. On May 13, 1994, Carson appeared on ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]''. During a week of shows from Los Angeles, Letterman was having Larry "Bud" Melman ([[Calvert DeForest]]) deliver his "Top Ten Lists" under the guise that a famous personality would be delivering the list instead. On the last show of the week, Letterman indicated that Carson would be delivering the list. Instead, DeForest delivered the list, insulted the audience (in keeping with the gag), and walked off to polite applause. Letterman then indicated that the card he was given did not have the proper list on it and asked that the "real" list be brought out. On that cue, the real Carson emerged from behind the curtain (as Letterman's band played "Johnny's Theme"), an appearance that prompted a standing ovation from the audience. Carson then requested to sit behind Letterman's desk; Letterman obliged, as the audience continued to cheer and applaud. After some moments, Carson departed from the show without having spoken to the audience. He later cited acute [[laryngitis]] as the reason for his silence. This turned out to be Carson's last television appearance.

===Letterman===
Just days before Carson's death, ''The New York Times'' published a story revealing that he occasionally sent jokes to Letterman.<ref>{{cite news | work=[[The New York Times]] | title=Carson Feeds Letterman Lines | url=http://pqarchiver.nypost.com/nypost/access/781543221.html?dids=781543221:781543221&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+20%2C+2005&author=Post+Wire+Services&pub=New+York+Post&edition=&startpage=102&desc=CARSON+FEEDS+LETTERMAN+LINES | accessdate= 2008-05-11}}</ref> Letterman would then use these jokes in the monologue of his show, which Carson got "a big kick out of," according to [[Worldwide Pants]] Inc. Senior Vice-President [[Peter Lassally]], who formerly produced both men's programs. He also claimed that Carson had always believed Letterman, not Leno, to be his "rightful successor."<ref>{{cite news | work=[[The New York Post]] | title=Carson Feeds Letterman Lines | url=http://pqarchiver.nypost.com/nypost/access/781543221.html?dids=781543221:781543221&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+20%2C+2005&author=Post+Wire+Services&pub=New+York+Post&edition=&startpage=102&desc=CARSON+FEEDS+LETTERMAN+LINES | accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref> In his first broadcast after Carson's death, Letterman delivered a monologue compiled entirely of jokes sent in by Carson, a fact the host revealed later in the program.

==Personal life==
Despite his on-camera demeanor, Carson was extremely shy off-camera. He was known for avoiding most large parties, and was referred to as "the most private public man who ever lived".{{r|tynan19780220}} <ref>[[Reader's Digest]] September 2005, p. 178; Book Bonus: Ed McMahon ''Here's Johnny'', Berkley Trade, 2006 ISBN 978-0-425-21229-5</ref> [[Dick Cavett]] recalled, "I felt sorry for Johnny in that he was so socially uncomfortable. I've hardly ever met anybody who had as hard a time as he did."{{r|pioneersoftv}} In addition, [[George Axelrod]] once said of Carson "Socially, he doesn't exist. The reason is that there are no television cameras in living rooms. If human beings had little red lights in the middle of their foreheads, Carson would be the greatest conversationalist on Earth."{{r|tynan19780220}}

He normally refused to discuss politics, social controversies, his childhood, or his private life with interviewers, and offered the following list of pre-written answers to journalists who wanted to ask him questions:<ref name=tynan19780220>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1978/02/20/1978_02_20_047_TNY_CARDS_000326477?printable=true |title=Fifteen Years of the Salto Mortale |author=Tynan, Kenneth | publisher=The New Yorker |date=1978-02-20|accessdate=2011-03-16}}</ref>
#Yes, I did.
#Not a bit of truth in that rumor.
#Only twice in my life, both times on Saturday.
#I can do either, but I prefer the first.
#No. [[Kumquat]]s.
#I can't answer that question.
#[[Toad]]s and [[tarantula]]s.
#[[Turkestan]], [[Denmark]], [[Chile]], and the [[Komandorski Islands]].
#As often as possible, but I'm not very good at it yet. I need much more practice.
#It happened to some old friends of mine, and it's a story I'll never forget.{{r|tynan19780220}}

===Politics===
Carson opposed the [[Vietnam War]],<ref name=bio/> and [[capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]], favored [[racial equality]], and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and [[pornography]]. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on ''The Tonight Show'', saying he "hates to be pinned down", as that would "hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am".{{r|tynan19780220}} As he explained in 1970, "In my living room I would argue for liberalization of [[abortion]] laws, [[divorce]] laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on [[Billy Graham]]. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose."<ref name=Life>{{cite journal|last=Barthel|first=Joan|title=Here's Johnny! Out There|journal=Life|date=23 January 1970|page=52|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gVAEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA52&dq=In%20my%20living%20room%20I%20would%20argue%20for%20liberalization%20of%20abortion%20laws%2C%20divorce%20laws%2C%20and%20there&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=28 March 2012}}</ref> He also seldom invited political figures onto the ''Tonight Show'' because he "didn't want it to become a political forum" and didn't want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers.<ref name=bio/>

In his book, Carson's former lawyer Henry Bushkin stated that he "was by instinct and upbringing definitely [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], but of an [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] sort that we don't see much of anymore.... Overall, you'd have to say he was anti-big: anti-big government, anti-big money, anti-big bullies, anti-big blowhards." Carson served as emcee for [[Ronald Reagan]]'s inauguration in 1981 at the request of [[Frank Sinatra]].<ref>Henry Bushkin, ''Johnny Carson'', 153-175.</ref>

===Marriages===
In 1948, Carson married Jody Wolcott.{{r|tynan19780220}} The marriage was volatile, with infidelities committed by both parties, and ended in divorce in 1963.<ref>[http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20117582,00.html Pleading Poverty and Demanding Money, Johnny Carson's First Wife Tells the Sad Secrets of Her Troubled Marriage] By Michelle Green, Sue Carswell, Eleanor Hoover May 7, 1990 Vol. 33 No. 18 People Magazine</ref> Carson got a "quickie" [[Mexican divorce]] from Wolcott that year and married Joanne Copeland on August 17, 1963. After a second protracted divorce proceeding in 1972, Copeland received a settlement of $6000 per month in [[alimony]] until she remarried or until Johnny's death (she received it until he died in 2005). She also received "a pretty nice little art collection."{{r|tynan19780220}}<ref>p. 74 Johnny Carson by Henry Bushkin</ref>

At the Carson ''Tonight Show''{{'s}} 10th anniversary party on September 30, 1972, Carson announced that he and former model Joanna Holland had been secretly married that afternoon,{{r|tynan19780220}} shocking his friends and associates. Carson kidded that he had married three similarly named women to avoid "having to change the monogram on the towels." On March 8, 1983, Holland filed for divorce. Under [[California]]'s community property laws, she was entitled to 50% of all the assets accumulated during the marriage, even though Carson earned virtually all of the couple's income. During this period, he joked on ''The Tonight Show'', "my producer, [[Frederick de Cordova|Freddie de Cordova]], really gave me something I needed for [[Christmas]]. He gave me a gift certificate to the law offices of [[Jacoby & Meyers]]." The [[divorce]] case finally ended in 1985 with an eighty-page settlement, Holland receiving $20 million in cash and property.

On June 20, 1987, Carson married Alexis Maas. The marriage lasted until his death in 2005.

===Children===
[[File:Johnny Carson and sons 1955.JPG|thumb|180px|Carson reading a story to his three sons in 1955. From left: Chris, Cory, and Richard (Ricky).]]
Carson had three sons, Christopher, Cory and Richard. All three sons were from his first marriage. Richard Carson died on June 21, 1991, when his car plunged down a steep embankment along a paved service road off Highway 1 near [[Cayucos]], [[California]]. Apparently, Richard had been taking photographs when the accident occurred. On the first ''Tonight Show'' after Ricky's death, Carson paid tribute to his son's photographic work, and showed portraits of Ricky accompanied by [[Stevie Ray Vaughan]] on blues guitar playing ''Riviera Paradise''. In addition, the final image of the show, as well as some "More to Come" bumpers, of Carson's last show on May 22, 1992, featured a photo Richard had taken.

===Charity===
In 1981, Carson created the John W. Carson Foundation, dedicated to supporting children, education and health services. The foundation continues to support charitable causes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Making a World of Difference|date=November 2008|publisher=Children's Hospital Los Angeles|url=http://www.childrenshospitalla.org/atf/cf/%7B1cb444df-77c3-4d94-82fa-e366d7d6ce04%7D/CAMPAIGNNEWS%20FALL%2008.PDF|accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref>

In November 2004, Carson announced a $5.3 million gift to the University of Nebraska Foundation to support the [[Hixson–Lied College of Fine and Performing Arts]] Department of Theater Arts, which created the Johnny Carson School of Theater and Film. Another $5 million donation was announced by the estate of Carson to the [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln|University of Nebraska]] following his death.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}, while a $1 million donation was announced on November 4, 2011, creating the "Johnny Carson Opportunity Scholarship Fund".<ref>{{cite web|title=Carson Foundation donates $1M for UNL scholarships|date=November 2011|publisher=Lincoln Journal Star|url=http://journalstar.com/news/local/education/article_2c55ad55-be37-5123-8f6a-3cfea3655945.html}}</ref>

Carson also donated to causes in his hometown of Norfolk, including the Carson Cancer Center at Faith Regional Health Services, the Elkhorn Valley Museum, and the Johnny Carson Theater at Norfolk Senior High School.

In August 2010, the charitable foundation created by Johnny Carson reported receiving $156 million from a personal trust established by the entertainer years prior to his January 2005 death. Carson's foundation was now by far the largest of the Hollywood charities.<ref>{{cite web|author=Time Waster |url= http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/celebrity/carnac-munificent |title=Carnac The Munificent |publisher=The Smoking Gun |accessdate=2011-04-26}}</ref>

===Other notes===
Carson, an amateur [[astronomer]], was a close friend of astronomer [[Carl Sagan]], who often appeared on ''The Tonight Show''. The unique way Sagan had of saying certain words, like "billions" of [[galaxy|galaxies]], would lead Carson to ribbing his friend, saying "''BILL-ions and BILL-ions''". Carson was the first person to contact Sagan's wife [[Ann Druyan]] with condolences when the scientist died in 1996. He owned several [[telescope]]s, including a [[Questar Corporation#Products|Questar]], considered at the time a top-of-the-line instrument.<ref>[http://www.company7.com/questar Questar, Company Seven Astro-Optics Division]</ref>

Carson was shown on a 1978 segment of ''[[60 Minutes]]'' practicing at home on a drum set given to him by close friend [[Buddy Rich]], who was the jazz musician with the most appearances on ''The Tonight Show''. [[Gore Vidal]], another frequent ''Tonight Show'' guest and friend, wrote about Carson's personality in his 2006 memoir.<ref>Gore Vidal, Point to Point Navigation: A Memoir, New York: Doubleday, 2006.</ref>

In 1982, Carson was found to be driving his DeLorean while under the influence of alcohol. He pleaded ''[[nolo contendere]]'' to a misdemeanor charge and received a sentence of three years' probation. Carson was required to attend an alcohol program for drivers and was permitted to use his car only to drive to work and back, without transporting any persons or animals in his vehicle.<ref name="wilson19821013">{{cite news | url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NcRTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=54cDAAAAIBAJ&dq=johnny%20carson%20driving%20alcohol%20delorean&pg=5801%2C1144493 | title=Johnny Carson's Driving Restricted | accessdate= 2011-04-06 | last=Wilson | first=Jeff | date=October 13, 1982 | publisher=UPI}}</ref>

Carson was an avid tennis player. When he sold a Malibu house to [[John McEnroe]] and [[Tatum O'Neal]], the escrow terms required McEnroe to give Johnny six tennis lessons.

==Death and tributes==
[[File:Johnny Carson - TV.jpg|200px|thumb|Johnny Carson's Star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]]]
On March 19, 1999, Carson suffered a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] at his home in [[Malibu, California]] and was hospitalized in nearby [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]] where he underwent [[heart bypass|quadruple-bypass surgery]].

Carson was a heavy smoker for decades and, in the early days of his tenure on ''Tonight'', often smoked on-camera. It was reported that as early as the mid-1970s, he would repeatedly say, "These things are killing me." His younger brother recalled that during their last conversation, Carson kept saying, "Those damn cigarettes."<ref>http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20146764,00.html</ref>

At 6:50 AM [[Pacific Standard Time|PST]] on January 23, 2005, Carson died at [[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] in [[Los Angeles]] of respiratory failure arising from [[emphysema]].<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6504289/ Longtime host of 'Tonight Show' dies at 79] Associated Press, February 8, 2005</ref><ref>[http://news.cnet.com/Net-mourns-death-of-Johnny-Carson/2100-1026_3-5546915.html Net mourns death of Johnny Carson] Jeff Pelline CNET News February 8, 2005</ref> He was 79, and had revealed his terminal illness to the public in September 2002. His body was cremated and the ashes were given to his wife, Alexis Maas. In accordance with his family's wishes, no public memorial service was held.

Numerous tributes were paid to Carson upon his death including a statement by then-President [[George W. Bush]], all recognizing the deep and enduring affection held for him.<ref>[http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/wire/sns-ap-carson-quote-box,0,885790.story Quotations on Johnny Carson's Death] Associated Press January 23, 2005</ref>

The day after his death, ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'' paid tribute to Carson with guests [[Ed McMahon]], [[Bob Newhart]], [[Don Rickles]], [[Drew Carey]] and [[k.d. lang]].<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/23/entertainment/main668621.shtml Tribute To Johnny Carson Friends Return To Stage Where They And Johnny Carson Made TV Magic] By Chris Hawke CBS News Burbank, Calif. January 25, 2005</ref> Letterman followed suit on January 31 with former ''Tonight Show'' executive producer [[Peter Lassally]] and bandleader [[Doc Severinsen]]. At the beginning of this show, Letterman said that for thirty years no matter what was going on in the world, whether people had a good or bad day, they wanted to end it being "tucked in by Johnny." He also told his viewers that the monologue he had just spoken, which was very well received by the studio audience, consisted entirely of jokes sent to him by Carson in the last few months of his life.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.redorbit.com/news/general/123709/letterman_pays_special_tribute_to_carson/ |title= Letterman Pays Special Tribute to Carson | date= February 1, 2005 | agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Doc Severinsen ended the Letterman show that night by playing, along with [[Tommy Newsom]], one of Carson's two favorite songs, "[[Here's That Rainy Day]]" (the other was "[[I'll Be Seeing You (song)|I'll Be Seeing You]]").

On his final ''Tonight Show'' appearance, Carson himself said that while sometimes people who work together for long stretches of time on television don't necessarily like each other, this was not the case with him and McMahon; they were good friends who would have drinks and dinner together, and the camaraderie that they had on the show could not be faked. Carson and McMahon were friends for 46 years.<ref>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=OzkV0UxzRRgC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21 |title=Lauderdale: Playground of the Stars |isbn= 0-7385-5351-4 | page=21 | first=Jack| last=Drury | year=2008 | publisher=Arcadia Publishing |accessdate=2011-04-26 |series=Images of America}}</ref>

The 2005 film ''[[The Aristocrats (film)|The Aristocrats]]'' was dedicated to Carson.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hbo.com/docs/programs/aristocrats/synopsis.html |title=''The Aristocrats'' Synopsis |publisher=HBO |accessdate=2011-04-26}}</ref>

The ''[[The Simpsons|Simpsons]]'', [[The Simpsons Season 16|Season 16]] Episode 7, "[[Mommie Beerest]]" - Dedicated the episode in his memory.

At the 1st Annual [[The Comedy Awards|Comedy Awards]] on [[Comedy Central]], the Johnny Carson Award was given to David Letterman. At the 2nd Annual Comedy Awards on Comedy Central, the Johnny Carson Award was given to Don Rickles.

A two-hour documentary about his life, ''[[Johnny Carson: King of Late Night]]'', aired on PBS on May 14, 2012, as part of their ''[[American Masters]]'' series. It is narrated by [[Kevin Spacey]] and features interviews with many of Carson's family, fellow comedians and [[Mentorship|protégés]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Lloyd |first=Robert |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/tv/la-et-johnny-carson-20120510,0,1177468.story |title='Johnny Carson: King of Late Night' goes behind throne: Review |publisher=latimes.com |date=2012-05-12 |accessdate=2012-05-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
Johnny Carson: American Masters Documentary (Reference 4 Marriages)

==Further reading==

===Accounts on work and life===
* {{Cite journal |last=Bart |first=Peter |title=We Hardly Knew Ye. |publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |location=Los Angeles |date=1992-05-18}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bushkin |first=Henry |title=Johnny Carson |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2013 |isbn=978-0544217621}}
* {{Cite book |last=Corkery |first=Paul |title=Carson: The Unauthorized Biography |publisher=Randt & Co |date=August 1987|isbn=0-942101-00-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cox |first=Stephen |title=Here's Johnny: Thirty Years of Americas Favorite Late Night Entertainer |publisher=Cumberland House Publishing |date=2002-08-15 |isbn=1-58182-265-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=De Cordova |first=Fred |title=Johnny Came Lately |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |date=1988-03-15 |isbn=0-671-55849-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ephron |first=Nora |title=and now...Here's Johnny! |publisher=[[Avon Books]] |year=1968 |isbn=}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hise |first=James Van |title=40 Years at Night: the Story of the Tonight Show |publisher=Movie Publisher Services |year=1992 |isbn=1-55698-308-5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Knutzen |first=Erik |title=Celebs Say Thanks, Johnny. |publisher=Herald |date=1992-05-21}}
* {{Cite book|last=Leamer |first=Laurence |title=King of the Night: The Life of Johnny Carson |publisher=[[Avon (publishers)|Avon]] |date=2005-03-29 |isbn=0-06-084099-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=McMahon |first=Ed |title=Here's Johnny!: My Memories of Johnny Carson, The Tonight Show, and 46 Years of Friendship |publisher=[[Thomas Nelson (publisher)|Thomas Nelson]] |date=2005-10-18 |isbn=1-4016-0236-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith |first=Ronald L. |title=Johnny Carson: An Unauthorized Biography |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |date=October 1987 |isbn=0-312-01051-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sweeney |first=Don |title=Backstage at the Tonight Show, from Johnny Carson to Jay Leno |publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58979-303-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tennis |first=Craig |title=Johnny Tonight: A Behind the Scenes Closeup of Johnny Carson & the Tonight Show|publisher=Pocket Books|year=1980 |isbn=0-671-41451-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilde |first=Larry |authorlink=Larry Wilde |title=The Great Comedians Talk About Comedy |publisher=Executive Books|year=2000 |isbn=978-0-9375-3951-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zoglin |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Zoglin |title=And What A Reign It Was: In His 30 Years, Carson Was The Best |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=1992-03-16}}

===Humor material collections===
* {{Cite book|last=Carson |first=Johnny |title=Happiness is a Dry Martini |publisher=Doubleday and Company |year=1965 |isbn=1-199-39735-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Carson |first=Johnny |title=Misery is a blind date |publisher=Doubleday and Company |year=1967 |asin=B002J1EG3A}}
* ''[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms003017) Johnny Carson Collection]'', Manuscript Division, [[Library of Congress]], Washington, D.C.

==External links==
{{Portal|United States Navy}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons}}
*{{IMDb name|1992}}
*{{IBDB name|110656}}
*[http://www.johnnycarson.com/ Official website] for ''The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson''
*{{cite web |url=http://dir.salon.com/people/bc/2001/02/20/carson/index.html |title= Article on Johnny Carson |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071013161038/http://dir.salon.com/people/bc/2001/02/20/carson/index.html |archivedate=2007-10-13}} at Salon
*{{cite web |url=http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=online&s=siegel012405 |title= On Carson's contribution to Late Night |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071014103641/http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=online&s=siegel012405 |archivedate=2007-10-14}} at ''The New Republic''
*[[Kenneth Tynan|Tynan, Kenneth]]. [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1978/02/20/1978_02_20_047_TNY_CARDS_000326477 1978 profile], ''The New Yorker''
*[http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/2007-03-14-1333502975_x.htm ''The Johnny Carson Show''], ''USA Today''
*[[Steve Martin|Martin, Steve]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/25/opinion/25martin.html?ex=1264395600&en=8300d165c4530ffd&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland Posthumous Letter to Carson], ''The New York Times''
*Watch on line either clips from or entire program [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/current-season/johnny-carson-king-of-late-night-watch-the-full-documentary/2093/ Johnny Carson King of Late Night - Watch The Full Documentary] ''pbs.org'' Includes a page on the making of the documentary.
*Episodes and highlights of the ''Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' are available on DVD at http://JohnnyCarson.com, on iTunes at http://itunes.com/JohnnyCarson, and on YouTube at http://youtube.com/JohnnyCarson
*Follow Johnny Carson on Twitter at https://twitter.com/JohnnyCarson and Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/JohnnyCarson.

===Obituaries===
*[http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/TV/01/23/carson.obit/index.html Obituary] at CNN
*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6504289/ Obituary] at MSNBC
*[[James Wolcott|Wolcott, James]]. [http://www.vanityfair.com/online/wolcott/2005/01/johnny_carson.html Obituary], ''Vanity Fair'' {{dead link|date=March 2014}}
*{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/24/arts/television/24john.html?ex=1264309200&en=6f658f88eb80aabd&ei=5090|title=Johnny Carson, Low-Key King of Late-Night TV, Dies at 79|date=January 24, 2005|publisher=The New York Times | first1=Richard | last1=Severo | first2=Bill | last2=Carter | accessdate=May 7, 2010}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-media}}
{{Succession box|title=Host of ''[[The Tonight Show]]''|before=[[Jack Paar]]|after=[[Jay Leno]]|years=October 1, 1962 – May 22, 1992}}
{{Succession box|title=Host of the [[Academy Awards]]|before=[[Bob Hope]]|after=[[Liza Minnelli]], [[Dudley Moore]], [[Richard Pryor]] and [[Walter Matthau]]|years=1979–82}}
{{Succession box|title=Host of the [[Academy Awards]]|before=[[Liza Minnelli]], [[Dudley Moore]], [[Richard Pryor]] and [[Walter Matthau]]|after=[[Jack Lemmon]]|years=1984}}
{{S-end}}

{{TonightShow}}
{{Academy Awards hosts}}
{{Primetime Emmy hosts}}
{{Kennedy Center Honorees 1990s}}
{{1987 Television Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=50023293}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Carson, Johnny
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Carson, John William
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Talk show host
|DATE OF BIRTH = October 23, 1925
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Corning, Iowa|Corning]], [[Iowa]]
|DATE OF DEATH = January 23, 2005
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carson, Johnny}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:American game show hosts]]
[[Category:American male comedians]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:American television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:Disease-related deaths in California]]
[[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Nebraska]]
[[Category:Kennedy Center honorees]]
[[Category:Late night television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Peabody Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Corning, Iowa]]
[[Category:People from Red Oak, Iowa]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:United States Navy officers]]
[[Category:University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni]]
[[Category:Television Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:People from Pottawattamie County, Iowa]]
[[Category:People from Clarinda, Iowa]]

Alice Martin

2014-09-24T02:01:26Z

Broodingomnipresence: fixed link

'''Alice Martin''' was the [[United States Attorney]] for the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama|Northern District of Alabama]]. She was nominated by [[George W. Bush]] and served from September 29, 2001 until June 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/aln/attorney.html | title=Presidential Nomination: Alice Martin | publisher=[[White House]] |year= 2002 | first= | last= |accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> She previously ran unsuccessfully as a Republican candidate in two elections.

Martin tendered her resignation from office in June 2009, five months after the inauguration of Democratic President Barack Obama.<ref>Gordon, Robert K. (June 16, 2009) "U.S. Attorney Alice Martin of Birmingham announces resignation." ''Birmingham News''</ref>

Martin grew up on her father's cotton, wheat and soybean farm in [[Sledge, Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Freudenheim | first = Milt | title = Private Sector: A Former Nurse Is on the Case | publisher = [[The New York Times]] | date = May 11, 2003 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/business/private-sector-a-former-nurse-is-on-the-case.html}}</ref> She has a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from [[Vanderbilt University]] and is a Registered Nurse. She worked as a nurse during law school and received her Juris Doctorate in 1981 from the [[University of Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/aln/attorney.html | title=Presidential Nomination: Alice Martin | publisher=[[White House]] | year= 2002 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Martin has been criticized for her involvement in the prosecution of former Alabama Governor [[Don Siegelman]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/08/hbc-90000762 | title=The Pork Barrel World of Judge Mark Fuller | publisher=[[Harper's]] |date= 2007-08-06 | first=Scott | last=Horton | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/21/60minutes/main3859830.shtml | title=Did Ex-Alabama Governor Get A Raw Deal? | publisher=[[CBS News]] |date= 2008-02-24 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://speaker.house.gov/blog/?p=833 | title=Chairman Conyers Releases Jill Simpson Transcript on the Prosecution of former Alabama Governor Siegelman | publisher=[[House Judiciary Committee]] |date= 2007-10-10 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1668220,00.html | title=Selective Justice in Alabama? | publisher=[[Time magazine]] |date= 2007-10-04 | first= Adam| last= Zagorin| accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref>

Martin was also criticized and investigated for perjury in ''Brown v. Ashcroft'', which dealt with a FOIA request concerning Martin firing a black assistant attorney.<ref name=BrownMartin>{{cite news | url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/09/hbc-90001140 | title=The Alice Martin Perjury Inquiry | publisher=[[Harper's]] |date= Sep 2007 | first=Scott | last=Horton | accessdate =2008-07-16}}</ref> The case was decided by Fuller, who served as judge in the Siegelman case.<ref name=BrownMartin/>

Currently the Justice Department's [[Office of Professional Responsibility]] is investigating her for misconduct in two cases including the Siegelman and [[Axion Corp.]].<ref name="FedsAxion">{{cite news | url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/smallbusiness/2008-07-09-axion-blackhawk-latifi-martin_N.htm | title=Feds knock; a business is lost | publisher=[[USA Today]] |date= July 15, 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> The Axion Corp. complaint "says Martin and two of her deputies allegedly told defense lawyers that their goal was to put the company owner out of business whether or not he was convicted."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abajournal.com/news/us_attorney_martin_investigated_by_ethics_watchdog_for_2_prosecutions/ | title=U.S. Attorney Martin Investigated by Ethics Watchdog for 2 Prosecutions | publisher=[[ABA Journal]] |date= July 15, 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> Her case against Axion was thrown out at trial and the Department of Justice was ordered to pay the costs of the defendants.<ref name="FedsAxion"/>

She has also been accused of getting a critic, employed by [[University of Alabama at Birmingham]], fired.<ref name="blogger">{{cite news | url=http://rawstory.com/news/2008/Alabama_bloggers_firing_raises_troubling_questions_0709.html | title=Alabama US Attorney denies any involvement in university editor's termination | publisher=[[Rawstory]] |date= July 11, 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080714031839/http://rawstory.com/news/2008/Alabama_bloggers_firing_raises_troubling_questions_0709.html  |archivedate = 2008-07-14}}</ref> Martin denies this.<ref name="blogger"/>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/aln/attorney.html Alice H. Martin] from [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Martin, Alice
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American lawyer
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Alice}}
[[Category:Vanderbilt University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Alabama]]
[[Category:Alabama Republicans]]
[[Category:American women lawyers]]

Alice Martin

2014-09-24T02:00:42Z

Broodingomnipresence: fixed link/title

'''Alice Martin''' was the [[United States Attorney]] for the [[U. S. District Court, Northern District of Alabama|Northern District of Alabama]]. She was nominated by [[George W. Bush]] and served from September 29, 2001 until June 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/aln/attorney.html | title=Presidential Nomination: Alice Martin | publisher=[[White House]] |year= 2002 | first= | last= |accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> She previously ran unsuccessfully as a Republican candidate in two elections.

Martin tendered her resignation from office in June 2009, five months after the inauguration of Democratic President Barack Obama.<ref>Gordon, Robert K. (June 16, 2009) "U.S. Attorney Alice Martin of Birmingham announces resignation." ''Birmingham News''</ref>

Martin grew up on her father's cotton, wheat and soybean farm in [[Sledge, Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Freudenheim | first = Milt | title = Private Sector: A Former Nurse Is on the Case | publisher = [[The New York Times]] | date = May 11, 2003 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/business/private-sector-a-former-nurse-is-on-the-case.html}}</ref> She has a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from [[Vanderbilt University]] and is a Registered Nurse. She worked as a nurse during law school and received her Juris Doctorate in 1981 from the [[University of Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/aln/attorney.html | title=Presidential Nomination: Alice Martin | publisher=[[White House]] | year= 2002 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Martin has been criticized for her involvement in the prosecution of former Alabama Governor [[Don Siegelman]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/08/hbc-90000762 | title=The Pork Barrel World of Judge Mark Fuller | publisher=[[Harper's]] |date= 2007-08-06 | first=Scott | last=Horton | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/21/60minutes/main3859830.shtml | title=Did Ex-Alabama Governor Get A Raw Deal? | publisher=[[CBS News]] |date= 2008-02-24 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://speaker.house.gov/blog/?p=833 | title=Chairman Conyers Releases Jill Simpson Transcript on the Prosecution of former Alabama Governor Siegelman | publisher=[[House Judiciary Committee]] |date= 2007-10-10 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1668220,00.html | title=Selective Justice in Alabama? | publisher=[[Time magazine]] |date= 2007-10-04 | first= Adam| last= Zagorin| accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref>

Martin was also criticized and investigated for perjury in ''Brown v. Ashcroft'', which dealt with a FOIA request concerning Martin firing a black assistant attorney.<ref name=BrownMartin>{{cite news | url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/09/hbc-90001140 | title=The Alice Martin Perjury Inquiry | publisher=[[Harper's]] |date= Sep 2007 | first=Scott | last=Horton | accessdate =2008-07-16}}</ref> The case was decided by Fuller, who served as judge in the Siegelman case.<ref name=BrownMartin/>

Currently the Justice Department's [[Office of Professional Responsibility]] is investigating her for misconduct in two cases including the Siegelman and [[Axion Corp.]].<ref name="FedsAxion">{{cite news | url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/smallbusiness/2008-07-09-axion-blackhawk-latifi-martin_N.htm | title=Feds knock; a business is lost | publisher=[[USA Today]] |date= July 15, 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> The Axion Corp. complaint "says Martin and two of her deputies allegedly told defense lawyers that their goal was to put the company owner out of business whether or not he was convicted."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abajournal.com/news/us_attorney_martin_investigated_by_ethics_watchdog_for_2_prosecutions/ | title=U.S. Attorney Martin Investigated by Ethics Watchdog for 2 Prosecutions | publisher=[[ABA Journal]] |date= July 15, 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> Her case against Axion was thrown out at trial and the Department of Justice was ordered to pay the costs of the defendants.<ref name="FedsAxion"/>

She has also been accused of getting a critic, employed by [[University of Alabama at Birmingham]], fired.<ref name="blogger">{{cite news | url=http://rawstory.com/news/2008/Alabama_bloggers_firing_raises_troubling_questions_0709.html | title=Alabama US Attorney denies any involvement in university editor's termination | publisher=[[Rawstory]] |date= July 11, 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080714031839/http://rawstory.com/news/2008/Alabama_bloggers_firing_raises_troubling_questions_0709.html  |archivedate = 2008-07-14}}</ref> Martin denies this.<ref name="blogger"/>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/aln/attorney.html Alice H. Martin] from [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Martin, Alice
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American lawyer
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Alice}}
[[Category:Vanderbilt University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Alabama]]
[[Category:Alabama Republicans]]
[[Category:American women lawyers]]

Alice Martin

2014-09-24T02:00:16Z

Broodingomnipresence: fixed title of US Attorney

'''Alice Martin''' was the [[United States Attorney]] for the [[Northern District of Alabama|U. S. District Court, Northern District of Alabama]]. She was nominated by [[George W. Bush]] and served from September 29, 2001 until June 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/aln/attorney.html | title=Presidential Nomination: Alice Martin | publisher=[[White House]] |year= 2002 | first= | last= |accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> She previously ran unsuccessfully as a Republican candidate in two elections.

Martin tendered her resignation from office in June 2009, five months after the inauguration of Democratic President Barack Obama.<ref>Gordon, Robert K. (June 16, 2009) "U.S. Attorney Alice Martin of Birmingham announces resignation." ''Birmingham News''</ref>

Martin grew up on her father's cotton, wheat and soybean farm in [[Sledge, Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Freudenheim | first = Milt | title = Private Sector: A Former Nurse Is on the Case | publisher = [[The New York Times]] | date = May 11, 2003 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/business/private-sector-a-former-nurse-is-on-the-case.html}}</ref> She has a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from [[Vanderbilt University]] and is a Registered Nurse. She worked as a nurse during law school and received her Juris Doctorate in 1981 from the [[University of Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/aln/attorney.html | title=Presidential Nomination: Alice Martin | publisher=[[White House]] | year= 2002 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Martin has been criticized for her involvement in the prosecution of former Alabama Governor [[Don Siegelman]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/08/hbc-90000762 | title=The Pork Barrel World of Judge Mark Fuller | publisher=[[Harper's]] |date= 2007-08-06 | first=Scott | last=Horton | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/21/60minutes/main3859830.shtml | title=Did Ex-Alabama Governor Get A Raw Deal? | publisher=[[CBS News]] |date= 2008-02-24 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://speaker.house.gov/blog/?p=833 | title=Chairman Conyers Releases Jill Simpson Transcript on the Prosecution of former Alabama Governor Siegelman | publisher=[[House Judiciary Committee]] |date= 2007-10-10 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1668220,00.html | title=Selective Justice in Alabama? | publisher=[[Time magazine]] |date= 2007-10-04 | first= Adam| last= Zagorin| accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref>

Martin was also criticized and investigated for perjury in ''Brown v. Ashcroft'', which dealt with a FOIA request concerning Martin firing a black assistant attorney.<ref name=BrownMartin>{{cite news | url=http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/09/hbc-90001140 | title=The Alice Martin Perjury Inquiry | publisher=[[Harper's]] |date= Sep 2007 | first=Scott | last=Horton | accessdate =2008-07-16}}</ref> The case was decided by Fuller, who served as judge in the Siegelman case.<ref name=BrownMartin/>

Currently the Justice Department's [[Office of Professional Responsibility]] is investigating her for misconduct in two cases including the Siegelman and [[Axion Corp.]].<ref name="FedsAxion">{{cite news | url=http://www.usatoday.com/money/smallbusiness/2008-07-09-axion-blackhawk-latifi-martin_N.htm | title=Feds knock; a business is lost | publisher=[[USA Today]] |date= July 15, 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> The Axion Corp. complaint "says Martin and two of her deputies allegedly told defense lawyers that their goal was to put the company owner out of business whether or not he was convicted."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.abajournal.com/news/us_attorney_martin_investigated_by_ethics_watchdog_for_2_prosecutions/ | title=U.S. Attorney Martin Investigated by Ethics Watchdog for 2 Prosecutions | publisher=[[ABA Journal]] |date= July 15, 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> Her case against Axion was thrown out at trial and the Department of Justice was ordered to pay the costs of the defendants.<ref name="FedsAxion"/>

She has also been accused of getting a critic, employed by [[University of Alabama at Birmingham]], fired.<ref name="blogger">{{cite news | url=http://rawstory.com/news/2008/Alabama_bloggers_firing_raises_troubling_questions_0709.html | title=Alabama US Attorney denies any involvement in university editor's termination | publisher=[[Rawstory]] |date= July 11, 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080714031839/http://rawstory.com/news/2008/Alabama_bloggers_firing_raises_troubling_questions_0709.html  |archivedate = 2008-07-14}}</ref> Martin denies this.<ref name="blogger"/>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/aln/attorney.html Alice H. Martin] from [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Martin, Alice
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American lawyer
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Alice}}
[[Category:Vanderbilt University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Alabama]]
[[Category:Alabama Republicans]]
[[Category:American women lawyers]]

J. Michael Farren

2014-07-18T15:45:38Z

Broodingomnipresence: fixed misuse of hyphens

'''John Michael Farren''' (born 1953 in [[West Hartford, Connecticut]]) is an American attorney<ref>http://www.avvo.com/attorneys/06107-ct-j-farren-1460427.html</ref><ref>http://www.martindale.com/J-Michael-Farren/358342-lawyer.htm</ref> who served as Deputy [[White House Counsel]] in the Office of Counsel to the President under the 43rd [[President of the United States]] [[George W. Bush]] from 2007 to 2009. Farren also served as [[Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade]] at the [[United States Department of Commerce]] and head of the [[International Trade Administration]] under the 41st President of the United States [[George H. W. Bush]] from 1989 to 1992.

==Early life and education==
Farren is the son of Elizabeth and Joseph Farren of [[West Hartford, Connecticut]]. Joseph Farren was the captain of the [[Naugatuck, Connecticut]] police department.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/04/style/mary-m-scharf-j-michael-farren.html | work=The New York Times | title=Mary M. Scharf, J. Michael Farren | date=1997-05-04}}</ref>

Farren earned a bachelor's degree from [[Fairfield University]] in [[Fairfield, Connecticut]], his master's degree in public policy analysis from [[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], and his law degree from the [[University of Connecticut School of Law]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/04/style/mary-m-scharf-j-michael-farren.html | work=The New York Times | title=Mary M. Scharf, J. Michael Farren | date=1997-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/09/nyregion/09bush.html?_r=0 | work=The New York Times | title=G.O.P. Aide Is Charged in Violent Family Fight | date=2010-01-09}}</ref>

==Career==
Prior to joining the Office of Counsel to the President under President George W. Bush, Farren was corporate vice president, general counsel and corporate secretary at [[Xerox]]. From 1989 to 1992, Farren was [[Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade]] at the [[United States Department of Commerce]] and head of the [[International Trade Administration]]. During the [[United States presidential election, 1988|1988 United States presidential election]], he was deputy director of former President George H. Bush’s transition team. During the [[United States presidential election, 1992|1992 United States presidential election]] deputy campaign manager for the Bush-Quayle Re-election Committee.

==Personal life==
===Marriage===
Farren married Mary Margaret Scharf, also an attorney, on May 3, 1997.<ref name='New York Times 1997-05-04'>{{cite news | first= | last= |authorlink= | title=WEDDINGS--Mary M. Scharf, J. Michael Farren | date=1997-05-04 | publisher= | url =http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/04/style/mary-m-scharf-j-michael-farren.html?pagewanted=1 | work =New York Times | pages = | accessdate = 2010-01-15 | language = }}</ref>

===Arrest for attempted murder of wife===
Farren was arrested on January 6, 2010 and charged with the strangulation and attempted murder of his wife Mary Margaret Farren at their [[New Canaan, Connecticut]] home.<ref name='New York Times 2010-01-08'>{{cite news | first=Alison Leigh | last=Cowan |author2=Baker, Al |authorlink= | title=G.O.P. Aide Is Charged in Violent Family Fight | date=2010-01-08 | publisher= | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/09/nyregion/09bush.html | work =New York Times | pages = | accessdate = 2010-01-15 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=John | last=Nickerson |authorlink= | title=Former White House lawyer charged with attempting to kill wife in New Canaan | date=2010-01-07 | publisher= | url =http://www.greenwichtime.com/policereports/article/Former-White-House-lawyer-charged-with-attempting-312809.php | work =Greenwich Time | pages = | accessdate = 2010-01-15 | language = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2010-02-25/news/36899818_1_john-michael-farren-front-door-police-officers | work=The Washington Post | first=Karl | last=Vick | title=Case of John Michael Farren seen as refresher course on domestic violence | date=2010-02-25}}</ref> At the time of his attack on his wife, their two daughters were 7 years old and 4 months old.<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/US/jury-awards-286-million-damages-wife-husbands-brutal/story?id=21254654</ref>

After his arrest, Farren spent six months in jail before posting $750,000 bond and checking into a psychiatric facility in Connecticut, according to a Greenwich Time article.<Ref>http://www.greenwichtime.com/policereports/article/Former-White-House-lawyer-seeks-indigent-status-3805406.php</ref> After being released from the facility, he was fitted with a tracking device and went to live with his sister in his hometown, [[West Hartford, Connecticut]].<ref>http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Farren-claims-brain-disease-4594533.php</ref>

In April 2013, Farren was granted permission to act as his own lawyer and to put forth an insanity defense.<ref>http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Farren-will-lead-his-insanity-defense-4431654.php</ref>

After a five day Connecticut jury trial in December 2013, Farren was ordered by the jury to pay his ex-wife $28.6 million in damages for attempting to kill her.<ref>http://abcnews.go.com/US/jury-awards-286-million-damages-wife-husbands-brutal/story?id=21254654</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ex-wife-of-former-white-house-lawyer-john-michael-farren-gets-286m-for-beating/ | work=CBS News}}</ref><ref>http://www.newstimes.com/local/article/Former-White-House-attorney-held-liable-in-5073203.php</ref> The jurors deliberated for only 90 minutes before holding Farren liable.<ref>http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/former_white_house_lawyer_ordered_to_pay_28.6m_in_beating_of_wife/</ref>

==References==
<div class='references-small'>
<references/>
</div>

==External links==
*[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/06/20070608-6.html White House Press Release]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Farren, J. Michael
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American lawyer and political figure
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1953
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Farren, J. Michael}}
[[Category:American lawyers]]
[[Category:Fairfield University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Connecticut School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni]]
[[Category:United States Department of Commerce officials]]
[[Category:People from West Hartford, Connecticut]]
[[Category:George W. Bush Administration personnel]]
[[Category:George H. W. Bush administration personnel]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:People from New Canaan, Connecticut]]

David Ignatius

2013-10-23T04:06:49Z

Broodingomnipresence: changed intro to describe Ignatius merely as an American journalist and novelist; Armenian heritage and "liberal leanings" do not belong up front. Removed inflammatory Greenwald quote. Trimmed discussion of Davos incident, which is quite long.

{{Infobox writer
| name = David Ignatius
| image = david ignatius.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|05|26}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Journalist]], [[News analyst|Analyst]]
| language = English
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| education = [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]] [[Harvard College]] [[Kings College, Cambridge]]
| genre = [[Suspense]], [[Espionage fiction]], [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks = ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', ''Agents of Innocence'', ''The Increment''
| spouse = Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''David R. Ignatius''' (May 26, 1950), is an American [[journalist]] and [[novelist]]. He is an [[associate editor]] and [[columnist]] for [[The Washington Post]]. He also co-hosts PostGlobal, an online discussion of international issues at [[Washingtonpost.com]], with [[Newsweek]]'s [[Fareed Zakaria]]. He has written eight novels, including [[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]], which director [[Ridley Scott]] adapted into a [[Body of Lies (film)|film]]. He is a former Adjunct Lecturer at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and currently Senior Fellow to the Future of Diplomacy Program. He has received numerous honors, including the [[Legion of Honor]] from the [[French Republic]], the [[Urbino World Press Award]] from the [[Italian Republic]], and a lifetime achievement award from the International Committee for Foreign
Journalism.

==Personal life==
Ignatius was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref>http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/david-ignatius/agents-of-innocence/_/R-400000000000000345795</ref> His parents are Nancy Sharpless (née Weiser) and [[Paul Robert Ignatius]], a former [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1967–69), president of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and former president of the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrilbooks.com/artists/11409.html |title=Paul R. Ignatius |publisher=AbrilBooks|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=(AP)|title=Secretary of Navy Sworn Into Office|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_WUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5173,242354&dq=nancy+sharpless+weiser&hl=en|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=2 Sep 1967}}</ref> He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent on his father's side, with ancestors from [[Harput]], [[Elazığ]], [[Turkey]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgdaily.com/EN/2008121701 |title=AZG Armenian Daily |publisher=AZG Daily|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202147.html |title=The Dignity Agenda |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=12 August 2010 | first=David | last=Ignatius | date=2007-10-14}}</ref> his mother, a descendant of Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]], is of German and English descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ignatius|first=Paul R.|title=On board: my life in the Navy, government, and business|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-381-9 |page=38 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DOwZCw2xW44C&pg=PR11&dq=nancy+weiser+ignatius&hl=en#v=snippet&q=cotton&f=false}}</ref>

Ignatius was raised in [[Washington, D.C]]., where he attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. He then attended [[Harvard College]], from which he graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1973. Ignatius was awarded a [[Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships|Frank Knox Fellowship]] from [[Harvard University]] and studied at [[Kings College, Cambridge|Kings College, Cambridge University]], where he received a [[diploma]] in [[economics]].<ref name="pwg">{{cite web |url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm |title=The Post Writers Group |publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref>

He is married to Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius, with whom he has three daughters.<ref name="pwg"/>

==Career==

===Journalism===
After completing his education, Ignatius was an editor at the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' before moving to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', where he spent 10 years as a reporter. At the ''Journal'', Ignatius first covered the steel industry in [[Pittsburgh]]. He then moved to Washington where he covered the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], the [[CIA]], and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Ignatius was the ''Journal''’s [[Middle East]] correspondent between 1980 and 1983, during which time he covered the wars in [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. He returned to Washington in 1984, becoming the Journal's chief diplomatic correspondent. In 1985 he received the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.

In 1986, Ignatius left the ''Journal'' for the ''Washington Post''. From 1986 to 1990, he was the editor of the “Outlook” section of the ''Post'' . From 1990 to 1992 he was the paper’s foreign editor, and oversaw the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of [[Iraq]]’s invasion of [[Kuwait]]. From 1993 to 1999, he served as the ''Post''’s assistant managing editor in charge of business news. In 1999, he began writing a twice-weekly column in the ''Post'' on global politics, economics and international affairs.

In 2000, he became the executive editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. He returned to the ''Post'' in 2002 when the ''Post'' sold its interest in the ''Herald Tribune''. Ignatius continued to write his column once a week during his tenure at the ''Herald Tribune'', resuming twice-weekly columns after his return to the ''Post''. His column is syndicated worldwide by ''The Washington Post Writers Group''. The column won the 2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary and a 2004 Edward Weintal Prize. In writing his column, Ignatius frequently travels to the Middle East and interviews leaders such as [[Syria]]n President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the head of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] military organization [[Hezbollah]].

Ignatius’s writing has also appeared in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[Talk (magazine)|Talk Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.

Ignatius's coverage of the CIA has been criticized as being defensive and overly positive. [[Melvin A. Goodman]], a 42-year CIA veteran, [[Johns Hopkins]] professor, and senior fellow at the [[Center for International Policy]], has called Ignatius "the mainstream media’s apologist for the Central Intelligence Agency," citing<ref name=PR1>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=David Ignatius: The Mainstream Media’s Chief Apologist for CIA Crimes|url=http://pubrecord.org/commentary/2366/david-ignatius-mainstream/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=PR2>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=WPost’s Ignatius Forgives the CIA Again and Again|url=http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/45617/david-ignatius-cias-senior-apologist-strikes-again/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> as examples Ignatius's criticism of the Obama administration for investigating the CIA's role in the use of [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] in interrogations during the [[Iraq War]],<ref name=WaPo1>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=A Sigh of Relief From the CIA|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/25/AR2009082502642.html|accessdate=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 August 2009}}</ref> and his charitable defense of the agency's motivations for outsourcing such activities to private contractors.<ref name=WaPo1 /> Columnist [[Glenn Greenwald]] has levied similar criticism against Ignatius<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Establishment Washington unifies against prosecutions|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/01/15/ignatius|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref>.

On a number of occasions, however, Ignatius criticized the CIA and the U.S. government's approach on intelligence.<ref name=WaPo3>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Is killing our only option for terrorists?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106294.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> He was also critical of the Bush administration's torture policies.<ref name=WaPo2>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Small Comfort|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42033-2004Jun14.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 June 2004}}</ref>

===Novels===
In addition to his career as a journalist, Ignatius is also a successful novelist. He has written seven novels in the [[suspense]]/[[espionage fiction]] genre, which draw on his experience and interest in foreign affairs and his knowledge of intelligence operations. Reviewers have compared Ignatius' work to classic spy novels like those by [[Graham Greene]]. Ignatius’s novels have also been praised for their realism; his first novel, ''Agents of Innocence'', was at one point described by the CIA on its website as "a novel but not fiction."<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/spooked-how-betrayal-inertia-and-disaster-felled-the-cia-1274536.html Spooked! How betrayal, inertia, and disaster felled the CIA]</ref> His 1999 novel ''The Sun King'', a re-working of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' set in late-20th-century Washington, is his only departure from the espionage genre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

His 2007 novel ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' was adapted into a film by director Ridley Scott. It starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] has acquired the rights to Ignatius’s seventh novel, ''The Increment''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

''[[BloodMoney]]'', a spy thriller set in Pakistan, is his latest novel.

===Other===

In 2006, he wrote a foreword to the American edition of [[Moazzam Begg]]’s ''Enemy Combatant'', a book about the author’s experiences as a detainee at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. In 2008, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Brent Scowcroft]], and Ignatius published ''America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy'', a book that collected conversations, moderated by Ignatius, between Brzezinski and Scowcroft. [[Michiko Kakutani]] of the [[New York Times]] named it one of the ten best books of 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/books/28kakuw.html Holiday Gift Guide - Michiko Kakutani’s 10 Favorite Books of 2008]</ref>

Ignatius has been trustee of the [[German Marshall Fund]] since 2000. He is a member of the Council of the [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] in [[London]] and has been a director of its U.S. affiliate since 2006. He has been a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] since 1984. From 1984 to 1990, he was a member of the Governing Board of St. Albans School.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In 2011, Ignatius held a contest for [[Washington Post]] readers to write a spy novel. Ignatius wrote the first chapter and challenged fans to continue the story. Over eight weeks, readers sent in their versions of what befalls CIA agents Alex Kassem and Sarah Mancini and voted for their favorite entries. Ignatius chose the winning entry for each round, resulting in a six-chapter Web serial. Winners of the subsequent chapters included: Chapter 2 "Sweets for the Sweet" by Colin Flaherty; Chapter 3: "Abu Talib" by Jill Borak; Chapter 4. "Go Hard or Go Home" by Vineet Daga; Chapter 5: "Inside Out" by Colin Flaherty; and Chapter 6: "Onward!" by Gina 'Miel' Ard.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/conversations/summer-spy-serial/ | work=The Washington Post | title=Summer Spy Serial}}</ref>

In Spring of 2012, Ignatius served as an Adjunct Lecturer at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University teaching an international affairs course titled: "Understanding the Arab Spring from the Ground Up: Events in the Middle East, their Roots and Consequences for the United States". He is currently serving as a Senior Fellow at the Future of Diplomacy Program at Harvard University.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hks.harvard.edu/about/faculty-staff-directory/david-ignatius/(page)/faculty}}</ref>

==Controversy==

===2009 Davos incident===
At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], Ignatius moderated a discussion including [[Turkey|Turkish]] Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[Israel]]i President [[Shimon Peres]], [[UN]] [[UN Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], and [[Arab League]] Secretary-General [[Amr Moussa]]. As the [[Gaza War|December '08-January '09 conflict in Gaza]] was still fresh in memory, the tone of the discussion was lively.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/30/europe/30clash.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed|title=Leaders of Turkey and Israel clash at Davos panel|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> Ignatius gave Erdoğan 12 minutes to speak, and gave the Israeli President the final 25 minutes to respond.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan objected to Peres' tone and raised voice during the Israeli President's impassioned defense of his nation's actions. Ignatius gave Erdoğan a minute to respond, and when Erdoğan went over his allocated minute, Ignatius repeatedly cut the Turkish Prime Minister off, telling him and the audience that they were out of time and that they had to get to a dinner.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm|title=Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row |publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> Erdoğan seemed visibly frustrated as he said to the President of Israel, "When it comes to killing, you know well how to kill."<ref name=IHT/> Ignatius put his arm on Erdoğan's shoulder and kept telling him that his time was up. Erdoğan then gathered his papers and left, saying, "I do not think I will be coming back to Davos after this because you do not let me speak."<ref name=BBC/>

Writing about the incident later, Ignatius said that he found himself “in the middle of a fight where there was no longer a middle.” Because the Israel-Palestinian conflict provokes such heated emotions on both sides of the debate, Ignatius concluded, it was impossible for anyone to be seen as an impartial mediator. Ignatius wrote that his experience elucidated a larger truth about failure of the United States’ attempt to serve as an impartial mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “American leaders must give up the notion that they can transform the Middle East and its culture through military force,” Ignatius wrote, and instead “get out of the elusive middle, step across the threshold of anger, and sit down and talk” with the Middle Eastern leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Caught In the Middle|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/04/15/caught_in_the_middle|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

===Prosecution of Mubarak===
In May 2011, Ignatius said: "What’s needed in Egypt and the other Arab countries that have
suffered from dictatorship is a sense that the rule of law will prevail,
with safeguards against vindictive prosecution".<ref name="ignatius_05-29-2011">{{cite news |author = David Ingatius |date = May 29, 2011 |title = The whiff of revenge taints the Arab Spring |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-whiff-of-revenge-taints-the-arab-spring/2011/05/26/AGqytyCH_story.html}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Agents of Innocence: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1987|isbn=0-393-02486-5}}
*{{cite book|title=Siro|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1991|isbn=0-374-26506-2}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bank of Fear|publisher=Avon Books (Mm)|year=1995|isbn=0-380-72280-1}}
*{{cite book|title=A Firing Offense|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0-517-36839-0}}
*{{cite book|title=The Sun King|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0-8129-9243-1}}
*{{cite book|title=Body of Lies: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2008|isbn=0-393-33158-X}}
*{{cite book|title=America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy|publisher=Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition|year=2009|isbn=0-465-01801-7}}
*{{cite book|title=The Increment: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=0-393-33831-2}}
*{{cite book|title=Bloodmoney: A Novel of Espionage|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2011|isbn=978-0-393-07811-4}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm Profile] at [[The Washington Post Writers Group]]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/staff/articles/david+ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/David-Ignatius.ashx Column archive] at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.thecrimson.com/writer/7036/David_R._Ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''
*{{C-SPAN|davidignatius}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|74}}
*{{IMDb name|2015758}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n87-853124}}
* Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16bsQqmPBc8 David Ignatius discusses how he helped Leonardo DiCaprio prepare for the ''Body of Lies'' film].
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/8904 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion with David Ignatius] at [[Bloggingheads.tv]]

{{Authority control|VIAF=19705438}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ignatius, David
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American journalist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1950-05-26
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ignatius, David}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American spy fiction writers]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]]
[[Category:The Washington Post people]]

User talk:Explicit

2012-10-13T19:17:49Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Lists of Law Clerks */ fixed typo and included signature

{{administrator}}
{{Busy}}
{{Usertalkback|you=watched|me=watched|icon=stop|iconcell=valign=center}}
{{archive box|image=[[File:45 rpm record.png|40px]]|search=yes|auto=yes}}

== Deletion of car photos ==

Please reconsider your deletion of the many car photos as unsourced. You'll notice they list the source as promotional material sent out by the agency - the uploader was a collector of said material. I believe they are sourced properly. [[User:Magog the Ogre|Magog the Ogre]] ([[User talk:Magog the Ogre|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Magog the Ogre|c]]) 03:17, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

:The uploader, {{User|Barnstarbob}}, has been banned for nearly a year. According to a comment made in [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2012 August 29#File:1957 Starfire 98.jpg|this discussion]] by {{User|Biker Biker}}, this user has a history of faulty uploads, and the first two blocks in the user's block log seem to confirm this. The image in that discussion appears to be similar to these other images that have been deleted. Taking all this into account, reasonable doubt is surely merited here? — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 03:25, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
::I don't think so. The photographs look very much like what he claimed they were. I had an extensive conversation with Bob about these images a while back, but for the life of me I can't find it. However, the source seems credible to me: they were press photographs that he collected, scanned, and uploaded. [[User:Magog the Ogre|Magog the Ogre]] ([[User talk:Magog the Ogre|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Magog the Ogre|c]]) 04:39, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

:::I think you may be referring to [[User talk:Magog the Ogre/Archive 5#PD Images|this discussion]]. I did a little research, and I'm not entirely sure that Barnstarbob did in fact scan these images as he claims. For example, [http://www.gmphotostore.com/1960-Chevrolet-Bel-Air-4-Door-Sedan/productinfo/53216931/ this] image at the GM photo store was uploaded under [[:File:60 Bel Air.jpg]]. The main issue here is that the image needs to be purchased to obtain the image without the watermark, which was conveniently cropped out in the upload. Can commercial images up for sale like this be in the public domain at the same time? — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 02:43, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

== Court Moor School ==

Hi Explicit,

Please restore the image [[:File:Court Moor School Logo.jpg]] as this file meets the Fair Use criteria - in particular it meets the <nowiki>{{Non-free seal}}</nowiki> licencing criteria. Once the file has been restored, I will ensure that the licencing tag is in place.[[User:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[User talk:Martinvl|talk]]) 06:12, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

:And it is done! File restored. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

::Thank you - I have updated the licensing information. [[User:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[User talk:Martinvl|talk]]) 07:00, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

== Deletion of File:Question mark 1.png ==

Hello. I was wondering why you deleted the file so soon, as far as I was aware, the discussion was still on-going. -- Cheers, [[User:Riley Huntley|Riley Huntley]] [[User talk:Riley_Huntley|talk]] 02:09, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
:The discussion went on for seven days and it could have been closed any time after that. The file was speaking of was [[:File:Question Mark 1.svg]]. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:23, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

== Reinstate Page Please ==

May I request that our page be re-instated please.

00:24, 12 April 2012 Explicit (talk | contribs) deleted page MicroPlanner X-Pert (Expired PROD, concern was: Does not establish notability through 3rd party sources.) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Rafdua|Rafdua]] ([[User talk:Rafdua|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rafdua|contribs]])  

:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px]] '''Done''' - as a contested [[Wikipedia:proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], the article has been restored on request. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:23, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

==Fur==
If you restore [[:File:Squier 01.jpg]], I will add FUR. --[[User:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )|Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )]] ([[User talk:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )|talk]]) 21:27, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

:{{Done}}. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:23, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Do you recognize that this image had a rationale? You deleted it for not having one, yet it had one ... --[[User:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )|Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )]] ([[User talk:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )|talk]]) 03:46, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

:How did "low res, no revenue loss, only pic" meet all the [[WP:FUR#Necessary components|required components of a fair use rationale]]?. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:25, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

== Please reinstate Steven Beattie professional footballer ==

You recently deleted Steven Beattie who is an Irish professional footballer.
This page has been deleted. The deletion and move log for the page are provided below for reference.
* 00:16, 25 June 2012 Explicit (talk | contribs) deleted page Steven Beattie (Expired PROD, concern was: Article about a footballer who fails WP:GNG and who has not played in a fully pro league.)

The player in question got a season ending injury last year so never played a game with Puerto Rico Islanders, however he is back playing professionally with UMF Tindastoll in the Icelandic first division. Could you please reinstate the page please?
Thank you — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/93.95.76.179|93.95.76.179]] ([[User talk:93.95.76.179|talk]]) 22:40, 9 September 2012 (UTC) 

:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px]] '''Done''' - as a contested [[Wikipedia:proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], the article has been restored on request. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:25, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

== Deleted Stone Bond Wiki ==

Your comment - This page has been deleted. The deletion and move log for the page are provided below for reference. 00:25, 25 August 2012 Explicit (talk | contribs) deleted page Stone Bond Technologies (Expired PROD, concern was: Reads like a Spam article. No indication of notability. Company seems to have won a Fast Tech 50 award for growth in Houston Texas for 2006, but beyond that single event WP:EVENT, that's seems to be it.)

Stone Bond is a leading global provider of data integration services. In 2012 we were named by Forrester research as a Strong Performer for data virtualization and integration software. This recognition was bestowed to 8 solutions out of over 150.

Over the past 10 years our company, through our products have help cure Cancer with MD Anderson and Cornell School of Medicine, helped corporations eliminate mountains of paper waste and helped global oil companies reduce pollution.

For you to take down a site such as this is inconsolable. Please restore the site so we can update it appropriately. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/38.104.60.30|38.104.60.30]] ([[User talk:38.104.60.30|talk]]) 21:33, 10 September 2012 (UTC) 

:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px]] '''Done''' - as a contested [[Wikipedia:proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], the article has been restored on request. Please consider reading the [[WP:CORP|notability guideline for organizations and companies]] to understand why the article was originally deleted, and what you can do to address the concerns. I also noticed you used the term "we", and reading the [[WP:COI|conflict of interest guideline]] may also be worthwhile. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 19:58, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

== [[Geordie dialect words]] ==

Hi there. I saw that you deleted this for reason G8, but as far as I can tell its target still exists. Can you give me a link to where it was pointing and/or restore it? I moved it crosswiki to [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Transwiki:Geordie_dialect_words here], and I thought it was correct to leave a redirect from here. —[[User:Torchiest|Torchiest]] [[User talk:Torchiest|talk]][[Special:Contributions/Torchiest|edits]] 12:41, 14 September 2012 (UTC)
:I deleted that by mistake, sorry about that. I have restored it. This keeps showing up as a broken redirect for some reason, which explains why I accidentally deleted it. I've tried looking for a template similar to {{tl|Wiktionary redirect}}, but for Wikibooks, with no success. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:37, 14 September 2012 (UTC)
::Yeah, no one has been 100% sure how to handle it, as it's a bit of a strange situation. Let me know if you figure out a fix, and I'll do the same. Thanks! —[[User:Torchiest|Torchiest]] [[User talk:Torchiest|talk]][[Special:Contributions/Torchiest|edits]] 01:39, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

== [[GELLMU]] ==

You deleted the stub telling that you couldn't google anything about it.

I cannot make more than a stub of it, but references are:
* [http://www.albany.edu/~hammond/gellmu/ home page]
* [http://www.albany.edu/~hammond/gellmu/#SU-1 intro]
* [http://www.albany.edu/~hammond/gellmu/#SU-2 sample in various formats]

Software and Documentation are available via the [http://ctan.org/pkg/gellmu GELLMU] page of [[CTAN]].

GELLMU is one of many competing approaches to get some [[SGML]] from TeX. [[GELLMU]] is a "See also" in [[LaTeX2HTML]]. In some private [http://www.webdesign-bu.de/uwe_lueck/heyctan.htm#html notes] of mine I am gathering such projects (the descriptions may improve next days).

The [http://ctan.org/pkg/tex4ht CTAN Page] on [[TeX4ht]] says that the latter approaches GELLMU with respect to certain "robustness" characteristics. [[TeX4ht]] in turn seems to be so important that notable maintainers of TeX software (Karl Berry former TUG president and maintainer of TeX Live) have taken over maintenance, i.e., there are users who need it. I must confess that I don't know how many users GELLMU has.

The relevance could derive from the fact that when I sit together with professional TeX users, web designers, and uses of ebooks, these matters are often discussed.

Could this material make it worth reviving the article? I had actually looked for it when I tried to improve my notes about the subject, I had seen the article earlier. We might ask the author to fill out the form as in [[TeX4ht]].
--[[User:Lueckless|Lueckless]] ([[User talk:Lueckless|talk]]) 13:40, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

:I'm afraid that this would not suffice. There is a [[WP:GNG|general notability guideline]] which articles should meet to be considered notable and merit inclusion on Wikipedia. GELLMU does not appear to meet the points listed there, and it may very well be non-notable. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:47, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

== Bump (internet) deleted ==

Bump (internet) was a useful article that I miss now. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/193.30.192.187|193.30.192.187]] ([[User talk:193.30.192.187|talk]]) 07:12, 17 September 2012 (UTC) 

== Chief Blue Horse, Pan American Exposition, 1901.jpg ==

Hi Explicit,
The referenced photo is William Jennings Bryan with Sioux chiefs at Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, 1901, part of the Johnston (Frances Benjamin) Collection with the Library of Congress. Please see http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/fbj/item/2004665752/ for the details. I respectfully believe this photo to be in the public domain and hope that you will approve undeleting it. Thank you. [[User:Richlevine00|Richlevine00]] ([[User talk:Richlevine00|talk]]) 16:49, 17 September 2012 (UTC)
:How is this photo under the public domain? The link you provided states that it was published "between ca. 1864 and ca. 1947", which is pretty vague and is a rather huge gap. Since the author died in 1952, it could possibly still be copyrighted until 2022. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:58, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

Your position relies on the presumption of/or possibility of a copyright. The Rights Advisory on this image is: "No known restrictions on publication." The Library of Congress declares that the text "No known restrictions on publication" means that the Library is unaware of any restrictions on the use of the image. There are generally two cases where this phrase is used: 1. There was a copyright and it was not renewed. 2. The image is from a late 19th or early 20th century collection for which there is no evidence of any rights holder; and:

a. There are no copyright markings or other indications on the images to indicate that they were copyrighted or otherwise restricted, AND
b. The records of the U.S. Copyright Office do not indicate any copyright registration, AND

c. The acquisition paperwork for the collection does not contain any evidence of any restrictions, AND

d. Images from the collection have been used and published extensively without anyone stepping forward to claim rights.

e. These facts do not mean the image is in the public domain, but do indicate that no evidence has been found to show that restrictions apply.

Under these circumstances, this historic image of Chief Blue Horse should in good faith be available to the public on Wikipedia, and I hope you will reconsider your initial determination. Respectfully, [[User:Richlevine00|Richlevine00]] ([[User talk:Richlevine00|talk]]) 22:51, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

:Very well, you do bring forward a fairly solid argument. I have gone ahead and restored the image for you. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

Thank you. [[User:Richlevine00|Richlevine00]] ([[User talk:Richlevine00|talk]]) 02:52, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

== Levinsonproofoflife fmt1.ogv ==

I would like to appeal your decision to delete [[:File:Levinsonproofoflife fmt1.ogv]]. This file is unfree, but was within the context of the Article [[Robert Levinson]]. Its removal harms reader's understanding of the subject. [[User:Phearson|Phearson]] ([[User talk:Phearson|talk]]) 00:19, 19 September 2012 (UTC)
:Er, that's pretty vague. Can you explain how? What does the reader gain, and what is lost without the video's presence? — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:58, 19 September 2012 (UTC)
::The article mentions that the Levinson Family receieved a video from the the kidnappers. "On December 9, 2011, the family released the hostage video dated from November 2010" However, there is no details after that. Adding the video shows what went on in that communication with the kidnappers and the response made by the Levinson family. It's removal simply erases this history. [[User:Phearson|Phearson]] ([[User talk:Phearson|talk]]) 20:01, 25 September 2012 (UTC)
:::Okay, but that doesn't address the policy concerns brought up on the discussion page. Additionally, [http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1211/70183.html this source] in the article pretty much summarizes what the video is about. Adding those details into the article should pretty much cover anything in the video. Not to mention that the video is far too long as a fair use candidate; it should pretty much be within the same range as the guideline for [[WP:SAMPLE|music samples]]. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

==[[:File talk:ROCposts.gif]]==

Under what criteria was this deleted rather quickly? [[User:Sfan00 IMG|Sfan00 IMG]] ([[User talk:Sfan00 IMG|talk]]) 20:30, 19 September 2012 (UTC)
:Hm, as the original user who tagged the image for deletion with {{tl|di-replaceable fair use}}, did you feel persuaded by the arguments presented on the talk page that it no longer met that criterion? Your last comment on the talk page wasn't entirely clear. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:47, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

:: There was an ongoing disscussion as to whether OS Opendata would constitute a 'reliable' alternate source [[User:Sfan00 IMG|Sfan00 IMG]] ([[User talk:Sfan00 IMG|talk]]) 00:13, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

:::Okay, I'll go ahead and restore the image and reopen the discussion on the talk page. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

== File:Highway code cover.jpg ==

Hi Explicit

Would you please reinstate File:Highway code cover.jpg. This file is permittred in Wikipedia for two different reasons:

1) The article where it is used is about the publication concerend.
2) The book "Highway Code" was published by the British Government ands as such is subjuect to [[Crown Copyright]] which means that it can be used in Wikipedia.

Once the file is restored, I will ensure that the copyright notices are correctly installed. BTW, the file in question has been part of Wikipedia for at least four years. [[User:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[User talk:Martinvl|talk]]) 06:25, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

:There is a freely licensed cover on Commons: [[:File:The Highway Code 1931.djvu]]. Why do you need both covers, especially when the deleted file isn't a recent edition? — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

::The Higway Code is a continually evolving document and there have been considerable changes over the last 80 years, both in terms of booklet size, contgent and looks. The 1931 copy was in black and white, the current copy is in colour. The current copy has a section on mototrway driving - in 1931 there were no motorways. BTW, the most recent paper version of the Highway Code on its own is the 2007 version - [http://www.tsoshop.co.uk/bookstore.asp?FO=1207776&DI=582744&trackid=002318 advertised here]. Updates to this version are either bundled in with other booklet or are available on-line. [[User:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[User talk:Martinvl|talk]]) 06:35, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

:::Books are often reissued all the time with new covers, and we usually don't include more than one cover, which is usually the first edition cover (see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books/Images#Book covers]]). Take ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', for example. The first edition cover is being used in the infobox, and no other ones are in use, despite there being several of them in existence. The same rule can be applied to this document. The mention of motorways in the newest edition isn't entirely relevant, because unlike [[:File:The Highway Code 1931.djvu]], which showed the entire document, [[:File:Highway code cover.jpg]] was merely the cover, which doesn't say much about motorways. At best, I ''can'' undelete the image, but because of the policies here on Wikipedia, I'd follow-up with it on [[WP:FFD]]. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:12, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

::::May I draw to attention two reasons for re-instatement of the image:
::::*The first edition of the book ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' is essentially the same as the current version, the first edition of the ''[[Highway Code]]'' is very different to the current edition.
::::*The ''Highway Code''' is [[Crown Copyright]] which generally means that it can be reproduced on Wikipedia with under a "[[Open Government License]]". [[User:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[User talk:Martinvl|talk]]) 07:32, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

:::::From what the article reads, the Open Government License was made available for works published in or after 2010. As the caption that was originally in the article ''Highway Code'', this cover of this edition was published in 2007, so this license would not apply here. As for the differences between covers, as stated above, we generally don't include more than one, and we generally use the first edition. I have yet to see a compelling reason to restore the file, but as I also stated above, I can restore the file and take it to FFD. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

== Partners ==

Now shows aired. Please, create List of episodes page again. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/85.101.192.199|85.101.192.199]] ([[User talk:85.101.192.199|talk]]) 16:43, 25 September 2012 (UTC) 

:Can you please link the article you speak of? "Partners" alone is extremely vague. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

== JHE Production Group ==

Hi,

I am the new admin for the JHE Production Group page and see it has been deleted. What do I need to do to get it re-instated? Can you please let me know what information you need to prove notability?

Thanks!
[[User:Jessika09|Jessika09]] ([[User talk:Jessika09|talk]]) 20:57, 25 September 2012 (UTC)Samie

:The relevant page is the [[WP:CORP|notability guideline for organizations and companies]]. In general, Wikipedia considers a topic to be [[WP:N|notable]] if there exist multiple [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] of information on the topic, external to the subject itself. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

== Contested prod of [[Sayed Ihsanuddin Taheri]] ==

At the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Help desk#Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Sayed Ihsanuddin Taheri|AfC helpdesk]] [[User:Kalimkarim|Kalimkarim]], the author of [[Sayed Ihsanuddin Taheri]] (which was prodded a few weeks ago and which you consequently deleted), asked about the fate of his article. On the one hand, I doubt the subject is notable (I haven't looked for sources myself), but on the other hand, I believe contesting the deletion of a prodded article usually leads to undeletion if it comes after the fact. Could you have a look and undelete it if you consider it justified? I'll caution the author about the notability criteria and the possibility of just having it deleted again via AfD. Thanks, [[User:Huon|Huon]] ([[User talk:Huon|talk]]) 12:02, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

:I do believe that reads like a request for undeletion (specifically, the "I wish we could republish..." part), and the article has been restored as per [[WP:CONTESTED]]. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

== Inquiry ==

Hi, your name was mentioned at [[Wikipedia_talk:RFA#Statistics_.28and_lies.3F.29]], so I decided to stop by and see if you might be willing to answer a couple questions?

1. What motivates you to do a lot of deletions? Is it your primary manner of participation on Wikipedia or a smaller part of your overall work?

2. What sorts of things or interactions make your deletion work less pleasant? What sorts of changes or occurrences would make you less likely to perform the number of deletions you presently perform?

3. Do you have any suggestions on how the deletion process or conduct policies surrounding deletions could be improved to encourage greater admin participation?

Feel free to respond here or at WT:RFA, if you decide to respond. Thanks. '''[[User:MBisanz|MBisanz]]''' [[User talk:MBisanz|talk]] 15:54, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

:1. I suppose it has become a habit at this point. Three years of doing the same thing over and over, it just becomes a part of you, in a sense. It has become my primary manner of participation on Wikipedia, and it has been that way for quite some time; I don't have much time for much else, though I do try to create an article every now and then.
:2. The biggest issue for me would be the response I sometimes receive from others users about my deletions. I understand their frustration when pages/files are deleted, but taking out their frustration on me and getting snappy isn't going to move things any faster. This is especially prevalent with images, as I'm one of the few administrators who strictly enforces [[WP:NFCC]], while most of the community does not. I also get flack for not notifying the author of a page of an impending deletion, even though that isn't my job nor is a notification by the nominator required by policy. I actually disabled the email option quite some time ago, as I received most of the insults there.
:The only thing that comes to mind where I would perform less deletions is inactivity on my part. I can't really think of any other reason.
:3. I don't really much of a problem with the current system as it is. I think what may drive other administrators away from deletion work, and at the scale I do, is the type response one receives from so many deletions. Whether it be "restore my page/image!" or "[[User talk:Explicit/Archive 13#File:Kinneksbond.JPG|hey, there's nothing wrong with your deletions—they're all within policy—but you're doing too many, so slow down]]". The latter did contribute to my first case of burnout, as [http://toolserver.org/~tparis/pcount/index.php?name=Explicit&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia one can see] from the dates I received that comment and when I burned out, and I think that's why most avoid the deletion rate that the few of us other administrators dare to take on. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)
:Thanks for responding. I think your point on how we approach those who shoulder most of the admin burden is well taken. Realizing that if someone does 10x more work than everyone else, they may get at least 10x as many complaint is important. Also, realizing that those who do 10x as much work probably are more accurate than most people because of their specialization is important (I think of how poorly we handled Fastily and Rich Farmborough). I'll try to keep that in mind in my future ANI contributions and maybe try to write a proposal down the road. Thanks again. '''[[User:MBisanz|MBisanz]]''' [[User talk:MBisanz|talk]] 16:38, 28 September 2012 (UTC)
:::Explicit, I may not have done as many deletions as you, but I've done over 12,000, and the complaints have been rare, about 1%. Of them, most are in good faith, and just need an explanation--and with an adequate explanation, even if they do not like the result, they are satisfied there has been proper consideration. A few have not been in good faith--so far from bothering me, i regard them as confirmations that I've been deleting what needed to be deleted. And I think in 5 years I have gotten maybe 2 bad faith emails. (Reasonable complaints by email, I don't mind, though I normally tell them I will deal with it on-wiki) If you get more, something is probably less than optimal with either what you are doing or the way you are doing it.
:::Perhaps your admitted refusal to notify editors might account for some of the reason you feel you are getting so many: not notifying people of negative actions concerning their work is guaranteed to cause bad feeling. I know I would immediately get angry at such treatment, and not be very likely to stay around and fix it. I hope that the consensus rapidly shifts about even permitting this. For I certainly cannot figure out why you think it's not your job--almost all other admins think just the opposite. Of course, it does take a little time to do it properly with personal messages, but even the form notices are better than nothing.
:::As for deletion rate, the reason I do not do more is that I know if I look at too many bad articles at one time, it warps my judgment,and I will start stretching the bounds of policy. Perhaps that also has something to do with it. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 19:09, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

::::The types of emails I would receive would usually say something along the lines of "you deleted my article, you <explicative>, get a life/couldn't you be doing something more useful with your life?", and I usually received these emails from single-purpose accounts who more than likely didn't understand the deletion process, or what constitutes as a notable subject. If my deletion work was problematic, I would have been sent at least to ANI at least once, and to my memory, that hasn't happened.
::::Perhaps I may have written my view on notifications vaguely; I meant that I'm not required to send out deletion notices of pages tagged by ''other'' users. I always leave notifications when I tag something for deletion, and surely my contributions show that. Other users are not required to do the same when they tag pages for deletion, and there's no way to enforce something like this when it isn't even a requirement to begin with. It's simply a courtesy notice.
::::And again, as I stated in my first paragraph, if my judgement was faulty when it came to my deletion decisions, this would have been raised at ANI at least once. I'm not very hard to persuade when it comes to undeleting pages that were deletion under noncontroversial circumstances, like [[WP:PROD]], and I certainly have given expanded rationales when it deals with deletion discussions. I always suggest the user take the result of the deletion discussion to DRV, and I can't recall when any of my closures were overturned, either. Taking all of this into account, I really wouldn't consider my actions a problem. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:12, 30 September 2012 (UTC)
::::::My apologies about the notices. I did misunderstand. I don't know any of us who leaves a second notice when we delete an article that is already tagged, nor do I see any reason why anyone should (except when we need to do something like a warning or a block). I seem to have over-reacted upon hearing that as I understood it. Perhaps you should clarify above, so we see you're a good example, as you are. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 05:20, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

== Request for reinstatement ==

Hello Explicit,

May I request that you restore [[:File:AVachss honey.jpg]], which I see was deleted per [[WP:NFCC]] criterion #1. However, the fair-use rationale for the file (a promotional photo of author Andrew Vachss with his then-puppy Honey) did include the specifics regarding why it could not be replaced with free content.
Below I quote the rationale's details relevant to criterion #1 (for brevity I have snipped out the rationale addressing the other criteria):

==

This image is not replaceable with a free use image for the following reasons:
* It shows the author in what he has described in many interviews as his favorite promotional photograph: posed with his pit bull, Honey.
* No free photographs exist of Honey (who died in 2005), or of Andrew Vachss with Honey.
* Its inclusion in the article is a significant addition because the photo is relevant to the author, who is a passionate advocate of pit bulls and an opponent of breed-specific dog bans. The author includes pit bulls as central characters in his books '(examples at http://www.vachss.com/dogs/dog_stories/index.html).'
* The photo is significant because it has been the object of critical commentary in numerous news articles, because of Vachss' views on 'nature vs. nurture' as it touches on both raising animals and preventing anti-social behavior.
* Vachss' own description of the significance of the photo is contained in a news article in the 'San Francisco Enquirer:'

<blockquote>"There's a very specific formula for creating a monster," Vachss says. "It starts with chronic, unrelenting abuse. There's got to be societal notification and then passing on. The child eventually believes that what's being done is societally sanctioned. And after a while, empathy -- which we have to learn, we're not born with it -- cracks and dies. He feels only his own pain. There's your predatory sociopath."
'''That's why Vachss posed for a recent publicity photo cradling his pit bull puppy.''' "You know what pit bulls are capable of, right?" he asks, referring to the animal's notorious killer reputation. "But they're also capable of being the most wonderful, sweet pets in the world depending on how you raise them. That's all our children."</blockquote>
"Unleashing the Criminal Mind", by Dave Ford, ''San Francisco Examiner,'' July 12, 1990.
''[This quotation from the San Francisco Examiner newspaper is included in the Wikipedia article on Vachss that AVachsshoney.jpg illustrated. -Golemarch]''

* Andrew Vachss' fame and reputation is built upon his expertise in child protection. His statement about the roots of adult violence in childhood abuse and neglect, and its explicit connection with animal abuse and later viciousness, shows conclusively that the image in question is highly relevant in illustrating Andrew Vachss' mission and message, and its consequent irreplaceability.
* The specific image under has been circulated by Vachss as part of his press kit since 1992. No free-use pictures of Vachss and Honey (or any other dog) exist, and the great majority of images of Vachss by himself are themselves promotional photos. Indeed, non-promotional candid photos, if any exist, would be much less appropriate than the image at issue, since those (A) would not include the significant image of Vachss cradling his pit bull Honey, and (B) would still have to include a license or a fair use rationale under U.S. copyright laws in order to become available for use.
In contrast, this image is available for this use under well-settled U.S. law; it is in fact used regularly by both print and online media; and it serves to depict Vachss, the significance he places in his relationship with Honey the pitbull, and metaphorically his protective mission with regard to abused children.

==

Once the file has been restored, I will make sure that the listed fair use rationale includes any further points necessary to conform it to WP standards. Thanks very much for your help. [[User:Golemarch|Golemarch]] ([[User talk:Golemarch|talk]]) 05:45, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

:The issue here is that the image was being used to identify a living person. This easily violates the first point of [[WP:NFCC]], as a freely licensed image can still be created. You don't need a non-free image of Vachss with his puppy to understand his stance, the text alone surely says it all. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:12, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

::I can't really agree that the text alone says it all. The quotation from the newspaper does not offer a replacement for the photo; rather, the newspaper story is quoted to draw the relationship between animal abuse (which leads to violent animal behavior) and child protection (which can ameliorate abuse, and thus insulate society against future violent behavior), These points are central to the child protection work for which Vachss is known. The photo is described in the quotation, and the inclusion of the photo in the Wikipedia article provides contextual significance (Policy criterion #8), particularly for those with a mental image of pitbulls as constantly menacing. This photograph has been commented upon in other news stories commenting on Vachss' philosophy regarding child protection.
::That the photo "depicts a living person," ''in addition to'' both its contextual significance and its importance as an object of critical commentary, does not in itself a violation of [[WP:NFCC]]. If that were the case, no promotional or historical or critically important images of a living person would ever pass muster, which of course is ''not'' the case, as stated by [[WP:NFCI]].
::NFCC Policy criterion #1, ''"Non-free content is used only where no free equivalent is available, or could be created, that would serve the same encyclopedic purpose."'' is no unqualified bar. As noted in my first post, no free equivalent is available of this combination of Vachss and his pitbull (now deceased). Further, no photograph created in the future ''"would serve the same encyclopedic purpose,"'' which is that of providing contextual significance, as well as providing an ''"image that is itself the subject of commentary"'' (NFCI criterion #9). Please do reconsider this request; thank you very much for your attention. [[User:Golemarch|Golemarch]] ([[User talk:Golemarch|talk]]) 10:00, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

:::Wow, I somehow entirely missed the critical commentary of the image. Definitely my bad on this one. I have restored the image for you. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

::::Many thanks! [[User:Golemarch|Golemarch]] ([[User talk:Golemarch|talk]]) 23:51, 7 October 2012 (UTC)

==Disambiguation link notification for September 29==

Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited [[Five Treasure Box]], you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page [[Chorus]] ([[tools:~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/Five_Treasure_Box|check to confirm]] | [[tools:~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/Five_Treasure_Box|fix with Dab solver]]). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the [[User:DPL bot/Dablink notification FAQ|FAQ]]{{*}} Join us at the [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation pages with links|DPL WikiProject]].

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== [[:File:LOTG,week1,2012.jpeg]] ==

You deleted this as "no permission". A Google Images search suggests that [[:File:LOTG,drjohncrowd.jpg]] is the same file. Could you check if there are any copyright problems so that the new file also needs to be deleted? There are several copies on the Internet, but all in lower resolutions. --[[User:Stefan2|Stefan2]] ([[User talk:Stefan2|talk]]) 16:29, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

:It is indeed the same image, the deleted version being of a much large resolution. Both are credited to Will Cameron, and there's no indication that the uploader is that same person. As this is a duplicate upload, I'll go ahead and delete it now. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:12, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

::Thank you! --[[User:Stefan2|Stefan2]] ([[User talk:Stefan2|talk]]) 08:23, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

:::Is the new file [[:File:LOTG,deltaspiritcrowd.jpg]] also the same file? I forgot what it looked like. --[[User:Stefan2|Stefan2]] ([[User talk:Stefan2|talk]]) 16:47, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

::::It's nearly the same, but at a slightly different angle. Still, it was tagged for lacking evidence of permission for citing Will Cameron as the photographer. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

==[[:File:Blues_Clues_logo.svg]]==
Can you restore this file? The logo can be obtained from [http://www.nickjr.com/blues-clues/ Nick Jr. website], as well as the TV series. Thank you. [[User:Tbhotch|Tbhotch]].[[User talk:Tbhotch|<big>™</big>]] Grammatically incorrect? '''Correct it!''' [[User:Tbhotch/EN|See terms and conditions.]] 20:08, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

:{{Done}}, though I'm not sure why the image won't display properly... — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

== Ripple monetary system ==

''00:32, 30 September 2012 Explicit (talk | contribs) deleted page Ripple monetary system (Expired PROD, concern was: lack of WP:N. After cleaning up irrelevant references, only one survived, with mere two and rather transitory paragraphs about 'Ripple')''

'''This is about the deleted Ripple monetary system article, your "deleted article" topics did not match the WP:N motivation, so I post this here :)
'''

Why did you delete the article? '[http://ripple-project.org/ Ripple]' is an important projects that develops better monetary systems protocols, it´s an open-source software project for developing and implementing a protocol for an open decentralized payment network. It is discussed by senior researcher David Hales, Department of Computer Science, University of Bologna, in this [http://videolectures.net/eccs07_hales_end/ video], and described in detail on these domains, which are [[Wikipedia:N|verifiable third party sources]] : http://ripplepay.com and http://ripple-project.org/

Those three sources above are all verifiable third party sources according to WP:N, Ripple is a topic "worthy of notice",

David Hales, Department of Computer Science, University of Bologna, in this [http://videolectures.net/eccs07_hales_end/ video] discusses Ripple enthusiastically, beginning at 3:21
Ripple actually has potential to change our economic systems for the better, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzzUpmxoC4Q you should check it out!]

I understand that the references were insufficient, I was just about to improve the article,
now, if you would reinstate our article, we can get on improving the references, starting with adding [http://cfpm.org/~david/ senior researcher David Hales] as a reference/peer of trust :)

Cheers!
Johan

[email protected] — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:BipedalJoe|BipedalJoe]] ([[User talk:BipedalJoe|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/BipedalJoe|contribs]]) 05:06, 1 October 2012 (UTC) 

:Already restored by another administrator. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

== Reinstate Febian Nurrahman Saktinegara ==

This article was deleted. I too also agree that there was improvements required. I understand that the references were insufficient, I was waiting on the results of the 2012 SBM Golden Lens awards to improve the article.
 

Refer to the non-english article in [[Pedoman|PedomanNEWS]] (30 September 2012) http://pedomannews.com/music-movie/16519--erasmus-huis-dan-sbm-umumkan-pemenang-kompetisi-film-dokumenter

"Sementara untuk kategori pelajar, Fabian Nurrahman Saktinegara dari ITB meraih penghargaan untuk ketegori pelajar dalam film documenternya yang bertajuk Epic Java mengangkat tentang keindahan dan eksotiknya tempat-tempat di Pulau Jawa."

The source [[Pedoman|PedomanNEWS]], was originally established by renowned Indonesian journalist and author [[Rosihan Anwar]]
It is proposed that update reference to SBM Golden Lens which is supported by The Erasmus Huis, Dutch Cultural Centre in Jakarta Indonesia http://www.sbmgoldenlens.com

The Erasmus Huis is not only a showcase for Dutch culture, but is also a home for Indonesian art & culture. http://erasmushuis.nlmission.org/erasmus-huis

Equally the event is cited in the JakartaGlobe.
http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/lifeandtimes/documentary-fest-to-return-to-erasmus-huis/545320

The JakartaGlobe has been used for a number of cited references including [[2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi]]

The International Documentary Film Festival (IDFF) and SBM Golden Lens is discussed in the article "Festival Film Dokumenter Terbesar Dunia Digelar di Jakarta" in SUARAMERDEKA.com http://www.suaramerdeka.com/v1/index.php/read/entertainmen/2012/09/21/7181/Festival-Film-Dokumenter-Terbesar-Dunia-Digelar-di-Jakarta

SUARAMERDEKA is a cited reference for films such as [[? (film)]] and living people such as [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]

SBM Golden Lens is also covered in the article "Pasang Rikajang Raih 'Golden Lens Awards II'" http://kampus.okezone.com/read/2012/09/08/373/687083/pasang-rikajang-raih-golden-lens-awards-ii and in [[Jakarta Post| The Jakarta Post]] http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/11/13/documentary-films-indonesian-audiences.html

 
It is suggested that a page be created for International Documentary Film Festival (IDFF) & SBM Golden Lens Awards.
 

The director has also previously been mentioned in [[Jakarta Post| The Jakarta Post]] http://www.thejakartapost.com/bali-daily/2012-07-31/festival-attracts-young-talented-film-makers.html — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Singkatan|Singkatan]] ([[User talk:Singkatan|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Singkatan|contribs]]) 18:30, 1 October 2012 (UTC) 

Suggestions on how to improve the page can be done through the talk page.

[[User:Singkatan|Singkatan]] ([[User talk:Singkatan|talk]]) 06:10, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px]] '''Done''' - as a contested [[Wikipedia:proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], the article has been restored on request. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

== Deleted image ==

Yes, this is a post about a deleted image, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lotus_Improv_Financials_example.PNG this one] to be exact. The image in question clearly had a FU statement, so I am curious why it was deleted. The same has happened several times now with Sfan00. So what's going on? Is a robot or some other automated system doing this? I was able to rescue this because I an admin, but I suspect this is a far wider occurrence than what comes across my little corner of the Wiki. [[User:Maury Markowitz|Maury Markowitz]] ([[User talk:Maury Markowitz|talk]]) 14:37, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

:Simply stating "fair use" on the description page is insufficient to constitute as a fair use rationale, it failed to address a single [[WP:FUR#Necessary components|necessary component]] of a fair use rationale. This specific file was tagged by me, not Sfan00. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

The image is resized down, states what article it is to be used in, and why it does not interfere with the commercial interest. I'm sure you found something else that you were noting, but sadly I do not own a mind reading device. Please consider taking the time to help editors understand how to improve things. In this case I would be happy to do so, if I knew what it was you were concerned about (or that you even were, you did not post on my Talk page from what i can tell, but it might simply be lost in time). Generally I advise being careful in any situation where the default result is the removal of content - if in doubt, don't. [[User:Maury Markowitz|Maury Markowitz]] ([[User talk:Maury Markowitz|talk]]) 19:23, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

==Deleted a book Autobiography of a Yogi==
Hello you have deleted the current issue of the Autobiography of a Yogi when we were right in a middle of a discussion. Please explain... Also, did you read my explanation so far on the discussion page? We were right in the middle of a discussion...please explain - I am disputing your delete[[User:Red Rose 13|Red Rose 13]] ([[User talk:Red Rose 13|talk]]) 00:27, 5 October 2012 (UTC)
:Yes, I left my rationale for deleting the image on the [[File talk:Autobiography of a Yogi Current Book Cover.jpg|talk page]]. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:34, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

== Railfest ==

Hi, since you deleted [[Railfest (Cumberland)]], could you please delete the disambiguation page [[Railfest]] and move [[Railfest (York)]] into its place? Thanks. -''[[User:Mattbuck|mattbuck]]'' ([[User talk:Mattbuck|Talk]]) 01:28, 5 October 2012 (UTC)
:That was quick! Thanks. -''[[User:Mattbuck|mattbuck]]'' ([[User talk:Mattbuck|Talk]]) 01:31, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

== Mass deletions ==

I see that you're deleting something like 20 images per second. First I'm sort of wondering how you are actually doing that, without (presumably) use of automated tools. I'm also wondering if you're actually taking the time to first inform the uploaders and giving them a chance to fix/address any issues. Can you clarify? Thanks.[[User:Volunteer Marek|''' Volunteer Marek ''']] 00:33, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

:20 images per second? I'm pretty sure that's not even possible. If my deletion summaries end with (''[[WP:TW|TW]]''), that would indicate that my deletion was done with an automated tool. The burden to notify the uploaders of image deletions is the tagger of the images, not the deleting administrator, and even then, it's not mandatory to leave notices in these cases. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 00:41, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

==Deletion review for [[:File:Jay Park, Nigahiga, Phil in Word of the Day - Bromance.png]]==
An editor has asked for a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review#File:Jay Park, Nigahiga, Phil in Word of the Day - Bromance.png|deletion review]] of [[:File:Jay Park, Nigahiga, Phil in Word of the Day - Bromance.png]]. Because you closed the deletion discussion for this page, speedily deleted it, or otherwise were interested in the page, you might want to participate in the deletion review. 
* '''[[WP:CSD#F7|F7]]: Violates [[WP:NFCC|non-free content criteria]]''' or '''[[WP:CSD#F7|F7]]: [[WP:NFCC|Invalid]] fair-use rationale''' – The first of the two rationales means that the file failed to comply with the [[WP:NFCC|non-free content criteria]] policy. I would suggest giving said policy a read before you go on making more mistakes and losing your administrator privileges.
[[User:Just unknown|Just unknown]] ([[User talk:Just unknown|talk]]) 13:38, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

== Deletion of IBM_2260_video_display_terminal.jpg ==

Several days ago I sent a link to the original web page for this photo and quoted the sentence putting it in the public domain. [[User:Peter Flass|Peter Flass]] ([[User talk:Peter Flass|talk]]) 21:14, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

:Nothing on the [http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/gallery/gallery8.html website] indicates that this image was released under the public domain by the copyright owner, which you cited as being David L. Mills. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 00:33, 7 October 2012 (UTC)

::[http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/pictures.html]
::"The unattributed photos on these web pages were taken and retouched by me. They are not copyrighted and you can use them any responsible way you want." (bottom of page)[[User:Peter Flass|Peter Flass]] ([[User talk:Peter Flass|talk]]) 17:58, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

:::That's much more helpful. I have restored the image. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 02:05, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

Thanks! [[User:Peter Flass|Peter Flass]] ([[User talk:Peter Flass|talk]]) 11:03, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

== ''You're invited!'' FemTech Edit-a-Thon at Claremont Graduate University ==

{| style="{{Divbox/style/purple}}{{border-radius|8px}}"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%;" | October 26 - FemTech Edit-a-Thon & Roundtable - ''You are invited!'' 
|-
| <div style="background: #fff;margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Womanpower logo.svg|right|100px]]</div>
| style="text-align: center;" | Everyone is invited to the first '''FemTech Edit-a-Thon & Roundtable''' at [[Claremont Graduate University]] on October 26 from 3-6 pm. The event will open with a roundtable discussion about feminism and anti-racist technology projects, followed by an edit-a-thon focusing on feminists & women in science. Experienced Wikipedians will be on hand to support new editors. We hope you can join us! 
Sign up [[Wikipedia:Meetup/FemTech_Edit-a-thon|here]] - see you there! 01:00, 12 October 2012 (UTC)
|}


== Assistance with query about image use ==

Dear Explicit,

I am a relatively new editor and I am trying to find an administrator to help me with the topic of appropriate image use.
I recently uploaded an image of a perfume for the page 'Lady Gaga Fame'. I've supported it with a very detailed non-free fair-use rationale and associated talk-page discussion in accordance with the Wiki guidelines (not easy for someone like me!). However, I have received quite a lot of resistance from two editors with regards to the image and the fair-use rationale. Both have argued very strongly that it should be replaced with a free-licensed alternative and issued me block warnings. However, according to the Wiki guidelines on derivative works [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Derivative_works] and copyright [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:CB], the logical conclusion was that there would be no free-licensed alternative due to the nature of the product (somewhat like no free-licensed version of music album covers?).

I am aware that you are a busy person outside of Wiki (as you've noted on your page), however, I would really appreciate it if you could take some time to review my statements on the image's page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Gaga_Fame_EDP.jpg] and the associated talk page.

Thank you, and if you have other matters to review instead, I totally understand.

Regards,
[[User:Handsdown.1|Handsdown.1]] ([[User talk:Handsdown.1|talk]]) 16:59, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

:From what I can tell, the editor's arguing for the deletion of this image are right. The box may be copyrighted, but a freely licensed image of the perfume bottle—actual product—seems entirely possible to photograph. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 02:05, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

== deletion of DVS* Derek VanScoten ==

Hello,
I was having issues with my email and did not respond to the challenge/ proposed deletion of the DVS* Derek VanScoten page on time.
Is there an archive of all the info previously on the page, so I can just update the bio instead of starting a new page from scratch?

thanks for you time. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:DVSmusic|DVSmusic]] ([[User talk:DVSmusic|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVSmusic|contribs]]) 17:14, 12 October 2012 (UTC) 

:I can move the article's history and content to a subpage of yours, for example, at [[User:DVSmusic/D.V.S* Derek VanScoten]], if you'd like. However, by looking at your username, I would advise you to review the [[WP:COI|conflict of interest]] guideline, as you appear to be associated with the subject. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 02:05, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

== Klooch ==

Good afternoon! I know, that in October 11 you've deleted the article "Klooch" about Canadian-Ukrainian band. Could you prove me a reason of deletion? This band is well-known and notable in Ukraine and abroad! Why have you done it? With respect --[[Special:Contributions/93.72.76.168|93.72.76.168]] ([[User talk:93.72.76.168|talk]]) 11:21, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

== Lists of Law Clerks ==

Hi, You deleted several pages of lists of Supreme Court law clerks for each justice on the ground that they were redundant. This was a mistake, because the page of law clerks for all justices populated their lists from the individual pages. Now the information is missing from the site. Please reinstate the lost data, either in the individual pages or the master list. See [[List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States]]--note that listing for all the clerks for Justices other than the Chief Justice is missing. Thank you. — [[User:Broodingomnipresence|Broodingomnipresence]] ([[User talk:Broodingomnipresence|talk]]) 19:17, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

Talk:Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States

2012-10-13T19:15:13Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Discussion */

{{WikiProject United States|class=List |importance=low}}

==Modern practice==
I believe the practice of having law clerks is fairly modern, dating from around the beginning of the Twentieth Century. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 23:49, 6 March 2006 (UTC)
* Well hopefully someone who knows how far back it went can post some information about it and we can clean up the lists to not include justices from before the practice was instituted, I think this can be a useful page nonetheless, as many of these folks go on to become prominent jurists, lawyers, and legal sholars, not to mention those who go on to serve on the High Court. If I can get a date on the start of the practice I'll add it myself and clean things up to reflect it. [[User:Pmaccabe|Phil]] 00:39, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
**That would be useful information for the [[Law clerk]] article as well. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 17:15, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
***The practice dates at least to 1882, when Horace Gray hired the first Supreme Court clerk (and had to pay out of his own pocket). See Artemus Ward & David L. Weiden, ''Sorcerers’ Apprentices: 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court '' (2006) at page 24.

==Clerk's law school==
I think it would be interesting to include the clerk's law school in the table; probably the most relevant pre-clerk information about them. [[User:Postdlf|Postdlf]] 16:14, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
* Great thought, it'll go on my to-do list. May be a few days before I can seriously input some data here, but I'll do my best once I get around to it, for now I'm just changing the per clerk template to include it. [[User:Pmaccabe|Phil]] 16:36, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

==Oh dear...==

Just looking at John Paul Stevens entry, I can see that this page is going to be huuuuge. Must plan for that! [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 06:32, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Here's a webpage that Bobo should check out, to make sure all the info is incorporated: http://www.law.umich.edu/currentstudents/careerservices/supreme-court-clerkships.htm [[User:69.152.208.219|69.152.208.219]] 18:50, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

==Page organization==

I love wikipedia, —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/12.216.241.137|12.216.241.137]] ([[User talk:12.216.241.137|talk]]) 21:51, 6 October 2008 (UTC) 
I am beginning to think that some reorganization of this might be helpful before we go much further. I think having the names of the current justices listed in the TOC would be useful. I am also trying to figure out a way to list all the justices underneath each seat in the TOC, but I'm running into problems because their names appear inside of a table. I think in line with that it may be desireable to reorder the listings to the chronological order is reversed. This would be a bit of grunt work, but easier sooner rather than later. Anyone have any brilliant ideas for breaking this up without making the information more difficult to access as the page continues to grow? [[User:Pmaccabe|Phil]] 22:42, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

:There have been an average of four clerks per judge per year (or 36 clerks per year) for a fairly long time - 50 years maybe? Clerks have been a regular fixture for about a century, although some have served for more than one year, so I'd guess there have been around three thousand clerks. Too much for one page, divide it by seat and use this page as an index to nine individual pages by seat (there have only ever been clerks under the current arrangement of nine seats). [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 01:02, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

::I personally would prefer that the site format remain the same. It is easier to access the information if it is all in one location. In my humble opinon, jumping from entry to another entry makes the process more difficult for both the reader and the editor. Every year there are new clerks. It doesn't make sense to update nine articles every year.

::BTW, the Chief Justice is entitled to five clerks per year. The Associate Justices are allowed four, and retired justices one. Rehnquist and Stevens chose to hire only three a year. If every position is filled, there would be 37 new clerks every year. That doesn't include clerks for retirees. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] 06:32, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

::Five clerks: -- I can't find a source or authority for this, including the authorizing statute. I believe the Chief gets four, just like the rest of the associate justices. Could you please provide a source for the five clerks? Thanks!

:::That must be a weird job, clerk for a retired Justice. Is O'Connor still drawing clerks, then? [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 02:03, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

::::Yes, O'Connor still gets a new clerk each year. Of O'Connor's four clerks this year - Farhadian, Horwich, Kapczynski and Volokh - one quit midyear (Farhadian), two were hired by Alito (Horwich and Volokh), and one stayed with O'Connor (Kapczynski). [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] 05:02, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

:::::Clerks for retired Justices normally do most or all of their real work for an active Justice. That's why you'll notice (from the edits that I added to the main article) that when Justice Burger retired, his clerks usually ended up working for Justices Scalia or Thomas. (Another common pairing was that retired Justice White's clerk usually worked for Justice Stevens, although Neil Gorsuch worked for Justice Kennedy when he clerked for retired Justice White.) Speaking of which, shouldn't there be some way of indicating that fact? This would distinguish those clerks who were hired by a retired Justice from those clerks who literally clerked for two active Justices in different years. (For example, in Justice Thomas's first year on the Court, he hired two clerks who had spent a year clerking with other Justices before.) When I originally added in the information about Scalia clerks who had been hired by Burger in retirement, I listed it as "Retired Justice Burger," but someone edited out that fact.[[User:69.152.208.219|69.152.208.219]] 18:23, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

:::::::I think I have discovered a way to show that a clerk is being shared between an active justice and a retired justice. The name is entered twice - under the name of both justices. In each case, the name is followed by the phrase - "(shared with X)" - with X being the other judge. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] 02:16, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

::::::::Cool, that works. [[User:69.152.208.219|69.152.208.219]] 02:25, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

[[User:69.152.208.219|69.152.208.219]] I noticed that you deleted Peter D. Keisler and Miguel A. Estrada from Kennedy for the 1987-1988 term. As I understand it, both served TWO terms as clerks. First, they were hired by Kennedy in February 1988 to finish out the 1987-1988 term with him. Then he rehired them for the full 1988-1989 term. In cases where a clerk has served two consecutive terms with the same justice, I have chosen to enter the person's name twice - one time for each term. See Tali Farhardian under O'Connor. First, she served the full 2004-2005 term. Then she served half of the next term (2005-2006). I have re-entered Keisler's and Estrada's name for this reason.

By the way, the clerk situation surrounding Kennedy's first two terms (1988-1990) is cloudy. I think Keisler did not finish the whole second term and was replaced, but I don't know for sure yet. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] 04:19, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

: OK, that makes sense. It's just that it looks like they're listed twice for 1988, which could be confusing. [[User:65.70.231.231|65.70.231.231]] 15:32, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

::[[User:65.70.231.231|65.70.231.231]] After further thought, I agree that the transisitional clerkships between a retiring justice and his successor are difficult to show. What I have done now is list the term in which a clerk serves and not the actual dates. Look at the transition from Lewis Powell to Anthony Kennedy. Kennedy came in the middle of the term in February. I have listed his first clerk as serving during the 1987-1988 term even though neither Kennedy or the clerks actually served in 1988. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] 15:03, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

I have determined the situation with Kennedy's first two years. Kennedy brought his three court of appeals clerks with him in February 1988 (Dan Chung, Miguel Estrada and Larry Vincent) and hired Keisler to make four. Chung and Vincent left in July 1988. Estrada and Keisler stayed for the next term to be joined by Elizabeth Collery and Thomas Hungar. Only Hungar stayed the full 1988-89 term. Collery was replaced midyear by former Marshall clerk Harry Litman. Estrada was replaced by former White clerk Richard Cordray. Keisler was replaced by former Scalia clerk Paul Cappuccio.

I still need help with the clerk transition from John Marshall Harlan II to Rehnquist. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] 05:31, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

:I have discovered the transition between Harlan and Rehnquist and put it in. For Justices who begin midterm, there will always be a change in law clerks that could be confusing. I have developed a protocol to document those changes. I put the end time for the clerks of the retiring justice as the last official day of that justice's tenure (which may be their death day if the justice dies in office). Then I put as a start time for the law clerks of the succeeding justice the date of that new justice's official swearing-in. I have adjusted the Harlan/Rehnquist, Powell/Kennedy, Rehnquist/Roberts and O'Connor/Alito transitions accordingly. The Burger/Rehnquist, Rehnquist/Scalia, Brennan/Souter, Marshall/Thomas, White/Ginsburg and Blackmun/Breyer transitions don't require such a dating method because they occurred during the summer break when the change of clerks normally happens. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] 18:42, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

==Added Justices to TOC==

With some help from some more qualified Wikipedians, I figured out how to do this. I'm still pondering reversing the chronological order. [[User:Pmaccabe|Phil]] 18:22, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

:Please do not change the chronology. I like it the way it is. You do not need to add any justices before 1882 when law clerks were first introduced. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] 20:51, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

:: I wasn't anticipating adding more Justices uneccessarily. I was thinking people might be more interested in information on more recent justices and clerks, so listing the current Justice first and current clerks, then previous clerks and justices might make more sense. I will certainly hold off on it based on your opinion unless an overwhelming consensus develops otherwise. You have certainly done more for this article than I have. [[User:Pmaccabe|Phil]] 21:24, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

==[[Phil Graham]]==

According to this person's article:
:"[[Phil Graham|[Phil] Graham]] graduated... from the [[Harvard Law School]]... in 1939. In 1939-40 he was law clerk to Justice [[Stanley Forman Reed|Stanley F. Reed]] of the [[United States Supreme Court]], and the following year he was clerk to Justice [[Felix Frankfurter]], who had been one of his professors at Harvard."
Can someone confirm this and add it to the list here? Cheers! [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 01:03, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

==HELP NEEDED==

Something has happened to the editing fixture. I can no longer edit by section. Instead, I can only edit using the whole article. This is very inconvenient. Can someone please fix this editing problem? Thanks. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] 21:33, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

It's now March of 2007, and this editing problem still exists. Any answers, people? [[User:Corvus cornix|Corvus cornix]] 17:22, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
: The problem came about because of [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3AStart_SCOTUS_clerk_table&diff=59140331&oldid=58106716 this edit] to a transcluded template back on June 17, 2006. Adding headers inside a template has side effects. Up to you how you want to fix it. [[User_talk:Gimmetrow|''Gimmetrow'']] 19:27, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

==2007 Clerks?==

There are now about a half dozen clerks listed as starting in 2007. Even if the offer has been made and accepted, do we really want to list future clerks? [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 18:21, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

==Changed category to [[:Category:American jurists]] (for now)==

I changed the category of this article from [[:Category:American lawyers]] to [[:Category:American jurists]] for the moment. The reason is that under the category definition of [[:Category:American lawyers]], it includes only people who "have practiced law in the United States by representing and/or advising clients, whether private or government". Law clerks, though, do not necessarilly fall under that definition, since they have no client per se and, depending on the definition, may or may not be practicing attorneys. That's not to say that they aren't eligible to practice (they almost certainly are), just that they may or may not have practiced as a lawyer in addition to being a clerk. Some clerks, for example, go straight from being a law clerk into either politics or become judges, and never act as attorneys for clients.

Therefore I moved the category up a notch to "Jurists", which does clearly include anyone who makes use of knowledge of the law in a professional capacity. It seems a more appropriate category given the current category definitions. Now if the category definition for "American lawyers" is modified to also include clerks, then this list obviously can be moved back down to lawyers. [[User:Dugwiki|Dugwiki]] 17:55, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

==clerks that aren't listed==

Gay Gellhorn, clerked for Justice Thurgood Marshall (1983-84), needs to be added. I added her a number of months ago (with citations) but she has since been removed. Before clerking for Justice Marshall she clerked for Judge Oakes of the 2nd Circuit (1982-83). Gellhorn is the daughter of Walter Gellhorn who clerked for Harlan Fiske Stone (1931-32). She's a 1982 alumna of Seattle University School of Law and Professor Emeritus, University of District of Columbia School of Law.
http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1179270996116
http://books.google.com/books?id=TGwpIvd3IzAC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=%22gay+gellhorn%22&source=bl&ots=XZfd_jYob_&sig=IgpLJ-P6f5Ye_MpL2kpA26lybAw&hl=en&ei=_HzmSY3sKI2SMoOrtNQF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10

------------------- —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.194.72.32|66.194.72.32]] ([[User talk:66.194.72.32|talk]]) 01:20, 16 April 2009 (UTC) 

I can think of one off the top of my head. Tom Colby--who is now a professor at GW--clerked for david souter at the supreme court, but i don't know what year.

------------------

I see one that isn't listed - my grandfather, William Joslin, who clerked for Hugo Black from 1947 to 1948. I tried to add that entry about an hour ago, but it's already been deleted. I am going to make the change again. Why did someone delete my entry?
: It's been updated and has not been deleted. Check again. [[User:Zz414|Zz414]] 20:27, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

-------------------

I see another that isn't listed: one of my favorite law profs: Philip Soper, who graduated from Harvard in 1969 (editor, Harvard law review) and clerked for Byron White the following year. See his biography at http://cgi2.www.law.umich.edu/_FacultyBioPage/facultybiopagenew.asp?ID=242
: Added. [[User:Four42two|Four42two]] 16:09, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

-------------------

It might be worth the effort to go through the online faculty bios of Yale, Harvard, and Columbia. It seems like many of their professors would be former clerks.

==Clerks to be Added==

I confirmed with Gey Gellhorn today that she clerked for Justice Thurgood Marshall 1983-84 and before that for Judge James L. Oakes 1982-83. She graduated from Seattle University School of Law. Here's some supporting info. Can someone please add this? I don't know how to edit this page.
http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2007/05/16/all-in-the-family-father-daughter-supreme-court-clerks/
http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1179270996116
http://www.gradprofiles.com/u-dist-colum-law.html
http://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/text/marshall.html —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.194.72.32|66.194.72.32]] ([[User talk:66.194.72.32|talk]]) 21:29, 16 April 2009 (UTC) 

If someone more experienced than I has a moment, and the ability, can you add the following. My Dad, Harry L. Shniderman, was a clerk to Justice Wiley Rutledge, 1944-45. He was Harvard Class of 1941. No prior clerk experience. Can someone add him to the list. Thanks.[[User:Kinetixtoo|Kinetixtoo]] 02:40, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Added the clerkship, but couldn't find a source for school/year. If there's one easily accessible, please let me know. Thx. [[User:Four42two|Four42two]] 15:57, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

[[Richard N. Goodwin]] clerked for Frankfurter in 1958. He graduate from Harvard in 1958 (according to his wikipedia page). So if someone please could add him, that would be great.

Kenneth R. Reed clerked for William O. Douglas in O.T. 1971. He was a 1971 graduate of Arizona's law school, and had no previous clerkship. I know this as he was one of my co-clerks that year. If you need a more formal reference, I refer you to the list of clerks at the end of WOD's autobiography, The Court Years. I can't figure out how to add him to the table myself, so if someone else could please do this, I would be grateful. --[[User:Rjacobson|Rjacobson]] ([[User talk:Rjacobson|talk]]) 17:14, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

As a classmate of Joshua Waldman, Columbia '98, I think I recall that prior to SCOTUS he was one of Merrick Garland's first circuit clerks. I also believe that Dierdre von Dornum, Columbia '97, clerked for Anita Brody (EDPA) in 1997-98 and Stephen Reinhardt (9th Cir.) in 1998-99. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.188.235.131|24.188.235.131]] ([[User talk:24.188.235.131|talk]]) 03:05, 23 September 2010 (UTC) 

==Why this organization?==

I strongly suggest that the order of the Justices in this entry be reorganized. To be sure, the Chief Justices needs to be treated separately, and as a group. But, after that, I think that organizing the list by "seat number" is not very helpful or informative ''in this context''. I would simply list the Justices in either alphabetical order or (better yet!) in chronological order, either forward or reverse.

I know this issue has been raised before on the discussion page, but it's worth raising again.
[[User:P.D.|P.D.]] 01:48, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

==O.W. Holmes Clerks Alger Hiss -1928- and Donald Hiss -1931-==

I'm not clever enough to work with the chart codes, but would someone add to Oliver Wendell Holmes' chart two key clerks -- Alger Hiss, in 1929-30 (Harvard '29) and his brother Donald Hiss, in 1931 (Harvard 1931?). For cite, see http://homepages.nyu.edu/~th15/timeline.html The chart has a formatting issue that I can't overcome. [[User:Sclarkson|Sclarkson]] 12:18, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

==Template foul-up==
Someone who was I'm sure trying to fix what may seem like redundancy in the template, moved some style formatting around resulting in the odd coloration of the tables. I've fixed it and tried to reconstitute most of the other improvements made since. The template now is correct. If it gets mangled again, I suggest reverting to [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Start_SCOTUS_clerk_table&oldid=132585588 this revision] (the current one). [[User:Pmaccabe|Phil]] 02:09, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

==Problems spanning decades==
While this format may be particularly useful for a handful of contemporary clerks, it becomes particularly unwieldy as it grows. In particular:
*Originally, clerks rarely clerked for someone else, rendering a superfluous column.
*Some clerks never attended law school at all; for them, I have designated when they passed the bar.
*Some clerks split time with the same justice, or moved from justice to justice, rendering the format rather awkward for them.
*Many, many clerks do not have Wiki articles; should they all be linked, as if one day there will be an article for each?
Just a few concerns before there are nearly 2,000 names listed on the site. --Zz414 18:07, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
::I still wonder why this table is organized by "Seat." The Chief Justices should probably be listed as a group, but all the other Justices, it seems to me, should just be set out in order of their appointment. Grouping them by "seat" doesn't really serve any useful purpose.[[User:P.D.|P.D.]] 18:49, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
:::I do think it's helpful in one sense--often clerks will overlap with a new justice, and putting them together makes sense. Additionally, it makes it neatly chronological, rather than the overlapping system that would happen if we just did justices in order of appointment. Perhaps an alphabetical list of justices? --Zz414 18:59, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
::::It really should NOT be organized by "seat," but rather chronologically by appointment. No one thinks in terms of "seats" and it's irrelevant for these purposes. And law clerks never (or almost never) overlap between a retiring justice and a succeeding justice. I clerked for Justice Blackmun and was his "overlap" clerk, cleaning out his chambers for Justice Breyer. Justice Breyer certainly didn't keep on any of the Blackmun clerks, but hired a couple of his old clerks (including one who had gone on to clerk for Souter, so knew his way around). —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/{{{IP|{{{User|66.108.144.83}}}}}}|{{{IP|{{{User|66.108.144.83}}}}}}]] ([[User talk:{{{IP|{{{User|66.108.144.83}}}}}}|talk]]) {{{Time|13:44, August 20, 2007 (UTC)}}} 

==Should being a clerk be notable? Not by itself. ==

I'm sorry, while I agree its an exceptional academic achievement, I don't believe simply being a clerk is enough to warrant an article as much as becoming a Rhodes Scholar would automatically warrant an article --especially when this was the height of notability. Therefore I lean against having all of these red links that imply an article should be created. --[[User:Bobak|Bobak]] 20:58, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
:That may be true, but it is a rare Supreme Court clerk who does not rise to success (and possibly notability) in other areas following the clerkship - as evidenced by the many blue links. Cheers! [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 22:22, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

I don't think this page needs to exist. Those former clerks that become notable get a page to themselves. The rest... I don't think they are notable just because they were clerks. [[User:Psychocadet|Psychocadet]] ([[User talk:Psychocadet|talk]]) 06:03, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
:Not every name on the list needs to be notable for it to be worthwhile for us to put together a complete list. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 06:06, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

* I don't agree. This is, after all, an entry-level legal job. It is a VERY hard to get job and I won't pretend I would be hired, but it is still a job. [[User:Psychocadet|Psychocadet]] ([[User talk:Psychocadet|talk]]) 04:41, 18 June 2008 (UTC)
**Not exactly entry-level - as a rule, Justices these days (and in most cases going back decades) will not hire someone who has not previously clerked, preferably on a Court of Appeals. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 04:48, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

==More Clerks to be Added==

*Carter Phillips -- Burger (late seventies or early eighties?)
[[User:Pennoyer|Pennoyer]] ([[User talk:Pennoyer|talk]]) 07:14, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

*I have no idea how to add this Ronald J. Mann (U. Texas 1985), one year behind me in law school, clerked for Justice Powell from 1986 - 1987. He previously clerked for Judge Sneed of the 9th Circuit.

See: http://www.columbia.edu/~mr2651/mannrj1_cv.pdf

I don't know to edit this page anymore, but I'm fairly certain that Chuck Norris was not one of Justice Frankfurter's first set of clerks. Mr. Norris's legend grows by the day, but this isn't part of it. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/76.111.123.171|76.111.123.171]] ([[User talk:76.111.123.171|talk]]) 06:18, 4 February 2009 (UTC) 

I also can't figure out how to edit this page anymore, but Prof. Gay Gellhorn was erroneously removed from this list (despite valid citation). She's the daughter of Walter Gellhorn who clerked for Justice Harlan Fiske Stone (1931-32) and was featured in a Legal Times article about father-daughter clerkship legacies. Gay Gellhorn is a 1982 alumna of Seattle University School of Law who clerked for Justice Thurgood Marshall, before which she clerked for Judge James Oakes, US Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit. Here is a link to the Legal Times article: http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1179270996116 and here is a link to a "Making Constitutional Law" by Mark Tushnet excerpt listing Marshall clerks who went on to become law professors (including Prof. Gellhorn, Professor Emeritus, University of District of Columbia School of Law): http://books.google.com/books?id=TGwpIvd3IzAC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=%22gay+gellhorn%22&source=bl&ots=XZfd_jYob_&sig=IgpLJ-P6f5Ye_MpL2kpA26lybAw&hl=en&ei=_HzmSY3sKI2SMoOrtNQF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10
Someone please add her or provide instructions on how to do so. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.194.72.32|66.194.72.32]] ([[User talk:66.194.72.32|talk]]) 01:12, 16 April 2009 (UTC) 

==Split==
I'm proposing that this page be split into Seat specfic pages in order to make it more browse-able and easier to use. I'll wait a week to see community conensus. [[User:Mbisanz|Mbisanz]] ([[User talk:Mbisanz|talk]]) 01:44, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
*'''Strong support''' - by seat is the most logical split, and it's simply too big ''not'' to be, at this point (and will only keep growing). [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 02:05, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
*'''Strong opposition''' - I am opposed to splitting this article. I realize that its size is growing, but I think a split would make it much more difficult to notice patterns and trends in general in clerk hiring. A split by seat might reveal patterns and trends for one particular justice, but not for the court as a whole over time. If a split should occur, which I am most certainly not recommending, logically I think it should be done by court (i.e. Warren Court clerks, Burger Court clerks, Rehnquist Court clerks, etc.). That would still allow more general trends and patterns in hiring to be ascertained. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] ([[User talk:BoBo|talk]]) 11:44, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
:: I second this way of splitting the page. I think it's much more relevant to see who were clerks around the same time, than to see who clerked for the Chief Justice throughout 150 years of history. [[User:Libertylaw|Libertylaw]] ([[User talk:Libertylaw|talk]]) 13:15, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
:::I'm not categoically opposed to a split of this format. But I wouldn't be able to do such a split. Right now the info is sorted by justice, and I don't know how to recreate the tables required of such a split. If there is a how-to page, I could take a look, but since this is the consensus of the community, we might need to bring in a more experienced editor. [[User:Mbisanz|Mbisanz]] ([[User talk:Mbisanz|talk]]) 22:55, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
::::I would think a split by court would necessitate a division by term served. For example, all the clerks would still be arranged by seat but also now would be separated in different articles by the time duration of the court involved. For example, the Supreme Court clerks of the Burger Court would still be separated by seat but include only those clerks that had served from OT 1969 to OT 1986. The clerks of the Rehnquist Court would slightly overlap, beginning with OT 1986 and ending with OT 2005. Roberts Court clerks would start with OT 2005. The clerks of terms that end one court and begin a second court would be repeated in successive articles. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] ([[User talk:BoBo|talk]]) 00:49, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
:::::Correct, that is what consensus seems to be. I'm looking at the code and am confident that I would screw it up trying to break it out like that. [[User:Mbisanz|Mbisanz]] ([[User talk:Mbisanz|talk]]) 01:11, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
::::::There's no reason we couldn't have one set of articles on the split by seat, and another on the split by Court, so long as we maintain a single centralized clearinghouse for all of the information to go through. We are, of course, in the business of making an encyclopedia, which means dispensing as musch information as possible in ways that make it as accessible as possible, for whatever uses readers may have. I can see some people having an interest in the progression of clerks for a seat, with others having an interest in the progression of clerks for a Court. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 22:13, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
::::::: Well right now we have a consensus ot split it one way. So as far as splits go, that is the only way. On the other hand, I might take a stab at creating new articles by seat. [[User:Mbisanz|Mbisanz]] ([[User talk:Mbisanz|talk]]) 22:15, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
::::::::I don't see a consensus to go in any particular direction at the moment. Ergo we may as well go in all directions at once. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 22:36, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
::::::::: Good point. I will being tackling the breaking out by seat in the near future. But I'd happily accept help breaking out by court. [[User:Mbisanz|Mbisanz]] ([[User talk:Mbisanz|talk]]) 22:39, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
:::::::::: I am a little new to do this, but who actually would have to do a split by court? Is there a pool of officially sanctioned Wikipedia editors capable of doing such alterations in rearranging templates? I would think the same basic template of this article could be used for each new article with the clerks of that particular court merely cut and pasted from this article into the new article. Am I oversimplifying the process? I would much prefer a division by court over a division by seat. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] ([[User talk:BoBo|talk]]) 00:04, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
::::::::::: Nope, anyone can do this. That's the beauty of Wikipedia! [[User:Libertylaw|Libertylaw]] ([[User talk:Libertylaw|talk]]) 00:08, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
::::::::::: Correct anyone can do the split, I just don't know enough of how to format wiki-tables to do more than a simple split. [[User:Mbisanz|Mbisanz]] ([[User talk:Mbisanz|talk]]) 01:54, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
::::::::::::As the article is, splitting by seat would be very simple (it's already done that way on the page). [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 07:14, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
:::::::::::::I do not mind a split by seat AS A BEGINNING, but I would be opposed to it without a guarantee of an ultimate split by court. I would assume that someone in the Wikipedia administration should know how to do a split by court. I have never done a template split and would feel awkward trying it. Can't the site recruit an internal expert to deal with this problem? I fear that once this main article is split by seat, nothing will be done to reconstitute articles of clerks by court. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] ([[User talk:BoBo|talk]]) 12:08, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

* Can we have a separate page listing all current and forthcoming clerks? I think a lot of people use this page to find out new hiring news, and it would be more difficult to look at 9 different pages. [[User:Libertylaw|Libertylaw]] ([[User talk:Libertylaw|talk]]) 14:13, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
:: Its a good idea Liberty, but I think its something more for Wikinews than Wikipedia. Current events and news things are generally covered in a more newspaper like format, with the encyclopedia articles more reserved for things of continuing historical record. However, I wouldn't be opposed to year by year pages for each set of clerks. That would permit there to be a "...clerks of 2007" that would be the current and incoming sets. [[User:Mbisanz|Mbisanz]] ([[User talk:Mbisanz|talk]]) 22:45, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
:::How about a page just showing clerks of the 9 current justices, so a justice who has been serving for 20 years would have 20 years worth of clerks listed, while a 2 year justice would just show two years worth. It would still make for a much smaller page and we would still have this big historical page to link to. [[User:NoSeptember/Signature14|'''NoSeptember''']] 14:09, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
::::That would work very well going forward - at the end of that justice's term of service, we would have a complete list of their clerks. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 19:14, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Are we ready to do this? --[[User:MZMcBride|MZMcBride]] ([[User talk:MZMcBride|talk]]) 05:19, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
: I have a plan. Use the method I used in the [[List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area]] - have individual pages, but also have a single page into which all the individual pages transclude. Then use this page as a directory of the subpages (including the transclusion page) with a size warning (see [[List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area (all)]] (Warning: large page, page loads very slowly). Each subpage uses a templated header and footer, to maintain consistency across the pages. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 05:51, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
:: Tested it out some, couldn't get it to work. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 07:34, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
:::Eh? What was the issue? I'm pretty good with MediaWiki. ;-) --[[User:MZMcBride|MZMcBride]] ([[User talk:MZMcBride|talk]]) 08:05, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
:::: Ha! I just realised what the issue is - the "includeonly" tags that I put on the subpages are ''inside'' the templates. They need to be outside so each template can transclude independently. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 08:13, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
:::: Boom, done - no more long page. All transclusions, now. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 08:27, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

==Future clerks==

I think we should prohibit the listing of clerks until they actually take office. I realize that some people turn to this list to glean the availability of positions, but really until the office is assumed, it's sort of crystal ball gazing to say what will happen. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 00:53, 22 December 2007 (UTC)
:I somewhat disagree. Just because someone has not started a job yet, doesn't mean that they haven't been interviewed and hired already. As this article can be constantly updated, it would be easy to correct the lists if a clerk decides to decline a position in advance of filling it or is fired before starting. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] ([[User talk:BoBo|talk]]) 01:06, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

==Phillip Elman==

Elman, a Harvard Law graduate, was one of Felix Frankfurter's clerks from '41 until '43. I am new to Wikipedia and do not want to mess with a table just yet. Can someone help? [[User:MattDredd|MattDredd]] ([[User talk:MattDredd|talk]]) 04:08, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
* Previous clerkship (if any)? Year of graduation? [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 07:36, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
**I'm not sure.[[User:MattDredd|MattDredd]] ([[User talk:MattDredd|talk]]) 04:38, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

==Notables versus list?==

While I am not in the law field, I know the significance of being a supereme court law clerk. However, this page seems to not encapsulate that idea. I look at the list, and over 90% seem to be red links and not blue links. I don't see the notability of who was a law clerk in 1941, unless that person rose to prominence other than just becoming the law clerk, i.e. we should have a page dedicated to the blue links, explaining the importance of the position, and maybe a list of current law clerks. Otherwise, all we have is an almost unwieldy list of names where most of them are not notable except for one achievement. It's like listing every student ever getting a scholarship to Harvard or Yale; going to those schools is notable, but not enough so to list every single name, just the notable ones. [[User:Angryapathy|Angryapathy]] ([[User talk:Angryapathy|talk]]) 15:53, 12 January 2009 (UTC)
: There's a difference between omitting the name altogether, and simply not putting a red link there. [[User:BD2412|'''''bd2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 23:25, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Still, that avoids the issue that whether or not the names or red linked or not linked, these names are not notable in themselves to be put into a massive list for purely being a law clerk. I personally think this article would be better if we cut out the non-notables. Anyone have an opinion on that? [[User:Angryapathy|Angryapathy]] ([[User talk:Angryapathy|talk]]) 16:53, 13 January 2009 (UTC)
:I disagree. It's providing useful information, particularly with regard to patterns relating to law schools and prior clerkships. If we're going to include those two details, omitting the clerks' names seems pointless. [[User:SS451|SS451]] ([[User talk:SS451|talk]]) 20:17, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

I agree with the concern; listing every single clerk is not notable. A list of notable clerks, and who they clerked for, could be useful, but to have such a long list of just people who did a random job, no matter how prestigious, feels gratuitous. In contrast to this page, we don't have a list of everyone who was ever been a US senator because each of those people is important to have a page in their own right. If a clerk is not important enough to have their own page I don't think we should list them. I feel like most people not very invested in this page would agree as well. [[User:THEMlCK|THEMlCK]] ([[User talk:THEMlCK|talk]]) 05:18, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
:The notability of the list itself is derived from the Justices, not the clerks - the individual clerks are not ''per se'' notable. What this article does is organize relevant biographical information about the Justices - who they chose and from which school. Obviously, not all of them deserve their own article, and therefore should not be red linked. [[User:MattDredd|MattDredd]] ([[User talk:MattDredd|talk]]) 04:42, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

==RfC: Should the List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the US be trimmed down to include only notable clerks?==

Should the List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the US be trimmed down to include only notable clerks? [[User:Angryapathy|Angryapathy]] ([[User talk:Angryapathy|talk]]) 18:17, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

===Comment===
I see that there is strong support for keeping the list, but according to LibertyLaw, it is useful to keep a list of current and former clerks for each sitting justice; however, I still see no reason to keep the extremely incomplete list of clerks from retired/deceased judges. [[User:Angryapathy|Angryapathy]] ([[User talk:Angryapathy|talk]]) 16:32, 28 October 2009 (UTC)
: The list is not "extremely incomplete"; in fact, a relatively small percentage of entries are missing. Besides, [[Wikipedia:There is no deadline|there is no deadline]] to uncover the remaining omissions. [[User:Billyboy01|Billyboy01]] ([[User talk:Billyboy01|talk]]) 03:30, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
::I can see that while this list does not follow [[WP:STAND]]: "Selected lists of people should be selected for importance/notability in that category and should have Wikipedia articles (or the reasonable expectation of an article in the future)," since the vast majority of the names on the list will never get their own articles, it looks like consensus goes more toward [[WP:IAR]]. It's odd that this list is so important to court-watchers, no other legal site has bothered to list all this information. [[User:Angryapathy|Angryapathy]] ([[User talk:Angryapathy|talk]]) 04:09, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

===Discussion===
*'''Yes''': This list has become overly cumbersome. The sheer number of clerks begs the question why every single one deserves mention on WP. According to [[WP:STAND]]: "Selected lists of people should be selected for importance/notability in that category and should have Wikipedia articles (or the reasonable expectation of an article in the future)." The majority of these names will most likely not be receiving individual article treatment. [[User:Angryapathy|Angryapathy]] ([[User talk:Angryapathy|talk]]) 18:22, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

*'''No''': This list is an important resource for Court-watchers and clerkship-watchers. It's relevant to keep track of which Justice likes to hire from which schools and appellate judges, and from the other side, it's relevant to keep track of which schools and appellate judges are good at placing their students/clerks at the Supreme Court. Additionally, Supreme Court clerks have a high probability of becoming notable in the future, even though few of them are notable at the time they are hired. The complete list is thus useful as a "people to watch" list as well. --[[User:Libertylaw|Libertylaw]] ([[User talk:Libertylaw|talk]]) 23:38, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
:::So does that explain the need for the clerks in 1910? [[User:Angryapathy|Angryapathy]] ([[User talk:Angryapathy|talk]]) 03:30, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

*'''No''': Libertylaw's argument is persuasive, and there's something to be said for completion when listing members of this select a group. If this particular list becomes difficult to manage, there's nothing that says it can't be split by era, or by justice, or something of that kind. [[User:RayAYang|Ray]][[User_talk:RayAYang|Talk]] 03:47, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

*'''No''': The length of this article is not unmanageable. There is no reason to make it just about notable clerks. Many people use this article to notice trends in law clerk hiring. Which law schools? Which feeder judges? etc. A more comprehensive list is needed to allow a more accurate perusal for trends, not a trimmed one. [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] ([[User talk:BoBo|talk]]) 04:11, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
: '''Concur''': All Supreme Court justices are notable, and this list tracks trends in their hiring practices. Omitting non-notable hires would obfuscate these trends. For example, how many non-Columbia grads did Harlan Fisk Stone hire while seated as an [[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)|Associate Justice]]? It's not much different than trying to determine how many non-Canadians were selected in the [[1963 NHL Amateur Draft|1963 NHL Draft]]. In both cases, a comprehensive list of selections made by notable entities contains some non-notable entries, but trying to remove non-notables from the lists would confuse matters by painting an incomplete and misleading picture. That said, I would agree that the article has too many red links and that it makes sense to remove the wiki links for non-notables. [[User:Billyboy01|Billyboy01]] ([[User talk:Billyboy01|talk]]) 04:29, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
*'''No''': per [[User:BoBo|BoBo]] [[User:Ngchen|Ngchen]] ([[User talk:Ngchen|talk]]) 17:06, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
*'''No''': This is possibly the only place in the world where a compilation of this information exists. Plus, as alluded to above, this list is finite.[[User:MattDredd|MattDredd]] ([[User talk:MattDredd|talk]]) 23:40, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
*'''Yes''': While I agree with BoBo that "A more comprehensive list is needed to allow a more accurate perusal for trends", and Billyboy01 for his reasons for concurrinng, and with Ngchen for saying that this may be the only compilation of this material presented in this way, my recognition of the value of this information is unrelated to the fact that Wikipedia is not the place for this kind of resource. As a long-term goal, almost every name worth mentioning on Wikipedia, even as part of a list, ought to either link to a wikipage for that person or to some single notable event in which they had major participation. It is a bother for readers not doing research to come across exhaustive lists that will never be developed, and that is what is happening here. There are rows of dead wikilinks for people who are not known to be notable, and this does not make for a good article. [[User talk:Bluerasberry|Blue Rasberry]] 19:23, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
* '''Yes'''. As per Rasberry & [[WP:SALAT]]. The goal of the list is admirable, but the exhaustive nature of the list is more appropriate to an legal [[almanac]], not an encyclopedia. If this list holds real value to members of the legal community, I'm sure it can find a home on an open-content legal website. --[[User:Whoosit|Whoosit]] ([[User talk:Whoosit|talk]]) 22:50, 27 October 2009 (UTC)
*'''Yes''': Per [[WP:SALAT]]. I agree with [[User:Whoosit|Whoosit]]'s statement above. Some clerks go on to be federal judges or politicians. However, not all rise to any notability. I believe the standard should be set where the people on the list could each individually have their own article. This high standard I believe is nessacary. --[[User:Reubzz|Reubzz]] ([[User talk:Reubzz|talk]]) 16:54, 7 November 2009 (UTC)
*'''No''': Per Bobo and BillyBoy01--[[User:Rajah|Rajah]] ([[User talk:Rajah|talk]]) 00:29, 8 March 2010 (UTC)
*'''Yes''': Per [[WP:SALAT]]. This is a extremely long list of predominantly non-notable people. The law school preferences of certain justices -- a frequently cited justification for the project -- is itself of extremely questionable notability or interest to anyone other than an extremely small set of lawyers who seek these short-term positions. The article is comparable to a list of "persons who took a prestigious residency at Johns Hopkins," "people who became the personal assistant to Brad Pitt" or "pilots qualified to fly the SR-71 Blackbird" or any of the other millions of lists that could be conceived of hard-to-get jobs connected to some notable institution or person. --[[User:Red375|Red375]] ([[User talk:Red375|talk]]) 5 October 2010.
*'''No''': For lawyers, this is like a list of teams in the NCAA Sweet 16, or of winners of the Boston Marathon. Further, the number of Supreme Court clerks each year is small. There's no good reason to prune the list.--[[User:Bhagerty|Bhagerty]] ([[User talk:Bhagerty|talk]]) 22:07, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 19:57, 5 October 2010 (UTC). 

No. The decision on what constitutes a "notable" clerk will certainly be arbitrary. For example, what about the professor you have in law school? Or the partner in your law office? I have accessed the site dozens of times for various reasons. There is no good reason to shorten the list--wikipedia is not running out of storage space. Those who would prefer the list as is should be able to access it as it is. If a shorter list is prefered, then a simple subheading before the large comprehensive list can be included to say "Notable Clerks." —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/38.108.42.162|38.108.42.162]] ([[User talk:38.108.42.162|talk]]) 22:21, 12 October 2010 (UTC) 

*'''No'''. Of historical interest. The composition of the clerks is a perennial news story. The clerks are far more notable than the fourth-string quarterback for the Buffalo Bills, but we don't have a problem with complete NFL rosters for every team for every year. [[Special:Contributions/72.66.102.153|72.66.102.153]] ([[User talk:72.66.102.153|talk]]) 23:53, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

*'''No'''. Fine arguments have been made above about the inherent "notability" of the contents of this list. I think a lot of the criticisms citing [[WP:SALAT]] are inapplicable to a list like this that is so objectively finite. The test for determining a notable clerk will be unavoidably arbitrary, and the points about a complete list being cumbersome are far outweighed by the historical and current importance of a comprehensive list. [[User:Verkhovensky|Verkhovensky]] ([[User talk:Verkhovensky|talk]]) 18:51, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

*'''No''': This list is an incredibly valuable resource that lawyers and legal journalists rely on frequently. Within the last 24 hours, after some of the names were deleted (to apparent error in deletion by [[User:Explicit|Explicit]], I heard from both a leading legal journalist as well as a Supreme Court practitioner (two different people) asking what had happened to the list. It is useful and important.[[User:Broodingomnipresence|Broodingomnipresence]] ([[User talk:Broodingomnipresence|talk]]) 19:15, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

==Rufus Day==
William R(ufus) Day's clerk is listed as Rufus Day, meaning he clerked for himself. That should be fixed... --[[User:Rajah|Rajah]] ([[User talk:Rajah|talk]]) 00:27, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

User talk:Explicit

2012-10-13T18:52:53Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Lists of Law Clerks */ new section

{{administrator}}
{{Busy}}
{{Usertalkback|you=watched|me=watched|icon=stop|iconcell=valign=center}}
{{archive box|image=[[File:45 rpm record.png|40px]]|search=yes|auto=yes}}

== Deletion of car photos ==

Please reconsider your deletion of the many car photos as unsourced. You'll notice they list the source as promotional material sent out by the agency - the uploader was a collector of said material. I believe they are sourced properly. [[User:Magog the Ogre|Magog the Ogre]] ([[User talk:Magog the Ogre|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Magog the Ogre|c]]) 03:17, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

:The uploader, {{User|Barnstarbob}}, has been banned for nearly a year. According to a comment made in [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2012 August 29#File:1957 Starfire 98.jpg|this discussion]] by {{User|Biker Biker}}, this user has a history of faulty uploads, and the first two blocks in the user's block log seem to confirm this. The image in that discussion appears to be similar to these other images that have been deleted. Taking all this into account, reasonable doubt is surely merited here? — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 03:25, 7 September 2012 (UTC)
::I don't think so. The photographs look very much like what he claimed they were. I had an extensive conversation with Bob about these images a while back, but for the life of me I can't find it. However, the source seems credible to me: they were press photographs that he collected, scanned, and uploaded. [[User:Magog the Ogre|Magog the Ogre]] ([[User talk:Magog the Ogre|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Magog the Ogre|c]]) 04:39, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

:::I think you may be referring to [[User talk:Magog the Ogre/Archive 5#PD Images|this discussion]]. I did a little research, and I'm not entirely sure that Barnstarbob did in fact scan these images as he claims. For example, [http://www.gmphotostore.com/1960-Chevrolet-Bel-Air-4-Door-Sedan/productinfo/53216931/ this] image at the GM photo store was uploaded under [[:File:60 Bel Air.jpg]]. The main issue here is that the image needs to be purchased to obtain the image without the watermark, which was conveniently cropped out in the upload. Can commercial images up for sale like this be in the public domain at the same time? — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 02:43, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

== Court Moor School ==

Hi Explicit,

Please restore the image [[:File:Court Moor School Logo.jpg]] as this file meets the Fair Use criteria - in particular it meets the <nowiki>{{Non-free seal}}</nowiki> licencing criteria. Once the file has been restored, I will ensure that the licencing tag is in place.[[User:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[User talk:Martinvl|talk]]) 06:12, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

:And it is done! File restored. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

::Thank you - I have updated the licensing information. [[User:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[User talk:Martinvl|talk]]) 07:00, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

== Deletion of File:Question mark 1.png ==

Hello. I was wondering why you deleted the file so soon, as far as I was aware, the discussion was still on-going. -- Cheers, [[User:Riley Huntley|Riley Huntley]] [[User talk:Riley_Huntley|talk]] 02:09, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
:The discussion went on for seven days and it could have been closed any time after that. The file was speaking of was [[:File:Question Mark 1.svg]]. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:23, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

== Reinstate Page Please ==

May I request that our page be re-instated please.

00:24, 12 April 2012 Explicit (talk | contribs) deleted page MicroPlanner X-Pert (Expired PROD, concern was: Does not establish notability through 3rd party sources.) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Rafdua|Rafdua]] ([[User talk:Rafdua|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rafdua|contribs]])  

:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px]] '''Done''' - as a contested [[Wikipedia:proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], the article has been restored on request. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:23, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

==Fur==
If you restore [[:File:Squier 01.jpg]], I will add FUR. --[[User:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )|Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )]] ([[User talk:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )|talk]]) 21:27, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

:{{Done}}. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:23, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Do you recognize that this image had a rationale? You deleted it for not having one, yet it had one ... --[[User:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )|Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )]] ([[User talk:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )|talk]]) 03:46, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

:How did "low res, no revenue loss, only pic" meet all the [[WP:FUR#Necessary components|required components of a fair use rationale]]?. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:25, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

== Please reinstate Steven Beattie professional footballer ==

You recently deleted Steven Beattie who is an Irish professional footballer.
This page has been deleted. The deletion and move log for the page are provided below for reference.
* 00:16, 25 June 2012 Explicit (talk | contribs) deleted page Steven Beattie (Expired PROD, concern was: Article about a footballer who fails WP:GNG and who has not played in a fully pro league.)

The player in question got a season ending injury last year so never played a game with Puerto Rico Islanders, however he is back playing professionally with UMF Tindastoll in the Icelandic first division. Could you please reinstate the page please?
Thank you — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/93.95.76.179|93.95.76.179]] ([[User talk:93.95.76.179|talk]]) 22:40, 9 September 2012 (UTC) 

:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px]] '''Done''' - as a contested [[Wikipedia:proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], the article has been restored on request. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:25, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

== Deleted Stone Bond Wiki ==

Your comment - This page has been deleted. The deletion and move log for the page are provided below for reference. 00:25, 25 August 2012 Explicit (talk | contribs) deleted page Stone Bond Technologies (Expired PROD, concern was: Reads like a Spam article. No indication of notability. Company seems to have won a Fast Tech 50 award for growth in Houston Texas for 2006, but beyond that single event WP:EVENT, that's seems to be it.)

Stone Bond is a leading global provider of data integration services. In 2012 we were named by Forrester research as a Strong Performer for data virtualization and integration software. This recognition was bestowed to 8 solutions out of over 150.

Over the past 10 years our company, through our products have help cure Cancer with MD Anderson and Cornell School of Medicine, helped corporations eliminate mountains of paper waste and helped global oil companies reduce pollution.

For you to take down a site such as this is inconsolable. Please restore the site so we can update it appropriately. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/38.104.60.30|38.104.60.30]] ([[User talk:38.104.60.30|talk]]) 21:33, 10 September 2012 (UTC) 

:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px]] '''Done''' - as a contested [[Wikipedia:proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], the article has been restored on request. Please consider reading the [[WP:CORP|notability guideline for organizations and companies]] to understand why the article was originally deleted, and what you can do to address the concerns. I also noticed you used the term "we", and reading the [[WP:COI|conflict of interest guideline]] may also be worthwhile. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 19:58, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

== [[Geordie dialect words]] ==

Hi there. I saw that you deleted this for reason G8, but as far as I can tell its target still exists. Can you give me a link to where it was pointing and/or restore it? I moved it crosswiki to [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Transwiki:Geordie_dialect_words here], and I thought it was correct to leave a redirect from here. —[[User:Torchiest|Torchiest]] [[User talk:Torchiest|talk]][[Special:Contributions/Torchiest|edits]] 12:41, 14 September 2012 (UTC)
:I deleted that by mistake, sorry about that. I have restored it. This keeps showing up as a broken redirect for some reason, which explains why I accidentally deleted it. I've tried looking for a template similar to {{tl|Wiktionary redirect}}, but for Wikibooks, with no success. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:37, 14 September 2012 (UTC)
::Yeah, no one has been 100% sure how to handle it, as it's a bit of a strange situation. Let me know if you figure out a fix, and I'll do the same. Thanks! —[[User:Torchiest|Torchiest]] [[User talk:Torchiest|talk]][[Special:Contributions/Torchiest|edits]] 01:39, 15 September 2012 (UTC)

== [[GELLMU]] ==

You deleted the stub telling that you couldn't google anything about it.

I cannot make more than a stub of it, but references are:
* [http://www.albany.edu/~hammond/gellmu/ home page]
* [http://www.albany.edu/~hammond/gellmu/#SU-1 intro]
* [http://www.albany.edu/~hammond/gellmu/#SU-2 sample in various formats]

Software and Documentation are available via the [http://ctan.org/pkg/gellmu GELLMU] page of [[CTAN]].

GELLMU is one of many competing approaches to get some [[SGML]] from TeX. [[GELLMU]] is a "See also" in [[LaTeX2HTML]]. In some private [http://www.webdesign-bu.de/uwe_lueck/heyctan.htm#html notes] of mine I am gathering such projects (the descriptions may improve next days).

The [http://ctan.org/pkg/tex4ht CTAN Page] on [[TeX4ht]] says that the latter approaches GELLMU with respect to certain "robustness" characteristics. [[TeX4ht]] in turn seems to be so important that notable maintainers of TeX software (Karl Berry former TUG president and maintainer of TeX Live) have taken over maintenance, i.e., there are users who need it. I must confess that I don't know how many users GELLMU has.

The relevance could derive from the fact that when I sit together with professional TeX users, web designers, and uses of ebooks, these matters are often discussed.

Could this material make it worth reviving the article? I had actually looked for it when I tried to improve my notes about the subject, I had seen the article earlier. We might ask the author to fill out the form as in [[TeX4ht]].
--[[User:Lueckless|Lueckless]] ([[User talk:Lueckless|talk]]) 13:40, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

:I'm afraid that this would not suffice. There is a [[WP:GNG|general notability guideline]] which articles should meet to be considered notable and merit inclusion on Wikipedia. GELLMU does not appear to meet the points listed there, and it may very well be non-notable. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:47, 17 September 2012 (UTC)

== Bump (internet) deleted ==

Bump (internet) was a useful article that I miss now. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/193.30.192.187|193.30.192.187]] ([[User talk:193.30.192.187|talk]]) 07:12, 17 September 2012 (UTC) 

== Chief Blue Horse, Pan American Exposition, 1901.jpg ==

Hi Explicit,
The referenced photo is William Jennings Bryan with Sioux chiefs at Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, 1901, part of the Johnston (Frances Benjamin) Collection with the Library of Congress. Please see http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/fbj/item/2004665752/ for the details. I respectfully believe this photo to be in the public domain and hope that you will approve undeleting it. Thank you. [[User:Richlevine00|Richlevine00]] ([[User talk:Richlevine00|talk]]) 16:49, 17 September 2012 (UTC)
:How is this photo under the public domain? The link you provided states that it was published "between ca. 1864 and ca. 1947", which is pretty vague and is a rather huge gap. Since the author died in 1952, it could possibly still be copyrighted until 2022. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:58, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

Your position relies on the presumption of/or possibility of a copyright. The Rights Advisory on this image is: "No known restrictions on publication." The Library of Congress declares that the text "No known restrictions on publication" means that the Library is unaware of any restrictions on the use of the image. There are generally two cases where this phrase is used: 1. There was a copyright and it was not renewed. 2. The image is from a late 19th or early 20th century collection for which there is no evidence of any rights holder; and:

a. There are no copyright markings or other indications on the images to indicate that they were copyrighted or otherwise restricted, AND
b. The records of the U.S. Copyright Office do not indicate any copyright registration, AND

c. The acquisition paperwork for the collection does not contain any evidence of any restrictions, AND

d. Images from the collection have been used and published extensively without anyone stepping forward to claim rights.

e. These facts do not mean the image is in the public domain, but do indicate that no evidence has been found to show that restrictions apply.

Under these circumstances, this historic image of Chief Blue Horse should in good faith be available to the public on Wikipedia, and I hope you will reconsider your initial determination. Respectfully, [[User:Richlevine00|Richlevine00]] ([[User talk:Richlevine00|talk]]) 22:51, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

:Very well, you do bring forward a fairly solid argument. I have gone ahead and restored the image for you. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

Thank you. [[User:Richlevine00|Richlevine00]] ([[User talk:Richlevine00|talk]]) 02:52, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

== Levinsonproofoflife fmt1.ogv ==

I would like to appeal your decision to delete [[:File:Levinsonproofoflife fmt1.ogv]]. This file is unfree, but was within the context of the Article [[Robert Levinson]]. Its removal harms reader's understanding of the subject. [[User:Phearson|Phearson]] ([[User talk:Phearson|talk]]) 00:19, 19 September 2012 (UTC)
:Er, that's pretty vague. Can you explain how? What does the reader gain, and what is lost without the video's presence? — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:58, 19 September 2012 (UTC)
::The article mentions that the Levinson Family receieved a video from the the kidnappers. "On December 9, 2011, the family released the hostage video dated from November 2010" However, there is no details after that. Adding the video shows what went on in that communication with the kidnappers and the response made by the Levinson family. It's removal simply erases this history. [[User:Phearson|Phearson]] ([[User talk:Phearson|talk]]) 20:01, 25 September 2012 (UTC)
:::Okay, but that doesn't address the policy concerns brought up on the discussion page. Additionally, [http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1211/70183.html this source] in the article pretty much summarizes what the video is about. Adding those details into the article should pretty much cover anything in the video. Not to mention that the video is far too long as a fair use candidate; it should pretty much be within the same range as the guideline for [[WP:SAMPLE|music samples]]. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

==[[:File talk:ROCposts.gif]]==

Under what criteria was this deleted rather quickly? [[User:Sfan00 IMG|Sfan00 IMG]] ([[User talk:Sfan00 IMG|talk]]) 20:30, 19 September 2012 (UTC)
:Hm, as the original user who tagged the image for deletion with {{tl|di-replaceable fair use}}, did you feel persuaded by the arguments presented on the talk page that it no longer met that criterion? Your last comment on the talk page wasn't entirely clear. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:47, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

:: There was an ongoing disscussion as to whether OS Opendata would constitute a 'reliable' alternate source [[User:Sfan00 IMG|Sfan00 IMG]] ([[User talk:Sfan00 IMG|talk]]) 00:13, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

:::Okay, I'll go ahead and restore the image and reopen the discussion on the talk page. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

== File:Highway code cover.jpg ==

Hi Explicit

Would you please reinstate File:Highway code cover.jpg. This file is permittred in Wikipedia for two different reasons:

1) The article where it is used is about the publication concerend.
2) The book "Highway Code" was published by the British Government ands as such is subjuect to [[Crown Copyright]] which means that it can be used in Wikipedia.

Once the file is restored, I will ensure that the copyright notices are correctly installed. BTW, the file in question has been part of Wikipedia for at least four years. [[User:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[User talk:Martinvl|talk]]) 06:25, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

:There is a freely licensed cover on Commons: [[:File:The Highway Code 1931.djvu]]. Why do you need both covers, especially when the deleted file isn't a recent edition? — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

::The Higway Code is a continually evolving document and there have been considerable changes over the last 80 years, both in terms of booklet size, contgent and looks. The 1931 copy was in black and white, the current copy is in colour. The current copy has a section on mototrway driving - in 1931 there were no motorways. BTW, the most recent paper version of the Highway Code on its own is the 2007 version - [http://www.tsoshop.co.uk/bookstore.asp?FO=1207776&DI=582744&trackid=002318 advertised here]. Updates to this version are either bundled in with other booklet or are available on-line. [[User:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[User talk:Martinvl|talk]]) 06:35, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

:::Books are often reissued all the time with new covers, and we usually don't include more than one cover, which is usually the first edition cover (see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books/Images#Book covers]]). Take ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', for example. The first edition cover is being used in the infobox, and no other ones are in use, despite there being several of them in existence. The same rule can be applied to this document. The mention of motorways in the newest edition isn't entirely relevant, because unlike [[:File:The Highway Code 1931.djvu]], which showed the entire document, [[:File:Highway code cover.jpg]] was merely the cover, which doesn't say much about motorways. At best, I ''can'' undelete the image, but because of the policies here on Wikipedia, I'd follow-up with it on [[WP:FFD]]. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:12, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

::::May I draw to attention two reasons for re-instatement of the image:
::::*The first edition of the book ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' is essentially the same as the current version, the first edition of the ''[[Highway Code]]'' is very different to the current edition.
::::*The ''Highway Code''' is [[Crown Copyright]] which generally means that it can be reproduced on Wikipedia with under a "[[Open Government License]]". [[User:Martinvl|Martinvl]] ([[User talk:Martinvl|talk]]) 07:32, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

:::::From what the article reads, the Open Government License was made available for works published in or after 2010. As the caption that was originally in the article ''Highway Code'', this cover of this edition was published in 2007, so this license would not apply here. As for the differences between covers, as stated above, we generally don't include more than one, and we generally use the first edition. I have yet to see a compelling reason to restore the file, but as I also stated above, I can restore the file and take it to FFD. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

== Partners ==

Now shows aired. Please, create List of episodes page again. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/85.101.192.199|85.101.192.199]] ([[User talk:85.101.192.199|talk]]) 16:43, 25 September 2012 (UTC) 

:Can you please link the article you speak of? "Partners" alone is extremely vague. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

== JHE Production Group ==

Hi,

I am the new admin for the JHE Production Group page and see it has been deleted. What do I need to do to get it re-instated? Can you please let me know what information you need to prove notability?

Thanks!
[[User:Jessika09|Jessika09]] ([[User talk:Jessika09|talk]]) 20:57, 25 September 2012 (UTC)Samie

:The relevant page is the [[WP:CORP|notability guideline for organizations and companies]]. In general, Wikipedia considers a topic to be [[WP:N|notable]] if there exist multiple [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] of information on the topic, external to the subject itself. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

== Contested prod of [[Sayed Ihsanuddin Taheri]] ==

At the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Articles for creation/Help desk#Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Sayed Ihsanuddin Taheri|AfC helpdesk]] [[User:Kalimkarim|Kalimkarim]], the author of [[Sayed Ihsanuddin Taheri]] (which was prodded a few weeks ago and which you consequently deleted), asked about the fate of his article. On the one hand, I doubt the subject is notable (I haven't looked for sources myself), but on the other hand, I believe contesting the deletion of a prodded article usually leads to undeletion if it comes after the fact. Could you have a look and undelete it if you consider it justified? I'll caution the author about the notability criteria and the possibility of just having it deleted again via AfD. Thanks, [[User:Huon|Huon]] ([[User talk:Huon|talk]]) 12:02, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

:I do believe that reads like a request for undeletion (specifically, the "I wish we could republish..." part), and the article has been restored as per [[WP:CONTESTED]]. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

== Inquiry ==

Hi, your name was mentioned at [[Wikipedia_talk:RFA#Statistics_.28and_lies.3F.29]], so I decided to stop by and see if you might be willing to answer a couple questions?

1. What motivates you to do a lot of deletions? Is it your primary manner of participation on Wikipedia or a smaller part of your overall work?

2. What sorts of things or interactions make your deletion work less pleasant? What sorts of changes or occurrences would make you less likely to perform the number of deletions you presently perform?

3. Do you have any suggestions on how the deletion process or conduct policies surrounding deletions could be improved to encourage greater admin participation?

Feel free to respond here or at WT:RFA, if you decide to respond. Thanks. '''[[User:MBisanz|MBisanz]]''' [[User talk:MBisanz|talk]] 15:54, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

:1. I suppose it has become a habit at this point. Three years of doing the same thing over and over, it just becomes a part of you, in a sense. It has become my primary manner of participation on Wikipedia, and it has been that way for quite some time; I don't have much time for much else, though I do try to create an article every now and then.
:2. The biggest issue for me would be the response I sometimes receive from others users about my deletions. I understand their frustration when pages/files are deleted, but taking out their frustration on me and getting snappy isn't going to move things any faster. This is especially prevalent with images, as I'm one of the few administrators who strictly enforces [[WP:NFCC]], while most of the community does not. I also get flack for not notifying the author of a page of an impending deletion, even though that isn't my job nor is a notification by the nominator required by policy. I actually disabled the email option quite some time ago, as I received most of the insults there.
:The only thing that comes to mind where I would perform less deletions is inactivity on my part. I can't really think of any other reason.
:3. I don't really much of a problem with the current system as it is. I think what may drive other administrators away from deletion work, and at the scale I do, is the type response one receives from so many deletions. Whether it be "restore my page/image!" or "[[User talk:Explicit/Archive 13#File:Kinneksbond.JPG|hey, there's nothing wrong with your deletions—they're all within policy—but you're doing too many, so slow down]]". The latter did contribute to my first case of burnout, as [http://toolserver.org/~tparis/pcount/index.php?name=Explicit&lang=en&wiki=wikipedia one can see] from the dates I received that comment and when I burned out, and I think that's why most avoid the deletion rate that the few of us other administrators dare to take on. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:48, 27 September 2012 (UTC)
:Thanks for responding. I think your point on how we approach those who shoulder most of the admin burden is well taken. Realizing that if someone does 10x more work than everyone else, they may get at least 10x as many complaint is important. Also, realizing that those who do 10x as much work probably are more accurate than most people because of their specialization is important (I think of how poorly we handled Fastily and Rich Farmborough). I'll try to keep that in mind in my future ANI contributions and maybe try to write a proposal down the road. Thanks again. '''[[User:MBisanz|MBisanz]]''' [[User talk:MBisanz|talk]] 16:38, 28 September 2012 (UTC)
:::Explicit, I may not have done as many deletions as you, but I've done over 12,000, and the complaints have been rare, about 1%. Of them, most are in good faith, and just need an explanation--and with an adequate explanation, even if they do not like the result, they are satisfied there has been proper consideration. A few have not been in good faith--so far from bothering me, i regard them as confirmations that I've been deleting what needed to be deleted. And I think in 5 years I have gotten maybe 2 bad faith emails. (Reasonable complaints by email, I don't mind, though I normally tell them I will deal with it on-wiki) If you get more, something is probably less than optimal with either what you are doing or the way you are doing it.
:::Perhaps your admitted refusal to notify editors might account for some of the reason you feel you are getting so many: not notifying people of negative actions concerning their work is guaranteed to cause bad feeling. I know I would immediately get angry at such treatment, and not be very likely to stay around and fix it. I hope that the consensus rapidly shifts about even permitting this. For I certainly cannot figure out why you think it's not your job--almost all other admins think just the opposite. Of course, it does take a little time to do it properly with personal messages, but even the form notices are better than nothing.
:::As for deletion rate, the reason I do not do more is that I know if I look at too many bad articles at one time, it warps my judgment,and I will start stretching the bounds of policy. Perhaps that also has something to do with it. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 19:09, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

::::The types of emails I would receive would usually say something along the lines of "you deleted my article, you <explicative>, get a life/couldn't you be doing something more useful with your life?", and I usually received these emails from single-purpose accounts who more than likely didn't understand the deletion process, or what constitutes as a notable subject. If my deletion work was problematic, I would have been sent at least to ANI at least once, and to my memory, that hasn't happened.
::::Perhaps I may have written my view on notifications vaguely; I meant that I'm not required to send out deletion notices of pages tagged by ''other'' users. I always leave notifications when I tag something for deletion, and surely my contributions show that. Other users are not required to do the same when they tag pages for deletion, and there's no way to enforce something like this when it isn't even a requirement to begin with. It's simply a courtesy notice.
::::And again, as I stated in my first paragraph, if my judgement was faulty when it came to my deletion decisions, this would have been raised at ANI at least once. I'm not very hard to persuade when it comes to undeleting pages that were deletion under noncontroversial circumstances, like [[WP:PROD]], and I certainly have given expanded rationales when it deals with deletion discussions. I always suggest the user take the result of the deletion discussion to DRV, and I can't recall when any of my closures were overturned, either. Taking all of this into account, I really wouldn't consider my actions a problem. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:12, 30 September 2012 (UTC)
::::::My apologies about the notices. I did misunderstand. I don't know any of us who leaves a second notice when we delete an article that is already tagged, nor do I see any reason why anyone should (except when we need to do something like a warning or a block). I seem to have over-reacted upon hearing that as I understood it. Perhaps you should clarify above, so we see you're a good example, as you are. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 05:20, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

== Request for reinstatement ==

Hello Explicit,

May I request that you restore [[:File:AVachss honey.jpg]], which I see was deleted per [[WP:NFCC]] criterion #1. However, the fair-use rationale for the file (a promotional photo of author Andrew Vachss with his then-puppy Honey) did include the specifics regarding why it could not be replaced with free content.
Below I quote the rationale's details relevant to criterion #1 (for brevity I have snipped out the rationale addressing the other criteria):

==

This image is not replaceable with a free use image for the following reasons:
* It shows the author in what he has described in many interviews as his favorite promotional photograph: posed with his pit bull, Honey.
* No free photographs exist of Honey (who died in 2005), or of Andrew Vachss with Honey.
* Its inclusion in the article is a significant addition because the photo is relevant to the author, who is a passionate advocate of pit bulls and an opponent of breed-specific dog bans. The author includes pit bulls as central characters in his books '(examples at http://www.vachss.com/dogs/dog_stories/index.html).'
* The photo is significant because it has been the object of critical commentary in numerous news articles, because of Vachss' views on 'nature vs. nurture' as it touches on both raising animals and preventing anti-social behavior.
* Vachss' own description of the significance of the photo is contained in a news article in the 'San Francisco Enquirer:'

<blockquote>"There's a very specific formula for creating a monster," Vachss says. "It starts with chronic, unrelenting abuse. There's got to be societal notification and then passing on. The child eventually believes that what's being done is societally sanctioned. And after a while, empathy -- which we have to learn, we're not born with it -- cracks and dies. He feels only his own pain. There's your predatory sociopath."
'''That's why Vachss posed for a recent publicity photo cradling his pit bull puppy.''' "You know what pit bulls are capable of, right?" he asks, referring to the animal's notorious killer reputation. "But they're also capable of being the most wonderful, sweet pets in the world depending on how you raise them. That's all our children."</blockquote>
"Unleashing the Criminal Mind", by Dave Ford, ''San Francisco Examiner,'' July 12, 1990.
''[This quotation from the San Francisco Examiner newspaper is included in the Wikipedia article on Vachss that AVachsshoney.jpg illustrated. -Golemarch]''

* Andrew Vachss' fame and reputation is built upon his expertise in child protection. His statement about the roots of adult violence in childhood abuse and neglect, and its explicit connection with animal abuse and later viciousness, shows conclusively that the image in question is highly relevant in illustrating Andrew Vachss' mission and message, and its consequent irreplaceability.
* The specific image under has been circulated by Vachss as part of his press kit since 1992. No free-use pictures of Vachss and Honey (or any other dog) exist, and the great majority of images of Vachss by himself are themselves promotional photos. Indeed, non-promotional candid photos, if any exist, would be much less appropriate than the image at issue, since those (A) would not include the significant image of Vachss cradling his pit bull Honey, and (B) would still have to include a license or a fair use rationale under U.S. copyright laws in order to become available for use.
In contrast, this image is available for this use under well-settled U.S. law; it is in fact used regularly by both print and online media; and it serves to depict Vachss, the significance he places in his relationship with Honey the pitbull, and metaphorically his protective mission with regard to abused children.

==

Once the file has been restored, I will make sure that the listed fair use rationale includes any further points necessary to conform it to WP standards. Thanks very much for your help. [[User:Golemarch|Golemarch]] ([[User talk:Golemarch|talk]]) 05:45, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

:The issue here is that the image was being used to identify a living person. This easily violates the first point of [[WP:NFCC]], as a freely licensed image can still be created. You don't need a non-free image of Vachss with his puppy to understand his stance, the text alone surely says it all. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:12, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

::I can't really agree that the text alone says it all. The quotation from the newspaper does not offer a replacement for the photo; rather, the newspaper story is quoted to draw the relationship between animal abuse (which leads to violent animal behavior) and child protection (which can ameliorate abuse, and thus insulate society against future violent behavior), These points are central to the child protection work for which Vachss is known. The photo is described in the quotation, and the inclusion of the photo in the Wikipedia article provides contextual significance (Policy criterion #8), particularly for those with a mental image of pitbulls as constantly menacing. This photograph has been commented upon in other news stories commenting on Vachss' philosophy regarding child protection.
::That the photo "depicts a living person," ''in addition to'' both its contextual significance and its importance as an object of critical commentary, does not in itself a violation of [[WP:NFCC]]. If that were the case, no promotional or historical or critically important images of a living person would ever pass muster, which of course is ''not'' the case, as stated by [[WP:NFCI]].
::NFCC Policy criterion #1, ''"Non-free content is used only where no free equivalent is available, or could be created, that would serve the same encyclopedic purpose."'' is no unqualified bar. As noted in my first post, no free equivalent is available of this combination of Vachss and his pitbull (now deceased). Further, no photograph created in the future ''"would serve the same encyclopedic purpose,"'' which is that of providing contextual significance, as well as providing an ''"image that is itself the subject of commentary"'' (NFCI criterion #9). Please do reconsider this request; thank you very much for your attention. [[User:Golemarch|Golemarch]] ([[User talk:Golemarch|talk]]) 10:00, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

:::Wow, I somehow entirely missed the critical commentary of the image. Definitely my bad on this one. I have restored the image for you. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

::::Many thanks! [[User:Golemarch|Golemarch]] ([[User talk:Golemarch|talk]]) 23:51, 7 October 2012 (UTC)

==Disambiguation link notification for September 29==

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== [[:File:LOTG,week1,2012.jpeg]] ==

You deleted this as "no permission". A Google Images search suggests that [[:File:LOTG,drjohncrowd.jpg]] is the same file. Could you check if there are any copyright problems so that the new file also needs to be deleted? There are several copies on the Internet, but all in lower resolutions. --[[User:Stefan2|Stefan2]] ([[User talk:Stefan2|talk]]) 16:29, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

:It is indeed the same image, the deleted version being of a much large resolution. Both are credited to Will Cameron, and there's no indication that the uploader is that same person. As this is a duplicate upload, I'll go ahead and delete it now. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:12, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

::Thank you! --[[User:Stefan2|Stefan2]] ([[User talk:Stefan2|talk]]) 08:23, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

:::Is the new file [[:File:LOTG,deltaspiritcrowd.jpg]] also the same file? I forgot what it looked like. --[[User:Stefan2|Stefan2]] ([[User talk:Stefan2|talk]]) 16:47, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

::::It's nearly the same, but at a slightly different angle. Still, it was tagged for lacking evidence of permission for citing Will Cameron as the photographer. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

==[[:File:Blues_Clues_logo.svg]]==
Can you restore this file? The logo can be obtained from [http://www.nickjr.com/blues-clues/ Nick Jr. website], as well as the TV series. Thank you. [[User:Tbhotch|Tbhotch]].[[User talk:Tbhotch|<big>™</big>]] Grammatically incorrect? '''Correct it!''' [[User:Tbhotch/EN|See terms and conditions.]] 20:08, 30 September 2012 (UTC)

:{{Done}}, though I'm not sure why the image won't display properly... — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

== Ripple monetary system ==

''00:32, 30 September 2012 Explicit (talk | contribs) deleted page Ripple monetary system (Expired PROD, concern was: lack of WP:N. After cleaning up irrelevant references, only one survived, with mere two and rather transitory paragraphs about 'Ripple')''

'''This is about the deleted Ripple monetary system article, your "deleted article" topics did not match the WP:N motivation, so I post this here :)
'''

Why did you delete the article? '[http://ripple-project.org/ Ripple]' is an important projects that develops better monetary systems protocols, it´s an open-source software project for developing and implementing a protocol for an open decentralized payment network. It is discussed by senior researcher David Hales, Department of Computer Science, University of Bologna, in this [http://videolectures.net/eccs07_hales_end/ video], and described in detail on these domains, which are [[Wikipedia:N|verifiable third party sources]] : http://ripplepay.com and http://ripple-project.org/

Those three sources above are all verifiable third party sources according to WP:N, Ripple is a topic "worthy of notice",

David Hales, Department of Computer Science, University of Bologna, in this [http://videolectures.net/eccs07_hales_end/ video] discusses Ripple enthusiastically, beginning at 3:21
Ripple actually has potential to change our economic systems for the better, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzzUpmxoC4Q you should check it out!]

I understand that the references were insufficient, I was just about to improve the article,
now, if you would reinstate our article, we can get on improving the references, starting with adding [http://cfpm.org/~david/ senior researcher David Hales] as a reference/peer of trust :)

Cheers!
Johan

[email protected] — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:BipedalJoe|BipedalJoe]] ([[User talk:BipedalJoe|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/BipedalJoe|contribs]]) 05:06, 1 October 2012 (UTC) 

:Already restored by another administrator. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

== Reinstate Febian Nurrahman Saktinegara ==

This article was deleted. I too also agree that there was improvements required. I understand that the references were insufficient, I was waiting on the results of the 2012 SBM Golden Lens awards to improve the article.
 

Refer to the non-english article in [[Pedoman|PedomanNEWS]] (30 September 2012) http://pedomannews.com/music-movie/16519--erasmus-huis-dan-sbm-umumkan-pemenang-kompetisi-film-dokumenter

"Sementara untuk kategori pelajar, Fabian Nurrahman Saktinegara dari ITB meraih penghargaan untuk ketegori pelajar dalam film documenternya yang bertajuk Epic Java mengangkat tentang keindahan dan eksotiknya tempat-tempat di Pulau Jawa."

The source [[Pedoman|PedomanNEWS]], was originally established by renowned Indonesian journalist and author [[Rosihan Anwar]]
It is proposed that update reference to SBM Golden Lens which is supported by The Erasmus Huis, Dutch Cultural Centre in Jakarta Indonesia http://www.sbmgoldenlens.com

The Erasmus Huis is not only a showcase for Dutch culture, but is also a home for Indonesian art & culture. http://erasmushuis.nlmission.org/erasmus-huis

Equally the event is cited in the JakartaGlobe.
http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/lifeandtimes/documentary-fest-to-return-to-erasmus-huis/545320

The JakartaGlobe has been used for a number of cited references including [[2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi]]

The International Documentary Film Festival (IDFF) and SBM Golden Lens is discussed in the article "Festival Film Dokumenter Terbesar Dunia Digelar di Jakarta" in SUARAMERDEKA.com http://www.suaramerdeka.com/v1/index.php/read/entertainmen/2012/09/21/7181/Festival-Film-Dokumenter-Terbesar-Dunia-Digelar-di-Jakarta

SUARAMERDEKA is a cited reference for films such as [[? (film)]] and living people such as [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]

SBM Golden Lens is also covered in the article "Pasang Rikajang Raih 'Golden Lens Awards II'" http://kampus.okezone.com/read/2012/09/08/373/687083/pasang-rikajang-raih-golden-lens-awards-ii and in [[Jakarta Post| The Jakarta Post]] http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/11/13/documentary-films-indonesian-audiences.html

 
It is suggested that a page be created for International Documentary Film Festival (IDFF) & SBM Golden Lens Awards.
 

The director has also previously been mentioned in [[Jakarta Post| The Jakarta Post]] http://www.thejakartapost.com/bali-daily/2012-07-31/festival-attracts-young-talented-film-makers.html — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Singkatan|Singkatan]] ([[User talk:Singkatan|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Singkatan|contribs]]) 18:30, 1 October 2012 (UTC) 

Suggestions on how to improve the page can be done through the talk page.

[[User:Singkatan|Singkatan]] ([[User talk:Singkatan|talk]]) 06:10, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

:[[File:Yes check.svg|18px]] '''Done''' - as a contested [[Wikipedia:proposed deletion|proposed deletion]], the article has been restored on request. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

== Deleted image ==

Yes, this is a post about a deleted image, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lotus_Improv_Financials_example.PNG this one] to be exact. The image in question clearly had a FU statement, so I am curious why it was deleted. The same has happened several times now with Sfan00. So what's going on? Is a robot or some other automated system doing this? I was able to rescue this because I an admin, but I suspect this is a far wider occurrence than what comes across my little corner of the Wiki. [[User:Maury Markowitz|Maury Markowitz]] ([[User talk:Maury Markowitz|talk]]) 14:37, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

:Simply stating "fair use" on the description page is insufficient to constitute as a fair use rationale, it failed to address a single [[WP:FUR#Necessary components|necessary component]] of a fair use rationale. This specific file was tagged by me, not Sfan00. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 23:45, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

The image is resized down, states what article it is to be used in, and why it does not interfere with the commercial interest. I'm sure you found something else that you were noting, but sadly I do not own a mind reading device. Please consider taking the time to help editors understand how to improve things. In this case I would be happy to do so, if I knew what it was you were concerned about (or that you even were, you did not post on my Talk page from what i can tell, but it might simply be lost in time). Generally I advise being careful in any situation where the default result is the removal of content - if in doubt, don't. [[User:Maury Markowitz|Maury Markowitz]] ([[User talk:Maury Markowitz|talk]]) 19:23, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

==Deleted a book Autobiography of a Yogi==
Hello you have deleted the current issue of the Autobiography of a Yogi when we were right in a middle of a discussion. Please explain... Also, did you read my explanation so far on the discussion page? We were right in the middle of a discussion...please explain - I am disputing your delete[[User:Red Rose 13|Red Rose 13]] ([[User talk:Red Rose 13|talk]]) 00:27, 5 October 2012 (UTC)
:Yes, I left my rationale for deleting the image on the [[File talk:Autobiography of a Yogi Current Book Cover.jpg|talk page]]. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 01:34, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

== Railfest ==

Hi, since you deleted [[Railfest (Cumberland)]], could you please delete the disambiguation page [[Railfest]] and move [[Railfest (York)]] into its place? Thanks. -''[[User:Mattbuck|mattbuck]]'' ([[User talk:Mattbuck|Talk]]) 01:28, 5 October 2012 (UTC)
:That was quick! Thanks. -''[[User:Mattbuck|mattbuck]]'' ([[User talk:Mattbuck|Talk]]) 01:31, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

== Mass deletions ==

I see that you're deleting something like 20 images per second. First I'm sort of wondering how you are actually doing that, without (presumably) use of automated tools. I'm also wondering if you're actually taking the time to first inform the uploaders and giving them a chance to fix/address any issues. Can you clarify? Thanks.[[User:Volunteer Marek|''' Volunteer Marek ''']] 00:33, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

:20 images per second? I'm pretty sure that's not even possible. If my deletion summaries end with (''[[WP:TW|TW]]''), that would indicate that my deletion was done with an automated tool. The burden to notify the uploaders of image deletions is the tagger of the images, not the deleting administrator, and even then, it's not mandatory to leave notices in these cases. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 00:41, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

==Deletion review for [[:File:Jay Park, Nigahiga, Phil in Word of the Day - Bromance.png]]==
An editor has asked for a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review#File:Jay Park, Nigahiga, Phil in Word of the Day - Bromance.png|deletion review]] of [[:File:Jay Park, Nigahiga, Phil in Word of the Day - Bromance.png]]. Because you closed the deletion discussion for this page, speedily deleted it, or otherwise were interested in the page, you might want to participate in the deletion review. 
* '''[[WP:CSD#F7|F7]]: Violates [[WP:NFCC|non-free content criteria]]''' or '''[[WP:CSD#F7|F7]]: [[WP:NFCC|Invalid]] fair-use rationale''' – The first of the two rationales means that the file failed to comply with the [[WP:NFCC|non-free content criteria]] policy. I would suggest giving said policy a read before you go on making more mistakes and losing your administrator privileges.
[[User:Just unknown|Just unknown]] ([[User talk:Just unknown|talk]]) 13:38, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

== Deletion of IBM_2260_video_display_terminal.jpg ==

Several days ago I sent a link to the original web page for this photo and quoted the sentence putting it in the public domain. [[User:Peter Flass|Peter Flass]] ([[User talk:Peter Flass|talk]]) 21:14, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

:Nothing on the [http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/gallery/gallery8.html website] indicates that this image was released under the public domain by the copyright owner, which you cited as being David L. Mills. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 00:33, 7 October 2012 (UTC)

::[http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/pictures.html]
::"The unattributed photos on these web pages were taken and retouched by me. They are not copyrighted and you can use them any responsible way you want." (bottom of page)[[User:Peter Flass|Peter Flass]] ([[User talk:Peter Flass|talk]]) 17:58, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

:::That's much more helpful. I have restored the image. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 02:05, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

Thanks! [[User:Peter Flass|Peter Flass]] ([[User talk:Peter Flass|talk]]) 11:03, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

== ''You're invited!'' FemTech Edit-a-Thon at Claremont Graduate University ==

{| style="{{Divbox/style/purple}}{{border-radius|8px}}"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 150%;" | October 26 - FemTech Edit-a-Thon & Roundtable - ''You are invited!'' 
|-
| <div style="background: #fff;margin-right: 10px;">[[File:Womanpower logo.svg|right|100px]]</div>
| style="text-align: center;" | Everyone is invited to the first '''FemTech Edit-a-Thon & Roundtable''' at [[Claremont Graduate University]] on October 26 from 3-6 pm. The event will open with a roundtable discussion about feminism and anti-racist technology projects, followed by an edit-a-thon focusing on feminists & women in science. Experienced Wikipedians will be on hand to support new editors. We hope you can join us! 
Sign up [[Wikipedia:Meetup/FemTech_Edit-a-thon|here]] - see you there! 01:00, 12 October 2012 (UTC)
|}


== Assistance with query about image use ==

Dear Explicit,

I am a relatively new editor and I am trying to find an administrator to help me with the topic of appropriate image use.
I recently uploaded an image of a perfume for the page 'Lady Gaga Fame'. I've supported it with a very detailed non-free fair-use rationale and associated talk-page discussion in accordance with the Wiki guidelines (not easy for someone like me!). However, I have received quite a lot of resistance from two editors with regards to the image and the fair-use rationale. Both have argued very strongly that it should be replaced with a free-licensed alternative and issued me block warnings. However, according to the Wiki guidelines on derivative works [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Derivative_works] and copyright [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:CB], the logical conclusion was that there would be no free-licensed alternative due to the nature of the product (somewhat like no free-licensed version of music album covers?).

I am aware that you are a busy person outside of Wiki (as you've noted on your page), however, I would really appreciate it if you could take some time to review my statements on the image's page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Gaga_Fame_EDP.jpg] and the associated talk page.

Thank you, and if you have other matters to review instead, I totally understand.

Regards,
[[User:Handsdown.1|Handsdown.1]] ([[User talk:Handsdown.1|talk]]) 16:59, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

:From what I can tell, the editor's arguing for the deletion of this image are right. The box may be copyrighted, but a freely licensed image of the perfume bottle—actual product—seems entirely possible to photograph. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 02:05, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

== deletion of DVS* Derek VanScoten ==

Hello,
I was having issues with my email and did not respond to the challenge/ proposed deletion of the DVS* Derek VanScoten page on time.
Is there an archive of all the info previously on the page, so I can just update the bio instead of starting a new page from scratch?

thanks for you time. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:DVSmusic|DVSmusic]] ([[User talk:DVSmusic|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/DVSmusic|contribs]]) 17:14, 12 October 2012 (UTC) 

:I can move the article's history and content to a subpage of yours, for example, at [[User:DVSmusic/D.V.S* Derek VanScoten]], if you'd like. However, by looking at your username, I would advise you to review the [[WP:COI|conflict of interest]] guideline, as you appear to be associated with the subject. — [[User:Explicit|'''ξ''']][[User talk:Explicit|xplicit]] 02:05, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

== Klooch ==

Good afternoon! I know, that in October 11 you've deleted the article "Klooch" about Canadian-Ukrainian band. Could you prove me a reason of deletion? This band is well-known and notable in Ukraine and abroad! Why have you done it? With respect --[[Special:Contributions/93.72.76.168|93.72.76.168]] ([[User talk:93.72.76.168|talk]]) 11:21, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

== Lists of Law Clerks ==

Hi, You deleted several pages of lists of Supreme Court law clerks for each justice on the ground that they were redundant. This was a mistake, because the page of law clerks for all justices populated their lists from the individual pages. Now the information is missing from the site. Please reinstate the lost data, either in the individual pages or the master list. See [[ist_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States]]--note that listing for all the clerks for Justices other than the Chief Justice is missing. Thank you.

Michael Carvin

2012-10-03T14:00:39Z

Broodingomnipresence: edited to make more objective

[[Image:Michael Carvin.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Carvin in 2005 (photographer: Matthew i)]]
'''Michael W. Carvin''' (born December 12, 1944) is an American [[jazz]] [[drummer]].<ref>{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p6253/biography|pure_url=yes}} |accessdate=22 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marsalis Music Honors Michael Carvin |publisher=AllAboutJazz.com |last=Calder |first=Robert R. |url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=21606 |accessdate=22 March 2010}}</ref><ref>|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=42555 |accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>

Born in Houston, Texas, Carvin's musical training began at age six with his father, one of the top drummers in Houston. By the age of twelve, Carvin began playing professionally and won what would be the first of five consecutive Texas rudimental championships. Mr. Carvin's career has included two years as a staff drummer with Motown Records as well as studio and television work on the West Coast.

Joining Freddie Hubbard's band in 1973, Mr. Carvin moved to New York where he gained a reputation as one of the most formidable drummers on the jazz scene. A prime example of his work with Hubbard can be seen on the Mosaic Records/Jazz Icons DVD released in fall 2011 featuring Carvin with Hubbard’s very first touring group.

In addition to leading his own bands, Carvin has played and recorded with Dizzy Gillespie, Dexter Gordon, Jackie McLean, Hank Jones, McCoy Tyner, Illinois Jacquet, Pharoah Sanders, Bobby Hutcherson, James Moody, Hampton Hawes, Ruth Brown, Johnny Hartman, Abbey Lincoln, Jimmy Smith, Hugh Masekela, Alice Coltrane, Cecil Taylor, Charles Brown, Terumasa Hino, Bobby Watson, Billy Bang, and many others.

Carvin has recorded on over 250 albums. Carvin is also a drum teacher and clinician.

==Discography==
'''With [[Pharoah Sanders]]'''
*''[[Elevation (Pharoah Sanders album)|Elevation]]'' (Impulse!, 1973)

== References ==
<references/>

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Carvin, Michael
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 12, 1944
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carvin, Michael}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American jazz drummers]]
[[Category:Muse Records artists]]
[[Category:SteepleChase Records artists]]

[[da:Michael Carvin]]
[[de:Michael Carvin]]

Michael Carvin

2012-10-03T13:59:23Z

Broodingomnipresence: Previous version was clearly written by a PR flack or Carvin himself. Edited to make objective.

[[Image:Michael Carvin.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Carvin in 2005 (photographer: Matthew i)]]
'''Michael W. Carvin''' (born December 12, 1944) is an American [[jazz]] [[drummer]].<ref>{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p6253/biography|pure_url=yes}} |accessdate=22 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marsalis Music Honors Michael Carvin |publisher=AllAboutJazz.com |last=Calder |first=Robert R. |url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=21606 |accessdate=22 March 2010}}</ref><ref>|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=42555 |accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>

Born in Houston, Texas, Carvin's musical training began at age six with his father, one of the top drummers in Houston. By the age of twelve, Carvin began playing professionally and won what would be the first of five consecutive Texas rudimental championships. Mr. Carvin's diverse career has included two years as a staff drummer with Motown Records and extensive studio and television work on the West Coast.

Joining Freddie Hubbard's band in 1973, Mr. Carvin moved to New York where he quickly gained a reputation as one of the most formidable drummers on the jazz scene. A prime example of his work with Hubbard can be seen on the Mosaic Records/Jazz Icons DVD released in fall 2011 featuring Carvin with Hubbard’s very first touring group.

In addition to leading his own bands, Carvin's has played and recorded with includes work with Dizzy Gillespie, Dexter Gordon, Jackie McLean, Hank Jones, McCoy Tyner, Illinois Jacquet, Pharoah Sanders, Bobby Hutcherson, James Moody, Hampton Hawes, Ruth Brown, Johnny Hartman, Abbey Lincoln, Jimmy Smith, Hugh Masekela, Alice Coltrane, Cecil Taylor, Charles Brown, Terumasa Hino, Bobby Watson, Billy Bang, and many others.

Carvin has recorded on over 250 albums. Carvin is also a drum teacher and clinician.

==Discography==
'''With [[Pharoah Sanders]]'''
*''[[Elevation (Pharoah Sanders album)|Elevation]]'' (Impulse!, 1973)

== References ==
<references/>

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Carvin, Michael
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 12, 1944
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carvin, Michael}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American jazz drummers]]
[[Category:Muse Records artists]]
[[Category:SteepleChase Records artists]]

[[da:Michael Carvin]]
[[de:Michael Carvin]]

Mark R. Kravitz

2012-10-02T14:05:39Z

Broodingomnipresence: fix syntax

The Honorable '''Mark Richard Kravitz''' was a [[United States District Judge]] for the [[United States District Court for the District of Connecticut]]. Born in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] in 1950, after earning a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1972 from [[Wesleyan University]] ([[magna cum laude]], [[Phi Beta Kappa]]), he received a [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] from [[Georgetown University Law Center]] in 1975, where he served as Managing Editor of the [[Georgetown Law Journal]].<ref>http://www.ctd.uscourts.gov/bio_mrk.html</ref> He died on September 30, 2012.

After graduating from law school, Kravitz served as a law clerk to Judge [[James Hunter III|James Hunter, III]], Circuit Judge, of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]], and subsequently to Chief Justice (then Justice) [[William H. Rehnquist]], of the [[United States Supreme Court]].

He was nominated by U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] to fill a seat on the court vacated by [[Alfred V. Covello]] on March 27, 2003 and was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on June 11, 2003. He received his commission on June 12, 2003.

Kravitz died of [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], commonly known as [[Lou Gehrig's disease]].<ref>http://newhavenfriends.wordpress.com/2012/06/02/mark-and-wendy-kravitz/</ref> By the time of his death, he was no longer hearing criminal cases or conducting civil trials.<ref>http://www.ctpost.com/default/article/Out-of-state-judges-coming-to-Connecticut-to-help-3887918.php</ref>

Before his appointment to the federal bench, Kravitz was a partner at the Connecticut-based law firm of Wiggin and Dana, LLP, where his practice centered on appellate litigation. While in private practice, he argued cases before the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], [[United States Courts of Appeals]] and various state supreme courts throughout the United States.<ref>http://www.ctd.uscourts.gov/bio_mrk.html</ref> From 1999-2003, Kravitz served as a regular commentator and columnist for the [[National Law Journal]] on appellate law. He also has authored numerous articles on a variety of legal topics. In 2006 and 2009, he was appointed a Senior Fellow in Law at the University of Melbourne Graduate School of Law, in Melbourne, Australia. Kravitz also was a Lecturer in Law at [[Yale Law School]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{FJC Bio|3005}}

==See also==
*[[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Kravitz, Mark R.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American judge
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1950
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = September 30, 2012
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kravitz, Mark R.}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
[[Category:Wesleyan University alumni]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut]]
[[Category:United States district court judges appointed by George W. Bush]]
[[Category:People with motor neurone disease]]

{{US-judge-stub}}

Mark R. Kravitz

2012-10-02T14:04:44Z

Broodingomnipresence: paraphrase quote; update present-tense references to reflect death

'''Mark Richard Kravitz''' was a [[Judge]] for the [[United States District Court for the District of Connecticut]]. Born in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] in 1950, after earning a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1972 from [[Wesleyan University]] ([[magna cum laude]], [[Phi Beta Kappa]]), he received an [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] from [[Georgetown University Law Center]] in 1975, where he served as Managing Editor of the [[Georgetown Law Journal]].<ref>http://www.ctd.uscourts.gov/bio_mrk.html</ref> He died on September 30, 2012.

After graduating from law school, Kravitz served as a law clerk to Judge [[James Hunter III|James Hunter, III]], Circuit Judge, of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]], and subsequently to Chief Justice (then Justice) [[William H. Rehnquist]], of the [[United States Supreme Court]].

He was nominated by U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] to fill a seat on the court vacated by [[Alfred V. Covello]] on March 27, 2003 and was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on June 11, 2003. He received his commission on June 12, 2003.

Kravitz died of [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], commonly known as [[Lou Gehrig's disease]].<ref>http://newhavenfriends.wordpress.com/2012/06/02/mark-and-wendy-kravitz/</ref> By the time of his death, he was no longer hearing criminal cases or conducting civil trials.<ref>http://www.ctpost.com/default/article/Out-of-state-judges-coming-to-Connecticut-to-help-3887918.php</ref>

Before his appointment to the federal bench, Kravitz was a partner at the Connecticut-based law firm of Wiggin and Dana, LLP, where his practice centered on appellate litigation. While in private practice, he argued cases before the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], [[United States Courts of Appeals]] and various state supreme courts throughout the United States.<ref>http://www.ctd.uscourts.gov/bio_mrk.html</ref> From 1999-2003, Kravitz served as a regular commentator and columnist for the [[National Law Journal]] on appellate law. He also has authored numerous articles on a variety of legal topics. In 2006 and 2009, he was appointed a Senior Fellow in Law at the University of Melbourne Graduate School of Law, in Melbourne, Australia. Kravitz also was a Lecturer in Law at [[Yale Law School]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{FJC Bio|3005}}

==See also==
*[[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Kravitz, Mark R.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American judge
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1950
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = September 30, 2012
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kravitz, Mark R.}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States]]
[[Category:Wesleyan University alumni]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut]]
[[Category:United States district court judges appointed by George W. Bush]]
[[Category:People with motor neurone disease]]

{{US-judge-stub}}

Scooter Braun

2012-09-08T16:58:55Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Career */ edited language to make more neutral--previous version was too favorable

{{ other people3|Scott (Scooter) Braun|Scott Braun|Scott Braun (sports anchor)}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| image = Scooter Braun headshot.jpg
| caption = Braun on a talk show
| image_size =
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name = Scott Samuel Braun
| alias = Scott, Scooter
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|6|18}}
|birth_place =[[New York City]], [[New York]]
| death_date =
| instrument =
| genre = R&B/Pop
| occupation = [[Talent]]
| years_active = 2007–present
| label = [[RBMG|Raymond-Braun Media Group (RBMG)]] [[Schoolboy Records]]
| associated_acts = [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] [[Justin Bieber]] [[Asher Roth]] [[Cody Simpson]] [[Carly Rae Jepsen]] [[The Wanted]]<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1671776/justin-bieber-cody-simpson.jhtml Garibaldi, Christina, Justin Bieber And Cody Simpson 'Support Each Other', [[MTV News]], 29 September 2011.] Retrieved 30 September 2011.</ref> [[Psy (rapper)|PSY]] 
| website = [http://www.scooterbraun.com Official Website]
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Scott Samuel "Scooter" Braun''' (born June 18, 1981) is an [[United States|American]] [[talent manager]]. His acts appear on two [[record label]]s, [[RBMG|Raymond-Braun Media Group (RBMG)]] and [[Schoolboy Records]].<ref name=biography>[http://scooterbraun.com/homepage/sb-team/scooter-brauns-bio// Scooter Braun's Bio scooterbraun.com]. Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref> The most prominent artist Braun represents is [[Justin Bieber]] who is signed to Raymond-Braun Media Group.<ref>[http://scooterbraun.com/rbmg/about-rbmg/ Raymond-Braun Media Group www.scooterbraun.com]. Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref> [[Carly Rae Jepsen]] and [[Asher Roth]], also Braun clients, are signed to Schoolboy Records.<ref>[http://scooterbraun.com/school-boy-ent/ Schoolboy Records www.scooterbraun.com]. Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Braun was born in [[New York City]].<ref name=hollywoodreporter>[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/brains-bieber-conversation-scooter-braun-48088 Halperin, Shirley. "The Brains Behind Bieber: A Conversation with Scooter Braun" hollywoodreporter.com November 22, 2010]. Retrieved 12 December 2010.</ref> He comes from a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] [[Judaism|Jewish]] family. His father and paternal grandparents lived in Hungary until 1956. Just before the [[Soviet Union]] intervened to suppress the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956#Soviet intervention of 4 November|Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], the family fled to the [[United States of America]]. In Hungary, his grandfather had been a dental student, but when he arrived in the United States, he took work as a lab technician in [[Queens]]. To make ends meet, Braun's grandmother took work in a New York [[sweatshop]].<ref name=mofflymedia>[http://mofflymedia.com/Moffly-Publications/Greenwich-Magazine/December-2010/Brains-amp-Braun/ Hodenfield, Chris, ''Brains & Braun'', Greenwich Magazine, December 2010]. Retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref>

Braun's father, Dr. Ervin Braun, followed in his own father's footsteps, becoming a dentist in Manhattan. During dental school, he met Susan Schlussel, also a dental student,<ref name= "Bringing Up Bieber">[http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/music/bringing_up_bieber_XCn8bmwOLrbGJZazZI3CAN Schuster, Dana. "Bringing Up Bieber" August 16, 2010 ''[[New York Post]]''.] Retrieved 11 January 2011.</ref> and the two married. After Scooter Braun was born,<ref name=hollywoodreporter /> the family moved to [[Greenwich, Connecticut]]. His father was active in youth sports in the Greenwich area, founding the Connecticut Flame AAU basketball program.<ref name=mofflymedia />

As a middle school student, Braun entered a national video documentary contest. His entry was a ten-minute short film titled "The Hungarian Conflict," which focused on Holocaust-era Hungarian Jewry.<ref name=mofflymedia /> Braun's film won 3rd place.<ref name=mofflymedia /> A member of Braun's family sent the film to [[Steven Spielberg|Steven Spielberg's]] office, which, in turn, submitted Braun's video to the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]. The film is still being shown today.<ref name=mofflymedia />

Braun attended Greenwich High School, and played basketball from age 17 to 20. He was a member of the [[Amateur Athletic Union]]<ref name=mofflymedia /> and class president.<ref name=clatl>[http://clatl.com/atlanta/the-hustla/Content?oid=1258376/ Scooter Braun is the Hustla: How a white kid from the North became a power player in Atlanta hip-hop clatl.com] Retrieved 13 December 2010{{Dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>

Braun went to college at [[Emory University]] in [[Atlanta]]. He also played [[college basketball]] at Emory until a disagreement with his coach during his sophomore year.<ref name=mofflymedia />

==Career==
Braun began his career organizing parties at [[Emory University]].<ref name="clatl"/> Braun's parties drew notice throughout Atlanta, attracting celebrity performers like [[Ludacris]] and [[Britney Spears]].<ref name=biography /> By the end of his sophomore year, Braun formally established his own party-promotion business. In 2002, Braun was hired to plan afterparties in each of the five cities on the [[Anger Management Tour]], featuring [[Ludacris]] and [[Eminem]].<ref name=clatl />

This launch into the world of [[hip-hop]] led Braun to producer [[Jermaine Dupri]], the director of [[So So Def Records]].<ref name=biography /> Braun was 19 years old when Dupri asked him to join So So Def in a marketing position, and 20 when Dupri named him So So Def's executive director for marketing.<ref name=biography /> Still in his sophomore year at Emory, Braun was working at So So Def and operating his party promotion business. Some of his larger events included parties for the [[2003 NBA All-Star Game]] and after parties on the Britney Spears [[The Onyx Hotel Tour|Onyx Hotel Tour]].<ref name=clatl /> After his junior year, Braun left college. He is frequently seen in Bieber's 3D concert film and biopic [[Never Say Never (film)|Never Say Never]].<ref name="mofflymedia"/>

On the 14th February 2012 Braun and Justin Bieber signed Canadian singer [[Carly Rae Jepsen]] to Schoolboy Records/Interscope Records; Schoolboy Records forms part of Braun's entertainment and marketing company, SB Projects.

On September 3rd, 2012, Scooter Braun uploaded a video on [[YouTube]] indicating that he and [[Korean]] [[rap artist]] [[Psy (rapper)|PSY]] had entered into a mutual business relationship, owing to the Korean singer's massive [[viral]] success of his "[[Gangnam Style]]" video.

==Roosevelt Field Mall incident==
In March 2010, Braun was arrested and charged with reckless endangerment and criminal nuisance, both misdemeanors.<ref name=arrest>{{cite news|last=Funk|first=Luke|title=Justin Bieber Manager Arrested|url=http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/local_news/justin-bieber-manager-scooter-arrested-20100324-lgf|accessdate=27 June 2010|work=MYFOXNY.COM|publisher=Fox Television Stations, Inc|date=April 10, 2010}}</ref> After a crowd became unruly at [[Roosevelt Field Mall]], police asked him to send out a [[Twitter|tweet]] announcing the cancellation of an appearance by [[Justin Bieber]]. Police allege that he delayed for more than an hour. Braun denies the charges, indicating that he complied with the request twice within seven minutes.<ref name=arrest /> On October 13, 2010, a pre-trial conference in the case was continued for rescheduling to a future date.<ref>[http://www.longislandpress.com/2010/10/13/justin-bieber-mall-riot-case-conference-postponed/ Justin Bieber Mall ‘Riot’ Case Conference Postponed, by Timothy Bolger, 10/13/10, LongIslandPress.com]. Retrieved 15 October 2010.</ref>

==Personal life==

On June 18, 2011, Braun celebrated his 30th birthday, hosted at Hollywood's Music Box. Guests in attendance included [[Kim Kardashian]], [[Paris Hilton]], [[Drew Gooden]], [[Jimmy Iovine]], [[Nicky Hilton]] along with performances by [[Justin Bieber]], [[Asher Roth]], [[MC Hammer]], [[Jaden Smith]] and [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]].<ref>http://www.hollywoodlife.com/2011/06/19/justin-bieber-scooter-braun-birthday-party/</ref>
Braun dated longtime girlfriend Carin Morris from 2007 to 2012. Scooter's brother Adam is the founder of [[Pencils of Promise]]; both Scooter and Bieber have worked in support of the organization.<ref>
|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/adam-braun-pencils-promise-how-216267
|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter
|title=Adam Braun on Pencils of Promise and How Justin Bieber Is 'Making the World Better
|author=Shirley Halperin
|date=July 28, 2011
|accessdate=2012-01-13
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Scooter Braun}}
{{Justin Bieber}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Braun, Scooter
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Scott, Scooter
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 8 July 1981
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Braun, Scooter}}
[[Category:Scooter Braun| ]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American music managers]]
[[Category:American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:College men's basketball players in the United States]]
[[Category:Emory University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Greenwich, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People from Queens]]
[[Category:Talent agents]]

[[ar:سكوتر براون]]
[[fa:اسکوتر براون]]
[[fr:Scooter Braun]]
[[pt:Scooter Braun]]

Carlos R. Moreno

2012-08-14T15:24:19Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Possible nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court */

{{Infobox judge
| name = Carlos Moreno
| image = CarlosMoreno.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| office = [[Supreme Court of California|Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court]]
| term_start = October 18, 2001
| term_end = February 28, 2011
| appointer = [[Gray Davis]]
| predecessor = [[Stanley Mosk]]
| successor = [[Goodwin Liu]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|11|4}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United States]]
| party =
| spouse = [[Christine Moreno]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Stanford Law School]] ([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]]) [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

{{BLP sources|date=May 2009}}
'''Carlos Roberto Moreno''' (born November 4, 1948) is a [[United States|Mexican-American]] [[jurist]]. Following his retirement from the [[Supreme Court of California]], Moreno is currently of counsel with the California-based law firm [[Irell & Manella]].<ref>http://www.irell.com/news-96.html</ref> Moreno was considered to be a leading candidate to replace retiring Justice [[David Souter]] on the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].

When he was sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California in 2001, Justice Carlos Moreno chose to relinquish his lifetime seat on the U.S. District Court where he had presided over a broad range of complex civil and criminal matters since his appointment in 1998 by President [[Bill Clinton]].

As an Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court, Justice Moreno reviewed on appeal a wide range of civil and criminal cases, which have substantial state and federal constitutional implications. With his appointment to the Supreme Court of California, he became only the third judge of Hispanic heritage to serve in the Court's nearly 150-year history, and the first in more than a decade.

Justice Moreno's service in the judiciary began with his appointment in 1986 to the Municipal Court, Compton Judicial District, by Governor [[George Deukmejian]]. In that capacity, he adjudicated criminal matters, with an emphasis on serious felony offenses, and supervised the court's civil department until 1993, when Governor [[Pete Wilson]] elevated him to the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]], where he presided over felony trials.

==Early life and family==
Moreno is the son of a [[Mexican people|Mexican]] immigrant mother who arrived in the country with few skills and no resources after the death of his father. He grew up in a home where Spanish was the first language and where no family member had an education beyond high school. In a recent speech at the [[UC Davis School of Law]] ([[King Hall]]), he told students, "I never in my wildest dreams thought that I could become one of seven judges on the highest court in the state. I want to emphasize to you the idea that no matter what your dreams may be, you can follow them."

A native of [[Los Angeles]], Justice Moreno grew up in a [[Solano Canyon|small community in Elysian Park]] known as [[solanocanyon.net|Solano Canyon]]. He attended local public schools before going east to [[Yale University]], from which he graduated in 1970. He realized early in his education that he had a skill which enabled him to navigate through complex procedures as he assisted various relatives in responding to requests for additional information regarding insurance claims and applications for benefits. He was later drawn to the study of law so that he could help others on a larger scale and with a broader range of issues.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

==Education and early legal career==
Moreno received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[political science]] from [[Yale University]] in 1970 and his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] from [[Stanford Law School]] in 1975. After graduating from [[Stanford Law School]] and being admitted to the Bar in 1975, he served in the [[Los Angeles City Attorney's Office]]. As Deputy City Attorney, he prosecuted criminal and civil consumer protection cases, and handled politically sensitive and legislative matters for the City Attorney. In 1979, he joined the firm of Mori & Ota (which became part of [[Kelley Drye & Warren]]) representing the firm's business clients in its general commercial litigation practice.

==Judicial service==
In 1986, [[Governor of California|Governor]] [[George Deukmejian]] appointed Moreno to the criminal court in [[Compton, California|Compton]]. In 1993, Governor [[Pete Wilson]] appointed him to the Superior Court of [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]]. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] nominated him for a federal judgeship on the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California]], a position for which he was confirmed in 1998.

Moreno resigned from the Central District of California on October 18, 2001, when he was appointed to the Supreme Court of California following his nomination by Governor [[Gray Davis]]. In November 2002, California voters confirmed Justice Moreno for the remainder of the term of his deceased predecessor, Justice [[Stanley Mosk]]. In 2010, California voters confirmed Justice Moreno to a full 12-year term.

On January 6, 2011, Justice Moreno announced his intention to retire from the California Supreme Court effective February 28, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/presscenter/newsreleases/NR02-11.PDF |title=Justice Moreno Announces Retirement from State Supreme Court |author= |date=January 6, 2011 |work= |publisher=Judicial Council of California |accessdate=January 7, 2011}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==

Justice Moreno is the former president of the Mexican American Bar Association. He has been a member of the California Judges Association, the Presiding Judges Association and the Municipal Court Judges Association of Los Angeles County and was also the president of the Yale Club of Southern California, and a member of the Stanford University Law School Board of Visitors. He currently serves as a director of the Arroyo Vista Family Health Center and the Western Justice Center Foundation.

Justice Moreno was honored with the Criminal Justice Superior Court Judge of the Year Award in 1997, from the Los Angeles County Bar Association, and was presented with the "For God, For Country, and For Yale" Award in 2001, recognizing him as a distinguished alumnus of Yale University. He also received an honorary degree from Southwestern University School of Law in May 2002 for his devotion to the justice system, young people and the community.

==Possible nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court==
On May 13, 2009, the [[Associated Press]] reported that President [[Barack Obama]] was considering Moreno, among others, for possible appointment to the United States Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/05/carlos_moreno_supreme_court_ca.html|title=Carlos Moreno: Supreme Court candidate|publisher=''[[Chicago Tribune]]''|date=2009-05-13|author=Silva, Mark|accessdate=2009-12-28}}</ref> Despite the potential nomination, he released a controversial dissent in ''[[Strauss v. Horton]]'' the same day President Obama nominated [[Sonia Sotomayor]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-moreno26-2009sep26,0,7997637.story?page=2&track=rss|title=Carlos Moreno, California high court justice, is raising his profile|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|date=2009-09-26|author=Dolan, Maura|accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/supreme/justices/moreno.htm Biography] from the Judicial Council of California.
{{FJC Bio|2751}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{Succession box
|before = [[Stanley Mosk]]
|title = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California]]
|years = October 18, 2001 – February 28, 2011
|after = [[Goodwin Liu]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Moreno, Carlos
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American judge
| DATE OF BIRTH =November 4, 1948
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreno, Carlos}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Mexican descent]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American judges]]
[[Category:California Supreme Court justices]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Central District of California]]
[[Category:United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton]]

Carlos R. Moreno

2012-08-14T15:22:15Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Awards and honors */ edited to make neutral; current version is overly praising

{{Infobox judge
| name = Carlos Moreno
| image = CarlosMoreno.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| office = [[Supreme Court of California|Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court]]
| term_start = October 18, 2001
| term_end = February 28, 2011
| appointer = [[Gray Davis]]
| predecessor = [[Stanley Mosk]]
| successor = [[Goodwin Liu]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|11|4}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United States]]
| party =
| spouse = [[Christine Moreno]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Stanford Law School]] ([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]]) [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

{{BLP sources|date=May 2009}}
'''Carlos Roberto Moreno''' (born November 4, 1948) is a [[United States|Mexican-American]] [[jurist]]. Following his retirement from the [[Supreme Court of California]], Moreno is currently of counsel with the California-based law firm [[Irell & Manella]].<ref>http://www.irell.com/news-96.html</ref> Moreno was considered to be a leading candidate to replace retiring Justice [[David Souter]] on the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].

When he was sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California in 2001, Justice Carlos Moreno chose to relinquish his lifetime seat on the U.S. District Court where he had presided over a broad range of complex civil and criminal matters since his appointment in 1998 by President [[Bill Clinton]].

As an Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court, Justice Moreno reviewed on appeal a wide range of civil and criminal cases, which have substantial state and federal constitutional implications. With his appointment to the Supreme Court of California, he became only the third judge of Hispanic heritage to serve in the Court's nearly 150-year history, and the first in more than a decade.

Justice Moreno's service in the judiciary began with his appointment in 1986 to the Municipal Court, Compton Judicial District, by Governor [[George Deukmejian]]. In that capacity, he adjudicated criminal matters, with an emphasis on serious felony offenses, and supervised the court's civil department until 1993, when Governor [[Pete Wilson]] elevated him to the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]], where he presided over felony trials.

==Early life and family==
Moreno is the son of a [[Mexican people|Mexican]] immigrant mother who arrived in the country with few skills and no resources after the death of his father. He grew up in a home where Spanish was the first language and where no family member had an education beyond high school. In a recent speech at the [[UC Davis School of Law]] ([[King Hall]]), he told students, "I never in my wildest dreams thought that I could become one of seven judges on the highest court in the state. I want to emphasize to you the idea that no matter what your dreams may be, you can follow them."

A native of [[Los Angeles]], Justice Moreno grew up in a [[Solano Canyon|small community in Elysian Park]] known as [[solanocanyon.net|Solano Canyon]]. He attended local public schools before going east to [[Yale University]], from which he graduated in 1970. He realized early in his education that he had a skill which enabled him to navigate through complex procedures as he assisted various relatives in responding to requests for additional information regarding insurance claims and applications for benefits. He was later drawn to the study of law so that he could help others on a larger scale and with a broader range of issues.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

==Education and early legal career==
Moreno received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[political science]] from [[Yale University]] in 1970 and his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] from [[Stanford Law School]] in 1975. After graduating from [[Stanford Law School]] and being admitted to the Bar in 1975, he served in the [[Los Angeles City Attorney's Office]]. As Deputy City Attorney, he prosecuted criminal and civil consumer protection cases, and handled politically sensitive and legislative matters for the City Attorney. In 1979, he joined the firm of Mori & Ota (which became part of [[Kelley Drye & Warren]]) representing the firm's business clients in its general commercial litigation practice.

==Judicial service==
In 1986, [[Governor of California|Governor]] [[George Deukmejian]] appointed Moreno to the criminal court in [[Compton, California|Compton]]. In 1993, Governor [[Pete Wilson]] appointed him to the Superior Court of [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]]. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] nominated him for a federal judgeship on the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California]], a position for which he was confirmed in 1998.

Moreno resigned from the Central District of California on October 18, 2001, when he was appointed to the Supreme Court of California following his nomination by Governor [[Gray Davis]]. In November 2002, California voters confirmed Justice Moreno for the remainder of the term of his deceased predecessor, Justice [[Stanley Mosk]]. In 2010, California voters confirmed Justice Moreno to a full 12-year term.

On January 6, 2011, Justice Moreno announced his intention to retire from the California Supreme Court effective February 28, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/presscenter/newsreleases/NR02-11.PDF |title=Justice Moreno Announces Retirement from State Supreme Court |author= |date=January 6, 2011 |work= |publisher=Judicial Council of California |accessdate=January 7, 2011}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==

Justice Moreno is the former president of the Mexican American Bar Association. He has been a member of the California Judges Association, the Presiding Judges Association and the Municipal Court Judges Association of Los Angeles County and was also the president of the Yale Club of Southern California, and a member of the Stanford University Law School Board of Visitors. He currently serves as a director of the Arroyo Vista Family Health Center and the Western Justice Center Foundation.

Justice Moreno was honored with the Criminal Justice Superior Court Judge of the Year Award in 1997, from the Los Angeles County Bar Association, and was presented with the "For God, For Country, and For Yale" Award in 2001, recognizing him as a distinguished alumnus of Yale University. He also received an honorary degree from Southwestern University School of Law in May 2002 for his devotion to the justice system, young people and the community.

==Possible nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court==
On May 13, 2009, the [[Associated Press]] reported that President [[Barack Obama]] was considering Moreno, among others, for possible appointment to the United States Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/05/carlos_moreno_supreme_court_ca.html|title=Carlos Moreno: Supreme Court candidate|publisher=''[[Chicago Tribune]]''|date=2009-05-13|author=Silva, Mark|accessdate=2009-12-28}}</ref> Despite the potential nomination, he held firm to his controversial dissent in ''[[Strauss v. Horton]]'' and did not change his vote. Obama's nomination of [[Sonia Sotomayor]] as the new Justice happened on the same day as the release of his dissent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-moreno26-2009sep26,0,7997637.story?page=2&track=rss|title=Carlos Moreno, California high court justice, is raising his profile|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|date=2009-09-26|author=Dolan, Maura|accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/supreme/justices/moreno.htm Biography] from the Judicial Council of California.
{{FJC Bio|2751}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{Succession box
|before = [[Stanley Mosk]]
|title = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California]]
|years = October 18, 2001 – February 28, 2011
|after = [[Goodwin Liu]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Moreno, Carlos
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American judge
| DATE OF BIRTH =November 4, 1948
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreno, Carlos}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Mexican descent]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American judges]]
[[Category:California Supreme Court justices]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Central District of California]]
[[Category:United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton]]

Carlos R. Moreno

2012-08-14T15:20:26Z

Broodingomnipresence: remove additional unsourced quotation

{{Infobox judge
| name = Carlos Moreno
| image = CarlosMoreno.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| office = [[Supreme Court of California|Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court]]
| term_start = October 18, 2001
| term_end = February 28, 2011
| appointer = [[Gray Davis]]
| predecessor = [[Stanley Mosk]]
| successor = [[Goodwin Liu]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|11|4}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United States]]
| party =
| spouse = [[Christine Moreno]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Stanford Law School]] ([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]]) [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

{{BLP sources|date=May 2009}}
'''Carlos Roberto Moreno''' (born November 4, 1948) is a [[United States|Mexican-American]] [[jurist]]. Following his retirement from the [[Supreme Court of California]], Moreno is currently of counsel with the California-based law firm [[Irell & Manella]].<ref>http://www.irell.com/news-96.html</ref> Moreno was considered to be a leading candidate to replace retiring Justice [[David Souter]] on the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].

When he was sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California in 2001, Justice Carlos Moreno chose to relinquish his lifetime seat on the U.S. District Court where he had presided over a broad range of complex civil and criminal matters since his appointment in 1998 by President [[Bill Clinton]].

As an Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court, Justice Moreno reviewed on appeal a wide range of civil and criminal cases, which have substantial state and federal constitutional implications. With his appointment to the Supreme Court of California, he became only the third judge of Hispanic heritage to serve in the Court's nearly 150-year history, and the first in more than a decade.

Justice Moreno's service in the judiciary began with his appointment in 1986 to the Municipal Court, Compton Judicial District, by Governor [[George Deukmejian]]. In that capacity, he adjudicated criminal matters, with an emphasis on serious felony offenses, and supervised the court's civil department until 1993, when Governor [[Pete Wilson]] elevated him to the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]], where he presided over felony trials.

==Early life and family==
Moreno is the son of a [[Mexican people|Mexican]] immigrant mother who arrived in the country with few skills and no resources after the death of his father. He grew up in a home where Spanish was the first language and where no family member had an education beyond high school. In a recent speech at the [[UC Davis School of Law]] ([[King Hall]]), he told students, "I never in my wildest dreams thought that I could become one of seven judges on the highest court in the state. I want to emphasize to you the idea that no matter what your dreams may be, you can follow them."

A native of [[Los Angeles]], Justice Moreno grew up in a [[Solano Canyon|small community in Elysian Park]] known as [[solanocanyon.net|Solano Canyon]]. He attended local public schools before going east to [[Yale University]], from which he graduated in 1970. He realized early in his education that he had a skill which enabled him to navigate through complex procedures as he assisted various relatives in responding to requests for additional information regarding insurance claims and applications for benefits. He was later drawn to the study of law so that he could help others on a larger scale and with a broader range of issues.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

==Education and early legal career==
Moreno received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[political science]] from [[Yale University]] in 1970 and his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] from [[Stanford Law School]] in 1975. After graduating from [[Stanford Law School]] and being admitted to the Bar in 1975, he served in the [[Los Angeles City Attorney's Office]]. As Deputy City Attorney, he prosecuted criminal and civil consumer protection cases, and handled politically sensitive and legislative matters for the City Attorney. In 1979, he joined the firm of Mori & Ota (which became part of [[Kelley Drye & Warren]]) representing the firm's business clients in its general commercial litigation practice.

==Judicial service==
In 1986, [[Governor of California|Governor]] [[George Deukmejian]] appointed Moreno to the criminal court in [[Compton, California|Compton]]. In 1993, Governor [[Pete Wilson]] appointed him to the Superior Court of [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]]. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] nominated him for a federal judgeship on the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California]], a position for which he was confirmed in 1998.

Moreno resigned from the Central District of California on October 18, 2001, when he was appointed to the Supreme Court of California following his nomination by Governor [[Gray Davis]]. In November 2002, California voters confirmed Justice Moreno for the remainder of the term of his deceased predecessor, Justice [[Stanley Mosk]]. In 2010, California voters confirmed Justice Moreno to a full 12-year term.

On January 6, 2011, Justice Moreno announced his intention to retire from the California Supreme Court effective February 28, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/presscenter/newsreleases/NR02-11.PDF |title=Justice Moreno Announces Retirement from State Supreme Court |author= |date=January 6, 2011 |work= |publisher=Judicial Council of California |accessdate=January 7, 2011}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==

Formerly the president of the Mexican American Bar Association, Justice Moreno serves the community in a variety of ways. He has been a member of the California Judges Association, the Presiding Judges Association and the Municipal Court Judges Association of Los Angeles County and was also the president of the Yale Club of Southern California, and a member of the Stanford University Law School Board of Visitors. He currently serves as a director of the Arroyo Vista Family Health Center and the Western Justice Center Foundation.

Justice Moreno was honored with the Criminal Justice Superior Court Judge of the Year Award in 1997, from the Los Angeles County Bar Association, and was presented with the "For God, For Country, and For Yale" Award in 2001, recognizing him as a distinguished alumnus of Yale University. He also received an honorary degree from Southwestern University School of Law in May 2002 for his devotion to the justice system, young people and the community.

==Possible nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court==
On May 13, 2009, the [[Associated Press]] reported that President [[Barack Obama]] was considering Moreno, among others, for possible appointment to the United States Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/05/carlos_moreno_supreme_court_ca.html|title=Carlos Moreno: Supreme Court candidate|publisher=''[[Chicago Tribune]]''|date=2009-05-13|author=Silva, Mark|accessdate=2009-12-28}}</ref> Despite the potential nomination, he held firm to his controversial dissent in ''[[Strauss v. Horton]]'' and did not change his vote. Obama's nomination of [[Sonia Sotomayor]] as the new Justice happened on the same day as the release of his dissent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-moreno26-2009sep26,0,7997637.story?page=2&track=rss|title=Carlos Moreno, California high court justice, is raising his profile|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|date=2009-09-26|author=Dolan, Maura|accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/supreme/justices/moreno.htm Biography] from the Judicial Council of California.
{{FJC Bio|2751}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{Succession box
|before = [[Stanley Mosk]]
|title = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California]]
|years = October 18, 2001 – February 28, 2011
|after = [[Goodwin Liu]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Moreno, Carlos
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American judge
| DATE OF BIRTH =November 4, 1948
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreno, Carlos}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Mexican descent]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American judges]]
[[Category:California Supreme Court justices]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Central District of California]]
[[Category:United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton]]

Carlos R. Moreno

2012-08-14T15:19:46Z

Broodingomnipresence: Removed certain statements to make article more neutral. It is currently written in an overly favorable tone, containing several unsourced assertions and quotations.

{{Infobox judge
| name = Carlos Moreno
| image = CarlosMoreno.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| office = [[Supreme Court of California|Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court]]
| term_start = October 18, 2001
| term_end = February 28, 2011
| appointer = [[Gray Davis]]
| predecessor = [[Stanley Mosk]]
| successor = [[Goodwin Liu]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|11|4}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United States]]
| party =
| spouse = [[Christine Moreno]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Stanford Law School]] ([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]]) [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

{{BLP sources|date=May 2009}}
'''Carlos Roberto Moreno''' (born November 4, 1948) is a [[United States|Mexican-American]] [[jurist]]. Following his retirement from the [[Supreme Court of California]], Moreno is currently of counsel with the California-based law firm [[Irell & Manella]].<ref>http://www.irell.com/news-96.html</ref> Moreno was considered to be a leading candidate to replace retiring Justice [[David Souter]] on the [[U.S. Supreme Court]].

When he was sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California in 2001, Justice Carlos Moreno chose to relinquish his lifetime seat on the U.S. District Court where he had presided over a broad range of complex civil and criminal matters since his appointment in 1998 by President [[Bill Clinton]]. On the state's highest court, he has the opportunity to "really address critical cutting-edge issues involving social policy," and his service allows him to contribute to "decisions about what direction the law is going to take."

As an Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court, Justice Moreno reviewed on appeal a wide range of civil and criminal cases, which have substantial state and federal constitutional implications. With his appointment to the Supreme Court of California, he became only the third judge of Hispanic heritage to serve in the Court's nearly 150-year history, and the first in more than a decade.

Justice Moreno's service in the judiciary began with his appointment in 1986 to the Municipal Court, Compton Judicial District, by Governor [[George Deukmejian]]. In that capacity, he adjudicated criminal matters, with an emphasis on serious felony offenses, and supervised the court's civil department until 1993, when Governor [[Pete Wilson]] elevated him to the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]], where he presided over felony trials.

==Early life and family==
Moreno is the son of a [[Mexican people|Mexican]] immigrant mother who arrived in the country with few skills and no resources after the death of his father. He grew up in a home where Spanish was the first language and where no family member had an education beyond high school. In a recent speech at the [[UC Davis School of Law]] ([[King Hall]]), he told students, "I never in my wildest dreams thought that I could become one of seven judges on the highest court in the state. I want to emphasize to you the idea that no matter what your dreams may be, you can follow them."

A native of [[Los Angeles]], Justice Moreno grew up in a [[Solano Canyon|small community in Elysian Park]] known as [[solanocanyon.net|Solano Canyon]]. He attended local public schools before going east to [[Yale University]], from which he graduated in 1970. He realized early in his education that he had a skill which enabled him to navigate through complex procedures as he assisted various relatives in responding to requests for additional information regarding insurance claims and applications for benefits. He was later drawn to the study of law so that he could help others on a larger scale and with a broader range of issues.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

==Education and early legal career==
Moreno received his [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[political science]] from [[Yale University]] in 1970 and his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] from [[Stanford Law School]] in 1975. After graduating from [[Stanford Law School]] and being admitted to the Bar in 1975, he served in the [[Los Angeles City Attorney's Office]]. As Deputy City Attorney, he prosecuted criminal and civil consumer protection cases, and handled politically sensitive and legislative matters for the City Attorney. In 1979, he joined the firm of Mori & Ota (which became part of [[Kelley Drye & Warren]]) representing the firm's business clients in its general commercial litigation practice.

==Judicial service==
In 1986, [[Governor of California|Governor]] [[George Deukmejian]] appointed Moreno to the criminal court in [[Compton, California|Compton]]. In 1993, Governor [[Pete Wilson]] appointed him to the Superior Court of [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]]. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] nominated him for a federal judgeship on the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California]], a position for which he was confirmed in 1998.

Moreno resigned from the Central District of California on October 18, 2001, when he was appointed to the Supreme Court of California following his nomination by Governor [[Gray Davis]]. In November 2002, California voters confirmed Justice Moreno for the remainder of the term of his deceased predecessor, Justice [[Stanley Mosk]]. In 2010, California voters confirmed Justice Moreno to a full 12-year term.

On January 6, 2011, Justice Moreno announced his intention to retire from the California Supreme Court effective February 28, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/presscenter/newsreleases/NR02-11.PDF |title=Justice Moreno Announces Retirement from State Supreme Court |author= |date=January 6, 2011 |work= |publisher=Judicial Council of California |accessdate=January 7, 2011}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==

Formerly the president of the Mexican American Bar Association, Justice Moreno serves the community in a variety of ways. He has been a member of the California Judges Association, the Presiding Judges Association and the Municipal Court Judges Association of Los Angeles County and was also the president of the Yale Club of Southern California, and a member of the Stanford University Law School Board of Visitors. He currently serves as a director of the Arroyo Vista Family Health Center and the Western Justice Center Foundation.

Justice Moreno was honored with the Criminal Justice Superior Court Judge of the Year Award in 1997, from the Los Angeles County Bar Association, and was presented with the "For God, For Country, and For Yale" Award in 2001, recognizing him as a distinguished alumnus of Yale University. He also received an honorary degree from Southwestern University School of Law in May 2002 for his devotion to the justice system, young people and the community.

==Possible nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court==
On May 13, 2009, the [[Associated Press]] reported that President [[Barack Obama]] was considering Moreno, among others, for possible appointment to the United States Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/05/carlos_moreno_supreme_court_ca.html|title=Carlos Moreno: Supreme Court candidate|publisher=''[[Chicago Tribune]]''|date=2009-05-13|author=Silva, Mark|accessdate=2009-12-28}}</ref> Despite the potential nomination, he held firm to his controversial dissent in ''[[Strauss v. Horton]]'' and did not change his vote. Obama's nomination of [[Sonia Sotomayor]] as the new Justice happened on the same day as the release of his dissent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-moreno26-2009sep26,0,7997637.story?page=2&track=rss|title=Carlos Moreno, California high court justice, is raising his profile|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|date=2009-09-26|author=Dolan, Maura|accessdate=2009-09-26}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/supreme/justices/moreno.htm Biography] from the Judicial Council of California.
{{FJC Bio|2751}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{Succession box
|before = [[Stanley Mosk]]
|title = [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California]]
|years = October 18, 2001 – February 28, 2011
|after = [[Goodwin Liu]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Moreno, Carlos
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American judge
| DATE OF BIRTH =November 4, 1948
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreno, Carlos}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Mexican descent]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American judges]]
[[Category:California Supreme Court justices]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the Central District of California]]
[[Category:United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton]]

Resident Evil (film series)

2012-01-20T04:03:17Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) */ edited copy clearly written by studio flacks

{{Infobox film| name = Resident Evil (film series)
| image =Residentevil.jpg
| caption = ''The Resident Evil Collection'' cover
| director = [[Paul W.S. Anderson]] (1,4,5) [[Alexander Witt]] (2) [[Russell Mulcahy]] (3)
| producer = Paul W.S. Anderson [[Jeremy Bolt]] [[Bernd Eichinger]] (1, 3, 4) [[Samuel Hadida]] (1,3,4) [[Don Carmody]] (2,4) Robert Kulzer (3,4)
| writer = Paul W.S. Anderson
| starring = [[Milla Jovovich]]
| music = [[Marco Beltrami]] (1) [[Marilyn Manson]] (1) [[Jeff Danna]] (2) [[Charlie Clouser]] (3) [[tomandandy]] (4)
| cinematography = David Johnson (1,3) Derek Rogers (2) Christian Sebaldt (2) Glen MacPherson (4,5)
| editing = Alexander Berner (1) Eddie Hamilton (2) Niven Howie (3,4)
| distributor = [[Screen Gems]]
| released = 2002-2012
| country = {{Film Canada}} {{Film Germany}} {{Film UK}}
| language = English
| budget = $183,000,000
| gross = $675,775,409
}}

'''''Resident Evil''''' is a [[film series]] loosely based upon the [[Capcom]] video games [[Resident Evil|of the same name]]. [[Constantin Film]] bought rights to the first film in January 1997 with [[Alan B. McElroy]] and [[George A. Romero]] as potential writers. In 2001, [[Sony Entertainment|Sony]] acquired distribution rights to the film and hired [[Paul W.S. Anderson]] as writer and director for ''[[Resident Evil (film)|Resident Evil]]'' (2002). He continued on as writer and producer for ''[[Resident Evil: Apocalypse]]'' (2004) and ''[[Resident Evil: Extinction]]'' (2007), and returned as director for a fourth installment, ''[[Resident Evil: Afterlife]]'' (2010) and an upcoming fifth film ''[[Resident Evil: Retribution]]'', set to be released September, 2012 in [[3-D film|3D]].

The [[Umbrella Corporation]] acts as the main antagonist in the series, a [[bioengineering]] [[pharmaceutical company]] responsible for the [[zombie apocalypse]] as a result of founding the T-virus. The films follow franchise protagonist [[Alice (Resident Evil)|Alice]], portrayed by [[Milla Jovovich]], who was once a security operative working for Umbrella and is now the ultimate enemy of the corporation. Through her battle with Umbrella, she eventually meets with the main antagonist, Chairman [[Albert Wesker]] ([[Shawn Roberts]]). A number of video game characters also make an appearance in the films, including [[Jill Valentine]] ([[Sienna Guillory]]), [[Carlos Olivera]] ([[Oded Fehr]]), [[Claire Redfield]] ([[Ali Larter]]), [[Chris Redfield]] ([[Wentworth Miller]]) and [[Leon S. Kennedy]] ([[Johann Urb]]).

Despite a negative reaction from critics, the films have become the most successful movie series to be based on a videogame<ref name=guinness>{{cite web|last=Reeves|first=Ben|title=Guinness World Records 2012 Gamer’s Edition Preview|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2011/12/30/guinness-world-records-2012-gamer-s-edition-preview.aspx|work=[[Game Informer]]|accessdate=31 December 2011|date=December 30, 2011}}</ref> and the franchise has collectively brought in [[United States dollar|US$]]675 million worldwide on a $183 million budget.

==Development==
In January 1997, [[Constantin Film]] acquired the rights to the ''Resident Evil'' franchise with [[Alan B. McElroy]] writing the script.<ref name="constantin">{{Cite news| title= Constantin buys 'Evil' rights| publisher= ''Variety''| date= 1997-01-14| url= http://www.variety.com/vstory/VR1117433527.html?categoryid=38&cs=1&query=resident+evil| accessdate= 2010-09-01}}</ref> By 2001, [[Columbia TriStar]] was in final negotiations to acquire North American distribution rights to ''Resident Evil'' and budgeted the movie at $40 million.<ref name="coltristar">{{Cite news| last= Dunkley| first= Cathy| title= Col TriStar giving 'Evil' the eye| publisher= ''Variety''| date= 2001-05-09| url= http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117798958.html?categoryid=&cs=1&ref=ma&query=resident+evil| accessdate= 2010-09-01}}</ref>

[[George A. Romero]] was hired by [[Sony Pictures Entertainment|Sony]] and [[Capcom]] to direct and write ''Resident Evil''. However, his script was later disapproved and he was ultimately dropped from the movie.<ref>{{Cite news| title= Resident Evil Film News| publisher= ''Computerandvideogames.com''| date=2001-01-27| url= http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=16136&skip=yes| accessdate= 2007-11-26 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011063254/http://computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=16136&skip=yes  |archivedate = 2007-10-11}}</ref> Capcom producer [[Yoshiki Okamoto]] explained to the editors of ''Electronic Gaming Monthly'' that "Romero's script wasn't good, so Romero was fired".<ref>{{Cite web| title= Deep Dark Thoughts| publisher= ''Houseofhorrors.com''| url= http://www.houseofhorrors.com/romero.htm| accessdate= 2007-11-26}}</ref>

Hired by Sony, [[Paul W.S. Anderson]] wrote a screenplay, which was ultimately favored over Romero's.<ref name="anderson">{{Cite news| last= Harris| first= Dana| title= Anderson game to take 'Resident'| publisher= ''Variety''| date= 2000-10-04| url= http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117787328.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&query=resident+evil| accessdate= 2010-09-01}}</ref> In late 2000, Anderson was announced as director and writer, and ''Resident Evil'' re-entered pre-production stages.<ref name="anderson" /> Anderson stated the film would not include any tie-ins with the video game series as "under-performing movie tie-ins are too common and ''Resident Evil'', of all games, deserved a good celluloid representation".<ref>{{Cite news| title= Resident Evil Director explains character and story line changes | publisher= ''News Spong''| date=2001-06-26| url= http://news.spong.com/article/1837/Resident-Evil-Director-explains-character-and-story-line-changes| accessdate= 2007-11-26}}</ref> [[Milla Jovovich]] was cast as protagonist [[Alice (Resident Evil)|Alice]] in 2001,<ref>{{Cite news| title= Milla Jovovich ready for action! | publisher= ''Counting Down''| date=2001-03-14| url= http://www.countingdown.com/movies/13839/movieinfo/production?item_id=13853| accessdate= 2007-11-26}}</ref> a character she plays for a further four films.

A [[Resident Evil: Apocalypse|second film]] began production in [[2003 in film|2003]] after the first was a success.<ref name="redo">{{Cite news| last= Harris| first= Dana| title= 'Resident' redo slated| publisher= ''Variety''| date= 2002-10-10| url= http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117874186.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1&query=resident+evil| accessdate= 2010-09-01}}</ref> Anderson was confirmed to write the script but not confirmed to return as a director. As with the previous installment, Constantin provided financing for the film.<ref name="redo" />

In November 2005, [[Screen Gems]] gained the rights for the [[Resident Evil: Extinction|third film]] in the franchise, which was then named ''Resident Evil: Afterlife''.<ref>{{Cite news| last= McClintock| first= Pamela| title= 'Evil' knocking| publisher= ''Variety''| date= 2005-11-05| url= http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117932441.html?categoryid=2072&cs=1&query=resident+evil| accessdate= 2010-09-01}}</ref> It was announced Anderson would again return as a writer. Filming took place in [[Mexico]] and the movie was released September 21, 2007 as ''Resident Evil: Extinction''.<ref>{{Cite news| last= Davidson| first= Paul| title= A Date for Extinction| publisher=''IGN Movies''| date= 2006-07-27| url= http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/721/721308p1.html| accessdate= 2010-09-01}}</ref>

Before the third installment had been released, Constantin prepared to release a fourth film in the franchise.<ref>{{Cite news| title= Digest: Constantine readies 'Evil' sequels| publisher= ''The Hollywood Reporter''| date= 2005-04-16| url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000920947| accessdate= 2010-09-01| deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Originally set in [[Japan]], the film was soon confirmed to be released to theatres late 2010.<ref>{{Cite news| title= Confirmed Exclusive: Resident Evil 4 Arriving in Late 2010 | publisher= ''ShockTilYouDrop''| date= 2009-07-02| url= http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=10969| accessdate= 2010-09-01}}</ref> ''[[Resident Evil: Afterlife]]'' was filmed in [[3-D film|3D]] with the [[Fusion Camera System]] developed by [[James Cameron]] and Vince Pace for their 2009 film ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news| last= Bentley| first= David| title= Avatar inspires new Resident Evil trilogy in 3D| publisher= ''The Coventry Telegraph''| date= 2009-07-04| url= http://blogs.coventrytelegraph.net/thegeekfiles/2009/07/avatar-inspires-new-resident-e.html| accessdate= 2010-09-01}}</ref> The film had a $60 million budget, the biggest budget in the Resident Evil franchise.<ref>{{Cite news| last1 =Hopewell | first1 = John| last2 = Keslassy | first2= Elsa | title= Euros pick up 3D production| publisher=''Variety''| date= 2010-05-07| url= http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118018774.html| accessdate= 2010-07-01}}</ref>

A fifth film in the franchise was confirmed, entitled ''Resident Evil: Retribution'', and is scheduled for release on September 14, 2012.<ref name="sept14">{{Cite news|last=Vlessing |first=Etan|title='Resident Evil 5' To Shoot In Toronto|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date={{nowrap|August 16, 2011}}|url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/resident-evil-5-shoot-toronto-223604|accessdate={{nowrap|August 21, 2011}}|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/61noLlfn2|archivedate={{nowrap|September 18, 2011}}|deadurl=no}}</ref> Filming took place in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] from mid-October to December 23, 2011,<ref name="sept14"/> marking the third time the franchise has filmed in Toronto. [[Paul W. S. Anderson]] returned as writer and director, Glen McPherson serves as director of photography and Kevin Phipps as [[production designer]].<ref name="sept14"/>

Jovovich was confirmed, as well as Guillory, who will be reprising her role as Jill Valentine.<ref name="Guillory RE5">{{cite news|last=Reynolds|first=Simon|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/news/a310358/sienna-guillory-returns-for-resident-evil-5.html|title=Sienna Guillory returns for 'Resident Evil 5'|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi Médias]]|date={{nowrap|March 22, 2011}}|accessdate={{nowrap|March 26, 2011}}|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/61noX3Vfv|archivedate={{nowrap|September 18, 2011}}|deadurl=no}}</ref> [[Boris Kodjoe]] returned as Luther.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=20962|title=Luther's Back for More Resident Evil|last=Turek|first=Ryan|work=ShockTilYouDrop|publisher=[[CraveOnline]]|date={{nowrap|September 13, 2011}}|accessdate={{nowrap|September 13, 2011}}|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/61noauGaz|archivedate={{nowrap|September 18, 2011}}|deadurl=no}}</ref> [[Colin Salmon]] who played One and [[Michelle Rodriguez]] who played Rain Ocampo in the first film returned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slashfilm.com/casting-bits-nick-nolte-tom-waits-offered-the-road-peter-bogdanovich-the-healer-colin-salmon-returns-resident-evil-retribution/|title=May Take ‘The Low Road’, Peter Bogdanovich Joins 'Super 8' Star in 'The Healer', Colin Salmon Seeks 'Retribution'|last=Han|first=Angie|publisher=[[/Film]]|date={{nowrap|September 13, 2011}}|accessdate={{nowrap|September 13, 2011}}|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/61noePc1r|archivedate={{nowrap|September 18, 2011}}|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/26441|title=Michelle Rodriguez Returning for Some 'Retribution'!|last=Miska|first=Brad|work=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|publisher=The Collective|date={{nowrap|September 22, 2011}}|accessdate={{nowrap|September 23, 2011}}|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/61vS5FDmk|archivedate={{nowrap|September 23, 2011}}|deadurl=no}}</ref> [[Oded Fehr]] who portrayed [[Carlos Olivera]] in the second and third film returned for the film. [[Johann Urb]] is cast as [[Leon S. Kennedy]] and [[Kevin Durand]] is confirmed to appear in the film as [[Barry Burton]].<ref name="DigitalSpy">{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/09/michelle-rodriguez-johann-urb-join-milla-jovovich-in-resident-evil-5/|title=Michelle Rodriguez, Johann Urb Join Milla Jovovich In ‘Resident Evil 5′|last= Fleming|first=Mike|work=Deadline Hollywood|publisher=Mike Fleming|date={{nowrap|September 27, 2011}}|accessdate={{nowrap|September 27, 2011}}|archiveurl=http://www.deadline.com/2011/09/michelle-rodriguez-johann-urb-join-milla-jovovich-in-resident-evil-5/|archivedate={{nowrap|September 27, 2011}}|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Phil Pirrello |url=http://twitter.com/#!MillaJovovich/status/119415829380075520|title=Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page|publisher=Milla Jovovich|date=2010-07-25 |accessdate=2011-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twitlonger.com/show.djc0t6|title=Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page|publisher=''Milla Jovovich''|accessdate=2011-12-11}}</ref> The character [[Ada Wong]] will be played by [[Li Bingbing]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twitter.com/#!/MillaJovovich/status/12372376448929792|title=Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page|publisher=''Milla Jovovich''|accessdate=2011-10-11}}</ref>

==Anderson film series==
===Resident Evil (2002)===
{{Main|Resident Evil (film)}}
The [[Umbrella Corporation]] operates a top-secret genetic research facility named The Hive. Located beneath Raccoon City, The Hive has been sealed by The Red Queen due to possible viral infection by the T-Virus.

[[Alice (Resident Evil)|Alice]] ([[Milla Jovovich]]) was once a security operative working for the Corporation until her memory was wiped. She is led underground, along with prisoner Matt Addison ([[Eric Mabius]]), into The Hive by a team of Umbrella Corporation commandos, among them is Rain Ocampo ([[Michelle Rodriguez]]). Whilst the team are searching for survivors, they turn the power off, unknowingly releasing the re-animated corpses of Umbrella's workers. When confronting the Red Queen, Alice discovers that the T-Virus spreads through a bite or scratch and that a blow to the head will permanently shut down the attacker.

As the team attempts to escape The Hive, an Umbrella test subject called the Licker escapes and it pursues the team. When they reach the train that leads them to the exit, the Licker attacks and scratches Matt before Alice can kill it. When they reach the surface, Matt is taken away by Umbrella workers and he eventually transforms into [[Nemesis (Resident Evil)|Nemesis]]. In the conclusion, Alice wakes from a coma to a ravaged Raccoon City after a T-Virus outbreak.
[[Image:WonderCon2010 - Milla Jovovitch 2336.jpg|right|225px|thumb|upright|Alice is portrayed by actress Milla Jovovich.]]

===Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004)===
{{Main|Resident Evil: Apocalypse}}
The viral outbreak reaches the surface and in an effort to contain the infection, Major Timothy Cain ([[Thomas Kretschmann]]) seals all exits to and from Raccoon City. Among the people trapped in the city are [[Jill Valentine]] ([[Sienna Guillory]]) and her partner Peyton Wells ([[Razaaq Adoti]]). After Alice awakens from her coma, she rescues Jill and Peyton from a group of Lickers who escaped The Hive. They are then contacted by Dr. Charles Ashford ([[Jared Harris]]) who claims to know of an evacuation point in the city in exchange for the rescue of his daughter Angela Ashford ([[Sophie Vavasseur]]), who is trapped in Raccoon City Elementary School. The group also learns Umbrella plans to incinerate Raccoon City to get rid of the T-Virus.

On their way to rescue Angela, Nemesis attacks the team after it is commanded by Cain to kill all STARS members. After Angela's rescue, they then make their way to the evacuation helicopter with [[Carlos Olivera]] ([[Oded Fehr]]), who has been dropped into Raccoon City and abandoned by Umbrella. After Alice's confrontation with Cain and Nemesis, which leaves the latter two dead, the team flies away from Raccoon City as it is being sanitized by a nuclear bomb. The helicopter, however, crashes in the Arklay Mountains.

A wounded Alice is taken to the [[Detroit]] Umbrella research station where she is healed and experimented on by Dr. Sam Isaacs ([[Iain Glen]]). When she awakens, she escapes the facility and displays extraordinary powers, she is then driven away by Jill and Carlos who are disguised as Umbrella employees. As they drive away, the Umbrella logo flashes in Alice's eyes and Isaacs's computer states "Project Alice Activated".

===Resident Evil: Extinction (2007)===
{{Main|Resident Evil: Extinction}}
The world has been consumed by the T-Virus and Umbrella develops clones of Alice in hopes of finding one who displays Alice's powers. Elsewhere, [[Claire Redfield]] ([[Ali Larter]]) leads a convoy of survivors across the Nevada desert, including Raccoon City survivors Carlos Olivera and L.J. Wayne ([[Mike Epps]]) along with K-Mart ([[Spencer Locke]]), Nurse Betty ([[Ashanti (Entertainer)|Ashanti]]) and Mikey ([[Chris Egan (actor)|Chris Egan]]). A secluded Alice roams the country for survivors. After failing to find any living people, she comes into contact with Claire's convoy after she rescues them from mutated crows using her super-human abilities.

The convoy, along with Alice, heads to [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] to gather supplies so they can reach [[Alaska]] in an effort to get to a place called Arcadia, thought to be a safe haven and free of the T-Virus. Whilst there, they are attacked by super zombies who kill most of the convoy. After L.J. is bitten and hides his infection from the rest of the group, he transforms and bites Carlos. Isaacs himself is bitten and in an effort to cure himself, injects himself with large doses of the Anti-Virus which causes him to transform into a [[Tyrant (Resident Evil)|Tyrant]]. Claire and K-Mart leave for Alaska in an Umbrella chopper, whilst Carlos sacrifices himself in an explosion to aid their escape. Alice confronts Isaacs, in Tyrant form, in the underground Umbrella station where she is aided by a clone of herself. After his defeat, Alice looks on with the clone into a room full of pods as thousands of Alice clones awaken.

===Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010)===
{{Main|Resident Evil: Afterlife}}
Japan is revealed to be the source of the global outbreak of the T-Virus. After the events of ''Extinction'' Alice and the clones attack the Tokyo Umbrella station, Wesker however escapes and detonates the facility, killing the clones. Whilst flying away from the explosion in an Umbrella chopper, Wesker is confronted by the original Alice who is then injected with a serum which eliminates her super-human abilities. The helicopter then crashes, where only Alice is seen emerging from the rubble.

After months of a failed search for survivors, Alice lands on a beach to find a crazed Claire under the influence of an Umbrella device attached to her chest and with her memory wiped. Claire and Alice travel to [[Los Angeles]] where they stumble upon a prison surrounded by zombies, among the survivors in the prison is Luther West ([[Boris Kodjoe]]) and [[Chris Redfield]] ([[Wentworth Miller]]), Claire's brother. Arcadia is revealed by the survivors to be a tanker off the coast which has been broadcasting a message on loop and picking up survivors. During an attempted escape, Alice, Claire and Chris are the only ones to emerge and they reach the tanker only to find it abandoned. As they search the inner depths, Claire's memory begins to return when she remembers Umbrella workers attacking her group of survivors and kidnapping them to the tanker. The ship is revealed to be an Umbrella research facility which has lured survivors to conduct experiments on them. Among the imprisoned is K-Mart. The three then meet Wesker, who has been granted super-human abilities due to the T-Virus in his system. After a victorious battle, Alice transmits a message to survivors calling them to the tanker and hopes to create a new haven.

In the conclusion, Luther emerges from the sewer drain alive and a fleet of Umbrella Corporation choppers prepares to lead an assault on the survivors, being dictated by Jill Valentine ([[Sienna Guillory]]), who has been missing since the events of ''Resident Evil: Apocalypse''.

===Resident Evil: Retribution (2012)===
{{main|Resident Evil: Retribution}}

The Umbrella Corporation's deadly T-virus continues to ravage the Earth, transforming the global population into legions of the flesh eating Undead. The human race's last and only hope, Alice (Milla Jovovich), awakens in the heart of Umbrella's most clandestine operations facility and unveils more of her mysterious past as she delves further into the complex. Without a safe haven, Alice continues to hunt those responsible for the outbreak; a chase that takes her from Tokyo to New York, Washington, D.C. and Moscow, culminating in a mind-blowing revelation that will force her to rethink everything that she once thought to be true. Aided by newfound allies and familiar friends, Alice must fight to survive long enough to escape a hostile world on the brink of oblivion.

==Capcom film series==
Aside from the English produced live-action film series, Capcom have also produced two [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] films which are tied to the original game series, the first of which uses the original setting of Raccoon City, but none of the original characters are present. ''Degeneration'' is Capcom's first full-length feature film taking place between the events of ''[[Resident Evil 4]]'' and ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'', and follows [[Leon S. Kennedy]] and [[Claire Redfield]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071030160409/http://ir.capcom.co.jp/english/news/html/e071029.html CAPCOM | Press Release 2007]</ref> A sequel, titled ''[[Resident Evil: Damnation]]'', is currently in development.

===Biohazard 4D-Executer===
{{Main|Biohazard 4D-Executer}}

===Resident Evil: Degeneration===
{{Main|Resident Evil: Degeneration}}

===Resident Evil: Damnation===
{{Main|Resident Evil: Damnation}}

==Cast and characters==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width=99%

! rowspan="2" width="20%" | Character
! colspan="5" align="center" | Film
|-
! align="center" width="15%" | ''[[Resident Evil (film)|Resident Evil]]'' (2002)
! align="center" width="15%" | ''[[Resident Evil: Apocalypse]]'' (2004)
! align="center" width="15%" | ''[[Resident Evil: Extinction]]'' (2007)
! align="center" width="15%" | ''[[Resident Evil: Afterlife]]'' (2010)
! align="center" width="15%" | ''[[Resident Evil: Retribution]]'' (2012)
|-
! [[Alice (Resident Evil)|Alice]]
| colspan="5" | [[Milla Jovovich]]
|-
! Matt Addison/[[Nemesis (Resident Evil)|Nemesis]]
| colspan="1" | [[Eric Mabius]]
| colspan="1" | [[Matthew G. Taylor]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! [[Characters in the Resident Evil films#Rain Ocampo|Rain Ocampo]]
| colspan="1" | [[Michelle Rodriguez]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Michelle Rodriguez]]
|-
! James "One" Shade
| colspan="1" | [[Colin Salmon]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Colin Salmon]]
|-
! Spence Parks
| colspan="1" | [[James Purefoy]]
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Chad Kaplan
| colspan="1" | [[Martin Crewes]]
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! [[Jill Valentine]]
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Sienna Guillory]]
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="2" | [[Sienna Guillory]]
|-
! [[Carlos Olivera]]
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="2" | [[Oded Fehr]]
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Oded Fehr]]
|-
! Lloyd Jefferson (L.J.) Wayne
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="2" | [[Mike Epps]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! [[Characters in the Resident Evil films#Dr. Sam Isaacs|Dr. Sam Isaacs]]
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="2" | [[Iain Glen]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Dr. Charles Ashford
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Jared Harris]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Angela Ashford
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Sophie Vavasseur]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Terri Morales
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Sandrine Holt]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Peyton Wells
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Razaaq Adoti]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Major Timothy Cain
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Thomas Kretschmann]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! [[Claire Redfield]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="2" | [[Ali Larter]]
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! [[Characters in the Resident Evil films#K-Mart|K-Mart]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="2" | [[Spencer Locke]]
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! [[Albert Wesker]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Jason O'Mara]]
| colspan="2" | [[Shawn Roberts]]
|-
! Nurse Betty
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Ashanti (entertainer)|Ashanti]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Luther West
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="2" | [[Boris Kodjoe]]
|-
! [[Chris Redfield]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Wentworth Miller]]
| colspan="1" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! [[Leon Scott Kennedy]]
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Johann Urb]]
|-
! [[Ada Wong]]
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Li Bingbing]]
|-
! [[Barry Burton]]
| colspan="4" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="1" | [[Kevin Durand]]
|-
|}

==Reception==
''[[Resident Evil (film)|Resident Evil]]'' opened domestically on March 15, 2002 to the #2 spot at the box office. The movie took $17,707,106 from 2,528 theatres averaging $7,004 per theatre.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2002&wknd=11&p=.htm | title=Weekend Box Office Results for March 15–17, 2002 | publisher=''Box Office Mojo'' | accessdate=2010-09-05}}</ref> By the end of its theatrical run, ''Resident Evil'' had made $40,119,709 domestically and $102,441,078 world-wide on a $33 million budget.<ref name="res1bo">{{Cite web| url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=residentevil.htm | title=Resident Evil (2002) | publisher=''Box Office Mojo'' | accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> Critically, the film suffered with a 34% "rotten" rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref name="res1rev">{{Cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/resident_evil/ | title=Resident Evil (2002) | publisher=''Rotten Tomatoes'' | accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> There were positive reviews however with ''[[The Chicago Tribune]]'' declaring it "one of the few video game movies to truly re-create the gaming experience"<ref>{{Cite news| last= K.Elder| first= Robert| title= Movie review, 'Resident Evil'| publisher= ''The Chicago Tribune''| date= 2002-03-15| url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/mmx-15754_lgcy,0,6871157.story| accessdate= 2010-09-07}}</ref> and ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]'' calling it "an absolute wreck. But what an ambitiously mind-blowing wreck it is, bursting with dazzlingly sordid cinematography".<ref>{{Cite news| last= Marc| first= Savlov| title= Resident Evil| publisher= ''The Austin Chornicle''| date= 2002-03-15| url= http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Calendar/Film?Film=oid%3a141991| accessdate= 2010-09-07}}</ref>

''[[Resident Evil: Apocalypse]]'' debuted at #1 in its opening weekend (September 10–12, 2004) with $23,036,273.<ref>{{Cite news| title='Resident Evil's' undead conquer box office| publisher= ''MSNBC''| date= 2004-09-12| url= http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/5982347| accessdate= 2010-09-07}}</ref> Averaging $7,014 at 3,284 theatres, the movie had an increased budget of $45 million and made $129,394,835 world-wide.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2004&wknd=37&p=.htm | title=Weekend Box Office Results for September 10–12, 2004 | publisher=''Box Office Mojo'' | accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref><ref name="res2bo">{{Cite web| url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=residentevilapocalypse.htm | title=Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004)| publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> Similar to the first installment, ''Apocalypse'' was not well-received by critics. A ''[[BBC]]'' review noted, "A zombie movie as dead-eyed and soulless as its walking dead villains."
<ref>{{Cite news| last=Pierce| first= Nev| title=Resident Evil: Apocalypse| publisher= ''BBC''| date= 2004-10-05| url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2004/10/04/resident_evil_apocalypse_2004_review.shtml| accessdate= 2010-09-07}}</ref> Not all reviews were negative, ''[[The Seattle Times]]'' marked it an improvement from the original, saying the film "makes up for the wretched mess that was 2002's "Resident Evil"".<ref>{{Cite news| last=Shannon| first=Jeff| title=Improved sequel packed with zombies, babes, action| publisher= ''The Seattle Times''| date= 2004-09-10| url= http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040910&slug=resident10| accessdate= 2010-09-07}}</ref>

The third film, ''[[Resident Evil: Extinction]]'' followed the success of the second film opening at #1 during September 21–23, 2007.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Rich| first=Joshua| title='Resident' Champion| publisher= ''Entertainment Weekly''| date= 2004-09-24| url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20058320,00.html| accessdate= 2010-09-07}}</ref> The film became the second highest grossing movie in the franchise with $147,717,833 world-wide, $97,069,154 of it coming from international territories.<ref name="res3bo">{{Cite web| url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=residentevil3.htm | title=Resident Evil: Extinction (2007) | publisher=''Box Office Mojo'' | accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> As with the first two installments, ''Extinction'' was negatively received by critics with a 22% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.<ref name="res3rev">{{Cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/resident_evil_extinction/?page=3&critic=columns&sortby=&name_order=&view=#contentReviews | title=Resident Evil: Extinction (2007) | publisher=''Rotten Tomatoes'' | accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' deemed it "Better than the silly second instalment and boasting an effectively creepy empty world setting, it’s nevertheless scuppered by a lack of coherence."<ref>{{Cite news| last=O'Hara| first=Helen| title=Review of Resident Evil: Extinction| publisher= ''Empire''| url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20058320,00.html| accessdate= 2010-09-07| date=2007-09-24}}</ref> ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' also gave a positive review of the film, "Fast-paced and filled with brisk action sequences -- the film should reasonably satisfy the devotees."<ref>{{Cite news| last=Scheck| first=Frank| title=Resident Evil: Extinction| publisher= ''The Hollywood Reporter''| date= 2007-09-24| url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/resident-evil-extinction-158006| accessdate= 2010-09-07}}</ref>

''[[Resident Evil: Afterlife]]'' opened in theatres September 10, 2010 to $26.7 million, setting a franchise record for highest domestic opening weekend and becoming the eighth highest September opening of all time.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/month/?mo=09&p=.htm | title=Top September Opening Weekends | publisher=''Box Office Mojo'' | accessdate=2012-01-11}}</ref> ''Afterlife'' scored the least-attended debut of the series and its large opening weekend tally was due to the higher ticket prices for 3D.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2917&p=.htm | title=Weekend Report: 'Resident Evil' Earns Extra Life with Fourth Movie | publisher=''Box Office Mojo'' | accessdate=2012-01-10}}</ref> Overseas, the fourth installment grossed $42.7 million from 3,971 screens in 34 markets, earning another franchise record.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Segers| first=Frank| title='Afterlife' knocks 'Inception' to No. 2 overseas| publisher= ''The Hollywood Reporter''| date= 2010-10-14| url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/afterlife-knocks-inception-no-2-27707| accessdate= 2012-01-10}}</ref> In total, the film earned $73.2 million worldwide in its opening weekend and stayed at the top of the international box office for four consecutive weeks.<ref>{{Cite news| title=International box office: 'Resident Evil: Afterlife' lives on | publisher= ''The Indeptendent''| date= 2010-10-04| url= http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/international-box-office-resident-evil-afterlife-lives-on-2097208.html| accessdate= 2012-01-11}}</ref> ''Resident Evil: Afterlife'' made $296,221,663 at the end of its theatrical run.<ref name=res4bo>{{Cite web| url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=residentevil4.htm | title= Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010) | Publisher=''Box Office Mojo'' | accessdate=2012-01-11}}</ref> Critically, the film was on par with its predecessors. On ''Rotten Tomatoes'', 24% of 87 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 4.1 out of 10.<ref name=res4rt>{{Cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/resident_evil_afterlife/ | title= Resident Evil: Afterlife | Publisher=''Rotten Tomatoes'' | accessdate=2012-01-10}}</ref> Michael Ordoña of ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' gave the film a positive review, claiming that "the action is easier to read than in most films of the genre, and therefore more enjoyable. Anderson makes particular use of sets and locations to wring out more bang for the stereoscopic buck."<ref>{{Cite news| last= Ordoña| first= Michael| title=Movie review: 'Resident Evil: Afterlife' | publisher= ''The Los Angeles Times''| date= 2010-09-11| url= http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/11/entertainment/la-et-resident-evil-20100911| accessdate= 2012-01-11}}</ref> Kim Newman of ''[[Empire Magazine]]'' was less enthusiastic about the movie giving ''Afterlife'' two stars out of a possible five, stating "What fun there is to be had is undermined by drab 3D, hacked-out dialogue and rehashed plots."<ref>{{Cite news| last= Newman| first= Kim| title=Resident Evil: Afterlife | publisher= ''Empire''| url= http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?FID=136832| accessdate= 2012-01-11}}</ref>

The series holds the record for the "Most Live-Action Film Adaptations of a Videogame" in the 2012 ''[[Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition]]'', which also described it as "the most successful movie series to be based on a videogame."<ref name=guinness/>

===Box office===
{| class="wikitable" width=99% border="1"
!rowspan="2" align="center" | Film
!rowspan="2" align="center" | Release date
!colspan="3" align="center" | Revenue
!rowspan="2" align="center" | Budget
!rowspan="2" align="center" | Reference
|-
!align="center" | United States
!align="center" | Foreign
!align="center" | Worldwide
|-
| ''Resident Evil''
| March 15, 2002
| $40,119,709
| $62,321,369
| $102,441,078
| align="center" | $33,000,000
| align="center" |<ref name="res1bo" />
|-
| ''Resident Evil: Apocalypse''
| September 10, 2004
| $51,201,453
| $78,193,382
| $129,394,835
| align="center" | $45,000,000
| align="center" |<ref name="res2bo" />
|-
| ''Resident Evil: Extinction''
| September 21, 2007
| $50,648,679
| $97,069,154
| $147,717,833
| align="center" | $45,000,000
| align="center" |<ref name="res3bo" />
|-
| ''Resident Evil: Afterlife''
| September 10, 2010
| $60,128,566
| $236,093,097
| $296,221,663
| align="center" | $60,000,000
| align="center" |<ref name=res4bo/>
|-
|colspan=2 align="center"|Total
| $202,098,407
| $473,677,002
| $675,775,409
| align="center" |$183,000,000
|
|-
|}

===Critical reaction===
{| class="wikitable" width=99% border="1"
! Film
! [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
! [[Metacritic]]
|-
| ''Resident Evil''
| 34% (122 reviews)<ref name="res1rev" />
| 33 (24 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/resident-evil | title=Resident Evil | work=Metacritic | accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>
|-
| ''Resident Evil: Apocalypse''
| 20% (122 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/resident_evil_apocalypse/ | title=Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) | work=Rotten Tomatoes | accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>
| 35 (26 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/resident-evil-apocalypse | title=Resident Evil: Apocalypse | work=Metacritic | accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>
|-
| ''Resident Evil: Extinction''
| 22% (92 reviews)<ref name="res3rev" />
| 41 (12 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/resident-evil-extinction | title=Resident Evil: Extinction | work=Metacritic | accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>
|-
| ''Resident Evil: Afterlife''
| 24% (89 reviews)<ref name=res4rt/>
| 37 (14 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/resident-evil-afterlife | title=Resident Evil: Afterlife | work=Metacritic | accessdate=2011-08-02}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.residentevil-movie.com Resident Evil: Afterlife] Official Website
* ''[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=residentevil.htm Resident Evil]'' at [[Box Office Mojo]]
* {{Amg movie|347795|Resident Evil film series}}

{{Resident Evil series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Resident Evil (Film Series)}}
[[Category:Action films by series]]
[[Category:Science fiction films by series]]
[[Category:Horror films by series]]
[[Category:Films based on video games]]
[[Category:IMAX films]]
[[Category:Resident Evil films]]
[[Category:Film series]]

[[fa:رزیدنت ایول (سری‌های فیلم)]]
[[fr:Resident Evil (série de films)]]

Joshua (2007 film)

2012-01-09T19:15:34Z

Broodingomnipresence: removed citation needed flag for minor plot point; either the whole plot needs a citation or none of it does.

{{For|the 1976 film|Joshua (1976 film)}}

{{unref|date=July 2010}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Joshua
| image = Joshuaposter.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[George Ratliff]]
| producer = Johnathan Dorfman
| writer = George Ratliff David Gilbert
| starring = [[Sam Rockwell]] [[Vera Farmiga]] [[Celia Weston]] [[Dallas Roberts]] [[Michael McKean]] [[Jacob Kogan]]
| music = [[Nico Muhly]]
| cinematography = [[Benoît Debie]]
| editing = Jacob Craycroft
| studio = [[ATO Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Fox Searchlight Pictures]]
| released = July 6, 2007
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| budget =
| gross = US$482,355
}}
'''''Joshua''''' is a [[2007 in film|2007]] American psychological [[horror film|horror]]/[[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] film about an affluent young [[Manhattan]] family and how they are torn apart by the increasingly [[Sadomasochism|sadistic]] behavior of their disturbed son, Joshua. The film was directed by George Ratliff and stars [[Sam Rockwell]], [[Vera Farmiga]] and [[Jacob Kogan]]. It was released on July 6, 2007 in the [[United States]].

==Plot==
The movie centers around the lives of Brad and Abby Cairn (Rockwell and Farmiga), two affluent Manhattanites with two children. Their firstborn, the nine-year-old Joshua (Kogan) is a [[child prodigy]] to such a degree that he thinks and acts decades ahead of his age. He is nearly always clad in conservative business attire and demonstrating limitless brilliance as a pianist with a marked predilection for "dissonant" [[classical music|classical]] pieces. Joshua gravitates toward his [[gay]] esthete uncle Ned ([[Dallas Roberts]]) as a close friend, but distances himself from his immediate kin, particularly when Abby brings a newborn baby sister home from the hospital.

As the days pass, bizarre events transpire as the mood at the house regresses from healthy and happy to strange and disorienting. As the baby's whines drive an already strained Abby to the point of a nervous breakdown, Joshua devolves from eccentric to downright sociopathic behavior. Joshua causes a fight between his mother who is [[Jewish]] but [[nonreligious]] and paternal grandmother who is an [[Evangelical Christian]] and who constantly [[proselytize]]s Joshua, when he tells his parents he wants to become a [[Christian]]. Abby gets very angry and swears at the grandmother, telling her to leave her house immediately. He convinces his mother to join him in a game of hide and seek, and when she has her eyes closed counting, he takes his baby sister from her crib to hide with him, causing his mother to panic and pass out while searching for them in the empty penthouse above them, before he puts the baby back into the crib to make it look as though his mother was hallucinating the entire incident.

Later, after discussing Abby's psychological problems with his brother-in-law Ned, Brad takes two weeks off from his job to look after Abby and his children. When he arrives home, Joshua has gone to the Brooklyn Museum with his grandmother and sister. Joshua frightens his grandmother by describing to her in detail about [[Set (mythology)|Seth]], the [[Egypt]]ian God of Chaos, and his violent acts. While they are at the museum, Brad watches a video tape of Joshua scaring his baby sister with a light, making her cry. He arrives at the museum, just in time to see Joshua attempt to push his sister in her carriage down a large flight of stairs, but he stops when he is caught by his grandmother, whom he proceeds to push down the large staircase, killing her and disguising it as an accident. However, Brad is convinced Joshua pushed her and confides in Ned at the funeral.

That night, Brad installs a lock on his bedroom door and tells Joshua that Lilly will be sleeping with him, fearing Joshua will attempt to do something to his sister. That night, Joshua builds a house of blocks in the living room and provokes his father. Brad tells him he won't be able to hurt anyone else, as he now realizes he is causing trouble. Later that week, on Ned's recommendation, Brad brings Betsy, a [[psychology|psychologist]], into the home to meet Joshua. Betsy comes to the conclusion that Joshua is being [[child abuse|abused]]. Later Brad tells him he is being sent away to a [[boarding school]], causing Joshua to run away. When Brad arrives home, he finds Joshua hiding in a cupboard, crying hysterically with a large bruise on his back. The next morning, he and Joshua go for a walk with his sister, but Joshua has stolen her pacifier, causing her to cry. When Brad confronts him, he begins to mock him, causing Brad to strike him. After Brad realizes what he did, he tries to say he is sorry, but Joshua further taunts him which drives Brad to beating his son in public, strengthening Joshua's case of abuse, and sending Brad to jail for three days, leaving Ned to take care of Joshua and his sister.

In the last scene of the film, Joshua is playing a piano while his uncle Ned is talking to a person in a phone about having a [[nanny]] to take care of Lily. Afterwards, Ned sits with Joshua and compose a song together with Joshua singing an original song. Lyrics of the song is basically how Joshua's parents both will never be loved by anyone due to all the events. It is then revealed in the song that he only wanted to be with Ned and got rid of everyone else. After the song ends, Joshua stares at Ned while Ned realizes what has happened.

==Reception==
The film was a special selection at the 2007 [[Sundance Film Festival]]. It also received some positive reviews, [[Duane Byrge]] of [[The Hollywood Reporter]] said that the film was "a brilliant house-of-horror tale with Hitchcockean flare," [[Owen Gleiberman]] of [[Entertainment Weekly]] said that the film is "something vitally new... that has a cool and savvy fun with your fears," he also notes that it is "a superbly crafted psychological thriller{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}. The film currently garners an average rating of 6.9 out of 10 with 31 correspondents in [[Rotten Tomatoes]],<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/joshua/ Rotten Tomatoes]</ref> a score of 69 based on 25 critic reviews in [[Metacritic]].<ref name="metacritic">[http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/joshua2007?q=joshua Metacritic.com]</ref>

==Music==
The song featured at the end of the film and during the end credits, "The Fly", was written especially for the movie by singer [[Dave Matthews]]. Matthews wrote the song as the production company of which he is a partner, 'ATO Pictures', was the production company behind the film.

A music video of the song featuring Dave Matthews was made and included in the DVD release of the film.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

[[Beethoven's]] [[Piano Sonata No. 12 (Beethoven)|Piano Sonata No. 12]] (Funeral March movement) was used widely in the film, and was learned and played by 12-year old [[Jacob Kogan]]. The soundtrack for the movie has been written by Nico Muhly and can be downloaded via [[iTunes]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.foxsearchlight.com/joshua/ Joshua Official Site]
* {{imdb title|id=0808331|title=Joshua}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=joshua|title=Joshua}}
* {{metacritic film|id=joshua2007|title=Joshua}}
* {{mojo title|id=joshua|title=Joshua}}
* {{Amg movie|381486|Joshua}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American horror films]]
[[Category:2000s horror films]]
[[Category:Psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]

[[fr:Joshua (film, 2007)]]
[[it:Joshua (film 2007)]]
[[nl:Joshua (film)]]
[[pl:Joshua (film)]]
[[pt:Joshua (filme)]]

David Ignatius

2011-12-10T21:33:40Z

Broodingomnipresence: fixing grammar

{{Infobox writer
| name = David Ignatius
| image = david ignatius.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|05|26}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Journalist]], [[Analyst]]
| language = English
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| education = [[St. Albans School]][[Harvard College]][[Kings College, Cambridge]]
| genre = [[Suspense]], [[Espionage fiction]], [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks = ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', ''Agents of Innocence'', ''The Increment''
| spouse = Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''David R. Ignatius''' (May 26, 1950), is an [[United States|American]] [[journalist]] and [[novelist]]. He is an [[associate editor]] and [[columnist]] for ''[[The Washington Post]]''. He also co-hosts '''PostGlobal''', an online discussion of international issues at [[Washingtonpost.com]], with ''[[Newsweek]]'' 's [[Fareed Zakaria]]. He has written eight novels, including ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', which director [[Ridley Scott]] adapted into a [[Body of Lies (film)|film]]. He has received numerous honors, including the [[Legion of Honor]] from the [[French Republic]], the [[Urbino World Press Award]] from the [[Italian Republic]], and a lifetime achievement award from the International Committee for Foreign
Journalism.

==Personal life==
Ignatius was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref>http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/david-ignatius/agents-of-innocence/_/R-400000000000000345795</ref> His parents are Nancy Sharpless (née Weiser) and [[Paul Robert Ignatius]], a former [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1967–69), president of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and former president of the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrilbooks.com/artists/11409.html |title=Paul R. Ignatius |publisher=AbrilBooks|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=(AP)|title=Secretary of Navy Sworn Into Office|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_WUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5173,242354&dq=nancy+sharpless+weiser&hl=en|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=2 Sep 1967}}</ref>He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent on his father's side, with ancestors from [[Harput]], [[Elazığ]], [[Turkey]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgdaily.com/EN/2008121701 |title=AZG Armenian Daily |publisher=AZG Daily|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202147.html |title=The Dignity Agenda |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=12 August 2010 | first=David | last=Ignatius | date=2007-10-14}}</ref> his mother, a descendant of Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]], is of German and English descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ignatius|first=Paul R.|title=On board: my life in the Navy, government, and business|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1591143810, 9781591143819|pages=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DOwZCw2xW44C&pg=PR11&dq=nancy+weiser+ignatius&hl=en#v=snippet&q=cotton&f=false}}</ref>

Ignatius was raised in [[Washington, D.C]]., where he attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. He then attended [[Harvard College]], from which he graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1973. Ignatius was awarded a [[Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships|Frank Knox Fellowship]] from [[Harvard University]] and studied at [[Kings College, Cambridge|Kings College, Cambridge University]], where he received a [[diploma]] in [[economics]].<ref name="pwg">{{cite web |url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm |title=The Post Writers Group |publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref>

He is married to Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius, with whom he has three daughters.<ref name="pwg"/>

==Career==
===Journalism===
After completing his education, Ignatius was an editor at the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' before moving to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', where he spent 10 years as a reporter. At the ''Journal'', Ignatius first covered the steel industry in [[Pittsburgh]]. He then moved to Washington where he covered the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], the [[CIA]], and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Ignatius was the ''Journal''’s [[Middle East]] correspondent between 1980 and 1983, during which time he covered the wars in [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. He returned to Washington in 1984, becoming the Journal's chief diplomatic correspondent. In 1985 he received the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.

In 1986, Ignatius left the ''Journal'' for the ''Washington Post''. From 1986 to 1990, he was the editor of the “Outlook” section of the ''Post'' . From 1990 to 1992 he was the paper’s foreign editor, and oversaw the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of [[Iraq]]’s invasion of [[Kuwait]]. From 1993 to 1999, he served as the ''Post''’s assistant managing editor in charge of business news. In 1999, he began writing a twice-weekly column in the ''Post'' on global politics, economics and international affairs.

In 2000, he became the executive editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. He returned to the ''Post'' in 2002 when the ''Post'' sold its interest in the ''Herald Tribune''. Ignatius continued to write his column once a week during his tenure at the ''Herald Tribune'', resuming twice-weekly columns after his return to the ''Post''. His column is syndicated worldwide by ''The Washington Post Writers Group''. The column won the 2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary and a 2004 Edward Weintal Prize. In writing his column, Ignatius frequently travels to the Middle East and interviews leaders such as [[Syria]]n President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the head of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] military organization [[Hezbollah]].

Ignatius’s writing has also appeared in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[Talk (magazine)|Talk Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.

Melvin Goodman<ref name=PR1>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=David Ignatius: The Mainstream Media’s Chief Apologist for CIA Crimes|url=http://pubrecord.org/commentary/2366/david-ignatius-mainstream/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=PR2>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=WPost’s Ignatius Forgives the CIA Again and Again|url=http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/45617/david-ignatius-cias-senior-apologist-strikes-again/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref name=WaPo1>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=A Sigh of Relief From the CIA|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/25/AR2009082502642.html|accessdate=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 August 2009}}</ref>, a CIA veteran, [[Johns Hopkins]] professor, and senior fellow at the [[Center for International Policy]], and columnist Glenn Greenwald<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Obama administration takes tough stance on banks|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/index.html|publisher=Salon.com|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Establishment Washington unifies against prosecutions|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/01/15/ignatius|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> have criticized Ignatius's reporting as being insufficiently critical of the CIA, and of the U.S. government's use of torture . Ignatius has criticized the CIA and the U.S. government's approach on intelligence on a number of occasions, however, <ref name=WaPo3>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Is killing our only option for terrorists?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106294.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> and was extremely critical of the Bush administration's torture policies.<ref name=WaPo2>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Small Comfort|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42033-2004Jun14.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 June 2004}}</ref>
===Novels===
In addition to his career as a journalist, Ignatius is also a successful novelist. He has written seven novels in the [[suspense]]/[[espionage fiction]] genre, which draw on his experience and interest in foreign affairs and his knowledge of intelligence operations. Reviewers have compared Ignatius to classic spy novelists such as [[Graham Greene]]. Ignatius’s novels have also been praised for their realism; his first novel, ''Agents of Innocence'', was at one point described by the CIA on its website as "a novel but not fiction."<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/spooked-how-betrayal-inertia-and-disaster-felled-the-cia-1274536.html Spooked! How betrayal, inertia, and disaster felled the CIA]</ref> His 1999 novel ''The Sun King'', a re-working of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' set in late-20th-century Washington, is his only departure from the espionage genre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

His 2007 novel ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' was adapted into a film by director Ridley Scott. It starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] has acquired the rights to Ignatius’s seventh novel, ''The Increment''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

''[[BloodMoney]]'', a spy thriller set in Pakistan, is his latest novel.

===Other===

In 2006, he wrote a foreword to the American edition of [[Moazzam Begg]]’s ''Enemy Combatant'', a book about the author’s experiences as a detainee at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. In 2008, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Brent Scowcroft]], and Ignatius published ''America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy'', a book that collected conversations, moderated by Ignatius, between Brzezinski and Scowcroft. [[Michiko Kakutani]] of the [[New York Times]] named it one of the ten best books of 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/books/28kakuw.html Holiday Gift Guide - Michiko Kakutani’s 10 Favorite Books of 2008]</ref>

Ignatius has been trustee of the [[German Marshall Fund]] since 2000. He is a member of the Council of the [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] in [[London]] and has been a director of its U.S. affiliate since 2006. He has been a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] since 1984. From 1984 to 1990, he was a member of the Governing Board of St. Albans School.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In 2011, Ignatius held a contest for [[Washington Post]] readers to write a spy novel. Ignatius wrote the first chapter and challenged fans to continue the story. Over eight weeks, readers sent in their versions of what befalls CIA agents Alex Kassem and Sarah Mancini and voted for their favorite entries. Ignatius chose the winning entry for each round, resulting in a six-chapter Web serial. Winners of the subsequent chapters included: Chapter 2 "Sweets for the Sweet" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; Chapter 3: "Abu Talib" by Jill Borak; Chapter 4. "Go Hard or Go Home" by Vineet Daga; Chapter 5: "Inside Out" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; and Chapter 6: "Onward!" by Gina 'Miel' Ard. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/conversations/summer-spy-serial/ | work=The Washington Post | title=Summer Spy Serial}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===2009 Davos incident===
At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], Ignatius moderated a discussion including [[Turkey|Turkish]] Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[Israel]]i President [[Shimon Peres]], [[UN]] [[UN Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], and [[Arab League]] Secretary-General [[Amr Moussa]]. As the [[Gaza War|December '08-January '09 conflict in Gaza]] was still fresh in memory, the tone of the discussion was lively.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/30/europe/30clash.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed|title=Leaders of Turkey and Israel clash at Davos panel|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> Ignatius gave Erdoğan 12 minutes to speak, and gave the Israeli President the final 25 minutes to respond.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan objected to Peres' tone and raised voice during the Israeli President's impassioned defense of his nation's actions. Ignatius gave Erdoğan a minute to respond, and when Erdoğan went over his allocated minute, Ignatius repeatedly cut the Turkish Prime Minister off, telling him and the audience that they were out of time and that they had to get to a dinner.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm|title=Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row |publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> Erdoğan seemed visibly frustrated as he said to the President of Israel, "When it comes to killing, you know well how to kill."<ref name=IHT/> Ignatius put his arm on Erdoğan's shoulder and kept telling him that his time was up. Erdoğan then gathered his papers and said, "I do not think I will be coming back to Davos after this because you do not let me speak."<ref name=BBC/> Erdoğan then got up from his chair and walked off the stage while the other discussion panelists were still seated, but [[Amr Moussa]] stood up to shake his hand as he left. At that point the discussion ended.

Five minutes after the discussion ended, Peres called Erdoğan to apologize for any misunderstanding.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan later told reporters that he was not upset with Peres, rather he was upset with Ignatius for failing to moderate the discussion impartially, by giving Peres 25 minutes to speak while earlier giving Erdoğan only 12 minutes and then just another minute to respond to Peres.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan returned to [[Istanbul]] a day later to a hero's welcome at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859815.stm|title=Turkish PM given hero's welcome|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref>

Writing about the incident, Ignatius said that he found himself “in the middle of a fight where there was no longer a middle.” Because the Israel-Palestinian conflict provokes such heated emotions on both sides of the debate, Ignatius concluded, it was impossible for anyone to be seen as an impartial mediator. Ignatius wrote that his experience elucidated a larger truth about failure of the United States’ attempt to serve as an impartial mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “American leaders must give up the notion that they can transform the Middle East and its culture through military force,” Ignatius wrote, and instead “get out of the elusive middle, step across the threshold of anger, and sit down and talk” with the Middle Eastern leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Caught In the Middle|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/04/15/caught_in_the_middle|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

===Prosecution of Mubarak===
In May 2011, Ignatius said: "What’s needed in Egypt and the other Arab countries that have
suffered from dictatorship is a sense that the rule of law will prevail,
with safeguards against vindictive prosecution".<ref name="ignatius_05-29-2011">{{cite news |author = David Ingatius |date = May 29, 2011 |title = The whiff of revenge taints the Arab Spring |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-whiff-of-revenge-taints-the-arab-spring/2011/05/26/AGqytyCH_story.html}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Agents of Innocence: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1987|isbn=0393024865}}
*{{cite book|title=Siro|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1991|isbn=0374265062}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bank of Fear|publisher=Avon Books (Mm)|year=1995|isbn=0380722801}}
*{{cite book|title=A Firing Offense|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0517368390}}
*{{cite book|title=The Sun King|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0812992431}}
*{{cite book|title=Body of Lies: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2008|isbn=039333158X}}
*{{cite book|title=America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy|publisher=Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition edition|year=2009|isbn=0465018017}}
*{{cite book|title=The Increment: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=0393338312}}
*{{cite book|title=Bloodmoney: A Novel of Espionage|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2011|isbn=9780393078114}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm Profile] at [[The Washington Post Writers Group]]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/staff/articles/david+ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/David-Ignatius.ashx Column archive] at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.thecrimson.com/writer/7036/David_R._Ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''
*{{C-SPAN|davidignatius}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|74}}
*{{IMDb|2015758}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n87-853124}}
* Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16bsQqmPBc8 David Ignatius discusses how he helped Leonardo DiCaprio prepare for the ''Body of Lies'' film].
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/8904 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion with David Ignatius] at [[Bloggingheads.tv]]

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| DATE OF BIRTH = 1950-05-26
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ignatius, David}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]]
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[[de:David Ignatius]]
[[es:David Ignatius]]
[[nl:David Ignatius]]
[[ru:Игнатиус, Дэвид]]
[[tr:David Ignatius]]

David Ignatius

2011-12-10T21:29:37Z

Broodingomnipresence: fixing comma

{{Infobox writer
| name = David Ignatius
| image = david ignatius.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|05|26}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Journalist]], [[Analyst]]
| language = English
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| education = [[St. Albans School]][[Harvard College]][[Kings College, Cambridge]]
| genre = [[Suspense]], [[Espionage fiction]], [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks = ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', ''Agents of Innocence'', ''The Increment''
| spouse = Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''David R. Ignatius''' (May 26, 1950), is an [[United States|American]] [[journalist]] and [[novelist]]. He is an [[associate editor]] and [[columnist]] for ''[[The Washington Post]]''. He also co-hosts '''PostGlobal''', an online discussion of international issues at [[Washingtonpost.com]], with ''[[Newsweek]]'' 's [[Fareed Zakaria]]. He has written eight novels, including ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', which director [[Ridley Scott]] adapted into a [[Body of Lies (film)|film]]. He has received numerous honors, including the [[Legion of Honor]] by the [[French Republic]], the [[Urbino World Press Award]] from the [[Italian Republic]], and a lifetime achievement award from the International Committee for Foreign
Journalism.

==Personal life==
Ignatius was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref>http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/david-ignatius/agents-of-innocence/_/R-400000000000000345795</ref> His parents are Nancy Sharpless (née Weiser) and [[Paul Robert Ignatius]], a former [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1967–69), president of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and former president of the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrilbooks.com/artists/11409.html |title=Paul R. Ignatius |publisher=AbrilBooks|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=(AP)|title=Secretary of Navy Sworn Into Office|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_WUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5173,242354&dq=nancy+sharpless+weiser&hl=en|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=2 Sep 1967}}</ref>He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent on his father's side, with ancestors from [[Harput]], [[Elazığ]], [[Turkey]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgdaily.com/EN/2008121701 |title=AZG Armenian Daily |publisher=AZG Daily|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202147.html |title=The Dignity Agenda |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=12 August 2010 | first=David | last=Ignatius | date=2007-10-14}}</ref> his mother, a descendant of Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]], is of German and English descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ignatius|first=Paul R.|title=On board: my life in the Navy, government, and business|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1591143810, 9781591143819|pages=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DOwZCw2xW44C&pg=PR11&dq=nancy+weiser+ignatius&hl=en#v=snippet&q=cotton&f=false}}</ref>

Ignatius was raised in [[Washington, D.C]]., where he attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. He then attended [[Harvard College]], from which he graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1973. Ignatius was awarded a [[Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships|Frank Knox Fellowship]] from [[Harvard University]] and studied at [[Kings College, Cambridge|Kings College, Cambridge University]], where he received a [[diploma]] in [[economics]].<ref name="pwg">{{cite web |url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm |title=The Post Writers Group |publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref>

He is married to Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius, with whom he has three daughters.<ref name="pwg"/>

==Career==
===Journalism===
After completing his education, Ignatius was an editor at the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' before moving to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', where he spent 10 years as a reporter. At the ''Journal'', Ignatius first covered the steel industry in [[Pittsburgh]]. He then moved to Washington where he covered the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], the [[CIA]], and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Ignatius was the ''Journal''’s [[Middle East]] correspondent between 1980 and 1983, during which time he covered the wars in [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. He returned to Washington in 1984, becoming the Journal's chief diplomatic correspondent. In 1985 he received the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.

In 1986, Ignatius left the ''Journal'' for the ''Washington Post''. From 1986 to 1990, he was the editor of the “Outlook” section of the ''Post'' . From 1990 to 1992 he was the paper’s foreign editor, and oversaw the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of [[Iraq]]’s invasion of [[Kuwait]]. From 1993 to 1999, he served as the ''Post''’s assistant managing editor in charge of business news. In 1999, he began writing a twice-weekly column in the ''Post'' on global politics, economics and international affairs.

In 2000, he became the executive editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. He returned to the ''Post'' in 2002 when the ''Post'' sold its interest in the ''Herald Tribune''. Ignatius continued to write his column once a week during his tenure at the ''Herald Tribune'', resuming twice-weekly columns after his return to the ''Post''. His column is syndicated worldwide by ''The Washington Post Writers Group''. The column won the 2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary and a 2004 Edward Weintal Prize. In writing his column, Ignatius frequently travels to the Middle East and interviews leaders such as [[Syria]]n President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the head of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] military organization [[Hezbollah]].

Ignatius’s writing has also appeared in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[Talk (magazine)|Talk Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.

Melvin Goodman<ref name=PR1>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=David Ignatius: The Mainstream Media’s Chief Apologist for CIA Crimes|url=http://pubrecord.org/commentary/2366/david-ignatius-mainstream/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=PR2>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=WPost’s Ignatius Forgives the CIA Again and Again|url=http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/45617/david-ignatius-cias-senior-apologist-strikes-again/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref name=WaPo1>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=A Sigh of Relief From the CIA|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/25/AR2009082502642.html|accessdate=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 August 2009}}</ref>, a CIA veteran, [[Johns Hopkins]] professor, and senior fellow at the [[Center for International Policy]], and columnist Glenn Greenwald<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Obama administration takes tough stance on banks|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/index.html|publisher=Salon.com|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Establishment Washington unifies against prosecutions|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/01/15/ignatius|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> have criticized Ignatius's reporting as being insufficiently critical of the CIA, and of the U.S. government's use of torture . Ignatius has criticized the CIA and the U.S. government's approach on intelligence on a number of occasions, however, <ref name=WaPo3>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Is killing our only option for terrorists?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106294.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> and was extremely critical of the Bush administration's torture policies.<ref name=WaPo2>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Small Comfort|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42033-2004Jun14.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 June 2004}}</ref>
===Novels===
In addition to his career as a journalist, Ignatius is also a successful novelist. He has written seven novels in the [[suspense]]/[[espionage fiction]] genre, which draw on his experience and interest in foreign affairs and his knowledge of intelligence operations. Reviewers have compared Ignatius to classic spy novelists such as [[Graham Greene]]. Ignatius’s novels have also been praised for their realism; his first novel, ''Agents of Innocence'', was at one point described by the CIA on its website as "a novel but not fiction."<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/spooked-how-betrayal-inertia-and-disaster-felled-the-cia-1274536.html Spooked! How betrayal, inertia, and disaster felled the CIA]</ref> His 1999 novel ''The Sun King'', a re-working of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' set in late-20th-century Washington, is his only departure from the espionage genre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

His 2007 novel ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' was adapted into a film by director Ridley Scott. It starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] has acquired the rights to Ignatius’s seventh novel, ''The Increment''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

''[[BloodMoney]]'', a spy thriller set in Pakistan, is his latest novel.

===Other===

In 2006, he wrote a foreword to the American edition of [[Moazzam Begg]]’s ''Enemy Combatant'', a book about the author’s experiences as a detainee at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. In 2008, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Brent Scowcroft]], and Ignatius published ''America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy'', a book that collected conversations, moderated by Ignatius, between Brzezinski and Scowcroft. [[Michiko Kakutani]] of the [[New York Times]] named it one of the ten best books of 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/books/28kakuw.html Holiday Gift Guide - Michiko Kakutani’s 10 Favorite Books of 2008]</ref>

Ignatius has been trustee of the [[German Marshall Fund]] since 2000. He is a member of the Council of the [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] in [[London]] and has been a director of its U.S. affiliate since 2006. He has been a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] since 1984. From 1984 to 1990, he was a member of the Governing Board of St. Albans School.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In 2011, Ignatius held a contest for [[Washington Post]] readers to write a spy novel. Ignatius wrote the first chapter and challenged fans to continue the story. Over eight weeks, readers sent in their versions of what befalls CIA agents Alex Kassem and Sarah Mancini and voted for their favorite entries. Ignatius chose the winning entry for each round, resulting in a six-chapter Web serial. Winners of the subsequent chapters included: Chapter 2 "Sweets for the Sweet" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; Chapter 3: "Abu Talib" by Jill Borak; Chapter 4. "Go Hard or Go Home" by Vineet Daga; Chapter 5: "Inside Out" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; and Chapter 6: "Onward!" by Gina 'Miel' Ard. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/conversations/summer-spy-serial/ | work=The Washington Post | title=Summer Spy Serial}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===2009 Davos incident===
At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], Ignatius moderated a discussion including [[Turkey|Turkish]] Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[Israel]]i President [[Shimon Peres]], [[UN]] [[UN Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], and [[Arab League]] Secretary-General [[Amr Moussa]]. As the [[Gaza War|December '08-January '09 conflict in Gaza]] was still fresh in memory, the tone of the discussion was lively.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/30/europe/30clash.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed|title=Leaders of Turkey and Israel clash at Davos panel|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> Ignatius gave Erdoğan 12 minutes to speak, and gave the Israeli President the final 25 minutes to respond.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan objected to Peres' tone and raised voice during the Israeli President's impassioned defense of his nation's actions. Ignatius gave Erdoğan a minute to respond, and when Erdoğan went over his allocated minute, Ignatius repeatedly cut the Turkish Prime Minister off, telling him and the audience that they were out of time and that they had to get to a dinner.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm|title=Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row |publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> Erdoğan seemed visibly frustrated as he said to the President of Israel, "When it comes to killing, you know well how to kill."<ref name=IHT/> Ignatius put his arm on Erdoğan's shoulder and kept telling him that his time was up. Erdoğan then gathered his papers and said, "I do not think I will be coming back to Davos after this because you do not let me speak."<ref name=BBC/> Erdoğan then got up from his chair and walked off the stage while the other discussion panelists were still seated, but [[Amr Moussa]] stood up to shake his hand as he left. At that point the discussion ended.

Five minutes after the discussion ended, Peres called Erdoğan to apologize for any misunderstanding.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan later told reporters that he was not upset with Peres, rather he was upset with Ignatius for failing to moderate the discussion impartially, by giving Peres 25 minutes to speak while earlier giving Erdoğan only 12 minutes and then just another minute to respond to Peres.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan returned to [[Istanbul]] a day later to a hero's welcome at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859815.stm|title=Turkish PM given hero's welcome|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref>

Writing about the incident, Ignatius said that he found himself “in the middle of a fight where there was no longer a middle.” Because the Israel-Palestinian conflict provokes such heated emotions on both sides of the debate, Ignatius concluded, it was impossible for anyone to be seen as an impartial mediator. Ignatius wrote that his experience elucidated a larger truth about failure of the United States’ attempt to serve as an impartial mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “American leaders must give up the notion that they can transform the Middle East and its culture through military force,” Ignatius wrote, and instead “get out of the elusive middle, step across the threshold of anger, and sit down and talk” with the Middle Eastern leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Caught In the Middle|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/04/15/caught_in_the_middle|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

===Prosecution of Mubarak===
In May 2011, Ignatius said: "What’s needed in Egypt and the other Arab countries that have
suffered from dictatorship is a sense that the rule of law will prevail,
with safeguards against vindictive prosecution".<ref name="ignatius_05-29-2011">{{cite news |author = David Ingatius |date = May 29, 2011 |title = The whiff of revenge taints the Arab Spring |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-whiff-of-revenge-taints-the-arab-spring/2011/05/26/AGqytyCH_story.html}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Agents of Innocence: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1987|isbn=0393024865}}
*{{cite book|title=Siro|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1991|isbn=0374265062}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bank of Fear|publisher=Avon Books (Mm)|year=1995|isbn=0380722801}}
*{{cite book|title=A Firing Offense|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0517368390}}
*{{cite book|title=The Sun King|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0812992431}}
*{{cite book|title=Body of Lies: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2008|isbn=039333158X}}
*{{cite book|title=America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy|publisher=Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition edition|year=2009|isbn=0465018017}}
*{{cite book|title=The Increment: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=0393338312}}
*{{cite book|title=Bloodmoney: A Novel of Espionage|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2011|isbn=9780393078114}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm Profile] at [[The Washington Post Writers Group]]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/staff/articles/david+ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/David-Ignatius.ashx Column archive] at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.thecrimson.com/writer/7036/David_R._Ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''
*{{C-SPAN|davidignatius}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|74}}
*{{IMDb|2015758}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n87-853124}}
* Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16bsQqmPBc8 David Ignatius discusses how he helped Leonardo DiCaprio prepare for the ''Body of Lies'' film].
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/8904 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion with David Ignatius] at [[Bloggingheads.tv]]

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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
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[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
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[[de:David Ignatius]]
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[[ru:Игнатиус, Дэвид]]
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David Ignatius

2011-12-10T21:29:06Z

Broodingomnipresence: fixing italics

{{Infobox writer
| name = David Ignatius
| image = david ignatius.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|05|26}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Journalist]], [[Analyst]]
| language = English
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| education = [[St. Albans School]][[Harvard College]][[Kings College, Cambridge]]
| genre = [[Suspense]], [[Espionage fiction]], [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks = ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', ''Agents of Innocence'', ''The Increment''
| spouse = Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''David R. Ignatius''' (May 26, 1950), is an [[United States|American]] [[journalist]] and [[novelist]]. He is an [[associate editor]] and [[columnist]] for ''[[The Washington Post]]''. He also co-hosts '''PostGlobal''', an online discussion of international issues at [[Washingtonpost.com]], with ''[[Newsweek]]'' 's [[Fareed Zakaria]]. He has written eight novels, including ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', which director [[Ridley Scott]] adapted into a [[Body of Lies (film)|film]]. He has received numerous honors, including the [[Legion of Honor]] by the [[French Republic]], the [[Urbino World Press Award]] from the [[Italian Republic]], and a lifetime achievement award from the International Committee for Foreign
Journalism.

==Personal life==
Ignatius was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref>http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/david-ignatius/agents-of-innocence/_/R-400000000000000345795</ref> His parents are Nancy Sharpless (née Weiser) and [[Paul Robert Ignatius]], a former [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1967–69), president of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and former president of the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrilbooks.com/artists/11409.html |title=Paul R. Ignatius |publisher=AbrilBooks|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=(AP)|title=Secretary of Navy Sworn Into Office|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_WUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5173,242354&dq=nancy+sharpless+weiser&hl=en|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=2 Sep 1967}}</ref>He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent on his father's side, with ancestors from [[Harput]], [[Elazığ]], [[Turkey]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgdaily.com/EN/2008121701 |title=AZG Armenian Daily |publisher=AZG Daily|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202147.html |title=The Dignity Agenda |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=12 August 2010 | first=David | last=Ignatius | date=2007-10-14}}</ref> his mother, a descendant of Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]], is of German and English descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ignatius|first=Paul R.|title=On board: my life in the Navy, government, and business|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1591143810, 9781591143819|pages=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DOwZCw2xW44C&pg=PR11&dq=nancy+weiser+ignatius&hl=en#v=snippet&q=cotton&f=false}}</ref>

Ignatius was raised in [[Washington, D.C]]., where he attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. He then attended [[Harvard College]], from which he graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1973. Ignatius was awarded a [[Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships|Frank Knox Fellowship]] from [[Harvard University]] and studied at [[Kings College, Cambridge|Kings College, Cambridge University]], where he received a [[diploma]] in [[economics]].<ref name="pwg">{{cite web |url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm |title=The Post Writers Group |publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref>

He is married to Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius, with whom he has three daughters.<ref name="pwg"/>

==Career==
===Journalism===
After completing his education, Ignatius was an editor at the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' before moving to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', where he spent 10 years as a reporter. At the ''Journal'', Ignatius first covered the steel industry in [[Pittsburgh]]. He then moved to Washington where he covered the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], the [[CIA]], and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Ignatius was the ''Journal''’s [[Middle East]] correspondent between 1980 and 1983, during which time he covered the wars in [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. He returned to Washington in 1984, becoming the Journal's chief diplomatic correspondent. In 1985 he received the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.

In 1986, Ignatius left the ''Journal'' for the ''Washington Post''. From 1986 to 1990, he was the editor of the “Outlook” section of the ''Post'' . From 1990 to 1992 he was the paper’s foreign editor, and oversaw the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of [[Iraq]]’s invasion of [[Kuwait]]. From 1993 to 1999, he served as the ''Post''’s assistant managing editor in charge of business news. In 1999, he began writing a twice-weekly column in the ''Post'' on global politics, economics and international affairs.

In 2000, he became the executive editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. He returned to the ''Post'' in 2002 when the ''Post'' sold its interest in the ''Herald Tribune''. Ignatius continued to write his column once a week during his tenure at the ''Herald Tribune'', resuming twice-weekly columns after his return to the ''Post''. His column is syndicated worldwide by ''The Washington Post Writers Group''. The column won the 2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary and a 2004 Edward Weintal Prize. In writing his column, Ignatius frequently travels to the Middle East and interviews leaders such as [[Syria]]n President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the head of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] military organization [[Hezbollah]].

Ignatius’s writing has also appeared in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[Talk (magazine)|Talk Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.

Melvin Goodman<ref name=PR1>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=David Ignatius: The Mainstream Media’s Chief Apologist for CIA Crimes|url=http://pubrecord.org/commentary/2366/david-ignatius-mainstream/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=PR2>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=WPost’s Ignatius Forgives the CIA Again and Again|url=http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/45617/david-ignatius-cias-senior-apologist-strikes-again/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref name=WaPo1>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=A Sigh of Relief From the CIA|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/25/AR2009082502642.html|accessdate=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 August 2009}}</ref>, a CIA veteran, [[Johns Hopkins]] professor, and senior fellow at the [[Center for International Policy]], and columnist Glenn Greenwald<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Obama administration takes tough stance on banks|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/index.html|publisher=Salon.com|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Establishment Washington unifies against prosecutions|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/01/15/ignatius|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> have criticized Ignatius's reporting as being insufficiently critical of the CIA, and of the U.S. government's use of torture . Ignatius has criticized the CIA and the U.S. government's approach on intelligence on a number of occasions, however, <ref name=WaPo3>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Is killing our only option for terrorists?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106294.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> and was extremely critical of the Bush administration's torture policies.<ref name=WaPo2>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Small Comfort|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42033-2004Jun14.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 June 2004}}</ref>
===Novels===
In addition to his career as a journalist, Ignatius is also a successful novelist. He has written seven novels in the [[suspense]]/[[espionage fiction]] genre, which draw on his experience and interest in foreign affairs and his knowledge of intelligence operations. Reviewers have compared Ignatius to classic spy novelists such as [[Graham Greene]]. Ignatius’s novels have also been praised for their realism; his first novel, ''Agents of Innocence'', was at one point described by the CIA on its website as "a novel but not fiction."<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/spooked-how-betrayal-inertia-and-disaster-felled-the-cia-1274536.html Spooked! How betrayal, inertia, and disaster felled the CIA]</ref> His 1999 novel ''The Sun King'', a re-working of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' set in late-20th-century Washington, is his only departure from the espionage genre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

His 2007 novel ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' was adapted into a film by director Ridley Scott. It starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] has acquired the rights to Ignatius’s seventh novel, ''The Increment''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

''[[BloodMoney]]'' a spy thriller set in Pakistan, is his latest novel.

===Other===

In 2006, he wrote a foreword to the American edition of [[Moazzam Begg]]’s ''Enemy Combatant'', a book about the author’s experiences as a detainee at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. In 2008, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Brent Scowcroft]], and Ignatius published ''America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy'', a book that collected conversations, moderated by Ignatius, between Brzezinski and Scowcroft. [[Michiko Kakutani]] of the [[New York Times]] named it one of the ten best books of 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/books/28kakuw.html Holiday Gift Guide - Michiko Kakutani’s 10 Favorite Books of 2008]</ref>

Ignatius has been trustee of the [[German Marshall Fund]] since 2000. He is a member of the Council of the [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] in [[London]] and has been a director of its U.S. affiliate since 2006. He has been a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] since 1984. From 1984 to 1990, he was a member of the Governing Board of St. Albans School.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In 2011, Ignatius held a contest for [[Washington Post]] readers to write a spy novel. Ignatius wrote the first chapter and challenged fans to continue the story. Over eight weeks, readers sent in their versions of what befalls CIA agents Alex Kassem and Sarah Mancini and voted for their favorite entries. Ignatius chose the winning entry for each round, resulting in a six-chapter Web serial. Winners of the subsequent chapters included: Chapter 2 "Sweets for the Sweet" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; Chapter 3: "Abu Talib" by Jill Borak; Chapter 4. "Go Hard or Go Home" by Vineet Daga; Chapter 5: "Inside Out" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; and Chapter 6: "Onward!" by Gina 'Miel' Ard. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/conversations/summer-spy-serial/ | work=The Washington Post | title=Summer Spy Serial}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===2009 Davos incident===
At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], Ignatius moderated a discussion including [[Turkey|Turkish]] Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[Israel]]i President [[Shimon Peres]], [[UN]] [[UN Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], and [[Arab League]] Secretary-General [[Amr Moussa]]. As the [[Gaza War|December '08-January '09 conflict in Gaza]] was still fresh in memory, the tone of the discussion was lively.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/30/europe/30clash.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed|title=Leaders of Turkey and Israel clash at Davos panel|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> Ignatius gave Erdoğan 12 minutes to speak, and gave the Israeli President the final 25 minutes to respond.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan objected to Peres' tone and raised voice during the Israeli President's impassioned defense of his nation's actions. Ignatius gave Erdoğan a minute to respond, and when Erdoğan went over his allocated minute, Ignatius repeatedly cut the Turkish Prime Minister off, telling him and the audience that they were out of time and that they had to get to a dinner.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm|title=Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row |publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> Erdoğan seemed visibly frustrated as he said to the President of Israel, "When it comes to killing, you know well how to kill."<ref name=IHT/> Ignatius put his arm on Erdoğan's shoulder and kept telling him that his time was up. Erdoğan then gathered his papers and said, "I do not think I will be coming back to Davos after this because you do not let me speak."<ref name=BBC/> Erdoğan then got up from his chair and walked off the stage while the other discussion panelists were still seated, but [[Amr Moussa]] stood up to shake his hand as he left. At that point the discussion ended.

Five minutes after the discussion ended, Peres called Erdoğan to apologize for any misunderstanding.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan later told reporters that he was not upset with Peres, rather he was upset with Ignatius for failing to moderate the discussion impartially, by giving Peres 25 minutes to speak while earlier giving Erdoğan only 12 minutes and then just another minute to respond to Peres.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan returned to [[Istanbul]] a day later to a hero's welcome at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859815.stm|title=Turkish PM given hero's welcome|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref>

Writing about the incident, Ignatius said that he found himself “in the middle of a fight where there was no longer a middle.” Because the Israel-Palestinian conflict provokes such heated emotions on both sides of the debate, Ignatius concluded, it was impossible for anyone to be seen as an impartial mediator. Ignatius wrote that his experience elucidated a larger truth about failure of the United States’ attempt to serve as an impartial mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “American leaders must give up the notion that they can transform the Middle East and its culture through military force,” Ignatius wrote, and instead “get out of the elusive middle, step across the threshold of anger, and sit down and talk” with the Middle Eastern leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Caught In the Middle|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/04/15/caught_in_the_middle|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

===Prosecution of Mubarak===
In May 2011, Ignatius said: "What’s needed in Egypt and the other Arab countries that have
suffered from dictatorship is a sense that the rule of law will prevail,
with safeguards against vindictive prosecution".<ref name="ignatius_05-29-2011">{{cite news |author = David Ingatius |date = May 29, 2011 |title = The whiff of revenge taints the Arab Spring |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-whiff-of-revenge-taints-the-arab-spring/2011/05/26/AGqytyCH_story.html}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Agents of Innocence: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1987|isbn=0393024865}}
*{{cite book|title=Siro|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1991|isbn=0374265062}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bank of Fear|publisher=Avon Books (Mm)|year=1995|isbn=0380722801}}
*{{cite book|title=A Firing Offense|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0517368390}}
*{{cite book|title=The Sun King|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0812992431}}
*{{cite book|title=Body of Lies: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2008|isbn=039333158X}}
*{{cite book|title=America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy|publisher=Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition edition|year=2009|isbn=0465018017}}
*{{cite book|title=The Increment: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=0393338312}}
*{{cite book|title=Bloodmoney: A Novel of Espionage|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2011|isbn=9780393078114}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm Profile] at [[The Washington Post Writers Group]]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/staff/articles/david+ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/David-Ignatius.ashx Column archive] at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.thecrimson.com/writer/7036/David_R._Ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''
*{{C-SPAN|davidignatius}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|74}}
*{{IMDb|2015758}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n87-853124}}
* Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16bsQqmPBc8 David Ignatius discusses how he helped Leonardo DiCaprio prepare for the ''Body of Lies'' film].
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/8904 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion with David Ignatius] at [[Bloggingheads.tv]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ignatius, David
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1950-05-26
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ignatius, David}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]]
[[Category:The Washington Post people]]

[[de:David Ignatius]]
[[es:David Ignatius]]
[[nl:David Ignatius]]
[[ru:Игнатиус, Дэвид]]
[[tr:David Ignatius]]

David Ignatius

2011-12-10T21:28:06Z

Broodingomnipresence: fixing misplaced word

{{Infobox writer
| name = David Ignatius
| image = david ignatius.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|05|26}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Journalist]], [[Analyst]]
| language = English
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| education = [[St. Albans School]][[Harvard College]][[Kings College, Cambridge]]
| genre = [[Suspense]], [[Espionage fiction]], [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks = ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', ''Agents of Innocence'', ''The Increment''
| spouse = Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''David R. Ignatius''' (May 26, 1950), is an [[United States|American]] [[journalist]] and [[novelist]]. He is an [[associate editor]] and [[columnist]] for ''[[The Washington Post]]''. He also co-hosts '''PostGlobal''', an online discussion of international issues at [[Washingtonpost.com]], with ''[[Newsweek]]'' 's [[Fareed Zakaria]]. He has written eight novels, including ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', which director [[Ridley Scott]] adapted into a [[Body of Lies (film)|film]]. He has received numerous honors, including the [[Legion of Honor]] by the [[French Republic]], the [[Urbino World Press Award]] from the [[Italian Republic]], and a lifetime achievement award from the International Committee for Foreign
Journalism.

==Personal life==
Ignatius was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref>http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/david-ignatius/agents-of-innocence/_/R-400000000000000345795</ref> His parents are Nancy Sharpless (née Weiser) and [[Paul Robert Ignatius]], a former [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1967–69), president of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and former president of the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrilbooks.com/artists/11409.html |title=Paul R. Ignatius |publisher=AbrilBooks|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=(AP)|title=Secretary of Navy Sworn Into Office|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_WUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5173,242354&dq=nancy+sharpless+weiser&hl=en|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=2 Sep 1967}}</ref>He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent on his father's side, with ancestors from [[Harput]], [[Elazığ]], [[Turkey]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgdaily.com/EN/2008121701 |title=AZG Armenian Daily |publisher=AZG Daily|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202147.html |title=The Dignity Agenda |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=12 August 2010 | first=David | last=Ignatius | date=2007-10-14}}</ref> his mother, a descendant of Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]], is of German and English descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ignatius|first=Paul R.|title=On board: my life in the Navy, government, and business|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1591143810, 9781591143819|pages=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DOwZCw2xW44C&pg=PR11&dq=nancy+weiser+ignatius&hl=en#v=snippet&q=cotton&f=false}}</ref>

Ignatius was raised in [[Washington, D.C]]., where he attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. He then attended [[Harvard College]], from which he graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1973. Ignatius was awarded a [[Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships|Frank Knox Fellowship]] from [[Harvard University]] and studied at [[Kings College, Cambridge|Kings College, Cambridge University]], where he received a [[diploma]] in [[economics]].<ref name="pwg">{{cite web |url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm |title=The Post Writers Group |publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref>

He is married to Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius, with whom he has three daughters.<ref name="pwg"/>

==Career==
===Journalism===
After completing his education, Ignatius was an editor at the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' before moving to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', where he spent 10 years as a reporter. At the ''Journal'', Ignatius first covered the steel industry in [[Pittsburgh]]. He then moved to Washington where he covered the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], the [[CIA]], and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Ignatius was the ''Journal''’s [[Middle East]] correspondent between 1980 and 1983, during which time he covered the wars in [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. He returned to Washington in 1984, becoming the Journal's chief diplomatic correspondent. In 1985 he received the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.

In 1986, Ignatius left the ''Journal'' for the ''Washington Post''. From 1986 to 1990, he was the editor of the “Outlook” section of the ''Post'' . From 1990 to 1992 he was the paper’s foreign editor, and oversaw the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of [[Iraq]]’s invasion of [[Kuwait]]. From 1993 to 1999, he served as the ''Post''’s assistant managing editor in charge of business news. In 1999, he began writing a twice-weekly column in the ''Post'' on global politics, economics and international affairs.

In 2000, he became the executive editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. He returned to the ''Post'' in 2002 when the ''Post'' sold its interest in the ''Herald Tribune''. Ignatius continued to write his column once a week during his tenure at the ''Herald Tribune'', resuming twice-weekly columns after his return to the ''Post''. His column is syndicated worldwide by ''The Washington Post Writers Group''. The column won the 2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary and a 2004 Edward Weintal Prize. In writing his column, Ignatius frequently travels to the Middle East and interviews leaders such as [[Syria]]n President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the head of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] military organization [[Hezbollah]].

Ignatius’s writing has also appeared in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[Talk (magazine)|Talk Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.

Melvin Goodman<ref name=PR1>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=David Ignatius: The Mainstream Media’s Chief Apologist for CIA Crimes|url=http://pubrecord.org/commentary/2366/david-ignatius-mainstream/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=PR2>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=WPost’s Ignatius Forgives the CIA Again and Again|url=http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/45617/david-ignatius-cias-senior-apologist-strikes-again/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref name=WaPo1>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=A Sigh of Relief From the CIA|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/25/AR2009082502642.html|accessdate=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 August 2009}}</ref>, a CIA veteran, [[Johns Hopkins]] professor, and senior fellow at the [[Center for International Policy]], and columnist Glenn Greenwald<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Obama administration takes tough stance on banks|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/index.html|publisher=Salon.com|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Establishment Washington unifies against prosecutions|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/01/15/ignatius|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> have criticized Ignatius's reporting as being insufficiently critical of the CIA, and of the U.S. government's use of torture . Ignatius has criticized the CIA and the U.S. government's approach on intelligence on a number of occasions, however, <ref name=WaPo3>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Is killing our only option for terrorists?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106294.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> and was extremely critical of the Bush administration's torture policies.<ref name=WaPo2>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Small Comfort|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42033-2004Jun14.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 June 2004}}</ref>
===Novels===
In addition to his career as a journalist, Ignatius is also a successful novelist. He has written seven novels in the [[suspense]]/[[espionage fiction]] genre, which draw on his experience and interest in foreign affairs and his knowledge of intelligence operations. Reviewers have compared Ignatius to classic spy novelists such as [[Graham Greene]]. Ignatius’s novels have also been praised for their realism; his first novel, ''Agents of Innocence'', was at one point described by the CIA on its website as "a novel but not fiction."<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/spooked-how-betrayal-inertia-and-disaster-felled-the-cia-1274536.html Spooked! How betrayal, inertia, and disaster felled the CIA]</ref> His 1999 novel ''The Sun King'', a re-working of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' set in late-20th-century Washington, is his only departure from the espionage genre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

His 2007 novel ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' was adapted into a film by director Ridley Scott. It starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] has acquired the rights to Ignatius’s seventh novel, ''The Increment''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

[[''BloodMoney'']] a spy thriller set in Pakistan, is his latest novel.

===Other===

In 2006, he wrote a foreword to the American edition of [[Moazzam Begg]]’s ''Enemy Combatant'', a book about the author’s experiences as a detainee at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. In 2008, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Brent Scowcroft]], and Ignatius published ''America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy'', a book that collected conversations, moderated by Ignatius, between Brzezinski and Scowcroft. [[Michiko Kakutani]] of the [[New York Times]] named it one of the ten best books of 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/books/28kakuw.html Holiday Gift Guide - Michiko Kakutani’s 10 Favorite Books of 2008]</ref>

Ignatius has been trustee of the [[German Marshall Fund]] since 2000. He is a member of the Council of the [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] in [[London]] and has been a director of its U.S. affiliate since 2006. He has been a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] since 1984. From 1984 to 1990, he was a member of the Governing Board of St. Albans School.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In 2011, Ignatius held a contest for [[Washington Post]] readers to write a spy novel. Ignatius wrote the first chapter and challenged fans to continue the story. Over eight weeks, readers sent in their versions of what befalls CIA agents Alex Kassem and Sarah Mancini and voted for their favorite entries. Ignatius chose the winning entry for each round, resulting in a six-chapter Web serial. Winners of the subsequent chapters included: Chapter 2 "Sweets for the Sweet" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; Chapter 3: "Abu Talib" by Jill Borak; Chapter 4. "Go Hard or Go Home" by Vineet Daga; Chapter 5: "Inside Out" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; and Chapter 6: "Onward!" by Gina 'Miel' Ard. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/conversations/summer-spy-serial/ | work=The Washington Post | title=Summer Spy Serial}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===2009 Davos incident===
At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], Ignatius moderated a discussion including [[Turkey|Turkish]] Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[Israel]]i President [[Shimon Peres]], [[UN]] [[UN Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], and [[Arab League]] Secretary-General [[Amr Moussa]]. As the [[Gaza War|December '08-January '09 conflict in Gaza]] was still fresh in memory, the tone of the discussion was lively.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/30/europe/30clash.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed|title=Leaders of Turkey and Israel clash at Davos panel|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> Ignatius gave Erdoğan 12 minutes to speak, and gave the Israeli President the final 25 minutes to respond.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan objected to Peres' tone and raised voice during the Israeli President's impassioned defense of his nation's actions. Ignatius gave Erdoğan a minute to respond, and when Erdoğan went over his allocated minute, Ignatius repeatedly cut the Turkish Prime Minister off, telling him and the audience that they were out of time and that they had to get to a dinner.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm|title=Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row |publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> Erdoğan seemed visibly frustrated as he said to the President of Israel, "When it comes to killing, you know well how to kill."<ref name=IHT/> Ignatius put his arm on Erdoğan's shoulder and kept telling him that his time was up. Erdoğan then gathered his papers and said, "I do not think I will be coming back to Davos after this because you do not let me speak."<ref name=BBC/> Erdoğan then got up from his chair and walked off the stage while the other discussion panelists were still seated, but [[Amr Moussa]] stood up to shake his hand as he left. At that point the discussion ended.

Five minutes after the discussion ended, Peres called Erdoğan to apologize for any misunderstanding.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan later told reporters that he was not upset with Peres, rather he was upset with Ignatius for failing to moderate the discussion impartially, by giving Peres 25 minutes to speak while earlier giving Erdoğan only 12 minutes and then just another minute to respond to Peres.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan returned to [[Istanbul]] a day later to a hero's welcome at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859815.stm|title=Turkish PM given hero's welcome|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref>

Writing about the incident, Ignatius said that he found himself “in the middle of a fight where there was no longer a middle.” Because the Israel-Palestinian conflict provokes such heated emotions on both sides of the debate, Ignatius concluded, it was impossible for anyone to be seen as an impartial mediator. Ignatius wrote that his experience elucidated a larger truth about failure of the United States’ attempt to serve as an impartial mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “American leaders must give up the notion that they can transform the Middle East and its culture through military force,” Ignatius wrote, and instead “get out of the elusive middle, step across the threshold of anger, and sit down and talk” with the Middle Eastern leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Caught In the Middle|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/04/15/caught_in_the_middle|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

===Prosecution of Mubarak===
In May 2011, Ignatius said: "What’s needed in Egypt and the other Arab countries that have
suffered from dictatorship is a sense that the rule of law will prevail,
with safeguards against vindictive prosecution".<ref name="ignatius_05-29-2011">{{cite news |author = David Ingatius |date = May 29, 2011 |title = The whiff of revenge taints the Arab Spring |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-whiff-of-revenge-taints-the-arab-spring/2011/05/26/AGqytyCH_story.html}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Agents of Innocence: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1987|isbn=0393024865}}
*{{cite book|title=Siro|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1991|isbn=0374265062}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bank of Fear|publisher=Avon Books (Mm)|year=1995|isbn=0380722801}}
*{{cite book|title=A Firing Offense|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0517368390}}
*{{cite book|title=The Sun King|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0812992431}}
*{{cite book|title=Body of Lies: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2008|isbn=039333158X}}
*{{cite book|title=America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy|publisher=Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition edition|year=2009|isbn=0465018017}}
*{{cite book|title=The Increment: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=0393338312}}
*{{cite book|title=Bloodmoney: A Novel of Espionage|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2011|isbn=9780393078114}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm Profile] at [[The Washington Post Writers Group]]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/staff/articles/david+ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/David-Ignatius.ashx Column archive] at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.thecrimson.com/writer/7036/David_R._Ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''
*{{C-SPAN|davidignatius}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|74}}
*{{IMDb|2015758}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n87-853124}}
* Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16bsQqmPBc8 David Ignatius discusses how he helped Leonardo DiCaprio prepare for the ''Body of Lies'' film].
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/8904 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion with David Ignatius] at [[Bloggingheads.tv]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ignatius, David
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1950-05-26
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ignatius, David}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]]
[[Category:The Washington Post people]]

[[de:David Ignatius]]
[[es:David Ignatius]]
[[nl:David Ignatius]]
[[ru:Игнатиус, Дэвид]]
[[tr:David Ignatius]]

David Ignatius

2011-12-10T21:26:42Z

Broodingomnipresence:

{{Infobox writer
| name = David Ignatius
| image = david ignatius.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|05|26}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Journalist]], [[Analyst]]
| language = English
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| education = [[St. Albans School]][[Harvard College]][[Kings College, Cambridge]]
| genre = [[Suspense]], [[Espionage fiction]], [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks = ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', ''Agents of Innocence'', ''The Increment''
| spouse = Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''David R. Ignatius''' (May 26, 1950), is an [[United States|American]] [[journalist]] and [[novelist]]. He is an [[associate editor]] and [[columnist]] for ''[[The Washington Post]]''. He also co-hosts '''PostGlobal''', an online discussion of international issues at [[Washingtonpost.com]], with ''[[Newsweek]]'' 's [[Fareed Zakaria]]. He has written eight novels, including ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', which director [[Ridley Scott]] adapted into a [[Body of Lies (film)|film]]. He has received numerous honors, including being the [[Legion of Honor]] by the [[French Republic]], the [[Urbino World Press Award]] from the [[Italian Republic]], and a lifetime achievement award from the International Committee for Foreign
Journalism.

==Personal life==
Ignatius was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref>http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/david-ignatius/agents-of-innocence/_/R-400000000000000345795</ref> His parents are Nancy Sharpless (née Weiser) and [[Paul Robert Ignatius]], a former [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1967–69), president of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and former president of the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrilbooks.com/artists/11409.html |title=Paul R. Ignatius |publisher=AbrilBooks|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=(AP)|title=Secretary of Navy Sworn Into Office|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_WUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5173,242354&dq=nancy+sharpless+weiser&hl=en|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=2 Sep 1967}}</ref>He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent on his father's side, with ancestors from [[Harput]], [[Elazığ]], [[Turkey]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgdaily.com/EN/2008121701 |title=AZG Armenian Daily |publisher=AZG Daily|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202147.html |title=The Dignity Agenda |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=12 August 2010 | first=David | last=Ignatius | date=2007-10-14}}</ref> his mother, a descendant of Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]], is of German and English descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ignatius|first=Paul R.|title=On board: my life in the Navy, government, and business|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1591143810, 9781591143819|pages=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DOwZCw2xW44C&pg=PR11&dq=nancy+weiser+ignatius&hl=en#v=snippet&q=cotton&f=false}}</ref>

Ignatius was raised in [[Washington, D.C]]., where he attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. He then attended [[Harvard College]], from which he graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1973. Ignatius was awarded a [[Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships|Frank Knox Fellowship]] from [[Harvard University]] and studied at [[Kings College, Cambridge|Kings College, Cambridge University]], where he received a [[diploma]] in [[economics]].<ref name="pwg">{{cite web |url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm |title=The Post Writers Group |publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref>

He is married to Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius, with whom he has three daughters.<ref name="pwg"/>

==Career==
===Journalism===
After completing his education, Ignatius was an editor at the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' before moving to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', where he spent 10 years as a reporter. At the ''Journal'', Ignatius first covered the steel industry in [[Pittsburgh]]. He then moved to Washington where he covered the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], the [[CIA]], and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Ignatius was the ''Journal''’s [[Middle East]] correspondent between 1980 and 1983, during which time he covered the wars in [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. He returned to Washington in 1984, becoming the Journal's chief diplomatic correspondent. In 1985 he received the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.

In 1986, Ignatius left the ''Journal'' for the ''Washington Post''. From 1986 to 1990, he was the editor of the “Outlook” section of the ''Post'' . From 1990 to 1992 he was the paper’s foreign editor, and oversaw the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of [[Iraq]]’s invasion of [[Kuwait]]. From 1993 to 1999, he served as the ''Post''’s assistant managing editor in charge of business news. In 1999, he began writing a twice-weekly column in the ''Post'' on global politics, economics and international affairs.

In 2000, he became the executive editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. He returned to the ''Post'' in 2002 when the ''Post'' sold its interest in the ''Herald Tribune''. Ignatius continued to write his column once a week during his tenure at the ''Herald Tribune'', resuming twice-weekly columns after his return to the ''Post''. His column is syndicated worldwide by ''The Washington Post Writers Group''. The column won the 2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary and a 2004 Edward Weintal Prize. In writing his column, Ignatius frequently travels to the Middle East and interviews leaders such as [[Syria]]n President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the head of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] military organization [[Hezbollah]].

Ignatius’s writing has also appeared in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[Talk (magazine)|Talk Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.

Melvin Goodman<ref name=PR1>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=David Ignatius: The Mainstream Media’s Chief Apologist for CIA Crimes|url=http://pubrecord.org/commentary/2366/david-ignatius-mainstream/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=PR2>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=WPost’s Ignatius Forgives the CIA Again and Again|url=http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/45617/david-ignatius-cias-senior-apologist-strikes-again/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref name=WaPo1>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=A Sigh of Relief From the CIA|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/25/AR2009082502642.html|accessdate=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 August 2009}}</ref>, a CIA veteran, [[Johns Hopkins]] professor, and senior fellow at the [[Center for International Policy]], and columnist Glenn Greenwald<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Obama administration takes tough stance on banks|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/index.html|publisher=Salon.com|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Establishment Washington unifies against prosecutions|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/01/15/ignatius|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> have criticized Ignatius's reporting as being insufficiently critical of the CIA, and of the U.S. government's use of torture . Ignatius has criticized the CIA and the U.S. government's approach on intelligence on a number of occasions, however, <ref name=WaPo3>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Is killing our only option for terrorists?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106294.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> and was extremely critical of the Bush administration's torture policies.<ref name=WaPo2>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Small Comfort|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42033-2004Jun14.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 June 2004}}</ref>
===Novels===
In addition to his career as a journalist, Ignatius is also a successful novelist. He has written seven novels in the [[suspense]]/[[espionage fiction]] genre, which draw on his experience and interest in foreign affairs and his knowledge of intelligence operations. Reviewers have compared Ignatius to classic spy novelists such as [[Graham Greene]]. Ignatius’s novels have also been praised for their realism; his first novel, ''Agents of Innocence'', was at one point described by the CIA on its website as "a novel but not fiction."<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/spooked-how-betrayal-inertia-and-disaster-felled-the-cia-1274536.html Spooked! How betrayal, inertia, and disaster felled the CIA]</ref> His 1999 novel ''The Sun King'', a re-working of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' set in late-20th-century Washington, is his only departure from the espionage genre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

His 2007 novel ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' was adapted into a film by director Ridley Scott. It starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] has acquired the rights to Ignatius’s seventh novel, ''The Increment''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

[[''BloodMoney'']] a spy thriller set in Pakistan, is his latest novel.

===Other===

In 2006, he wrote a foreword to the American edition of [[Moazzam Begg]]’s ''Enemy Combatant'', a book about the author’s experiences as a detainee at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. In 2008, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Brent Scowcroft]], and Ignatius published ''America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy'', a book that collected conversations, moderated by Ignatius, between Brzezinski and Scowcroft. [[Michiko Kakutani]] of the [[New York Times]] named it one of the ten best books of 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/books/28kakuw.html Holiday Gift Guide - Michiko Kakutani’s 10 Favorite Books of 2008]</ref>

Ignatius has been trustee of the [[German Marshall Fund]] since 2000. He is a member of the Council of the [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] in [[London]] and has been a director of its U.S. affiliate since 2006. He has been a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] since 1984. From 1984 to 1990, he was a member of the Governing Board of St. Albans School.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In 2011, Ignatius held a contest for [[Washington Post]] readers to write a spy novel. Ignatius wrote the first chapter and challenged fans to continue the story. Over eight weeks, readers sent in their versions of what befalls CIA agents Alex Kassem and Sarah Mancini and voted for their favorite entries. Ignatius chose the winning entry for each round, resulting in a six-chapter Web serial. Winners of the subsequent chapters included: Chapter 2 "Sweets for the Sweet" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; Chapter 3: "Abu Talib" by Jill Borak; Chapter 4. "Go Hard or Go Home" by Vineet Daga; Chapter 5: "Inside Out" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; and Chapter 6: "Onward!" by Gina 'Miel' Ard. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/conversations/summer-spy-serial/ | work=The Washington Post | title=Summer Spy Serial}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===2009 Davos incident===
At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], Ignatius moderated a discussion including [[Turkey|Turkish]] Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[Israel]]i President [[Shimon Peres]], [[UN]] [[UN Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], and [[Arab League]] Secretary-General [[Amr Moussa]]. As the [[Gaza War|December '08-January '09 conflict in Gaza]] was still fresh in memory, the tone of the discussion was lively.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/30/europe/30clash.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed|title=Leaders of Turkey and Israel clash at Davos panel|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> Ignatius gave Erdoğan 12 minutes to speak, and gave the Israeli President the final 25 minutes to respond.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan objected to Peres' tone and raised voice during the Israeli President's impassioned defense of his nation's actions. Ignatius gave Erdoğan a minute to respond, and when Erdoğan went over his allocated minute, Ignatius repeatedly cut the Turkish Prime Minister off, telling him and the audience that they were out of time and that they had to get to a dinner.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm|title=Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row |publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> Erdoğan seemed visibly frustrated as he said to the President of Israel, "When it comes to killing, you know well how to kill."<ref name=IHT/> Ignatius put his arm on Erdoğan's shoulder and kept telling him that his time was up. Erdoğan then gathered his papers and said, "I do not think I will be coming back to Davos after this because you do not let me speak."<ref name=BBC/> Erdoğan then got up from his chair and walked off the stage while the other discussion panelists were still seated, but [[Amr Moussa]] stood up to shake his hand as he left. At that point the discussion ended.

Five minutes after the discussion ended, Peres called Erdoğan to apologize for any misunderstanding.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan later told reporters that he was not upset with Peres, rather he was upset with Ignatius for failing to moderate the discussion impartially, by giving Peres 25 minutes to speak while earlier giving Erdoğan only 12 minutes and then just another minute to respond to Peres.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan returned to [[Istanbul]] a day later to a hero's welcome at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859815.stm|title=Turkish PM given hero's welcome|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref>

Writing about the incident, Ignatius said that he found himself “in the middle of a fight where there was no longer a middle.” Because the Israel-Palestinian conflict provokes such heated emotions on both sides of the debate, Ignatius concluded, it was impossible for anyone to be seen as an impartial mediator. Ignatius wrote that his experience elucidated a larger truth about failure of the United States’ attempt to serve as an impartial mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “American leaders must give up the notion that they can transform the Middle East and its culture through military force,” Ignatius wrote, and instead “get out of the elusive middle, step across the threshold of anger, and sit down and talk” with the Middle Eastern leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Caught In the Middle|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/04/15/caught_in_the_middle|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

===Prosecution of Mubarak===
In May 2011, Ignatius said: "What’s needed in Egypt and the other Arab countries that have
suffered from dictatorship is a sense that the rule of law will prevail,
with safeguards against vindictive prosecution".<ref name="ignatius_05-29-2011">{{cite news |author = David Ingatius |date = May 29, 2011 |title = The whiff of revenge taints the Arab Spring |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-whiff-of-revenge-taints-the-arab-spring/2011/05/26/AGqytyCH_story.html}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Agents of Innocence: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1987|isbn=0393024865}}
*{{cite book|title=Siro|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1991|isbn=0374265062}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bank of Fear|publisher=Avon Books (Mm)|year=1995|isbn=0380722801}}
*{{cite book|title=A Firing Offense|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0517368390}}
*{{cite book|title=The Sun King|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0812992431}}
*{{cite book|title=Body of Lies: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2008|isbn=039333158X}}
*{{cite book|title=America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy|publisher=Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition edition|year=2009|isbn=0465018017}}
*{{cite book|title=The Increment: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=0393338312}}
*{{cite book|title=Bloodmoney: A Novel of Espionage|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2011|isbn=9780393078114}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm Profile] at [[The Washington Post Writers Group]]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/staff/articles/david+ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/David-Ignatius.ashx Column archive] at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.thecrimson.com/writer/7036/David_R._Ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''
*{{C-SPAN|davidignatius}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|74}}
*{{IMDb|2015758}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n87-853124}}
* Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16bsQqmPBc8 David Ignatius discusses how he helped Leonardo DiCaprio prepare for the ''Body of Lies'' film].
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/8904 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion with David Ignatius] at [[Bloggingheads.tv]]

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[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
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[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
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[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
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David Ignatius

2011-12-10T21:25:03Z

Broodingomnipresence:

{{Infobox writer
| name = David Ignatius
| image = david ignatius.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|05|26}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Journalist]], [[Analyst]]
| language = English
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| education = [[St. Albans School]][[Harvard College]][[Kings College, Cambridge]]
| genre = [[Suspense]], [[Espionage fiction]], [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks = ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', ''Agents of Innocence'', ''The Increment''
| spouse = Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''David R. Ignatius''' (May 26, 1950), is an [[United States|American]] [[journalist]] and [[novelist]]. He is an [[associate editor]] and [[columnist]] for ''[[The Washington Post]]''. He also co-hosts '''PostGlobal''', an online discussion of international issues at [[Washingtonpost.com]], with ''[[Newsweek]]'' 's [[Fareed Zakaria]]. He has written eight novels, including ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', which director [[Ridley Scott]] adapted into a [[Body of Lies (film)|film]]. He has received numerous honors, including being the [[Legion of Honor]] by the [[French Republic]], the [[Urbino World Press Award]] from the [[Italian Republic]], and a lifetime achievement award from the International Committee for Foreign
Journalism.

==Personal life==
Ignatius was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref>http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/david-ignatius/agents-of-innocence/_/R-400000000000000345795</ref> His parents are Nancy Sharpless (née Weiser) and [[Paul Robert Ignatius]], a former [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1967–69), president of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and former president of the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrilbooks.com/artists/11409.html |title=Paul R. Ignatius |publisher=AbrilBooks|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=(AP)|title=Secretary of Navy Sworn Into Office|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_WUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5173,242354&dq=nancy+sharpless+weiser&hl=en|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=2 Sep 1967}}</ref>He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent on his father's side, with ancestors from [[Harput]], [[Elazığ]], [[Turkey]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgdaily.com/EN/2008121701 |title=AZG Armenian Daily |publisher=AZG Daily|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202147.html |title=The Dignity Agenda |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=12 August 2010 | first=David | last=Ignatius | date=2007-10-14}}</ref> his mother, a descendant of Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]], is of German and English descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ignatius|first=Paul R.|title=On board: my life in the Navy, government, and business|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1591143810, 9781591143819|pages=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DOwZCw2xW44C&pg=PR11&dq=nancy+weiser+ignatius&hl=en#v=snippet&q=cotton&f=false}}</ref>

Ignatius was raised in [[Washington, D.C]]., where he attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. He then attended [[Harvard College]], from which he graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1973. Ignatius was awarded a [[Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships|Frank Knox Fellowship]] from [[Harvard University]] and studied at [[Kings College, Cambridge|Kings College, Cambridge University]], where he received a [[diploma]] in [[economics]].<ref name="pwg">{{cite web |url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm |title=The Post Writers Group |publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref>

He is married to Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius, with whom he has three daughters.<ref name="pwg"/>

==Career==
===Journalism===
After completing his education, Ignatius was an editor at the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' before moving to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', where he spent 10 years as a reporter. At the ''Journal'', Ignatius first covered the steel industry in [[Pittsburgh]]. He then moved to Washington where he covered the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], the [[CIA]], and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Ignatius was the ''Journal''’s [[Middle East]] correspondent between 1980 and 1983, during which time he covered the wars in [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. He returned to Washington in 1984, becoming the Journal's chief diplomatic correspondent. In 1985 he received the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.

In 1986, Ignatius left the ''Journal'' for the ''Washington Post''. From 1986 to 1990, he was the editor of the “Outlook” section of the ''Post'' . From 1990 to 1992 he was the paper’s foreign editor, and oversaw the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of [[Iraq]]’s invasion of [[Kuwait]]. From 1993 to 1999, he served as the ''Post''’s assistant managing editor in charge of business news. In 1999, he began writing a twice-weekly column in the ''Post'' on global politics, economics and international affairs.

In 2000, he became the executive editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. He returned to the ''Post'' in 2002 when the ''Post'' sold its interest in the ''Herald Tribune''. Ignatius continued to write his column once a week during his tenure at the ''Herald Tribune'', resuming twice-weekly columns after his return to the ''Post''. His column is syndicated worldwide by ''The Washington Post Writers Group''. The column won the 2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary and a 2004 Edward Weintal Prize. In writing his column, Ignatius frequently travels to the Middle East and interviews leaders such as [[Syria]]n President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the head of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] military organization [[Hezbollah]].

Ignatius’s writing has also appeared in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[Talk (magazine)|Talk Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.

Melvin Goodman<ref name=PR1>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=David Ignatius: The Mainstream Media’s Chief Apologist for CIA Crimes|url=http://pubrecord.org/commentary/2366/david-ignatius-mainstream/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=PR2>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=WPost’s Ignatius Forgives the CIA Again and Again|url=http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/45617/david-ignatius-cias-senior-apologist-strikes-again/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> as examples of this alleged apologism Ignatius's criticism of the Obama administration for investigating the CIA's role in the use of [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] in interrogations during the [[Iraq War]],<ref name=WaPo1>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=A Sigh of Relief From the CIA|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/25/AR2009082502642.html|accessdate=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 August 2009}}</ref>, a CIA veteran, [[Johns Hopkins]] professor, and senior fellow at the [[Center for International Policy]],and columnist Glenn Greenwald<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Obama administration takes tough stance on banks|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/index.html|publisher=Salon.com|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Establishment Washington unifies against prosecutions|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/01/15/ignatius|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> have criticized Ignatius's coverage of the CIA for being insufficiently critical. Ignatius has criticized the CIA and the U.S. government's approach on intelligence on a number of occasions, however, <ref name=WaPo3>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Is killing our only option for terrorists?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106294.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> and was extremely critical of the Bush administration's torture policies.<ref name=WaPo2>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Small Comfort|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42033-2004Jun14.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 June 2004}}</ref>
===Novels===
In addition to his career as a journalist, Ignatius is also a successful novelist. He has written seven novels in the [[suspense]]/[[espionage fiction]] genre, which draw on his experience and interest in foreign affairs and his knowledge of intelligence operations. Reviewers have compared Ignatius to classic spy novelists such as [[Graham Greene]]. Ignatius’s novels have also been praised for their realism; his first novel, ''Agents of Innocence'', was at one point described by the CIA on its website as "a novel but not fiction."<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/spooked-how-betrayal-inertia-and-disaster-felled-the-cia-1274536.html Spooked! How betrayal, inertia, and disaster felled the CIA]</ref> His 1999 novel ''The Sun King'', a re-working of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' set in late-20th-century Washington, is his only departure from the espionage genre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

His 2007 novel ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' was adapted into a film by director Ridley Scott. It starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] has acquired the rights to Ignatius’s seventh novel, ''The Increment''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

[[''BloodMoney'']] a spy thriller set in Pakistan, is his latest novel.

===Other===

In 2006, he wrote a foreword to the American edition of [[Moazzam Begg]]’s ''Enemy Combatant'', a book about the author’s experiences as a detainee at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. In 2008, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Brent Scowcroft]], and Ignatius published ''America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy'', a book that collected conversations, moderated by Ignatius, between Brzezinski and Scowcroft. [[Michiko Kakutani]] of the [[New York Times]] named it one of the ten best books of 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/books/28kakuw.html Holiday Gift Guide - Michiko Kakutani’s 10 Favorite Books of 2008]</ref>

Ignatius has been trustee of the [[German Marshall Fund]] since 2000. He is a member of the Council of the [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] in [[London]] and has been a director of its U.S. affiliate since 2006. He has been a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] since 1984. From 1984 to 1990, he was a member of the Governing Board of St. Albans School.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In 2011, Ignatius held a contest for [[Washington Post]] readers to write a spy novel. Ignatius wrote the first chapter and challenged fans to continue the story. Over eight weeks, readers sent in their versions of what befalls CIA agents Alex Kassem and Sarah Mancini and voted for their favorite entries. Ignatius chose the winning entry for each round, resulting in a six-chapter Web serial. Winners of the subsequent chapters included: Chapter 2 "Sweets for the Sweet" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; Chapter 3: "Abu Talib" by Jill Borak; Chapter 4. "Go Hard or Go Home" by Vineet Daga; Chapter 5: "Inside Out" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; and Chapter 6: "Onward!" by Gina 'Miel' Ard. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/conversations/summer-spy-serial/ | work=The Washington Post | title=Summer Spy Serial}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===2009 Davos incident===
At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], Ignatius moderated a discussion including [[Turkey|Turkish]] Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[Israel]]i President [[Shimon Peres]], [[UN]] [[UN Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], and [[Arab League]] Secretary-General [[Amr Moussa]]. As the [[Gaza War|December '08-January '09 conflict in Gaza]] was still fresh in memory, the tone of the discussion was lively.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/30/europe/30clash.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed|title=Leaders of Turkey and Israel clash at Davos panel|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> Ignatius gave Erdoğan 12 minutes to speak, and gave the Israeli President the final 25 minutes to respond.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan objected to Peres' tone and raised voice during the Israeli President's impassioned defense of his nation's actions. Ignatius gave Erdoğan a minute to respond, and when Erdoğan went over his allocated minute, Ignatius repeatedly cut the Turkish Prime Minister off, telling him and the audience that they were out of time and that they had to get to a dinner.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm|title=Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row |publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> Erdoğan seemed visibly frustrated as he said to the President of Israel, "When it comes to killing, you know well how to kill."<ref name=IHT/> Ignatius put his arm on Erdoğan's shoulder and kept telling him that his time was up. Erdoğan then gathered his papers and said, "I do not think I will be coming back to Davos after this because you do not let me speak."<ref name=BBC/> Erdoğan then got up from his chair and walked off the stage while the other discussion panelists were still seated, but [[Amr Moussa]] stood up to shake his hand as he left. At that point the discussion ended.

Five minutes after the discussion ended, Peres called Erdoğan to apologize for any misunderstanding.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan later told reporters that he was not upset with Peres, rather he was upset with Ignatius for failing to moderate the discussion impartially, by giving Peres 25 minutes to speak while earlier giving Erdoğan only 12 minutes and then just another minute to respond to Peres.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan returned to [[Istanbul]] a day later to a hero's welcome at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859815.stm|title=Turkish PM given hero's welcome|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref>

Writing about the incident, Ignatius said that he found himself “in the middle of a fight where there was no longer a middle.” Because the Israel-Palestinian conflict provokes such heated emotions on both sides of the debate, Ignatius concluded, it was impossible for anyone to be seen as an impartial mediator. Ignatius wrote that his experience elucidated a larger truth about failure of the United States’ attempt to serve as an impartial mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “American leaders must give up the notion that they can transform the Middle East and its culture through military force,” Ignatius wrote, and instead “get out of the elusive middle, step across the threshold of anger, and sit down and talk” with the Middle Eastern leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Caught In the Middle|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/04/15/caught_in_the_middle|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

===Prosecution of Mubarak===
In May 2011, Ignatius said: "What’s needed in Egypt and the other Arab countries that have
suffered from dictatorship is a sense that the rule of law will prevail,
with safeguards against vindictive prosecution".<ref name="ignatius_05-29-2011">{{cite news |author = David Ingatius |date = May 29, 2011 |title = The whiff of revenge taints the Arab Spring |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-whiff-of-revenge-taints-the-arab-spring/2011/05/26/AGqytyCH_story.html}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Agents of Innocence: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1987|isbn=0393024865}}
*{{cite book|title=Siro|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1991|isbn=0374265062}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bank of Fear|publisher=Avon Books (Mm)|year=1995|isbn=0380722801}}
*{{cite book|title=A Firing Offense|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0517368390}}
*{{cite book|title=The Sun King|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0812992431}}
*{{cite book|title=Body of Lies: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2008|isbn=039333158X}}
*{{cite book|title=America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy|publisher=Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition edition|year=2009|isbn=0465018017}}
*{{cite book|title=The Increment: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=0393338312}}
*{{cite book|title=Bloodmoney: A Novel of Espionage|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2011|isbn=9780393078114}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm Profile] at [[The Washington Post Writers Group]]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/staff/articles/david+ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/David-Ignatius.ashx Column archive] at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.thecrimson.com/writer/7036/David_R._Ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''
*{{C-SPAN|davidignatius}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|74}}
*{{IMDb|2015758}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n87-853124}}
* Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16bsQqmPBc8 David Ignatius discusses how he helped Leonardo DiCaprio prepare for the ''Body of Lies'' film].
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/8904 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion with David Ignatius] at [[Bloggingheads.tv]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ignatius, David
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 1950-05-26
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ignatius, David}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]]
[[Category:The Washington Post people]]

[[de:David Ignatius]]
[[es:David Ignatius]]
[[nl:David Ignatius]]
[[ru:Игнатиус, Дэвид]]
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David Ignatius

2011-12-10T21:21:56Z

Broodingomnipresence:

{{Infobox writer
| name = David Ignatius
| image = david ignatius.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|05|26}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Journalist]], [[Analyst]]
| language = English
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| education = [[St. Albans School]][[Harvard College]][[Kings College, Cambridge]]
| genre = [[Suspense]], [[Espionage fiction]], [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks = ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', ''Agents of Innocence'', ''The Increment''
| spouse = Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''David R. Ignatius''' (May 26, 1950), is an [[United States|American]] [[journalist]] and [[novelist]]. He is an [[associate editor]] and [[columnist]] for ''[[The Washington Post]]''. He also co-hosts '''PostGlobal''', an online discussion of international issues at [[Washingtonpost.com]], with ''[[Newsweek]]'' 's [[Fareed Zakaria]]. He has written eight novels, including ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', which director [[Ridley Scott]] adapted into a [[Body of Lies (film)|film]]. He has received numerous honors, including being the [[Legion of Honor]] by the [[French Republic]], the [[Urbino World Press Award]] from the [[Italian Republic]], and a lifetime achievement award from the International Committee for Foreign
Journalism.

==Personal life==
Ignatius was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref>http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/david-ignatius/agents-of-innocence/_/R-400000000000000345795</ref> His parents are Nancy Sharpless (née Weiser) and [[Paul Robert Ignatius]], a former [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1967–69), president of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and former president of the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrilbooks.com/artists/11409.html |title=Paul R. Ignatius |publisher=AbrilBooks|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=(AP)|title=Secretary of Navy Sworn Into Office|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_WUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5173,242354&dq=nancy+sharpless+weiser&hl=en|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=2 Sep 1967}}</ref>He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent on his father's side, with ancestors from [[Harput]], [[Elazığ]], [[Turkey]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgdaily.com/EN/2008121701 |title=AZG Armenian Daily |publisher=AZG Daily|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202147.html |title=The Dignity Agenda |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=12 August 2010 | first=David | last=Ignatius | date=2007-10-14}}</ref> his mother, a descendant of Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]], is of German and English descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ignatius|first=Paul R.|title=On board: my life in the Navy, government, and business|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1591143810, 9781591143819|pages=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DOwZCw2xW44C&pg=PR11&dq=nancy+weiser+ignatius&hl=en#v=snippet&q=cotton&f=false}}</ref>

Ignatius was raised in [[Washington, D.C]]., where he attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. He then attended [[Harvard College]], from which he graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1973. Ignatius was awarded a [[Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships|Frank Knox Fellowship]] from [[Harvard University]] and studied at [[Kings College, Cambridge|Kings College, Cambridge University]], where he received a [[diploma]] in [[economics]].<ref name="pwg">{{cite web |url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm |title=The Post Writers Group |publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref>

He is married to Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius, with whom he has three daughters.<ref name="pwg"/>

==Career==
===Journalism===
After completing his education, Ignatius was an editor at the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' before moving to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', where he spent 10 years as a reporter. At the ''Journal'', Ignatius first covered the steel industry in [[Pittsburgh]]. He then moved to Washington where he covered the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], the [[CIA]], and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Ignatius was the ''Journal''’s [[Middle East]] correspondent between 1980 and 1983, during which time he covered the wars in [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. He returned to Washington in 1984, becoming the Journal's chief diplomatic correspondent. In 1985 he received the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.

In 1986, Ignatius left the ''Journal'' for the ''Washington Post''. From 1986 to 1990, he was the editor of the “Outlook” section of the ''Post'' . From 1990 to 1992 he was the paper’s foreign editor, and oversaw the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of [[Iraq]]’s invasion of [[Kuwait]]. From 1993 to 1999, he served as the ''Post''’s assistant managing editor in charge of business news. In 1999, he began writing a twice-weekly column in the ''Post'' on global politics, economics and international affairs.

In 2000, he became the executive editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. He returned to the ''Post'' in 2002 when the ''Post'' sold its interest in the ''Herald Tribune''. Ignatius continued to write his column once a week during his tenure at the ''Herald Tribune'', resuming twice-weekly columns after his return to the ''Post''. His column is syndicated worldwide by ''The Washington Post Writers Group''. The column won the 2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary and a 2004 Edward Weintal Prize. In writing his column, Ignatius frequently travels to the Middle East and interviews leaders such as [[Syria]]n President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the head of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] military organization [[Hezbollah]].

Ignatius’s writing has also appeared in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[Talk (magazine)|Talk Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.

Melvin Goodman<ref name=PR1>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=David Ignatius: The Mainstream Media’s Chief Apologist for CIA Crimes|url=http://pubrecord.org/commentary/2366/david-ignatius-mainstream/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=PR2>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=WPost’s Ignatius Forgives the CIA Again and Again|url=http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/45617/david-ignatius-cias-senior-apologist-strikes-again/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> as examples of this alleged apologism Ignatius's criticism of the Obama administration for investigating the CIA's role in the use of [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] in interrogations during the [[Iraq War]],<ref name=WaPo1>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=A Sigh of Relief From the CIA|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/25/AR2009082502642.html|accessdate=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 August 2009}}</ref>, a 42-year CIA veteran, [[Johns Hopkins]] professor, and senior fellow at the [[Center for International Policy],and Glenn Greenwald<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Obama administration takes tough stance on banks|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/index.html|publisher=Salon.com|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Establishment Washington unifies against prosecutions|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/01/15/ignatius|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> have criticized Ignatius's coverage of the CIA for being insufficiently critical. Ignatius has criticized the CIA and the U.S. government's approach on intelligence on a number of occasions, however, <ref name=WaPo3>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Is killing our only option for terrorists?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106294.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> and was extremely critical of the Bush administration's torture policies.<ref name=WaPo2>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Small Comfort|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42033-2004Jun14.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 June 2004}}</ref>
===Novels===
In addition to his career as a journalist, Ignatius is also a successful novelist. He has written six novels in the [[suspense]]/[[espionage fiction]] genre, which draw on his experience and interest in foreign affairs and his knowledge of intelligence operations. Reviewers have compared Ignatius to classic spy novelists such as [[Graham Greene]]. Ignatius’s novels have also been praised for their realism; his first novel, ''Agents of Innocence'', was at one point described by the CIA on its website as "a novel but not fiction."<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/spooked-how-betrayal-inertia-and-disaster-felled-the-cia-1274536.html Spooked! How betrayal, inertia, and disaster felled the CIA]</ref> His 1999 novel ''The Sun King'', a re-working of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' set in late-20th-century Washington, is his only departure from the espionage genre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

His 2007 novel ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' was adapted into a film by director Ridley Scott. It starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] has acquired the rights to Ignatius’s seventh novel, ''The Increment''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

"BloodMoney," a spy thriller set in Pakistan, is his latest novel.

===Other===

In 2006, he wrote a foreword to the American edition of [[Moazzam Begg]]’s ''Enemy Combatant'', a book about the author’s experiences as a detainee at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. In 2008, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Brent Scowcroft]], and Ignatius published ''America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy'', a book that collected conversations, moderated by Ignatius, between Brzezinski and Scowcroft. [[Michiko Kakutani]] of the [[New York Times]] named it one of the ten best books of 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/books/28kakuw.html Holiday Gift Guide - Michiko Kakutani’s 10 Favorite Books of 2008]</ref>

Ignatius has been trustee of the [[German Marshall Fund]] since 2000. He is a member of the Council of the [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] in [[London]] and has been a director of its U.S. affiliate since 2006. He has been a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] since 1984. From 1984 to 1990, he was a member of the Governing Board of St. Albans School.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In 2011, Ignatius held a contest for [[Washington Post]] readers to write a spy novel. Ignatius wrote the first chapter and challenged fans to continue the story. Over eight weeks, readers sent in their versions of what befalls CIA agents Alex Kassem and Sarah Mancini and voted for their favorite entries. Ignatius chose the winning entry for each round, resulting in a six-chapter Web serial. Winners of the subsequent chapters included: Chapter 2 "Sweets for the Sweet" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; Chapter 3: "Abu Talib" by Jill Borak; Chapter 4. "Go Hard or Go Home" by Vineet Daga; Chapter 5: "Inside Out" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; and Chapter 6: "Onward!" by Gina 'Miel' Ard. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/conversations/summer-spy-serial/ | work=The Washington Post | title=Summer Spy Serial}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===2009 Davos incident===
At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], Ignatius moderated a discussion including [[Turkey|Turkish]] Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[Israel]]i President [[Shimon Peres]], [[UN]] [[UN Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], and [[Arab League]] Secretary-General [[Amr Moussa]]. As the [[Gaza War|December '08-January '09 conflict in Gaza]] was still fresh in memory, the tone of the discussion was lively.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/30/europe/30clash.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed|title=Leaders of Turkey and Israel clash at Davos panel|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> Ignatius gave Erdoğan 12 minutes to speak, and gave the Israeli President the final 25 minutes to respond.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan objected to Peres' tone and raised voice during the Israeli President's impassioned defense of his nation's actions. Ignatius gave Erdoğan a minute to respond, and when Erdoğan went over his allocated minute, Ignatius repeatedly cut the Turkish Prime Minister off, telling him and the audience that they were out of time and that they had to get to a dinner.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm|title=Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row |publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> Erdoğan seemed visibly frustrated as he said to the President of Israel, "When it comes to killing, you know well how to kill."<ref name=IHT/> Ignatius put his arm on Erdoğan's shoulder and kept telling him that his time was up. Erdoğan then gathered his papers and said, "I do not think I will be coming back to Davos after this because you do not let me speak."<ref name=BBC/> Erdoğan then got up from his chair and walked off the stage while the other discussion panelists were still seated, but [[Amr Moussa]] stood up to shake his hand as he left. At that point the discussion ended.

Five minutes after the discussion ended, Peres called Erdoğan to apologize for any misunderstanding.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan later told reporters that he was not upset with Peres, rather he was upset with Ignatius for failing to moderate the discussion impartially, by giving Peres 25 minutes to speak while earlier giving Erdoğan only 12 minutes and then just another minute to respond to Peres.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan returned to [[Istanbul]] a day later to a hero's welcome at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859815.stm|title=Turkish PM given hero's welcome|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref>

Writing about the incident, Ignatius said that he found himself “in the middle of a fight where there was no longer a middle.” Because the Israel-Palestinian conflict provokes such heated emotions on both sides of the debate, Ignatius concluded, it was impossible for anyone to be seen as an impartial mediator. Ignatius wrote that his experience elucidated a larger truth about failure of the United States’ attempt to serve as an impartial mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “American leaders must give up the notion that they can transform the Middle East and its culture through military force,” Ignatius wrote, and instead “get out of the elusive middle, step across the threshold of anger, and sit down and talk” with the Middle Eastern leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Caught In the Middle|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/04/15/caught_in_the_middle|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

===Prosecution of Mubarak===
In May 2011, Ignatius said: "What’s needed in Egypt and the other Arab countries that have
suffered from dictatorship is a sense that the rule of law will prevail,
with safeguards against vindictive prosecution".<ref name="ignatius_05-29-2011">{{cite news |author = David Ingatius |date = May 29, 2011 |title = The whiff of revenge taints the Arab Spring |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-whiff-of-revenge-taints-the-arab-spring/2011/05/26/AGqytyCH_story.html}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Agents of Innocence: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1987|isbn=0393024865}}
*{{cite book|title=Siro|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1991|isbn=0374265062}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bank of Fear|publisher=Avon Books (Mm)|year=1995|isbn=0380722801}}
*{{cite book|title=A Firing Offense|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0517368390}}
*{{cite book|title=The Sun King|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0812992431}}
*{{cite book|title=Body of Lies: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2008|isbn=039333158X}}
*{{cite book|title=America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy|publisher=Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition edition|year=2009|isbn=0465018017}}
*{{cite book|title=The Increment: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=0393338312}}
*{{cite book|title=Bloodmoney: A Novel of Espionage|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2011|isbn=9780393078114}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm Profile] at [[The Washington Post Writers Group]]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/staff/articles/david+ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/David-Ignatius.ashx Column archive] at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.thecrimson.com/writer/7036/David_R._Ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''
*{{C-SPAN|davidignatius}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|74}}
*{{IMDb|2015758}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n87-853124}}
* Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16bsQqmPBc8 David Ignatius discusses how he helped Leonardo DiCaprio prepare for the ''Body of Lies'' film].
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/8904 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion with David Ignatius] at [[Bloggingheads.tv]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ignatius, David
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1950-05-26
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ignatius, David}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]]
[[Category:The Washington Post people]]

[[de:David Ignatius]]
[[es:David Ignatius]]
[[nl:David Ignatius]]
[[ru:Игнатиус, Дэвид]]
[[tr:David Ignatius]]

David Ignatius

2011-12-10T21:20:25Z

Broodingomnipresence: correcting factual errors in introduction and adding recent honors

{{Infobox writer
| name = David Ignatius
| image = david ignatius.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|05|26}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Journalist]], [[Analyst]]
| language = English
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| education = [[St. Albans School]][[Harvard College]][[Kings College, Cambridge]]
| genre = [[Suspense]], [[Espionage fiction]], [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks = ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', ''Agents of Innocence'', ''The Increment''
| spouse = Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''David R. Ignatius''' (May 26, 1950), is an [[United States|American]] [[journalist]] and [[novelist]]. He is an [[associate editor]] and [[columnist]] for ''[[The Washington Post]]''. He also co-hosts '''PostGlobal''', an online discussion of international issues at [[Washingtonpost.com]], with ''[[Newsweek]]'' 's [[Fareed Zakaria]]. He has written eight novels, including ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', which director [[Ridley Scott]] adapted into a [[Body of Lies (film)|film]]. He has received numerous honors, including being the [[Legion of Honor]] by the [[French Republic]], the [[Urbino World Press Award]] from the [[Italian Republic]], and a lifetime achievement award from the [[International Committee for Foreign
Journalism]].

==Personal life==
Ignatius was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref>http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/david-ignatius/agents-of-innocence/_/R-400000000000000345795</ref> His parents are Nancy Sharpless (née Weiser) and [[Paul Robert Ignatius]], a former [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1967–69), president of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and former president of the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrilbooks.com/artists/11409.html |title=Paul R. Ignatius |publisher=AbrilBooks|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=(AP)|title=Secretary of Navy Sworn Into Office|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_WUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5173,242354&dq=nancy+sharpless+weiser&hl=en|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=2 Sep 1967}}</ref>He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent on his father's side, with ancestors from [[Harput]], [[Elazığ]], [[Turkey]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgdaily.com/EN/2008121701 |title=AZG Armenian Daily |publisher=AZG Daily|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202147.html |title=The Dignity Agenda |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=12 August 2010 | first=David | last=Ignatius | date=2007-10-14}}</ref> his mother, a descendant of Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]], is of German and English descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ignatius|first=Paul R.|title=On board: my life in the Navy, government, and business|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1591143810, 9781591143819|pages=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DOwZCw2xW44C&pg=PR11&dq=nancy+weiser+ignatius&hl=en#v=snippet&q=cotton&f=false}}</ref>

Ignatius was raised in [[Washington, D.C]]., where he attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. He then attended [[Harvard College]], from which he graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1973. Ignatius was awarded a [[Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships|Frank Knox Fellowship]] from [[Harvard University]] and studied at [[Kings College, Cambridge|Kings College, Cambridge University]], where he received a [[diploma]] in [[economics]].<ref name="pwg">{{cite web |url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm |title=The Post Writers Group |publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref>

He is married to Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius, with whom he has three daughters.<ref name="pwg"/>

==Career==
===Journalism===
After completing his education, Ignatius was an editor at the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' before moving to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', where he spent 10 years as a reporter. At the ''Journal'', Ignatius first covered the steel industry in [[Pittsburgh]]. He then moved to Washington where he covered the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], the [[CIA]], and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Ignatius was the ''Journal''’s [[Middle East]] correspondent between 1980 and 1983, during which time he covered the wars in [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. He returned to Washington in 1984, becoming the Journal's chief diplomatic correspondent. In 1985 he received the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.

In 1986, Ignatius left the ''Journal'' for the ''Washington Post''. From 1986 to 1990, he was the editor of the “Outlook” section of the ''Post'' . From 1990 to 1992 he was the paper’s foreign editor, and oversaw the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of [[Iraq]]’s invasion of [[Kuwait]]. From 1993 to 1999, he served as the ''Post''’s assistant managing editor in charge of business news. In 1999, he began writing a twice-weekly column in the ''Post'' on global politics, economics and international affairs.

In 2000, he became the executive editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. He returned to the ''Post'' in 2002 when the ''Post'' sold its interest in the ''Herald Tribune''. Ignatius continued to write his column once a week during his tenure at the ''Herald Tribune'', resuming twice-weekly columns after his return to the ''Post''. His column is syndicated worldwide by ''The Washington Post Writers Group''. The column won the 2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary and a 2004 Edward Weintal Prize. In writing his column, Ignatius frequently travels to the Middle East and interviews leaders such as [[Syria]]n President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the head of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] military organization [[Hezbollah]].

Ignatius’s writing has also appeared in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[Talk (magazine)|Talk Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.

Melvin Goodman<ref name=PR1>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=David Ignatius: The Mainstream Media’s Chief Apologist for CIA Crimes|url=http://pubrecord.org/commentary/2366/david-ignatius-mainstream/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=PR2>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=WPost’s Ignatius Forgives the CIA Again and Again|url=http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/45617/david-ignatius-cias-senior-apologist-strikes-again/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> as examples of this alleged apologism Ignatius's criticism of the Obama administration for investigating the CIA's role in the use of [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] in interrogations during the [[Iraq War]],<ref name=WaPo1>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=A Sigh of Relief From the CIA|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/25/AR2009082502642.html|accessdate=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 August 2009}}</ref>, a 42-year CIA veteran, [[Johns Hopkins]] professor, and senior fellow at the [[Center for International Policy],and Glenn Greenwald<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Obama administration takes tough stance on banks|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/index.html|publisher=Salon.com|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Establishment Washington unifies against prosecutions|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/01/15/ignatius|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> have criticized Ignatius's coverage of the CIA for being insufficiently critical. Ignatius has criticized the CIA and the U.S. government's approach on intelligence on a number of occasions, however, <ref name=WaPo3>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Is killing our only option for terrorists?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106294.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> and was extremely critical of the Bush administration's torture policies.<ref name=WaPo2>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Small Comfort|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42033-2004Jun14.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 June 2004}}</ref>
===Novels===
In addition to his career as a journalist, Ignatius is also a successful novelist. He has written six novels in the [[suspense]]/[[espionage fiction]] genre, which draw on his experience and interest in foreign affairs and his knowledge of intelligence operations. Reviewers have compared Ignatius to classic spy novelists such as [[Graham Greene]]. Ignatius’s novels have also been praised for their realism; his first novel, ''Agents of Innocence'', was at one point described by the CIA on its website as "a novel but not fiction."<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/spooked-how-betrayal-inertia-and-disaster-felled-the-cia-1274536.html Spooked! How betrayal, inertia, and disaster felled the CIA]</ref> His 1999 novel ''The Sun King'', a re-working of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' set in late-20th-century Washington, is his only departure from the espionage genre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

His 2007 novel ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' was adapted into a film by director Ridley Scott. It starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] has acquired the rights to Ignatius’s seventh novel, ''The Increment''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

"BloodMoney," a spy thriller set in Pakistan, is his latest novel.

===Other===

In 2006, he wrote a foreword to the American edition of [[Moazzam Begg]]’s ''Enemy Combatant'', a book about the author’s experiences as a detainee at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. In 2008, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Brent Scowcroft]], and Ignatius published ''America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy'', a book that collected conversations, moderated by Ignatius, between Brzezinski and Scowcroft. [[Michiko Kakutani]] of the [[New York Times]] named it one of the ten best books of 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/books/28kakuw.html Holiday Gift Guide - Michiko Kakutani’s 10 Favorite Books of 2008]</ref>

Ignatius has been trustee of the [[German Marshall Fund]] since 2000. He is a member of the Council of the [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] in [[London]] and has been a director of its U.S. affiliate since 2006. He has been a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] since 1984. From 1984 to 1990, he was a member of the Governing Board of St. Albans School.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In 2011, Ignatius held a contest for [[Washington Post]] readers to write a spy novel. Ignatius wrote the first chapter and challenged fans to continue the story. Over eight weeks, readers sent in their versions of what befalls CIA agents Alex Kassem and Sarah Mancini and voted for their favorite entries. Ignatius chose the winning entry for each round, resulting in a six-chapter Web serial. Winners of the subsequent chapters included: Chapter 2 "Sweets for the Sweet" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; Chapter 3: "Abu Talib" by Jill Borak; Chapter 4. "Go Hard or Go Home" by Vineet Daga; Chapter 5: "Inside Out" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; and Chapter 6: "Onward!" by Gina 'Miel' Ard. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/conversations/summer-spy-serial/ | work=The Washington Post | title=Summer Spy Serial}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===2009 Davos incident===
At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], Ignatius moderated a discussion including [[Turkey|Turkish]] Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[Israel]]i President [[Shimon Peres]], [[UN]] [[UN Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], and [[Arab League]] Secretary-General [[Amr Moussa]]. As the [[Gaza War|December '08-January '09 conflict in Gaza]] was still fresh in memory, the tone of the discussion was lively.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/30/europe/30clash.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed|title=Leaders of Turkey and Israel clash at Davos panel|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> Ignatius gave Erdoğan 12 minutes to speak, and gave the Israeli President the final 25 minutes to respond.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan objected to Peres' tone and raised voice during the Israeli President's impassioned defense of his nation's actions. Ignatius gave Erdoğan a minute to respond, and when Erdoğan went over his allocated minute, Ignatius repeatedly cut the Turkish Prime Minister off, telling him and the audience that they were out of time and that they had to get to a dinner.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm|title=Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row |publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> Erdoğan seemed visibly frustrated as he said to the President of Israel, "When it comes to killing, you know well how to kill."<ref name=IHT/> Ignatius put his arm on Erdoğan's shoulder and kept telling him that his time was up. Erdoğan then gathered his papers and said, "I do not think I will be coming back to Davos after this because you do not let me speak."<ref name=BBC/> Erdoğan then got up from his chair and walked off the stage while the other discussion panelists were still seated, but [[Amr Moussa]] stood up to shake his hand as he left. At that point the discussion ended.

Five minutes after the discussion ended, Peres called Erdoğan to apologize for any misunderstanding.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan later told reporters that he was not upset with Peres, rather he was upset with Ignatius for failing to moderate the discussion impartially, by giving Peres 25 minutes to speak while earlier giving Erdoğan only 12 minutes and then just another minute to respond to Peres.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan returned to [[Istanbul]] a day later to a hero's welcome at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859815.stm|title=Turkish PM given hero's welcome|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref>

Writing about the incident, Ignatius said that he found himself “in the middle of a fight where there was no longer a middle.” Because the Israel-Palestinian conflict provokes such heated emotions on both sides of the debate, Ignatius concluded, it was impossible for anyone to be seen as an impartial mediator. Ignatius wrote that his experience elucidated a larger truth about failure of the United States’ attempt to serve as an impartial mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “American leaders must give up the notion that they can transform the Middle East and its culture through military force,” Ignatius wrote, and instead “get out of the elusive middle, step across the threshold of anger, and sit down and talk” with the Middle Eastern leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Caught In the Middle|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/04/15/caught_in_the_middle|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

===Prosecution of Mubarak===
In May 2011, Ignatius said: "What’s needed in Egypt and the other Arab countries that have
suffered from dictatorship is a sense that the rule of law will prevail,
with safeguards against vindictive prosecution".<ref name="ignatius_05-29-2011">{{cite news |author = David Ingatius |date = May 29, 2011 |title = The whiff of revenge taints the Arab Spring |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-whiff-of-revenge-taints-the-arab-spring/2011/05/26/AGqytyCH_story.html}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Agents of Innocence: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1987|isbn=0393024865}}
*{{cite book|title=Siro|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1991|isbn=0374265062}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bank of Fear|publisher=Avon Books (Mm)|year=1995|isbn=0380722801}}
*{{cite book|title=A Firing Offense|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0517368390}}
*{{cite book|title=The Sun King|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0812992431}}
*{{cite book|title=Body of Lies: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2008|isbn=039333158X}}
*{{cite book|title=America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy|publisher=Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition edition|year=2009|isbn=0465018017}}
*{{cite book|title=The Increment: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=0393338312}}
*{{cite book|title=Bloodmoney: A Novel of Espionage|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2011|isbn=9780393078114}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm Profile] at [[The Washington Post Writers Group]]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/staff/articles/david+ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/David-Ignatius.ashx Column archive] at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.thecrimson.com/writer/7036/David_R._Ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''
*{{C-SPAN|davidignatius}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|74}}
*{{IMDb|2015758}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n87-853124}}
* Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16bsQqmPBc8 David Ignatius discusses how he helped Leonardo DiCaprio prepare for the ''Body of Lies'' film].
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/8904 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion with David Ignatius] at [[Bloggingheads.tv]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ignatius, David
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1950-05-26
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ignatius, David}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]]
[[Category:The Washington Post people]]

[[de:David Ignatius]]
[[es:David Ignatius]]
[[nl:David Ignatius]]
[[ru:Игнатиус, Дэвид]]
[[tr:David Ignatius]]

David Ignatius

2011-12-10T21:14:49Z

Broodingomnipresence: editing to make discussion of Ignatius stance on CIA more balanced

{{Infobox writer
| name = David Ignatius
| image = david ignatius.jpg
| imagesize = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|05|26}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Journalist]], [[Analyst]]
| language = English
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| education = [[St. Albans School]][[Harvard College]][[Kings College, Cambridge]]
| genre = [[Suspense]], [[Espionage fiction]], [[thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| notableworks = ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', ''Agents of Innocence'', ''The Increment''
| spouse = Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''David R. Ignatius''' (May 26, 1950), is an [[United States|American]] [[journalist]] and [[novelist]]. He is an [[associate editor]] and [[columnist]] for ''[[The Washington Post]]''. He also co-hosts '''PostGlobal''', an online discussion of international issues at [[Washingtonpost.com]], with ''[[Newsweek]]'' 's [[Fareed Zakaria]]. He has written seven novels, including "Penetration" which was renamed ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'', during production when director [[Ridley Scott]] adapted it into a [[Body of Lies (film)|film]].

==Personal life==
Ignatius was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.<ref>http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/david-ignatius/agents-of-innocence/_/R-400000000000000345795</ref> His parents are Nancy Sharpless (née Weiser) and [[Paul Robert Ignatius]], a former [[Secretary of the Navy]] (1967–69), president of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and former president of the [[Air Transport Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abrilbooks.com/artists/11409.html |title=Paul R. Ignatius |publisher=AbrilBooks|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=(AP)|title=Secretary of Navy Sworn Into Office|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9jkgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_WUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5173,242354&dq=nancy+sharpless+weiser&hl=en|accessdate=26 August 2011|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=2 Sep 1967}}</ref>He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent on his father's side, with ancestors from [[Harput]], [[Elazığ]], [[Turkey]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azgdaily.com/EN/2008121701 |title=AZG Armenian Daily |publisher=AZG Daily|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/12/AR2007101202147.html |title=The Dignity Agenda |publisher=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=12 August 2010 | first=David | last=Ignatius | date=2007-10-14}}</ref> his mother, a descendant of Puritan minister [[Cotton Mather]], is of German and English descent.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ignatius|first=Paul R.|title=On board: my life in the Navy, government, and business|year=2006|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1591143810, 9781591143819|pages=38|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DOwZCw2xW44C&pg=PR11&dq=nancy+weiser+ignatius&hl=en#v=snippet&q=cotton&f=false}}</ref>

Ignatius was raised in [[Washington, D.C]]., where he attended [[St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)|St. Albans School]]. He then attended [[Harvard College]], from which he graduated [[magna cum laude]] in 1973. Ignatius was awarded a [[Frank Knox Memorial Fellowships|Frank Knox Fellowship]] from [[Harvard University]] and studied at [[Kings College, Cambridge|Kings College, Cambridge University]], where he received a [[diploma]] in [[economics]].<ref name="pwg">{{cite web |url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm |title=The Post Writers Group |publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref>

He is married to Dr. Eve Thornberg Ignatius, with whom he has three daughters.<ref name="pwg"/>

==Career==
===Journalism===
After completing his education, Ignatius was an editor at the ''[[Washington Monthly]]'' before moving to the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', where he spent 10 years as a reporter. At the ''Journal'', Ignatius first covered the steel industry in [[Pittsburgh]]. He then moved to Washington where he covered the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], the [[CIA]], and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Ignatius was the ''Journal''’s [[Middle East]] correspondent between 1980 and 1983, during which time he covered the wars in [[Lebanon]] and [[Iraq]]. He returned to Washington in 1984, becoming the Journal's chief diplomatic correspondent. In 1985 he received the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.

In 1986, Ignatius left the ''Journal'' for the ''Washington Post''. From 1986 to 1990, he was the editor of the “Outlook” section of the ''Post'' . From 1990 to 1992 he was the paper’s foreign editor, and oversaw the paper's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning coverage of [[Iraq]]’s invasion of [[Kuwait]]. From 1993 to 1999, he served as the ''Post''’s assistant managing editor in charge of business news. In 1999, he began writing a twice-weekly column in the ''Post'' on global politics, economics and international affairs.

In 2000, he became the executive editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' in [[Paris]]. He returned to the ''Post'' in 2002 when the ''Post'' sold its interest in the ''Herald Tribune''. Ignatius continued to write his column once a week during his tenure at the ''Herald Tribune'', resuming twice-weekly columns after his return to the ''Post''. His column is syndicated worldwide by ''The Washington Post Writers Group''. The column won the 2000 Gerald Loeb Award for Commentary and a 2004 Edward Weintal Prize. In writing his column, Ignatius frequently travels to the Middle East and interviews leaders such as [[Syria]]n President [[Bashar al-Assad]] and [[Hassan Nasrallah]], the head of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] military organization [[Hezbollah]].

Ignatius’s writing has also appeared in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[Talk (magazine)|Talk Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Washington Monthly]]''.

Melvin Goodman<ref name=PR1>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=David Ignatius: The Mainstream Media’s Chief Apologist for CIA Crimes|url=http://pubrecord.org/commentary/2366/david-ignatius-mainstream/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=PR2>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=Melvin A.|title=WPost’s Ignatius Forgives the CIA Again and Again|url=http://www.noquarterusa.net/blog/45617/david-ignatius-cias-senior-apologist-strikes-again/|publisher=The Public Record|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> as examples of this alleged apologism Ignatius's criticism of the Obama administration for investigating the CIA's role in the use of [[Enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] in interrogations during the [[Iraq War]],<ref name=WaPo1>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=A Sigh of Relief From the CIA|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/25/AR2009082502642.html|accessdate=24 August 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 August 2009}}</ref>, a 42-year CIA veteran, [[Johns Hopkins]] professor, and senior fellow at the [[Center for International Policy],and Glenn Greenwald<ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Obama administration takes tough stance on banks|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/index.html|publisher=Salon.com|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=Establishment Washington unifies against prosecutions|publisher=Salon.com|url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/01/15/ignatius|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref> have criticized Ignatius's coverage of the CIA for being insufficiently critical. Ignatius has criticized the CIA and the U.S. government's approach on intelligence on a number of occasions, however, <ref name=WaPo3>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Is killing our only option for terrorists?|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/01/AR2010120106294.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> and was extremely critical of the Bush administration's torture policies.<ref name=WaPo2>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Small Comfort|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42033-2004Jun14.html|accessdate=10 December 2011|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 June 2004}}</ref>
===Novels===
In addition to his career as a journalist, Ignatius is also a successful novelist. He has written six novels in the [[suspense]]/[[espionage fiction]] genre, which draw on his experience and interest in foreign affairs and his knowledge of intelligence operations. Reviewers have compared Ignatius to classic spy novelists such as [[Graham Greene]]. Ignatius’s novels have also been praised for their realism; his first novel, ''Agents of Innocence'', was at one point described by the CIA on its website as "a novel but not fiction."<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/spooked-how-betrayal-inertia-and-disaster-felled-the-cia-1274536.html Spooked! How betrayal, inertia, and disaster felled the CIA]</ref> His 1999 novel ''The Sun King'', a re-working of ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' set in late-20th-century Washington, is his only departure from the espionage genre.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

His 2007 novel ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' was adapted into a film by director Ridley Scott. It starred [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and [[Russell Crowe]]. Producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]] has acquired the rights to Ignatius’s seventh novel, ''The Increment''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

"BloodMoney," a spy thriller set in Pakistan, is his latest novel.

===Other===

In 2006, he wrote a foreword to the American edition of [[Moazzam Begg]]’s ''Enemy Combatant'', a book about the author’s experiences as a detainee at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]. In 2008, [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Brent Scowcroft]], and Ignatius published ''America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy'', a book that collected conversations, moderated by Ignatius, between Brzezinski and Scowcroft. [[Michiko Kakutani]] of the [[New York Times]] named it one of the ten best books of 2008.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/books/28kakuw.html Holiday Gift Guide - Michiko Kakutani’s 10 Favorite Books of 2008]</ref>

Ignatius has been trustee of the [[German Marshall Fund]] since 2000. He is a member of the Council of the [[International Institute of Strategic Studies]] in [[London]] and has been a director of its U.S. affiliate since 2006. He has been a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]] since 1984. From 1984 to 1990, he was a member of the Governing Board of St. Albans School.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

In 2011, Ignatius held a contest for [[Washington Post]] readers to write a spy novel. Ignatius wrote the first chapter and challenged fans to continue the story. Over eight weeks, readers sent in their versions of what befalls CIA agents Alex Kassem and Sarah Mancini and voted for their favorite entries. Ignatius chose the winning entry for each round, resulting in a six-chapter Web serial. Winners of the subsequent chapters included: Chapter 2 "Sweets for the Sweet" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; Chapter 3: "Abu Talib" by Jill Borak; Chapter 4. "Go Hard or Go Home" by Vineet Daga; Chapter 5: "Inside Out" by [[Colin Flaherty]]; and Chapter 6: "Onward!" by Gina 'Miel' Ard. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/conversations/summer-spy-serial/ | work=The Washington Post | title=Summer Spy Serial}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===2009 Davos incident===
At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]], Ignatius moderated a discussion including [[Turkey|Turkish]] Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], [[Israel]]i President [[Shimon Peres]], [[UN]] [[UN Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]], and [[Arab League]] Secretary-General [[Amr Moussa]]. As the [[Gaza War|December '08-January '09 conflict in Gaza]] was still fresh in memory, the tone of the discussion was lively.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/30/europe/30clash.php?WT.mc_id=rssmostemailed|title=Leaders of Turkey and Israel clash at Davos panel|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-02-01}}</ref> Ignatius gave Erdoğan 12 minutes to speak, and gave the Israeli President the final 25 minutes to respond.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan objected to Peres' tone and raised voice during the Israeli President's impassioned defense of his nation's actions. Ignatius gave Erdoğan a minute to respond, and when Erdoğan went over his allocated minute, Ignatius repeatedly cut the Turkish Prime Minister off, telling him and the audience that they were out of time and that they had to get to a dinner.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859417.stm|title=Turkish PM storms off in Gaza row |publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref> Erdoğan seemed visibly frustrated as he said to the President of Israel, "When it comes to killing, you know well how to kill."<ref name=IHT/> Ignatius put his arm on Erdoğan's shoulder and kept telling him that his time was up. Erdoğan then gathered his papers and said, "I do not think I will be coming back to Davos after this because you do not let me speak."<ref name=BBC/> Erdoğan then got up from his chair and walked off the stage while the other discussion panelists were still seated, but [[Amr Moussa]] stood up to shake his hand as he left. At that point the discussion ended.

Five minutes after the discussion ended, Peres called Erdoğan to apologize for any misunderstanding.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan later told reporters that he was not upset with Peres, rather he was upset with Ignatius for failing to moderate the discussion impartially, by giving Peres 25 minutes to speak while earlier giving Erdoğan only 12 minutes and then just another minute to respond to Peres.<ref name=IHT/> Erdoğan returned to [[Istanbul]] a day later to a hero's welcome at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7859815.stm|title=Turkish PM given hero's welcome|publisher=BBC News|date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref>

Writing about the incident, Ignatius said that he found himself “in the middle of a fight where there was no longer a middle.” Because the Israel-Palestinian conflict provokes such heated emotions on both sides of the debate, Ignatius concluded, it was impossible for anyone to be seen as an impartial mediator. Ignatius wrote that his experience elucidated a larger truth about failure of the United States’ attempt to serve as an impartial mediator in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. “American leaders must give up the notion that they can transform the Middle East and its culture through military force,” Ignatius wrote, and instead “get out of the elusive middle, step across the threshold of anger, and sit down and talk” with the Middle Eastern leaders.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignatius|first=David|title=Caught In the Middle|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/04/15/caught_in_the_middle|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

===Prosecution of Mubarak===
In May 2011, Ignatius said: "What’s needed in Egypt and the other Arab countries that have
suffered from dictatorship is a sense that the rule of law will prevail,
with safeguards against vindictive prosecution".<ref name="ignatius_05-29-2011">{{cite news |author = David Ingatius |date = May 29, 2011 |title = The whiff of revenge taints the Arab Spring |newspaper = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-whiff-of-revenge-taints-the-arab-spring/2011/05/26/AGqytyCH_story.html}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite book|title=Agents of Innocence: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=1987|isbn=0393024865}}
*{{cite book|title=Siro|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1991|isbn=0374265062}}
*{{cite book|title=The Bank of Fear|publisher=Avon Books (Mm)|year=1995|isbn=0380722801}}
*{{cite book|title=A Firing Offense|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0517368390}}
*{{cite book|title=The Sun King|publisher=Random House Value Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0812992431}}
*{{cite book|title=Body of Lies: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2008|isbn=039333158X}}
*{{cite book|title=America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy|publisher=Basic Books; First Trade Paper Edition edition|year=2009|isbn=0465018017}}
*{{cite book|title=The Increment: A Novel|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=0393338312}}
*{{cite book|title=Bloodmoney: A Novel of Espionage|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2011|isbn=9780393078114}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
</div>

==External links==
* [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/ignatius.htm Profile] at [[The Washington Post Writers Group]]
* [http://projects.washingtonpost.com/staff/articles/david+ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''
*[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/David-Ignatius.ashx Column archive] at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.thecrimson.com/writer/7036/David_R._Ignatius/ Column archive] at ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''
*{{C-SPAN|davidignatius}}
*{{Charlie Rose view|74}}
*{{IMDb|2015758}}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n87-853124}}
* Video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16bsQqmPBc8 David Ignatius discusses how he helped Leonardo DiCaprio prepare for the ''Body of Lies'' film].
* [http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/8904 Video (and audio) of debate/discussion with David Ignatius] at [[Bloggingheads.tv]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ignatius, David
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1950-05-26
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cambridge, Massachusetts
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ignatius, David}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American novelists]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]]
[[Category:The Washington Post people]]

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Fahd of Saudi Arabia

2011-10-23T15:03:48Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Early political positions */

{{Infobox royalty|monarch
|name = Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud {{lang|ar|فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود}} 
|native name = {{lang|ar|فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود}}
|title = [[List of kings of Saudi Arabia|King of Saudi Arabia]] [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]] [[Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia]]
|image =Fahd bin Abdul Aziz.jpg
|succession = [[King of Saudi Arabia]]
|reign = 13 June 1982 – 1 August 2005 (''23 years, 49 days'')
|coronation = 13 June 1982
|cor-type = [[Bayaa]]
|predecessor = [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|Khalid]]
|successor = [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]]
|succession1 = 1st Minister of Education
|reign1 = 1953 - 1962
|reign-type1 = In Office
|successor1 = [[Abdulaziz bin Mohammad Al al-Shaikh]]
|succession2 = 6th Minister of Interior
|reign2 = 1962 - 1975
|reign-type2 = In Office
|successor2 = [[Naif bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]
|predecessor2 = [[Faisal ibn Turki I Al Saud]]
|issue = [[Faisal bin Fahd]], [[Sultan bin Fahd]] [[Muhammad bin Fahd]], [[Saud bin Fahd]] [[Khaled bin Fahd]], [[Abdul-Aziz bin Fahd]]
|house = [[House of Saud]]
|father = [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia|Abdulaziz]]
|mother = [[Hessa Bint Ahmed AlSudairy]]
|birth_date = 16 March 1921
|birth_place = [[Riyadh]], [[Kingdom of Hejaz]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2005|8|1|1921|3|21}}
|death_place = [[King Faisal Hospital]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
|date of burial = 1 August 2005
|place of burial = [[Al-Oud cemetery|Al Oud]], [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
|cause of death = acute pnemonia on top of mulitble cva .
|}}

'''Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud''', [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]], ({{lang-ar|فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود}} ''{{transl|ar|Fahd ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Su‘ūd}}'') (16 March 1921 – 1 August 2005) was the fifth [[King of Saudi Arabia|King]] of the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]] from 1982 to 2005. One of forty-five sons of Saudi founder [[Ibn Saud]], and the fourth of his five sons who have ruled the Kingdom ([[Saud of Saudi Arabia|Saud]], [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]], [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|Khalid]], Fahd, and [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]]), Fahd ascended to the throne on the death of his half-brother, [[King Khalid of Saudi Arabia|King Khalid]], on 13 June 1982.

Fahd was appointed [[Crown Prince]] when [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|Khalid]] succeeded their half-brother [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]], who was [[assassination|assassinated]] in 1975. Fahd was viewed as the ''[[de facto]]'' [[prime minister]] during [[King Khalid of Saudi Arabia|King Khalid's]] reign in part due to the latter's ill health.

Fahd suffered a debilitating [[stroke]] on 29 November 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing his full official duties. His half-brother, [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]], the country's Crown Prince, served as ''de facto'' [[regent]] of the kingdom and succeeded Fahd as monarch upon his death on 1 August 2005.

King Fahd is credited for having introduced the [[Basic Law of Saudi Arabia]] in 1992.

==Early life==
At the age of 11 in 1932, Fahd watched as his father officially founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by signing the [[Treaty of Jeddah]].

Fahd's education took place at the [[Princes' School]] in Riyadh, a school established by Ibn Saud specifically for the education of members of the House of Saud. While at the Princes' School, Fahd studied under tutors including [[Sheikh Abdul-Ghani Khayat]].

In 1945 Fahd travelled on his first [[state visit]] to [[New York City]] to attend the opening session of the [[UN General Assembly|General Assembly]] of the [[United Nations]]. On this trip Fahd served under his brother, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]], who was at the time Saudi Arabia's foreign minister.

==Early political positions==
In 1953, at the age of 32, Fahd was appointed Education Minister by his father. Also in 1953, Fahd led his first official state visit, attending the coronation of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] on behalf of the House of Saud.

Fahd had two brothers born before him, Nasir and Saad, who had prior claims to the throne but both were considered unsuitable candidates. By contrast, Fahd had served as minister of education from 1953 to 1960 and minister of interior from 1962 to 1968.

Fahd led the Saudi delegation to the [[League of Arab States]] in 1959, signifying his increasing prominence in the House of Saud — and that he was being groomed for a more significant role.

In 1962, Fahd was given the important post of Interior Minister and six years later he was the first person appointed to the position of Second Deputy Prime Minister. After the death of King Faisal in 1975, Fahd was named [[deputy prime minister|first deputy Prime Minister]] and concurrently Crown Prince.

==Family and progeny==
King Fahd was married at least four times, . He had six sons and three daughters. His sons were:
* [[Faisal bin Fahd|Faisal bin Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud]] (1946–1999) Died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]. Director-general of Youth Welfare (1971–99), Director-general at Ministry of Planning and [[Minister of State]] (1977–1999).
* [[Khalid bin Fahd|Khalid bin Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud]] (born 1947).
* [[Muhammad bin Fahd|Muhammad bin Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud]] (born 1950), governor of the Eastern province.
* [[Saud bin Fahd|Saud bin Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud]] (born 1950), former deputy president of the General Intelligence Directorate.
* [[khaled bin Fahd|Sultan bin Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud]] (born 1951), Army Officer. Elevated to ministerial rank in November 1997. Current head of Youth Welfare.
* [[Abdul-Aziz bin Fahd|Abdul-Aziz bin Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud]], (born 1971), Fahd's favorite and youngest son and minister of state without portfolio. He is the son of Princess Jawhara al-Ibrahim, Fahd's fourth and, reportedly, favorite wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200305/baer |title=The Fall of the House of Saud - Magazine |publisher=The Atlantic |date=2001-09-12 |accessdate=2010-11-18}}</ref>

==Reign==
[[Image:Abdulaziz Mosque Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|King Fahd gave money for building mosques throughout the world. The [[Ibrahim-Al-Ibrahim Mosque]], at [[Europa Point]], [[Gibraltar]], which opened in 1997, is one such mosque.]]
On 25 March 1975, [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]] was assassinated by his nephew and [[King Khalid]] assumed power. Fahd, as next in the line of succession, became [[Crown Prince]] and First Deputy Prime Minister. Especially in the later years of King Khalid's reign, Fahd was viewed as the ''de facto'' prime minister. When King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded to the throne. He adopted the title "[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]" in 1986, replacing "His Majesty", to signify an [[Islam]]ic rather than secular authority.

===Foreign policy===
He was a supporter of the [[United Nations]]. He supported foreign aid and had given 5.5% of Saudi Arabia's national income through various funds especially the [[Saudi Fund for Development]] and the [[OPEC Fund for International Development]]. He had also given aid to foreign groups such as the [[Bosnian Muslims]] in the recent [[Yugoslav Wars]], as well as the [[Nicaragua]]n [[Contras]], providing "a million dollars per month from May to December 1984."<ref>Busby, Robert (2011-02-03) [http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/busby_iran_contra/index.html The scandal that almost destroyed Ronald Reagan], ''[[Salon.com]]''</ref> King Fahd had also been a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause and an opponent of the [[State of Israel]].<ref name=PalestineSupport>{{cite web | authorlink = http://www.saudinf.com/ | title = Palestine-Israel Issue - King Fahd Bin Abdul Aziz | url = http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/main/l500.htm | accessdate = 2009-01-01}}</ref> Fahd was staunch ally of the [[United States]], and once said "After [[Allah]], we can count on the United States." [http://www.cia.gov]

===Grand Mosque Seizure, Iran, and Islamic education===
The [[Iranian Revolution|1979 Revolution]] in [[Iran]] radically transformed the political landscape in the Middle East, as the hereditary monarchy of the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]] was deposed in favor of a [[Shi'a]] [[theocracy]]. In the same year, anti-monarchist dissidents in Saudi Arabia
[[Grand Mosque Seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]] in [[Mecca]], and accused the Saudi royal family of being insufficiently Islamic and so unfit to rule the Kingdom. Fearing that the 1979 Revolution in Iran could lead to similar Islamic upheaval in Saudi Arabia, Fahd spent considerable sums after ascending the throne in 1982 to support Saddam Hussein's [[Iraq]] in its war with Iran.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/255097.stm Obituary: King Fahd], ''BBC News'', 1 August 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2008.</ref> He also changed his royal title to [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques|"custodian of the two holy mosques"]], and took steps to support the conservative Saudi religious establishment, including spending millions of dollars on religious education, further distancing himself from his inconvenient past.<ref>Wood, Paul. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4734505.stm Life and legacy of King Fahd], ''BBC News'', 1 August 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2008.</ref>

===Recreational activities===
At the same time as King Fahd presided over a more strict Islamic policy at home he was known to enjoy luxurious living abroad, even in ways that would not be allowed in his own kingdom. He visited the ports of the French Riviera, in his {{convert|147|m|ft|sing=on}} yacht, the $100 million [[Prince Abdulaziz (yacht)|Abdul Aziz]]. The ship featured two swimming pools, a ballroom, a gym, a theater, a portable garden, a hospital with an intensive-care unit and two operating rooms, and four [[FIM-92 Stinger|American Stinger missiles]].<ref>Simons, Geoff, ''Saudi Arabia'', St. Martins, (1998), p.28</ref> The king also had a personal $150 million [[Boeing 747]] jet, equipped with his own fountain. In his visits to London he reportedly lost millions of dollars in the casinos and even was known to circumvent the curfew imposed by British gaming laws by hiring his own blackjack and roulette dealers to continue gambling through the night in his hotel suite.<ref>Marie Colvin, `The Squandering Sheikhs, ''Sunday Times'', 29 August 1993</ref>

===Persian Gulf War, 1991===
In 1991, [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]]i forces under [[Saddam Hussein]] invaded [[Kuwait]], placing the Iraqi army (then the largest in the Middle East) on the Saudi-Kuwaiti border. King Fahd agreed to host American-led coalition troops in his Kingdom, and later allowed American troops to be based there. This decision brought him considerable criticism and opposition from many Saudi citizens, who objected to the presence of foreign troops on Saudi soil; this is a ''[[casus belli]]'' against the Saudi royal family prominently cited by [[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Al-Qaeda]].

===Reform and industrialization===
In regards to reform, King Fahd showed little tolerance for reformists. In 1992, a group of reformists and prominent Saudi intellectuals petitioned King Fahd for wide ranging reforms, including widening political representation, and curbing the royal family's wasteful spending. King Fahd first responded by ignoring their requests and when they persisted, reformists were harshly persecuted, imprisoned and fired from their jobs.

During King Fahd's rule, the royal family's lavish spending of the country's wealth reached its height. In addition, the biggest and most controversial military contracts of the century, the [[Al-Yamamah arms deal]] was signed under his watch.<ref name="flightintdir">{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Michael J.H.|title=Flight International World Aircraft & Systems Directory |accessdate=2007-08-16|edition=3rd Edition|year=2001|publisher=Reed Business Information |location=United Kingdom |isbn=0-617-01289-X |pages=189–190}}</ref> The contract has cost the Saudi treasury more than $90 billion. These funds were originally allocated to building hospitals, schools, universities and roads. As a result, Saudi Arabia has endured a stagnation in infrastructure development from 1986 till 1999 when the new King, Abdullah, fully came into power.

Like all the countries overlooking the [[Persian Gulf]], Saudi Arabia under King Fahd has focused its industrial development on hydrocarbon installations. Up to this day, the country is reliant on imports for nearly all its light and heavy machinery.

===Rule after the 1995 stroke===
King Fahd was a heavy smoker, overweight for much of his adult life, and in his sixties began to suffer from [[arthritis]] and severe [[diabetes]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1495300/King-Fahd.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=King Fahd | date=2 August 2005}}</ref> He suffered a debilitating stroke in 1995 and became noticeably frail, and decided to delegate the running of the Kingdom to Crown Prince Abdullah. On 21 February 1996 he reassumed official duties. After his stroke King Fahd was partly inactive, though he still attended meetings and received selected visitors. In November 2003, according to government media, King Fahd was quoted as saying to "strike with an iron fist" at terrorists after [[Insurgency in Saudi Arabia#2003|deadly bombings]], although he could hardly utter a word because of his debilitating stroke and deteriorating health. However, it is Crown Prince Abdullah who took official trips; when King Fahd traveled it was for vacations, and he was sometimes absent from Saudi Arabia for months at a time. When his oldest son and [[International Olympic Committee]] member Prince [[Faisal bin Fahd]] died in 1999, the King was in [[Spain]] and did not return for the funeral.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/01/international/01cnd-fahd.html?ex=1123732800&en=691cd3456fd4afea&ei=5070&8bl Saudi Arabia's King Fahd Dies; Abdullah Named New Leader], ''New York Times'', 1 August 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2008.</ref>

==Awards==
King Fahd was awarded with Azerbaijani [[Istiglal Order]] for his contributions to development of Azerbaijan-Saudi Arabia relations and strategic cooperation between the states by [[President of Azerbaijan]] [[Ilham Aliyev]] on March 7, 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://e-qanun.az/print.php?internal=view&target=1&docid=9650&doctype=0 |title= İki Müqəddəs Ocağın Xadimi, Səudiyyə Ərəbistanının Kralı Fəhd bin Əbdüləziz Al Səudun "İstiqlal" ordeni ilə təltif edilməsi haqqında AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASI PREZİDENTİNİN FƏRMANI |trans_title= Order of the President of Azerbaijan Republic on awarding King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia with istiglal Order of Azerbaijan Republic |accessdate=2011-01-20}}</ref>

==Death==
King Fahd was admitted to the [[King Faisal Specialist Hospital]] in the capital, Riyadh on 27 May 2005 for unspecified medical tests. An official (who insisted on anonymity) told the [[Associated Press]] unofficially that the king had died at 7:30 EDT on 1 August 2005. A member of the cabinet publicly announced his death on Saudi TV the same morning, and said that he died of pneumonia and a high fever.

==Funeral==
He was buried in the last ''[[thobe]]'' (traditional Arab robe) he wore. Fahd’s body was carried to [[Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque]], and funeral prayers were held at around 3:30 local time (12:30 GMT). The prayers for the late monarch were led by the Kingdom’s grand mufti, [[Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al Sheikh]].

The "funeral prayer", during which mourners remain standing, was recited after afternoon prayers. The ceremony was replicated in other mosques across the vast kingdom, where the "prayers for the absentee" were held.

The body was carried by King Fahd's son, Prince [[Abdul-Aziz bin Fahd|Abdul Aziz bin Fahd]], to the mosque and to the [[Al-Oud cemetery]] some two kilometers away, a public cemetery where Fahd’s four predecessors and other members of the Al Saud ruling family are buried.

Arab and Muslim dignitaries who attended the funeral were not present at the burial. Only ruling family members and Saudi citizens were on hand as the body was lowered into the grave.

Muslim leaders offered condolences at the mosque, while other foreign dignitaries and leaders who came after the funeral paid their respects at the royal court.

According to the regulations and social traditions of the Kingdom, Saudi Arabia did not declare a national mourning period. Also, all government offices and public buildings were open as usual and the state flag was not lowered (since the [[flag of Saudi Arabia]] bears the ''[[Shahada]]'', the Islamic [[creed|declaration of faith]], the flag's protocol requires the flag not to be lowered)

After his death, many countries declared [[mourning]] periods. [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Iraq]], [[Kuwait]], [[Lebanon]], [[Morocco]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Syria]], [[Yemen]], the [[Arab League]] in [[Cairo]], and the [[Palestinian Authority]] all declared three-day mourning periods. [[Pakistan]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] declared a seven-day mourning period and ordered all flags flown at half-staff. In Jordan, a national three-day mourning period was declared and a 40-day mourning period was decreed at the Royal Court.

Many foreign dignitaries attended the funeral, such as [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]], [[President of France|President]] [[Jacques Chirac]]. [[King Juan Carlos]], [[Prince Charles]], [[President Pervez Musharraf]], [[monarch|King]] [[Abdullah II of Jordan|Abdullah II]], Palestinian [[President of the Palestinian|President]] [[Mahmoud Abbas]] and the [[Singapore]] [[Senior Minister]], SM [[Goh Chok Tong]], [[Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya]].

==Wealth==
His wealth was estimated to be at $25 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2002/03/04/royalsphotoshow_print.html |title=Magazine Article |publisher=Forbes.com |date= 4 March 2002|accessdate=2010-11-18}}</ref>

==Wives==
* Janan Harb (Divorced) <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article533071.ece | location=London | work=The Times | first=Helen | last=Nugent | title=Exwifes revenge on Saudi King | date=14 June 2005}}</ref><ref>http://news.maktoob.com/article/672068/الفلسطينية-جنان-حرب-تدعي-أن</ref>
* HH Princess AL Anood Bint Abdulaziz Bin Mousad AL Saud mother of Prince Faisal Bin Fahd (Deceased)
* HH Princess AL Joharah Bint Ibrahem AL Ibrahem mother of Prince Abdulaziz Bin Fahd
* HH Princess Joza'a Bint Abdullah Bin Abdulrahman Al Saud
* HH Princess Al Joharah Bint Abdullah Al Sudairi (Deceased)
* HH Princess Modhi Bint Turky Bin Abdullah Al Saud (Divorced)
* HH Princess Joza'a Bint Sultan Al Adgham Al Subaie (Divorced)
* HH Princess Turfa Bint Abdulaziz Bin Mo'amar (Divorced)
* HH Princess Watfa Bint Obaid Bin Ali Al Jabr Al Rasheed (Divorced)
* HH Princess Lolwa Al Abdulrahman Al Muhana Aba Al Khail (Divorced)
* HH Princess Shaikha Bint Turky Bin Mariq Al Thit (Divorced)
* HH Princess Seeta Bint Ghunaim Bin Sunaitan Abu Thnain (Divorced)

==See also==
{{Portalbox|Saudi Arabia|Biography}}
* [[King Fahd International Airport]]
* [[King Fahd Causeway]]
* [[King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals]]
* [[Malek Fahd Islamic School]]

===Soccer tournaments===
* [[FIFA Confederations Cup]] (former [[King Fahd Cup]])
* [[King Fahd Cup 1992]]
* [[King Fahd Cup 1995]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Fahd of Saudi Arabia}}
*[http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com King Fahd Tribute Page]
*[http://www.arabnews.com/?supname=KingFahd&supplement=1&part=1&last=37 Twenty Years of King Fahd] from [[ArabNews]].
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4736935.stm Saudi King Fahd is laid to rest] ([[BBC News]], 2 August 2005)
*Obituaries
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/255097.stm] ([[BBC News]], 1 August 2005)
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-1717054,00.html] (''[[The Times]]'', 2 August 2005)
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4737637.stm International editorial reaction to Fahd's death]
**[http://web.archive.org/web/20050803002008/news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20050801/ap_on_re_mi_ea/obit_fahd Late Saudi King Fahd Modernized Kingdom]
* [http://www.saudi-american-forum.org/Newsletters2004/SAF_Item_Of_Interest_2004_01_16.htm]([[Saudi-American Forum]], 16 January 2004)

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Saud]]||1921||2005}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Khaled of Saudi Arabia|Khaled]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of kings of Saudi Arabia|King of Saudi Arabia]]|years=1982–2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[House of Saud|Head of the House of Saud]]|years=1982–2005}}
{{s-end}}
{{SaudiKings}}

{{Saudi Arabia topics}}


{{Persondata 
|NAME = Fahd
|TITLE = King
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (Arabic non-titular name); خادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود (Arabic titular name)
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = King of Saudi Arabia
|DATE OF BIRTH = 16 March 1921
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
|DATE OF DEATH = 1 August 2005
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fahd Of Saudi Arabia}}
[[Category:Kings of Saudi Arabia|Fahd bin Abdul Aziz]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from stroke]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Saudi Arabia]]

[[am:ንጉስ ፋህድ]]
[[ar:فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود]]
[[ast:Fahd bin Abd Aziz]]
[[be:Фахд ібн Абдэль Азіз ас-Сауд]]
[[bg:Фахд бин Абдул Азис]]
[[ca:Fahd de l'Aràbia Saudita]]
[[cy:Fahd, Brenin Saudi Arabia]]
[[da:Fahd af Saudi-Arabien]]
[[de:Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz]]
[[et:Fahd ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Sa‘ūd]]
[[el:Φαχντ μπιν Αμπντούλ Αζίζ]]
[[es:Fahd bin Abdelaziz]]
[[fa:فهد بن عبدالعزیز]]
[[fr:Fahd ben Abdelaziz Al Saoud]]
[[gl:Fahd bin Abdul Al-Aziz]]
[[id:Fahd dari Arab Saudi]]
[[is:Fahd bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud]]
[[it:Fahd dell'Arabia Saudita]]
[[he:פהד, מלך ערב הסעודית]]
[[li:Fahd bin Abdul Aziz]]
[[arz:فهد بن عبد العزيز]]
[[ms:Fahd ibn Abdul Aziz Al-Saud]]
[[nl:Fahd bin Abdoel Aziz al-Saoed]]
[[ja:ファハド・ビン＝アブドゥルアズィーズ]]
[[no:Fahd bin Abdul Aziz]]
[[nn:Fahd av Saudi-Arabia]]
[[pnb:فہد بن عبدالعزیز]]
[[pl:Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz as-Saud]]
[[pt:Fahd da Arábia Saudita]]
[[ru:Фахд ибн Абдель Азиз ас-Сауд]]
[[sco:Fahd o Saudi Arabie]]
[[scn:Fahd bin Abdul Aziz]]
[[simple:Fahd of Saudi Arabia]]
[[fi:Fahd]]
[[sv:Fahd bin Abdul Aziz]]
[[tl:Fahd ng Arabyang Saudi]]
[[tr:Fahd bin Abdül Aziz]]
[[ur:فہد بن عبدالعزیز]]
[[yi:פאהאד בין אבדול אזיז]]
[[zh:法赫德·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·沙特]]

Margo Howard

2011-05-10T21:37:09Z

Broodingomnipresence: edited to insert real name of Howard's mother, Eppie Lederer

'''Margo Howard''' ([[née]] '''Lederer'''; born 15 March 1940) is an [[United States|American]] [[advice column]]ist, and the only child of [[advice column]]ist [[Eppie Lederer]] (better known by her pen name, [[Ann Landers]]) and business executive [[Julius Lederer (businessman)|Julius Lederer]].

== Biography ==
===Early life and education===
Howard was born in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. She attended [[Brandeis University]], but dropped out to marry. She worked at the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' and ''[[Chicago Daily News]]'', and wrote for ''[[The New Republic]]'', ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'', ''[[The Nation]]'', and ''[[Boston Magazine]]''. She wrote a syndicated social commentary column "Margo" in the 1970s.

===Career===
For several years, Howard wrote the ''[[Dear Prudence (advice column)|Dear Prudence]]'' column featured in ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' magazine. ''Dear Prudence'' also was featured on [[National Public Radio]] and syndicated in more than 200 newspapers. In February 2006, she left the ''Dear Prudence'' column, and now writes a ''Dear Margo'' column for Women on the Web (wowowow.com), and for [[Creators Syndicate]].

Her aunt, [[Pauline Phillips|Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips]], wrote the ''[[Dear Abby]]'' column. Although her mother and aunt were twin sisters and close while growing up, an intense rivalry developed between them because of their columns. In an echo of that rivalry, Howard has had several public differences with her cousin [[Jeanne Phillips]], who took over the ''Dear Abby'' column when her mother became ill with [[Alzheimer's disease]].

===Marriages and family===
Howard has been married four times: first to John Coleman (1962–1967); second to Jules Furth (1972–1976); third to the actor [[Ken Howard]] (1977–1991); fourth (and currently) to Ronald Weintraub, a Boston cardiac surgeon. After her divorce from Howard, she retained the surname for professional use.

Howard has three children by Coleman: two daughters, Abra and Andrea, and a son actor and director [[Adam Coleman Howard]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0170901/bio Adam Coleman Howard's profile at IMDb.com]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==

* [http://www.creators.com/lifestylefeatures/dear-margo.html?columnsName=pru ''Dear Margo'' page on Creators Syndicate]
{{Portal|Biography}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Howard, Margo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, Margo}}
[[Category:American advice columnists]]
[[Category:People from Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Illinois]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jared Kushner

2011-04-23T04:45:42Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Real Estate */

{{Infobox Person
| image = Jared Kushner.jpg
| caption = Jared Kushner, October 6, 2008
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|1|10}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]] [[New York University School of Law]] [[New York University Stern School of Business]]
| spouse = [[Ivanka Trump]] (2009-present)
| website =
| parents = [[Charles Kushner]] and Seryl Kushner
| religion = Judaism
}}

'''Jared Corey Kushner''' (born January 10, 1981) is an American [[businessman]] and [[newspaper publisher]]. He is the principle of Kushner Companies, his family’s holding company, and the publisher of The New York Observer. He is the son of American businessman [[Charles Kushner]].

==Personal life==
Kushner is the son of the [[New Jersey]] real estate developer [[Charles Kushner]].<ref>Salkin, Allen. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/fashion/11jared.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "The Education of a Publisher"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 11, 2007. Accessed November 29, 2007.</ref> Jared graduated from the [[Frisch School]], a private, coed [[yeshiva]] high school in [[Paramus, New Jersey]]. He graduated from [[Harvard University]] in 2003. In 2007, Kushner graduated from the [[New York University Stern School of Business]] and the [[New York University School of Law]] where he earned both [[Juris Doctor|JD]] and [[MBA]] degrees.<ref>Seelye, Katharine Q. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/22/business/media/22paper.html "Developer’s Son Negotiating to Buy New York Observer"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 22, 2006. Accessed November 29, 2007.</ref>

Kushner married [[Ivanka Trump]], daughter of [[Donald Trump]], in a Jewish ceremony on 25 October 2009. <ref>{{cite news|title=Ivanka Trump Weds Jared Kushner|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/25/fashion/weddings/25TRUMP.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=24 October 2009}}</ref> On January 21, 2011, it was announced that he and wife, [[Ivanka Trump]], are expecting their first child.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitter.com/IvankaTrump/status/28483324003491842 |title=Twitter / Ivanka Trump|publisher=Twitter.com |accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref>

==Media==
In July 2006, at age 25, Kushner paid $10 million to purchase The New York Observer, a weekly newspaper popular with New York's well-educated [[elite]].<ref>Seelye, Katharine Q. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/31/business/media/31observer.html "Developer’s Son Acquires The Chuffers"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 31, 2006. Accessed January 8, 2008.</ref>

Since purchasing the Observer, Kushner has pushed for changes that increased sales and created a new focus for the paper, moving towards a tabloid direction.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/nov/10/interview-jared-kushner UK Guardian on the Observer]</ref>
Kushner has been credited in increasing the Observer’s online presence and expanding the Observer Media group through a series of strategic new ventures and acquisitions. <ref>{{cite news|title=We've Got the BetaBeat|url=http://www.observer.com/2011/we-got-betabeat-observers-tech-site-launches-tomorrow|date=15 March 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Kushner and Observer Media Group Acquire 80 Percent Stake in Barry Diller's Vary Short List|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/business/item_i6IUlVRWFNy5ntZsYjlCaP|date=15 June 2009}}</ref>

==Real Estate==

Kushner made millions in the Boston real estate market while an undergraduate at Harvard, and has increased Kushner’s Companies’ presence in the New York City real estate market. Kushner is also considered a “real estate scion,” and has made his own fortune as a principal in his family’s real estate company. <ref>{{cite news|title=Kushner Quietly Raising His Stake in Manhattan|url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/kushner-quietly-raising-his-stake-in-manhattan/37370/|accessdate=4 August 2006|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref>

==Political activity==
Kushner, along with his father and the rest of his family are major contributors to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and to some select [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates. He has contributed over $100,000 to various campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmeat.com/media_political_donations/Jared_Kushner.php |title=Jared Kushner's Federal Campaign Contribution Report |publisher=Newsmeat.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.observer.com/ ''The New York Observer'' Official Web Site]
*[http://quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&sid=aHHtlms3ppnk&refer=top_world_news Bloomberg Story on Guilty Plea]
*[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2006/09/04/harvards_admissions_of_gilt?%20Boston%20Globe%20Article%20Charles%20Kushner%20buys%20Harvard%20admission%20for%20son Alex Beam, The Boston Globe, "Harvard's Admissions of Gilt," September 4, 2006]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Kushner, Jared
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 10, 1981
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushner, Jared}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:American real estate businesspeople]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American newspaper publishers (people)]]
[[Category:American Orthodox Jews]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in real estate]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:The New York Observer people]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:New York University School of Law alumni]]

Zinedine Zidane

2011-04-21T03:42:53Z

Broodingomnipresence: edited claim that Zidane is considered "the greatest" to "one of the greatest," as cited sources did not support stronger claim

{{Redirect|Zidane}}
{{Infobox football biography
| playername = Zinedine Zidane
| image = [[Image:Zinedine Zidane 2008.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Zidane in 2008
| fullname = Zinedine Yazid Zidane
| dateofbirth = {{Birth date and age|1972|6|23|df=yes}}<ref name>[http://www.footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=11&b=true&pn=Zinedine_Yazid_Zidane Zinedine Zidane's career timeline and detailed statistics]</ref>
| cityofbirth = [[Marseille]]
| countryofbirth = [[France]]
| height = {{height|m=1.85}}
| position = [[Playmaker]]
| youthyears1 = 1982–1983
| youthyears2 = 1983–1986
| youthyears3 = 1986–1988
| youthclubs1 = US Saint-Henri
| youthclubs2 = SO Septèmes-les-Vallons
| youthclubs3 = [[AS Cannes|Cannes]]
| years1 = 1988–1992
| years2 = 1992–1996
| years3 = 1996–2001
| years4 = 2001–2006
| clubs1 = [[AS Cannes|Cannes]]
| clubs2 = [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Bordeaux]]
| clubs3 = [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]
| clubs4 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]
| caps1 = 61
| goals1 = 6
| caps2 = 139
| goals2 = 28
| caps3 = 151
| goals3 = 24
| caps4 = 155
| goals4 = 37
| totalcaps = 506
| totalgoals = 95
| nationalyears1 = 1991–1994
| nationalteam1 = [[France national under-21 football team|France U-21]]<ref name="fbdb">[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesf/fran-u21-intres-det.html Zidane's record with France U-21]</ref>
| nationalcaps1 = 18
| nationalgoals1 = 3
| nationalyears2 = 1994–2006
| nationalteam2 = [[France national football team|France]]
| nationalcaps2 = 108
| nationalgoals2 = 31
}}

'''Zinedine Yazid Zidane''' ({{IPA-fr|zinedin jazid zidan}}) (born 23 June 1972) is a retired French internationalist [[association football]]er. He is widely regarded among football experts and former players as one of the greatest football players of all time.<ref>{{cite web| title=Zinedine Zidane wins the crown again | publisher=fifa.com | url=http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/awards/gala/news/newsid=76275.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Zinedine Zidane Profile | publisher=soccernet.espn.go.com | url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/player/bio/_/id/11066/zinedine-zidane&cc=4716?ver=global}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Zidane's lasting legacy | publisher=news.bbc.co.uk | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/teams/france/5147908.stm}}</ref> Zidane played for major club teams in [[France]], [[Italy]] and [[Spain]], and was the captain of the [[France national football team|French national team]]. He was the iconic figure of a [[Golden Generation#French national football team|generation]] of French players that won the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]] and [[UEFA Euro 2000|2000 European Championship]]. After a brief international retirement, he returned to the national team in 2005 and captained France to the [[2006 FIFA World Cup Final|2006 World Cup Final]] where he won the [[FIFA World Cup awards#Golden Ball|Golden Ball]] as the tournament's most outstanding player.

At club level Zidane won [[La Liga]] and the [[UEFA Champions League]] with [[Real Madrid]], two [[Serie A]] league championships with [[Juventus]], and an [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]], and a [[UEFA Super Cup]] each with both aforementioned sides. He is, alongside Brazilian striker [[Ronaldo]], the only three-time [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] winner; he also won the [[Ballon d'Or]] in 1998. He retired from professional football after the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]].
{{TOC limit|2}}

==Club career==
===Early Life===
Zidane's parents emigrated to [[Paris]] in 1968 from the village of [[Aguemone]] in the [[Kabylie]]. They moved to [[Marseille]] a few years later, where Zidane was born.<ref name="hebdo">[http://hebdo.nouvelobs.com/hebdo/parution/p1781/dossier/a35604-zizou_et_les_siens.html Zizou et les siens] - nouvelobs.com (French)</ref>

===Cannes===
Zidane joined a local club in the La Castellane district of [[Marseille]]. At the age of 14, he participated in the first-year junior selection for the league championship, where he caught the attention of [[AS Cannes]] scout Jean Varraud. He went to Cannes for a six-week stay, but ended up remaining at the club for four years to play at the professional level. Zidane played his first [[Ligue 1]] match at seventeen, and scored his first goal on 8 February 1991, for which he received a car as a gift from the team president. His first season with Cannes culminated in a [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] berth.

===Bordeaux===
Zidane was transferred to [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Girondins de Bordeaux]] in the 1992–93 season, winning the [[1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup|1995 Intertoto Cup]] and finishing runner-up in the [[1995–96 UEFA Cup]] in four years with the club. He played a set of midfield combinations with [[Bixente Lizarazu]] and [[Christophe Dugarry]], which would become the trademark of both Bordeaux and the 1998 French national team. In 1995, [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] coach [[Ray Harford]] had expressed interest in signing both Zidane and Dugarry, to which team owner [[Jack Walker]] reportedly replied, ''"Why do you want to sign Zidane when we have [[Tim Sherwood]]?"''<ref name="blackburn">[http://www.blackburn.vitalfootball.co.uk/article.asp?a=47576 The Ones That Got Away...Zidane] - VitalFootball.co.uk, 2006</ref>

===Juventus===
In 1996, Zidane moved to [[UEFA Champions League]] winners [[Juventus]] for a fee of £3.2 million{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} and won the [[1996–97 Serie A]] and the [[1996 Intercontinental Cup]], but lost the [[1997 UEFA Champions League Final]] 3–1 to [[Borussia Dortmund]]. The following season, Zidane netted 7 goals in 32 matches in the league to help Juventus win the [[1997–98 Serie A]] and thus retain the Scudetto. In Europe, Juventus made their third consecutive [[UEFA Champions League Final]] appearance, but lost [[1998 UEFA Champions League Final|1–0]] to [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] which would be his next destination. Juventus finished second in the [[2000–01 Serie A]], but were eliminated in the group stage of the Champions League after Zidane was banned for headbutting [[Hamburger SV]] player [[Jochen Kientz]]. Zidane however was named [[Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year]] for the second time.

===Real Madrid===
[[File:Zinedine zidane 2005 cropped.jpg|thumb|Playing for Real Madrid in 2005.]]
In 2001, Zidane joined [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] for a then [[World football transfer record|world record fee]] of 150 billion [[Italian lire]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.juventus.com/news/0,,A_336083|L_IT,00.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010806031702/http://www.juventus.com/news/0,,A_336083|L_IT,00.html|title=Zidane al Real|date=2001-07-09|archivedate=2001-08-06|accessdate=2010-04-06|work=Juventus F.C.|language=Italian}}</ref> (about €75 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.juventus.com/site/filesite/finance/bilanci_relazioni/28_ott_2002_eng_.pdf|title=Reports and Financial Statements at 30 June 2002 |date=2002-10-28|accessdate=2010-03-08|work=Juventus F.C.}}</ref>) and signed a four-year contract. He scored a famous match-winning goal, a volley hit with his weaker foot, in Madrid's 2–1 win over [[Bayer Leverkusen]] in the [[2002 UEFA Champions League Final]] completing his personal quadruple. The next season, Zidane helped Real Madrid to win the [[2002–03 La Liga]] and was named the [[2003 FIFA World Player of the Year|FIFA World Player of the Year]] for the third time. In 2004, fans voted him as the best European footballer of the previous 50 years in [[UEFA]]'s fiftieth-anniversary [[UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll|Golden Jubilee Poll]].

While Zidane's [[2005–06 Real Madrid C.F. season|final season]] of club football ended trophyless, he enjoyed success on a personal note recording the maiden [[hat-trick]] of his career, scoring thrice against [[Sevilla FC]] in a 4-2 win in January 2006.<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=385453.html Zidane revels in maiden hat-trick]</ref> He ended the season for Real Madrid as their second highest goal scorer and assists provider behind teammates [[Ronaldo]] and [[David Beckham|Beckham]] respectively, with 9 goals and 10 assists in 28 games.<ref>{{cite web| title=Real Madrid Squad Stats (Spanish Primera División) - 2005-06 | publisher=soccernet.espn.go.com | url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/team/squad/_/id/86/season/2005/league/esp.1/real-madrid?cc=4716}}</ref> On 7 May 2006, Zidane, who had announced his plans to retire after the 2006 World Cup,<ref>
{{Cite news|title=Zidane to retire after FIFA World Cup |url=http://www.fifa.com/en/news/feature/0,1451,117237,00.html |author=
|publisher=Reuters |date=25 April 2006 |accessdate=11 July 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071211053601/http://www.fifa.com/en/news/feature/0,1451,117237,00.html |archivedate = December 11, 2007}}</ref> played his last home match and scored in a 3–3 draw with [[Villarreal CF]]. The squad wore commemorative shirts with ''ZIDANE 2001–2006'' below the club logo.

==International career==
[[Image:Maillot Zidane.jpg|thumb|140px|A Zidane football shirt, number 10 for France]]
Both France and Algeria consider Zidane a [[Multiple citizenship|citizen]], but he was ineligible to play for the [[Algeria national football team|Algerian national team]]. There was a rumour that coach [[Abdelhamid Kermali]] denied Zidane a position for the Algerian squad because he felt the young midfielder was not fast enough.<ref>[http://specials.rediff.com/sports/2006/jul/10sld-zid1.htm ''The scarred French messiah'']</ref> However, Zidane dismissed the rumor in a 2005 interview, saying that he would have been ineligible to play for Algeria because he had already played for France.<ref>[http://img106.imageshack.us/my.php?image=sanstitre15bu.jpg Le Buteur magazine] 7 May 2005</ref>

He earned his first [[Cap (sport)|cap]] with France as a substitute in a [[friendly match|friendly]] against the [[Czech Republic national football team|Czech Republic]] on 17 August 1994, which ended in a 2–2 draw after Zidane scored twice to help France erase a 2–0 deficit. After [[Eric Cantona|Éric Cantona]] was handed a year-long suspension in January 1995 for assaulting a fan, Zidane took over the playmaker position. France were eliminated in the [[UEFA Euro 1996|Euro 96]] semi-finals in a [[penalty shootout]] by the Czech Republic after the match ended 0–0 in extra time.

The [[1998 FIFA World Cup]] was the first World Cup that Zidane participated in. It was held in his home country France. The French team won all three games in the group stage but Zidane was [[Ejection (sports)#Association football (soccer)|sent off]] in the second match against [[Saudi Arabia national football team|Saudi Arabia]] for a stamp on Fuad Anwar, becoming the first French player to receive a red card in a World Cup finals. Without their suspended playmaker France proceeded to win 1–0 in the last sixteen game against [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]] and, on his return to the side, defeated [[Italy national football team|Italy]] 4–3 on penalties after a goalless draw in the quarter finals. France then defeated [[Croatia national football team|Croatia]] 2–1 in the semi final. Zidane played a major role in the team's accomplishment, though he had yet to score a goal at the World Cup.

Zidane and France went on to play against defending champions and favourites [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] at the [[Stade de France]] in the [[1998 FIFA World Cup Final]]. France dominated Brazil from the kick-off, with Zidane scoring two identical goals, both headers from corner kicks taken by [[Emmanuel Petit]] and [[Youri Djorkaeff]]. Courtesy of Zidane's brace, France went into the break 2–0 up at half-time with one hand already on the [[FIFA World Cup Trophy|World Cup trophy]]. Emmanuel Petit added a third goal deep in stoppage time to seal the 3–0 win and France's first ever World Cup. Zidane became an instant national hero and his image was projected onto the [[Arc de Triomphe]].

Two years later France won [[UEFA Euro 2000|Euro 2000]], becoming the first team to hold both the World Cup and the European Championship since [[Germany national football team|West Germany]] in 1974. Zidane finished with two goals, a memorable free kick against [[Spain national football team|Spain]] in the quarter final and the [[golden goal]] in the semi final against [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]], and was named player of the tournament by UEFA.

As reigning world and European champions, France entered the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002 World Cup]] as favourites but a thigh injury prevented Zidane from playing in France's first two matches and without their talisman the French team failed to score in either match. He was rushed back prematurely for the third game despite not being fully fit, but could not prevent France from being ignominiously eliminated in the group stage without scoring a single goal; the worst performance by a defending champion in the history of the competition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://worldcup.espnsoccernet.com/story?id=216185 |title=Arrogant approach finishes favourites |first=John|last=Brewin|publisher=ESPNsoccernet|date=12 June 2002|accessdate=11 July 2006}}</ref>

France again performed below expectations at [[UEFA Euro 2004|Euro 2004]] were knocked out by eventual champions [[Greece national football team|Greece]] in the quarter finals. Zidane, however, had one of the most notable games of his career in the opening match against [[England national football team|England]], scoring two goals in stoppage time (a free kick and a penalty, respectively) to turn what would have been a 1–0 defeat into a 2–1 victory for the French. After France's elimination Zidane announced his retirement from international football.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zidane quits French national team|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/football/08/12/zidane.retirement/ |publisher=CNN International |date=12 August 2004|accessdate=11 July 2006 }}</ref>

With the mass retirement of veteran key players such as [[Bixente Lizarazu]], [[Marcel Desailly]], [[Claude Makélélé]] and [[Lilian Thuram]], France struggled to qualify for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]]. At the urging of coach [[Raymond Domenech]], Zidane came out of retirement and was immediately reinstated as team captain.<ref>{{Cite news
|title=Zidane & Makélélé back for France |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/4743069.stm |author= |publisher=BBC Sport |date=3 August 2005 |accessdate=11 July 2006 }}</ref> Zidane, along with Thuram and Makélélé, made his competitive return for France in a 3–0 win over the [[Faroe Islands national football team|Faroe Islands]] on 3 September 2005. The trio managed to turn back the clock to France's winning days of the late 1990s and early 2000s as a rejuvenated France went on to win their qualifying group.<ref>{{Cite news|title=France 3-0 Faroe Islands: Cisse double strike |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=178912 |author= |publisher=ESPNsoccernet |date=3 September 2005 |accessdate=11 July 2006 }}</ref> On 27 May 2006, Zidane earned his hundredth cap for France in a 1–0 friendly win over [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]], in what would also be his last match at the [[Stade de France]]. Zidane became France's fourth player to reach 100 caps, after Desailly, Thuram and [[Didier Deschamps]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Malouda leads France past Mexico|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Soccer/WorldCup/Groups/G/2006/05/27/1601315-ap.html |first=Jerome |last=Pugmire |agency=Associated Press |date=27 May 2006 |accessdate=11 July 2006 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref>

[[Image:Zinedine zidane wcf 2006.jpg|thumb|220px|Zidane during the 2006 World Cup Final]]
Zidane had a slow start to the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]] and, after being suspended for the final match of the group stage, returned to set up a goal for [[Patrick Vieira]] and score one himself in the second round match against [[Spain national football team|Spain]]. In the quarter final France held Brazil to just one shot on goal in the rematch of the 1998 final. Zidane assisted [[Thierry Henry]]'s deciding goal and he was named [[Man of the Match]] by FIFA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Man of the Match: Stage 2 |url=http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/w/mom/s2.html |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=1 July 2006 |accessdate=2 July 2006 }}</ref> France faced Portugal in the semi final and, as in [[Brussels]] six years earlier, Zidane's penalty kick decided the contest and sent France to another major final.

Before the [[2006 FIFA World Cup Final]] in [[Berlin]], Zidane was awarded the [[FIFA World Cup awards|Golden Ball]] as the best player of the competition.<ref name="golden-ball">{{Cite news|title = Zidane wins Golden Ball award |publisher=Reuters UK |date = 10 July 2006|url=http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldFootballNews&storyID=2006-07-10T101142Z_01_L10691436_RTRIDST_0_SPORT-SOCCER-WORLD-ZIDANE-AWARD-UPDATE-1.XML&pageNumber=0&imageid=&cap=&sz=13&WTModLoc=NewsArt-C1-ArticlePage2 |accessdate = 13 July 2006 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> Having already announced he was to retire after the expiration of his Real Madrid contract at the end of the 2005–06 season, the world of football already knew Zidane's second World Cup final was to be the last match of his career. Seven minutes into the match Zidane put France ahead with a penalty kick and became only the fourth player in World Cup history to score in two different finals, along with [[Pelé]], [[Paul Breitner]], and [[Vavá]], in addition to being tied for first place with Vavá, Pelé and [[Geoff Hurst]] with three World Cup final goals apiece. He almost scored a second goal during the first period of extra time but his header was saved by Italy's goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon. Zidane was then sent off in the 110th minute of the game after [[headbutt]]ing [[Marco Materazzi]] (who had just insulted his sister)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2007/aug/18/newsstory.sport2 |title=And Materazzi's exact words to Zidane were... | Football | guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2011-03-27}}</ref> in the chest, so he did not participate in the penalty shootout which Italy won 5–3 courtesy of [[David Trezeguet]]'s shot rattling the crossbar. Neither [[Fabien Barthez]] nor Gianluigi Buffon made a single save in the penalty shootout.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=373706&cc=5901 |title=Materazzi admits to insulting Zidane |publisher=[[ESPN]] |accessdate=16 November 2009}}</ref> In 2010, Zidane said that he "would rather die" than apologize to Materazzi for the headbutt in the final,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/story/_/id/749212/ce/uk/?cc=5739&ver=global|title=Zidane: I'd "rather die" than say sorry|date=2010-03-01|work=ESPN|accessdate=2010-03-01}}</ref> but also admitted that he “could never have lived with himself” had he been allowed to remain on the pitch and help France win the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2009/12/22/zidane-is-glad-he-was-sent-off-in-the-2006-world-cup-final/comment-page-1/|title=Zidane is glad he was sent off in 2006 World Cup final. }}</ref>

Following his red card in the final, Zidane retired from professional football, and confirmed that he would not go back on his decision. He was sentenced by FIFA to a three game suspension for his red card, but since he had retired from professional football, performed three days of community service instead.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/world_cup_2006/5169342.stm | work=BBC News | title=I'm sorry but no regrets - Zidane | date=12 July 2006}}</ref>

==Post-retirement==
Since his retirement, Zidane regularly plays for the Real Madrid Veterans team. He has also made several [[futsal]] appearances.

In an interview in June 2008, Zidane stated that he wanted to return to football, but that he had no imminent plans to do so.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7468229.stm Zidane tips Ronaldo for Real move]</ref>

On 1 June 2009, Zidane was announced as the Advisor to the President after [[Florentino Perez]] was named President of Real Madrid for the second time.<ref>[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1202773095983/noticia/ComunicadoOficial/ANNOUNCEMENT_OF_THE_BOARD_OF_DIRECTORS.htm Real Madrid Board of Director Announcement]</ref> He along with [[Jorge Valdano]], General Director, and [[Miguel Pardeza]], Sporting Director, were to be the key decision makers on the sporting side of the club.

After France's dismal campaign in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], Zidane said that he did not plan to move into coaching anytime soon.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup-2010/teams/france/7843258/World-Cup-2010-Zinedine-Zidane-doesnt-agree-with-France-strike.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=World Cup 2010: Zinedine Zidane doesn't agree with France 'strike' | date=21 June 2010}}</ref>

[[Qatar]]'s 2022 World Cup bid committee announced in September 2010 that Zidane had been appointed as an ambassador for Qatar's attempt to host the 2022 World Cup.<ref>[http://football.uk.reuters.com/leagues/world/news/2010/09/17/LDE68G10A.php Zidane named Qatar's World Cup bid ambassador]</ref> After FIFA announced on 2 December 2010 that Qatar had won the bid to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup,<ref>[http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=1344500.html 2022 FIFA World Cup awarded to Qatar]</ref> Zidane stated that he was "very pleased" with the outcome.<ref>[http://gulftoday.ae/portal/56d0645c-63c5-4358-bab8-f561f0d5932f.aspx Zidane ‘very pleased’ with Qatar WC choice; Obama disagrees]</ref>

In November 2010, Zidane was appointed as a special adviser to Real Madrid's first team in response to an appeal made by Real Madrid coach [[Jose Mourinho]] for the former Real midfielder to work more closely with the team. In his new role, Zidane is expected to participate in Champions League events and functions. He is also to travel with the first team on a regular basis and participate in pre-match gatherings, training sessions and meetings with the head coach.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE6AB4K120101112 Zidane made special adviser to Real Madrid first team]</ref>

==Charity activities==
[[File:Zidane in Poznan.jpg|thumb|Zidane during an appearance for the [[Danone Nations Cup]]]]

On 24 February 2007, before a crowd of 10,000 fans at a match in northern [[Thailand]] for the Keuydaroon children's [[AIDS]] charity, Zidane scored the first goal and set up the second for a [[Malaysia]]n teammate as the match ended 2-2. The event raised [[Baht|฿]]260,000 ($7,750). This money paid for the building of two schools and 16 three-bedroom houses.<ref>[http://zinedine-zidane-news.newslib.com/story/1409-3237631/ ''Zidane big fan of Celtic star Nakamura'']</ref>

On 19 November 2008, Zidane took part in the fifth annual Match Against Poverty in [[Málaga]], Spain, which also ended in a 2-2 draw; he went scoreless but set up his team’s second goal. He and [[Ronaldo]], who collaborated in conceiving the yearly event to benefit the [[United Nations Development Programme]], regularly captain their respective teams consisting of active footballers, other professional athletes and celebrities. Zidane, a U.N. goodwill ambassador since 2001, stated before the game that ''"everyone can do something to make the world a better place"''<ref>{{cite press release |title=French Soccer Champion Zinédine Zidane to Be Appointed |publisher=United Nations Information Service Vienna |date=7 March 2001 |url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2001/note126.html |accessdate=20 July 2006 }}</ref>

In June and July 2009, Zidane toured across Canada with stops in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Although billed as Zidane and "Friends", the likes of which included [[Fabien Barthez]] and [[Samuel Eto'o]], the exhibition matches featured local players. Tournament organisers cited lack of sponsorship and support from the Canadian Soccer Association for the disorganized rosters. Some proceeds were given to [[Unicef]].

On June 6, 2010, Zidane took part in the bi-annual charity event [[Soccer Aid]]. He played for the Rest Of The World Team, managed by [[Liverpool]] and [[Celtic Football Club|Celtic]] hero [[Kenny Dalglish]] against [[England National Football Team|England]] alongside former Real Madrid teammate [[Luis Figo]], and Celtic legend [[Henrik Larsson]]. He played against former players such as [[Teddy Sheringham]], [[David Seaman]] and [[Alan Shearer]], as well as celebrities such as [[Robbie Williams]]. He played well, and his skill and control were still apparent to the fans in the stadium. He passed well and dribbled around the English team, and kicked the ball between the legs of English celebrity midfielder [[Damian Lewis]]. The Match took place at Old Trafford in Manchester and was won by The Rest of the World for the first time, by penalties after a 2-2 draw.

==Awards, tributes and appointments==
In 2004, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine named him the 42nd-highest paid athlete in the world, with earnings of US$15.8 million a year.<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/2004/06/23/04athletesland.html |title=The Best Paid Athletes
|work=Forbes.com |date=24 June 2004 |accessdate=19 July 2006 }}</ref> In November 2006, Zidane toured [[Bangladesh]] as the guest of [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Muhammad Yunus]]. He also visited the Algerian birthplace of his parents, and met personally with Algerian president [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], who gave him an official reception.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bangladesh hails 'messiah' Zidane |publisher=BBC |date=7 November 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6123718.stm |accessdate=12 November 2006}}</ref>

Filmmakers Philippe Parreno and Douglas Gordon filmed a documentary ''[[Zidane: A 21st Century Portrait]]'', which follows Zidane during an entire match, filmed with 17 cameras. The documentary was part of the 2009 [[Full Frame Documentary Film Festival]].<ref name="indy weekly">
{{Cite news
| last = Harrington
| first = Rob
| title = Dreams don't cost a thing
| work = Independent Weekly
| date = 1 April 2009
| url = http://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A355289
| accessdate = 3 April 2009 }}</ref>

Many experts have testified to Zidane's skills and impact as an all-time great, such as Brazil coach [[Carlos Alberto Parreira]] who has labelled Zidane "a monster" for his performance and playing skills. French footballer [[Michel Platini]] states Zidane is one of the most skillful players the game has ever known: "Technically, I think he is the king of what's fundamental in the game - control and passing. I don't think anyone can match him when it comes to controlling or receiving the ball."

German coach [[Franz Beckenbauer]] stated: "Zidane is one of the greatest players in history, a truly magnificent player." [[Pelé]], a World Cup winner three times with Brazil, hailed Zidane after seeing Brazil losing to France: "Zidane was the magician in the game." Italy manager [[Marcello Lippi]], who has also coached Zidane, opined "I think Zidane is the greatest talent we've known in football these last 20 years, yet he never played the prima donna. I am honoured to have been his manager."<ref name="legacy">[[Jon Stevenson]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/teams/france/5147908.stm Zidane's lasting legacy]. ''[[BBC]]''. Retrieved July 15, 2010.</ref> Among his peers, [[David Beckham]] has described Zidane as "the greatest of all time",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soccernews.com/zidane-is-the-best-player-ever-says-beckham/4033/ |title=Zidane is the best player ever, says Beckham |publisher=Soccernews.com |date=2008-07-13 |accessdate=2011-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madridgalacticos.com/2008/07/14/zidane-is-the-best-player-ever-says-beckham/ |title=Zidane is the best player ever, says Beckham | Real Madrid Galacticos |publisher=Madridgalacticos.com |date=2008-07-14 |accessdate=2011-03-27}}</ref> FC Barcelona star [[Xavi]] has stated in a 2010 interview that Zidane was "the '90s and early 2000´s best player" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totalbarca.com/2010/news/xavi-winning-el-clasico-is-like-an-orgasm/ |title=Xavi: “Winning el Clasico is like having an orgasm” | totalBarça |publisher=Totalbarca.com |date=2010-11-25 |accessdate=2011-03-27}}</ref> while Brazilian defender [[Roberto Carlos (footballer)|Roberto Carlos]] has said of Zidane that, "he is the best player I've seen", in a 2010 interview with French newspaper L´equipe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/breves2010/20101023_111013_roberto-carlos-zizou-etait-a-part.html |title=Roberto Carlos : «Zizou était à part» - Foot - BRE - L'EQUIPE.FR |publisher=Lequipe.fr |date=2010-10-23 |accessdate=2011-03-27}}</ref>

===Sponsorships===
Zidane has had endorsements with many companies, including: [[Adidas]], [[Lego]], [[France Telecom]], [[Orange SA|Orange]], [[Audi]], [[Volvic (mineral water)|Volvic]] and [[Christian Dior]]. These sponsorship deals earned him €8.6 million on top of his €61.4 million Real Madrid salary in his final season, making him the sixth-highest paid footballer.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Jean-Sébastien |last=Stehli |coauthor=Anne Vidalie, Paul Miquel |language=French
|title=Icône malgré lui |publisher=L'Express |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/mag/sports/dossier/mondial-2006/dossier.asp?ida=438679&p=3
|date=8 June 2006 |accessdate = 11 July 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071014204041/http://lexpress.fr/mag/sports/dossier/mondial-2006/dossier.asp?ida=438679&p=3 |archivedate = October 14, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Von Norbert |last= Berthold |language=German |title=Warum verdienen Fußballspieler so viel Geld? |publisher=FAZ.net
|url=http://www.faz.net/s/RubEC1ACFE1EE274C81BCD3621EF555C83C/Doc~E0DB6C733FD4B4271BB2DF785640AD9EA~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html |date=10 July 2006 |accessdate = 11 July 2006 }}</ref> As of May 2010, he is appearing in ads for Louis Vuitton, alongside fellow legends [[Pelé]] and [[Diego Maradona]].

==Personal life==
[[File:Agmun At Slimane.jpg|thumb|Zidane's parents' house in the village of Aguemoune Ath Slimane in [[Kabylie]].]]

Zidane met his wife, Véronique Fernandéz,<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/jul/11fwlead02.htm Comment on wife upset Zidane]</ref> while playing for Cannes in the 1988-89 season. They have four sons: [[Enzo Zidane Fernandez]] (b. 24-03-1995), Luca Zinedine Zidane Fernandez (b. 13-05-1998),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elconfidencial.com/cache/2007/11/19/63_jugador_madrid.html|title=Mi papá es jugador del Real Madrid|date=22 November 2007|accessdate=12 January 2008|language=Spanish|author=Victor García|publisher=ElConfidencial.com}}</ref> Theo (b. 18-05-2002),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/1193040967842/1330021868266/jugador/Jugador/Theo.htm|title=Portada > Plantilla > Otras Categorías > Benjamín B|accessdate=12 January 2008|language=Spanish|publisher=RealMadrid.com |archiveurl = http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/1193040967842/1330021868266/jugador/Jugador/Theo.htm  |archivedate = 2 January 2008}}</ref> and Elyaz Fernandez (b. 26-12-2006). Enzo, Luca and Theo are all members of the Real Madrid Academy. Enzo (Midfielder) is in Cadete A, Luca (Goalkeeper) is in Infantil B and Theo (Striker) is in Benjamin B.

==Career statistics==
===Club statistics===
{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}
{{Football player club statistics 1|YNY}}
{{Football player club statistics 2|FRA|YNY}}
|-
|[[French football Division 1 1988-89|1988-89]]||rowspan="4"|[[AS Cannes|Cannes]]||rowspan="4"|[[Ligue 1|Division 1]]||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|[[French football Division 1 1989-90|1989-90]]||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|[[French football Division 1 1990-91|1990-91]]||28||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|[[French football Division 1 1991-92|1991-92]]||31||5||3||0||4||0||38||5
|-
|[[French football Division 1 1992-93|1992-93]]||rowspan="4"|[[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Girondins Bordeaux]]||rowspan="4"|[[Ligue 1|Division 1]]||35||10||4||1||colspan="2"|-||39||11
|-
|[[Division 1 season 1993-94|1993-94]]||34||6||3||0||6||2||43||8
|-
|[[Division 1 season 1994-95|1994-95]]||37||6||4||1||4||1||45||8
|-
|[[Division 1 season 1995-96|1995-96]]||33||6||1||0||15||9||49||15
{{Football player club statistics 2|ITA|YNY}}
|-
|[[Serie A 1996-97|1996-97]]||rowspan="5"|[[Juventus FC|Juventus]]||rowspan="5"|[[Serie A]]||29||5||2||0||10||2||41||7
|-
|[[Serie A 1997-98|1997-98]]||32||7||5||1||11||3||48||11
|-
|[[Serie A 1998-99|1998-99]]||25||2||5||0||10||0||40||2
|-
|[[Serie A 1999-00|1999-00]]||32||4||3||1||6||0||41||5
|-
|[[Serie A 2000-01|2000-01]]||33||6||2||0||4||0||39||6
{{Football player club statistics 2|ESP|YNY}}
|-
|[[La Liga 2001-02|2001-02]]||rowspan="5"|[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]||rowspan="5"|[[La Liga]]||31||7||9||2||9||3||49||12
|-
|[[La Liga 2002-03|2002-03]]||33||9||1||0||14||3||48||12
|-
|[[La Liga 2003-04|2003-04]]||33||6||7||1||10||3||50||10
|-
|[[La Liga 2004-05|2004-05]]||29||6||1||0||10||0||40||6
|-
|[[La Liga 2005-06|2005-06]]||29||9||5||0||4||0||38||9
{{Football player club statistics 3|3|FRA}}200||34||18||2||29||12||247||48
{{Football player club statistics 4|ITA}}151||24||17||2||41||5||209||31
{{Football player club statistics 4|ESP}}155||37||23||3||47||9||225||49
{{Football player club statistics 5}}506||95||58||7||117||26||681||128
|}

===National Team statistics===
{{Ig header|ref=<ref>{{cite web| title=Zinedine Zidane - Goals in International Matches | publisher=Rsssf.com | url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/zidane-intl.html | date=2006-11-03 | accessdate=2010-07-09}}</ref>
}}
{{Ig match
| n = 1
| d=1994-08-17
| st=Stade Chaban-Delmas | ci=Bordeaux | co=France
| o=Czech Republic
| sc='''1'''-2
| fr=2-2
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n = 2
| d=1994-08-17
| st=Stade Chaban-Delmas | ci=Bordeaux | co=France
| o=Czech Republic
| sc='''2'''-2
| fr=2-2
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n = 3
| d=1995-09-06
| st=Stade Abbe Deschamps | ci=Auxerre | co=France
| o=Azerbaijan
| sc='''7'''-0
| fr=10-0
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying#Group 1|1996 UEFA Euro Qualifying]]}}
{{Ig match
| n = 4
| d=1995-10-11
| st=Ghencea | ci=Bucharest | co=Romania
| o=Romania
| sc=1-'''3'''
| fr=1-3
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying#Group 1|1996 UEFA Euro Qualifying]]}}
{{Ig match
| n = 5
| d=1996-02-21
| st=Stade des Costières | ci=Nimes | co=France
| o=Greece
| sc='''3'''-1
| fr=3-1
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n = 6
| d=1997-06-11
| st=Parc des Princes | ci=Paris | co=France
| o=Italy
| sc='''1'''-0
| fr=2-2
| comp=[[Tournoi de France]]}}
{{Ig match
| n = 7
| d=1998-01-28
| st=Stade de France | ci=Saint-Denis | co=France
| o=Spain
| sc='''1'''-0
| fr=1-0
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =8
| d=1998-02-25
| st=Velodrome | ci=Marseille | co=France
| o=Norway
| sc='''2'''-1
| fr=3-3
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =9
| d=1998-05-27
| st=Stade Mohamed V | ci=Casablanca | co=Morocco
| o=Belgium
| sc=0-'''1'''
| fr=0-1
| comp=[[1998 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament|1998 Hassan II Trophy]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =10
| d=1998-07-12
| st=Stade de France | ci=Saint-Denis | co=France
| o=Brazil
| sc='''1'''-0
| fr=3-0
| comp=[[1998 FIFA World Cup|Final, 1998 World Cup]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =11
| d=1998-07-12
| st=Stade de France | ci=Saint-Denis | co=France
| o=Brazil
| sc='''2'''-0
| fr=3-0
| comp=[[1998 FIFA World Cup|Final, 1998 World Cup]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =12
| d=1999-09-08
| st=Hrazdan Stadium | ci=Yerevan | co=Armenia
| o=Armenia
| sc=1-'''2'''
| fr=2-3
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying#Group 4|2000 UEFA Euro Qualifying]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =13
| d=2000-02-23
| st=Stade de France | ci=Saint-Denis | co=France
| o=Poland
| sc='''1'''-0
| fr=1-0
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =14
| d=2000-06-04
| st=Stade Mohamed V | ci=Casablanca | co=Morocco
| o=Japan
| sc=1-'''1'''
| fr=2-2
| comp=[[2000 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament|2000 Hassan II Trophy]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =15
| d=2000-06-25
| st=Jan Breydel | ci=Bruges | co=Belgium
| o=Spain
| sc=0-'''1'''
| fr=1-2
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 2000|Quarter-final, 2000 UEFA Euro]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =16
| d=2000-06-28
| st=King Baudouin Stadium | ci=Brussels | co=Belgium
| o=Portugal
| sc=1-'''2'''
| fr=1-2
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 2000|Semi-final, 2000 UEFA Euro]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =17
| d=2001-02-27
| st=Stade de France | ci=Saint-Denis | co=France
| o=Germany
| sc='''1'''-0
| fr=1-0
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =18
| d=2001-03-24
| st=Stade de France | ci=Saint-Denis | co=France
| o=Japan
| sc='''1'''-0
| fr=5-0
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =19
| d=2002-03-27
| st=Stade de France | ci=Saint-Denis | co=France
| o=Scotland
| sc='''1'''-0
| fr=5-0
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =20
| d=2003-03-29
| st=Stade Félix-Bollaert | ci=Lens, Pas-de-Calais | co=France
| o=Malta
| sc='''4'''-0
| fr=6-0
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying#Group 1|2004 UEFA Euro Qualifying]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =21
| d=2003-03-29
| st=Stade Félix-Bollaert | ci=Lens, Pas-de-Calais | co=France
| o=Malta
| sc='''6'''-0
| fr=6-0
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying#Group 1|2004 UEFA Euro Qualifying]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =22
| d=2003-04-02
| st=Renzo Barbera | ci=Palermo | co=Italy
| o=Israel
| sc=0-'''2'''
| fr=1-2
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying#Group 1|2004 UEFA Euro Qualifying]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =23
| d=2004-06-06
| st=Stade de France | ci=Saint-Denis | co=France
| o=Ukraine
| sc='''1'''-0
| fr=1-0
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =24
| d=2004-06-13
| st=Estádio da Luz | ci=Lisbon | co=Portugal
| o=England
| sc='''1'''-1
| fr=2-1
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 2004#Group B|Group Stage, 2004 UEFA Euro]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =25
| d=2004-06-13
| st=Estádio da Luz | ci=Lisbon | co=Portugal
| o=England
| sc='''2'''-1
| fr=2-1
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 2004#Group B|Group Stage, 2004 UEFA Euro]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =26
| d=2004-06-21
| st=Estádio Cidade de Coimbra | ci=Coimbra | co=Portugal
| o=Switzerland
| sc=0-'''1'''
| fr=1-3
| comp=[[UEFA Euro 2004#Group B|Group Stage, 2004 UEFA Euro]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =27
| d=2005-08-17
| st=Stade de la Mosson | ci=Montpellier | co=France
| o=Ivory Coast
| sc='''2'''-0
| fr=3-0
| comp=[[Friendly match|Friendly Match]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =28
| d=2005-10-12
| st=Stade de France | ci=Saint-Denis | co=France
| o=Cyprus
| sc='''1'''-0
| fr=4-0
| comp=[[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)#Group 4|2006 FIFA World Cup Qualifying]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =29
| d=2006-06-27
| st=Niedersachsenstadion | ci=Hannover | co=Germany
| o=Spain
| sc=1-'''3'''
| fr=1-3
| comp=[[2006 FIFA World Cup|Round of 16, 2006 FIFA World Cup]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =30
| d=2006-07-05
| st=Allianz Arena | ci=Munich | co=Germany
| o=Portugal
| sc=0-'''1'''
| fr=0-1
| comp=[[2006 FIFA World Cup|Semi-final, 2006 FIFA World Cup]]}}
{{Ig match
| n =31
| d=2006-07-09
| st=Olympic Stadium | ci=Berlin | co=Germany
| o=Italy
| sc=0-'''1'''
| fr=1-1
| comp=[[2006 FIFA World Cup|Final, 2006 FIFA World Cup]]}}
{{Ig footer}}

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/player.php?id=2511 |title=.. Player - Zinedine Zidane |publisher=National Football Teams |date=1972-06-23 |accessdate=2011-03-27}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/zidane-intl.html |title=Zinedine Zidane - Century of International Appearances |publisher=Rsssf.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-27}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! National Team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals !! Assists
|-
| rowspan="13"|'''[[France national football team|France]]'''
|1994||2||2||0
|-
|1995||6||2||3
|-
|1996||12||2||4
|-
|1997||8||1||0
|-
|1998||15||5||3
|-
|1999||6||1||1
|-
|2000||13||4||4
|-
|2001||8||2||0
|-
|2002||9||1||2
|-
|2003||7||3||3
|-
|2004||7||4||1
|-
|2005||5||2||1
|-
|2006||10||3||1
|-
! colspan=2|Total||108||31||23
|}

==Honours==
===Club===

* {{Flag icon|FRA}} '''[[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Girondins Bordeaux]]'''
**[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]:
***Winner: [[UEFA Intertoto Cup 1995|1995]]
**[[UEFA Cup]]:
***Runner-up: [[UEFA Cup 1995-96|1995-96]]

* {{Flag icon|ITA}} '''[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]'''
**[[Serie A]]:
***Winner: [[1996–97 Serie A|1996-97]], [[1997–98 Serie A|1997-98]]
***Runner-up: [[1999–2000 Serie A|1999-00]], [[2000–01 Serie A|2000-01]]
**[[Supercoppa Italiana]]:
***Winner: [[1997 Supercoppa Italiana|1997]]
***Runner-up: [[1998 Supercoppa Italiana|1998]]
**[[UEFA Champions League]]:
***Runner-up: [[1996-97 UEFA Champions League|1996-97]], [[1997–98 UEFA Champions League|1997-98]]
**[[UEFA Super Cup]]:
***Winner: [[1996 UEFA Super Cup|1996]]
**[[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]]:
***Winner: [[1996 Intercontinental Cup|1996]]
**[[UEFA Intertoto Cup]]:
***Winner: [[UEFA Intertoto Cup 1999|1999]]

* {{Flag icon|ESP}} '''[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]'''
**[[La Liga]]:
***Winner: [[2002–03 La Liga|2002-03]]
***Runner-up: [[2004–05 La Liga|2004-05]], [[2005–06 La Liga|2005-06]]
**[[Supercopa de España]]:
***Winner: [[2001 Supercopa de España|2001]], [[2003 Supercopa de España|2003]]
**[[Copa del Rey]]:
***Runner-up: [[2001–02 Copa del Rey|2001-02]], [[2003–04 Copa del Rey|2003-04]]
**[[UEFA Champions League]]:
***Winner: [[2001–02 UEFA Champions League|2001-02]]
**[[UEFA Super Cup]]:
***Winner: [[2002 UEFA Super Cup|2002]]
**[[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]]:
***Winner: [[2002 Intercontinental Cup|2002]]

===Country===
* {{Flag icon|FRA}} '''[[French national football team|France]]'''
**[[FIFA World Cup]]:
***Winner: [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]]
***Runner-up: [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]]
**[[UEFA European Football Championship]]:
***Winner: [[2000 UEFA European Football Championship|2000]]

===Individual===
[[Image:Ballond'or1998zidane.jpg|160px|thumb|right|Ballon d'Or awarded to Zidane in 1998]]

*[[Trophées UNFP du football|Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year]] - 1994
*[[Trophées UNFP du football|Ligue 1 Player of the Year]] - 1996
*[[Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year]] - 1997, 2001
*[[UEFA Club Football Awards|UEFA Club Midfielder of the Year]] - 1998
*[[1998 FIFA World Cup Final|FIFA World Cup Final Man of the Match]] - 1998
*[[World Soccer Awards|World Soccer Awards Player of the Year]] - 1998
*[[Ballon D'or]] - 1998
*[[L'Équipe#Champion of Champions|L'Équipe Champion of Champions]] - 1998
*[[France Football|French Player of the Year]] - 1998, 2002
*[[Onze d'Or]] - 1998, 2000, 2001
*[[FIFA World Player of the Year]] - 1998, 2000, 2003
*[[FIFA World Cup awards#All-Star Team|FIFA World Cup All-Star Team]] - 1998, 2006
*[[European Sports Magazines#ESM Team of the Year|ESM Season XI]]: 1997-98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04
*[[World Soccer (magazine)|World Soccer 100 Greatest Players of the 20th Century]] - 1999
*[[UEFA Euro 2000|UEFA Euro Player of the Tournament]] - 2000
*[[UEFA European Championship Teams of the Tournament|UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament]] - 2000, 2004
*[[Serie A Footballer of the Year]] - 2001
*[[UEFA Team of the Year]] - 2001, 2002, 2003
*[[2002 UEFA Champions League Final|UEFA Champions League Final Man of the Match]] - 2002
*[[Don Balón Award|Best Foreign Player in La Liga]] - 2002
*[[UEFA Club Footballer of the Year]] - 2002
*[[FIFA World Cup Dream Team]] - 2002
*[[FIFA 100|FIFA 100 Greatest Living Footballers]] - 2004
*[[UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll|UEFA Best European Player of the Past 50 Years]] - 2004
*[[FIFPro World XI|FIFPro World XI All-Star Team]] - 2005, 2006
*[[FIFA World Cup awards#Golden Ball|FIFA World Cup Golden Ball]] - 2006
*[[Trophées UNFP du football#Trophée d'honneur UNFP|UNFP Honorary Award]] - 2007
*[[Laureus World Sports Awards#Lifetime Achievement Award|Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award]] - 2011

===Order===
* ''Chevalier'' (Knight) of the [[Légion d'honneur]] in 1998,<ref>{{Cite news|title=France honors World Cup winners |publisher=[[CNN Sports Illustrated|CNN/SI]] |date=1 September 1998 |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/news/1998/09/01/france_legionhonor |accessdate=20 July 2006 }}</ref><ref name="jofr19980725">{{Cite journal| journal=[[Journal Officiel de la République Française|JORF]]| volume=1998| issue=170| title=Décret du 24 juillet 1998 portant nomination à titre exceptionnel | date=25 July 1998| page=11376| id=PREX9801916D| url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX9801916D |accessdate=8 March 2009}}</ref> promoted to ''Officier'' (Officer) in 2009<ref name="jofr20090101">{{Cite journal| journal=[[Journal Officiel de la République Française|JORF]]| volume=2009| issue=1| title=Décret du 31 décembre 2008 portant promotion et nomination | date=1 January 2009| page=15| id=PREX0828237D| url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX0828237D |accessdate=8 March 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Zidane: A 21st Century Portrait]]''

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{fr icon}} / {{Es icon}} [http://www.zidane.fr/ Official website]
* {{IMDb name|id=1127992|name=Zinedine Zidane}}
* [http://www.rsssf.com/players/ec1winningsquads.html European Champions Cup/UEFA Champions League Winning Squads]


{{S-start}}
{{S-sports}}
{{Succession box|before= [[Patrick Vieira]]|title=[[List of France national football team captains|France national football team captain]]|years=2005–2006|after= [[Patrick Vieira]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Navboxes colour
|bg=gold
|fg=navy
|title= Awards
|list1=
{{Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year}}
{{Ligue 1 Player of the Year}}
{{French Player of the Year}}
{{Ballon d'Or recipients}}
{{Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year}}
{{Serie A Footballer of the Year}}
{{La Liga Foreign Player of the Year}}
{{FIFA World Cup Golden Ball}}
{{FIFA World Player of the Year winners}}
{{World Soccer Footballer of the Year}}
{{UEFA Club Footballer of the Year}}
{{FIFA 100}}
{{European Championship Player of the tournament}}
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[UEFA Club Football Awards#Best Midfielder|UEFA Champions League Best Midfielder]]|before=Inaugural
|after={{Flag icon|ENG}} [[David Beckham]]|years=1997-98}}
{{S-end}}
}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title= France squads
|bg= #0055A4
|fg= #FFFFFF
|bordercolor=#EF4135
|list1=
{{France Squad Euro 1996}}
{{France Squad 1998 World Cup}}
{{France Squad Euro 2000}}
{{France Squad 2002 World Cup}}
{{France Squad Euro 2004}}
{{France Squad 2006 World Cup}}
}}

{{Authority control|PND=124910246|LCCN=nb/2001/16181|VIAF=17389265}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Zidane, Zinedine
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =23 June 1972
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Marseilles]], [[France]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zidane, Zinedine}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:AS Cannes players]]
[[Category:European Footballer of the Year winners]]
[[Category:FC Girondins de Bordeaux players]]
[[Category:FIFA 100]]
[[Category:FIFA Century Club]]
[[Category:FIFA World Cup-winning players]]
[[Category:FIFA World Player of the Year winners]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:France international footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:French expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:French people of Algerian descent]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Juventus F.C. players]]
[[Category:Kabyle people]]
[[Category:La Liga footballers]]
[[Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Ligue 1 players]]
[[Category:People from Marseille]]
[[Category:Real Madrid C.F. players]]
[[Category:Serie A footballers]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 1996 players]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]]
[[Category:UEFA European Football Championship-winning players]]
[[Category:World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners]]

{{Link GA|fr}}
{{Link GA|pl}}

[[af:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[ar:زين الدين زيدان]]
[[az:Zinəddin Zidan]]
[[bn:জিনেদিন জিদান]]
[[zh-min-nan:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[be:Зінэдзін Зідан]]
[[bs:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[br:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[bg:Зинедин Зидан]]
[[ca:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[cs:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[cy:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[da:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[de:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[et:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[el:Ζινεντίν Ζιντάν]]
[[es:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[eo:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[eu:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[fa:زین‌الدین زیدان]]
[[fo:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[fr:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[ga:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[gl:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[ko:지네딘 지단]]
[[hy:Զինեդին Զիդան]]
[[hi:ज़िनेदिन जिदेन]]
[[hr:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[id:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[it:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[he:זינדין זידאן]]
[[kn:ಜಿನೆಡೈನ್ ಜಿಡಾನೆ]]
[[ka:ზინედინ ზიდანი]]
[[kk:Зинедин Зидан]]
[[rw:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[ku:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[la:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[lv:Zinedins Zidāns]]
[[lt:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[hu:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[mk:Зинедин Зидан]]
[[mr:झिनेदिन झिदान]]
[[arz:زين الدين زيدان]]
[[ms:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[mn:Зинедин Зидан]]
[[nl:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[ja:ジネディーヌ・ジダン]]
[[no:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[nn:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[oc:Zinedin Zidan]]
[[uz:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[pl:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[pt:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[ro:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[qu:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[ru:Зидан, Зинедин]]
[[sq:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[simple:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[sk:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[sl:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[sr:Зинедин Зидан]]
[[sh:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[fi:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[sv:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[ta:ஜீனடின் ஜிதேன்]]
[[kab:Zineddin Lyazid Zidan]]
[[th:ซีเนดีน ซีดาน]]
[[tr:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[uk:Зінедін Зідан]]
[[ur:زین الدین یزید زیدان]]
[[vi:Zinédine Zidane]]
[[zh-yue:施丹]]
[[bat-smg:Zinedine Zidane]]
[[zh:齐内丁·齐达内]]

Jane A. Restani

2011-04-17T17:38:45Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* DOJ career */ fixed strange date format

'''Jane A. Restani''' (born February 27, 1948 in [[San Francisco]], [[California]]) is currently an associate judge of the [[United States Court of International Trade]]. She was appointed to the Court on November 16, 1983 by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]. She served as chief judge of the Court from 2003 to 2010.
==DOJ career==
She was [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admitted to practice law]] in [[State Bar of California|California]] in 1973 and began her legal career in the [[United States Department of Justice Civil Division|Civil Division]] of the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], where she practiced in various sections until her 1983 appointment to the Court.<ref name=Willard/>

==Education==
*(1973) [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] (fifth in her class) at the [[UC Davis School of Law|University of California, Davis School of Law]]. She was a [[law review]] staff writer in her second year, and articles editor in her third. She was a member of the [[Order of the Coif]] and [[Phi Kappa Phi]].<ref name=Willard>{{cite web
|url=http://www.archives.gov/news/john-roberts/accession-60-88-0498/002-court-of-claims/folder002.pdf
|title=Appointments to U.S. Claims Court
|work=Records Pertaining to John G. Roberts, Jr., Correspondence Files of Kenneth W. Starr, Counselor to the Attorney General, 1981-83, Accession No. 60-88-0498
|accessdate=2008-04-22
|first=Richard K. (Deputy Asst Atty Gen, Civil Division)
|last=Willard
|format=PDF
|pages=19–21
|date=1982-07-13
|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]
|quote=}}in Folder: Court of Claims / Series: Correspondence Files of Ken Starr, 1981-83 / Acc. #60-880498 Box 2 / RG 60 Department of Justice</ref>
*(1970) [[Teaching credential]] University of California, Berkeley.
*(1969) [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[political science]] with distinction from the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. Member, [[Tower and Flame Honor Society]].
*(1966) Graduated first in her class from [[Mercy High School (San Francisco)]].

==Professional Honors and Activities==
*Member, Bankruptcy-Consumer and Commercial Subcommittee of the Corporation, Banking and Business Law Committee of the [[American Bar Association]]
*[[Senior Executive Service]] Outstanding Performance Rating, September 1981
*Civil Division Performance Award, May 1980
*Meritorious Award, December 1979
*Outstanding Performance Rating, March 1979
*Department of Justice Special Achievement Award, October 1976
*Attorney General's Special Commendation, December 1975
*Guest Lecturer on Debtor-Creditor Law, [[Antioch School of Law]]
*Author, "[[Bankruptcy]]," Civil Division Practice Manuald<ref name=Willard/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.cit.uscourts.gov/Judges/restani_bio.htm
|title=Chief Judge Jane A. Restani
|publisher=[[Administrative Office of the United States Courts]]
|quote=Career Record: 1973-76, trial attorney, Attorney General’s Honor Program, 1976-80, Assistant Chief, Commercial Litigation Section, 1980-83, Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, all with Civil Division, Department of Justice. Admitted to California Supreme Court Bar, 1973.}}
*{{cite news
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4140/is_200610/ai_n19198727
|title=A SPECIAL YEAR IN THE LIFE OF THE UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
|work=Georgetown Journal of International Law
|accessdate=2008-04-22
|first=Jane A.
|last=Restani
|date=Fall 2006
|quote=Chief Judge Emeritus Edward D. Re, Jr., the founding chief judge of the Court...}}
*{{cite book
|year=2008
|title=Carroll's Federal Directory
|origdate=
|origyear=2006
|url=http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC
|format=
|accessdate=2008-04-22
|publisher=Carroll Publishing
|id=K2415003088
|chapter=Jane A Restani
|quote= }} Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. [[Farmington Hills, Michigan]]. Gale, 2008.

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Restani, Jane
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1948
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Restani, Jane}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]
[[Category:California lawyers]]
[[Category:American women judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States Court of International Trade]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Davis alumni]]

Diane Hegarty

2011-04-17T17:32:33Z

Broodingomnipresence: removed improper editorializing

{{Infobox Person
|name = Diane Hegarty
|image =
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'''Diane Hegarty''' was co-founder with [[Anton LaVey]] of the [[Church of Satan]].

==Biography==
She was born July 10, 1942. As well as being a [[witchcraft|sorceress]], Diane was co-founder with [[Anton LaVey]] of the [[Church of Satan]] and served as [[wiktionary:High Priestess|High Priestess]] for over 2 decades. Anton LaVey [[divorced]] his first wife Carole and began a relationship with Hegarty that lasted over 24 years, from 1960 to 1985. They had a child, [[Zeena LaVey]].<ref>{{cite news |first= Don|last= Lattin|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Satan's Den in Great Disrepair |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F1999%2F01%2F25%2FMN77329.DTL |quote=Both Karla LaVey [sic] and Schreck [sic] were the product of LaVey's common-law marriage to Diane Hegarty from 1962 to 1986. One of the highlights of that unholy union was Schreck's 1967 satanic baptism at the Black House, when she was 3 years old. |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=January 25, 1999 |accessdate=2009-09-16 }}</ref> At the end of their relationship Diane Hegarty sued for [[palimony]].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Palimony Suit Rests on Bed of Nails |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB328CE29A0D936&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |quote=On paper, the agreement seemed friendly enough: She got the 1967 Jaguar. He got the 1936 Cord, the 1972 Datsun 280 and the 1976 Cadillac limousine. Still to be decided were the medieval torture implements, the crystal ball, the devil bust, the bed of nails and the classic wooden coffin. But now, the whole thing has become a devil of an issue in San Francisco Superior Court, as the nation's first prince and princess of darkness square off in legal proceedings. |work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]] |date=September 11, 1988 |accessdate=2009-09-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= Richard|last= Phillips|authorlink= |coauthors= |quote=Anton Szandor LaVey, high priest of San Francisco's Church of Satan, lived with Diane Hegarty for 22 years. Now they are squaring off in a palimony suit over household property. |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24828128.html?dids=24828128:24828128&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+13%2C+1988&author=Richard+Phillips&pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=THE+END+IS+NEAR-AGAIN&pqatl=google |title=The End is Near |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=September 13, 1988 |accessdate=2009-09-16 }}</ref> She appears in many of the filmed rituals of the Church. These have become stock footage for anyone desiring a depiction of [[Satanism]]. Along with her Satanic duties as hostess, model enchantress, mother and magician's wife, she helped Anton raise a lion cub named Togare.

Hegarty administered the Church and typed and edited [[The Satanic Bible]], [[The Satanic Rituals]], [[The Satanic Witch|The Compleat Witch]] (aka The Satanic Witch) and [[The Devil’s Notebook]]. She did most of the Church's administrative, press and member relations work. Their daughter [[Zeena LaVey]] was in the media spotlight at age 3, at her Satanic baptism. The LaVeys helped Zeena raise her son Stanton LaVey. Later in her life, Hegarty dedicated herself to raising Stanton.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://grandesmisterios.com.sapo.pt/672001.jpg The Devilish Duo] Photo

{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=High Priestess of the [[Church of Satan]] | years=1966-1985 | before=Church Established | after=[[Blanche Barton]]}}
{{end box}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Hegarty, Diane
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Satanist religious leader
|DATE OF BIRTH= July 10, 1942
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hegarty, Diane}}

[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Satanists]]
[[Category:Church of Satan]]
[[Category:Female religious leaders]]
[[Category:Satanist religious leaders]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

[[fr:Diane Hegarty]]
[[it:Diane Hegarty]]
[[nl:Diane Hegarty]]
[[pl:Diane Hegarty]]
[[pt:Diane Hegarty]]

Redwall

2011-01-13T18:36:30Z

Broodingomnipresence:

{{About|the ''Redwall'' series|the first book in the series|Redwall (novel)|the abbey which provides the name for the series|Redwall Abbey}}

{{Infobox book series
| name = Redwall
| title_orig =
| image = 
| image_caption = [[File:RedwallBookCover.jpg|thumb|''[[Redwall (novel)|Redwall]]'' was the first book in the series by Brian Jacques.]]
| author = [[Brian Jacques]]
| illustrator = Jacqueline Tettmar
| cover_artist =
| translator =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's]], [[Fantasy novel]]
| publisher =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| preceded by =
| followed by =
}}

'''''Redwall''''' is a series of [[fantasy]] novels by [[Brian Jacques]]. It is the title of the first book of the series, published in 1986, the name of the [[Abbey]] featured in the book, and the name of an [[Redwall (TV series)|animated TV series]] based on three of the novels (''[[Redwall (novel)|Redwall]]'', ''[[Mattimeo]]'', and ''[[Martin the Warrior]]''), which first aired in 1999. The books are primarily aimed at older children, but have [[fan (aficionado)|fans]] of all ages. There have been twenty-one novels and two picture books published as of Winter 2011. The twenty-second novel, ''The Rogue Crew'', will be released on May 3, 2011.

==Overview==

The book series does not chronicle any one particular timeframe. Rather, it is set in many different periods in the history of [[the world of Redwall]], which entails Mossflower woods, surrounding islands, and a land called Southsward. Some of the books focus on characters who, in other volumes, are historical figures (e.g., [[Martin the Warrior (Redwall)|Martin the Warrior]]'s father, [[Luke the Warrior|Luke]], in ''[[The Legend of Luke]]''). Typically, those books are set before the founding of Redwall Abbey. There is a timeline in the Redwall series, but it generally places the books in a completely different order than the order in which they were written. However, there were two phases when the novels were published in chronological order.

There have been many adaptations including the animated TV series and an [[opera]].

The characters in the books are all [[anthropomorphic]] animals of some sort, almost all of whom are capable of speech (with a few exceptions like the horse in ''Redwall''), which Jacques renders as various dialects of English. With a few rare exceptions, such as the [[monitor lizard]]s from ''[[The Pearls of Lutra]]'', other reptiles and the Jerbilrats of ''[[Loamhedge]]'', the flora and fauna in the ''Redwall'' books are all native to [[United Kingdom|Britain]].

Despite the fact that ''Redwall'' is a fantasy series, it contains no elements of [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]]. Occasionally, elements of the supernatural or paranormal appear, mainly in two forms. First, the ghost of [[Martin the Warrior (Character)|Martin the Warrior]] or another long-dead hero will often appear in hallucinations, dreams or visions to one of the woodland creatures (usually, but not always, an Abbey-dweller) and impart information. The information is always accurate (though often in the form of a riddle) and is of a nature such that it must have come from the ghost of Martin the Warrior and could not be the result of a creature "solving" a mystery in its sleep and dreaming about Martin the Warrior on its own. Also, some creatures in the books are called "seers" and claim to be able to see the future. While some of these "seers" turn out to be frauds, others such as the seers of ''[[Outcast of Redwall]]'', ''[[Loamhedge]]'', ''[[Taggerung]]'' and ''[[Lord Brocktree]]'' are quite real and play a key part in the turning of events in these books. Virtually all of the seers, both real and fraudulent, are vermin, who are generally considered more primitive and superstitious than woodlanders and other goodly creatures and are almost always the "bad guys." However, in the book ''[[Tribes of Redwall Mice]]'', both Martin the Warrior and [[Abbey Leader (Redwall)#Germaine|Abbess Germaine]] can foresee the future. Also present is the [[Sword of Martin|sword of Martin the Warrior]], which is believed by many creatures (especially vermin, who in some instances try to steal it) to be magical. This sword was forged from the fragment of a [[shooting star]] (meteorite) at Salamandastron by [[Badger Lord]] Boar The Fighter in the book ''[[Mossflower]]''.

Though the primary location is an [[abbey]], and a church of St. Ninian's makes appearances, there has been only little mention of a creator or godlike deity. This occurs throughout the series such as in the book Redwall where Basil Stag Hare comments saying, "Good Lord," once throughout the story. There is occasional reference to a 'Spirit of the Seasons', but whether this is a personal being or an abstract poetic device is not elaborated. In ''The Legend of Luke'', a song is sung about how "St. Ninian's" is a misnomer from a sign that originally read "This ain't Ninian's!," after a mouse named Ninian refused to help his wife build a house; some of the lettering later wore off, leaving ironically the words "s ain't Ninian's," although the church is mentioned as having a [[lady chapel]]. However, there have been at least three mentions of the devil, Hell and other demons. After sending one of his minions to death, [[Cluny the Scourge]] roars "Tell the devil Cluny sent you!" On another occasion [[Badger Mother#Constance|Constance the Badger]] makes a reference to "Hell's whiskers." According to the ferret Killconey, the snake [[Asmodeus (Redwall)|Asmodeus]] is named for "the devil himself (the name itself, Asmodeus, is a reference to [[Asmodai]])." There are also numerous references to "Hellsgate" throughout the series.
While these references from ''[[Redwall (novel)|Redwall]]'', the first book, were made before the series had truly realized itself, ''[[Taggerung]]'' makes references to an underworld again when a devilish character called "Vulpuz" is mentioned by one seer as the ruler of Hellgates and the ancestor of foxes. In ''[[The Bellmaker]]'', Mariel states, in the face of almost- certain death of her and her companions, that "the only way for them to go now is [[heaven|up]]". In several of the later novels, whenever a creature dies, characters make references to "The Dark Forest" or "Hellgates" as places where creatures go after death. The Dark Forest however, has not been explained further.

Books in the series often contain one or more "monsters," but these are not mythical creatures, rather being some type of ferocious predator. Monsters have included [[snake]]s, and [[adders]] (from ''[[Redwall (novel)|Redwall]]'', ''[[Doomwyte]]'', and ''[[Triss]]''), large carnivorous fish such as [[pike (fish)|pike]]s, and [[shark]]s (from ''[[Marlfox]]'', ''[[The Bellmaker]]'', ''[[Triss]]'', ''[[Lord Brocktree]]'', and ''[[Mossflower]]''), a [[plesiosaur]]-type creature (from ''[[High Rhulain]]''), a [[wolverine]] (from ''[[Rakkety Tam]]''), a scorpion (from ''[[Mariel of Redwall]]'') and a giant [[sea serpent]] (from ''[[Salamandastron]]'' and ''[[High Rhulain]]'' though mentioned very very briefly in the latter), along with an [[eel]] (from ''[[Mossflower]]'', ''[[Taggerung]]'', ''[[The Long Patrol]]'', and ''[[The Sable Quean]]''), a giant lobster (''[[Mariel of Redwall]]'') and [[crab]]s (from ''[[Mossflower]]'' and ''[[Lord Brocktree]]'').

A typical book in the ''Redwall'' series details a particular period in the history of [[Redwall Abbey]]. In all but a few cases, the book is about the inhabitants of Redwall and the surrounding [[Mossflower Woods]]. Usually, there are at least two different stories going on. For example, a typical book may relate the story of a small expedition by a group of woodlanders, as well as the story of a large group of Redwallers at home fending off a vermin horde. Because of the widely spaced storylines (chronologically speaking), very few creatures are mentioned in more than one or two novels, except in a passing historical sense. One notable exception is Martin the Warrior, who appears in all books, even if, most of the time, only in spirit form or no more than as a passing historical mention. Additionally, Martin's sword is present in all of the novels. Though he is not mentioned by name in ''Lord Brocktree'', Martin is referred to in Brocktree's dream as "a young mouse bearing a beautiful sword." A second exception is the badger Cregga Rose-Eyes, who appears in three books: ''The Long Patrol'', ''Marlfox'', and ''Taggerung''. One other exception is Bella of Brockhall, who features first in "Mossflower", second (chronologically speaking) in "Legend of Luke", and one final time in "The Outcast of Redwall".

Other recurring elements and characters in the ''Redwall'' series include [[Badger Lord|Badger Rulers]] and [[Badger Mother]]s, "[[Dibbuns]]" (the Redwall name for infant woodlanders), a [[Skipper of Otters]], [[Foremole]]s, hares, helpful [[Birds in Redwall|birds]], one or more [[Log-a-log]]s (a [[shrew]] tribe leader), and mouth-wateringly detailed descriptions of (almost entirely vegetarian) food, which are called "vittles."

==Books==
There have been twenty-one books published so far, with ''The Sable Quean'' having been released in February 2010. As of June 2010, a twenty-second book, ''The Rogue Crew'', has been announced.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Doomwyte publication | work = Puffin Catalogue | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.penguincatalogue.co.uk/lo/puffin/title.html?titleId=4951&imprintId=410&catalogueId=219 | format = | doi = | accessdate =2008-10-08 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The prequels to ''Redwall'' are not released in any chronological order, however, all of the sequels, including ''Mattimeo'', were released in the order in which they occur. No prequels have been released since ''Lord Brocktree'' in 2000. The books are listed below in their chronological order within the fictional [[The World of Redwall|world of Redwall]], with publication dates noted.

{{Redwall novels}}

The first four chronologically ordered books (''Lord Brocktree'', ''Martin the Warrior'', ''Mossflower'' and ''The Legend of Luke'') take place before the construction of [[Redwall Abbey]], while the fifth, ''Outcast of Redwall'', takes place in the same time as ''Mossflower'' and during the construction of the abbey. Many or most of the books that take place before Redwall was constructed are written in the format of [[framing device|a story told by a visitor]]--for example, ''[[Martin the Warrior]]'' is told as a story by a descendant of Brome, who was visiting Redwall. These books are organized by the main story, not by the "actual" time period, which is almost always after the construction of Redwall.

Most books that are adjacent to each other in chronological order take place within a generation or so of each other (as evidenced by mentions of past characters in the later books). It is notable that, by contrast, there is an indefinitely long chronological gap between ''Salamandastron'' and ''Redwall''; ''Mariel of Redwall'' and ''The Bellmaker'', inversely, both feature the same cast with a short span of time between them.<ref>The correct chronological order for the series can be found at http://redwall.org</ref>

==Characters==
{{Main|List of species in Redwall}}
In the Redwall universe, species almost invariably (with very few exceptions, including change of character mid-story) determines a creature's nature, whether good or evil. Some common noble species in Redwall include [[mouse|mice]], [[otter]]s, [[Mole (animal)|mole]]s, [[hare]]s, [[squirrel]]s, [[hedgehog]]s, [[shrew]]s, [[bird]]s, [[vole]]s, and [[badger]]s, while common vermin include [[rat]]s, [[fox]]es, [[weasel]]s, [[ferret]]s, [[snake]]s, [[stoat]]s, [[ermine]], [[sable]]s, and [[wildcat]]s. However, many other varieties of species also make appearances throughout the novels as well. [[Dormice]] also appear sometimes but are rarely major characters. On numerous occasions it mentions [[Pinniped|seal]]s, whose language makes little sense to other creatures. Twice, in Mattimeo and Loamhedge, there is a creature, apparently half weasel and half ferret, called a [[Wearet]]. [[European Pine Marten|Pine martens]] have been featured in three books, once as the main villain and twice in the service of a wildcat. Several reptiles are also mentioned, such as [[adder]]s and other snakes, and [[lizard]]s. Amphibians like [[toad]]s and [[frog]]s have been featured also, and are depicted as lower creatures that live in more basic trivial systems and usually serve not as the primary villains, but as secondary distractions to heroes. There are also some creatures that have only been mentioned once or twice (e.g., [[wolf]], [[beaver]], [[turtle]], [[whale]], [[wolverine]], [[sable]], tortoise, golden-furred hamster, flying mice ([[bat]]s), [[monitor lizard]]s, and in the first book [[horses]] and cows). [[Crow]]s and other [[Corvus (genus)|corvus]] birds also appear on numerous occasions, usually being vicious and territorial. Other birds such as owls, herons, red-tailed hawks, and eagles are mentioned, some having major parts in the book, including in "[[Mattimeo]]" when a raven named General Ironbeak did manage to invade and briefly conquer Redwall Abbey.

==Locations==
{{Main|The world of Redwall}}
The Redwall universe is centered around [[Redwall Abbey]], a red sandstone abbey. Built after the events of ''[[Mossflower]],'' it is the home to many of the good animals of Mossflower Woods. Another important location is the mountain fortress of [[Salamandastron (Redwall)|Salamandastron]], home to the [[Badger Lord]]s and the famed hares of the [[Long Patrol]], the mountain's army. There are many other places, such as the fortress Riftgard, Loamhedge, and Green Isle. Also, a main waterway is the [[River Moss]]. Though in some stories, such as ''[[the Bellmaker]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Luke]]'', most of the story takes place onboard sailing ships and many dangers are only those involving the weather and damage resulting from such.
Much of the wildlife in the books from the northern lands (such as the highlanders or borderers in ''[[Rakkety Tam]]'') are primarily native to [[Scotland]] specifically, such as pine martens and [[golden eagles]], whilst a lake monster, known as the Slothunog, is suggestive of [[Nessie]] and appears in ''[[High Rhulain]]'' and a similar creature in ''[[Salamandastron]]'', known as the Deepcoiler.

==Literary significance and reception==
From the beginning, Brian Jacques has been praised for his Redwall series, being described as one of “the best children's authors in the world.”<ref>Harrison, Susan, Amazon.com reviews (1992). Editorial review of ''Salamandastron''.</ref> The books of the Redwall series have drawn comparisons to everything from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]’s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''<ref>''Publisher’s Weekly'' (1987). Editorial review of ''Redwall''.</ref> to [[Kenneth Grahame]]’s ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'' and [[Richard Adams (author)|Richard Adams]]’s ''[[Watership Down]]''.<ref>Chang, Margaret, ''School Library Journal'' (1990). Editorial review of ''Mattimeo''.</ref> Jacques combines “action, poetry, songs, courage, and vivid descriptions” to create a unique style that spans the seemingly endless series.<ref>Saecker, Tasha, ''School Library Journal'' (2005). Editorial review of ''High Rhulain''.</ref>

The Redwall series has also received praise for its “equal-opportunity adventuring, in which female creatures can be just as courageous (or as diabolical) as their male counterparts.”<ref>''Publisher’s Weekly'' (1995). Editorial review of ''The Bellmaker''.</ref> Novels such as ''Mariel of Redwall'', ''The Pearls of Lutra'', and ''Triss'' all feature strong female leading characters. Jacques has also received acclaim for his development of unique language<ref>''Kirkus Reviews'' (1998). Editorial review of ''The Long Patrol''.</ref> intrinsic to certain species, giving the novels an "endearing dialectal dialogue."<ref>Estes, Sally, ''Booklist'' (1995). Editorial review of ''The Bellmaker''.</ref>

Some reviews have been critical of the Redwall novels for providing too simplistic a view of good and evil.<ref>Estes, Sally, ''Booklist'' (1995). Editorial review of ''The Bellmaker''.</ref> The characteristics of the animals in the novels are fixed by their species, making them quite “predictable."<ref name="Weekly 1996">''Publisher’s Weekly'' (1996). Editorial review of ''Outcast of Redwall''.</ref> Though there have been a few books, The Outcast of Redwall and Pearls of Lutra, in which vermin have acted selflessly, one taking a spear through the chest and back meant for his old nursemaid, the other saving the Abbot of Redwall from lizards. In both cases however, the vermin were ferrets and both died shortly after saving another, from their grievous wounds. Another exception is in The Bellmaker, where a searat strove to start being good instead of evil, abandoning his life of pirating to live by himself. A fourth example is in the end of the book, Triss, where a deaf former searat takes refuge at Redwall and is described as a pleasure by the inhabitants. Also, characters always seem to “epitomize their class origins,” rarely rising above them.<ref>''Kirkus Reviews'' (1992). Editorial review of ''Mariel of Redwall''.</ref>

Many reviewers have also criticized the Redwall series for repetition and predictability, citing "recycled" plot lines<ref>''Publisher’s Weekly'' (1996). Editorial review of ''The Pearls of Lutra''.</ref> and Jacques’ tendency to follow a “pattern to the dot.”<ref>Kirkus Reviews (1994). Editorial review of ''Martin the Warrior''.</ref> Of course, other reviewers note that such predictable “ingredients” may be what “makes the Redwall recipe so consistently popular.”<ref name="Weekly 1996"/> Although the series does not continue to break new ground, it does provide satisfying adventures with “comforting, predictable conclusions for its fans.”<ref>Shook, Bruce, ''School Library Journal'' (1998). Editorial review of ''The Long Patrol''.</ref>

===Criticism===
{{Original research|section|date=June 2010}}
[[File:Martin the Warrior US.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Characters such as [[Martin the Warrior (Redwall)|Martin the Warrior]] exhibit a fighting prowess beyond that which is easily believable.]]

The books have been criticized in some quarters for allegedly promoting an overly simplistic view of [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] and [[ethnicity]]. Critics point out that the good and bad characters are drawn almost exclusively along species lines, with a few rare exceptions. These criticisms have been advanced as a concern, as the books are primarily read by children and young adults. There is also a class element involved in these criticisms, with the denizens of Redwall being either educated, aristocratic animals such as [[badger]]s, or rustic, simple creatures such as [[Mole (animal)|moles]]. This contrasts with the vermin, who are almost exclusively portrayed as a greedy, stupid, and violent rabble commanded by a charismatic evil leader. These narrative structures do resemble in many ways the [[British class system]], with the upper class animals governing the working class ones, and the Abbey remaining an ever present and strong symbol of religious authority.

Another criticism is that the [[Stormtrooper effect]] is prominent in the books. There are a number of battles in which the good protagonists are able to kill or defeat large numbers of bad animals with minimal loss of life. This effect was not as pronounced in the very earliest books in the series (such as ''Redwall'' and ''Mossflower''), but in later books it was not uncommon for a few good beasts to kill hundreds of vermin while only losing one or two of their own soldiers; these good soldier deaths were always intensely publicized, even for minor characters. The stormtrooper effect has been explained as the good creatures having tactical advantages, superior training and armaments, and assorted supernatural guidance and effects. However, some fans enjoy the stormtrooper effect, having it mean that more of the favorite characters survive.

Many fans are concerned about what they perceive as repetition in the series. While the early books are creative and well written, it seems that many of the later books all follow the same structure, cashing in on previously established plotlines: a rebellious youth defeats a villain that wishes to destroy/conquer Redwall; a group of warriors go to retrieve someone/something that will help someone/Redwall while vermin attack their homes as they are away; escaped slaves flee to safety where they attempt to find help, return home, and conquer their previous vermin masters. Opposition to this viewpoint claim that most literature falls into the same, repetitive cycles, and that [[Brian Jacques]] is no different than many other modern fantasy authors.

==Illustrators==
The current interior artist is [[David Elliot]]. He has illustrated six books in the Redwall series, including ''[[Eulalia!]]'', published in 2007. He also illustrated the anniversary edition of ''Mossflower'', with full page illustrations. Previous interior illustrators include [[Gary Chalk (illustrator)|Gary Chalk]] (''Redwall'', ''Mariel of Redwall'', and ''Martin the Warrior''), Allan Curless (''The Bellmaker'' to ''The Long Patrol''), [[Christopher "Fangorn" Baker|Chris Baker]] (''Marlfox'' to ''Lord Brocktree'') and Peter Standley (''The Taggerung''). The cover artist of the US editions of the novels is Troy Howell. Pete Lyon and Douglas Hall provided cover art for different UK editions of the first four books. Later, Chris Baker became the UK cover artist up until the release of ''Triss'', when David Wyatt took over.

==Adaptations==
===International editions===
The Redwall series has been translated into Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and recently Hebrew.

===Television series===
The first season of the ''[[Redwall (TV series)|Redwall]]'' television series, released in 1999, was based upon the novel ''Redwall''. It was later followed by two more seasons, based on the books ''[[Mattimeo]]'' and ''[[Martin the Warrior]]''. Production for the series is assumed to be finished. Each season contained over 20 episodes. Each episode was opened with Brian Jacques himself giving a synopsis of the story so far. These scenes were later cut from subsequent reairings and DVD releases.

The websites www.redwall.tv and www.redwalltv.com are devoted to the TV series.

Recently on [[deviantArt]], a group has begun work on a feature-length animated adaptation of the book ''Mossflower''.<ref>http://redwall-animation.deviantart.com/</ref>

===Audiobooks===
There have been full-length audiobooks published of ''Redwall'', ''Mossflower'', ''Mattimeo'', ''Mariel of Redwall'', ''Salamandastron'', ''Martin the Warrior'', ''The Bellmaker'', ''Outcast of Redwall'', ''The Long Patrol'', ''The Taggerung'', ''Triss'', ''Loamhedge'', ''Rakkety Tam'', ''High Rhulain'', ''Eulalia!'' and recently ''Doomwyte''. There is also a new book coming out in 2010 called ''The Sable Quean''. Instead of being read by a single actor, the novels are narrated by a large cast. Brian Jacques serves as the narrator for almost all of the audiobooks (with ''Salamandastron'' being the sole exception), sometimes reading select parts, and his son Marc Jacques appears as the characters Matthias, Martin and others.

Some abridged audiobooks have also been released. They include ''Redwall'', ''Mossflower'', ''Pearls of Lutra'', ''The Long Patrol'', ''Marlfox'', ''The Legend of Luke'' and ''Lord Brocktree''. Each is three hours in length and read solely by Brian Jacques.

===Music===
Album titled [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B003O9HZHK/ref=dm_dp_cdp?ie=UTF8&s=music&qid=1294437546&sr=8-3 Mossflower Country]was released in April 2010 by Laura Olson on the [http://www.bluesteerstudios.com/ Blue Steer Studios] label. It is a full length CD (43:52) with 10 tracks in a blend of large scale orchestrations, choir, and ambient electronic music. Each track represents a place, character, or event that is in most of the typical Redwall books with the intention to be a sort of imaginary soundtrack complimenting the books. The music ranges from peaceful, happy, exciting and adventurous to sorrowful, dangerous, and down-right evil.

===Opera===
In 1996, Evelyn Swenson composed an opera based on the first book in the Redwall series. It was produced by [[OperaDelaware]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]] and later toured Europe.<ref>[http://www.redwall.org/dave/opera.html Brian Jacques: The Redwall Opera]</ref>

==Other Redwall-related books==
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
* ''[[The Great Redwall Feast]]'' (1996) ([[picture book]])
* ''[[Redwall Map & Riddler]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Redwall Friend & Foe]]'' (2000)
* ''[[A Redwall Winter's Tale]]'' (2001) (picture book) {{nb10}}
* ''[[Tribes of Redwall Badgers]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Tribes of Redwall Otters]]'' (2002)
{{col-break}}
* ''[[Tribes of Redwall Mice]]'' (2003)
* ''Tribes of Redwall Squirrels'' (2003)
* ''[[The Redwall Cookbook]]'' (2005)
* ''Tribes of Redwall Hares'' (2006)
* ''[[The Redwall Graphic Novel]]'' (2007)
{{col-end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.redwall.org/ Official website]
* [http://www.redwallwiki.com The Redwall Wiki] - A collaborative Redwall information and news resource
* [http://www.davidelliot.org/ Current Illustrator's site]
* [http://redwall.wikia.com/wiki/Book_Cover_Gallery Book cover gallery]
* [http://rwmuck.limitless.org/rwmuck/ Redwall MUCK (Multi-User Character Kingdom)] - A text-based roleplay game based on the series, operating with author's permission. Est. 1995
* [http://www.redwallwarlords.com/ Redwall: Warlords] - The online text-based game

{{Brian Jacques}}
{{Redwall}}

[[Category:Redwall| ]]
[[Category:Novel series]]
[[Category:Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters]]

[[de:Redwall]]
[[fr:Rougemuraille]]
[[he:סדרת רדוול]]
[[la:Redwall]]
[[ru:Рэдволл (серия романов)]]
[[simple:Redwall]]
[[fi:Redwall]]
[[sv:Redwall]]

Redwall

2011-01-13T18:36:05Z

Broodingomnipresence: cleaned up intro to make more current and clearer

{{About|the ''Redwall'' series|the first book in the series|Redwall (novel)|the abbey which provides the name for the series|Redwall Abbey}}

{{Infobox book series
| name = Redwall
| title_orig =
| image = 
| image_caption = [[File:RedwallBookCover.jpg|thumb|''[[Redwall (novel)|Redwall]]'' was the first book in the series by Brian Jacques.]]
| author = [[Brian Jacques]]
| illustrator = Jacqueline Tettmar
| cover_artist =
| translator =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's]], [[Fantasy novel]]
| publisher =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| preceded by =
| followed by =
}}

'''''Redwall''''' is a series of [[fantasy]] novels by [[Brian Jacques]]. It is the title of the first book of the series, published in 1986, the name of the [[Abbey]] featured in the book, and the name of an [[Redwall (TV series)|animated TV series]] based on three of the novels (''[[Redwall (novel)|Redwall]]'', ''[[Mattimeo]]'', and ''[[Martin the Warrior]]''), which first aired in 1999. The books are primarily aimed at older children, but have [[fan (aficionado)|fans]] of all ages. There have been twenty-one novels and two picture books published as of Winter 2011. The twenty-second novel, ''The Rogue Crew'', will be released on May 03, 2011.

==Overview==

The book series does not chronicle any one particular timeframe. Rather, it is set in many different periods in the history of [[the world of Redwall]], which entails Mossflower woods, surrounding islands, and a land called Southsward. Some of the books focus on characters who, in other volumes, are historical figures (e.g., [[Martin the Warrior (Redwall)|Martin the Warrior]]'s father, [[Luke the Warrior|Luke]], in ''[[The Legend of Luke]]''). Typically, those books are set before the founding of Redwall Abbey. There is a timeline in the Redwall series, but it generally places the books in a completely different order than the order in which they were written. However, there were two phases when the novels were published in chronological order.

There have been many adaptations including the animated TV series and an [[opera]].

The characters in the books are all [[anthropomorphic]] animals of some sort, almost all of whom are capable of speech (with a few exceptions like the horse in ''Redwall''), which Jacques renders as various dialects of English. With a few rare exceptions, such as the [[monitor lizard]]s from ''[[The Pearls of Lutra]]'', other reptiles and the Jerbilrats of ''[[Loamhedge]]'', the flora and fauna in the ''Redwall'' books are all native to [[United Kingdom|Britain]].

Despite the fact that ''Redwall'' is a fantasy series, it contains no elements of [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]]. Occasionally, elements of the supernatural or paranormal appear, mainly in two forms. First, the ghost of [[Martin the Warrior (Character)|Martin the Warrior]] or another long-dead hero will often appear in hallucinations, dreams or visions to one of the woodland creatures (usually, but not always, an Abbey-dweller) and impart information. The information is always accurate (though often in the form of a riddle) and is of a nature such that it must have come from the ghost of Martin the Warrior and could not be the result of a creature "solving" a mystery in its sleep and dreaming about Martin the Warrior on its own. Also, some creatures in the books are called "seers" and claim to be able to see the future. While some of these "seers" turn out to be frauds, others such as the seers of ''[[Outcast of Redwall]]'', ''[[Loamhedge]]'', ''[[Taggerung]]'' and ''[[Lord Brocktree]]'' are quite real and play a key part in the turning of events in these books. Virtually all of the seers, both real and fraudulent, are vermin, who are generally considered more primitive and superstitious than woodlanders and other goodly creatures and are almost always the "bad guys." However, in the book ''[[Tribes of Redwall Mice]]'', both Martin the Warrior and [[Abbey Leader (Redwall)#Germaine|Abbess Germaine]] can foresee the future. Also present is the [[Sword of Martin|sword of Martin the Warrior]], which is believed by many creatures (especially vermin, who in some instances try to steal it) to be magical. This sword was forged from the fragment of a [[shooting star]] (meteorite) at Salamandastron by [[Badger Lord]] Boar The Fighter in the book ''[[Mossflower]]''.

Though the primary location is an [[abbey]], and a church of St. Ninian's makes appearances, there has been only little mention of a creator or godlike deity. This occurs throughout the series such as in the book Redwall where Basil Stag Hare comments saying, "Good Lord," once throughout the story. There is occasional reference to a 'Spirit of the Seasons', but whether this is a personal being or an abstract poetic device is not elaborated. In ''The Legend of Luke'', a song is sung about how "St. Ninian's" is a misnomer from a sign that originally read "This ain't Ninian's!," after a mouse named Ninian refused to help his wife build a house; some of the lettering later wore off, leaving ironically the words "s ain't Ninian's," although the church is mentioned as having a [[lady chapel]]. However, there have been at least three mentions of the devil, Hell and other demons. After sending one of his minions to death, [[Cluny the Scourge]] roars "Tell the devil Cluny sent you!" On another occasion [[Badger Mother#Constance|Constance the Badger]] makes a reference to "Hell's whiskers." According to the ferret Killconey, the snake [[Asmodeus (Redwall)|Asmodeus]] is named for "the devil himself (the name itself, Asmodeus, is a reference to [[Asmodai]])." There are also numerous references to "Hellsgate" throughout the series.
While these references from ''[[Redwall (novel)|Redwall]]'', the first book, were made before the series had truly realized itself, ''[[Taggerung]]'' makes references to an underworld again when a devilish character called "Vulpuz" is mentioned by one seer as the ruler of Hellgates and the ancestor of foxes. In ''[[The Bellmaker]]'', Mariel states, in the face of almost- certain death of her and her companions, that "the only way for them to go now is [[heaven|up]]". In several of the later novels, whenever a creature dies, characters make references to "The Dark Forest" or "Hellgates" as places where creatures go after death. The Dark Forest however, has not been explained further.

Books in the series often contain one or more "monsters," but these are not mythical creatures, rather being some type of ferocious predator. Monsters have included [[snake]]s, and [[adders]] (from ''[[Redwall (novel)|Redwall]]'', ''[[Doomwyte]]'', and ''[[Triss]]''), large carnivorous fish such as [[pike (fish)|pike]]s, and [[shark]]s (from ''[[Marlfox]]'', ''[[The Bellmaker]]'', ''[[Triss]]'', ''[[Lord Brocktree]]'', and ''[[Mossflower]]''), a [[plesiosaur]]-type creature (from ''[[High Rhulain]]''), a [[wolverine]] (from ''[[Rakkety Tam]]''), a scorpion (from ''[[Mariel of Redwall]]'') and a giant [[sea serpent]] (from ''[[Salamandastron]]'' and ''[[High Rhulain]]'' though mentioned very very briefly in the latter), along with an [[eel]] (from ''[[Mossflower]]'', ''[[Taggerung]]'', ''[[The Long Patrol]]'', and ''[[The Sable Quean]]''), a giant lobster (''[[Mariel of Redwall]]'') and [[crab]]s (from ''[[Mossflower]]'' and ''[[Lord Brocktree]]'').

A typical book in the ''Redwall'' series details a particular period in the history of [[Redwall Abbey]]. In all but a few cases, the book is about the inhabitants of Redwall and the surrounding [[Mossflower Woods]]. Usually, there are at least two different stories going on. For example, a typical book may relate the story of a small expedition by a group of woodlanders, as well as the story of a large group of Redwallers at home fending off a vermin horde. Because of the widely spaced storylines (chronologically speaking), very few creatures are mentioned in more than one or two novels, except in a passing historical sense. One notable exception is Martin the Warrior, who appears in all books, even if, most of the time, only in spirit form or no more than as a passing historical mention. Additionally, Martin's sword is present in all of the novels. Though he is not mentioned by name in ''Lord Brocktree'', Martin is referred to in Brocktree's dream as "a young mouse bearing a beautiful sword." A second exception is the badger Cregga Rose-Eyes, who appears in three books: ''The Long Patrol'', ''Marlfox'', and ''Taggerung''. One other exception is Bella of Brockhall, who features first in "Mossflower", second (chronologically speaking) in "Legend of Luke", and one final time in "The Outcast of Redwall".

Other recurring elements and characters in the ''Redwall'' series include [[Badger Lord|Badger Rulers]] and [[Badger Mother]]s, "[[Dibbuns]]" (the Redwall name for infant woodlanders), a [[Skipper of Otters]], [[Foremole]]s, hares, helpful [[Birds in Redwall|birds]], one or more [[Log-a-log]]s (a [[shrew]] tribe leader), and mouth-wateringly detailed descriptions of (almost entirely vegetarian) food, which are called "vittles."

==Books==
There have been twenty-one books published so far, with ''The Sable Quean'' having been released in February 2010. As of June 2010, a twenty-second book, ''The Rogue Crew'', has been announced.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Doomwyte publication | work = Puffin Catalogue | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.penguincatalogue.co.uk/lo/puffin/title.html?titleId=4951&imprintId=410&catalogueId=219 | format = | doi = | accessdate =2008-10-08 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The prequels to ''Redwall'' are not released in any chronological order, however, all of the sequels, including ''Mattimeo'', were released in the order in which they occur. No prequels have been released since ''Lord Brocktree'' in 2000. The books are listed below in their chronological order within the fictional [[The World of Redwall|world of Redwall]], with publication dates noted.

{{Redwall novels}}

The first four chronologically ordered books (''Lord Brocktree'', ''Martin the Warrior'', ''Mossflower'' and ''The Legend of Luke'') take place before the construction of [[Redwall Abbey]], while the fifth, ''Outcast of Redwall'', takes place in the same time as ''Mossflower'' and during the construction of the abbey. Many or most of the books that take place before Redwall was constructed are written in the format of [[framing device|a story told by a visitor]]--for example, ''[[Martin the Warrior]]'' is told as a story by a descendant of Brome, who was visiting Redwall. These books are organized by the main story, not by the "actual" time period, which is almost always after the construction of Redwall.

Most books that are adjacent to each other in chronological order take place within a generation or so of each other (as evidenced by mentions of past characters in the later books). It is notable that, by contrast, there is an indefinitely long chronological gap between ''Salamandastron'' and ''Redwall''; ''Mariel of Redwall'' and ''The Bellmaker'', inversely, both feature the same cast with a short span of time between them.<ref>The correct chronological order for the series can be found at http://redwall.org</ref>

==Characters==
{{Main|List of species in Redwall}}
In the Redwall universe, species almost invariably (with very few exceptions, including change of character mid-story) determines a creature's nature, whether good or evil. Some common noble species in Redwall include [[mouse|mice]], [[otter]]s, [[Mole (animal)|mole]]s, [[hare]]s, [[squirrel]]s, [[hedgehog]]s, [[shrew]]s, [[bird]]s, [[vole]]s, and [[badger]]s, while common vermin include [[rat]]s, [[fox]]es, [[weasel]]s, [[ferret]]s, [[snake]]s, [[stoat]]s, [[ermine]], [[sable]]s, and [[wildcat]]s. However, many other varieties of species also make appearances throughout the novels as well. [[Dormice]] also appear sometimes but are rarely major characters. On numerous occasions it mentions [[Pinniped|seal]]s, whose language makes little sense to other creatures. Twice, in Mattimeo and Loamhedge, there is a creature, apparently half weasel and half ferret, called a [[Wearet]]. [[European Pine Marten|Pine martens]] have been featured in three books, once as the main villain and twice in the service of a wildcat. Several reptiles are also mentioned, such as [[adder]]s and other snakes, and [[lizard]]s. Amphibians like [[toad]]s and [[frog]]s have been featured also, and are depicted as lower creatures that live in more basic trivial systems and usually serve not as the primary villains, but as secondary distractions to heroes. There are also some creatures that have only been mentioned once or twice (e.g., [[wolf]], [[beaver]], [[turtle]], [[whale]], [[wolverine]], [[sable]], tortoise, golden-furred hamster, flying mice ([[bat]]s), [[monitor lizard]]s, and in the first book [[horses]] and cows). [[Crow]]s and other [[Corvus (genus)|corvus]] birds also appear on numerous occasions, usually being vicious and territorial. Other birds such as owls, herons, red-tailed hawks, and eagles are mentioned, some having major parts in the book, including in "[[Mattimeo]]" when a raven named General Ironbeak did manage to invade and briefly conquer Redwall Abbey.

==Locations==
{{Main|The world of Redwall}}
The Redwall universe is centered around [[Redwall Abbey]], a red sandstone abbey. Built after the events of ''[[Mossflower]],'' it is the home to many of the good animals of Mossflower Woods. Another important location is the mountain fortress of [[Salamandastron (Redwall)|Salamandastron]], home to the [[Badger Lord]]s and the famed hares of the [[Long Patrol]], the mountain's army. There are many other places, such as the fortress Riftgard, Loamhedge, and Green Isle. Also, a main waterway is the [[River Moss]]. Though in some stories, such as ''[[the Bellmaker]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Luke]]'', most of the story takes place onboard sailing ships and many dangers are only those involving the weather and damage resulting from such.
Much of the wildlife in the books from the northern lands (such as the highlanders or borderers in ''[[Rakkety Tam]]'') are primarily native to [[Scotland]] specifically, such as pine martens and [[golden eagles]], whilst a lake monster, known as the Slothunog, is suggestive of [[Nessie]] and appears in ''[[High Rhulain]]'' and a similar creature in ''[[Salamandastron]]'', known as the Deepcoiler.

==Literary significance and reception==
From the beginning, Brian Jacques has been praised for his Redwall series, being described as one of “the best children's authors in the world.”<ref>Harrison, Susan, Amazon.com reviews (1992). Editorial review of ''Salamandastron''.</ref> The books of the Redwall series have drawn comparisons to everything from [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]’s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''<ref>''Publisher’s Weekly'' (1987). Editorial review of ''Redwall''.</ref> to [[Kenneth Grahame]]’s ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'' and [[Richard Adams (author)|Richard Adams]]’s ''[[Watership Down]]''.<ref>Chang, Margaret, ''School Library Journal'' (1990). Editorial review of ''Mattimeo''.</ref> Jacques combines “action, poetry, songs, courage, and vivid descriptions” to create a unique style that spans the seemingly endless series.<ref>Saecker, Tasha, ''School Library Journal'' (2005). Editorial review of ''High Rhulain''.</ref>

The Redwall series has also received praise for its “equal-opportunity adventuring, in which female creatures can be just as courageous (or as diabolical) as their male counterparts.”<ref>''Publisher’s Weekly'' (1995). Editorial review of ''The Bellmaker''.</ref> Novels such as ''Mariel of Redwall'', ''The Pearls of Lutra'', and ''Triss'' all feature strong female leading characters. Jacques has also received acclaim for his development of unique language<ref>''Kirkus Reviews'' (1998). Editorial review of ''The Long Patrol''.</ref> intrinsic to certain species, giving the novels an "endearing dialectal dialogue."<ref>Estes, Sally, ''Booklist'' (1995). Editorial review of ''The Bellmaker''.</ref>

Some reviews have been critical of the Redwall novels for providing too simplistic a view of good and evil.<ref>Estes, Sally, ''Booklist'' (1995). Editorial review of ''The Bellmaker''.</ref> The characteristics of the animals in the novels are fixed by their species, making them quite “predictable."<ref name="Weekly 1996">''Publisher’s Weekly'' (1996). Editorial review of ''Outcast of Redwall''.</ref> Though there have been a few books, The Outcast of Redwall and Pearls of Lutra, in which vermin have acted selflessly, one taking a spear through the chest and back meant for his old nursemaid, the other saving the Abbot of Redwall from lizards. In both cases however, the vermin were ferrets and both died shortly after saving another, from their grievous wounds. Another exception is in The Bellmaker, where a searat strove to start being good instead of evil, abandoning his life of pirating to live by himself. A fourth example is in the end of the book, Triss, where a deaf former searat takes refuge at Redwall and is described as a pleasure by the inhabitants. Also, characters always seem to “epitomize their class origins,” rarely rising above them.<ref>''Kirkus Reviews'' (1992). Editorial review of ''Mariel of Redwall''.</ref>

Many reviewers have also criticized the Redwall series for repetition and predictability, citing "recycled" plot lines<ref>''Publisher’s Weekly'' (1996). Editorial review of ''The Pearls of Lutra''.</ref> and Jacques’ tendency to follow a “pattern to the dot.”<ref>Kirkus Reviews (1994). Editorial review of ''Martin the Warrior''.</ref> Of course, other reviewers note that such predictable “ingredients” may be what “makes the Redwall recipe so consistently popular.”<ref name="Weekly 1996"/> Although the series does not continue to break new ground, it does provide satisfying adventures with “comforting, predictable conclusions for its fans.”<ref>Shook, Bruce, ''School Library Journal'' (1998). Editorial review of ''The Long Patrol''.</ref>

===Criticism===
{{Original research|section|date=June 2010}}
[[File:Martin the Warrior US.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Characters such as [[Martin the Warrior (Redwall)|Martin the Warrior]] exhibit a fighting prowess beyond that which is easily believable.]]

The books have been criticized in some quarters for allegedly promoting an overly simplistic view of [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] and [[ethnicity]]. Critics point out that the good and bad characters are drawn almost exclusively along species lines, with a few rare exceptions. These criticisms have been advanced as a concern, as the books are primarily read by children and young adults. There is also a class element involved in these criticisms, with the denizens of Redwall being either educated, aristocratic animals such as [[badger]]s, or rustic, simple creatures such as [[Mole (animal)|moles]]. This contrasts with the vermin, who are almost exclusively portrayed as a greedy, stupid, and violent rabble commanded by a charismatic evil leader. These narrative structures do resemble in many ways the [[British class system]], with the upper class animals governing the working class ones, and the Abbey remaining an ever present and strong symbol of religious authority.

Another criticism is that the [[Stormtrooper effect]] is prominent in the books. There are a number of battles in which the good protagonists are able to kill or defeat large numbers of bad animals with minimal loss of life. This effect was not as pronounced in the very earliest books in the series (such as ''Redwall'' and ''Mossflower''), but in later books it was not uncommon for a few good beasts to kill hundreds of vermin while only losing one or two of their own soldiers; these good soldier deaths were always intensely publicized, even for minor characters. The stormtrooper effect has been explained as the good creatures having tactical advantages, superior training and armaments, and assorted supernatural guidance and effects. However, some fans enjoy the stormtrooper effect, having it mean that more of the favorite characters survive.

Many fans are concerned about what they perceive as repetition in the series. While the early books are creative and well written, it seems that many of the later books all follow the same structure, cashing in on previously established plotlines: a rebellious youth defeats a villain that wishes to destroy/conquer Redwall; a group of warriors go to retrieve someone/something that will help someone/Redwall while vermin attack their homes as they are away; escaped slaves flee to safety where they attempt to find help, return home, and conquer their previous vermin masters. Opposition to this viewpoint claim that most literature falls into the same, repetitive cycles, and that [[Brian Jacques]] is no different than many other modern fantasy authors.

==Illustrators==
The current interior artist is [[David Elliot]]. He has illustrated six books in the Redwall series, including ''[[Eulalia!]]'', published in 2007. He also illustrated the anniversary edition of ''Mossflower'', with full page illustrations. Previous interior illustrators include [[Gary Chalk (illustrator)|Gary Chalk]] (''Redwall'', ''Mariel of Redwall'', and ''Martin the Warrior''), Allan Curless (''The Bellmaker'' to ''The Long Patrol''), [[Christopher "Fangorn" Baker|Chris Baker]] (''Marlfox'' to ''Lord Brocktree'') and Peter Standley (''The Taggerung''). The cover artist of the US editions of the novels is Troy Howell. Pete Lyon and Douglas Hall provided cover art for different UK editions of the first four books. Later, Chris Baker became the UK cover artist up until the release of ''Triss'', when David Wyatt took over.

==Adaptations==
===International editions===
The Redwall series has been translated into Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and recently Hebrew.

===Television series===
The first season of the ''[[Redwall (TV series)|Redwall]]'' television series, released in 1999, was based upon the novel ''Redwall''. It was later followed by two more seasons, based on the books ''[[Mattimeo]]'' and ''[[Martin the Warrior]]''. Production for the series is assumed to be finished. Each season contained over 20 episodes. Each episode was opened with Brian Jacques himself giving a synopsis of the story so far. These scenes were later cut from subsequent reairings and DVD releases.

The websites www.redwall.tv and www.redwalltv.com are devoted to the TV series.

Recently on [[deviantArt]], a group has begun work on a feature-length animated adaptation of the book ''Mossflower''.<ref>http://redwall-animation.deviantart.com/</ref>

===Audiobooks===
There have been full-length audiobooks published of ''Redwall'', ''Mossflower'', ''Mattimeo'', ''Mariel of Redwall'', ''Salamandastron'', ''Martin the Warrior'', ''The Bellmaker'', ''Outcast of Redwall'', ''The Long Patrol'', ''The Taggerung'', ''Triss'', ''Loamhedge'', ''Rakkety Tam'', ''High Rhulain'', ''Eulalia!'' and recently ''Doomwyte''. There is also a new book coming out in 2010 called ''The Sable Quean''. Instead of being read by a single actor, the novels are narrated by a large cast. Brian Jacques serves as the narrator for almost all of the audiobooks (with ''Salamandastron'' being the sole exception), sometimes reading select parts, and his son Marc Jacques appears as the characters Matthias, Martin and others.

Some abridged audiobooks have also been released. They include ''Redwall'', ''Mossflower'', ''Pearls of Lutra'', ''The Long Patrol'', ''Marlfox'', ''The Legend of Luke'' and ''Lord Brocktree''. Each is three hours in length and read solely by Brian Jacques.

===Music===
Album titled [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B003O9HZHK/ref=dm_dp_cdp?ie=UTF8&s=music&qid=1294437546&sr=8-3 Mossflower Country]was released in April 2010 by Laura Olson on the [http://www.bluesteerstudios.com/ Blue Steer Studios] label. It is a full length CD (43:52) with 10 tracks in a blend of large scale orchestrations, choir, and ambient electronic music. Each track represents a place, character, or event that is in most of the typical Redwall books with the intention to be a sort of imaginary soundtrack complimenting the books. The music ranges from peaceful, happy, exciting and adventurous to sorrowful, dangerous, and down-right evil.

===Opera===
In 1996, Evelyn Swenson composed an opera based on the first book in the Redwall series. It was produced by [[OperaDelaware]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware]] and later toured Europe.<ref>[http://www.redwall.org/dave/opera.html Brian Jacques: The Redwall Opera]</ref>

==Other Redwall-related books==
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
* ''[[The Great Redwall Feast]]'' (1996) ([[picture book]])
* ''[[Redwall Map & Riddler]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Redwall Friend & Foe]]'' (2000)
* ''[[A Redwall Winter's Tale]]'' (2001) (picture book) {{nb10}}
* ''[[Tribes of Redwall Badgers]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Tribes of Redwall Otters]]'' (2002)
{{col-break}}
* ''[[Tribes of Redwall Mice]]'' (2003)
* ''Tribes of Redwall Squirrels'' (2003)
* ''[[The Redwall Cookbook]]'' (2005)
* ''Tribes of Redwall Hares'' (2006)
* ''[[The Redwall Graphic Novel]]'' (2007)
{{col-end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.redwall.org/ Official website]
* [http://www.redwallwiki.com The Redwall Wiki] - A collaborative Redwall information and news resource
* [http://www.davidelliot.org/ Current Illustrator's site]
* [http://redwall.wikia.com/wiki/Book_Cover_Gallery Book cover gallery]
* [http://rwmuck.limitless.org/rwmuck/ Redwall MUCK (Multi-User Character Kingdom)] - A text-based roleplay game based on the series, operating with author's permission. Est. 1995
* [http://www.redwallwarlords.com/ Redwall: Warlords] - The online text-based game

{{Brian Jacques}}
{{Redwall}}

[[Category:Redwall| ]]
[[Category:Novel series]]
[[Category:Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters]]

[[de:Redwall]]
[[fr:Rougemuraille]]
[[he:סדרת רדוול]]
[[la:Redwall]]
[[ru:Рэдволл (серия романов)]]
[[simple:Redwall]]
[[fi:Redwall]]
[[sv:Redwall]]

Ted Cruz

2010-12-12T08:15:13Z

Broodingomnipresence:

{{Refimprove|date=May 2009}}
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Ted Cruz
| image =
| office = Former Texas Solicitor General
| term_start = 2003
| term_end = May 2008
| successor = James C. Ho
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|12|22}}
| residence = [[Houston, Texas]]
| alma_mater = [[Princeton University]] [[Harvard Law School]]
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| religion = Christian
| spouse = Heidi Suzanne Cruz
| children = Caroline Camille
| profession = Attorney
| website = [http://www.TedCruz.Org www.tedcruz.org]
}}

'''Rafael Edward "Ted" Cruz''' (born December 22, 1970) is the former [[Solicitor#United States|Solicitor General]] of [[Texas]], a position he held from 2003 to May 2008. Cruz was appointed by [[Texas Attorney General]] [[Greg Abbott]]. He was the first Hispanic Solicitor General in Texas, the youngest Solicitor General in America and the longest to hold the position in Texas. He is currently a partner at the law firm [[Morgan, Lewis & Bockius]], where he leads the firm’s U.S. Supreme Court and national Appellate Litigation practice.<ref>[http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202421154053 Law.com - Morgan Lewis Adds Texas Solicitor General]</ref>

In January 2009, Cruz announced that he is running for Attorney General of Texas. He said he will only continue to pursue the office, however, if current Attorney General Greg Abbott chooses not to run for re-election.

Cruz previously served as the Director of the Office of Policy Planning at the [[Federal Trade Commission]], an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the [[United States Department of Justice]], and as Domestic Policy Advisor to President [[George W. Bush]] on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign. In addition, since 2004 Cruz has served as an Adjunct Professor of Law at the [[University of Texas School of Law]], where he teaches U.S. Supreme Court Litigation.

Cruz also served as a [[law clerk]] to [[William Rehnquist]], then-Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and [[J. Michael Luttig]] of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit]]. Cruz was the first Hispanic ever to clerk for the Chief Justice of the United States.

==Education==
Cruz earned his [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] from [[Princeton University]] and his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]], [[magna cum laude]], from [[Harvard Law School]]. While at Princeton, he was one of North America's top-ranked parliamentary debaters, winning the top speaker award at both the 1992 U.S. National Debating Championship and the 1992 [[North American Debating Championship]]. In 1992, he was named Speaker of the Year and Team of the Year (with his debate partner, David Panton) by the [[American Parliamentary Debate Association]]. Cruz was also a semi-finalist at the 1995 [[World Universities Debating Championship]].

Cruz graduated magna cum laude from Harvard Law School. He was a Primary Editor of the [[Harvard Law Review]], an Executive Editor of the [[Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy]], and a Founding Editor of the Harvard Latino Law Review.

For high school, Cruz attended [[Faith West Academy]] in [[Katy, Texas]],<ref name="eriksen">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.chron.com/insidekaty/archives/2005/08/supreme_court_l.html|title=Solicitor general carries "supreme" weight with Katy roots|last=Eriksen|first=Helen|date=2005-08-11|publisher=''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' web site|accessdate=2009-02-08}}</ref> and then graduated from Second Baptist High School in [[Houston, Texas]].

==Professional Background==
Cruz has authored more than 70 briefs before the [[United States Supreme Court]] and presented 34 oral arguments, including 8 before the United States Supreme Court.

In the landmark case of ''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'', Cruz assembled a coalition of 31 states in defense of the principle that the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution]] guarantees an individual right to keep and bear arms. Cruz also presented oral argument for the amici states in the companion case to ''Heller'' before the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]].

In addition to his victory in ''Heller'', Cruz has successfully defended the [[Ten Commandments]] monument on the [[Texas State Capitol]] grounds, the recitation of the [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in public schools and the 2003 Texas redistricting plan.

Cruz also successfully defended, in ''[[Medellin v. Texas]]'', the State of Texas against an attempt by the [[World Court]] to re-open the criminal convictions of 51 murderers on death row throughout the United States.

==Family and Personal Life==

Cruz grew up in Houston, Texas, the son of a Cuban immigrant. His father moved to Austin in 1957 to study at the University of Texas. He spoke no English and had $100 sewn into his underwear. The elder Cruz worked his way through school as a dishwasher making 50 cents an hour. Cruz’s mother was the first person in her family ever to go to college. She earned a math degree at [[Rice University]] in the 1950s, working summers at Foley’s and Shell.

Cruz is married to Heidi Suzanne Cruz, who works in the financial sector in Houston. They have a one-year-old daughter, Caroline Camille.

==Honors and awards==
* "America's Leading Lawyers for Business," Chambers USA (2009)
* "50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers in America," [[National Law Journal]] (2008)
* "50 Best Litigators Under 45 in America," American Lawyer Magazine (2007)
* "Impact Player of the Year for 2006," Texas Lawyer
* "100 Most Influential Hispanics in America," Hispanic Business Magazine (1999 and 2000)
* "20 Young Hispanic Americans on the Rise," [[Newsweek Magazine]] (1999)
* Award for Distinguished Service, [[Federal Trade Commission]] (2003)
* Traphagen Distinguished Alumnus, [[Harvard Law School]]
* Primary Editor, [[Harvard Law Review]]
* Executive Editor, [[Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy]]
* Founding Editor, Harvard Latino Law Review
* John M. Olin Fellow in Law and Economics, [[Harvard Law School]]

==See also==
*[[List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tedcruz.org Ted Cruz for Texas Attorney General campaign website]
* [http://www.tedcruz.org/pdf/cruz_profile.pdf "Cruz Control: A Republican star rises in Texas," ''National Review'', Mark Hemingway, May 4, 2009]
* [http://www.morganlewis.com/bios/tcruz Ted Cruz’s Morgan Lewis law firm bio]
* [http://www.statesman.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/politics/entries/2009/03/04/ted_cruz_hatching_a_site_expec.html "Ted Cruz, hatching a site, expects Abbott to run for a different office," ''Austin American-Statesman'', W. Gardner Selby, March 4, 2009]
* [http://www.morganlewis.com/pubs/KeyVoice_NLJ_07apr08.pdf "Justices listen to a key voice," ''The National Law Journal'' (cover story), Marcia Coyle, April 7, 2008]
* [http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202421154053 Announcement of Ted Cruz's departure as Solicitor General]
* [http://www.tedcruz.org/pdf/AAScoverStory1_15_06.pdf "In state politics, his star is rising," ''Austin American-Statesman'' (front page story), Mark Lisheron, January 15, 2006]
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/video/share.html?s=news01na83q230 Debating the Supreme Court's Heller decision with the DC Attorney General on News Hour with Jim Lehrer (video)]
* [http://www.texasbar.com/Template.cfm?Section=texas_bar_journal1&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=15306 "A Day in the life of... Ted Cruz," ''Texas Bar Journal'', Kim Davey, Vol. 69, No. 7]

{{Texas State Solicitors General}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME =Cruz, Ted
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =December 22, 1970
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cruz, Ted}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States]]

List of Sons of Anarchy and Mayans M.C. characters

2010-11-30T17:00:41Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* Vic Trammel */

{{morefootnotes|date=November 2008}}
[[File:Soaintertitle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Sons of Anarchy'' title card]]

This is a '''list of characters from ''Sons of Anarchy'''''. ''[[Sons of Anarchy]]'' is a drama on the American TV network FX; it focuses on the lives of an outlaw motorcycle club in Northern California.

==Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club==
===Active SAMCRO members===
====Clay Morrow====
{{main|Clay Morrow}}
'''Clarence "Clay" Morrow''' ([[Ron Perlman]]) is the current president of the Sons of Anarchy mother chapter, SAMCRO (Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original), and the youngest original member of the club. He has been married to Gemma since the death of her first husband John Teller in 1993. Clay has been shown to struggle with his age and developing arthritis, frequently allowing Jax to handle Club affairs. According to Gemma, Clay has done time (as did her first husband John). The role was played by [[Scott Glenn]] in the first version of the pilot.<ref>[http://www.comingsoon.net/news/tvnews.php?id=40843 Hunnam, Glenn and Sagal in FX's Anarchy]</ref>

====Jax Teller====
{{main|Jax Teller}}
'''Jackson "Jax" Teller''' ([[Charlie Hunnam]]) is SAMCRO's vice president. Born in 1978 to John and Gemma Teller, he has lived his whole life in Charming and has been raised in the club, as a result this is the only life he knows. His day job is a mechanic at Teller-Morrow. He has past arrests for smuggling and gun-running but has been clean since approximately 2003. Having recently discovered several of his father's old journals and an old manuscript entitled ''The Life and Death of Sam Crow: How the Sons of Anarchy Lost Their Way,'' which collectively lay out the original manifesto for SAMCRO, he finds himself doubting the club's direction, causing friction between him and his stepfather Clay as well as creating doubt with some of the other members. Jax has an infant son named Abel, who since his birth has radically altered Jax's mentality as he begins to focus on the "big picture" and being a father to Abel in the future, making him much more cautious. Jax has romantic ties to Abel's mother Wendy and his high school sweetheart Tara.

====Bobby Munson====
{{main|Bobby Munson}}
'''Bobby "Elvis" Munson''' ([[Mark Boone Junior]]) is SAMCRO's secretary/treasurer. He does [[Elvis Presley|Elvis]] impersonations in [[Lake Tahoe]]. Munson is Jewish and a demolition and explosives expert. He was incarcerated for the murder of Brenan Hefner after a woman that lived in the building witnessed the killing and went to the police. He was released a few months after Jax threatened the witness into leaving California and the case against him was based completely on the witness's testimony.

Bobby's father was a mob accountant in Reno who kept two sets of books for the mob – Bobby apparently learned accounting from his father.

====Tig Trager====
{{main|Tig Trager}}
'''Alex "Tig" Trager''' ([[Kim Coates]]) is SAMCRO's [[sergeant-at-arms]]. He is particularly close to Clay and is one of the club's more violent members, who has on occasion mentioned disturbing parts of his past, including his mention (perhaps jokingly) of enjoying [[necrophilia]]. Though respecting Jax's intelligence, Tig questions Jax's ability to lead as SOA enters a more brutal era in the club's history with the Mayans and the Nords. Tig was the one who was to carry out the hit on Opie but instead mistakenly killed Opie's wife Donna. Afterwards, Tig seemed to be in a state of depression and seemingly let Jax beat him after Jax forced him at gun point not to kill the witness who was going to identify Bobby and Opie for the murder of Brenan Hefner. He also allowed Opie to beat him after confessing to Donna's accidental murder

====Chibs Telford====
{{main|Chibs Telford}}
'''Filip "Chibs" Telford''' ([[Tommy Flanagan (actor)|Tommy Flanagan]]) is a member of SAMCRO and extremely loyal to Jax. He is originally from [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] but grew up in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]<ref>[http://www.fxnetworks.com/shows/originals/soa/clubhouse/#/Sphere/Clubhouse/PhotoWall/Overlay2 Chips Popup – Clubhouse 360 Tour]</ref> and served as a medic with the British Army however only lasted five months and was expelled after a court martial. His battlefield experience makes him the club's medic for backroom emergency surgery. The word ''chib'' is Scottish street slang for a blade.
Chibs was seriously injured by a car bomb explosion at the club's garage. His estranged wife Fiona, and daughter Kerrianne currently lives with Real IRA leader Jimmy O.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://soa.blogs.fxnetworks.com/2008/08/21/bikes-the-role-of-the-motorcycle/
|title=The Ride on Sons of Anarchy
|date=2008-08-21
|accessdate=2008-10-23
|work=Sons of Anarchy blog
|quote=''[...]'' Originally from Scotland, Chibs represents with the St. Andrew’s Scottish flag on his seat. He has an estranged wife named Fiona. They have a daughter named Kerrianne.
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

====Piney Winston====
{{main|Piney Winston}}
'''Piermont "Piney" Winston''' ([[William Lucking]]) is a co-founder of SAMCRO and father to Opie. He is a veteran of the [[Vietnam War]] and must carry an oxygen tank with him at all times due to [[emphysema]]. He is upset with the direction the club is going especially after Donna's death. In the season one finale, it was revealed that he was given a copy of John Teller's manuscript which he passed onto Jax at Donna's funeral.

====Opie Winston====
[[File:OpieWinston.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ryan Hurst as Opie Winston.]]
'''Harry "Opie" Winston''' ([[Ryan Hurst]]) is a member of SAMCRO and son of co-founder Piney. Best friends with Jax since childhood, Opie's mom took him away from Piney and Charming when he was 16 but he left her and returned to his father and the club.

In season one, Opie was paroled from a five year stay in prison following his conviction for a botched arson (blowing up a truck yard) with ex-member Kyle Hobart. Now struggling to support his family earning "clean" money through his job at a local lumber mill, he faces conflicting pressure from his wife, Donna, who wants him to leave the club, and from SOA members, due to his reluctance to participate in their frequently illegal activities. Facing a deteriorating marriage, he participates in all of SOA's activities to end the "half in-half out" mentality he took regarding his devotion to his family and to SAMCRO. His wife, Donna, was killed during a botched hit against him after the ATF set him up as a "snitch" against the club in an attempt to take down SAMCRO.

In season two, Opie still suffers from depression following Donna's death making him very emotionally distant from his children. He eventually starts a relationship with pornstar Lyla, herself also a single parent. When a guilt-ridden Tig finally reveals that he accidentally killed Donna, Opie's anger comes full-circle but he manages to handle himself well, forgiving Tig and Clay and devoting himself to SAMCRO.

In season three, Opie experiences relationship trouble with Lyla, being uncomfortable with her pornstar lifestyle. When Lyla and her pornstar friends are entertaining businessmen for a deal between SAMCRO and the Triads, Opie starts a fight that loses the club a good cash payment. To make up for his mistake, he sells one of his motorcycles to get money for the club (Which is ultimately used as a retainer for a bounty hunter, but is not refunded when the bounty hunter's services are not needed). He was in Belfast, Northern Ireland backing up Jax's search for his son Abel.

He is now back home in Charming and still struggling with his relationship with Lyla. It is obvious that he loves her as much as he loved Donna and after receiving advise from Gemma, he decides to propose to her.

====Juice Ortiz====
{{main|Juice Ortiz}}
'''Jean Carlos "Juice" Ortiz''' ([[Theo Rossi]]) is the club's hacker and intelligence officer. Though Juice displays great technical prowess, he has also proven to be somewhat simple-minded when it comes to other tasks, often garnering him hazing from the other members.

He is also in charge of club surveillance and manages some of the club's intelligence and communication. He is seen as unreliable by [[Clay Morrow]], the club president, and is often given menial tasks such as driving the transport truck. He sports a short [[mohawk hairstyle|mohawk]] and has lightning bolts tattooed on each side of his head.<ref>[http://www.fxnetworks.com/shows/originals/soa/clubhouse/#/Sphere/Clubhouse/PhotoWall/Overlay5 Juice Ortiz at FX.com]</ref>

====Happy====
{{main|Happy (Sons of Anarchy)}}
'''Happy''' ([[David LaBrava]]) is the newest member of the Redwood Original charter of the club. Formerly part of the nomad charter, he stated in the episode "Better Half" that his sick mother lives in [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]] and that he wanted to go "[[nomad (motorcycle club membership)|nomad]]" (a nomad is a member of a motorcycle club with no fixed address and, thus, no charter affiliation) for awhile to take care of her. Clay's response to that statement was "There's always a seat at that table for you brother." Happy is a ruthless killer and sports a happy face tattoo for each one of his assassinations. Like "Tig" he is looked to for the jobs that no one else has the stomach for.

====Otto Delaney====
[[File:OttoDelaney.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kurt Sutter as Big Otto.]]
'''Big Otto Delaney''' ([[Kurt Sutter]]), is a member of the [[Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club]] but is imprisoned in [[Stockton, California|Stockton]] [[state prison]]. Delaney was born in [[Colma, California]] on September 29, 1963 and was a member of the Sons of Anarchy's [[Charming, California|Charming]] chapter. He is currently imprisoned on charges of [[second-degree murder]] and vehicle theft but is still in contact with the club. He seems to be a powerful man on the inside and is the leader of the "Big House Crew," a gang made up of imprisoned Sons of Anarchy. His "old lady" is [[List of characters from Sons of Anarchy#Luann Delaney|Luann]], (now deceased) with whom he was deeply in love. He has her name tattooed on his left arm. Midway through season 2, he is ambushed by inmates affiliated with the Aryan Brotherhood and has his good eye gouged out with a broken broom handle. The attack leaves him with only 10% vision. By the end of the season the Aryan in charge of the attack, Squirrel (David J. Wright), is himself attacked and beaten by SAMCRO sympathizers and then stabbed in the neck by Otto after Otto says to him "The beating was from SAMCRO and this is from me".

Big Otto has not yet appeared in season 3.

====Prospects====
As of the episode "The Push", SAMCRO has inducted the new prospects that must prove over an at-least-one-year period to be worthy of becoming full members. They include '''Filthy Phil''' (Christopher Reed), '''Shepard''' ([[Leo Fitzpatrick]]) and '''Miles''' (Frank Potter).

In "Lochan Mor", a terrified Shepard quits his prospect position after he witnesses Hector Salazar attack Lumpy's gym.

=== Former SAMCRO members ===
==== John Teller====
{{Rquote|right|
:''John Thomas''
:''Teller''
:''Corporal''
:''25th Infantry''
:''Vietnam''
:''May 5, 1940''
:''Nov 13 1993''
:''"WE FIGHT BECAUSE''
:''WE BELIEVE"''|The text on John's tombstone}}
'''John Thomas Teller''' (May 5, 1940 – November 13, 1993) (voiced by [[Nicholas Guest]]) founded the Sons of Anarchy with Piney Winston and was the club's first president. He was Gemma's first husband and they had two children together, Jax and Tommy.
Thomas "Tommy" Teller (January 8, 1984<ref name="thrpx">[http://reporter.blogs.com/.a/6a00d83451d69069e201157191d73c970b-pi Reporter.blogs.com]</ref> – April 4, 1990), died from a congenital heart defect at only six years old.

In 1993 John was hit by a semi-truck and died two days later of his injuries. Before his death he wrote a manuscript called ''The Life and Death of Sam Crow: How the Sons of Anarchy Lost Their Way.'' The manuscript quotes many beat poets and writers. It espouses a '60s ideology of fighting for freedom but not for material goods. Jax found a copy of this book and another copy was given to Piney whom John calls his oldest, dearest and wisest friend. At the conclusion of episode 13, Piney gave his copy of the manuscript to Jax during Donna's (Opie's wife) funeral while Jax was standing near John Teller's grave.

In season 2, Gemma tells Jax that after Tommy's death, John had become lost. She suspects that John's death was not an accident but implies that it may have been suicidal.

It is revealed in season 3 that John is the father of Belfast resident and Real IRA affiliate Maureen Ashby's daughter Trinity, a fact that neither Gemma, nor Jax or even Trinity herself, were aware of. While in Ireland, John became good friends with Father Kellan Ashby. Following Jimmy O's attack on the Ashby residence, Father Ashby attempts to defend John's life choices to Gemma, however, Gemma angrily states to Ashby that while John was in Ireland with his mistress, his son Tommy was dying of his heart defect back in Charming. Ashby tells Jax that one of John's wishes was for his sons to not to get caught up in the outlaw lifestyle that is part of being a member of the SOA. Later, Maureen Ashby looks at a letter from John Teller in which he stated his frustrations with his life in Charming and his awareness that his wife Gemma and his friend Clay Morrow were getting close.

In the episode "Turas", when SAMCRO are nearly killed by a bomb hidden in a gun shipment, Jax has a shell-shocked vision of his biological father speaking to him but it turns out to actually be his stepfather, Clay Morrow.

====Half-Sack Epps====
{{main|Half-Sack Epps}}
'''Kip "Half-Sack" Epps''' ([[Johnny Lewis]]) was a prospective member of the club. He was a veteran of the [[Iraq War]]. His nickname ("Half-Sack") stemmed from the fact he lost a testicle during the Iraq War. He was also sometimes called, simply, '''Prospect'''. He was the junior lightweight champion of the armed forces boxing competition and was a surprisingly formidable fighter. Half-Sack had a brief romance with Cherry that ended when Cherry had to leave Charming to avoid the ATF who was threatening to prosecute her for crimes she had committed in Nevada unless she turned on SAMCRO. He later got a prosthetic testicle which he seemed to be very proud of until his body rejected the implant. Half-Sack was within a month of completing his Prospecting and all the members of the club were planning to vote to have him patched in. Unfortunately, he was stabbed in the stomach by [[#Cameron Hayes|Cameron Hayes]] in the season 2 finale while attempting to protect Tara and Abel.
It is later revealed by show creator Kurt Sutter that Johnny Lewis had a creative issue and wanted out of the show so the two found a noble way for him to go. Sutter is later quoted as saying he would be happy to work with Lewis in the future.

====Kyle Hobart====
'''Kyle Hobart''' ([[Brian Van Holt]]) was ex-communicated from the club after abandoning Opie during an arson, leading to Opie's five year incarceration. With Clay's blessing he returned to Charming to see his teenage son (William F. Nicol) and ended up trying to offer SAMCRO a business deal involving stolen goods which was to serve as repayment for his past mistake. Opie confronted Kyle and the two settled their beef but it was discovered that Kyle failed to perform the club mandate to remove his Sons of Anarchy back tattoo so he was given a choice of removal methods ("Fire or knife?"). Choosing fire, the tattoo was burned off Kyle's back with a cutting torch. Despite losing consciousness during the process, it is unknown if Kyle was still alive after being left on the steps of St. Thomas Hospital where his ex-wife April (Liane Curtis) was waiting to aid him after being tipped off by Gemma that Kyle would likely need medical care.

=== SAMBEL members ===
====Keith McGee====
'''Keith McGee''' (Andy McPhee) was the President of the Sons of Anarchy [[Belfast]] chapter (SAMBEL) in Northern Ireland and a member of the First 9. The Belfast chapter helps the Real IRA directly with muscle and has been mentioned by Jimmy O as being the right hand of the Real IRA there. He was married to Maureen Ashby. After finding out that Abel is in Belfast, Clay neglects to contact McGee because he feels that McGee may be part of the conspiracy. In actuality, McGee was fully aware of Jimmy O's plans for SAMCRO and he and Liam O'Neill were directly involved. Liam didn't trust McGee, because he felt that McGee's loyalty to the SOA and the First 9 was stronger then his loyalty to the IRA. McGee was nearly killed by the explosive-laden gun shipment that was meant to take out SAMCRO.

Following the botched bombing, McGee confronts O'Neill about his involvement in the bombing and tells him to go into hiding. Clay and SAMCRO are able to extract information from O'Neill's girlfriend Cherry and they find O'Neill's whereabouts. McGee tags along, but hangs back so he can call and warn O'Neill that SAMCRO is coming. SAMCRO catches O'Neill at his warehouse hideout and Sean Casey tortures him for information about his ties to Jimmy O'Phelan. Liam breaks under the pain and confesses that he and McGee are working for Jimmy O. Jimmy O's men attack the warehouse, but Jimmy is able to get away. SAMCRO corners McGee on the roof of the warehouse where he tells Clay that he betrayed the club for money from Jimmy O. Clay takes McGee's cut, hugs him and kisses him on the cheek, and then executes him for his betrayal by pushing him off of the roof. The patches on McGee's cut are removed and the cut itself is left to burn in a barrel. Before leaving Belfast, Clay gives McGee's First 9 patch to McGee's widow Maureen.

====Liam O'Neill====
'''Liam O'Neill''' ([[Arie Verveen]]) was a member of the Belfast charter of the Sons of Anarchy. He was in a relationship with Cherry. According to Keith McGee, the president of the Belfast charter of the SOA, O'Neill was a member for 10 years. O'Neill, along with McGee, were both secretly working for Jimmy O'Phelan. Liam O'Neill first appeared in "Caregiver" along with McGee, to ask Maureen if she knows anything about the whereabouts of Jax's son. In his second appearance, Jimmy O'Phelan has O'Neill tell Jax over the phone that Abel is not in Belfast. When SAMCRO arrives in Belfast, they still find O'Neill untrustworthy despite McGee's statements to the contrary. O'Neill didn't trust McGee as far as being involved with the IRA. Because of McGee being a member of the First 9, O'Neill felt that he may have been more loyal to the SOA than the IRA. When SAMCRO tags along with SAMBEL on a protection run for a gun shipment, O'Neill leads them into an ambush by the state police, but for some reason the police let SAMCRO go. O'Neill's back-up plan is to secretly bomb a gun shipment that SAMCRO is protecting. While he is able to detonate the bomb without raising any suspicion, the plan ultimately fails as all SAMCRO members survive without any serious injuries, while five SAMBEL members, including Chibs' relative Padraic Telford, is killed. Knowing he is the prime suspect in the bombing, O'Neill goes on the run. He is ultimately captured by SAMCRO, brutally tortured for information about Jimmy O'Phellan, and eventually shot to death by Jax for his betrayal to the club.

====Seamus Ryan====
'''Seamus Ryan''' (Darin Heames) is the vice president of SAMBEL, under Keith McGee. Following the betrayals and executions of McGee and Liam O'Neill, Clay Morrow announces that a vote will be taken for Ryan to possibly become SAMBEL's new president.

====Padraic Telford====
'''Padraic Telford''' (Lorcan O'Toole) is Chibs' nephew. He is accidentally killed in an explosion triggered by Liam O'Neill in an attempt to take out SAMCRO.

====Other members====
Following SAMCRO's arrival to Ireland, trying to bring back Abel, several additional members of the Belfast chapter have appeared on the show, including '''Luther Barkwill''' ([[Dominic Keating]]), '''Geezer''' (Jason McDonald), '''Scrum''' (Darren Keefe) and a yet-to-be-named member (played by Brian Graham).

===Other chapters members===
====Kozik====
'''Kozik''' ([[Kenny Johnson]]) is a member of the Tacoma chapter of the Sons of Anarchy. He first appeared in the Season 2 episode "The Culling" where he provided extra muscle when the Charming clubhouse was on lockdown. Like many of the SOA, he is ex-military. He appeared again in the Season 3 premiere at Half-Sack's wake, where he told Clay and Bobby that he wanted to come back to the Charming chapter. When Kozik showed up at SAMCRO with transfer papers, Tig vetoed the vote due to lack of trust. Kozik then decided to stick around to earn Tig's trust. First he and Piney lure the Mayans heroin shipment into SAMCRO's hands after flattening the van's tire. Later Kozik and Tig sneak into St. Thomas to silence the Calaveras member from the drive-by as part of SAMCRO's new deal with the Mayans. Kozik has a contentious relationship with Tig and in episode 3.8, Tig states that it involves a female from both of their pasts. When Tara Knowles and Margaret Murphy are taken hostage, Kozik proves to be useful. When Salazar demands that the club kills Marcus Alvarez, Kozik is the one who convinces Alverez to play along to help buy time so SAMCRO can find a way to get the women back. Following Tara's rescue, Tig once again votes against Kozik's transfer. It is revealed that the "woman" from both of their pasts was a female dog named Missy.

====Jury====
'''"Uncle" Jury''' (Michael Shamus Wiles) is the head of the friendly Devil's Tribe MC in Indian Hills, Nevada. Jury and John Teller served together in the same platoon in Vietnam, "My dad saved his ass in Tang-Nam he owes the Tellers a chit" said Jax, and remained close friends afterwards. After the Devil's Tribe was patched over, Jury became head of the Sons of Anarchy Indian Hills chapter.

====Needles====
'''Needles''' (Jay Thames) is the vice president of the Devil's Tribe MC chapter, following Jury in the patching over into a Sons of Anarchy chapter.

====The First 9====
"The First 9" refers to co-founders '''John Teller''' and '''Piermont "Piney" Winston''' plus the first 7 members of the Sons of Anarchy. Current SAMCRO president '''Clay Morrow''' and Piney Winston are the only First 9 members still alive. John Teller died in a motorcycle accident in 1993 and former SAMBEL president '''Keith McGee''' was executed by Clay Morrow in 2010 in Belfast, Ireland for betraying the club. Rounding out the rest of The First 9 are '''Wally Grazer''', '''Thomas "Uncle Tom" Whitney''', '''Chico Vellenueva''', '''Louis Maynard''' and '''Otto "L'il Killer" Moran''', all of whom are deceased and never seen on-screen.<ref>http://sonsofanarchyforever.com/history/</ref>

====Minor members====
Additionally many other members of different Sons of Anarchy chapters are seen throughout the series, although only as background characters. Among them are various nomads seen with Happy while attacking Darby's meth lab, and the members of various other chapters attending Donna's and Half-Sacks's funerals. The leader of the nomads has been referred to as '''Quinn''', but is yet to appear on-screen. Another member mentioned is '''Lenny "The Pimp" Janowitz''', another imprisoned member of the clubs for "allegedly" murdering 3 ATF agents. He is said to have close ties with the Sons' Russian connections.

==SAMCRO women==
===Gemma Teller Morrow===
{{main|Gemma Teller Morrow}}
'''Gemma Teller Morrow''' ([[Katey Sagal]]) is the queen of Charming. A [[Machiavellian]] schemer and expert in [[psychological manipulation]], Gemma is the wife of Clay Morrow and the widow of John Teller. Gemma is extremely protective of her son Jax and grandson Abel and longs for the day when Jax will, in her eyes, be ready to assume control of SAMCRO in order to ensure the organization's survival for another generation. She adores her husband, Clay, and does her best to make things work out his way.

===Tara Knowles===
{{main|Tara Knowles}}
'''Dr. Tara Knowles''' ([[Maggie Siff]]) is Jax's main love interest. She was Jax's high-school girlfriend and during this era she got a crow tattoo on her lower back. She left town when Jax was 19, trying to get away from small-town life and the heavy-handed influence of the club. She moved back to Charming after becoming a doctor and now works as a pediatric resident at the local hospital, St. Thomas, and lives in her childhood home which was left to her by her father when he died. A capable physician, she often tended to Jax's gravely ill infant son, Abel, during the infant's hospitalization and provided emergency medical care to Cameron Hayes after he was shot during the attempt on Clay's life. She and Gemma started out on bad terms while also grudgingly respecting each other. After L.O.A.N.'s attack on Gemma, however, their relationship improved due to Tara's vow to keep the incident a secret from the rest of the gang, including Jax, and her continued moral and medical support for Gemma. Tara and Wendy also have a surprisingly cooperative relationship given their conflicting feelings for Jax. Gemma accidentally broke Tara's nose after Tara unintentionally startled Gemma. However, one of Tara's superiors alluded to Tara that she believed Jax was responsible for Tara's injury and warned her to reconsider her involvement with Jax and his lifestyle.

===Wendy Case===
'''Wendy Case''' ([[Drea de Matteo]]) is Jax Teller's ex wife and the mother of his son, Abel Teller. She is a drug addict who used [[methamphetamine]] during her pregnancy. After learning the reasons for her grandson's birth defects, Gemma gave her drugs and the instructions to commit suicide via overdose. Gemma threatened that if Wendy did not obey, she would use her ex-daughter-in-law's drug addiction to ensure she never have any contact with Abel. Wendy went to rehab and spent time in a sober living facility. She longed to reunite with Jax, believing that the stability of her family would assist her recovery. Gemma, desiring to destroy her son's relationship with Tara, promised to help Wendy reunite with Jax. After a rift between Tara and Jax and the murder of Donna Winston, Jax and Wendy slept together. She was last seen at Donna's funeral watching Tara kiss Jax, after that her whereabouts are unknown.

===Donna Winston===
'''Donna Winston''' ([[Sprague Grayden]]) was Opie's wife and the mother of his two children. She didn't trust SAMCRO after Opie served extensive jail time for the club. Donna and Opie went through a difficult time in their marriage and came close to separating but Donna had a change of heart after Opie was set up by ATF agent Stahl to look like an informant. Inspired by the bad image of Opie's mom who separated from Piney and took Opie away, Donna resolved her feelings and seemed okay with Opie being a member of SAMCRO. However the turnaround comes too late as Clay falls for Agent Stahl's deception. When Clay Morrow ordered Tig to kill Opie in "The Sleep of Babies" episode, Tig kills Donna by mistake. Opie only recently became aware of this after Tig confessed to him out of guilt. In response, Opie beat Tig and later held Stahl at gunpoint but showed mercy and let her live.

===Luann Delaney===
'''Luann Delaney''' (Dendrie Taylor) is Gemma's best friend and runs a [[pornography]] studio, having received financial backing from Big Otto. Luann is Big Otto's wife or, in the parlance of the club, ''old lady.'' Her date of birth is June 25, 1958.

In season 2, a law enforcement raid caused Luann to lose her studio and performers to a rival pornographer and Otto asked SAMCRO to help her. Jax helped get the performers back and sets up Luann in one of SAMCRO's warehouses thus giving SAMCRO a hand in her business. Despite Luann's protests, Clay gives Bobby a job as a bookkeeper in her company. Bobby discovers that Luann is skimming money from the business but, in order to keep him quiet, it is implied that she performs sexual favors for him. Luann Delaney is found beaten to death at the end of the season 2 episode "Potlatch." It is implied that she was killed by Georgie Caruso, the rival pornographer.

===Cherry===
'''Cherry''' ([[Taryn Manning]]) is a girl from Indian Hills, Nevada whose real name is Rita. After leaving her abusive husband and burning down their condo, she aligns herself with the Devil's Tribe (a friendly independent MC now "patched over" to the Sons of Anarchy) and calls herself Cherry (after her beloved dead dog), posing as a "hangaround." She takes an interest in Half-Sack when SAMCRO comes to visit but sleeps with Clay, who wants to punish Half-Sack for voicing his sexual attraction to Gemma. Cherry later comes to Charming looking for Half-Sack and begins dating him after gaining permission from Gemma and clearing up what happened between her and Clay at the Devil's Tribe patch over party. While investigating the club, Agent Stahl learns of Cherry's crimes in Nevada and tries to use the crimes as leverage to make her "rat out" SAMCRO. Jax breaks her out and helps her escape California after she makes love one last time to Half-Sack. In season three, Cherry is staying with McGee and his wife, working in their store in Belfast. After McGee's wife tells Cherry to contact Gemma, Cherry is heartbroken to hear of Half-Sack's death. She was the old lady of Liam O'Neill, Sgt. at Arms of the Belfast chapter before his death.

===Mary Winston===
'''Mary Winston''' (Julie Ariola) is [[Piney Winston]]'s ex-wife and the mother of [[Opie Winston|Opie]]. She moved away from Charming and took Opie with her after divorcing. However, she returns to temporarily look after her grandchildren when Opie is arrested. She is shown consoling the distraught Piney after Donna's murder.

In season 2, she takes a larger role by being the caretaker for her grandchildren, since Opie becomes emotionally distant after Donna's murder. However, this proves too much for her so she drops the kids off with Opie and takes all of her belongings and leaves Charming once again. Mary is last seen in the SAMCRO clubhouse, where all of the club members' relatives are staying for safety reasons.

===Lyla===
'''Lyla''' ([[Winter Ave Zoli]]) is a [[porn]] star employed by Luann Delaney and is introduced in season 2. She and Opie begin to grow close after they first meet. Like Opie, Lyla is a single parent and she helps him with his children. Opie's involvement with Lyla was not entirely welcome by some, particularly Gemma and Tara, who initially are unable to look past Lyla's profession. She's seen in the season finale with Opie and the rest of the club at the police station, waiting for word about Zobelle and Weston.

In season 3, it is implied that Lyla has retired from porn much to Opie's relief. When Henry Lin asks Clay to provide escorts in exchange for cash and weapons for a business party, Lyla rallies together her porn star friends. However, much to Opie's chagrin, she decides to also perform because she wants to help SAMCRO. At the party, Opie keeps his cool until he sees Lyla take a businessman to a back room and then he proceeds to start a fight. When Lyla found out about Jax having sex with Ima after Tara caught them, she slaps Ima in the face. After SAMCRO goes to Belfast, Lyla tells Tara Knowles that she is pregnant with Opie's child and that she is secretly going to abort it. She explains that while she loves Opie, she doesn't think he is ready for another child.

===Fiona Larkin===
'''Fiona Larkin''' ([[Bellina Logan]]) is Chibs' estranged wife and is introduced in season 2. Fiona first appears at Chibs' bedside when he is hospitalized after nearly being killed by a [[car bomb]]. Fiona's presence instantly makes it clear to the Sons that Real IRA member, Jimmy O'Phelan, is in Charming and that Chibs' life is in danger. It is revealed that years before, Jimmy O'Phelan ran Chibs out of the Real IRA back in [[Belfast]] and subsequently married Fiona and raise Chibs' daughter Kerrianne. The reason for Chibs' expulsion from the Real IRA is yet to be revealed.

When SAMCRO arrives in Belfast, Chibs is finally able to reunite with his family. The Sons learn that Fiona and Kerrianne are now under constant protection by the Real IRA because of the threat Jimmy O'Phelan poses to their safety.

===Precious Ryan===
'''Precious Ryan''' ([[Eileen Grubba]]) is Bobby's ex wife. She still very much despises her former husband. Her current boyfriend, Sergio Coletti (Jeffrey Newman) is a bounty hunter, and he helped the club tracking down Cameron Hayes and Abel.

== SAMCRO children ==
===Abel Teller===
'''Abel Teller''' is the infant son of Jax Teller and Wendy Case. He was born premature with cardiac and digestive system problems but, after surgery and a long period in the neonatal intensive care unit at St. Thomas, he was removed from the incubation chamber in "The Pull" and now seems to be a happy, healthy baby. In the episode "The Sleep of Babies," Abel was finally released from the hospital and a welcome home party was held for him. In season 2, Abel's mother Wendy was in a sober living home and Abel was primarily taken care of by Gemma, Tara and Jax. Gemma hires a nanny, Neeta, for extra help. He was kidnapped by Cameron Hayes in the season 2 finale and is now at an adoption facility somewhere in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]] (as seen near the end of episode 1 of the 3rd season). Married couple Katey and Mark Petrie (played by Lilly McDowell and Matthew Alan) eventually adopts Abel. When Jax finally finds Abel, he watches Abel with his adoptive parents from a distance and has a mental conundrum about whether to retrieve his son or leave him to live a new life with solid parents. Jimmy O ultimately kills the Petries and kidnaps Abel to use as leverage to get out of Belfast. In a Real IRA sanctioned swap, Jimmy gives Abel to Jax in exchange for a new hostage, Father Kellan Ashby.

===Ellie & Kenny Winston===
'''Ellie''' and '''Kenny Winston''' (Lela Jane Cortines and John Abendroth) are the daughter and son of Opie and Donna Winston. Following Donna's death, Opie has trouble coping with being a single parent, relying heavy on his mother Mary. When Lyla becomes part of Opie's life, the Winston family situation becomes much less strained.

===Kerrianne Larkin===
'''Kerrianne Larkin''' ([[Q'orianka Kilcher]]) is the teenage daughter of Chibs Telford and Fiona Larkin, raised by Fiona and Jimmy O. Growing up in Belfast with Fiona and Jimmy, Kerrianne isn't very close to Chibs, although Chibs loves his daughter very much, referring to Fiona and Kerrianne as "my girls".

== Law enforcement ==
===Wayne Unser===
{{main|Wayne Unser}}
'''Wayne Unser''' ([[Dayton Callie]]) is the Chief of the Charming Police Department. He also owns Unser Shipping, a trucking company, and is not above using the SOA for protection and other questionable activities related to his business. He is an ally of Clay Morrow, a longtime resident of Charming, and cares for the town deeply. He seems to think the SOA is good for Charming, or at least a [[necessary evil]]. He is suffering from [[cancer]], which is forcing him into retirement, something Clay Morrow does not want to see. In the episode "Hell Followed", it is revealed that Unser is married to an [[African American]] woman when he confronts Darby at the jail house. He has two daughters and is a [[USMC]] veteran. His use of [[marijuana]] for relief of cancer pain has been revealed recently as well. He has known Gemma from the time she was twelve years old as she has a long history of clashing with the law. He cares about Gemma in a fatherly fashion. (Callie was promoted to the main cast in the third season.)

===David Hale===
{{main|David Hale (Sons of Anarchy)}}
'''David Hale''' (Taylor Sheridan) was the Deputy Chief of the Charming Police Department. Chief Unser nicknamed him "Captain America" for his black and white views and squeaky clean image (prior to his involvement with L.O.A.N. and sexual encounter with an ATF agent), adherence to the law and, possibly, because of his square-jawed all-American looks. He is a native of Charming, California, who knew of SAMCRO while he was growing up and who delivered newspapers to the Teller household. His father is a county judge and a very powerful and wealthy man. David also has an older brother, Jacob, Jr. He is next in line for the chief job once Wayne Unser retires. Unlike Unser, Hale wishes to purge the town of SAMCRO upon becoming police chief. Hale is killed in the Season 3 premiere when he is hit by a van that has just opened fire on the crowd in front of Half Sack's funeral.

===June Stahl===
{{main|June Stahl}}
'''Agent June Stahl''' ([[Ally Walker]]) is an [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] agent investigating the club's involvement in [[arms trafficking]] after Deputy Chief Hale calls in the ATF in retaliation because Chief Unser did not retire as previously expected. She is obsessed with proving to all that she is very tough. She unnerves her male fellow law enforcement officers with her [[Bravado|swaggering]] arrogance and tendency to regard them as [[sex object]]s, exhibiting a role reversal and typically masculine attitude. Stahl becomes involved in an affair, with Deputy Chief David Hale, during her investigation of SAMCRO but calls off the investigation and is shunned by Hale when she inadvertently causes the murder of Donna Winston.

Stahl returns to Charming in the second season but as part of a larger national investigation into the Real IRA's operations. Stahl will return for 4 or 5 episodes for the third season.

===Josh Kohn===
{{main|Josh Kohn}}
'''Agent Joshua "Josh" Kohn''' ([[Jay Karnes]]) was a [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] agent pretending to investigate SAMCRO. He and Dr. Tara Knowles dated in Chicago until he became threatening and she obtained a restraining order against him. Recently, due to his persistent stalking of Tara and subtle threats against Abel, Jax hunted him down at Floyd's barber shop and beat him up. Kohn was arrested and sent back to Chicago to face charges. However, he returned, held Tara captive and tried to rape her. Tara was able to get his gun and shoot him in the stomach and then called Jax for help. Shortly after Jax arrived at her house, Kohn shouted insults at Tara. Jax took the gun from Tara and shot Kohn in the head. Jax later took Kohn's body to the desert and burned it. The ''Santa Rosa Press Democrat'' called the character "terrifically creepy."<ref name="pressdem">
{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Murphy|title=Best, Worst of the Past Week|url=http://blogs.pressdemocrat.com/default.asp?item=2391777|work=''Santa Rosa Press-Democrat|accessdate=2009-06-20}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Vic Trammel===
'''Vic Trammel''' ([[Glenn Plummer]]) is the local Sheriff, and an ally of the SAMCRO. A close friend of his is murdered by survivalists using guns provided by the Sons, having Vic seriously questioning his ties to the club. His status is currently unknown, following him being shot during a drug possession arrest in season 2.

===Amy Tyler===
'''Amy Tyler''' (Pamela J. Gray) was an ATF agent who was both June Stahl's professional and personal partner during the third season. She was unaware of Stahl's involvement in Gemma's murder charges and was very shocked when Gemma claims Tyler to have been the ATF agent who was present in Edmond Hayes' home during the murders. After the rescue of Tara Knowles, Tyler was killed by Agent Stahl and then framed for the murder of Edmond Hayes.

===Agent Smith===
'''Agent Smith''' (Derwin Jordan) is Agent Stahl's ATF partner during the first season

===Agent Estevez===
'''Agent Esteves''' ([[Marcos Ferraez|Marcos de la Cruz]]) is an agent of the [[Department of Justice]], working with Agent Stahl to bring SAMCRO down.

===Minor Charming PD officers===
Additional members of the Charming Police Department appears from time to time. Most notably is '''Officer Candy Eglee''' (Marya Delver), who has been a member of Charming PD since Season One. She is shown to be sympathetic towards SAMCRO and her boss Chief Wayne Unser. Also recurring are '''Officer Craft''' (Adrian La Tourelle), who appears during the first two seasons, and '''Officer Fain''' (Pablo Espinosa), appearing throughout Season One.

== Real IRA ==
===Cameron Hayes===
'''Cameron Hayes''' (Jamie McShane) was McKeavey's cousin and also a member of the Real IRA. He becomes SAMCRO's new contact and gun runner after McKeavey's death. Cameron gave back the $200,000 SAMCRO paid for a gun shipment in addition to a month of free guns for killing Oakland Port Authority Commissioner Brenan Hefner. Hayes was wanted on four continents. After being shot during an attempt on Clay's life, Tara patched Cameron back up and Happy smuggled him, along with Cherry, into Canada.

Hayes returned in season 2 as SAMCRO's new firearm supplier. He and his partner/son Edmond Hayes made a deal to exclusively sell rifles to SAMCRO but later break this deal by cutting their supply to SAMCRO and secretly selling to L.O.A.N., all without the authorization of Real IRA leader Jimmy O'Phelan. After Edmond is captured by the ATF, Cameron evaded the authorities while still dealing guns to the Aryans from a speedboat docked in Charming.

After SAMCRO discovered the Hayes' betrayal and the ATF's active investigation of the Real IRA by ATF Agent Stahl, they informed O'Phelan who promised to rectify the situation. SAMCRO also used the information to their advantage by framing Cameron and his son as the source of leaks to the ATF about O'Phelan's operations when the source was really SAMCRO's own member Chibs who was coerced by Stahl.

In the second season finale, Edmond, working against his will for the ATF, was ordered by Cameron to kill Stahl to re-prove their loyalty to the Real IRA. The plan backfired when it was revealed that Stahl had anticipated this and loaded Edmond's gun with blanks. When Edmond hits her and attempts to flee her custody, Stahl shoots him to death. While eavesdropping on the ATF's radio traffic, Cameron finds out about his son's death but hears Stahl falsely report Gemma Teller as the shooter, prompting Cameron to fly into a grievous rage against SAMCRO. Cameron tailed Half-Sack back to Jax's house where he confronted Tara and Half-Sack at gunpoint before threatening to kill Jax's infant son, Abel, with a kitchen knife. When Half-Sack tried to stop him Cameron stabbed him to death instead. Cameron then tied up Tara and kidnapped Abel. The finale ended with Cameron taking Abel aboard his speedboat and fleeing Charming while Jax and Clay helplessly watched from the docks.

In the season three premiere, SAMCRO finds out that Cameron has had a forger make him a fake passport and I.D. and that he has sold his boat to a street gang. He was then seen with Abel in Belfast, Ireland, visiting a woman who does not seem happy to see him. In the second episode of that season he is strangled to death by members of the Real IRA, in Belfast, in an attempt to spare him a painful death and salvage their relationship with SAMCRO.

===Edmond Hayes===
'''Edmond Hayes''' (Callard Harris) is Cameron Hayes' son and business partner. Throughout the second season he is shown to have as much clout in the business as his father, often making deals/judgment calls on his own. When Cameron started dealing with L.O.A.N., Edmond began a sexual relationship with Polly Zobelle. Their relationship deepened into love as time went on. In the episode "Balm", Edmond is arrested by the ATF based on information supplied by Chibs. In the season 2 finale, Edmond made contact with his father who told him he must kill Agent Stahl to prove his loyalty to the Real IRA. Edmond retrieved a hidden gun in his home but couldn't bring himself to kill Stahl. Stahl revealed that the gun was loaded with blanks and that the ATF had known about Cameron's plan all along. Feeling like a fool, Edmond punched Stahl and attempted to escape but Stahl was able to fire several shots from her own sidearm and killed Edmond. Stahl then framed Gemma for Edmond and Polly Zobelle's murders.

===Michael McKeavy===
'''Michael McKeavey''' ([[Kevin Chapman]]) was a member of the Real IRA who helped sell illegal weapons through the Sons of Anarchy. McKeavey was beaten to death by Oakland Port Commissioner Hefner who broke his neck and left him for dead after a deal went bad. His date of birth was April 1, 1966.

===James "Jimmy O" O'Phelan===
'''James O'Phelan''' ([[Titus Welliver]]), better known as "Jimmy O", is the leader of the Real IRA group who sell guns to SAMCRO. Jimmy O made his first appearance in season 2 to personally rectify the Hayes' betrayal of SAMCRO since the Real IRA has long been dependent on the Sons Of Anarchy's Belfast chapter.

O'Phelan also shares a long history with Chibs as it was he who kicked Chibs out of the Real IRA and banished him from Ireland. He then married Chibs' wife Fiona and adopted his daughter Kerrianne. Jimmy is also responsible for the scars on Chibs' face. When Jimmy O arrives in Charming to repair the Real IRA's relationship with SAMCRO, he personally meets with Chibs and demands that he set up a meeting with Clay. Chibs initially refuses because of his personal feelings for Jimmy even though the meeting is in the club's best interest. Then, Jimmy O threatens Fiona's life and insinuates that he has taken a sexual interest in Chibs' daughter. It is unlikely that he would carry out the threat as his relationship with Fiona seems good, on the surface at least. Chibs, however, is blinded by anger and this is used by Agent Stahl to talk Chibs into ratting out the Real IRA. Chibs gives up the info about the safehouse. O'Phelan later avoids capture by the ATF and gives SAMCRO the guns meant for L.O.A.N. for free to make up for Cameron and Edmond's betrayal.

In season 3, Jimmy finds out the truth about Abel's whereabouts, but he feeds Jax misinformation to try and keep up the dealings between the Real IRA and SAMCRO. He is currently in Belfast, where he is concocting a plan to throw SAMCRO off of Abel's trail. In "Lochan Mor", Father Kellan Ashby meets with Jax Teller and tells him that Jimmy has gone rogue from the Real IRA and is trying to destroy the relationship between the Real IRA and the SOA. Ashby promises to give Abel back to Jax, if Jax assassinates Jimmy.

After Liam O'Neill botches the killing of SAMCRO, Jimmy happens to come across SAMCRO torturing O'Neill. He and his men plan to assault and kill the bikers, but are caught in a trap that sees Jimmy and his second in command, Donny, barely escape with their lives. Jimmy O and Donny then kidnap and torture Sean Casey for information about Abel Teller's whereabouts. Jimmy executes Sean as a message to the Real IRA. He and Donny kill the Irish couple that has Abel and then use the infant as leverage to ensure safe passage out of Ireland and back to California where Jimmy will make contact with the Russian mafia. In a swap at a dock, Jimmy and Donny give Abel back to Jax, but they take Father Kellan Ashby as their new hostage.

Back in California, Jimmy attempts to buy safe passage to South America via the Russian mafia. However, his Russian connection, Victor Putlova, changes his deal with Jimmy and demands more money and a bigger discount on weapons in exchange for smuggling Jimmy out of the United States. Not left with much of a choice, Jimmy's man Donny retrieves $712,000 to pay the Russians in advance.

===Luke Moran===
'''Luke Moran''' (Kevin P. Kearns) is Jimmy O's second in command in the USA and he is glad to follow his boss' every order. When Jax finds out that Jimmy has been lying to him about Abel's whereabouts, he kidnaps Luke and delivers him to Agent June Stahl as part of his deal with her.

===Father Kellan Ashby===
'''Father Kellan Ashby''' ([[James Cosmo]]) is the consigliere of the Real IRA in Belfast. Kellan has a tendency to play God on some occasions despite the fact that he is as much a criminal as anyone else. Piney Winston states that while Ashby can't make any direct decisions for the Real IRA, his input is highly valued. When his cousin Cameron Hayes returns to Belfast, Ashby is immediately wary because of the trouble Cameron brewed up in the United States with SAMCRO. After conversing with the Real IRA leaders, he approves of the killing of Cameron in his own church. He takes Abel from his sister Maureen Ashby and places him in a foster care facility. Ashby has voiced disagreement with Jimmy O's methods, and appears to be manipulating SAMCRO against Jimmy. When Ashby meets Jax, he promises to return Abel to him if Jax assassinates Jimmy O. When Jaxs gives Ashby the evidence that proves Jimmy O was behind the explosion, Ashby doesnt give Jax, Abel's whereabouts, only saying that John didn't want Jax to become part of SAMCRO so he decides to "save" Abel by putting him up for adoption. Jax becomes angry and tries to attack Ashby only for Ashby to throw Jax across the table. However, Jax gets the upper hand and threatens to kill Sean Casey, which makes Kellan reveal Abel's location. After Jimmy O'Phelan kidnaps Abel, Kellan converses with the IRA council and ultimately sacrifices himself as a hostage in exchange for Jimmy giving Abel back to Jax Teller.

===Maureen Ashby===
'''Maureen Ashby''' ([[Paula Malcomson]]) is the widow of Keith McGee. She has ties to the SOA through her late husband and ties to the Real IRA through her older brother, Father Kellan Ashby. Maureen initially took care of Abel before he was taken away by her brother. She has a bad conscience about the whole ordeal and she eventually is able to contact Gemma and tell her the whereabouts of her grandson. She had an affair with John Teller in the late 1980s and the union produced a daughter named Trinity. She runs a convenience store in Belfast, where she employs Cherry. When Gemma arrives in Belfast with the rest of SAMCRO, she was a little surprised to see her. Maureen told Gemma they should continue keeping the secret about Trinity being John's daughter, unaware that Jax and Trinity may be attracted to each other. When Jax and Trinity nearly have sex, Maureen, distraught over Keith McGee's death, is finally forced to tell Trinity the truth about her father. When SAMCRO saves Abel and prepares to leave Belfast to return to Charming, Maureen secretly puts some of John Teller's letters into Jax's rucksack.

===Trinity Ashby===
'''Trinity Ashby''' (Zoe Boyle) is Maureen Ashby's adult daughter and McGee's stepdaughter. Her mother Maureen states that she was 18 when she gave birth to Trinity. She is unaware that John Teller, the founder of the Sons of Anarchy, was her real father. Maureen had told Trinity that her father was a soldier who died in Lebanon. She takes an instant liking to Jax when he arrives in Belfast, both unaware that they are half-siblings. After McGee's death, Jax tries to comfort Trinity and the two nearly have sex in the Ashby convenience store, but are interrupted by Gemma and Maureen. Trinity is heart-broken when her mother finally reveals to her that her father was actually John Teller, rather than a heroic soldier who was killed in battle. Trinity becomes quite distraught, but Jax is able to cheer her up and she motivates him to get her nephew Abel back.

===Sean & Michael Casey===
Brothers '''Sean''' and '''Michael Casey''' (Dan Hildebrand and Glenn Keogh) were members of the Real IRA in Belfast, and very close to father Kellan - Fiona Larkin describes them as "being like sons to him". Following father Kellan's order, they kill Cameron Hayes, and dispose of his body. Michael is executed by Jimmy O, who attacks Maureen Ashby's home when the SOA are on a protection run, in the episode "Turas." Sean is shown to be adept in the art of torture when he uses various tools to extract information from Liam O'Neill. After Father Kellan reneges on his deal and tells Jax that Abel has been adopted, Jax stabs and threatens to kill Sean to make Kellan tell him where Abel is. Sean is kidnapped and tortured by Jimmy O'Phelan for information about Abel Teller and then executed.

===Brogan, Dooley & Roarke===
'''Brogan''', '''Dooley''' and '''Roarke''' (Bart McCarthy, [[Paul Collins (actor)|Paul Collins]] and Bob McCracken) are the council of the Real IRA in Belfast. First seen thanking SAMCRO for proving Jimmy O to have gone rouge, they later propose developing the relationship between the Sons and Real IRA even further.

===Donny===
'''Donny''' (Joel Tobeck) is Jimmy's closest man in Belfast. He is a man of reason that tries to keep Jimmy's wild tendencies under control. He successfully tortures Sean Casey for information about Abel Teller.

== Rival MC members ==
===Marcus Alvarez===
{{main|Marcus Alvarez}}
'''Marcus Alvarez''' ([[Emilio Rivera]]) is the head of the Mayans MC, an [[Oakland]]-based rival biker club that has allied itself with the Nordics in order to break SAMCRO's iron-fisted control over Charming. He and the Mayans are bitter rivals with the Niners gang, whom SAMCRO supplies guns to, thus resulting in an increasingly bitter rivalry with the Sons. Although Alvarez agreed to a truce with SAMCRO, it has since been broken. Alvarez had secret gun and drug dealings with Zobelle and he and the Mayans tried to safely smuggle Zobelle out of Charming but were ambushed by the Sons. Clay's hatred for Zobelle and desire to kill him allowed the Mayans to get away.

===Esai Alvarez===
'''Esai Alvarez''' ([[Kevin Alejandro]]) was a member of the Mayans MC and the son of Marcus Alvarez. Marcus selected his son to perform hits on both the Nords' leader Ernest Darby and SAMCRO leader Clay Morrow but Esai and his men botched both hits. Esai was killed by SAMCRO member Happy who stabbed him in the back of the head with an icepick. Marcus sanctioned the hit on his son in a jailhouse deal with Clay in exchange for SAMCRO selling guns to the Mayans.

===Hector Salazar===
'''Hector Salazar''' ([[Jose Pablo Cantillo]]) was the former president of the Lodi chapter of the Calaveras MC, a low-ranking club that did dirty work for the Mayans. The Calveras performed the drive-by at Half-Sack's funeral. After botching several jobs and killing a member of the friendly Grim Bastards MC, he was stripped of his title and kicked out of his own club by Marcus Alvarez. He and his girlfriend Louisa then began stalking Tara Knowles. Jacob Hale, Jr. takes advantage of Salazar's hatred of SAMCRO and pays him to rough up a gym owner who is loyal to SAMCRO. Hector takes it too far and inflicts mortal wounds that eventually kill the old man. Salazar then blackmails Hale for information about Tara. He and Louisa kidnap Tara and hospital administrator Margaret Murphy. They demand that in exchange for the women's release, SAMCRO must kill Mayans MC leader Marcus Alvarez and retrieve $250,000 from Alvarez's home safe. Alvarez plays dead for 24 hours and the ATF supplies the money, but at the drop-point a mishap spooks Salazar and he flees. Meanwhile, Tara is able to trick Louisa and slit her throat with a piece of broken glass. When Hector returns to his home, Tara bargains for Margaret's release in exchange for trying to save the mortally-wounded Louisa. Louisa bleeds to death during the ride to the hospital and Hector goes into a rage, killing an innocent woman and stealing her car. He takes Tara to Jacob Hale, Jr.'s office where he takes Hale hostage as well and then initiates a stand-off with police. Hector demands free passage to Mexico in exchange for his hostages. He is able to convince Jax Teller to takes Tara's place as a hostage, but he secretly plans to sabotage the deal and kill Tara in front of Jax. During a scuffle, Hale is able to stab Salazar with a pen and he tries to escape. Jax is able to corner Hector in a dead end where he offers to not kill the former Calaveras leader in exchange for his testimony against corrupt Jacob Hale. Hector agrees and puts down his weapon, but Jax reneges and stabs Hector in the chest, killing him instantly.

===Roscoe===
'''Roscoe''' (Joseph Julian Soria) is a member of the Calaveras MC Lodi chapter. He is appointed the new president by Marcus Alvarez, following the removal of Hector Salazar.

===T.O. Cross===
'''T.O. Cross''' ([[Michael Beach]]) is the President of the Grim Bastards MC. He is a good friend of Clay Morrow and SAMCRO. His club is chosen to provide security for Mayan drug shipments after SAMCRO makes a deal with the Mayans MC. After his Vice President Lander's was murdered by the Calaveras MC, T.O. was ultimately able to get payback by killing his assassin.

===Lander Jackson===
'''Lander Jackson''' ([[Marcello Thedford]]) is T.O.'s childhood friend, and the Vice President of the Grim Bastards MC. He was brutally killed by Edgar, a member of the rivaling Calaveras MC.

== Gang members ==
===Ethan Zobelle===
{{main|Ethan Zobelle}}
'''Ethan Zobelle''' ([[Adam Arkin]]) is the head of the League of American Nationalists ("L.O.A.N."), a white separatist gang who desires to gain a foothold in Charming and force SAMCRO out. At the beginning of season 2, Zobelle moved into Charming and presented himself to the townspeople and local law enforcement as the owner of the newly-opened Impeccable Smokes cigar shop on the town's Main Street. Throughout season 2, Zobelle and his henchman made several more attempts to remove SAMCRO from Charming but all were relatively unsuccessful.

In the season 2 finale, it was revealed that Zobelle was a longtime F.B.I. informant so he and his daughter Polly were set free. With protection provided by the Mayans, Zobelle was escorted to his cigar shop where he and his daughter waited for an opportunity to flee Charming to avoid SAMCRO's wrath. Polly left to say goodbye to Edmond Hayes but, when she didn't return, Zobelle reluctantly left her behind. SAMCRO ambushed the Mayan convoy but Zobelle escaped, seeking refuge in a deli occupied by school children. He attempted to call Hale for assistance but Hale brushed him off and merely informed him of Polly's death. Zobelle's life was miraculously spared when a more pending issue caused the Sons to depart. He was last seen booking a flight out of Charming in a attempt to escape to Budapest.

===Polly Zobelle===
'''Polly Zobelle''' ([[Sarah Jones (screen actress)|Sarah Jones]]) was the scheming daughter and accomplice of Ethan Zobelle. She was the one who initially tricked and subdued Gemma prior to her rape; she also rigged the car bomb which nearly killed Chibs. Deputy Hale extorted her to get information about her father's whereabouts but she fed him partially false information which had extreme repercussions for SAMCRO. Polly also engaged in an affair with Edmond Hayes. Although it initially appeared that Polly's motive was to secure the Real IRA's gun connection for L.O.A.N., it was later revealed that Polly's interest in Edmond was genuine and that her father did not entirely approve of the affair. Polly and her father were later arrested for possession of narcotics, a crime which her father alerted Deputy Chief Hale to in order to escape an attack from SAMCRO. In the season 2 finale, Polly and her father were released from police custody due to her father's F.B.I. informant status. Before fleeing Charming, she went to say goodbye to Edmond Hayes but found him shot to death in his home. She drew her gun after hearing a noise made by Agent Stahl who was hiding in the next room but coincidentally Gemma Teller, who had been following Polly, snuck in the front door at the same time. Gemma told Polly to put down her gun but Polly pointed the gun at Gemma and Gemma shot her dead. Then Stahl came out of hiding and framed Gemma for the murder of Edmond and Polly but let her escape out the back door, allowing Gemma to later get a ride out-of-town with Unser to go into hiding.

===A.J. Weston===
'''A.J. Weston''' ([[Henry Rollins]]) is the muscle, or street leader, of the League of American Nationalists (also known as "L.O.A.N."), a white separatist gang trying to gain control in Charming and force [[SAMCRO]] out. Weston is an extremely violent ex-convict who carries out the brutal attacks on SAMCRO orchestrated by the L.O.A.N. commander, Ethan Zobelle. Weston's direct, and die-hard, connection to the [[Aryan Brotherhood]] makes him dangerous since he can provide manpower to his gang to sell weapons and drugs to the residents of Charming (SAMCRO disdains hard drugs and protects their town from drug dealers). Weston is the father of two sons, 10-year-old Cliff ([[Aaron Refvem]]) and 6-year-old Duke (Trenton Rogers), and has a number of [[tattoos]] including an [[Algiz]] just below his neck which is visible through the open collar of his shirts. He and several other men, while wearing white masks, raped Gemma Teller in a warehouse to strike back at Clay for refusing to stop his gun dealings with minorities. Gemma realized that A.J. was the leader of the group of men who attacked her after recognizing his Algiz tattoo. He was later seen at a church meeting run by L.O.A.N. There the group laid a trap for SAMCRO, mistakenly believing this was their headquarters, and with intent to kill Zobelle. As the Sons of Anarchy stormed into the church, Zobelle gave a signal and Weston opened fire on SAMCRO with a concealed weapon, making it look on camera like the Sons shot first. As church goers fled in a panic, Weston and Zobelle escaped the SAMCRO assailants and watched as they were cuffed and taken away by the police.

Although the previously elusive Weston was proving difficult for the Sons to kill, things unraveled for Weston late in season 2 when SAMCRO revealed to him that Zobelle was secretly dealing heroin with the Mayans. After finding out the truth and feeling betrayed, he killed Ule and confronted Zobelle. Jax had child services take Weston's children away from him and upon learning this, Weston challenged Jax to a fight to death out in the forest. At the showdown, A.J. and his Aryan brothers attempted to fight dirty but were overwhelmed by SAMCRO who had secretly enlisted the help of the Niners and the Triads. Charming police scared off most of the gang members before anyone was killed, granted it was also after SAMCRO began to take over the fight and Jax was on the verge of killing Weston when Deputy Chief Hale arrested Weston on the charge of arson for burning down Luann's porn studio Cara Cara. It was ambiguous whether or not Weston killed Ernest Darby before he burned down the studio.

In the season 2 finale, A.J. Weston was released from police custody due to an unusable testimony from two-finger Chucky who is a felon. Jax, Opie and Chibs were able to track Weston down and corner him and his youngest son in the bathroom of a tattoo parlor. Seeing the writing on the wall, Weston's last request was that his son not see what was about to happen to him. After bidding his son farewell, Weston warned his son never to talk about what happened with anyone. As his son left, Weston entered one of the bathroom stalls and Jax executed him with a silenced pistol. Jax then left his dead body in the stall.

Several of Henry Rollins' signature tattoos are visible in Sons of Anarchy including the infamous [[Black Flag (band)|Black Flag]] "bars."

===Ule===
'''Ule''' (Jason Matthew Smith) was member of the League of American Nationals (L.O.A.N.). He had an antagonistic and distrustful relationship with A.J. Weston, feeling that as Zobelle's righthand man, Weston's ardent white supremacist beliefs are not allowing L.O.A.N. to broaden their horizons. Gradually, Ule was taking Weston's place in L.O.A.N.'s covert activities with the Mayans. When A.J. Weston found out about the drug trade with the Mayans, he killed the female heroin cookers and executed Ule.

===Ernest Darby===
{{main|Ernest Darby}}
'''Ernest Darby''' ([[Mitch Pileggi]]) is the head of the '''Nordics''' (also known as "Nords"), a [[white supremacist]] gang mainly involved in meth trafficking. In season 1, he attempts to form a deal with the Mayans but is later set up by members of the Mayans who try to kill him but are unsuccessful. In season 2, Darby forms an alliance with L.O.A.N., although he is not as strict in his racial beliefs (for example, Darby employees non-whites in his shop) as L.O.A.N. claims to be and this is met with disdain by A.J. Weston. Later, Darby is double-crossed and left to die by A.J. Weston and his crew while burning down the Cara Cara porn studio. At the end of season 2, his fate was still unknown. In the episode "The Push" in Season 3, it is revealed that Darby had survived the fire but his gang was left in ruins. While receiving treatment at a clinic, he observes Jax and Tara selling prescription medication to one of the clinic doctors. Mistakenly believing that SAMCRO has moved into the business of dealing painkillers (Jax and Tara were actually selling HIV medication) and desiring revenge against SAMCRO, whom he blames for his woes, he informs Jacob Hale of what he has seen.

===Laroy Wayne===
'''Laroy Wayne''' ([[Tory Kittles]]) is SAMCRO's contact in the One Niners street gang. Laroy buys weapons from SAMCRO. The fictional One Niners gang also appeared in ''[[The Shield]]''. It is unclear whether or not SAMCRO is still allied with the One Niners due to Laroy's double-crossing in a deal to eliminate some of the Mayans including Marcus Alvarez. This is cleared up in season 2 where it is made clear that Laroy and the Sons are still allied and the Mayans are not.

===Henry Lin===
'''Henry Lin''' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 亨利林; played by [[Kenneth Choi]]) is the Chinese-American leader of a [[San Francisco]]-based [[List of gangs from Sons of Anarchy#Triads|Triad]]. His gang was after a man named Chuck who was a bookkeeper for their illegal businesses but eventually stole from them. However, Chuck was being protected by SAMCRO. Lin and [[Clay Morrow]] eventually came to an agreement over this - SAMCRO handed Chuck over and the Triad paid SAMCRO in cash. Lin later traded Chuck back to SAMCRO in negotiations to get new guns from Clay. Lin is likely the one who chopped off most of Chuck's fingers, leaving just one finger on each hand. Lin met with Clay and told him that he needed guns and would pay double. In the episode "Fa Guan," Lin makes a deal with Clay - if Clay can get a case thrown out, Lin would open a pipeline for him.

===Nate Meineke===
'''Nate Meineke''' (Tim De Zarn) was the leader of a local [[List of gangs from Sons of Anarchy#Militia|state militia]] and terrorist group. He served in Vietnam alongside [[Piney Winston]]. He and his son, Russell, bought weapons from SAMCRO and used them to ambush a prison convoy to free one of their members. They then planned to go into hiding in [[Mexico]]. However, the Sons of Anarchy killed them by bombing their hideout bunker as they had brought heat onto SAMCRO with the shootings.

===Russell Meineke===
'''Russell Meineke''' ([[James Harvey Ward]]) was Nate's son. He was killed along with his father and the rest of their militia.

===Jimmy Cacuzza===
'''James "Jimmy" Cacuzza''' ([[Jeff Wincott]]) is the leader of a [[List of gangs from Sons of Anarchy#Cacuzza crime family|Mafia family]]. He and his gang buy weapons from SAMCRO. When one of the weapon shipments was late, the Sons of Anarchy hijacked a truck and gave the contents to the Mafia as a goodwill gesture.

==Miscellaneous ==
===Floyd===
'''Floyd''' (James Carraway) is the town barber in Charming and his shop is a neutral meeting place for law enforcement and SAMCRO members.

===Elliott Oswald===
'''Elliott Oswald''' (Patrick St. Esprit) is a prominent businessman and ranch owner in Charming. Claims his family has been in Charming longer than SAMCRO, and he and SAMCRO had trouble getting along.

When his daughter Tristen ([[Liana Liberato]]) was raped by a clown from a traveling carnival, Elliott - against the will of wife Karen ([[Judith Hoag]]) - came to the club seeking biker justice. After this, the relationship between the Oswalds and SAMCRO shifted - Elliot's gratitude towards the club left him a resourceful contact when the club needs someone with influence or money.

Clay used him to gain information about a federal informant in the season 1 finale. In season 2, his land was threatened with purchase/eminent domain by Jacob Hale, Jr., Deputy Chief David Hale's older brother, but SAMCRO and Hale were able to prove that the eminent domain threat was a ruse and that there was no real threat of Oswald's land being taken thereby ending the deal. Later, after being approached by Gemma and, with some urging from his daughter, Elliott puts up the bail for the members of SAMCRO who were arrested after a failed attack on Ethan Zobelle.

In season 3, Oswald attempts to run for mayor against the scheming Jacob Hale, Jr. who is attempting to turn Charming against SAMCRO. Following the violence of season two and the driveby at Half-Sack's wake, Oswald has decided to try and distance himself from SAMCRO, because he feels that his relationship with them could cost him the mayoral position. However, following the extension of SAMCRO's bail hearing, Clay Morrow is still able to convince Elliott to let SAMCRO fly on one of his cargo planes to Belfast (Oswald's cargo planes are not subject to Customs control).

===Lowell Harland===
'''Lowell Harland, Jr.''' ([[Keir O'Donnell]]) is a second-generation mechanic at Teller-Morrow and a drug addict. He is not a member of the motorcycle club. His father was killed by the Sons for betraying them but Lowell initially did not know the truth (This is Clay's version of event he tells to Lowell Jr., however, a discussion between Clay and Gemma implies that Lowell Sr. was implicated in something far more secret. Remembering that John Teller died in a motorcycle crash; this can be the reason Clay had to kill Lowell Sr., as he was the mechanic who tampered JT bike to allow Clay's ascension to club presidency). When his father's body was found in a grave along with the bodies of Mayans, Clay worried he might give information about the club to the ATF. Clay goes to Lowell's apartment to kill him but, after telling him the truth about his father's death, decides not to. Lowell has a son of his own named Moby. Most recently, he was present and appeared sober at the coming home party for Abel, Jax's son.

===Chuck Marstein===
'''Chuck Marstein''' ([[Michael Marisi Ornstein]]) is a prison friend of Otto's who was a bookkeeper for a Triad gang. In season 1, Chuck was shown to be regularly beaten by Triads in the prison so Otto arranged for SAMCRO to protect Chuck upon release in exchange for a large sum of money that Chuck claimed was hidden in the kitchen of a Triad restaurant. However, Chuck proved to be rather paranoid and also afflicted with compulsive masturbation disorder that reared itself at inopportune times. Chuck led them to the money but SAMCRO was upset when it was revealed that the money was counterfeit and that the Triads were really after two printing templates that Chuck stole. Clay made a deal with the Triad leader, Lin, to exchange real money for Chuck and the templates.

In season 2, Chuck is shown to have had all but his index fingers cut off when his compulsive masturbation disorder became too much for Lin to tolerate. When Chuck's services were no longer needed, Lin offered to trade Chuck back to SAMCRO but Clay refused. Tig, feeling sympathetic, offered to take Chuck and promised to set him up as the new bookkeeper at Luann's studio. This turned out to be a good move as Chuck has proved himself to be a capable accomplice on numerous occasions. Chuck helped SAMCRO gain access to Georgie Caruso's studio when he went in and caused a distraction by saying that he wanted his mutilated hands to be used in fetish pornography.

Chuck was sleeping in the office of the porn studio when A.J. Weston and Ernest Darby came to burn it down. He awoke from the commotion and tried to make a phone call for help but couldn't get a connection. He watched as Weston and his goons double-crossed Darby.

Chuck, having survived the fire, came out of hiding in the episode "Culling." He told SAMCRO what really happened at the porn studio and they suggested that he file a police report about this so the MC could collect insurance money and help get A.J. Weston arrested. In the season 2 finale, Deputy Chief Hale revealed that, since Chuck was a convicted felon, he was considered an unreliable witness and, therefore, Hale could not hold Weston on the arson charge.

In the season 3 premiere, Chuck is seen serving coffee to the SAMCRO members in their Clubhouse. Later in the episode, Chuck is shot in the shoulder during the drive-by at Half-Sack's wake. In the second episode, Chuck once again proves useful by creating a distraction, crying out "Look what they did to my hands!" and running wildly through the hospital that he was staying at. This distraction lured away police that were guarding a rival gang-member, partially responsible for the drive-by at Half-Sack's wake, so that SAMCRO could interrogate him. He repeated a similar stunt later on at the hospital, so that Tig and Kozik could sneak into the same gang-member's room and kill him with cyanide as a favor to the Mayans.

Chuck frequently responds to insults with the comment "I accept that."

===Rosen===
'''Rosen''' ([[Tom Everett Scott]]) is the club's lawyer. There is a suggestion that his connection to the club is at least somewhat personal as well as professional. 

===Brenan Hefner===
'''Brenan Hefner''' ([[Lyle Kanouse]]) was the Oakland port commissioner. He was responsible for Michael McKeavey's death, having McKeavey beaten and left for dead after a deal went bad. Cameron was supposed to kill Hefner but, because he was shot, Jax, Bobby and Opie ended up having to do it. Clay told Bobby to make sure Opie killed Hefner (to prove Opie's commitment to the club) but, when the moment came and Opie froze up, Bobby quickly stepped in and gunned Hefner down himself. A neighbor of Hefner's mistress witnessed the murder and later identified Bobby as the shooter.

===Eviqua Michaels===
'''Eviqua Michaels''' ([[Ashley Monique Clark]]) was the neighbor of Brenan Hefner's mistress and witnessed his murder. Afterwards, she went to the police and became a state witness. Jax Teller threatened her into leaving [[California]] rather than killing her. She is 17-years-old and [[African American]].

===Jacob Hale, Jr.===
'''Jacob Hale, Jr.''' ([[Jeff Kober]]) is a businessman and older brother of Deputy Chief David Hale. At the beginning of season 2, Jacob brings Ethan Zobelle and L.O.A.N. into Charming, presenting them to his brother as a way to get SAMCRO out of town. Jacob hopes to profit financially from SAMCRO's removal and, unlike his brother, is unconcerned with L.O.A.N.'s political and racial motivations and beliefs. Jacob also hopes to secure financial backing from Zobelle's business contacts but is later informed by Zobelle that his people would be more inclined to help Jacob if he were to become more aligned with their cause. After learning of Gemma's rape, Deputy Chief Hale helped SAMCRO thwart a scam Jacob was using to seize land from Elliott Oswald for development. Later in the season, Elliott Oswald revealed to Clay that Jacob Hale was attempting to run for mayor of Charming because the position could possibly allow him to exercise executive power to obtain Oswald's land. With Zobelle's backing, Jacob is running for mayor of Charming.

In season 3, Jacob becomes a more prominent character. He has become more determined to remove SAMCRO from Charming, telling Wayne Unser that SAMCRO can no longer maintain their end of their deal with the Charming Police Department, where the police would look the other way on SAMCRO's activities in exchange for keeping violence out of Charming. He forms an uneasy alliance with Unser, where he promises to support Charming PD in exchange for Unser's support of his mayoral campaign.

Hale's development company has been muscling businesses into closing on Liberty Street in Charming so that they can redevelop the area. Lumpy Feldstein, an elderly Holocaust survivor and SOA friend, is the only tenant that refuses to close his business (a boxing gym). Hale hires Ernest Darby to try and convince Lumpy to vacate his property, but he is unsuccessful. Hale is then able to convince Hector Salazar, former leader of the Calaveras MC and enemy of SAMCRO, to rough up Lumpy but Salazar takes it too far, nearly killing him (Lumpy ultimately does die from his wounds). Hale is then blackmailed by Salazar into giving out information about Tara Knowles' activities. Hale was recently part of a unanimous vote by the Charming city council to have the San Juan Sheriffs Department take over Charming PD, which Police Chief Wayne Unser views as a complete betrayal.

===Ima===
Ima (Kristen Renton) is a porn star employed by Luann Delaney and is introduced in Season 2. She was at one point infatuated with Jax and tried to make him and Tara break up. Tara proved she wouldn't back down by having sex with Jax in the porn studio's bathroom and playfully shooting up Ima's car. Ima was arrested in the episode "Fa Guan" when Charming police found her and other girls soliciting sex and drugs on behalf of an unknown source that offered them $10,000 to do so. Jax refused to bail her out of prison. In season three, Ima continues to make advances at Jax, but he rebuffs her. In the episode "The Push", Jax breaks up with Tara and is seen having sex with Ima. When Tara caught them and became upset, Ima showed no signs of remorse. She attempted to climb back into bed with Jax, but to her surprise Jax kicked her out of the clubhouse. When she left she was slapped in the face by Lyla.

===Georgie Caruso===
'''Georgie Caruso''' ([[Tom Arnold (actor)|Tom Arnold]]) is a rival to Luann Delaney in the pornography business. Introduced in season 2, Caruso is a scumbag who took advantage of Luann's legal troubles to steal away her performers. He physically abused and threatened the performers to keep them from leaving. SAMCRO threatened Caruso and, for a time, he backed off. Later in the season, Luann's new studio was broken into in the episode "Potlatch." Sex tapes and expensive equipment were stolen and the guard dog was found dead and mutilated. All evidence pointed to Caruso so Jax, Bobby and Opie paid him a visit. They found and retrieved Luann's belongings but not before threatening Caruso and destroying his laptop. Later, Charming police found Luann Delaney on the side of the road, apparently beaten to death. It is implied that Georgie Caruso was involved. Soon after Luann's death, Half-Sack said Georgie and his crew skipped town and fled the country to go to [[Thailand]] to "recruit" new talent.

===Neeta===
'''Neeta''' ([[Cleo King]]) becomes Abel's baby-sitter during Season Two. Following Abel's kidnapping, she hasn't appeared on the show.

===Margaret Murphy===
'''Margaret Murphy''' (McNally Sagal) is an administrator at St. Thomas and disapproves of Tara's relationship with Jax and the Sons of Anarchy. When insurance issues meant that Chibs would be removed from St. Thomas before he made a full recovery, Gemma confronted Margaret about the situation in an elevator at the hospital. Margaret then filed an insurance fraud complaint accusing Tara of coaching Chibs to fake symptoms in order to extend his stay at the hospital and had Tara's hospital privileges suspended. When Margaret's meddling becomes too much, Tara accuses Margaret of putting the hospital profit dangerously ahead of the quality of care and proceeds to give her a mild beating (black eye, bloody nose) before telling her to back down or SAMCRO will cause her harm. In season 3, Margaret becomes more supportive of Tara, encouraging her not to endanger her career and let her talents as surgeon go to waste when Tara contemplates taking an extended leave from the hospital after Abel's kidnapping. Margaret states her actions against Tara (in season 2) and her support of her (in season 3) are not personal but are what she considers best for the hospital.This proves to probably be false when in the "Turas" Salazar took her and Tara hostage when they checked her for tattoos they found what looked like a large "property of" tattoo on her back. Margaret reveals to Tara that when she was younger she was together with a reckless biker and that after he died from a drug overdose, she turned her life around and the tattoo is to remind her that she has left that life behind. This is identical to what Tara told Gemma in the show's pilot episode. Margaret is set free from her captors, when Tara volunteers to stay behind and try and save Salazar's girlfriend, whose throat Tara slit during an escape attempt.

===Nate Madock===
'''Nate Madock''' ([[Hal Holbrook]]) is Gemma Teller's elderly father. He was married to Gemma's mother Rose who is recently deceased. Gemma and Tig visit Nate when they are on the run from Gemma's murder charges. He suffers from the early stages of dementia (believing his wife to still be alive) and has a caretaker. He shoots Tig in the shoulder with a rifle when he catches him having sex with his caretaker, believing his caretaker to be his wife Rose. After the unrelated death of the caretaker, a heartbroken Gemma decides to put Nate in a home for the elderly.

===Amelia Dominguez===
'''Amelia Dominguez''' ([[Monique Gabriela Curnen]]) is Nate Madock's caretaker. Amelia is an illegal immigrant with no family in the United States. She and Tig start a sexual relationship when Gemma visits her father. After Nate shoots Tig believing him to be an intruder, Amelia looks up Gemma on the internet and finds that there is a warrant and reward for her arrest. Gemma subdues her and duct tapes her to wheelchair in the basement. Tara comes to care for Tig's wound and ends up caring for Amelia as well. Amelia tricks Tara and breaks free from her restraints. She attacks and tries to stab Gemma, but in a scuffle ends up accidentally stabbing and killing herself. Tig employs the services of Bachman, a "cleaner", who disposes of Amelia's body down a slop sink in the basement.

===Bachman===
'''Bachmann''' ([[Stephen King]]) is a "cleaner" who Tig hires to dispose of the body of Gemma's father's slain caretaker Amelia. He is an eccentric character who demands that Tig plays 80s music on the stereo while he performs his craft. When the deed is done, Tara inquires about where she is, meaning Amelia, and he coldly replies, "Where's ''who''?"

===Ally Lowen===
'''Ally Lowen''' ([[Robin Weigert]]) is a colleague of Rosen, and the new legal counsel of SAMCRO in Season Three. Aware of the club's illegal business, she does not hesitate to help them. She becomes Gemma's counsel in the investigation regarding the deaths of Polly Zobelle and Edmond Hayes.

===Lumpy Feldstein===
'''Lumpy Feldstein''' ([[Michael Fairman]]) is a local boxing club owner, a survivor of the [[Holocaust]] and a close friend of SAMCRO. Refusing to sell his clubhouse to an unknown buyer (revealed to the viewers to be Jacob Hale, Jr.) he finds himself and the clubhouse under increasing threats of violence. After Ernest Darby, bribed by Hale, is unsuccessful in convincing Lumpy to vacate his property, Hale pays Hector Salazar to rough up Lumpy and deliver a phony message that he is acting on behalf of the Mayans MC in an attempt to re-ignite the war between the Mayans and SAMCRO. In the hospital, Lumpy tells Chief Wayne Unser that he will be closing his gym. In a later episode, Unser states that Lumpy died from internal bleeding sustained from his wounds.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb title|1124373|Sons of Anarchy}}
* {{tv.com|75303|Sons of Anarchy}}

{{Sons of Anarchy}}

[[Category:Lists of television characters|Sons of Anarchy]]
[[Category:Sons of Anarchy characters|*]]

[[fr:Personnages de Sons of Anarchy]]

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)

2010-09-20T20:11:57Z

Broodingomnipresence:

[[Law clerk]]s have assisted Supreme Court Justices in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice [[Horace Gray]] in the 1880s. By the traditions and rules that have developed around this procedure today [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justices]] on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] have the opportunity to select four law clerks each term of the court. The [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] is allowed five clerks, though late Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist]] usually only hired three.

The following is a still-incomplete table of Supreme Court law clerks who served the Chief Justice.

* The names of Justices who are active ({{As of|2006|alt=as of}} Justice Samuel Alito's appointment on January 31, 2006) are in '''bold'''.
<onlyinclude>
{| style="width:100%; margin:auto;" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;" | This seat was established by the Constitution and organized on September 24, 1789 by the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] [see 1 ''Stat.'' 73].
|-
| [[Morrison Waite]]
| March 4, 1874 – March 23, 1888

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Melville Fuller]]|
begin=October 8, 1888|
end=July 4, 1910
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[T. H. Fitnam]]
|started=1888
|ended=1889
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James S. Harlan]]
|started=1888
|ended=1889
|school-yr=admitted to bar, 1886
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Clarence M. York]]
|started=1889
|ended=1896
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Clarence M. York]]
|started=1897
|ended=1905
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Johnson Field|S. Field]] / [[Melville Fuller|M. W. Fuller]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen Albion Day]]
|started=1905
|ended=1907
|school-yr=admitted to bar, 1907
|prev-clerk=none
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Edward Douglass White]]|
begin=December 19, 1910|
end=May 19, 1921
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=John J. Byrne
|started=1918
|ended=1921
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[William Howard Taft]]|
begin=July 11, 1921|
end=February 3, 1930
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=John J. Byrne
|started=1921
|ended=1924
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Douglass White|E. White]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Wendell Mischler]]
|started=1921
|ended=1930
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Dickerman Williams]]
|started=1924
|ended=1925
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1924)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Reynolds Robertson]]
|started=1929
|ended=1930
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Edwin McElwain]]
|started=1938
|ended=1939
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Charles Evans Hughes]]|
begin=February 24, 1930|
end=June 30, 1941
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Wendell Mischler]]
|started=1930
|ended=1930
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=[[William Howard Taft|Taft]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Reynolds Robertson]]
|started=1930
|ended=1934
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=[[William Howard Taft|Taft]]
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Harlan Fiske Stone]]|
begin=July 3, 1941|
end=April 22, 1946
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bennett Boskey]]
|started=1941
|ended=1943
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1939)
|prev-clerk=[[Stanley Forman Reed|S. F. Reed]] / [[Learned Hand|L. Hand]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eugene H. Nickerson]]
|started=1944
|ended=April 1946
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1943)
|prev-clerk=[[Augustus Noble Hand|A. Hand]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Herbert Prashker]]
|started=1945
|ended=April 1946
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Fred M. Vinson]]|
begin=June 24, 1946|
end=September 8, 1953
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Francis A. Allen]]
|started=1946
|ended=1948
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1946)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Byron White|Byron R. White]]
|started=1946
|ended=1947
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1946)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lawrence F. Ebb]]
|started=1947
|ended=1948
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1946)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Arthur R. Seder, Jr.]]
|started=1947
|ended=1948
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1947)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Arthur R. Seder, Jr.]]
|started=1948
|ended=1949
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1947)
|prev-clerk=[[Fred M. Vinson|Vinson]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard J. Trienens]]
|started=1950
|ended=1951
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Newton N. Minow]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1950)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James C.N. Paul]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1951)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard J. Trienens]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=[[Fred M. Vinson|Vinson]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Carl S. Hawkins]]
|started=1952
|ended=1953
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]]
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William W. Oliver]]
|started=1952
|ended=1953
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James C.N. Paul]]
|started=1952
|ended=1953
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1951)
|prev-clerk=[[Fred M. Vinson|Vinson]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Earl E. Pollock]]
|started=1953
|ended=1953
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1953)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Earl Warren]]|
begin=October 5, 1953|
end=June 23, 1969
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard J. Flynn]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William W. Oliver]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=[[Fred M. Vinson|Vinson]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Earl E. Pollock]]
|started=1953
|ended=1955
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1953)
|prev-clerk=[[Fred M. Vinson|Vinson]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gerald Gunther]]
|started=1954
|ended=1955
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1953)
|prev-clerk=[[Learned Hand|L. Hand]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jerome A. Cohen]]
|started=1955
|ended=1956
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1955)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Graham Moody]]
|started=1955
|ended=1956
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Samuel A. Stern]]
|started=1955
|ended=1956
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1952)
|prev-clerk=[[Calvert Magruder|Magruder]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=William H. Allen
|started=1956
|ended=1957
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Curtis R. Reitz]]
|started=1956
|ended=1957
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Martin F. Richman]]
|started=1956
|ended=1957
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1953)
|prev-clerk=[[Calvert Magruder|Magruder]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jon O. Newman]]
|started=1957
|ended=1958
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=[[George Thomas Washington|G. T. Washington]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Dallin H. Oaks]]
|started=1957
|ended=1958
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1957)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Marc A. Franklin]]
|started=1958
|ended=1959
|school-yr=[[Cornell Law School|Cornell]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=[[Carroll C. Hincks|Hincks]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ira Michael Heyman]]
|started=1958
|ended=1959
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles Edward Clark|C. E. Clark]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Murray H. Bring
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1959)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William H. Dempsey]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1955)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles H. Fahy|Fahy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ralph J. Moore, Jr.]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1959)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Markham Ball]] (shared with [[Stanley Forman Reed|Reed]] and [[Harold Hitz Burton|Burton]])
|started=1960
|ended=1961
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1960)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Murray H. Bring
|started=1960
|ended=1961
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1959)
|prev-clerk=[[Earl Warren|Warren]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jesse H. Choper]]
|started=1960
|ended=1961
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1960)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter D. Ehrenhaft]]
|started=1961
|ended=1962
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1957)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Timothy B. Dyk]]
|started=1962
|ended=1963
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1961)
|prev-clerk=[[Stanley Forman Reed|S. F. Reed]] / [[Harold Hitz Burton|Burton]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John D. Niles]]
|started=1962
|ended=1963
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1962)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter R. Taft]]
|started=1962
|ended=1963
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1961)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Rives|Rives]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Francis X. Beytagh]]
|started=1963
|ended=1964
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1963)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Theodore R. Boehm]]
|started=1963
|ended=1964
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1963)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James K. Hoenig]]
|started=1963
|ended=1964
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1963)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter Low]]
|started=1963
|ended=1964
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1963)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Hart Ely]]
|started=1964
|ended=1965
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1963)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James C. Gaither]]
|started=1964
|ended=1965
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1964)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=James T. Hale
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[University of Minnesota Law School|Minnesota]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Michael E. Smith
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1964)
|prev-clerk=[[Sterry R. Waterman|Waterman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kenneth Ziffren]]
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[UCLA School of Law|UCLA]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Phillip E. Johnson]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=[[Roger J. Traynor|Traynor]] ([[Supreme Court of California|Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Douglas Kranwinkle]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Benno C. Schmidt, Jr.]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1966)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Tyrone Brown
|started=1967
|ended=1968
|school-yr=[[Cornell Law School|Cornell]] (1967)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry Nichols|J. Larry Nichols]]
|started=1967
|ended=1968
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1967)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Larry Simon
|started=1967
|ended=1968
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]]
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Weinfeld|Weinfeld]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Scott Bice]]
|started=1968
|ended=1969
|school-yr=[[University of Southern California Law School|USC]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Earl C. Dudley, Jr.]]
|started=1968
|ended=1969
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1967)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Boyden Gray]]
|started=1968
|ended=1969
|school-yr=[[University of North Carolina School of Law|North Carolina]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul J. Meyer]]
|started=1968
|ended=1969
|school-yr=[[Notre Dame Law School|Notre Dame]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John W. Keker]]
|started=1970
|ended=1971
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Warren E. Burger]]|
begin=June 23, 1969|
end=September 26, 1986
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert Fabrikant]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=[[Warren E. Burger|Burger]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles F. Lettow]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=[[Ben C. Duniway|Duniway]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Harry A. Rissetto]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=[[John J. Sirica|Sirica]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Zimmerman (sensei)|Michael D. Zimmerman]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[S.J. Quinney College of Law|Utah]] (1969)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James R. Atwood]]
|started=1970
|ended=1971
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1969)
|prev-clerk=[[Shirley Hufstedler|Hufstedler]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David O. Bickart]]
|started=1970
|ended=1971
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1969)
|prev-clerk=[[Inzer Bass Wyatt|Wyatt]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Theodore L. Garrett]]
|started=1970
|ended=1971
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=[[John Joseph Smith|J. J. Smith]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William B. Elmore, Jr.]]
|started=1971
|ended=1972
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Douglas Floyd]]
|started=1971
|ended=1972
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1967)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John H. Korns]]
|started=1971
|ended=1972
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard W. Skillman]]
|started=1971
|ended=1972
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[John Joseph Gibbons|J. J. Gibbons]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[G. Edward White]]
|started=1971
|ended=1972
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lee Bollinger|Lee C. Bollinger]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[Wilfred Feinberg|Feinberg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel R. Coquillette]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Braucher|Braucher]] ([[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court|Mass.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard D. Diamond]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[Stanley Alexander Weigel|Weigel]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|N.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jack M. Weiss]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Arthur F. Fergenson]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=[[Thomas P. Griesa|Griesa]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kenneth Francis Ripple|Kenneth F. Ripple]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joseph C. Zengerle]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen B. Burbank]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Braucher|Braucher]] ([[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court|Mass.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kenneth Francis Ripple|Kenneth F. Ripple]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=[[Warren E. Burger|Burger]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Stephen Walters
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=[[Ben C. Duniway|Duniway]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Candace S. Kovacic]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[Northeastern University School of Law|Northeastern]] (1974)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Oakes|Oakes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kenneth Starr|Kenneth W. Starr]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[Duke University School of Law|Duke]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[Warren E. Burger|Burger]] / [[David W. Dyer|Dyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[W. Wayne Drinkwater, Jr.]]
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[University of Mississippi School of Law|Mississippi]] (1974)
|prev-clerk=[[William Colbert Keady|Keady]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi|N.D. Miss.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alex Kozinski]]
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[UCLA School of Law|UCLA]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul J. Ondrasik, Jr.]]
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Collins J. Seitz|Seitz]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Henry L. Parr, Jr.]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=[[Clement Haynsworth|Haynsworth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Monte N. Stewart]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stewart Jay]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robinson B. Lacy]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Milton Pollack|M. Pollack]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Carter G. Phillips]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Arthur Sprecher|Sprecher]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Walter "Jack" F. Pratt]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles Clark (judge)|C. Clark]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[W. Neil Eggleston]]
|started=1979
|ended=1980
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[James Hunter III|Hunter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul L. Shechtman]]
|started=1979
|ended=1980
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis H. Pollak|L. Pollak]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|E.D. Pa.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael J. Wahoske]]
|started=1979
|ended=1980
|school-yr=[[Notre Dame Law School|Notre Dame]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John C. Ale]]
|started=1980
|ended=1981
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Allen Tamm|Tamm]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John M. Coleman (law clerk)|John M. Coleman]]
|started=1980
|ended=1981
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1979)
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Sexton|John E. Sexton]]
|started=1980
|ended=1981
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[David Bazelon|Bazelon]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]]) / [[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James L. Volling]]
|started=1980
|ended=1981
|school-yr=[[George Washington University Law School|GW]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Roger Robb|R. Robb]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James D. Holzhauer]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Andrew Ainsworth, Jr.|Ainsworth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Judith A. McMorrow]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[Notre Dame Law School|Notre Dame]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Gilbert S. Merritt, Jr.|Merritt]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher J. Wright]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed, III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rochelle C. Dreyfuss]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Wilfred Feinberg|Feinberg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Thomas B. Green]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[S.J. Quinney College of Law|Utah]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark B. Helm]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rebecca Hurley]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Dedman School of Law|SMU]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Irving Loeb Goldberg|I. Goldberg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter M. Lieb]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Michael Luttig]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ray W. Campbell]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael R. Lazerwitz]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Henry Friendly|Friendly]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Wallace K. Lightsey]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul G. Cassell]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Karl S. Coplan]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Leonard I. Garth|Garth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Timothy Flanigan|Timothy E. Flanigan]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew M. Neumeier]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gene C. Schaerr]] (shared with [[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]])
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Kenneth W. Starr|Starr]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bruce P. Brown]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Georgia School of Law|Georgia]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Allen Tamm|Tamm]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory S. Dovel]] (shared with [[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]])
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William K. Kelley]] (shared with [[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]])
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Kenneth Starr|Starr]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Von G. Keetch]] (shared with [[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]])
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[George C. Pratt|G. Pratt]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John E. Barry]] (shared with [[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]])
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Levin H. Campbell|L. Campbell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Karl M. Tilleman]] (shared with [[Clarence Thomas|Thomas]])
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[John T. Noonan, Jr.|J. Noonan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James E. Gauch]] (shared with [[Clarence Thomas|Thomas]])
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[David Aldrich Nelson|D. A. Nelson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric A. Grant]] (shared with [[Clarence Thomas|Thomas]])
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Edith Jones|E. Jones]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[William Rehnquist]]|
begin=September 26, 1986|
end=September 3, 2005
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David G. Leitch]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William R. Lindsay]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Laura E. Little]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[Temple University Beasley School of Law|Temple]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[James Hunter III|Hunter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Anthony Downs]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Oakes|Oakes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Charles Miller]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Spottswood William Robinson III|S. Robinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William L. Taylor]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lindley J. Brenza]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank H. Easterbrook|Easterbrook]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert J. Giuffra]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph K. Winter, Jr.|R. Winter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Melissa L. Saunders]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[James Dickson Phillips, Jr.|J. D. Phillips]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven M. Colloton]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Barry P. McDonald]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[James Kenneth Logan|Logan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|10th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James K. Vines]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Washington and Lee University School of Law|Washington & Lee]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert R. Merhige, Jr.|Merhige]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia|E.D. Va.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeffrey L. Bleich]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bruce R. Braun]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Joel Martin Flaum|Flaum]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Monica J. Wahl (Shaffer)]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]]
|prev-clerk=[[Patrick Higginbotham|P. Higginbotham]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Audrey J. Anderson]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Harold H. Greene|H. Greene]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric F. Scheuermann]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ronald J. Tenpas]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis H. Pollak|L. Pollak]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|E.D. Pa.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory G. Garre]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[George Washington University Law School|GW]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Joseph Scirica|Scirica]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard C. Pepperman II]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Roy Becker|Becker]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Celestine J. Richards (McConville)]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Cynthia Holcomb Hall|C. Hall]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Donald C. Nugent|Nugent]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio|N.D. Ohio]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Landis C. Best]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Duke University School of Law|Duke]]
|prev-clerk=[[Norwood Carlton Tilley, Jr.|Tilley]] ([[United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina|M.D.N.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brian M. Morris]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[John T. Noonan, Jr.|J. Noonan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James E. Ryan]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jody A. Manier (Kris)]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen M. Sargent]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Deanell Reece Tacha|Tacha]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|10th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul J. Zidlicky]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[George Washington University Law School|GW]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank J. Magill|F. Magill]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric R. Claeys]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[University of Southern California Law School|USC]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Melvin T. Brunetti|Brunetti]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Shawn F. Fagan]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Courtney Simmons (Elwood)]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ted Cruz|R. Ted Cruz]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard W. Garnett]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard S. Arnold|R. Arnold]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David H. Hoffman]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Dennis G. Jacobs|Jacobs]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John P. Kelsh]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew T. Martens]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of North Carolina School of Law|North Carolina]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Sarah O. Newland (Jorgensen)]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher P. Bowers]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Neil M. Richards]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert G. Schaffer]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Duke University School of Law|Duke]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[Deanell Reece Tacha|Tacha]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|10th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kevin R. Boyle]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[James E. Rogers College of Law|Arizona]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Melvin T. Brunetti|Brunetti]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jay T. Jorgensen]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Samuel Alito|Alito]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rosemarie K. Nixon (Blase)]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Notre Dame Law School|Notre Dame]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[James B. Loken|Loken]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Luke A. Sobota]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark T. Stancil]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[David M. Ebel|Ebel]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|10th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jocelyn E. Strauber]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Duke University School of Law|Duke]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Arthur Raymond Randolph|Randolph]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregg J. Costa]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Arthur Raymond Randolph|Randolph]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Heidi C. Doerhoff]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law|Missouri]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[John R. Gibson|Gibson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brett H. McGurk]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Columbia University School of Law|Columbia]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Dennis G. Jacobs|Jacobs]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]]) / [[Gerard E. Lynch|G. Lynch]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Leah O. Brannon]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrew R. DeVooght]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[University of Illinois College of Law|Illinois]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Michael Stephen Kanne|Kanne]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert K. Hur]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Leon F. DeJulius]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Notre Dame Law School|Notre Dame]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid Fionntain O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Courtney C. Gilligan]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[George Washington University Law School|GW]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank J. Magill|F. Magill]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Aaron M. Streett]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeffrey L. Oldham]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Julius N. Richardson]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ryan A. Shores]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Kenneth Francis Ripple|Ripple]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark W. Mosier]]
|started=2005
|ended=September 3, 2005
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Deanell Reece Tacha|Tacha]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|10th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ann E. O'Connell]]
|started=2005
|ended=September 3, 2005
|school-yr=[[George Washington University Law School|GW]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank J. Magill|F. Magill]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael S. Passaportis]]
|started=2005
|ended=September 3, 2005
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table
|justice='''[[John Glover Roberts, Jr.]]'''
|begin=September 29, 2005
|end=present
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel P. Kearney, Jr.]]
|started=September 29, 2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[John G. Roberts|J. Roberts]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark W. Mosier]]
|started=September 29, 2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist]] / [[Deanell Reece Tacha|Tacha]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|10th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ann E. O'Connell]]
|started=September 29, 2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[George Washington University Law School|GW]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist]] / [[Frank J. Magill|F. Magill]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael S. Passaportis]]
|started=September 29, 2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist]] / [[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kosta Stojilkovic]]
|started=September 29, 2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[John G. Roberts|J. Roberts]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Felicia H. Ellsworth]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Michael Boudin|Boudin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George W. Hicks, Jr.]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Janice Rogers Brown|Janice R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Keenan D. Kmiec]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[Samuel Alito|Alito]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul J. Nathanson]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jason T. Burnette]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[University of Georgia School of Law|Georgia]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[R. Lanier Anderson III|R. L. Anderson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joshua Hawley]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Michael W. McConnell|McConnell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|10th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Anton Metlitsky]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Merrick B. Garland|Garland]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Erin Morrow]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William Baude]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Michael W. McConnell|McConnell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|10th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeffrey Harris (lawyer)|Jeffrey Harris]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Erin Murphy (law clerk)|Erin Murphy]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Diane S. Sykes|Sykes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Porter Wilkinson]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia Law School|Virginia]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Roman Martinez (law clerk)|Roman Martinez]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James McDonald (law clerk)|James McDonald]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia Law School|Virginia]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Sutton]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen Sachs (law clerk)|Stephen Sachs]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Erik R. Zimmerman]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul Crane]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kate Heinzelman]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Merrick Garland|Garland]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kathryn Tarbert]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Vanderbilt Law School|Vanderbilt]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
|}
|}</onlyinclude>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2010}}
[[Category:Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States|Chief]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Law Clerks Of The Supreme Court Of The United States (Chief Justice)}}

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)

2010-09-20T20:05:16Z

Broodingomnipresence:

[[Law clerk]]s have assisted Supreme Court Justices in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice [[Horace Gray]] in the 1880s. By the traditions and rules that have developed around this procedure today [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justices]] on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] have the opportunity to select four law clerks each term of the court. The [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] is allowed five clerks, though late Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist]] usually only hired three.

The following is a still-incomplete table of Supreme Court law clerks who served the Justice holding Seat 4.

* The names of Justices who are active ({{As of|2006|alt=as of}} Justice Samuel Alito's appointment on January 31, 2006) are in '''bold'''.
<onlyinclude>
{| style="width:100%; margin:auto;" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;" | This seat was established on September 24, 1789 by the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] [see 1 ''Stat.'' 73].
|-
| [[Samuel Blatchford]]
| April 3, 1882 – July 7, 1893
|-
| [[Edward Douglass White]]
| March 12, 1894 – December 18, 1910

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Willis Van Devanter]]|
begin=January 3, 1911|
end=June 2, 1937
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mahlon D. Kiefer]]
|started=1914
|ended=1919
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mahlon D. Kiefer]]
|started=1923
|ended=1924
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Arthur J. Mattson]]
|started=1924
|ended=1929
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John T. McHale]]
|started=1929
|ended=1937
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Hugo Black]]|
begin=August 19, 1937|
end=September 17, 1971
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jerome A. Cooper]]
|started=1937
|ended=1940
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1936)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Marx Leva]]
|started=1940
|ended=1941
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Max Isenbergh]]
|started=1941
|ended=1942
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Paul Frank]]
|started=1942
|ended=1943
|school-yr=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison|Wisconsin]] (1940)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles F. Luce]]
|started=1943
|ended=1944
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1942)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer]]
|started=1946
|ended=1947
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1946)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William Joslin]]
|started=1947
|ended=1948
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1947)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Truman M. Hobbs]]
|started=1948
|ended=1949
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1948)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Frank M. Wozencraft]]
|started=1949
|ended=1950
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George Treister]]
|started=1950
|ended=1951
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=[[Phil S. Gibson|P. Gibson]] ([[Supreme Court of California|Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Luther L. Hill, Jr.]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1950)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Neal P. Rutledge]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1950)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles H. Fahy|Fahy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles A. Reich]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1952)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David Vann|David J. Vann]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=[[University of Alabama School of Law|Alabama]] (1951)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel J. Meador]]
|started=1954
|ended=1955
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1954)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George C. Freeman, Jr.]]
|started=1956
|ended=1957
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David M. Clark]]
|started=1957
|ended=1958
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Guido Calabresi]]
|started=1958
|ended=1959
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1958)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nicholas Johnson]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[University of Texas|Texas]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=[[John Robert Brown (judge)|John R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John K. McNulty]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1959)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Floyd F. Feeney]]
|started=1961
|ended=1962
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1960)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[A. E. Dick Howard]]
|started=1962
|ended=1964
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1961)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John G. Kester]]
|started=1963
|ended=1965
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1963)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Drayton Nabers, Jr.]]
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John W. Vardaman]]
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Margaret J. Corcoran]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen D. Susman]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[University of Texas|Texas]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=[[John Robert Brown (judge)|John R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Joseph Price
|started=1967
|ended=1968
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1964)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Walter E. Dellinger III|Walter E. Dellinger, III]]
|started=1968
|ended=1969
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1966)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kenneth C. Bass, III]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]]
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Harmon (attorney)|John M. Harmon]]
|started=1970
|ended=1971
|school-yr=[[Duke University School of Law|Duke]] (1969)
|prev-clerk=[[Griffin Bell|G. Bell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=1971
|ended=September 17, 1971
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Covert E. Parnell III]]
|started=1971
|ended=September 17, 1971
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Francis Van Dusen|Van Dusen]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3rd Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.]]|
begin=January 7, 1972|
end=June 26, 1987
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Hamilton P. Fox III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Hugo Black|Black]] / [[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Covert E. Parnell III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Hugo Black|Black]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Powell|Powell]] / [[Hugo Black|Black]] / [[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William C. Kelly, Jr.]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.|Powell]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John J. Buckley, Jr.]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Calvin Jeffries|John C. Jeffries, Jr.]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jack B. Owens]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=David R. Boyd
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Julia Penny Clark]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[James Braxton Craven, Jr.|Craven]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joel Klein|Joel I. Klein]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[David L. Bazelon|Bazelon]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory K. Palm]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1974)
|prev-clerk=[[Henry Friendly|Friendly]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christina B. Whitman]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]]
|prev-clerk=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Tyler A. Baker III]]
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles B. Renfrew|Renfrew]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|N.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=David A. Martin
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James D. Alt]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis R. Morgan|L. Morgan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nancy J. Bregstein (Gordon)]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert D. Comfort]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Samuel Estreicher]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric G. Andersen]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Bruce Boisture]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Murray Gurfein|Gurfein]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul B. Stephan]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Levin H. Campbell|L. Campbell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David Westin|David L. Westin]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Edward Lumbard|Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jonathan B. Sallet]]
|started=1979
|ended= 1980
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Allen Tamm|Tamm]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David O. Stewart]]
|started=1979
|ended= 1980
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[David L. Bazelon|Bazelon]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Peter Byrne]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul W. Cane, Jr.]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Gregory Morgan]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Edward Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul M. Smith]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Oakes|Oakes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mary E. Becker]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard H. Fallon]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David F. Levi]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Benjamin Cushing Duniway|Duniway]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John S. Wiley]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James O. Browning]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Collins J. Seitz|Seitz]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rives Kistler|D. Rives Kistler]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles Clark (judge)|C. Clark]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark E. Newell]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael F. Sturley]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David A. Charny]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert M. Couch]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Washington and Lee University School of Law|Washington & Lee]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joseph E. Neuhaus]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Cammie R. Robinson (Hauptfuhrer)]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[A. Lee Bentley III]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Clement Haynsworth|Haynsworth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Annmarie Levins]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Maine School of Law|Maine]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Oakes|Oakes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel R. Ortiz]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Breyer|S. Breyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lynda Guild Simpson]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Cabell Chinnis]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Anne M. Coughlin]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Jon O. Newman|Newman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael W. Mosman]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William J. Stuntz]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis H. Pollak|L. Pollak]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|E.D. Pa.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert Allen Long]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Leslie Gielow]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer|Oberdorfer]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrew D. Leipold]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ronald J. Mann]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed, III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert W. Werner]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Hewitt Pate]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael N. Levy]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer|Oberdorfer]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George C. Freeman, III]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard S. Arnold|R. Arnold]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk||
name=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Jeffrey S. Sutton]] (shared with [[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]])
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Moritz College of Law|Ohio State]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Thomas Meskill|Meskill]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rebecca A. Womeldorf]] (shared with [[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]])
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Washington and Lee University School of Law|Washington & Lee]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert R. Merhige, Jr.|Merhige]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia|E.D. Va.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Deanne E. Maynard]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Stanley S. Harris|S. Harris]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James J. Benjamin]] (shared with [[John Paul Stevens|Stevens]])
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Frederick Motz|J. F. Motz]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Maryland|D. Md.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark David Harris]] (shared with [[John Paul Stevens|Stevens]])
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Joel Martin Flaum|Flaum]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice='''[[Anthony Kennedy]]'''|
begin=February 18, 1988|
end=present
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel C. Chung]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miguel Estrada|Miguel A. Estrada]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter D. Keisler]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[E. Lawrence Vincent]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Elizabeth D. Collery]] (served first half only, replaced by Litman)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miguel Estrada|Miguel A. Estrada]] (served first half only, replaced by Cordray)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] / [[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Thomas G. Hungar]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter D. Keisler]] (served first half only, replaced by Cappuccio)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] / [[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul T. Cappuccio]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]] / [[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard Cordray|Richard A. Cordray]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Byron White|B. White]] / [[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Harry P. Litman]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Thurgood Marshall|T. Marshall]] / [[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeanne M. Hauch]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph K. Winter, Jr.|R. Winter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory E. Maggs]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed, III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Mollerus]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Jerry Edwin Smith|J. E. Smith]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Hewitt Pate]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.|Powell]] / [[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Randy Beck]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Dedman School of Law|SMU]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Patrick Higginbotham|P. Higginbotham]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jack L. Goldsmith]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David G. Litt]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Alfred Theodore Goodwin|Goodwin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[K. John Shaffer]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David L. Anderson (lawyer)|David L. Anderson]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John E. Barry]] (shared with [[Warren Burger|Burger]])
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Levin H. Campbell|L. Campbell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ashutosh Bhagwat]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael C. Dorf]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Reinhardt|Reinhardt]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jacqueline Gerson (Cooper)]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bradford A. Berenson]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Adam H. Charnes]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew H. Lembke]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher R. J. Pace]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miles F. Ehrlich]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[William Albert Norris|W. Norris]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gary Feinerman]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Joel Martin Flaum|Flaum]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nathan A. Forrester]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Neil M. Gorsuch]] (shared with [[Byron White|White]])
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Brett M. Kavanaugh]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Walter King Stapleton|Stapleton]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Susan M. Davies]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]]
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Breyer|S. Breyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael J. Hirshland]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Cheryl A. Krause (Zemelman)]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel Meron]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nancy L. Combs]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid Fionntain O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ward Farnsworth]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen B. Kinnaird]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[John M. Walker, Jr.|J. M. Walker]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kelly M. Klaus]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[William H. Orrick, Jr.|Orrick]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|N.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John P. Elwood]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Daniel Mahoney|Mahoney]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[F. Allen Ferrell]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Renee B. Lettow (Lerner)]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Anthony J. Vlatas]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Peter K. Leisure|Leisure]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephanos Bibas]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Patrick Higginbotham|P. Higginbotham]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Raymond Kethledge|Raymond M. Kethledge]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph B. Guy, Jr.|Guy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Harry P. Susman]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher S. Yoo]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Arthur Raymond Randolph|Randolph]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lisa Grow (Sun)]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard C. Nielson (law clerk)|Howard C. Nielson]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Edward S. Pallesen]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre N. Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John-Christopher Rozendaal]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James F. Bennett]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Vanderbilt University Law School|Vanderbilt]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[James Larry Edmondson|Edmondson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William A. Burck]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen M. Nickelsburg]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Y. Scudder]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Grant M. Dixton]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brett C. Gerry]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kevin J. Miller]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Jerry Edwin Smith|J. E. Smith]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eugene M. Paige]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven A. Engel]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John C. Neiman]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank Easterbrook|Easterbrook]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alexander J. Willscher]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rachel L. Brand]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles Fried|Fried]] ([[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court|Mass.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brian R. Matsui]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[David F. Levi|Levi]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of California|E.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Igor V. Timofeyev]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael F. Williams]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bertrand-Marc Allen]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Edward C. Dawson]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Earl Carnes|Carnes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Orin Kerr|Orin S. Kerr]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Leonard I. Garth|Garth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Chi T. Kwok]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrew C. Baak]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Kathryn R. Haun
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael E. Scoville]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew C. Stephenson]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David M. Cooper]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Merrick B. Garland|Garland]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Randy J. Kozel]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeffrey A. Pojanowski]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[John G. Roberts|J. Roberts]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Zachary S. Price]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[David S. Tatel|Tatel]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[Catherine C. Blake|Blake]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Maryland|D. Md.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David W. Foster]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lisa Marshall (Manheim)]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre N. Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric E. Murphy]]
|started=2006
|ended= 2007
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[James Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark R. Yohalem]]
|started=2006
|ended= 2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Chu (law clerk)|Michael Chu]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen J. Cowen]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrianna Kastanek]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Kenneth Francis Ripple|Ripple]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C.J. Mahoney]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Heidi Bond]] (shared with [[Sandra Day O'Connor|O'Connor]])
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ashley C. Keller]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Travis D. Lenkner]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[University of Kansas School of Law|Kansas]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven M. Shepard]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher J. Walker (law clerk)|Christopher J. Walker]]
|started=2008
|ended= 2009
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel Epps]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Allon Kedem]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]]) / [[Mark R. Kravitz|Kravitz (D. Conn.)]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Scott Keller]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Misha Tseytlin]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Janice Rogers Brown|Janice R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven Horowitz]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert Johnson]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard Re]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett M. Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James Y. Stern]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia Law School|UVA]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
|}
|}</onlyinclude>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2010}}
[[Category:Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States|Seat 04]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Law Clerks Of The Supreme Court Of The United States (Seat 4)}}

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)

2010-09-20T20:04:03Z

Broodingomnipresence:

[[Law clerk]]s have assisted Supreme Court Justices in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice [[Horace Gray]] in the 1880s. By the traditions and rules that have developed around this procedure today [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justices]] on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] have the opportunity to select four law clerks each term of the court. The [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] is allowed five clerks, though late Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist]] usually only hired three.

The following is a still-incomplete table of Supreme Court law clerks who served the Justice holding Seat 9.

* The names of Justices who are active ({{As of|2006|alt=as of}} Justice Samuel Alito's appointment on January 31, 2006) are in '''bold'''.
<onlyinclude>
{| style="width:100%; margin:auto;" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;" | This seat was established on March 3, 1863 by the Tenth Circuit Act [see 12 ''Stat.'' 794].

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Stephen Johnson Field]]|
begin=May 20, 1863|
end=December 1, 1897
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Irwin B. Linton]]
|started=1889
|ended=1895
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Clarence M. York]]
|started=1896
|ended=1897
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=[[Melville Fuller|M. W. Fuller]]
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Joseph McKenna]]|
begin=January 26, 1898|
end=January 5, 1925
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James Cecil Hooe]]
|started=1898
|ended=1911
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ashton F. Embry]]
|started=1911
|ended=December 16, 1919
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert G. Cogswell]]
|started=1919
|ended=1924
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Harlan Fiske Stone]]|
begin=March 2, 1925|
end=July 2, 1941
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert G. Cogswell]]
|started=1925
|ended=1925
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph McKenna|J. McKenna]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alfred McCormack]]
|started=1925
|ended=1926
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Milton C. Handler]]
|started=1926
|ended=1927
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1926)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Wilbur H. Friedman]]
|started=1930
|ended=1931
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1930)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Walter Gellhorn]]
|started=1931
|ended=1932
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1931)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Herbert Wechsler]]
|started=1932
|ended=1933
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1931)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard C. Westwood]]
|started=1933
|ended=1934
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1933)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Warner W. Gardner]]
|started=1934
|ended=1935
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1934)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Thomas Everett Harris]]
|started=1935
|ended=1936
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1935)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Harold Leventhal]]
|started=1937
|ended=1938
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1936)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Louis Lusky]]
|started=1937
|ended=1938
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1937)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alexis C. Coudert]]
|started=1938
|ended=1939
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Allison Dunham]]
|started=1939
|ended=1941
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1939)
|prev-clerk=
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Robert H. Jackson]]|
begin=July 11, 1941|
end=October 9, 1954
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John F. Costelloe]]
|started=1941
|ended=1943
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Phil C. Neal]]
|started=1943
|ended=1945
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1943)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Murray Gartner]]
|started=1945
|ended=1947
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1945)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James M. Marsh]]
|started=1947
|ended=1949
|school-yr=[[Temple University Beasley School of Law|Temple]] (1947)
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard C. Buschman, Jr.]]
|started=1949
|ended=1950
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alan Y. Cole]]
|started=1949
|ended=1950
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Cushman (attorney)|John Cushman]]
|started=1950
|ended=1951
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. George Niebank, Jr.]]
|started=1950
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[University at Buffalo Law School|Buffalo]] (1950)
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William H. Rehnquist]]
|started=1952
|ended=1953
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1952)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Donald Cronson]]
|started=1952
|ended=1953
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[E. Barrett Prettyman, Jr.]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1953)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[John Marshall Harlan II]]|
begin=March 28, 1955|
end=September 23, 1971
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William T. Lifland]]
|started=1955
|ended=1955
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[E. Barrett Prettyman, Jr.]]
|started=1955
|ended=1955
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1953)
|prev-clerk=[[Felix Frankfurter|Frankfurter]] / [[Robert H. Jackson|R. H. Jackson]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Wayne G. Barnett]]
|started=1955
|ended=1956
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Leonard M. Leiman]]
|started=1955
|ended=1956
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul M. Bator]]
|started=1956
|ended=1957
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Norbert A. Schlei]]
|started=1956
|ended=1957
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Norman Dorsen]]
|started=1957
|ended=1958
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1953)
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Henry J. Steiner]]
|started=1957
|ended=1958
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1955)
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Henry P. Sailer]]
|started=1958
|ended=1959
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen Shulman]]
|started=1958
|ended=1959
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jay A. Erens]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard Lesnick]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1958)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles Fried]]
|started=1960
|ended=1961
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1960)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Philip B. Heymann]]
|started=1960
|ended=1961
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1960)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nathan Lewin]]
|started=1961
|ended=1962
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1960)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Edward Lumbard|Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John B. Rhinelander]]
|started=1961
|ended=1962
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard J. Hiegel]]
|started=1962
|ended=1963
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=David L. Shapiro
|started=1962
|ended=1963
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1957)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Kent Greenawalt]]
|started=1963
|ended=1964
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1963)
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lloyd L. Weinreb]]
|started=1963
|ended=1964
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1962)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Edward Lumbard|Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael M. Maney]]
|started=1964
|ended=1965
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles Nesson|Charles R. Nesson]]
|started=1964
|ended=1965
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Boudin]]
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1964)
|prev-clerk=[[Henry Friendly|Friendly]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew Nimetz]]
|started=1965
|ended=1967
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles Lister]]
|started=1966
|ended=1968
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bert W. Rein]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1964)
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Louis R. Cohen]]
|started=1967
|ended=1968
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1966)
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Thomas B. Stoel, Jr.]]
|started=1967
|ended=1969
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bruce Ackerman|Bruce A. Ackerman]]
|started=1968
|ended=1969
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1967)
|prev-clerk=[[Henry Friendly|Friendly]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul A. Brest]]
|started=1968
|ended=1969
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=[[Bailey Aldrich|Aldrich]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles L. Fabrikant]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William T. Lake]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=[[Henry Friendly|Friendly]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert H. Mnookin]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1968)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Marvin L. Gray, Jr.]]
|started=1970
|ended=1971
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Thomas G. Krattenmaker]]
|started=1970
|ended=1971
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Martin D. Minsker]]
|started=1970
|ended=September 23, 1971
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James R. Bieke]]
|started=1971
|ended=September 23, 1971
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Edward Lumbard|Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Allen Snyder (lawyer)|Allen R. Snyder]]
|started=1971
|ended=September 23, 1971
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[William Rehnquist]]|
begin=January 7, 1972|
end=September 26, 1986
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Frederick W. Lambert]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1969)
|prev-clerk=[[Stanley Nelson Barnes|S. Barnes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael J. Meehan (lawyer)|Michael J. Meehan]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[James E. Rogers College of Law|Arizona]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Allen Snyder (lawyer)|Allen R. Snyder]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[John Marshall Harlan II|Harlan II]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[L. Gordon Harriss]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul R. Hays|Hays]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James A. Strain]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Indiana University School of Law - Bloomington|Indiana]] (1969)
|prev-clerk=[[John Simpson Hastings|Hastings]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert W. Wild]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Cornell Law School|Cornell]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Michael Buxton]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Kentucky College of Law|Kentucky]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[H. Bartow Farr III]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law|Arizona State]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Fredericka Paff]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1969)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William S. Jacobs]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[Duke University School of Law|Duke]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[Griffin Bell|G. Bell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John M. Nannes]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[Roger Robb|R. Robb]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John O'Neill (Vietnam veteran)|John E. O'Neill]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Craig M. Bradley]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William S. Eggeling]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[Boston University School of Law|Boston]] (1974)
|prev-clerk=[[Levin H. Campbell|L. Campbell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John M. Mason]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[Washington and Lee University School of Law|Washington & Lee]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Donald B. Ayer]]
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Q. Eagan]]
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1974)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Thomas H. Jackson]]
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Marvin E. Frankel|Frankel]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Barton H. Thompson, Jr.]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael B. Wallace]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=[[Harry G. Walker|H. Walker]] ([[Supreme Court of Mississippi|Miss.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael K. Young]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=[[Benjamin Kaplan|Kaplan]] ([[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court|Mass.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles J. Cooper]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[University of Alabama School of Law|Alabama]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul Hitch Roney|Roney]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert T. Haar]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark R. Kravitz]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[James Hunter III|Hunter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James R. Asperger]]
|started=1979
|ended=1980
|school-yr=[[UCLA School of Law|UCLA]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[Stanley Mosk|Mosk]] ([[Supreme Court of California|Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Maureen Mahoney|Maureen E. Mahoney]]
|started=1979
|ended=1980
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Arthur Sprecher|Sprecher]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[W. Thomas McGough]]
|started=1979
|ended=1980
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[Collins J. Seitz|Seitz]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Dean C. Colson]]
|started=1980
|ended=1981
|school-yr=[[University of Miami School of Law|Miami]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Peter Thorp Fay|Fay]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert B. Knauss]]
|started=1980
|ended=1981
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Walter R. Mansfield|Mansfield]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John G. Roberts|John G. Roberts, Jr.]]
|started=1980
|ended=1981
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Henry Friendly|Friendly]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David G. Campbell]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[S.J. Quinney College of Law|Utah]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brett L. Dunkelman]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[James E. Rogers College of Law|Arizona]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[William Perry Copple|Copple]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Arizona|D. Ariz.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Parker C. Folse III]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ronald L. Blunt]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law|Missouri]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Roger Robb|R. Robb]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gary B. Born]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Henry Friendly|Friendly]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David B. Jaffe]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[James R. Browning|Browning]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael K. Kellogg]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Scott G. Knudson]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[University of Minnesota Law School|Minnesota]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Allen Tamm|Tamm]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kerri L. Martin (Bartlett)]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[James Hunter III|Hunter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John C. Englander]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[Boston University Law School|Boston]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Bailey Aldrich|Aldrich]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William F. Jung]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Illinois College of Law|Illinois]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Gerald Bard Tjoflat|Tjoflat]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alan B. Vickery]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Wilfred Feinberg|Feinberg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Randall D. Guynn]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joseph L. Hoffmann]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[University of Washington School of Law|UW]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Phyllis A. Kravitch|Kravitch]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[H. Geoffrey Moulton]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Wilfred Feinberg|Feinberg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice='''[[Antonin Scalia]]'''|
begin=September 26, 1986|
end=present
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gary S. Lawson]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lee S. Liberman (Otis)]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Roy W. McLeese III]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]]
|prev-clerk=[[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gene C. Schaerr]] (shared with [[Warren Burger|Burger]])
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Kenneth W. Starr|Starr]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Patrick J. Schiltz]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard D. Bernstein]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven G. Calabresi]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[Ralph K. Winter, Jr.|R. Winter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul T. Cappuccio]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory S. Dovel]] (shared with [[Warren Burger|Burger]])
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert H. Tiller]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Wendy E. Ackerman]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard P. Bress]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[D. Cameron Findlay]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William K. Kelley]] (shared with [[Warren Burger|Burger]])
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Kenneth Starr|Starr]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John F. Manning]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bradford R. Clark]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bruce L. Hay]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[William Albert Norris|W. Norris]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Von G. Keetch]] (shared with [[Warren Burger|Burger]])
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[George C. Pratt|G. Pratt]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kristin A. Linsley (Myles)]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Henry Weissmann]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Buckley|Buckley]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher Landau]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Clarence Thomas|C. Thomas]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lawrence Lessig|L. Lawrence Lessig]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alan J. Meese]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank Easterbrook|Easterbrook]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael D. Ramsey]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brian D. Boyle]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel P. Collins]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Dorothy Wright Nelson|D. W. Nelson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk||
name=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Jeffrey S. Sutton]] (shared with [[Lewis Powell|Powell]])
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Moritz College of Law|Ohio State]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Thomas Joseph Meskill|Meskill]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[M. Edward Whelan III]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeffrey M. Wintner]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alex Azar|Alex M. Azar II]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John F. Duffy]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David Nahmias|David E. Nahmias]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrew J. Nussbaum]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Ruth Bader Ginsburg|R. B. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul Clement|Paul D. Clement]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Louis E. Feldman]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]]
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark R. Filip]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Emmet T. Flood]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph K. Winter, Jr.|R. Winter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Griffith L. Green]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joan L. Larsen]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard A. Shelanski]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[Louis H. Pollak|L. Pollak]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|E.D. Pa.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Adrian Vermeule]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kathleen S. Beecher (Moore)]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph K. Winter, Jr.|R. Winter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles S. Duggan]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joseph D. Kearney]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Theodore W. Ullyot]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago|Chicago]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John E. Fee]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank Easterbrook|Easterbrook]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christine M. Jolls]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard M. Radzely]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Glen E. Summers]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Scott Ballenger]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Anthony J. Bellia]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Notre Dame Law School|Notre Dame]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[William M. Skretny|Skretny]] ([[United States District Court for the Western District of New York|W.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Noel J. Francisco]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rachel Barkow|Rachel E. Selinfreund (Barkow)]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Amy V. Coney (Barrett)]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Notre Dame Law School|Notre Dame]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kevin B. Huff]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[Denise Cote|Cote]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ara Lovitt]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen A. Miller]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Joel Martin Flaum|Flaum]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jordan B. Hansell]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joel Kaplan|Joel D. Kaplan]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kannon K. Shanmugam]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mary Beth Brookshire Young]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kevin P. Martin]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Julian W. Poon]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Aaron D. Van Oort]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric B. Wolff]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[William A. Fletcher|W. Fletcher]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Shay Dvoretzky]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Susan E. Kearns (Engel)]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brian T. Fitzpatrick]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Edward R. Morrison]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jonathan F. Mitchell]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brian J. Murray]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Notre Dame Law School|Notre Dame]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John C. O'Quinn]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gil Seinfeld]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Guido Calabresi|Calabresi]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Benjamin L. Hatch]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Scott Hemphill]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert K. Kry]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kevin C. Walsh]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Curtis E. Gannon]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Edith Jones|E. Jones]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William M. Jay]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Tara S. Kole]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John R. Phillips]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John C. Demers]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Scott P. Martin]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[D. John Sauer]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Evan A. Young]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel A. Bress]]
|started=2006
|ended= 2007
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Louis A. Chaiten]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Sutton]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joshua S. Lipshutz]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Hashim Mooppan]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Aditya Bamzai]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Sutton]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John F. Bash III]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bryan M. Killian]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rachel P. Kovner]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jameson R. Jones]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Sutton]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Yaakov Roth]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Michael Boudin|Boudin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Moshe Y. Spinowitz]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Michael Boudin|Boudin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David C. Thompson]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jonathan C. Bond]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[George Washington University Law School|GW]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Sutton]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven Lehotsky]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel M. Sullivan]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Katherine Twomey]]
|started=2009
|ended=2010
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert Allen]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Michael Boudin|Boudin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matt Owen]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[Neil M. Gorsuch|Gorsuch]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|10th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Adam Unikowsky]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jason Wilcox]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Sutton]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
|}
|}</onlyinclude>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2010}}
[[Category:Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States|Seat 09]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Law Clerks Of The Supreme Court Of The United States (Seat 9)}}

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)

2010-09-20T19:59:09Z

Broodingomnipresence:

[[Law clerk]]s have assisted Supreme Court Justices in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice [[Horace Gray]] in the 1880s. By the traditions and rules that have developed around this procedure today [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justices]] on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] have the opportunity to select four law clerks each term of the court. The [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] is allowed five clerks, though late Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist]] usually only hired three.

The following is a still-incomplete table of Supreme Court law clerks who served the Justice holding Seat 4.

* The names of Justices who are active ({{As of|2006|alt=as of}} Justice Samuel Alito's appointment on January 31, 2006) are in '''bold'''.
<onlyinclude>
{| style="width:100%; margin:auto;" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;" | This seat was established on September 24, 1789 by the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] [see 1 ''Stat.'' 73].
|-
| [[Samuel Blatchford]]
| April 3, 1882 – July 7, 1893
|-
| [[Edward Douglass White]]
| March 12, 1894 – December 18, 1910

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Willis Van Devanter]]|
begin=January 3, 1911|
end=June 2, 1937
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mahlon D. Kiefer]]
|started=1914
|ended=1919
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mahlon D. Kiefer]]
|started=1923
|ended=1924
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Arthur J. Mattson]]
|started=1924
|ended=1929
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John T. McHale]]
|started=1929
|ended=1937
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Hugo Black]]|
begin=August 19, 1937|
end=September 17, 1971
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jerome A. Cooper]]
|started=1937
|ended=1940
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1936)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Marx Leva]]
|started=1940
|ended=1941
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Max Isenbergh]]
|started=1941
|ended=1942
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Paul Frank]]
|started=1942
|ended=1943
|school-yr=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison|Wisconsin]] (1940)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles F. Luce]]
|started=1943
|ended=1944
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1942)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer]]
|started=1946
|ended=1947
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1946)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William Joslin]]
|started=1947
|ended=1948
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1947)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Truman M. Hobbs]]
|started=1948
|ended=1949
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1948)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Frank M. Wozencraft]]
|started=1949
|ended=1950
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George Treister]]
|started=1950
|ended=1951
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=[[Phil S. Gibson|P. Gibson]] ([[Supreme Court of California|Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Luther L. Hill, Jr.]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1950)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Neal P. Rutledge]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1950)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles H. Fahy|Fahy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles A. Reich]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1952)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David Vann|David J. Vann]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=[[University of Alabama School of Law|Alabama]] (1951)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel J. Meador]]
|started=1954
|ended=1955
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1954)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George C. Freeman, Jr.]]
|started=1956
|ended=1957
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David M. Clark]]
|started=1957
|ended=1958
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Guido Calabresi]]
|started=1958
|ended=1959
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1958)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nicholas Johnson]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[University of Texas|Texas]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=[[John Robert Brown (judge)|John R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John K. McNulty]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1959)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Floyd F. Feeney]]
|started=1961
|ended=1962
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1960)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[A. E. Dick Howard]]
|started=1962
|ended=1964
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1961)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John G. Kester]]
|started=1963
|ended=1965
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1963)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Drayton Nabers, Jr.]]
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John W. Vardaman]]
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Margaret J. Corcoran]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen D. Susman]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[University of Texas|Texas]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=[[John Robert Brown (judge)|John R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Joseph Price
|started=1967
|ended=1968
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1964)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Walter E. Dellinger III|Walter E. Dellinger, III]]
|started=1968
|ended=1969
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1966)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kenneth C. Bass, III]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]]
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Harmon (attorney)|John M. Harmon]]
|started=1970
|ended=1971
|school-yr=[[Duke University School of Law|Duke]] (1969)
|prev-clerk=[[Griffin Bell|G. Bell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=1971
|ended=September 17, 1971
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Covert E. Parnell III]]
|started=1971
|ended=September 17, 1971
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Francis Van Dusen|Van Dusen]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3rd Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.]]|
begin=January 7, 1972|
end=June 26, 1987
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Hamilton P. Fox III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Hugo Black|Black]] / [[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Covert E. Parnell III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Hugo Black|Black]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Powell|Powell]] / [[Hugo Black|Black]] / [[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William C. Kelly, Jr.]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.|Powell]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John J. Buckley, Jr.]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Calvin Jeffries|John C. Jeffries, Jr.]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jack B. Owens]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=David R. Boyd
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Julia Penny Clark]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[James Braxton Craven, Jr.|Craven]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joel Klein|Joel I. Klein]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[David L. Bazelon|Bazelon]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory K. Palm]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1974)
|prev-clerk=[[Henry Friendly|Friendly]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christina B. Whitman]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]]
|prev-clerk=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Tyler A. Baker III]]
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles B. Renfrew|Renfrew]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|N.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=David A. Martin
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James D. Alt]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis R. Morgan|L. Morgan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nancy J. Bregstein (Gordon)]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert D. Comfort]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Samuel Estreicher]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric G. Andersen]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Bruce Boisture]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Murray Gurfein|Gurfein]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul B. Stephan]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Levin H. Campbell|L. Campbell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David Westin|David L. Westin]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Edward Lumbard|Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jonathan B. Sallet]]
|started=1979
|ended= 1980
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Allen Tamm|Tamm]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David O. Stewart]]
|started=1979
|ended= 1980
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[David L. Bazelon|Bazelon]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Peter Byrne]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul W. Cane, Jr.]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Gregory Morgan]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Edward Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul M. Smith]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Oakes|Oakes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mary E. Becker]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard H. Fallon]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David F. Levi]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Benjamin Cushing Duniway|Duniway]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John S. Wiley]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James O. Browning]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Collins J. Seitz|Seitz]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rives Kistler|D. Rives Kistler]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles Clark (judge)|C. Clark]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark E. Newell]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael F. Sturley]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David A. Charny]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert M. Couch]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Washington and Lee University School of Law|Washington & Lee]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joseph E. Neuhaus]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Cammie R. Robinson (Hauptfuhrer)]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[A. Lee Bentley III]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Clement Haynsworth|Haynsworth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Annmarie Levins]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Maine School of Law|Maine]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Oakes|Oakes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel R. Ortiz]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Breyer|S. Breyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lynda Guild Simpson]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Cabell Chinnis]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Anne M. Coughlin]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Jon O. Newman|Newman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael W. Mosman]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William J. Stuntz]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis H. Pollak|L. Pollak]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|E.D. Pa.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert Allen Long]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Leslie Gielow]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer|Oberdorfer]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrew D. Leipold]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ronald J. Mann]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed, III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert W. Werner]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Hewitt Pate]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael N. Levy]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer|Oberdorfer]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George C. Freeman, III]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard S. Arnold|R. Arnold]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk||
name=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Jeffrey S. Sutton]] (shared with [[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]])
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Moritz College of Law|Ohio State]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Thomas Meskill|Meskill]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rebecca A. Womeldorf]] (shared with [[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]])
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Washington and Lee University School of Law|Washington & Lee]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert R. Merhige, Jr.|Merhige]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia|E.D. Va.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Deanne E. Maynard]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Stanley S. Harris|S. Harris]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James J. Benjamin]] (shared with [[John Paul Stevens|Stevens]])
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Frederick Motz|J. F. Motz]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Maryland|D. Md.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark David Harris]] (shared with [[John Paul Stevens|Stevens]])
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Joel Martin Flaum|Flaum]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice='''[[Anthony Kennedy]]'''|
begin=February 18, 1988|
end=present
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel C. Chung]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miguel Estrada|Miguel A. Estrada]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter D. Keisler]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[E. Lawrence Vincent]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Elizabeth D. Collery]] (served first half only, replaced by Litman)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miguel Estrada|Miguel A. Estrada]] (served first half only, replaced by Cordray)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] / [[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Thomas G. Hungar]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter D. Keisler]] (served first half only, replaced by Cappuccio)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] / [[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul T. Cappuccio]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]] / [[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard Cordray|Richard A. Cordray]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Byron White|B. White]] / [[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Harry P. Litman]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Thurgood Marshall|T. Marshall]] / [[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeanne M. Hauch]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph K. Winter, Jr.|R. Winter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory E. Maggs]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed, III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Mollerus]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Jerry Edwin Smith|J. E. Smith]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Hewitt Pate]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.|Powell]] / [[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Randy Beck]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Dedman School of Law|SMU]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Patrick Higginbotham|P. Higginbotham]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jack L. Goldsmith]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David G. Litt]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Alfred Theodore Goodwin|Goodwin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[K. John Shaffer]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David L. Anderson (lawyer)|David L. Anderson]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John E. Barry]] (shared with [[Warren Burger|Burger]])
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Levin H. Campbell|L. Campbell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ashutosh Bhagwat]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael C. Dorf]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Reinhardt|Reinhardt]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jacqueline Gerson (Cooper)]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bradford A. Berenson]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Adam H. Charnes]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew H. Lembke]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher R. J. Pace]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miles F. Ehrlich]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[William Albert Norris|W. Norris]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gary Feinerman]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Joel Martin Flaum|Flaum]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nathan A. Forrester]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Neil M. Gorsuch]] (shared with [[Byron White|White]])
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Brett M. Kavanaugh]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Walter King Stapleton|Stapleton]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Susan M. Davies]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]]
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Breyer|S. Breyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael J. Hirshland]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Cheryl A. Krause (Zemelman)]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel Meron]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nancy L. Combs]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid Fionntain O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ward Farnsworth]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen B. Kinnaird]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[John M. Walker, Jr.|J. M. Walker]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kelly M. Klaus]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[William H. Orrick, Jr.|Orrick]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|N.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John P. Elwood]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Daniel Mahoney|Mahoney]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[F. Allen Ferrell]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Renee B. Lettow (Lerner)]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Anthony J. Vlatas]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Peter K. Leisure|Leisure]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephanos Bibas]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Patrick Higginbotham|P. Higginbotham]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Raymond Kethledge|Raymond M. Kethledge]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph B. Guy, Jr.|Guy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Harry P. Susman]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher S. Yoo]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Arthur Raymond Randolph|Randolph]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lisa Grow (Sun)]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard C. Nielson (law clerk)|Howard C. Nielson]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Edward S. Pallesen]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre N. Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John-Christopher Rozendaal]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James F. Bennett]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Vanderbilt University Law School|Vanderbilt]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[James Larry Edmondson|Edmondson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William A. Burck]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen M. Nickelsburg]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Y. Scudder]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Grant M. Dixton]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brett C. Gerry]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kevin J. Miller]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Jerry Edwin Smith|J. E. Smith]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eugene M. Paige]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven A. Engel]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John C. Neiman]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank Easterbrook|Easterbrook]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alexander J. Willscher]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rachel L. Brand]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles Fried|Fried]] ([[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court|Mass.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brian R. Matsui]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[David F. Levi|Levi]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of California|E.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Igor V. Timofeyev]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael F. Williams]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bertrand-Marc Allen]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Edward C. Dawson]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Earl Carnes|Carnes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Orin Kerr|Orin S. Kerr]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Leonard I. Garth|Garth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Chi T. Kwok]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrew C. Baak]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Kathryn R. Haun
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael E. Scoville]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew C. Stephenson]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David M. Cooper]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Merrick B. Garland|Garland]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Randy J. Kozel]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeffrey A. Pojanowski]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[John G. Roberts|J. Roberts]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Zachary S. Price]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[David S. Tatel|Tatel]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[Catherine C. Blake|Blake]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Maryland|D. Md.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David W. Foster]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lisa Marshall (Manheim)]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre N. Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric E. Murphy]]
|started=2006
|ended= 2007
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[James Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark R. Yohalem]]
|started=2006
|ended= 2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Chu (law clerk)|Michael Chu]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen J. Cowen]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrianna Kastanek]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Kenneth Francis Ripple|Ripple]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C.J. Mahoney]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Heidi Bond]] (shared with [[Sandra Day O'Connor|O'Connor]])
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ashley C. Keller]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Travis D. Lenkner]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[University of Kansas School of Law|Kansas]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven M. Shepard]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher J. Walker (law clerk)|Christopher J. Walker]]
|started=2008
|ended= 2009
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel Epps]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Allon Kedem]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]]) / [[Mark R. Kravitz|Kravitz (D. Conn.)]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Scott Keller]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Misha Tseytlin]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Janice Rogers Brown|Janice R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven Horowitz]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert Johnson]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard Re]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett M. Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James Y. Stern]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia Law School|UVA]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
|}
|}</onlyinclude>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2010}}
[[Category:Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States|Seat 04]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Law Clerks Of The Supreme Court Of The United States (Seat 4)}}

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)

2010-09-20T19:58:11Z

Broodingomnipresence:

[[Law clerk]]s have assisted Supreme Court Justices in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice [[Horace Gray]] in the 1880s. By the traditions and rules that have developed around this procedure today [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justices]] on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] have the opportunity to select four law clerks each term of the court. The [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] is allowed five clerks, though late Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist]] usually only hired three.

The following is a still-incomplete table of Supreme Court law clerks who served the Justice holding Seat 4.

* The names of Justices who are active ({{As of|2006|alt=as of}} Justice Samuel Alito's appointment on January 31, 2006) are in '''bold'''.
<onlyinclude>
{| style="width:100%; margin:auto;" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;" | This seat was established on September 24, 1789 by the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] [see 1 ''Stat.'' 73].
|-
| [[Samuel Blatchford]]
| April 3, 1882 – July 7, 1893
|-
| [[Edward Douglass White]]
| March 12, 1894 – December 18, 1910

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Willis Van Devanter]]|
begin=January 3, 1911|
end=June 2, 1937
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mahlon D. Kiefer]]
|started=1914
|ended=1919
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mahlon D. Kiefer]]
|started=1923
|ended=1924
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Arthur J. Mattson]]
|started=1924
|ended=1929
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John T. McHale]]
|started=1929
|ended=1937
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Hugo Black]]|
begin=August 19, 1937|
end=September 17, 1971
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jerome A. Cooper]]
|started=1937
|ended=1940
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1936)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Marx Leva]]
|started=1940
|ended=1941
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Max Isenbergh]]
|started=1941
|ended=1942
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Paul Frank]]
|started=1942
|ended=1943
|school-yr=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison|Wisconsin]] (1940)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles F. Luce]]
|started=1943
|ended=1944
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1942)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer]]
|started=1946
|ended=1947
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1946)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William Joslin]]
|started=1947
|ended=1948
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1947)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Truman M. Hobbs]]
|started=1948
|ended=1949
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1948)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Frank M. Wozencraft]]
|started=1949
|ended=1950
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George Treister]]
|started=1950
|ended=1951
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=[[Phil S. Gibson|P. Gibson]] ([[Supreme Court of California|Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Luther L. Hill, Jr.]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1950)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Neal P. Rutledge]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1950)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles H. Fahy|Fahy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles A. Reich]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1952)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David Vann|David J. Vann]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=[[University of Alabama School of Law|Alabama]] (1951)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel J. Meador]]
|started=1954
|ended=1955
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1954)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George C. Freeman, Jr.]]
|started=1956
|ended=1957
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David M. Clark]]
|started=1957
|ended=1958
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Guido Calabresi]]
|started=1958
|ended=1959
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1958)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nicholas Johnson]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[University of Texas|Texas]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=[[John Robert Brown (judge)|John R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John K. McNulty]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1959)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Floyd F. Feeney]]
|started=1961
|ended=1962
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1960)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[A. E. Dick Howard]]
|started=1962
|ended=1964
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1961)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John G. Kester]]
|started=1963
|ended=1965
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1963)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Drayton Nabers, Jr.]]
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John W. Vardaman]]
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Margaret J. Corcoran]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen D. Susman]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[University of Texas|Texas]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=[[John Robert Brown (judge)|John R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Joseph Price
|started=1967
|ended=1968
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1964)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Walter E. Dellinger III|Walter E. Dellinger, III]]
|started=1968
|ended=1969
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1966)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kenneth C. Bass, III]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]]
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Harmon (attorney)|John M. Harmon]]
|started=1970
|ended=1971
|school-yr=[[Duke University School of Law|Duke]] (1969)
|prev-clerk=[[Griffin Bell|G. Bell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=1971
|ended=September 17, 1971
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Covert E. Parnell III]]
|started=1971
|ended=September 17, 1971
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Francis Van Dusen|Van Dusen]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3rd Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.]]|
begin=January 7, 1972|
end=June 26, 1987
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Hamilton P. Fox III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Hugo Black|Black]] / [[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Covert E. Parnell III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Hugo Black|Black]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Powell|Powell]] / [[Hugo Black|Black]] / [[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William C. Kelly, Jr.]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.|Powell]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John J. Buckley, Jr.]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Calvin Jeffries|John C. Jeffries, Jr.]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jack B. Owens]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=David R. Boyd
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Julia Penny Clark]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[James Braxton Craven, Jr.|Craven]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joel Klein|Joel I. Klein]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[David L. Bazelon|Bazelon]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory K. Palm]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1974)
|prev-clerk=[[Henry Friendly|Friendly]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christina B. Whitman]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]]
|prev-clerk=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Tyler A. Baker III]]
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles B. Renfrew|Renfrew]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|N.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=David A. Martin
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James D. Alt]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis R. Morgan|L. Morgan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nancy J. Bregstein (Gordon)]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert D. Comfort]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Samuel Estreicher]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric G. Andersen]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Bruce Boisture]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Murray Gurfein|Gurfein]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul B. Stephan]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Levin H. Campbell|L. Campbell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David Westin|David L. Westin]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Edward Lumbard|Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jonathan B. Sallet]]
|started=1979
|ended= 1980
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Allen Tamm|Tamm]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David O. Stewart]]
|started=1979
|ended= 1980
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[David L. Bazelon|Bazelon]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Peter Byrne]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul W. Cane, Jr.]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Gregory Morgan]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Edward Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul M. Smith]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Oakes|Oakes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mary E. Becker]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard H. Fallon]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David F. Levi]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Benjamin Cushing Duniway|Duniway]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John S. Wiley]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James O. Browning]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Collins J. Seitz|Seitz]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rives Kistler|D. Rives Kistler]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles Clark (judge)|C. Clark]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark E. Newell]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael F. Sturley]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David A. Charny]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert M. Couch]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Washington and Lee University School of Law|Washington & Lee]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joseph E. Neuhaus]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Cammie R. Robinson (Hauptfuhrer)]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[A. Lee Bentley III]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Clement Haynsworth|Haynsworth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Annmarie Levins]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Maine School of Law|Maine]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Oakes|Oakes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel R. Ortiz]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Breyer|S. Breyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lynda Guild Simpson]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Cabell Chinnis]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Anne M. Coughlin]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Jon O. Newman|Newman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael W. Mosman]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William J. Stuntz]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis H. Pollak|L. Pollak]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|E.D. Pa.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert Allen Long]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Leslie Gielow]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer|Oberdorfer]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrew D. Leipold]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ronald J. Mann]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed, III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert W. Werner]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Hewitt Pate]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael N. Levy]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer|Oberdorfer]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George C. Freeman, III]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard S. Arnold|R. Arnold]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk||
name=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Jeffrey S. Sutton]] (shared with [[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]])
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Moritz College of Law|Ohio State]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Thomas Meskill|Meskill]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rebecca A. Womeldorf]] (shared with [[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]])
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Washington and Lee University School of Law|Washington & Lee]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert R. Merhige, Jr.|Merhige]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia|E.D. Va.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Deanne E. Maynard]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Stanley S. Harris|S. Harris]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James J. Benjamin]] (shared with [[John Paul Stevens|Stevens]])
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Frederick Motz|J. F. Motz]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Maryland|D. Md.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark David Harris]] (shared with [[John Paul Stevens|Stevens]])
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Joel Martin Flaum|Flaum]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice='''[[Anthony Kennedy]]'''|
begin=February 18, 1988|
end=present
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel C. Chung]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miguel Estrada|Miguel A. Estrada]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter D. Keisler]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[E. Lawrence Vincent]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Elizabeth D. Collery]] (served first half only, replaced by Litman)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miguel Estrada|Miguel A. Estrada]] (served first half only, replaced by Cordray)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] / [[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Thomas G. Hungar]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter D. Keisler]] (served first half only, replaced by Cappuccio)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] / [[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul T. Cappuccio]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]] / [[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard Cordray|Richard A. Cordray]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Byron White|B. White]] / [[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Harry P. Litman]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Thurgood Marshall|T. Marshall]] / [[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeanne M. Hauch]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph K. Winter, Jr.|R. Winter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory E. Maggs]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed, III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Mollerus]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Jerry Edwin Smith|J. E. Smith]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Hewitt Pate]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.|Powell]] / [[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Randy Beck]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Dedman School of Law|SMU]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Patrick Higginbotham|P. Higginbotham]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jack L. Goldsmith]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David G. Litt]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Alfred Theodore Goodwin|Goodwin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[K. John Shaffer]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David L. Anderson (lawyer)|David L. Anderson]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John E. Barry]] (shared with [[Warren Burger|Burger]])
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Levin H. Campbell|L. Campbell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ashutosh Bhagwat]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael C. Dorf]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Reinhardt|Reinhardt]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jacqueline Gerson (Cooper)]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bradford A. Berenson]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Adam H. Charnes]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew H. Lembke]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher R. J. Pace]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miles F. Ehrlich]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[William Albert Norris|W. Norris]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gary Feinerman]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Joel Martin Flaum|Flaum]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nathan A. Forrester]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Neil M. Gorsuch]] (shared with [[Byron White|White]])
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Brett M. Kavanaugh]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Walter King Stapleton|Stapleton]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Susan M. Davies]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]]
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Breyer|S. Breyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael J. Hirshland]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Cheryl A. Krause (Zemelman)]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel Meron]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nancy L. Combs]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid Fionntain O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ward Farnsworth]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen B. Kinnaird]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[John M. Walker, Jr.|J. M. Walker]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kelly M. Klaus]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[William H. Orrick, Jr.|Orrick]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|N.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John P. Elwood]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Daniel Mahoney|Mahoney]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[F. Allen Ferrell]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Renee B. Lettow (Lerner)]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Anthony J. Vlatas]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Peter K. Leisure|Leisure]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephanos Bibas]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Patrick Higginbotham|P. Higginbotham]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Raymond Kethledge|Raymond M. Kethledge]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph B. Guy, Jr.|Guy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Harry P. Susman]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher S. Yoo]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Arthur Raymond Randolph|Randolph]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lisa Grow (Sun)]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard C. Nielson (law clerk)|Howard C. Nielson]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Edward S. Pallesen]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre N. Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John-Christopher Rozendaal]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James F. Bennett]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Vanderbilt University Law School|Vanderbilt]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[James Larry Edmondson|Edmondson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William A. Burck]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen M. Nickelsburg]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Y. Scudder]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Grant M. Dixton]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brett C. Gerry]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kevin J. Miller]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Jerry Edwin Smith|J. E. Smith]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eugene M. Paige]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven A. Engel]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John C. Neiman]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank Easterbrook|Easterbrook]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alexander J. Willscher]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rachel L. Brand]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles Fried|Fried]] ([[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court|Mass.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brian R. Matsui]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[David F. Levi|Levi]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of California|E.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Igor V. Timofeyev]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael F. Williams]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bertrand-Marc Allen]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Edward C. Dawson]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Earl Carnes|Carnes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Orin Kerr|Orin S. Kerr]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Leonard I. Garth|Garth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Chi T. Kwok]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrew C. Baak]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Kathryn R. Haun
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael E. Scoville]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew C. Stephenson]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David M. Cooper]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Merrick B. Garland|Garland]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Randy J. Kozel]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeffrey A. Pojanowski]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[John G. Roberts|J. Roberts]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Zachary S. Price]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[David S. Tatel|Tatel]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[Catherine C. Blake|Blake]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Maryland|D. Md.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David W. Foster]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lisa Marshall (Manheim)]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre N. Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric E. Murphy]]
|started=2006
|ended= 2007
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[James Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark R. Yohalem]]
|started=2006
|ended= 2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Chu (law clerk)|Michael Chu]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen J. Cowen]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrianna Kastanek]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Kenneth Francis Ripple|Ripple]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C.J. Mahoney]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Heidi Bond]] (shared with [[Sandra Day O'Connor|O'Connor]])
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ashley C. Keller]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Travis D. Lenkner]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[University of Kansas School of Law|Kansas]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven M. Shepard]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher J. Walker (law clerk)|Christopher J. Walker]]
|started=2008
|ended= 2009
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel Epps]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Allon Kedem]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]]) / [[Mark R. Kravitz|Kravitz (D. Conn.)]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Scott Keller]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Misha Tseytlin]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Janice Rogers Brown|Janice R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven Horowitz]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rob Johnson]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard Re]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett M. Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James Y. Stern]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia Law School|UVA]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
|}
|}</onlyinclude>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2010}}
[[Category:Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States|Seat 04]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Law Clerks Of The Supreme Court Of The United States (Seat 4)}}

List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)

2010-09-20T19:57:38Z

Broodingomnipresence:

[[Law clerk]]s have assisted Supreme Court Justices in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice [[Horace Gray]] in the 1880s. By the traditions and rules that have developed around this procedure today [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justices]] on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] have the opportunity to select four law clerks each term of the court. The [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] is allowed five clerks, though late Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist]] usually only hired three.

The following is a still-incomplete table of Supreme Court law clerks who served the Justice holding Seat 4.

* The names of Justices who are active ({{As of|2006|alt=as of}} Justice Samuel Alito's appointment on January 31, 2006) are in '''bold'''.
<onlyinclude>
{| style="width:100%; margin:auto;" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead;" | This seat was established on September 24, 1789 by the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] [see 1 ''Stat.'' 73].
|-
| [[Samuel Blatchford]]
| April 3, 1882 – July 7, 1893
|-
| [[Edward Douglass White]]
| March 12, 1894 – December 18, 1910

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Willis Van Devanter]]|
begin=January 3, 1911|
end=June 2, 1937
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mahlon D. Kiefer]]
|started=1914
|ended=1919
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mahlon D. Kiefer]]
|started=1923
|ended=1924
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Arthur J. Mattson]]
|started=1924
|ended=1929
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John T. McHale]]
|started=1929
|ended=1937
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Hugo Black]]|
begin=August 19, 1937|
end=September 17, 1971
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jerome A. Cooper]]
|started=1937
|ended=1940
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1936)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Marx Leva]]
|started=1940
|ended=1941
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Max Isenbergh]]
|started=1941
|ended=1942
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Paul Frank]]
|started=1942
|ended=1943
|school-yr=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison|Wisconsin]] (1940)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles F. Luce]]
|started=1943
|ended=1944
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1942)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer]]
|started=1946
|ended=1947
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1946)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William Joslin]]
|started=1947
|ended=1948
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1947)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Truman M. Hobbs]]
|started=1948
|ended=1949
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1948)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Frank M. Wozencraft]]
|started=1949
|ended=1950
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George Treister]]
|started=1950
|ended=1951
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1949)
|prev-clerk=[[Phil S. Gibson|P. Gibson]] ([[Supreme Court of California|Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Luther L. Hill, Jr.]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1950)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Neal P. Rutledge]]
|started=1951
|ended=1952
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1950)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles H. Fahy|Fahy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Charles A. Reich]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1952)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David Vann|David J. Vann]]
|started=1953
|ended=1954
|school-yr=[[University of Alabama School of Law|Alabama]] (1951)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel J. Meador]]
|started=1954
|ended=1955
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1954)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George C. Freeman, Jr.]]
|started=1956
|ended=1957
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David M. Clark]]
|started=1957
|ended=1958
|school-yr=
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Guido Calabresi]]
|started=1958
|ended=1959
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1958)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nicholas Johnson]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[University of Texas|Texas]] (1956)
|prev-clerk=[[John Robert Brown (judge)|John R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John K. McNulty]]
|started=1959
|ended=1960
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1959)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Floyd F. Feeney]]
|started=1961
|ended=1962
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1960)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[A. E. Dick Howard]]
|started=1962
|ended=1964
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1961)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John G. Kester]]
|started=1963
|ended=1965
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1963)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Drayton Nabers, Jr.]]
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John W. Vardaman]]
|started=1965
|ended=1966
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Margaret J. Corcoran]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen D. Susman]]
|started=1966
|ended=1967
|school-yr=[[University of Texas|Texas]] (1965)
|prev-clerk=[[John Robert Brown (judge)|John R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Joseph Price
|started=1967
|ended=1968
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1964)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Walter E. Dellinger III|Walter E. Dellinger, III]]
|started=1968
|ended=1969
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1966)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kenneth C. Bass, III]]
|started=1969
|ended=1970
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]]
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Harmon (attorney)|John M. Harmon]]
|started=1970
|ended=1971
|school-yr=[[Duke University School of Law|Duke]] (1969)
|prev-clerk=[[Griffin Bell|G. Bell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=1971
|ended=September 17, 1971
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Covert E. Parnell III]]
|started=1971
|ended=September 17, 1971
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Francis Van Dusen|Van Dusen]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3rd Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.]]|
begin=January 7, 1972|
end=June 26, 1987
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Hamilton P. Fox III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Hugo Black|Black]] / [[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Covert E. Parnell III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Hugo Black|Black]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III]]
|started=January 7, 1972
|ended=July 1972
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Larry A. Hammond]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Powell|Powell]] / [[Hugo Black|Black]] / [[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William C. Kelly, Jr.]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III]]
|started=1972
|ended=1973
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.|Powell]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John J. Buckley, Jr.]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1972)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John Calvin Jeffries|John C. Jeffries, Jr.]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=none
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jack B. Owens]]
|started=1973
|ended=1974
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1970)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=David R. Boyd
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Julia Penny Clark]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1973)
|prev-clerk=[[James Braxton Craven, Jr.|Craven]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joel Klein|Joel I. Klein]]
|started=1974
|ended=1975
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1971)
|prev-clerk=[[David L. Bazelon|Bazelon]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory K. Palm]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1974)
|prev-clerk=[[Henry Friendly|Friendly]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christina B. Whitman]]
|started=1975
|ended=1976
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]]
|prev-clerk=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Tyler A. Baker III]]
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles B. Renfrew|Renfrew]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|N.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=David A. Martin
|started=1976
|ended=1977
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James D. Alt]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis R. Morgan|L. Morgan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nancy J. Bregstein (Gordon)]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1976)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert D. Comfort]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Samuel Estreicher]]
|started=1977
|ended=1978
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1975)
|prev-clerk=[[Harold Leventhal (judge)|Leventhal]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric G. Andersen]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Bruce Boisture]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Murray Gurfein|Gurfein]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul B. Stephan]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[Levin H. Campbell|L. Campbell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David Westin|David L. Westin]]
|started=1978
|ended=1979
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1977)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Edward Lumbard|Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jonathan B. Sallet]]
|started=1979
|ended= 1980
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Allen Tamm|Tamm]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David O. Stewart]]
|started=1979
|ended= 1980
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1978)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[David L. Bazelon|Bazelon]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Peter Byrne]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul W. Cane, Jr.]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Gregory Morgan]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Edward Lumbard]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul M. Smith]]
|started=1980
|ended= 1981
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1979)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Oakes|Oakes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mary E. Becker]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard H. Fallon]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Skelly Wright|J. S. Wright]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David F. Levi]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Benjamin Cushing Duniway|Duniway]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John S. Wiley]]
|started=1981
|ended=1982
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1980)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank M. Coffin|Coffin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James O. Browning]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Collins J. Seitz|Seitz]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rives Kistler|D. Rives Kistler]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles Clark (judge)|C. Clark]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark E. Newell]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael F. Sturley]]
|started=1982
|ended=1983
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1981)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David A. Charny]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert M. Couch]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Washington and Lee University School of Law|Washington & Lee]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Joseph E. Neuhaus]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Carl E. McGowan|McGowan]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Cammie R. Robinson (Hauptfuhrer)]]
|started=1983
|ended=1984
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[A. Lee Bentley III]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Clement Haynsworth|Haynsworth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Annmarie Levins]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Maine School of Law|Maine]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[James L. Oakes|Oakes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel R. Ortiz]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1983)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Breyer|S. Breyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lynda Guild Simpson]]
|started=1984
|ended=1985
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1982)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C. Cabell Chinnis]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Anne M. Coughlin]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Jon O. Newman|Newman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael W. Mosman]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[J. Reuben Clark Law School|BYU]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Malcolm Richard Wilkey|Wilkey]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William J. Stuntz]]
|started=1985
|ended=1986
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1984)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis H. Pollak|L. Pollak]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|E.D. Pa.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert Allen Long]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[John Minor Wisdom|Wisdom]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Leslie Gielow]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer|Oberdorfer]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrew D. Leipold]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ronald J. Mann]]
|started=1986
|ended=1987
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed, III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Robert W. Werner]]
|started=1987
|ended=1988
|school-yr=[[New York University School of Law|NYU]]
|prev-clerk=
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Hewitt Pate]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael N. Levy]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Louis F. Oberdorfer|Oberdorfer]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[George C. Freeman, III]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard S. Arnold|R. Arnold]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|8th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk||
name=[[Jeffrey Sutton|Jeffrey S. Sutton]] (shared with [[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]])
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Moritz College of Law|Ohio State]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Thomas Meskill|Meskill]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rebecca A. Womeldorf]] (shared with [[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]])
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Washington and Lee University School of Law|Washington & Lee]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert R. Merhige, Jr.|Merhige]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia|E.D. Va.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Deanne E. Maynard]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Stanley S. Harris|S. Harris]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.D.C.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James J. Benjamin]] (shared with [[John Paul Stevens|Stevens]])
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Frederick Motz|J. F. Motz]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Maryland|D. Md.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark David Harris]] (shared with [[John Paul Stevens|Stevens]])
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Joel Martin Flaum|Flaum]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
|}

{{Start SCOTUS clerk table|
justice='''[[Anthony Kennedy]]'''|
begin=February 18, 1988|
end=present
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel C. Chung]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miguel Estrada|Miguel A. Estrada]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter D. Keisler]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[E. Lawrence Vincent]]
|started=February 18, 1988
|ended=July 1988
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Elizabeth D. Collery]] (served first half only, replaced by Litman)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miguel Estrada|Miguel A. Estrada]] (served first half only, replaced by Cordray)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] / [[Amalya Lyle Kearse|Kearse]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Thomas G. Hungar]]
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Peter D. Keisler]] (served first half only, replaced by Cappuccio)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Anthony Kennedy|Kennedy]] / [[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Paul T. Cappuccio]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Antonin Scalia|Scalia]] / [[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard Cordray|Richard A. Cordray]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Byron White|B. White]] / [[Robert Bork|Bork]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Harry P. Litman]] (served second half only)
|started=1988
|ended=1989
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1986)
|prev-clerk=[[Thurgood Marshall|T. Marshall]] / [[Abner J. Mikva|Mikva]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeanne M. Hauch]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph K. Winter, Jr.|R. Winter]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gregory E. Maggs]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Joseph Tyree Sneed, III|Sneed]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Mollerus]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Jerry Edwin Smith|J. E. Smith]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[R. Hewitt Pate]]
|started=1989
|ended=1990
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1987)
|prev-clerk=[[Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.|Powell]] / [[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[J. Randy Beck]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Dedman School of Law|SMU]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Patrick Higginbotham|P. Higginbotham]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jack L. Goldsmith]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David G. Litt]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1988)
|prev-clerk=[[Alfred Theodore Goodwin|Goodwin]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[K. John Shaffer]]
|started=1990
|ended=1991
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1989)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David L. Anderson (lawyer)|David L. Anderson]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Clifford Wallace|J. C. Wallace]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John E. Barry]] (shared with [[Warren Burger|Burger]])
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1985)
|prev-clerk=[[Levin H. Campbell|L. Campbell]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ashutosh Bhagwat]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael C. Dorf]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Reinhardt|Reinhardt]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jacqueline Gerson (Cooper)]]
|started=1991
|ended=1992
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bradford A. Berenson]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Adam H. Charnes]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew H. Lembke]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher R. J. Pace]]
|started=1992
|ended=1993
|school-yr=[[University of Pennsylvania Law School|Penn]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Miles F. Ehrlich]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[William Albert Norris|W. Norris]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Gary Feinerman]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[Joel Martin Flaum|Flaum]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nathan A. Forrester]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Neil M. Gorsuch]] (shared with [[Byron White|White]])
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1991)
|prev-clerk=[[David B. Sentelle|Sentelle]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Brett M. Kavanaugh]]
|started=1993
|ended=1994
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1990)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Walter King Stapleton|Stapleton]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Susan M. Davies]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]]
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen Breyer|S. Breyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|1st Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael J. Hirshland]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Cheryl A. Krause (Zemelman)]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel Meron]]
|started=1994
|ended=1995
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nancy L. Combs]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law|Berkeley]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Diarmuid Fionntain O'Scannlain|O'Scannlain]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ward Farnsworth]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen B. Kinnaird]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[John M. Walker, Jr.|J. M. Walker]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kelly M. Klaus]]
|started=1995
|ended=1996
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1992)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[William H. Orrick, Jr.|Orrick]] ([[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|N.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John P. Elwood]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Daniel Mahoney|Mahoney]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[F. Allen Ferrell]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Renee B. Lettow (Lerner)]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Anthony J. Vlatas]]
|started=1996
|ended=1997
|school-yr=[[Columbia Law School|Columbia]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Peter K. Leisure|Leisure]] ([[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephanos Bibas]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1994)
|prev-clerk=[[Patrick Higginbotham|P. Higginbotham]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Raymond Kethledge|Raymond M. Kethledge]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (1993)
|prev-clerk=[[Ralph B. Guy, Jr.|Guy]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|6th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Harry P. Susman]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[University of Texas School of Law|Texas]] (1996)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher S. Yoo]]
|started=1997
|ended=1998
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[Arthur Raymond Randolph|Randolph]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lisa Grow (Sun)]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Howard C. Nielson (law clerk)|Howard C. Nielson]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Edward S. Pallesen]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre N. Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John-Christopher Rozendaal]]
|started=1998
|ended=1999
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James F. Bennett]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Vanderbilt University Law School|Vanderbilt]] (1995)
|prev-clerk=[[James Larry Edmondson|Edmondson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[William A. Burck]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen M. Nickelsburg]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia School of Law|Virginia]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Y. Scudder]]
|started=1999
|ended=2000
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Grant M. Dixton]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brett C. Gerry]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Laurence H. Silberman|Silberman]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Kevin J. Miller]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Jerry Edwin Smith|J. E. Smith]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|5th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eugene M. Paige]]
|started=2000
|ended=2001
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven A. Engel]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[John C. Neiman]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Paul V. Niemeyer|Niemeyer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Frank Easterbrook|Easterbrook]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Alexander J. Willscher]]
|started=2001
|ended=2002
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rachel L. Brand]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1998)
|prev-clerk=[[Charles Fried|Fried]] ([[Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court|Mass.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Brian R. Matsui]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (1999)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[David F. Levi|Levi]] ([[United States District Court for the Eastern District of California|E.D. Cal.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Igor V. Timofeyev]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael F. Williams]]
|started=2002
|ended=2003
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (2001)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Bertrand-Marc Allen]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Edward C. Dawson]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Edward Earl Carnes|Carnes]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|11th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Orin Kerr|Orin S. Kerr]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (1997)
|prev-clerk=[[Leonard I. Garth|Garth]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|3d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Chi T. Kwok]]
|started=2003
|ended=2004
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2002)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrew C. Baak]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=Kathryn R. Haun
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2000)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael E. Scoville]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Michael Luttig|Luttig]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Matthew C. Stephenson]]
|started=2004
|ended=2005
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[Stephen F. Williams|S. Williams]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David M. Cooper]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Merrick B. Garland|Garland]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Randy J. Kozel]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Jeffrey A. Pojanowski]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2004)
|prev-clerk=[[John G. Roberts|J. Roberts]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Zachary S. Price]]
|started=2005
|ended=2006
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2003)
|prev-clerk=[[David S. Tatel|Tatel]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]]) / [[Catherine C. Blake|Blake]] ([[United States District Court for the District of Maryland|D. Md.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[David W. Foster]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Lisa Marshall (Manheim)]]
|started=2006
|ended=2007
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre N. Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Eric E. Murphy]]
|started=2006
|ended= 2007
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[James Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Mark R. Yohalem]]
|started=2006
|ended= 2007
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pamela Ann Rymer|Rymer]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Michael Chu (law clerk)|Michael Chu]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Stephen J. Cowen]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Douglas H. Ginsburg|D. Ginsburg]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Andrianna Kastanek]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Northwestern University School of Law|Northwestern]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Kenneth Francis Ripple|Ripple]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[C.J. Mahoney]]
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Heidi Bond]] (shared with [[Sandra Day O'Connor|O'Connor]])
|started=2007
|ended=2008
|school-yr=[[Michigan Law School|Michigan]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Ashley C. Keller]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[University of Chicago Law School|Chicago]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Travis D. Lenkner]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[University of Kansas School of Law|Kansas]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven M. Shepard]]
|started=2008
|ended=2009
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Christopher J. Walker (law clerk)|Christopher J. Walker]]
|started=2008
|ended= 2009
|school-yr=[[Stanford Law School|Stanford]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Daniel Epps]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Allon Kedem]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2005)
|prev-clerk=[[Pierre Leval|Leval]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]]) / [[Mark R. Kravitz|Kravitz (D. Conn.)]]
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Scott Keller]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[University of Texas Law School|Texas]] (2007)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Misha Tseytlin]]
|started=2009
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Georgetown University Law Center|Georgetown]] (2006)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]]) / [[Janice Rogers Brown|Janice R. Brown]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Steven Horowitz]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Richard Posner|Posner]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit|7th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Rob Johnson]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Harvard Law School|Harvard]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[Alex Kozinski|Kozinski]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|9th Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[Richard Re]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[Yale Law School|Yale]] (2008)
|prev-clerk=[[Brett M. Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Cir.]])
}}
{{SCOTUS clerk
|name=[[James Stern]]
|started=2010
|ended=
|school-yr=[[University of Virginia Law School|UVA]] (2009)
|prev-clerk=[[J. Harvie Wilkinson III|Wilkinson]] ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit|4th Cir.]])
}}
|}
|}</onlyinclude>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2010}}
[[Category:Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States|Seat 04]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Law Clerks Of The Supreme Court Of The United States (Seat 4)}}

Rockport, Maine

2010-09-20T19:47:48Z

Broodingomnipresence: /* History */

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Rockport, Maine
|settlement_type = [[New England town|Town]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline = Rockport Harbor.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption = View of Rockport Harbor
|image_flag =
|image_seal =


||pushpin_map =Maine
|pushpin_label_position =left 
|pushpin_map_caption =Location within the state of Maine
|pushpin_mapsize =
|image_map = |mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|coordinates_region = US-ME
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Maine]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Maine|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Knox County, Maine|Knox]]
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = Incorporated
|established_date = 1891


|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 88.4
|area_land_km2 = 56.2
|area_water_km2 = 32.2
|area_total_sq_mi = 34.1
|area_land_sq_mi = 21.7
|area_water_sq_mi = 12.4


|population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2000|2000]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 3209
|population_density_km2 = 57.1
|population_density_sq_mi = 147.8


|timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = EDT
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 68
|elevation_ft = 223
|latd = 44 |latm = 10 |lats = 51 |latNS = N
|longd = 69 |longm = 5 |longs = 53 |longEW = W


|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 04856
|area_code = [[Area code 207|207]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 23-63660
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0582699
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Rockport''' is a [[New England town|town]] in [[Knox County, Maine]], [[United States]]. The population was 3,209 at the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]]. Rockport is a popular tourist destination and [[art colony]].

==History==
{{Ref improve section|date=July 2010}}
Rockport, or "the River" was settled in 1769 by Robert Thorndike. Goose River Village (as it was known until 1852), was originally part of the Megunticook Plantation, incorporated in 1791 as [[Camden, Maine|Camden]]. [[Shipbuilding]], [[ice harvesting]] and the manufacture of [[lime (mineral)|lime]] were important early industries.<ref name="MAGDE">{{cite book |last= Maine League of Historical Societies and Museums |editor=Doris A. Isaacson |title=Maine: A Guide 'Down East' |year=1970 |publisher=Courier-Gazette, Inc. |location=Rockland, Me | pages = 264–265 }}</ref> In 1817, 300 casks of lime were sent to [[Washington, DC]] for use building the [[United States Capitol]], which had been damaged by the [[British people|British]] during the [[War of 1812]]. In 1852, the citizens of Goose River voted to change their village's name to Rockport for its rocky terrain. On February 25, 1891, Rockport officially split from Camden because of a dispute over the cost of constructing a bridge. The town of Rockport was born and from Camden it took half the population, three quarters of the land, and most importantly the profitable lime and ice industries.

Rockport has a longstanding reputation as an artists' community, with notable artists and art institutions playing a significant role in the town's economic and social life. Bay Chamber Concerts was established in 1961 as a continuation of the summer music instruction of the [[Curtis Institute]]. [[Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist|Mary Louise Curtis Bok]], central to founding both Bay Chamber Concerts and the Curtis Institute, was one of the largest landowners in Rockport. At one time she owned most of the eastern shore of the harbor. Mary Lea Park, adjacent to the Rockport Opera House, is named in honor of both her and Rockport resident and [[violin]]ist Lea Luboshutz.

Rockport was the home of Andre the Seal, a [[harbor seal|seal]] adopted by the Goodridge family in the 1970s, and who entertained guests in Rockport Harbor until his death in 1986. The seal's owner Harry Goodridge co-wrote a about Andre, titled ''A Seal Called Andre'.' The 1994 film ''[[Andre (film)|Andre]]'' was adapted from the book, although in the movie Andre is actually played by a [[sea lion]], not a seal. A [[statue]] of Andre sits beside the harbor in his honor. Rockport is also known for its [[Belted Galloway]] [[cattle]]. The cattle are raised at the 136-year-old Aldermere Farm, which is owned and operated by the Maine Coast Heritage Trust, a statewide land conservation organization. The Belted Galloways remain one of the area's most popular attractions, and often referred to as the "[[Oreo cookie]]" cows.

The 1993 film ''[[The Man Without a Face]]'', starring [[Mel Gibson]], and the 2001 film ''[[In the Bedroom]]'' were both filmed in Rockport.

In 2008, forbes.com placed Rockport at the top of its list of the prettiest towns in America. See [http://www.forbestraveler.com/best-lists/americas-prettiest-towns-slide-1.html?thisSpeed=25000 America's Prettiest Towns].

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the town has a total area of 34.1 [[square mile]]s (88.4 [[km²]]), of which, 21.7 square miles (56.2 km²) is land and 12.4 square miles (32.2 km²) (36.41%) is water. Drained by Varnah Brook and Goose River, Rockport is located beside [[Penobscot Bay]] and the [[Gulf of Maine]], part of the [[Atlantic Ocean]].

The town is crossed by [[U.S. Route 1 in Maine|U. S. Route 1]] and state routes 17 and 90. It borders the towns of [[Rockland, Maine|Rockland]] to the south, [[Warren, Maine|Warren]] to the southwest, [[Union, Maine|Union]] to the west, [[Hope, Maine|Hope]] to the southwest, and [[Camden, Maine|Camden]] to the north.

==Demographics==
In the [[United States census, 2000|2000 census]], there were 3,209 people, 1,373 households and 918 families in the town. The [[population density]] was 147.8 per square mile (57.1/km²). There were 1,677 housing units at an average density of 77.2/sq mi (29.8/km²). The racial makeup was 98.69% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.16% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.06% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.44% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.19% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.47% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.75% of the population.

There were 1,373 households, of which 29.6% had children under 18 living with them, 56.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the town the population was spread out with 23.5% under 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 43. For every 100 females there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $47,155, and the median for a family $56,068. Males had a median of $35,865 versus $25,542 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the town was $25,498. About 5.4% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 10.2% of those under 18 and 7.3% of those 65 or over.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Tidal Island in Rockport Harbor, Rockport Maine.JPG|Tidal Island
Image:Rockport Maine.jpg|[[Wharf|Wharves]]
Image:US1Rockport.jpg|US Route 1
Image:McCobb Spite House July 1960.JPG|McCobb [[Spite House]]
</gallery>

==Sites of interest==
* [http://www.aldermere.org/ Aldermere Farm -- Maine Coast Heritage Trust]
* [[Bay Chamber Concerts]]
* [http://www.camdenhistorycenter.org/ Camden Area History Center]
* [http://www.crmuseum.org/buildings.cfm Camden-Rockport Historical Society]
* [http://www.cmcanow.org/ Center for Maine Contemporary Art]
* [http://lighthouse.cc/indianisland/ Indian Island Light]
* [[Maine Media Workshops]]
* [http://town.rockport.me.us/operahouse/ Rockport Opera House]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.town.rockport.me.us/ Town of Rockport, Maine]
* [http://www.rockport.lib.me.us/ Rockport Public Library]
* [http://www.visitcamden.com/ Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.samoset.com/ Samoset Resort]
* [http://maine.gov/local/knox/rockport/ Maine.gov -- Rockport, Maine]
* [http://history.rays-place.com/me/camden-me.htm History of Camden & Rockport, Maine (1886)]
* [http://baharris.org/historicpolandspring/Samoset/Samoset.htm History of The Samoset Hotel]
* [http://www.mainegenealogy.net/individual_place_record.asp?place=rockport Maine Genealogy: Rockport, Knox County, Maine]

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{{Knox County, Maine}}

[[Category:Knox County, Maine]]
[[Category:Towns in Maine]]

[[ca:Rockport (Maine)]]
[[ht:Rockport, Maine]]
[[vo:Rockport (Maine)]]