Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans

2024-12-20T22:08:47Z

Cgo: Fix publisher name

{{short description|2019 book by Melanie Mitchell}}
{{use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans
| image = File:Artificial Intelligence- A Guide for Thinking Humans.jpg
| alt =
| caption = First edition (US)
| author = Melanie Mitchell
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| genre = [[Popular science]]
| publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]/[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] (US) [[Pelican Books]] (UK)
| pub_date = October 2019
| media_type =
| pages = 448 pp (hardcover 1st edition)
| isbn = 9780241404829
| isbn_note = (hardcover 1st edition)
| dewey =
| congress =
| website =
}}
'''''Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans''''' is a 2019 nonfiction book by [[Santa Fe Institute]] professor [[Melanie Mitchell]].<ref name="skeptic">{{cite news |last1=Kassan |first1=Peter |title=Ten Years Away…and Always Will Be (a Review of Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans) |url=https://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/review-artificial-intelligence-guide-for-thinking-humans-ten-years-away-always-will-be/ |accessdate=22 May 2020 |work=[[Skeptic (US magazine)|Skeptic (magazine)]] |issue=1 |date=31 December 2019 |volume=25 |language=en}}</ref> The book provides an overview of [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) technology, and argues that people tend to overestimate the abilities of artificial intelligence.<ref name="new yorker">{{cite magazine |title=Briefly Noted Book Reviews |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/04/artificial-intelligence-the-accusation-frankissstein-and-red-at-the-bone |accessdate=22 May 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=November 2019 |language=en |quote=Mitchell emphasizes the limitations of even advanced machines... 'We humans tend to overestimate AI advances and underestimate the complexity of our own intelligence.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Artificial Intelligence {{!}} Melanie Mitchell {{!}} Macmillan |url=https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374257835 |website=US [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |quote=(Mitchell) explores the profound disconnect between the hype and the actual achievements in AI}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Mitchell describes the fears her mentor, cognitive scientist and AI pioneer [[Douglas Hofstadter]], has expressed that advances of artificial intelligence could turn human beings into "relics".<ref name="csmonitor">{{cite news |last1=Spindel |first1=Barbara |title=Fears about robot overlords are (perhaps) premature |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2019/1025/Fears-about-robot-overlords-are-perhaps-premature |accessdate=22 May 2020 |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=25 October 2019}}</ref> Mitchell offers examples of AI systems like [[Watson (computer)|Watson]] that are trained to master specific tasks, and points out that such computers lack the [[artificial general intelligence|general intelligence]] that humans have.<ref name=PW>{{cite news |title=Nonfiction Book Review: Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans by Melanie Mitchell. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, $28 (352p) ISBN 978-0-374-25783-5 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-374-25783-5 |accessdate=22 May 2020 |work=PublishersWeekly.com |date=2019 |language=en}}</ref> Mitchell argues that achieving [[superintelligence]] would require that machines acquire [[commonsense reasoning]] abilities that are nowhere in sight: "Today's AI is far from general intelligence, and I don’t believe that machine 'superintelligence' is anywhere on the horizon." Mitchell addresses 13 pages to "Trustworthy and Ethical AI".<ref name=skeptic/><ref name=kirkus>{{cite news |title=ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE {{!}} Kirkus Reviews |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/melanie-mitchell/artificial-intelligence-mitchell/ |accessdate=22 May 2020 |work=Kirkus Reviews |date=2019 |language=en}}</ref> Mitchell states artificial intelligence is vulnerable to errors, to racial bias, and to malicious hacking such as surprisingly easy [[adversarial machine learning|adversarial attacks]]: "If there are statistical associations in the training data... the machine will happily learn those instead of what you wanted it to learn." Mitchell also includes lighthearted content, such as documenting the [[Star Trek (franchise)|Star Trek]] computer's status as an aspirational [[Wiktionary:lodestar|lodestar]] within the AI community.<ref name=csmonitor/><ref name=PW/>

== Reception ==
A review in ''[[Library Journal]]'' praised the book's historical overview as "a worthy and compelling narrative in itself".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hahn |first1=Jim |title=Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans |url=https://www.libraryjournal.com/?reviewDetail=artificial-intelligence-a-guide-for-thinking-humans |accessdate=22 May 2020 |work=Library Journal |date=2019}}</ref> ''[[Kirkus Reviews]]'' judged that despite a minority of the book being "too abstruse", most of the book was "surprisingly lucid".<ref name=kirkus/> ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' called the book "accessible" and "worthy", and judged the book should "assuage lay readers' fears about AI".<ref name=PW/> The ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' characterized it as reassuring, and also as "accessible" despite its technical nature.

In the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', author [[John Warner (writer)|John Warner]] states Mitchell is a "clear, cogent and interesting" writer who "knows what she's talking about". Warner notes "Mitchell is not particularly worried" about AI triggering a [[technological singularity]], and that he trusts her expertise: "The book makes a case that we're much farther from self-driving cars than the popular hype would have us believe... (the book) has also enhanced my appreciation for the complexity and ineffability of human cognition." Mitchell finds the book empowering, stating that the things we may see as human flaws help to make us intelligent in ways computers can't match, and that Mitchell's insights help to validate Warner's own handpicked book recommendations despite the existence of automated [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] [[Recommender system|recommendations]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warner |first1=John |title=If you're worried artificial intelligence is coming for you, read Melanie Mitchell's new book |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/books/ct-books-biblioracle-1110-20191104-yx36rnivkrfbdeohsd572bfyxi-story.html |accessdate=22 May 2020 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=2019}}</ref> In ''[[Skeptic (US magazine)|Skeptic]]'', computer programmer Peter Kassan compares the book favorably with "histrionic" works such as ''[[Life 3.0]]'', ''[[You Look Like a Thing and I Love You]]'', and ''[[The Age of Spiritual Machines]]''. Kassan calls the book "the most ''intelligent'' book on the subject" and praises Mitchell for being "measured, cautious, and often skeptical", unlike "most active practitioners in the field".<ref name=skeptic/>

In ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', author Barbara Spindel states the "lucid", "clear-eyed" and "fascinating" book does a good job documenting that artificial general intelligence is nowhere near, and believes that "many readers will be reassured to know that we will not soon have to bow down to our [[AI takeover|computer overlords]]." Spindel expresses surprise that Mitchell goes on to express her personal passion toward trying to solve the puzzle of commonsense reasoning and presumably enable the development of superintelligent machines: "While computers won't surpass humans anytime soon, not everyone will be convinced that the effort to help them along is a good idea".<ref name=csmonitor/>

==See also==
* [[History of artificial intelligence]]
* [[Progress in artificial intelligence]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374257835 Publisher page on book]
* [https://melaniemitchell.me/aibook/ Author page on book]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMUqvhuDZtQ Author presentation on book]
* [https://katu.com/afternoon-live/books-authors/artificial-intelligence-a-guide-for-thinking-humans Brief author interview] ([[KATU]])
* [https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2019/12/12/artificial-intelligence-melanie-mitchell Radio interview with author] ([[WBUR]])

[[Category:2019 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Futurology books]]
[[Category:English non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English-language books]]
[[Category:Farrar, Straus and Giroux books]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about Artificial intelligence]]

37signals

2024-02-22T01:00:41Z

Cgo: /* External links */ Update link to the company website

{{Short description|American web software company}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = 37signals LLC
| logo = Basecamp logo19.png
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1999}}
| founder = {{ubl|Jason Fried|Carlos Segura|Ernest Kim}}
| location_city = [[Chicago, Illinois]]
| location_country = United States
| key_people = {{ubl|Jason Fried|[[David Heinemeier Hansson]]}}
| services = [[Web application]]s
| products = Basecamp, [[Ruby on Rails]], Highrise, [[Hey (email service)|HEY]]
| num_employees = 34 (2021)
| homepage = {{URL|https://37signals.com/}}
}}

'''37signals''' (formerly '''Basecamp''' before reverting to its original name) is an American web software company based in [[Chicago, Illinois]]. The firm was co{{nbhyph}}founded in 1999 by Jason Fried, Carlos Segura, and Ernest Kim as a [[web design]] company.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Caplan|first1=Jeremy|title=Small Is Essential: With a million users and a payroll of eight, software sensation 37signals excels by doing more with less|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1622565,00.html|access-date=September 19, 2016|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=May 17, 2007}}</ref>

Since mid{{nbhyph}}2004, the company's focus has shifted from web design to web application development. Its first commercial application was Basecamp, followed by Backpack, Campfire, and Highrise.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Melissa|title=37signals changing name to Basecamp, shedding products|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-02-05/business/chi-37signals-changing-name-to-basecamp-20140205_1_basecamp-products-37signals|access-date=September 19, 2016|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=February 5, 2014}}</ref> The [[Open-source license|open source]] web application [[Framework (computer science)|framework]] [[Ruby on Rails]] was initially created for internal use at 37signals, before being publicly released in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Melissa|title=37signals takes stake in The Starter League|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-09-04/business/chi-37singals-takes-stake-in-the-starter-league-20120904_1_ruby-rails-37signals|access-date=September 19, 2016|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=September 4, 2012}}</ref><ref name=ruby>{{cite magazine|last1=Park|first1=Andrew|title=The Brash Boys at 37signals Will Tell You: Keep it Simple, Stupid|url=http://archive.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/16-03/mf_signals?currentPage=all|access-date=September 19, 2016|magazine=Wired|date=February 25, 2008}}</ref>

In February 2014, the company adopted a new strategy, focusing entirely on its flagship product, the software package also named Basecamp, and renaming the company from 37signals to Basecamp.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Kepes|first1=Ben|title=37Signals No More – Changes Name To Basecamp And Drops All Products But Its Namesake|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/benkepes/2014/02/05/37signals-no-more-changes-name-to-basecamp-and-drops-all-products-but-its-namesake/#4881a4e47e47|access-date=September 19, 2016|magazine=Forbes|date=February 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Fried|first1=Jason|title=Why 37signals Refocused on a Single Product: Basecamp|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/201403/jason-fried/basecamp-focus-one-product-only.html|access-date=September 19, 2016|magazine=Inc.|date=March 2014}}</ref> Jason Fried and David Heinemeier Hansson have published several books under the 37signals name, and in May 2022, citing their present-day focus on both Basecamp and [[Hey (email service)|HEY]], reverted to 37signals as their company name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://world.hey.com/jason/37signals-hello-again-117eae60|title=37signals: Hello again|website=world.hey.com|access-date=May 3, 2022}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Basecamp corporate logo.png|thumb|left|Logo used until 2019]]
The company 37signals was originally named after the 37 extraterrestrial radio signals identified by astronomer [[Paul Horowitz]] as potential [[messages from extraterrestrial intelligence]].<ref name="radio">{{cite web|title=37signals.com: What's in a Name?|access-date=April 1, 2007|publisher=37signals|url=http://www.37signals.com/33.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070427111229/http://www.37signals.com/33.html| archive-date= April 27, 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> Work on the company's first product, the [[Project management software|project management application]] Basecamp, began in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dusto|first1=Amy|title=How Basecamp grew from an internal project to generating millions in revenue|url=http://www.builtinchicago.org/blog/how-basecamp-grew-side-project-one-world-s-most-thriving-startups|access-date=September 19, 2016|publisher=Built in Chicago|date=May 27, 2014}}</ref>

By 2005, the company had moved away from consulting work to focus exclusively on its own web applications. The [[Ruby on Rails]] [[web application framework]] was extracted from the work on Basecamp and released as [[Open-source license|open source]].<ref name=ruby/> In 2006, the company announced that [[Jeff Bezos]] had acquired a minority stake via his personal investment company, ''[[Bezos Expeditions]]''.<ref name="jeffbezos">{{cite news|title=37 Signals Takes Jeff Bezos Investment|url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/07/20/37-signals-takes-jeff-bezos-investment/|date=July 20, 2006|work=[[TechCrunch]]|author=Arrington, Michael|author-link=Michael Arrington|access-date=March 21, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080323101905/http://www.techcrunch.com/2006/07/20/37-signals-takes-jeff-bezos-investment/| archive-date= March 23, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hof|first1=Rob|title=37Signals, 1 Big New Investor: Jeff Bezos|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2006-07-19/37signals-1-big-new-investor-jeff-bezos|access-date=September 19, 2016|publisher=Bloomberg|date=July 19, 2006}}</ref> The same year, Jason Fried, 37signals CEO, was included among [[MIT Technology Review]]'s ''[[MIT Technology Review#Innovators Under 35|TR35]]'' honoring technologists and scientists under the age of 35 for their ground-breaking inventions and research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2006 Young Innovators |url=https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2006/09/the_2006_young_innovators.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210313203507/https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2006/09/the_2006_young_innovators.html |access-date=March 9, 2021 |date=September 8, 2006 |archive-date=March 13, 2021 |last1=Vogels |first1=Werner |website=allthingsdistributed.com}}</ref>

In 2014, 37signals changed its name to Basecamp and chose to focus solely on that product.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://37signals.com/|title=37signals is now Basecamp!|website=37signals.com|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref> As of August 2018, the Highrise product also stopped accepting new signups.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highrise|url=https://highrisehq.com/|website=highrisehq.com|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref>

In September 2019, Basecamp gained some notoriety for purchasing [[Google Ads]] in the name of their own company because other organizations bought the keyword "Basecamp", causing four competitors to appear above Basecamp's own website in search results. Jason Fried called Google's [[Search engine optimization|search result]] policy a "[[Extortion|shakedown]]". A Google spokesperson responded that competitors are not allowed to use [[trademarked]] names in their keywords if the owner of the trademark files a complaint with Google. Since the story broke, Google has stopped competitors from using the Basecamp trademark.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roberts |first=Jeff John |url=https://fortune.com/2019/09/04/google-trolled-search-ads |title=Google Trolled by Small Business Over 'Shakedown' Search Ads |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=September 4, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904200842/https://fortune.com/2019/09/04/google-trolled-search-ads/ |archive-date=September 4, 2019 |access-date=September 5, 2019 }}</ref>

After Apple threatened to pull the service's iOS app, Hey, from the App Store, in September 2020, Basecamp signed up to help launch the [[Coalition for App Fairness]] to fight [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s app store policies and "create a level playing field" for businesses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=App makers band together to fight for App Store changes with new 'Coalition for App Fairness'|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/09/24/app-makers-band-together-to-fight-for-app-store-changes-with-new-coalition-for-app-fairness/|access-date=September 25, 2020|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|archive-date=March 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322200556/http://techcrunch.com/2020/09/24/app-makers-band-together-to-fight-for-app-store-changes-with-new-coalition-for-app-fairness/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2021, employees raised concerns about an internal collection of "funny" customer names, including some of African or Asian origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/3/22418208/basecamp-all-hands-meeting-employee-resignations-buyouts-implosion|title = Inside the all-hands meeting that led to a third of Basecamp employees quitting|date = May 3, 2021}}</ref> Basecamp responded by announcing several policy changes, such as forbidding "societal and political discussions" in internal forums, which Fried described as a "major distraction."<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Sarah |title=A third of Basecamp's workers resign after a ban on talking politics. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/30/technology/basecamp-politics-ban-resignations.html |access-date=May 1, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=April 30, 2021}}</ref> The company offered severance packages to employees who disagreed with the changes. Ultimately, one-third of the company resigned.<ref>{{cite web | last=Lyons | first=Kim | title=Basecamp implodes as employees flee company, including senior staff | website=The Verge | date=April 30, 2021 | url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/30/22412714/basecamp-employees-memo-policy-hansson-fried-controversy | access-date=April 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name="nyt" />

==Products==
=== Basecamp ===
Basecamp is 37signals' first product, a [[Web application|web-based]] [[project management]] tool launched in 2004. Its primary features are [[Task list|to-do]] lists, milestone management, forum-like messaging, file sharing, and time tracking.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Empson|first1=Rip|title=After 8 Years On The Web, Project Management Platform Basecamp Finally Launches An "Official" iOS App|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/02/08/after-8-years-on-the-web-project-management-platform-basecamp-finally-launches-an-official-ios-app/|access-date=September 19, 2016|work=TechCrunch|date=February 8, 2013}}</ref>

Basecamp Next was released in 2012, while Basecamp 3 was released in 2014.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Hendershot|first1=Steve|title=37Signals vaults from base camp to summit|url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20120331/ISSUE01/303319965/37signals-vaults-from-base-camp-to-summit|access-date=September 20, 2016|magazine=Crain's Chicago Business|date=March 31, 2012}}</ref><ref name=change>{{cite magazine|last1=Hempel|first1=Jessi|title=Basecamp 3 Will Change the Way You Think About Work—Again|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/11/basecamp-3-will-change-the-way-you-think-about-workagain/|access-date=September 19, 2016|magazine=Wired|date=November 4, 2015}}</ref> Basecamp 3 supports replies by email, but does not support [[bottom-posting]].

=== Campfire ===
Campfire, a business-oriented [[online chat]] service, launched in 2006. It was later merged into Basecamp 3, and was discontinued as a standalone service in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://basecamp.com/retired/campfire|title=A note about Campfire|website=basecamp.com|access-date=May 8, 2019}}</ref>

In 2024 37signals re-launched Campfire as part of their ONCE line of products, allowing customers to buy the software outright to self-host on their own servers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://world.hey.com/dhh/campfire-is-now-for-sale-51a19fc9|title=Campfire is now for sale|website=world.hey.com|access-date=Feb 1, 2024}}</ref>

=== Highrise ===
Highrise is a customer relationship management (CRM) product developed by 37signals and launched in 2007.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=37Signals Launches HighRise Contact Manager|url=https://techcrunch.com/2007/03/20/37signals-highrises-simple-crm/|access-date=August 16, 2021|magazine=TechCrunch|date=March 21, 2006}}</ref> Highrise was spun off as its own company in 2014 and operated as an independent business headed by Nathan Kontny, with 37signals retaining ownership.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Heinemeier Hansson|first1=David|date=April 5, 2018|url=https://m.signalvnoise.com/highrise-is-back-with-basecamp/|title=Highrise is back with Basecamp|access-date=August 16, 2021|website=SignalVsNoise|language=en}}</ref> In 2018 37signals (under the new Basecamp brand) brought Highrise back in-house, and closed it for new sign ups later that year. The product remains in use by a number of companies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fried|first1=Jason|date=October 5, 2018|url=https://highrisehq.com/future-of-highrise/|title=About the future of Highrise|access-date=August 16, 2021|website=HighriseHQ|language=en}}</ref>

===Ruby on Rails===
{{main|Ruby on Rails}}
Ruby on Rails is a free [[web application framework]] created by [[David Heinemeier Hansson]], now a partner at Basecamp. It was originally used to make 37signals' first product, [[Basecamp (software)|Basecamp]], and was then extracted and released as [[Open-source license|open source]] in 2004.<ref name=ruby/>

=== Hey ===
{{Main|Hey (email service)}}
'''Hey''' (stylized in all-caps as '''HEY''') is a premium email service started in June 2020 by Basecamp. A few days after its release, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] gave notice to Basecamp to create an in-app subscription option for Hey, threatening to pull the service's iOS app from the App Store.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=June 16, 2020|title=Hey.com exec says Apple is acting like 'gangsters,' rejecting App Store updates and demanding cut of sales|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/16/21293419/hey-apple-rejection-ios-app-store-dhh-gangsters-antitrust|access-date=June 17, 2020|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
Jason Fried and [[David Heinemeier Hansson]] published several books under the 37signals name.

* ''Defensive Design for the Web: How to improve error messages, help, forms, and other crisis points'', [[New Riders Press]], 2004 {{ISBN|0-7357-1410-X}}
* ''Getting Real: The Smarter, Faster, Easier Way to Build a Successful Web Application'', 37signals, 2006, {{ISBN|0-578-0128-12}}
* ''Rework'' (2010, RandomHouse) became a [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' best seller]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mims|first1=Christopher|title=Jason Fried's next project, "Remote," is a book-length refutation of Yahoo's ban on telecommuting|url=http://qz.com/59434/remote-jason-frieds-next-book-is-a-refutation-of-everything-marissa-mayer-has-said-about-remote-workers/|access-date=September 20, 2016|work=Quartz|date=March 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Fried|first1=Jason|last2=Heinemeier Hansson|first2=David|title=Rework|date=2010|publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]]|isbn=9780307463760}}</ref>
* ''Remote: Office Not Required'' (2013, RandomHouse), which is about allowing employees to work from remote offices, was also a ''New York Times'' best seller. The book was about 37signals' experience with a largely remote workforce.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fried|first1=Jason|last2=Heinemeier Hansson|first2=David|title=Remote: Office Not Required|date=2013|publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]]|isbn=9780804137515}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Silverman|first1=Rachel Emma|title=Some Tech Firms Ask: Who Needs Managers?|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323420604578652051466314748|access-date=September 19, 2016|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>
* ''It Doesn't Have to Be Crazy at Work'', October 2, 2018, {{ISBN|978-0062874788}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Ruby on Rails}}
* {{Official website|https://37signals.com}}

{{Task management software}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Remote companies]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in Illinois]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chicago]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:Project management software]]

Universal Scene Description

2023-01-27T09:33:00Z

Cgo: Mention of the actual license used

{{Short description|3D standard created by Pixar}}
'''Universal Scene Description''' ('''USD''') is a framework for interchange of [[3D computer graphics]] data. The framework focuses on collaboration, non-destructive editing, and enabling multiple views and opinions about graphics data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://graphics.pixar.com/usd/docs/index.html|title=Introduction to USD|website=graphics.pixar.com|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> USD is used in many industries including [[visual effects]], [[architecture]], [[design]], [[robotics]] and [[Computer-aided design|CAD]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-16 |title=Pixar Universal Scene Description (USD) |url=https://developer.nvidia.com/usd |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=NVIDIA Developer |language=en}}</ref> It is developed by [[Pixar]] and was first published as open source software in 2016, under a modified Apache license.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pixar open-sources its Universal Scene Description {{!}} CG Channel |url=http://www.cgchannel.com/2016/07/pixar-to-open-source-its-universal-scene-description/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== File formats ==

File formats used by the standard include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/apples-usdz-ar-file-format-what-you-need-to-know/|title=Apple's USDZ AR file format: What you need to know|last=Sanders|first=James|date=2018-06-05|website=TechRepublic|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018|title=USD Documentation : Usdz File Format Specification|url=https://graphics.pixar.com/usd/docs/Usdz-File-Format-Specification.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Pixar Graphics Technologies}}</ref>

* {{Not a typo|.usd}}, which can be either ASCII or binary-encoded
* {{Not a typo|.usda}}, [[ASCII]] encoded
* {{Not a typo|.usdc}}, binary encoded
* {{Not a typo|.usdz}}, a package file which is a zero-compression, unencrypted [[zip archive]], which may contain usd, usda, usdc, [[Portable Network Graphics|png]], jpeg, [[MPEG-4 Part 14#.MP4_versus_.M4A|m4a]], [[MP3|mp3]], and [[WAV|wav]] files.

== Support ==

* [[Autodesk 3ds Max|3ds Max]] version 2022, with latest update as Public Beta, plus version 2023. Includes Import from USD and Export to USD.
* [[Autodesk Inventor]] - supports USD as of version 2023.
* [[Autodesk Maya|Maya]] - supports USD as of version 2022.
* Autodesk Fusion 360 supports USD export since April 2022.
* [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]’s [[SceneKit]] supports {{Not a typo|.usdz}}<ref>{{cite news|first1=Katie|last1=Paul|access-date=2022-06-22|title=Meta and other tech giants form metaverse standards body, without Apple|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/meta-other-tech-giants-form-metaverse-standards-body-without-apple-2022-06-21/|newspaper=Reuters|date=2022-06-21|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> files for 3D model interchange.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macworld.co.uk/feature/iosapps/usdz-3678479/|title=Everything you need to know about Apple's new USDZ augmented-reality file format|last=Casserly|first=Martyn|website=Macworld UK|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popsci.com/usdz-augmented-reality-apple-ios12/|title=Apple and Pixar created a new file format for augmented reality on your phone|last=Horaczek|first=Stan|date=2018-06-15|website=Popular Science|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>
* [[Nvidia]] has announced support for USD in [[NVIDIA Omniverse|Omniverse]], a [[graphics collaboration platform]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://developer.nvidia.com/nvidia-omniverse|title=NVIDIA Omniverse™|date=2019-03-11|website=NVIDIA Developer|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>
* [[Houdini (software)|Houdini]] includes an implementation of USD, for purposes of format interchange and scene editing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sidefx.com/products/houdini/solaris/|title=Solaris {{!}} SideFX|website=www.sidefx.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>
* [[Blender (software)|Blender]] includes support for USD export.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.blender.org/manual/en/latest/files/import_export/usd.html|title=Universal Scene Description|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> Import support from version 3.0.<ref>[https://wiki.blender.org/wiki/Reference/Release_Notes/3.0/Pipeline_Assets_IO Blender 3.0: Pipeline, Assets & IO - USD Importer]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spBpNlvbCgw USD Import and Export in Blender]</ref>
* [[Cinema 4D (software)|Cinema 4D]] from Maxon includes support for USD for import and export.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxon.net/en/cinema-4d/features/supported-file-formats}}</ref>
* Oxfordshire Communications supports USD for Cyberspace Digital Twin platform

==See also==
*[[Metaverse]]
*[[glTF]] (Graphics Language Transmission Format)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://graphics.pixar.com/usd/docs/Introduction-to-USD.html Introduction to Universal Scene Description] by Pixar

[[Category:Pixar]]
[[Category:3D graphics software]]
[[Category:Augmented reality]]
[[Category:Computer file formats]]

{{graphics-software-stub}}

List of cassette tape and cartridge tape formats

2022-07-06T14:59:31Z

Cgo: /* Computer data */

{{short description|None}}

'''Magnetic tape cartridge''' and '''magnetic tape cassette''' both refer to a small plastic unit containing a length of [[magnetic tape]] on at least one reel. The unit may contain a second "take-up" reel or interoperate with such a reel in an associated [[tape drive]]. At least 142 distinct types have been known to exist.

The phrase ''cassette tape'' is ambiguous in that there is no common dictionary definition<ref name="Dict1" /><ref name="Dict2"/><ref name="Dict3" /> so depending upon usage it has many different meanings, as for example any one the one of 106 different types of audio cassettes,<ref name="Audio" /> video cassettes<ref name="Video" /> or data cassettes <ref name="Data" /> listed at [https://obsoletemedia.org The Museum of Obsolete Media].

The phrase ''cartridge tape'' is also ambiguous with 36 different types of audio,<ref name="Audio" /> video<ref name="Video" /> or data<ref name="Data" /> cartridges listed at The Museum of Obsolete Media.

From time to time the terms tape cartridge and tape cassette are used to describe the same product.

In current production are the [[Cassette tape]], the [[Linear Tape-Open#Cartridges|LTO tape cartridge]] and the [[IBM 3592#Cartridges|IBM 3592 tape cartridge]].

== Audio ==
* [[Analog recording|Analog]] based
** [[Cassette tape]], a two-spool tape cassette format for analog audio recording and playback and introduced in 1963 by Philips
** [[DC-International]], a format that was created by Grundig after Phillips had abandoned an earlier format that was being created alongside the Compact Cassette
** [[8-track tape]], continuous loop tape system introduced in 1964
** [[PlayTape]], a format similar to 8-track that was created by Frank Stanton
** [[HiPac]], a format created by Pioneer as an alternative to 8-track to be used outside of North America
** [[Mini-Cassette]], a small cassette tape cartridge developed by Phillips for dictation machines and data storage for the Philips P2000 home computer
** [[Microcassette]], a small cassette tape format that used the same width of magnetic tape as the Compact Cassette but in a much smaller cartridge developed by Olympus
** [[Picocassette]], a cassette tape cartridge format that was half the size of the Microcassette made by JVC
** [[RCA tape cartridge]], a cartridge tape created by RCA and introduced in 1958 meant to take the hassle of handling unruly tapes easier
** [[Elcaset]], a format introduced in 1976 by Sony based on the RCA tape cartridge that was supposed to be more convenient than its predecessor
**
* [[Digital recording|Digital]] based
** [[Digital Tape Format]], a magnetic tape data storage format developed by Sony
** [[Digital Audio Tape]] (DAT), a signal recording and playback medium developed by Sony and introduced in 1987
** [[Digital Compact Cassette]] (DCC), a magnetic tape sound recording format introduced by Philips and [[Panasonic|Matsushita]] in late 1992 and marketed as the successor to the standard analog Compact Cassette
** [[NT (cassette)]], a small cassette tape created by Sony that was smaller than a Picocassette only used for dictation machines but had plans to be used in music

== Video ==
* [[Videocassette]], a cartridge containing videotape
** [[Analog recording|Analog]] based tapes
*** [[VHS]], the most successful consumer videocassette format, introduced by [[JVC]]/[[Matsushita Corporation|Matsushita]]
*** [[VHS-C]], a compact VHS videocassette format for camcorders
*** [[Betamax]], another common consumer videocassette format, introduced by [[Sony]]
*** [[Betacam]], an industrial version of Betamax that was for professional use
*** [[Akai VK]], a short lived videocassette format for use with video cameras
*** [[Cartrivision]], an early videocassette format and the first to offer feature films for rental
*** [[Compact Video Cassette]], a short lived videocassette format for use with video cameras, introduced by [[Funai]]
*** [[8 mm video format]], a popular videocassette format for camcorders, introduced by [[Sony]]
*** [[Hi8]], a higher definition development of 8 mm
*** [[U-matic]], the first videocassette format when introduced by [[Sony]] in 1971, mostly adopted in professional/industrial settings
*** [[V-Cord]], an early videocassette format introduced by [[Sanyo]]
*** [[Video 2000]], a 1980s videocassette format introduced by [[Philips]] and [[Grundig]]
*** [[Video Cassette Recording]], an early videocassette format introduced by [[Philips]], with later variants VCR-LP and [[Grundig]]'s SVR
*** [[VX (videocassette format)]], a short lived videocassette format introduced by [[Matsushita Corporation|Matsushita]], branded 'Quasar' in the United States
** [[Digital recording|Digital]] based tapes
*** [[DV]], a digital video tape format & codec launched to record video for both professional & amateur use
*** [[MicroMV]], the smallest videocassette ever produced and was launched by Sony in 2001
*** [[Digital8]], the digital version of Video8 (8 mm video) introduced by Sony
*** [[D-VHS]], a version of VHS used to store digital video launched in 1998
*** [[Digital Betacam]], a digital version of Betacam that delivered digital recorded video
*** [[Digital-S]], a digital version of VHS launched by JVC in 1995 to compete with Digital Betacam

== Computer data ==
* [[Digital Data Storage]] cassette (DDS)
* [[Data8]] cassette, a videocassette derivative by Exabyte
* [[Digital Tape Format]] cassette, developed by Sony (DTF)
* [[Digital Linear Tape]] cartridge (DLT)
* [[IBM 7340]] cartridge, one of the first tape formats packaged in a cassette
* [[Linear Tape-Open]] cartridge (LTO)

== See also ==
* [[Digital cassettes]]
* [[Timeline of audio formats]]
* [[Tape drive]], a data storage device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, many of which are cassette-based

== References ==
References
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dict1">{{cite web
|url=https://www.yourdictionary.com/cassette-tape |title=cassette-tape |publisher=Your Dictionary |access-date=April 20, 2020
|quote=A cassette, used to record and play '''audio'''. ('''emphasis''' added)}}</ref>
<ref name="Dict2">{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/cassette_tape |title=Meaning of cassette tape in English |publisher=Oxford Dictionary
|access-date=April 20, 2020 |quote=A cassette of '''audio''' tape or '''video'''tape ('''emphasis''' added)}}</ref>
<ref name="Dict3">{{cite web
|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cassette |title=Cassette ... Also called cassette tape. |publisher=Dictionary.com |access-date=April 20, 2020
|quote=a compact case ... : used for recording or playback of '''audio''' or '''video''' ..., and for storage of '''data''' by some small computer systems. ... ('''emphasis''' added)}}</ref>
<ref name="Audio">{{cite web |url=https://obsoletemedia.org/audio/magnetic-tape/ |title=Magnetic Tape for Audio |publisher=The Museum of Obsolete Media |access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Video">{{cite web |url=https://obsoletemedia.org/video/tape/ |title=Video Tape |publisher=The Museum of Obsolete Media |access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Data">{{cite web |url=https://obsoletemedia.org/data/tape/ |title=Magnetic Tape for Data |publisher=The Museum of Obsolete Media |access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref>
}}

{{Audio format}}
{{Magnetic tape data formats}}
{{Video storage formats}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Magnetic tape cartridges and cassettes}}
[[Category:Tape recording]]
[[Category:Electronics lists]]

Talk:Blacklist (computing)

2022-03-03T17:18:39Z

Cgo: /* BlackList Controversy */ Relocate this part to the blacklisting article ?

{{WikiProject Computer Security|class=start|importance=mid|computing-importance=low}}

== In Minecraft, banning someone = putting them on blacklist. ==

Add this, please. --[[Special:Contributions/2601:E:280:13AF:3DDE:51E8:9D1E:4369|2601:E:280:13AF:3DDE:51E8:9D1E:4369]] ([[User talk:2601:E:280:13AF:3DDE:51E8:9D1E:4369|talk]]) 01:54, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

== Who supplies and maintains such blacklists? ==

Who supplies and maintains such blacklists? -- [[Special:Contributions/113.28.129.54|113.28.129.54]] ([[User talk:113.28.129.54|talk]]) 04:06, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

== A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion ==
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:
* [[commons:File:Spam tutorial - local blacklisting.png|Spam tutorial - local blacklisting.png]]
Participate in the deletion discussion at the [[commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Spam tutorial - local blacklisting.png|nomination page]]. —[[User:Community Tech bot|Community Tech bot]] ([[User talk:Community Tech bot|talk]]) 00:38, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
== BlackList Controversy ==
Various IT companies are choosing to no longer use BlackList / WhiteList and are switching to DenyList AllowList. Do we need to have a controversy section on this page? https://thepostmillennial.com/twitter-blacklists-the-term-blacklist-and-other-racist-terms. [[Special:Contributions/104.158.189.50|104.158.189.50]] ([[User talk:104.158.189.50|talk]]) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment added 20:36, 5 October 2020 (UTC) 

: I don't know about "blacklist" in the general English usage, but for computing (which is the subject of this article) it seems pretty clear that the controversy is over and the terminology has changed. For years I've been seeing "blocklist" and "denylist" used more and more often for a list of computers (or computer services) to block. I didn't pay attention to the trend, but now that I look around, it appears major tech companies and organization have made it an official policy. A year ago, there was [https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-team-approves-new-terminology-bans-terms-like-blacklist-and-slave/ an article about Linux dropping the term "blacklist"] that stated that in doing this Linux was joining “Twitter, GitHub, Microsoft, LinkedIn, Ansible, Red Hat, Splunk, Android, Go, MySQL, PHPUnit, Curl, OpenZFS, Rust, JP Morgan, and others.” Both [https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-microsoft-staff-rally-to-remove-racially-insensitive-language-from-products/ IBM and Microsoft] say they have been quietly replacing words like "blacklist" for years. I don't know when they started, but it certainly is true now. [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/style-guide/a-z-word-list-term-collections/b/blacklist Microsoft's style guide] was updated in January of 2021 to state explicitly to never use "blacklist". If you search for any tech doc on Microsoft.com that uses the term "blacklist" (in the computer sense) the first thing you'll see is this text:
::'''Important'''
::'''Bias-free communication'''
::'''Microsoft supports a diverse and inclusive environment. This article contains references to terminology that the Microsoft style guide for bias-free communication recognizes as exclusionary. The word or phrase is used in this article for consistency because it currently appears in the software. When the software is updated to remove the language, this article will be updated to be in alignment.'''
: Microsoft's GitHub site even has a built-in [https://developer.ibm.com/devpractices/open-source-development/blogs/words-really-matter-github-action-enforces-inclusive-word-choice-in-markdown/ Action called Words-Really-Matter] to help developers replace exclusionary language (e.g., "blacklist") with other words ("denylist"). That GitHub Action was inspired by IBM's official social justice group, Emb(race), [https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2020/08/words-matter-driving-thoughtful-change-toward-inclusive-language-in-technology/ advocating for such change]. I don't know if Google has a company wide style-guide, but at least some of their projects have [https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/styleguide/inclusive_code.md#racially-neutral replaced "blacklist" with "blocklist"]. There are probably many more examples of companies that are making this change. At a minimum, a Controversy section should be added. Eventually, this article should be renamed to reflect modern usage. [[User:Hackerb9|Ben]] ([[User talk:Hackerb9|talk]]) 22:06, 27 June 2021 (UTC)
:: > ''I don't know about "blacklist" in the general English usage, but for computing (which is the subject of this article) it seems pretty clear that the controversy is over and the terminology has changed.''
:: I don't think that the controversy is over and the terminology has changed: many haven't changed to using the term blocklist in computing, so it's not clear that the terminology has changed (check out some of the results from [https://duckduckgo.com/?q=blacklist+blocklist searching “blacklist blocklist”]). The controversy isn't over, either, seeing as many computer-related organizations actively use the term blacklist (try [https://duckduckgo.com/?q=network+blacklist searching “network blacklist”] for instance). -- [[User:Golemwire|Golemwire]] ([[User talk:Golemwire|talk]]) 18:33, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
:: It should be noted though, that this discussion is much older than the article suggests: this stackexchange thread dates back to 2011 and most of the comments are also around that time (2012) <ref>https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/51088/alternative-terms-to-blacklist-and-whitelist</ref>. The argument for its use was basically the same as said above: Many companies use it, so it is not a problem. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/109.37.132.39|109.37.132.39]] ([[User talk:109.37.132.39#top|talk]]) 18:40, 5 September 2021 (UTC)
::: (I didn't say that it's okay to use the word "blacklist" because it's in common use. I said that the controversy wasn't over and the terminology hadn't changed because it's in common use.) -- [[User:Golemwire|Golemwire]] ([[User talk:Golemwire|talk]]) 22:41, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
: While the controversy surrounding the term "blacklist" is largely contrived, there is sufficient coverage of the topic in the media that it is relevant to include a controversy section. However, I would disagree with the previous comment that the controversy is "over"; while many large companies/organizations have decided to change their terminology, the term is still used widely. Also, the origin of the term is unrelated to race, as discussed on the Wikipedia article [[Blacklisting]]. [[User:DirkDouse|DirkDouse]] ([[User talk:DirkDouse|talk]]) 16:18, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
::Or probably, our this article should consider renaming? [[User:Liuxinyu970226|Liuxinyu970226]] ([[User talk:Liuxinyu970226|talk]]) 06:57, 24 February 2022 (UTC)
{{reflist-talk}}

The controversy has been be more visible in tech. Still, doesn't this controversial part belong to the more general [[Blacklisting]] article ? Maybe right after "Origin of the term", in a section named "Evolution of usage" ? Thanks. [[User:Cgo|Cgo]] ([[User talk:Cgo|talk]]) 17:18, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

Talk:Corbevax

2022-01-06T00:43:09Z

Cgo: /* "Some amount of sperm"? */

{{Talk header}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|1=
{{WikiProject COVID-19 |class=Stub |importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Medicine|class=Stub|importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Pharmacology|class=Stub|importance=Mid}}
}}
{{annual readership}}
{{Ds/talk notice|covid}}

== "Some amount of sperm"? ==

The reference to sperm does not appear in the source and doesn't make any obvious sense. Perhaps vandalism? [[Special:Contributions/72.253.184.202|72.253.184.202]] ([[User talk:72.253.184.202|talk]]) 21:43, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

Indeed, the vandalism have been here for a few months, I removed it. Thanks. [[User:Cgo|Cgo]] ([[User talk:Cgo|talk]]) 00:43, 6 January 2022 (UTC)

Corbevax

2022-01-06T00:40:17Z

Cgo: Revert vandalism from 2021-06-14

{{Short description|Vaccine against COVID-19}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox drug
| Verifiedfields =
| verifiedrevid =
| drug_name =
| INN =
| type = vaccine
| image =
| alt =
| width =
| caption =


| target = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]]
| vaccine_type = protein


| pronounce =
| tradename = Corbevax
| Drugs.com =
| MedlinePlus =
| licence_EU = 
| DailyMedID = 
| licence_US = 
| pregnancy_AU = 
| pregnancy_AU_comment =
| pregnancy_category=
| routes_of_administration = [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]
| class =
| ATCvet =
| ATC_prefix = J07
| ATC_suffix = BX03
| ATC_supplemental =


| legal_AU = 
| legal_AU_comment =
| legal_BR = 
| legal_BR_comment =
| legal_CA = 
| legal_CA_comment =
| legal_DE = 
| legal_DE_comment =
| legal_NZ = 
| legal_NZ_comment =
| legal_UK = 
| legal_UK_comment =
| legal_US = 
| legal_US_comment =
| legal_EU =
| legal_EU_comment =
| legal_UN = 
| legal_UN_comment =
| legal_status = [[List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations#Corbevax|Full list of Corbevax authorizations]]


| CAS_number =
| CAS_supplemental =
| PubChem =
| IUPHAR_ligand =
| DrugBank =
| ChemSpiderID =
| UNII =
| KEGG =
| ChEBI =
| ChEMBL =
| NIAID_ChemDB =
| synonyms = BECOV2D
}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic sidebar}}

'''Corbevax''' or '''BioE COVID-19''', is a [[subunit vaccine|protein subunit]] [[COVID-19 vaccine]]<ref "name="CTRI/2020/11/029032">{{cite web|website=ctri.nic.in|publisher=[[Clinical Trials Registry – India|Clinical Trials Registry India]]|title=A prospective open label randomised phase-I seamlessly followed by phase-II study to assess the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of Biological E's novel Covid-19 vaccine containing Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 for protection against Covid-19 disease when administered intramuscularly in a two dose schedule (0, 28D) to healthy volunteers. |id=CTRI/2020/11/029032 |url=http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=48329|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112193905/http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=48329|archive-date=12 November 2020|date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="BioE1">{{cite web|date=29 December 2020|title=CEPI partners with Biological E Limited to advance development and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccine candidate|url=https://cepi.net/news_cepi/cepi-partners-with-biological-e-limited-to-advance-development-and-manufacture-of-covid-19-vaccine-candidate/|url-status=live|access-date=5 March 2021|website=cepi.net|publisher=[[Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations|CEPI]]}}</ref><ref name="BioE">{{cite web | vauthors=Chui M |title=Biological E. Limited and Baylor COVID-19 vaccine begins clinical trial in India |url=https://www.bcm.edu/news/biological-e-limited-and-baylor-covid-19-vaccine-begins-clinical-trial-in-india |publisher=[[Baylor College of Medicine]] |date=16 November 2020 | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="a">{{cite news | vauthors=Leo L |title= Biological E initiates human trials of vaccine |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/biological-e-starts-human-trials-of-baylor-college-s-covid-19-vaccine-11605525030199.html |work=Mint |date=16 November 2020 | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> developed by Texas Children's Hospital at the [[Baylor College of Medicine]] in [[Houston, Texas]], and licensed to Indian biopharmaceutical firm [[Biological E. Limited]] (BioE) for development and production.<ref>{{cite news|last=Raghavan|first=Prabha|name-list-style=vanc|date=10 June 2021|title=Explained: How is Biological E's Corbevax different?|website=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/corbevax-vaccine-biological-e-india-7344928/|access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55748124</ref>

==Technology==
The vaccine consists of a version of the [[Binding domain|receptor binding domain]] (RBD) of the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS‑CoV‑2]] [[Coronavirus spike protein|spike protein]], together with the [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvants]] [[aluminium hydroxide]] gel and [[CpG oligodeoxynucleotide|CpG]] 1018.<ref name="BioE1" /> The protein is produced by the [[yeast]] ''[[Pichia pastoris]]''; the process is similar to that of existing [[Hepatitis B vaccine|Hepatitis B vaccines]].<ref name="BioE1" />

==Manufacturing==
In April 2021, the [[U.S. International Development Finance Corporation]] (DFC) announced that it would fund the expansion of BioE's manufacturing capabilities, so that it could produce at least 1 billion doses by end of 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Nayanima |title=US assures export of raw materials to India for Covid vaccines as Doval speaks to Sullivan |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/us-assures-export-of-raw-materials-to-india-for-covid-vaccines-as-doval-speaks-to-sullivan/646030/ |work=ThePrint |date=25 April 2021 | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

==History==
===Clinical trials===
In phase I clinical trial was carried to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate in about 360 participants.<ref name="a"/> The phase II concluded in April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus {{!}} Biological E gets nod to start Phase III trials of COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/biological-e-gets-nod-to-start-phase-iii-trials-of-covid-19-vaccine/article34400287.ece |work=The Hindu |date=24 April 2021 }}</ref><ref name ="b">{{cite news |last1=Leo |first1=Leroy |title=Biological E completes phase-2 covid vaccine trial, gets SEC nod for phase-3 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/biological-e-completes-phase-2-covid-vaccine-trial-gets-sec-nod-for-phase3-11619261685348.html |work=mint |date=24 April 2021 | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

In April 2021, the [[Drugs Controller General of India]] permitted the vaccine candidate to start phase III clinical trials. A total of 1,268 healthy participants between the age of 18 and 80 years to be selected from 15 sites across India for the trial and intended to be part of a larger global Phase III study.<ref>{{cite web|website=ctri.nic.in|publisher=[[Clinical Trials Registry – India|Clinical Trials Registry India]]|title=A Prospective, multicentre, Phase II Seamlessly Followed by Phase III Clinical Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of Biological E's CORBEVAX Vaccine for Protection Against COVID-19 Disease When Administered to COVID-19-Negative Adult Subjects.|id=CTRI/2021/06/034014 |url=http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=56379|url-status=live|date=5 June 2021}}</ref><ref name ="b"/> As of December 2021, Biological E has announced positive results, but some experts criticized the lack of public data from phase III trials.<ref name="WaPo" />

== Society and culture ==
=== Legal status ===
On 28 December 2021, India approved the vaccine for emergency use.<ref name="IN">{{cite news |last1=Achom |first1=Debasish |title=India Clears 2 New Vaccines And Merck's Covid Pill |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-2-more-vaccines-covovax-and-corbevax-and-anti-viral-drug-molnupiravir-cleared-in-india-2675170 |work=NDTV.com |date=28 December 2021 | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

=== Economics ===
The development of the vaccine was financed with $7 million from mostly private investors, including a $1 million donation by [[Tito's Vodka]]. The vaccine technology is given patent-free to manufacturers, although Baylor College receives a fee.<ref name="WaPo">{{Cite news|date=2021-12-30|title=A new coronavirus vaccine heading to India was developed by a small team in Texas. It expects nothing in return.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/12/30/corbevax-texas-childrens-covid-vaccine/|archive-url=https://archive.is/3GoF0|archive-date=2022-01-01}}</ref>

On 3 June 2021, India's [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] pre-ordered 300 million doses of Corbevax.<ref> {{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=Health ministry buys 300 mn doses of Biological-E's Covid vaccine in advance|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/health-ministry-buys-300-mn-doses-of-biological-e-s-covid-vaccine-in-advance-101622691849144.html|access-date=4 June 2021|website=Hindustan Times}} </ref>

The BioE company has estimated the vaccine to be priced at ₹250 (around $3) per dose and may even be priced below ₹400 (around $5) for two doses in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=Swati |title=Bio E's Corbevax may be India's cheapest vaccine at Rs 250 per dose |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bio-es-corbevax-may-be-indias-cheapest-vaccine-at-rs-250-per-dose/articleshow/83249282.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 June 2021 | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

The vaccine is planned for use in low-income countries to increase vaccine access and equity, and thus is designed to be easily storable and manufactured with traditional processes. The vaccine is not patented and is planned to be openly licensed under [[COVAX]].<ref name="WaPo" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hotez|first1=Peter J.|last2=Bottazzi|first2=Maria Elena|date=2021-12-30|title=A COVID Vaccine for All|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-covid-vaccine-for-all/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Scientific American}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{scholia|Q106350062}}
*{{cite news |title=What Is Biological E Vaccine? Can It Be The Most 'Affordable' Jab? Know Here |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-what-is-biological-e-vaccine-can-it-be-the-most-affordable-jab-know-here/382732 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]}}
*{{cite news |title=Explained: How Corbevax is different |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/corbevax-vaccine-biological-e-india/ |work=The Indian Express }}

{{Vaccines}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}
{{Portal bar | Medicine | Viruses | COVID-19}}

[[Category:Clinical trials]]
[[Category:Indian COVID-19 vaccines]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Protein subunit vaccines]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2021]]

Parsec (software)

2021-02-10T18:40:43Z

Cgo: Update website in infobloc

{{short description|Application used for cloud-based gaming}}
{{distinguish|Parsec (video game)}}

{{Infobox software
| name = Parsec
| logo = [[File:Parsec Vertical Logo Light Background.png|250px]]
| screenshot = [[File:Pasec Screenshot.png|250px]]
| operating system = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Raspberry Pi 3]]
| website = https://parsec.app/
| developer = Parsec Gaming
| released = 2016
| programming_language = [[C (programming language)|C]]
}}

'''Parsec''' is a [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] [[freeware]] desktop capturing application primarily used for playing games through video [[live streaming|streaming]]. Using Parsec, a user can stream video game footage through an [[Internet]] connection, allowing one to run a game on one computer but play it remotely through another device. Although its main focus is gaming, Parsec can also be used as low-latency desktop sharing software. Parsec is available on most modern [[operating system]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcpowerplay.com.au/feature/lowlatency-desktop-capture-software-parsec-is-incredibly-promising,472886|work=[[PC PowerPlay]]|title=Low-latency desktop capture software Parsec is incredibly promising|last=Lawrence|first=Nathan|date=2017-09-08}}</ref>

Parsec also provides a paid "Parsec for Teams" version with additional features for artists and developers, such as additional administrative tools, better color accuracy and the ability to stream multiple screens at once.

==Partnerships==
Parsec used to provide a simple user interface for provisioning and connecting to pre-configured [[virtual machines]] hosted by [[Amazon Web Services]] and [[Paperspace]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/parsec-delivers-streaming-games-from-the-cloud-or-your-pc/|work=[[ZDNet]]|title=Parsec delivers streaming games from the cloud or your PC|last=Rubin|first=Ross|date=2018-01-22}}</ref> this has however been removed and is no longer part of the current version. In January 2018, Parsec partnered with [[Hewlett-Packard]] to create ''OMEN Game Stream'', a free cloud gaming service based on Parsec's technology designed specifically for HP Omen PCs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcper.com/news/General-Tech/CES-2018-HP-Partners-Parsec-OMEN-Game-Stream-Low-Latency-Remote-Game-Streaming-Ser|work=[[PC Perspective]]|title=CES 2018: HP Partners With Parsec for OMEN Game Stream, a Low-Latency Remote Game Streaming Service|last=Tanous|first=Jim|date=2018-01-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://parsec.app/}}

[[Category:Video game company stubs]]
[[Category:Remote desktop]]

{{Video game stub}}

Talk:Cineon

2020-04-10T13:48:52Z

Cgo: /* cineon.com is long dead, links in infobox */ new section

{{Film|Filmmaking-task-force=yes|class=Start}}

==Split proposal==
This article is confusing. The tile is Cineon, though it speaks as if it is about the Cineon File Format and at the same time gives a little information about the Cineon Digital Film System. There are several parts to the Cineon Digital Film System. It might be better explained if this article was split into 5 separate articles, or some how divided into sections. The Cineon Digital Film System contained 3 products and a file format, they were all separate entities. The Cineon File Format is one entity that is still used today. So, in conclusion I would suggest splitting this article into 5 separate articles. Main Article "Cineon Digital Film System" with supporting articles. There is a lot of information on each subject that isn't detailed in the current "Cineon" article.
Cineon Digital Film Scanner -
Cineon Digital Film Recorder -
Cineon Visual Effects Software-
Cineon File Format

The only downfall with having 5 separate articles is that the Cineon Digital Film System article might be a bit small. --[[User:MyMagicdoor|MyMagicdoor]] — Preceding [[User:MyMagicdoor|MyMagicdoor]] comment added by [[User:MyMagicdoor|MyMagicdoor]] ([[User talk:MyMagicdoor|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/MyMagicdoor|contribs]]) 16:05, 24 August 2011 (UTC) 

:No reason to slit up a small article like this. Please find a way to do it in separate sections. --[[User:Kvng|Kvng]] ([[User talk:Kvng|talk]]) 13:17, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

== Calibration section ==

I have removed the completely unsourced calibration section per [[WP:NOTHOWTO]]. – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 19:23, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

== cineon.com is long dead, links in infobox ==

Hi, since www.cineon.com has been down for more than 2 years (as of April 2020), is it ok to put an archive link on the infobox for the main url and standard ? [[User:Cgo|Cgo]] ([[User talk:Cgo|talk]]) 13:48, 10 April 2020 (UTC)

BUF Compagnie

2019-06-27T20:24:43Z

Cgo: /* History */ Add Montreal premises + fix verb

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Advert|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox company
| name = BUF compagnie
| logo = buf logo.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| foundation = 1984
| location = [[Paris]], France
| key_people = Pierre Buffin
| num_employees = 200-300
| industry = [[Vfx|Visual effects]], [[computer generated imagery|CGI]] [[animation]]
| products =
| revenue =
| operating profit =
| homepage = [http://www.buf.com/ buf.com]
}}
'''BUF Compagnie''' is a French [[visual effects]] company, specializing in [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] for feature films, commercials, and music videos.

==History==
Based in Paris, France, Montreal, Canada, and Los Angeles, United States, BUF Compagnie (BUF) was founded by Pierre Buffin in 1984.<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/magazine/20070824.MAG000000316_l_explorateur_d_univers.html Pierre Buffin : l'explorateur d'univers]</ref> The company develops new software advances in [[visual effects]] (VFX) and [[computer animation]] for [[feature films]], [[commercials]], [[music videos]] and special venue projects. BUF's pre and [[postproduction]] services have earned industry nominations for Best Visual Effects and awarded innumerable technical achievement awards {{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}.

==Technology==
BUF's research and development group is composed of 13 engineers{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}.

BUF is credited with pioneering in the following fields : stereo-modeling and camera mapping techniques in production; the development of motion blur post-process and camera tracking software{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}; creating 'freezing-effect'; conceiving 3D camera movements in a photorealistic environment reproduced by utilizing still photographic images{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}; introducing new software that simulates clothing; producing invisible continuous shots between live action and full CG; advancing singular character animation software; introducing crowd generation and management techniques along with new fluids and solid dynamics systems; creating original tools dedicated to animation and paint3D and launching the 'bullet time' effect created for "The "Matrix" franchise, which was directly inspired by the research carried out by BUF while working on [[Michel Gondry]]'s "Like A Rolling Stone"<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20061207162824/http://www.buf.com/WORK/project.php?id=573</ref> music video in 1996.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20061209175709/http://www.buf.com/ABOUTUS/?class=history</ref>

BUF has an animation studio complex in Pantin, France, which developed the entirety of animation for "Arthur and the Minimoys." of over 1,600 shots {{Citation needed|date=May 2007}} requiring the involvement of 20 supervisors and 100 artists at any one time. Buffin also customized the equipment and trained his team of artists to work on every aspect of the structure and creation of the company's first animated motion picture.

BUF's commercial division has developed more than 1,000 commercials adopting broad visual methods and technical challenges, to realize the director's vision on the small screen. BUF's most recent triumph was the #1 top-rated 2007 Super Bowl advert for Hewlett-Packard. Commercials for Mercedes-Benz, Lancia, Nissan, Peugeot, Canal +, Coca-Cola and Disney, have also been executed by BUF.

By April 2007, BUF had received 14 awards for Best Visual Effects and 20 additional nominations and accolades in Technical Cinematic Excellence. The company had won eight Clio Awards, the advertising industry's highest honour, and five Music Video Awards for the Rolling Stones, U2, Madonna and White Stripes. Other music video credits include Lenny Kravitz, Björk, Nina Hagen, Terence Trent d'Arby, Air, Emilie Simon, Chemical Brothers, Melanie Blatt, Ginger Ale, Daft Punk, Texas, All Saints and Foo Fighters.

Graphic design is a further extension of BUF's expertise, having executed principal branding campaigns for Disney, Coca-Cola, Citroën, General Electric, Lexus, Paramount Pictures, Studio Canal, Europa and Metropolitan.

As a broadly documented resource in the VFX domain, BUF has been integral to numerous publications, textbooks, industry reference books and manuals, including The Animation Business Handbook, Rendering with mental ray, Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 2004, Cyberarts 2000: International Compendium Prix Ars Electronica, Comic Art of Europe Through 2000: An International Bibliography.

The company Buffin was built into a $250 million business over 23 years. By forming an on-the-job learning Academy for young professional artists, BUF now employs a large percentage of its workforce directly from specialized universities across Europe, with a median age of 25.

BUF continues to carry out numerous diverse VFX projects for feature films. Buffin is also mounting two literary adaptations destined for animated films, one from a Jules Verne novel and another from Lewis Carroll. In addition, BUF has two live-action projects and two animated sequels to "Arthur and the Minimoys" in development.

Already in discussions with several U.S. entities on this front, Buffin is producing pilots and two motion picture projects in Los Angeles.{{when|date=September 2014}}

==Films==
This is a list of films in which BUF provided VFX work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buf.com/vfx/|title=Visual Effects|website=BUF.com|accessdate=April 18, 2018}}</ref>
{{div col}}
* ''[[The City of Lost Children]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Fight Club (film)|Fight Club]]'' (1999)
* ''[[The Cell]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Panic Room (film)|Panic Room]]'' (2002)
* ''[[S1m0ne]]'' (2002)
* ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' (2003)
* ''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Van Helsing (film)|Van Helsing]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Finding Neverland (film)|Finding Neverland]]'' (2004)
* ''[[2046 (film)|2046]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Alexander (2004 film)|Alexander]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Batman Begins]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Angel-A]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Revolver (2005 film)|Revolver]]'' (2005)
* ''[[The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada|Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Once Upon a Time in the Oued]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Silent Hill (film)|Silent Hill]]'' (2006)
* ''[[The Prestige (film)|The Prestige]]'' (2006)
* ''[[United 93 (film)|United 93]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Arthur and the Invisibles]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Our Earthmen Friends]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Two Worlds (2007 film)|Two Worlds]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Big City (2007 film)|Big City]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Dante 01]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Asterix at the Olympic Games (film)|Asterix at the Olympic Games]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Be Kind Rewind]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Speed Racer (film)|Speed Racer]]'' (2008)
* ''[[The Dark Knight (film)|The Dark Knight]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Babylon A.D.]]'' (2008)
* ''[[City of Ember]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Ricky (2009 film)|Ricky]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Solomon Kane]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Splice (film)|Splice]]'' (2009)
* ''[[In the Beginning (2009 film)|In the Beginning]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Knowing (film)|Knowing]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Enter the Void]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Arthur and the Vengeance of Maltazard]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]'' (2011)<ref name="thorbufcompagnie">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118014554.html?categoryId=19&cs=1|title=Films draw French rebates|author=John Hopewell & Elsa Keslassey|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=2 February 2010|accessdate=2010-02-02}}</ref>
* ''[[Green Lantern (film)|Green Lantern]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Machine Gun Preacher]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Dark Shadows (film)|Dark Shadows]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Total Recall (2012 film)|Total Recall]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Omar (TV series)]]'' (2012)
* ''[[The Blue Elephant]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Jupiter Ascending]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Poltergeist (2015 film)|Poltergeist]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Kingsman: The Secret Service]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Run All Night (film)|Run All Night]]'' (2015)
* ''[[The Lobster]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]'' (2016)
* ''[[X-Men: Apocalypse]]'' (2016)
* ''[[The Divergent Series: Allegiant]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Blade Runner 2049]]'' (2017)
* ''[[The Dark Tower (2017 film)|The Dark Tower]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Kingsman: The Golden Circle]]'' (2017)
* ''[[12 Strong]]'' (2018)
* ''[[The Darkest Minds (film)|The Darkest Minds]]'' (2018)
* ''[[High Life (2018 film)|High Life]]'' (2018)
{{end div col}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons category|BUF Compagnie}}
* {{Official website|http://www.buf.com}}
* {{IMDB company|0060901|BUF}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buf Companies}}
[[Category:Film production companies of France]]
[[Category:Visual effects companies]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Companies based in Paris]]