Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Turkish Angora

2021-03-18T03:56:32Z

CodeSlashh: /* History */ rm doubler

{{Distinguish|Turkish Van|Van cat}}
{{Infobox Catbreed


| name = Turkish Angora
| image = Turkish Angora in Ankara Zoo (AOÇ).JPG
| imagecaption = Angora cat at the [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Ankara Zoo]] in January 2012. The zoo breeds and sells Angora cats.<ref name="zoo_angora_cats">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ankarazoo.gov.tr/index.php?view=cnt&cinf=45%7c25%7c20_25|title=Atatürk Forest Farm Zoo|work=ankarazoo.gov.tr|publisher=Ankara Zoo|access-date=17 September 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name="dream_cat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.erkr.de/ezoo.htm|title=Turkish Angoras in Ankara Zoo... or on the road investigating the Turkish Angora|first=S.|last=Loeschke|work=erkr.de|publisher=S. Loeschke|date=November 1997|access-date=17 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718235710/http://www.erkr.de/ezoo.htm|archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>
| altname = Ankara<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news" />
| nickname =
| country = [[Turkey]]
| notrecognized =
| extinct =
| cfastd = https://cfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/turkish-angora-standard.pdf
| fifestd = http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/TUA.pdf
| ticastd=https://tica.org/phocadownload/ta.pdf
| gccfstd =
| aacestd =
| acfastd = http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/TURKISH%20ANGORA.pdf
| acfstd =
| ccastd = https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/TURKISH_ANGORA_20200203_021135.pdf
| otherstd =
| note =
|}}
The '''Turkish Angora''' ({{lang-tr|Ankara kedisi}}, 'Ankara cat'<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news">{{cite news|title=ARTS-CULTURE - The white beauty of Ankara: Ankara Cat|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat.aspx?pageID=438&n=the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat-2001-10-14|work=Hürriyet Daily News {{!}} LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION|access-date=2016-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084317/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat.aspx?pageID=438&n=the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat-2001-10-14|archive-date=2016-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is a [[cat breed|breed]] of [[domestic cat]]. Turkish Angoras are one of the ancient, [[natural breed]]s of cat, having originated in central [[Turkey]], in the [[Ankara]] region. The breed has been documented as early as the 17th century and is believed to be the origin of the mutations for both the color white{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} and long hair{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}. The breed is also sometimes referred to as simply the '''Angora''' or '''Ankara cat'''.<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news" />

==History==
[[File:Persian aka Angora from 1894.JPG|thumb|left|"Angora cat" from ''The Royal Natural History'' (1894), illustrated by [[Gustav Mützel]].]]

[[File:Odd-eyed Turkish Angora cat - 20080830.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A white Turkish Angora cat with [[odd-eyed cat|odd eyes (heterochromia)]], which is common among the Angoras.]]

Like all domestic cats, Turkish Angoras descended from the [[Felis silvestris lybica|African wildcat]] (''Felis silvestris lybica''). Their ancestors were among the cats that were first domesticated in the [[Fertile Crescent]]. Cats from eastern mountainous regions of [[Anatolia]] developed into longhaired breeds like the Turkish Van and the Turkish Angora through inbreeding and natural selection.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Longhaired cats were imported to [[Early Modern Britain|Britain]] and [[France]] from [[Asia Minor]], [[Iran|Persia]] and [[Russia]] as early as the late 16th century, though there are indications that they appeared in Europe as early as the 14th century due to the [[Crusades]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} . The Turkish Angora was used to improve the coat on the [[Persian (cat)|Persian]], almost to the point of extinction.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} The Turkish Angora was recognized as a distinct breed in Europe by the 17th century.<ref name=about>{{cite web|author1=Barbara Azan and Sandralee Rodgers|title=The Turkish Angora:About This Breed|url=http://www.cfa.org/Breeds/BreedsSthruT/TurkishAngora/TAArticle(1994).aspx|website=CFA inc|publisher=The Cat Fancier's Association|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> However, there is a strong connection between Angoras and [[Persian (cat)|Persians]]. [[Charles Catton the younger|Charles Catton]], in his 1788 book ''[[Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta]]'', gave "Persian cat" and "Angora cat" as alternative names for the same breed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Catton|first1=Charles|title=Animals drawn from Nature and engraved in aqua-tinta|date=1788|publisher=I. and J. Taylor|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Animals_drawn_from_Nature_and_engraved_in_aqua-tinta#plate8|chapter=The Persian Cat, Plate 8}}</ref>

The Persian cat was developed from Turkish angora mutations by British and American cat fanciers. Although some cat associations think the Persian cat is a natural breed, in the 19th century Persians and Angoras were identical. In 1903, F. Simpson wrote in her book ''The Book of the Cat'':<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chestofbooks.com/animals/cats/Book/index.html |title=The Book Of The Cat | by Frances Simpson |publisher=Chestofbooks.com |date=1902-02-01 |access-date=2013-01-26}}{{Page needed|date=April 2013}}</ref>
<blockquote>"In classing all long-haired cats as Persians I may be wrong, but the distinctions, apparently with hardly any difference, between Angoras and Persians are of so fine a nature that I must be pardoned if I ignore the class of cat commonly called Angora, which seems gradually to have disappeared from our midst. Certainly, at our large shows there is no special classification given for Angoras, and in response to many inquiries from animal fanciers I have never been able to obtain any definite information as to the difference between a Persian and an Angora cat."</blockquote>
[[File:Diamond_-_Turkish_Angora.jpg|thumb|An odd-eyed Turkish Angora]]
[[File:White Turkish Angora cat with "odd eyes".JPG|thumb|Turkish Angora kitten with odd eyes]]
[[File:Turkish Angora Odd-Eyed.jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with odd eyes]]

The Angora of the 20th century was used for improvement in the Persian coat, but the type has always been divergent from the Persian – particularly as the increasingly flat-faced [[show cat]] Persian has been developed in the last few decades.

In the early 20th century, [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Ankara Zoo]] began a breeding program to protect and preserve pure white Angora cats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kedici.com.tr/Detay.aspx?id=153 |title=KediciWeb |publisher=Kedici.com.tr |date=2011-02-24 |access-date=2013-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510113007/http://kedici.com.tr/Detay.aspx?id=153 |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> The zoo particularly prized [[odd-eyed cat|odd-eyed]] specimens (i.e., with one blue and one amber eye); however the cats were chosen only by their color (white)—no other criterion was used. Despite the lack of selective breeding and no consideration given for the deafness problem, Ankara Zoo cats have a very similar type.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

The Turkish Angora, which was brought to [[Canada]] in 1963, was accepted as a championship pedigreed breed in 1973 by the Cat Fanciers' Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfa.org/client/breedTurkishAngora.aspx|title=Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed Profile: Turkish Angora|access-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029014432/http://www.cfa.org/client/breedTurkishAngora.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> However, until 1978 only white Angoras were recognized. Today, all North American registries accept the Turkish Angora in many colors and patterns. While numbers are still relatively small, the gene pool and base of fanciers are growing.

Breeders in Turkey feel that the cat fancy’s fine-boned version of their national breed is unrepresentative of the true Turkish cats, which are much sturdier. American “Turkish” Angoras may have only a minimal remnant of the original Ankara Zoo DNA and are only “purebred on paper".<ref name="messybeast">{{cite web|url=http://messybeast.com/cathistory.htm|title=The Domestication of the Cat|website=Messybeast.com|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>
==Appearance==

[[File:Angora Cat (White).jpg|thumb|Turkish Angora with green eyes]]

Turkish Angora cats have long, silky coats and elegant, sinuous bodies. A younger Turkish Angora can often be mistaken for a snow weasel. Though it is known for a shimmery white coat and posh tail, Turkish Angora cats can display a variety of colors.<ref name=fortheloveofcats /> They come in [[tabby]] and tabby-white, along with black with an undercoat of chocolate brown, and lastly smoke varieties, and are in every color other than those that indicate [[crossbreed]]ing, such as pointed, chocolate and lavender.<ref name=standard>{{cite web|title=Turkish Angora: Breed Standard Point Score|url=http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/turkish-angora.pdf|website=CFA inc.|publisher=Cat Fanciers Association|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=CFA >{{cite web|url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/breedssthrut/turkishangora.aspx|title=Breed Profile: The Turkish Angora|access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

Eyes may be blue, green, amber, yellow, or [[Odd-eyed cat|heterochromatic]] (e.g., one blue and one amber or green). Ears are pointed, large and wide-set. The eyes are almond shaped and the profile forms two straight planes. The plumed tail is often carried upright, perpendicular to the back.<ref name=standard />

==Behavior==
Turkish Angora cats are playful, intelligent, athletic and involved. They bond with humans, but often select a particular member of the family to be their constant companion. They are, in turn, very protective of their person.<ref name=fortheloveofcats>{{cite book|last=Shojai|first=Amy|title=For th Love of Cats|date=1997|publisher=Publications International, Ltd.|location=Lincolnwood, Illinois|isbn=0-7853-1411-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/forloveofcats00iren/page/108 108–109]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/forloveofcats00iren/page/108}}</ref> They seek to be "helpful" in any way they can with their humans, and their intelligence is at times remarkable, showing basic problem solving skills. They are easily trained, including deaf Turkish Angoras, both because of their intelligence and their desire to interact with humans.

Turkish angoras are energetic, and often seek out "high ground" (or perch) in the home. This perch is then used as a way to observe activity of the home.<ref name=fortheloveofcats /> This could include tops of doors, refrigerators, bookshelves, and other furniture. Some ride on their owners' shoulders. Their personality makes the breed desirable to certain people. They get along well in homes with other animals, children, and high activity.

==Health==
[[File:TUA Eur.Ch. Akkedi Yuran (11322070486).jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with blue eyes]]
The W gene responsible for the white coat and blue eye is [[Deaf white cat|closely related to the hearing ability]], in this and other breeds, and presence of a blue eye can indicate the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located, with some being totally deaf if bearing two blue eyes. However, a great many blue and odd-eyed white cats have normal hearing, and even deaf cats lead a normal life if kept indoors.

[[File:Haribo du Soleil d'Ankara.JPG|thumb|Turkish Angora kitten with blue eyes]]

Some Turkish Angora kittens suffer from [[hereditary ataxia]], a rare condition thought to be inherited as an [[Recessive disorders#Autosomal recessive|autosomal recessive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hosca-kal.de/gesundheit_ataxie.htm|title=hosca-kal.de|website=Hosca-kal.de|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> The kittens affected by ataxia have shaking movements, and do not survive to adulthood.

Another genetic illness that is rare but known to the breed is [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcats.com/2008/06/turkish-angora.html |title=Turkish Angora |publisher=Of Cats |date=2008-06-17 |access-date=2013-01-26}}</ref> which is a cardiac condition usually found between the ages of 2 - 6, with males being affected more commonly and more severely than females. In the [[Maine Coon]], HCM is thought to be an autosomal dominant gene and researchers are working to identify markers for this disease. However, in the Turkish Angora, the disease has not yet been studied at length primarily due to its rarity of occurrence, and is likely to result from a different mutation of genes, with a different gene location than that of the Maine Coon cat. HCM also affects many other breeds, including [[Ragdoll]]s, [[Persian cat|Persians]] and [[Bengal (cat)|Bengals]].

==Genetics==
[[File:22645671947 ORIG.jpeg|thumb|Turkish Angora with yellow eyes]]
[[File:Cat (6672148713).jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with yellow eyes]]

A genetic study of pedigree cat breeds (using DNA taken from pedigreed cats in US and Europe) and worldwide random-bred populations showed the Turkish Van as a distinct population from the Turkish Angora despite their geographical association. The Turkish Angora was grouped with the pedigreed Egyptian Mau and random-bred Tunisian cats. Turkish random-bred cats were grouped with Israeli random-bred cats while the Turkish Van was grouped with Egyptian random-bred cats.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 |title=The ascent of cat breeds: Genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations |year=2008 |last1=Lipinski |first1=Monika J. |last2=Froenicke |first2=Lutz |last3=Baysac |first3=Kathleen C. |last4=Billings |first4=Nicholas C. |last5=Leutenegger |first5=Christian M. |last6=Levy |first6=Alon M. |last7=Longeri |first7=Maria |last8=Niini |first8=Tirri |last9=Ozpinar |first9=Haydar |journal=Genomics |volume=91 |pages=12–21 |pmid=18060738 |issue=1 |pmc=2267438 }}</ref>
However, the UC Davis only studied American cat fancy registered Angoras rather than the “true” Turkish Angora or Ankara Kedisi directly from Turkey, and especially from the Ankara Zoo.<ref name="messybeast" />

A genetic study published in 2012 <ref name=pmid23171373>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/age.12008 |title=Variation of cats under domestication: Genetic assignment of domestic cats to breeds and worldwide random-bred populations |year=2012 |last1=Kurushima |first1=J. D. |last2=Lipinski |first2=M. J. |last3=Gandolfi |first3=B. |last4=Froenicke |first4=L. |last5=Grahn |first5=J. C. |last6=Grahn |first6=R. A. |last7=Lyons |first7=L. A. |journal=Animal Genetics |pmid=23171373|volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=311–24 |pmc=3594446}}</ref> included a few cats imported from Turkey. The study found that ″Turkish- versus USA-originating Turkish Angoras (...) are resolved as separate breed populations<ref name=pmid23171373/> The American Turkish Angoras are categorized as descendants of European random-bred cats, and cats imported from Turkey ″were assigned to the Eastern Mediterranean″ group.<ref name=pmid23171373/>

==In popular culture==
Mewsette is a Turkish Angora cat who is Jaune Tom's girlfriend in [[United Productions of America|UPA]]'s 1962 animated feature film ''[[Gay Purr-ee]]''. She is voiced by [[Judy Garland]]. Duchess and Marie are both mother and daughter Turkish Angora cat and kitten in [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney]]'s 1970 animated feature film ''[[The Aristocats]]''. They are both voiced by [[Eva Gabor]] and Liz English. {{Cn|date=March 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pictures-of-cats.org/The-Real-Turkish-Angora.html The Real Turkish Angora]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040606153535/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/turkish-angora.html The Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed description - Turkish Angora]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090211172900/http://fanciers.com/breed-faqs/turkish-angora-faq.shtml Fanciers: Turkish Angora]

{{Cat nav}}

[[Category:Cat breeds]]
[[Category:Cat breeds originating in Turkey]]
[[Category:Natural cat breeds]]

Turkish Angora

2021-03-16T15:35:12Z

CodeSlashh: /* History */

{{Distinguish|Turkish Van|Van cat}}
{{Infobox Catbreed


| name = Turkish Angora
| image = Turkish Angora in Ankara Zoo (AOÇ).JPG
| imagecaption = Angora cat at the [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Ankara Zoo]] in January 2012. The zoo breeds and sells Angora cats.<ref name="zoo_angora_cats">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ankarazoo.gov.tr/index.php?view=cnt&cinf=45%7c25%7c20_25|title=Atatürk Forest Farm Zoo|work=ankarazoo.gov.tr|publisher=Ankara Zoo|access-date=17 September 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name="dream_cat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.erkr.de/ezoo.htm|title=Turkish Angoras in Ankara Zoo... or on the road investigating the Turkish Angora|first=S.|last=Loeschke|work=erkr.de|publisher=S. Loeschke|date=November 1997|access-date=17 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718235710/http://www.erkr.de/ezoo.htm|archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>
| altname = Ankara<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news" />
| nickname =
| country = [[Turkey]]
| notrecognized =
| extinct =
| cfastd = https://cfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/turkish-angora-standard.pdf
| fifestd = http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/TUA.pdf
| ticastd=https://tica.org/phocadownload/ta.pdf
| gccfstd =
| aacestd =
| acfastd = http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/TURKISH%20ANGORA.pdf
| acfstd =
| ccastd = https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/TURKISH_ANGORA_20200203_021135.pdf
| otherstd =
| note =
|}}
The '''Turkish Angora''' ({{lang-tr|Ankara kedisi}}, 'Ankara cat'<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news">{{cite news|title=ARTS-CULTURE - The white beauty of Ankara: Ankara Cat|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat.aspx?pageID=438&n=the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat-2001-10-14|work=Hürriyet Daily News {{!}} LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION|access-date=2016-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084317/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat.aspx?pageID=438&n=the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat-2001-10-14|archive-date=2016-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is a [[cat breed|breed]] of [[domestic cat]]. Turkish Angoras are one of the ancient, [[natural breed]]s of cat, having originated in central [[Turkey]], in the [[Ankara]] region. The breed has been documented as early as the 17th century and is believed to be the origin of the mutations for both the color white{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} and long hair{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}. The breed is also sometimes referred to as simply the '''Angora''' or '''Ankara cat'''.<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news" />

==History==
[[File:Persian aka Angora from 1894.JPG|thumb|left|"Angora cat" from ''The Royal Natural History'' (1894), illustrated by [[Gustav Mützel]].]]

[[File:Odd-eyed Turkish Angora cat - 20080830.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A white Turkish Angora cat with [[odd-eyed cat|odd eyes (heterochromia)]], which is common among the Angoras.]]

Like all domestic cats, Turkish Angoras descended from the [[Felis silvestris lybica|African wildcat]] (''Felis silvestris lybica''). Their ancestors were among the cats that were first domesticated in the [[Fertile Crescent]]. Cats from eastern mountainous regions of [[Anatolia]] developed into longhaired breeds like the Turkish Van and the Turkish Angora through inbreeding and natural selection.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Longhaired cats were imported to [[Early Modern Britain|Britain]] and [[France]] from [[Asia Minor]], [[Iran|Persia]] and [[Russia]] as early as the late 16th century, though there are indications that they appeared in Europe as early as the 14th century due to the [[Crusades]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} . The Turkish Angora was used to improve the coat on the [[Persian (cat)|Persian]], almost to the point of extinction.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} The Turkish Angora was recognized as a distinct breed in Europe by the 17th century.<ref name=about>{{cite web|author1=Barbara Azan and Sandralee Rodgers|title=The Turkish Angora:About This Breed|url=http://www.cfa.org/Breeds/BreedsSthruT/TurkishAngora/TAArticle(1994).aspx|website=CFA inc|publisher=The Cat Fancier's Association|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> However, there is a strong connection between Angoras and [[Persian (cat)|Persians]]. [[Charles Catton the younger|Charles Catton]], in his 1788 book ''[[Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta]]'', gave "Persian cat" and "Angora cat" as alternative names for the same breed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Catton|first1=Charles|title=Animals drawn from Nature and engraved in aqua-tinta|date=1788|publisher=I. and J. Taylor|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Animals_drawn_from_Nature_and_engraved_in_aqua-tinta#plate8|chapter=The Persian Cat, Plate 8}}</ref>

The Persian cat was developed from Turkish angora mutations by British and American cat fanciers. Although some cat associations think the Persian cat is a natural breed, in the 19th century Persians and Angoras were identical. In 1903, F. Simpson wrote in her book ''The Book of the Cat'':<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chestofbooks.com/animals/cats/Book/index.html |title=The Book Of The Cat | by Frances Simpson |publisher=Chestofbooks.com |date=1902-02-01 |access-date=2013-01-26}}{{Page needed|date=April 2013}}</ref>
<blockquote>"In classing all long-haired cats as Persians I may be wrong, but the distinctions, apparently with hardly any difference, between Angoras and Persians are of so fine a nature that I must be pardoned if I ignore the class of cat commonly called Angora, which seems gradually to have disappeared from our midst. Certainly, at our large shows there is no special classification given for Angoras, and in response to many inquiries from animal fanciers I have never been able to obtain any definite information as to the difference between a Persian and an Angora cat."</blockquote>
[[File:Diamond_-_Turkish_Angora.jpg|thumb|An odd-eyed Turkish Angora]]
[[File:White Turkish Angora cat with "odd eyes".JPG|thumb|Turkish Angora kitten with odd eyes]]
[[File:Turkish Angora Odd-Eyed.jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with odd eyes]]

The Angora of the 20th century was used for improvement in the Persian coat, but the type has always been divergent from the Persian – particularly as the increasingly flat-faced [[show cat]] Persian has been developed in the last few decades.

In the early 20th century, [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Ankara Zoo]] began a breeding program to protect and preserve pure white Angora cats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kedici.com.tr/Detay.aspx?id=153 |title=KediciWeb |publisher=Kedici.com.tr |date=2011-02-24 |access-date=2013-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510113007/http://kedici.com.tr/Detay.aspx?id=153 |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> The zoo particularly prized [[odd-eyed cat|odd-eyed]] specimens (i.e., with one blue and one amber eye); however the cats were chosen only by their color (white)—no other criterion was used. Despite the lack of selective breeding and no consideration given for the deafness problem, Ankara Zoo cats have a very similar type.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

The Turkish Angora, which was brought to [[Canada]] in 1963, was accepted as a championship pedigreed breed in 1973 by the Cat Fanciers' Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfa.org/client/breedTurkishAngora.aspx|title=Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed Profile: Turkish Angora|access-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029014432/http://www.cfa.org/client/breedTurkishAngora.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> However, until 1978 only white Angoras were recognized. Today, all North American registries accept the Turkish Angora in many colors and patterns. While numbers are still relatively small, the gene pool and base of fanciers are growing.

Breeders in Turkey feel that the cat fancy’s fine-boned version of their national breed is unrepresentative of the true Turkish cats, which are much sturdier. American “Turkish” Angoras may have only a minimal remnant of the original Ankara Zoo DNA and are only “purebred on paper".<ref name="messybeast">{{cite web|url=http://messybeast.com/cathistory.htm|title=The Domestication of the Cat|website=Messybeast.com|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>
==History==
[[File:Odd-eyed Turkish Angora cat - 20080830.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A white Turkish Angora cat with [[odd-eyed cat|odd eyes (heterochromia)]], which is common among the Angoras.]]

Like all domestic cats, Turkish Angoras descended from the [[Felis silvestris lybica|African wildcat]] (''Felis silvestris lybica''). Their ancestors were among the cats that were first domesticated in the [[Fertile Crescent]]. Cats from eastern mountainous regions of [[Anatolia]] developed into longhaired breeds like the Turkish Van and the Turkish Angora through inbreeding and natural selection.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Longhaired cats were imported to [[Early Modern Britain|Britain]] and [[France]] from [[Asia Minor]], [[Iran|Persia]] and [[Russia]] as early as the late 16th century, though there are indications that they appeared in Europe as early as the 14th century due to the [[Crusades]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} . The Turkish Angora was used to improve the coat on the [[Persian (cat)|Persian]], almost to the point of extinction.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} The Turkish Angora was recognized as a distinct breed in Europe by the 17th century.<ref name=about>{{cite web|author1=Barbara Azan and Sandralee Rodgers|title=The Turkish Angora:About This Breed|url=http://www.cfa.org/Breeds/BreedsSthruT/TurkishAngora/TAArticle(1994).aspx|website=CFA inc|publisher=The Cat Fancier's Association|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> However, there is a strong connection between Angoras and [[Persian (cat)|Persians]]. [[Charles Catton the younger|Charles Catton]], in his 1788 book ''[[Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta]]'', gave "Persian cat" and "Angora cat" as alternative names for the same breed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Catton|first1=Charles|title=Animals drawn from Nature and engraved in aqua-tinta|date=1788|publisher=I. and J. Taylor|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Animals_drawn_from_Nature_and_engraved_in_aqua-tinta#plate8|chapter=The Persian Cat, Plate 8}}</ref>

The Persian cat was developed from Turkish angora mutations by British and American cat fanciers. Although some cat associations think the Persian cat is a natural breed, in the 19th century Persians and Angoras were identical. In 1903, F. Simpson wrote in her book ''The Book of the Cat'':<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chestofbooks.com/animals/cats/Book/index.html |title=The Book Of The Cat | by Frances Simpson |publisher=Chestofbooks.com |date=1902-02-01 |access-date=2013-01-26}}{{Page needed|date=April 2013}}</ref>
<blockquote>"In classing all long-haired cats as Persians I may be wrong, but the distinctions, apparently with hardly any difference, between Angoras and Persians are of so fine a nature that I must be pardoned if I ignore the class of cat commonly called Angora, which seems gradually to have disappeared from our midst. Certainly, at our large shows there is no special classification given for Angoras, and in response to many inquiries from animal fanciers I have never been able to obtain any definite information as to the difference between a Persian and an Angora cat."</blockquote>
[[File:Diamond_-_Turkish_Angora.jpg|thumb|An odd-eyed Turkish Angora]]
[[File:White Turkish Angora cat with "odd eyes".JPG|thumb|Turkish Angora kitten with odd eyes]]
[[File:Turkish Angora Odd-Eyed.jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with odd eyes]]

The Angora of the 20th century was used for improvement in the Persian coat, but the type has always been divergent from the Persian – particularly as the increasingly flat-faced [[show cat]] Persian has been developed in the last few decades.

In the early 20th century, [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Ankara Zoo]] began a breeding program to protect and preserve pure white Angora cats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kedici.com.tr/Detay.aspx?id=153 |title=KediciWeb |publisher=Kedici.com.tr |date=2011-02-24 |access-date=2013-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510113007/http://kedici.com.tr/Detay.aspx?id=153 |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> The zoo particularly prized [[odd-eyed cat|odd-eyed]] specimens (i.e., with one blue and one amber eye); however the cats were chosen only by their color (white)—no other criterion was used. Despite the lack of selective breeding and no consideration given for the deafness problem, Ankara Zoo cats have a very similar type.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

The Turkish Angora, which was brought to [[Canada]] in 1963, was accepted as a championship pedigreed breed in 1973 by the Cat Fanciers' Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfa.org/client/breedTurkishAngora.aspx|title=Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed Profile: Turkish Angora|access-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029014432/http://www.cfa.org/client/breedTurkishAngora.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> However, until 1978 only white Angoras were recognized. Today, all North American registries accept the Turkish Angora in many colors and patterns. While numbers are still relatively small, the gene pool and base of fanciers are growing.

Breeders in Turkey feel that the cat fancy’s fine-boned version of their national breed is unrepresentative of the true Turkish cats, which are much sturdier. American “Turkish” Angoras may have only a minimal remnant of the original Ankara Zoo DNA and are only “purebred on paper".<ref name="messybeast">{{cite web|url=http://messybeast.com/cathistory.htm|title=The Domestication of the Cat|website=Messybeast.com|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

==Appearance==

[[File:Angora Cat (White).jpg|thumb|Turkish Angora with green eyes]]

Turkish Angora cats have long, silky coats and elegant, sinuous bodies. A younger Turkish Angora can often be mistaken for a snow weasel. Though it is known for a shimmery white coat and posh tail, Turkish Angora cats can display a variety of colors.<ref name=fortheloveofcats /> They come in [[tabby]] and tabby-white, along with black with an undercoat of chocolate brown, and lastly smoke varieties, and are in every color other than those that indicate [[crossbreed]]ing, such as pointed, chocolate and lavender.<ref name=standard>{{cite web|title=Turkish Angora: Breed Standard Point Score|url=http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/turkish-angora.pdf|website=CFA inc.|publisher=Cat Fanciers Association|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=CFA >{{cite web|url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/breedssthrut/turkishangora.aspx|title=Breed Profile: The Turkish Angora|access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

Eyes may be blue, green, amber, yellow, or [[Odd-eyed cat|heterochromatic]] (e.g., one blue and one amber or green). Ears are pointed, large and wide-set. The eyes are almond shaped and the profile forms two straight planes. The plumed tail is often carried upright, perpendicular to the back.<ref name=standard />

==Behavior==
Turkish Angora cats are playful, intelligent, athletic and involved. They bond with humans, but often select a particular member of the family to be their constant companion. They are, in turn, very protective of their person.<ref name=fortheloveofcats>{{cite book|last=Shojai|first=Amy|title=For th Love of Cats|date=1997|publisher=Publications International, Ltd.|location=Lincolnwood, Illinois|isbn=0-7853-1411-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/forloveofcats00iren/page/108 108–109]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/forloveofcats00iren/page/108}}</ref> They seek to be "helpful" in any way they can with their humans, and their intelligence is at times remarkable, showing basic problem solving skills. They are easily trained, including deaf Turkish Angoras, both because of their intelligence and their desire to interact with humans.

Turkish angoras are energetic, and often seek out "high ground" (or perch) in the home. This perch is then used as a way to observe activity of the home.<ref name=fortheloveofcats /> This could include tops of doors, refrigerators, bookshelves, and other furniture. Some ride on their owners' shoulders. Their personality makes the breed desirable to certain people. They get along well in homes with other animals, children, and high activity.

==Health==
[[File:TUA Eur.Ch. Akkedi Yuran (11322070486).jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with blue eyes]]
The W gene responsible for the white coat and blue eye is [[Deaf white cat|closely related to the hearing ability]], in this and other breeds, and presence of a blue eye can indicate the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located, with some being totally deaf if bearing two blue eyes. However, a great many blue and odd-eyed white cats have normal hearing, and even deaf cats lead a normal life if kept indoors.

[[File:Haribo du Soleil d'Ankara.JPG|thumb|Turkish Angora kitten with blue eyes]]

Some Turkish Angora kittens suffer from [[hereditary ataxia]], a rare condition thought to be inherited as an [[Recessive disorders#Autosomal recessive|autosomal recessive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hosca-kal.de/gesundheit_ataxie.htm|title=hosca-kal.de|website=Hosca-kal.de|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> The kittens affected by ataxia have shaking movements, and do not survive to adulthood.

Another genetic illness that is rare but known to the breed is [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcats.com/2008/06/turkish-angora.html |title=Turkish Angora |publisher=Of Cats |date=2008-06-17 |access-date=2013-01-26}}</ref> which is a cardiac condition usually found between the ages of 2 - 6, with males being affected more commonly and more severely than females. In the [[Maine Coon]], HCM is thought to be an autosomal dominant gene and researchers are working to identify markers for this disease. However, in the Turkish Angora, the disease has not yet been studied at length primarily due to its rarity of occurrence, and is likely to result from a different mutation of genes, with a different gene location than that of the Maine Coon cat. HCM also affects many other breeds, including [[Ragdoll]]s, [[Persian cat|Persians]] and [[Bengal (cat)|Bengals]].

==Genetics==
[[File:22645671947 ORIG.jpeg|thumb|Turkish Angora with yellow eyes]]
[[File:Cat (6672148713).jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with yellow eyes]]

A genetic study of pedigree cat breeds (using DNA taken from pedigreed cats in US and Europe) and worldwide random-bred populations showed the Turkish Van as a distinct population from the Turkish Angora despite their geographical association. The Turkish Angora was grouped with the pedigreed Egyptian Mau and random-bred Tunisian cats. Turkish random-bred cats were grouped with Israeli random-bred cats while the Turkish Van was grouped with Egyptian random-bred cats.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 |title=The ascent of cat breeds: Genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations |year=2008 |last1=Lipinski |first1=Monika J. |last2=Froenicke |first2=Lutz |last3=Baysac |first3=Kathleen C. |last4=Billings |first4=Nicholas C. |last5=Leutenegger |first5=Christian M. |last6=Levy |first6=Alon M. |last7=Longeri |first7=Maria |last8=Niini |first8=Tirri |last9=Ozpinar |first9=Haydar |journal=Genomics |volume=91 |pages=12–21 |pmid=18060738 |issue=1 |pmc=2267438 }}</ref>
However, the UC Davis only studied American cat fancy registered Angoras rather than the “true” Turkish Angora or Ankara Kedisi directly from Turkey, and especially from the Ankara Zoo.<ref name="messybeast" />

A genetic study published in 2012 <ref name=pmid23171373>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/age.12008 |title=Variation of cats under domestication: Genetic assignment of domestic cats to breeds and worldwide random-bred populations |year=2012 |last1=Kurushima |first1=J. D. |last2=Lipinski |first2=M. J. |last3=Gandolfi |first3=B. |last4=Froenicke |first4=L. |last5=Grahn |first5=J. C. |last6=Grahn |first6=R. A. |last7=Lyons |first7=L. A. |journal=Animal Genetics |pmid=23171373|volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=311–24 |pmc=3594446}}</ref> included a few cats imported from Turkey. The study found that ″Turkish- versus USA-originating Turkish Angoras (...) are resolved as separate breed populations<ref name=pmid23171373/> The American Turkish Angoras are categorized as descendants of European random-bred cats, and cats imported from Turkey ″were assigned to the Eastern Mediterranean″ group.<ref name=pmid23171373/>

==In popular culture==
Mewsette is a Turkish Angora cat who is Jaune Tom's girlfriend in [[United Productions of America|UPA]]'s 1962 animated feature film ''[[Gay Purr-ee]]''. She is voiced by [[Judy Garland]]. Duchess and Marie are both mother and daughter Turkish Angora cat and kitten in [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney]]'s 1970 animated feature film ''[[The Aristocats]]''. They are both voiced by [[Eva Gabor]] and Liz English. {{Cn|date=March 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pictures-of-cats.org/The-Real-Turkish-Angora.html The Real Turkish Angora]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040606153535/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/turkish-angora.html The Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed description - Turkish Angora]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090211172900/http://fanciers.com/breed-faqs/turkish-angora-faq.shtml Fanciers: Turkish Angora]

{{Cat nav}}

[[Category:Cat breeds]]
[[Category:Cat breeds originating in Turkey]]
[[Category:Natural cat breeds]]

Peronosporales

2021-03-14T19:13:51Z

CodeSlashh: /* References */

{{short description|Order of plant pathogens}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Albugo candida.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Albugo candida]]'' on ''[[Capsella bursa-pastoris]]''
| taxon = Peronosporales
| authority = A. Fisch.
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = {{Linked taxon list
|Albuginaceae|
|Peronosporaceae|
|Pythiaceae|
}}(list may not be complete)
}}

The '''Peronosporales''' are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[water mould]]s (class Oomycetes) which can be [[pathogenic]].<ref Name="Singh">{{cite book |title= Text Book Of Botany Diversity Of Microbes And Cryptogams|last= Singh |year= 2010 |publisher= Rastogi Publications |isbn= 978-81-7133-889-4 |page= 264 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=v3UCVxNYVwkC&q=Peronosporales&pg=PA264}}</ref>

Many diseases of plants are sometimes classified under this order, but are sometimes considered members of order [[Pythiales]]. Some of these pathogenic protists include the organisms responsible for [[Phytophthora infestans|potato blight]], [[Phytophthora cinnamomi|eucalyptus dieback]], [[sudden oak death]], and [[blue mold]]. Further genetic studies may place these organisms more definitively in one order or another.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q621829}}

[[Category:Peronosporales| ]]
[[Category:Heterokont orders]]

{{Watermould-stub}}
{{plant-disease-stub}}

Turkish Angora

2021-03-14T19:08:42Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Distinguish|Turkish Van|Van cat}}
{{Infobox Catbreed


| name = Turkish Angora
| image = Turkish Angora in Ankara Zoo (AOÇ).JPG
| imagecaption = Angora cat at the [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Ankara Zoo]] in January 2012. The zoo breeds and sells Angora cats.<ref name="zoo_angora_cats">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ankarazoo.gov.tr/index.php?view=cnt&cinf=45%7c25%7c20_25|title=Atatürk Forest Farm Zoo|work=ankarazoo.gov.tr|publisher=Ankara Zoo|access-date=17 September 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name="dream_cat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.erkr.de/ezoo.htm|title=Turkish Angoras in Ankara Zoo... or on the road investigating the Turkish Angora|first=S.|last=Loeschke|work=erkr.de|publisher=S. Loeschke|date=November 1997|access-date=17 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718235710/http://www.erkr.de/ezoo.htm|archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>
| altname = Ankara<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news" />
| nickname =
| country = [[Turkey]]
| notrecognized =
| extinct =
| cfastd = https://cfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/turkish-angora-standard.pdf
| fifestd = http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/TUA.pdf
| ticastd=https://tica.org/phocadownload/ta.pdf
| gccfstd =
| aacestd =
| acfastd = http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/TURKISH%20ANGORA.pdf
| acfstd =
| ccastd = https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/TURKISH_ANGORA_20200203_021135.pdf
| otherstd =
| note =
|}}
The '''Turkish Angora''' ({{lang-tr|Ankara kedisi}}, 'Ankara cat'<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news">{{cite news|title=ARTS-CULTURE - The white beauty of Ankara: Ankara Cat|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat.aspx?pageID=438&n=the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat-2001-10-14|work=Hürriyet Daily News {{!}} LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION|access-date=2016-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084317/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat.aspx?pageID=438&n=the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat-2001-10-14|archive-date=2016-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is a [[cat breed|breed]] of [[domestic cat]]. Turkish Angoras are one of the ancient, [[natural breed]]s of cat, having originated in central [[Turkey]], in the [[Ankara]] region. The breed has been documented as early as the 17th century and is believed to be the origin of the mutations for both the color white{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} and long hair{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}. The breed is also sometimes referred to as simply the '''Angora''' or '''Ankara cat'''.<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news" />

==History==
[[File:Odd-eyed Turkish Angora cat - 20080830.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A white Turkish Angora cat with [[odd-eyed cat|odd eyes (heterochromia)]], which is common among the Angoras.]]

Like all domestic cats, Turkish Angoras descended from the [[Felis silvestris lybica|African wildcat]] (''Felis silvestris lybica''). Their ancestors were among the cats that were first domesticated in the [[Fertile Crescent]]. Cats from eastern mountainous regions of [[Anatolia]] developed into longhaired breeds like the Turkish Van and the Turkish Angora through inbreeding and natural selection.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Longhaired cats were imported to [[Early Modern Britain|Britain]] and [[France]] from [[Asia Minor]], [[Iran|Persia]] and [[Russia]] as early as the late 16th century, though there are indications that they appeared in Europe as early as the 14th century due to the [[Crusades]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} . The Turkish Angora was used to improve the coat on the [[Persian (cat)|Persian]], almost to the point of extinction.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} The Turkish Angora was recognized as a distinct breed in Europe by the 17th century.<ref name=about>{{cite web|author1=Barbara Azan and Sandralee Rodgers|title=The Turkish Angora:About This Breed|url=http://www.cfa.org/Breeds/BreedsSthruT/TurkishAngora/TAArticle(1994).aspx|website=CFA inc|publisher=The Cat Fancier's Association|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> However, there is a strong connection between Angoras and [[Persian (cat)|Persians]]. [[Charles Catton the younger|Charles Catton]], in his 1788 book ''[[Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta]]'', gave "Persian cat" and "Angora cat" as alternative names for the same breed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Catton|first1=Charles|title=Animals drawn from Nature and engraved in aqua-tinta|date=1788|publisher=I. and J. Taylor|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Animals_drawn_from_Nature_and_engraved_in_aqua-tinta#plate8|chapter=The Persian Cat, Plate 8}}</ref>

The Persian cat was developed from Turkish angora mutations by British and American cat fanciers. Although some cat associations think the Persian cat is a natural breed, in the 19th century Persians and Angoras were identical. In 1903, F. Simpson wrote in her book ''The Book of the Cat'':<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chestofbooks.com/animals/cats/Book/index.html |title=The Book Of The Cat | by Frances Simpson |publisher=Chestofbooks.com |date=1902-02-01 |access-date=2013-01-26}}{{Page needed|date=April 2013}}</ref>
<blockquote>"In classing all long-haired cats as Persians I may be wrong, but the distinctions, apparently with hardly any difference, between Angoras and Persians are of so fine a nature that I must be pardoned if I ignore the class of cat commonly called Angora, which seems gradually to have disappeared from our midst. Certainly, at our large shows there is no special classification given for Angoras, and in response to many inquiries from animal fanciers I have never been able to obtain any definite information as to the difference between a Persian and an Angora cat."</blockquote>
[[File:Diamond_-_Turkish_Angora.jpg|thumb|An odd-eyed Turkish Angora]]
[[File:White Turkish Angora cat with "odd eyes".JPG|thumb|Turkish Angora kitten with odd eyes]]
[[File:Turkish Angora Odd-Eyed.jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with odd eyes]]

The Angora of the 20th century was used for improvement in the Persian coat, but the type has always been divergent from the Persian – particularly as the increasingly flat-faced [[show cat]] Persian has been developed in the last few decades.

In the early 20th century, [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Ankara Zoo]] began a breeding program to protect and preserve pure white Angora cats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kedici.com.tr/Detay.aspx?id=153 |title=KediciWeb |publisher=Kedici.com.tr |date=2011-02-24 |access-date=2013-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510113007/http://kedici.com.tr/Detay.aspx?id=153 |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> The zoo particularly prized [[odd-eyed cat|odd-eyed]] specimens (i.e., with one blue and one amber eye); however the cats were chosen only by their color (white)—no other criterion was used. Despite the lack of selective breeding and no consideration given for the deafness problem, Ankara Zoo cats have a very similar type.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

The Turkish Angora, which was brought to [[Canada]] in 1963, was accepted as a championship pedigreed breed in 1973 by the Cat Fanciers' Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfa.org/client/breedTurkishAngora.aspx|title=Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed Profile: Turkish Angora|access-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029014432/http://www.cfa.org/client/breedTurkishAngora.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> However, until 1978 only white Angoras were recognized. Today, all North American registries accept the Turkish Angora in many colors and patterns. While numbers are still relatively small, the gene pool and base of fanciers are growing.

Breeders in Turkey feel that the cat fancy’s fine-boned version of their national breed is unrepresentative of the true Turkish cats, which are much sturdier. American “Turkish” Angoras may have only a minimal remnant of the original Ankara Zoo DNA and are only “purebred on paper".<ref name="messybeast">{{cite web|url=http://messybeast.com/cathistory.htm|title=The Domestication of the Cat|website=Messybeast.com|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

==Appearance==

[[File:Angora Cat (White).jpg|thumb|Turkish Angora with green eyes]]

Turkish Angora cats have long, silky coats and elegant, sinuous bodies. A younger Turkish Angora can often be mistaken for a snow weasel. Though it is known for a shimmery white coat and posh tail, Turkish Angora cats can display a variety of colors.<ref name=fortheloveofcats /> They come in [[tabby]] and tabby-white, along with black with an undercoat of chocolate brown, and lastly smoke varieties, and are in every color other than those that indicate [[crossbreed]]ing, such as pointed, chocolate and lavender.<ref name=standard>{{cite web|title=Turkish Angora: Breed Standard Point Score|url=http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/turkish-angora.pdf|website=CFA inc.|publisher=Cat Fanciers Association|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=CFA >{{cite web|url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/breedssthrut/turkishangora.aspx|title=Breed Profile: The Turkish Angora|access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

Eyes may be blue, green, amber, yellow, or [[Odd-eyed cat|heterochromatic]] (e.g., one blue and one amber or green). Ears are pointed, large and wide-set. The eyes are almond shaped and the profile forms two straight planes. The plumed tail is often carried upright, perpendicular to the back.<ref name=standard />

==Behavior==
Turkish Angora cats are playful, intelligent, athletic and involved. They bond with humans, but often select a particular member of the family to be their constant companion. They are, in turn, very protective of their person.<ref name=fortheloveofcats>{{cite book|last=Shojai|first=Amy|title=For th Love of Cats|date=1997|publisher=Publications International, Ltd.|location=Lincolnwood, Illinois|isbn=0-7853-1411-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/forloveofcats00iren/page/108 108–109]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/forloveofcats00iren/page/108}}</ref> They seek to be "helpful" in any way they can with their humans, and their intelligence is at times remarkable, showing basic problem solving skills. They are easily trained, including deaf Turkish Angoras, both because of their intelligence and their desire to interact with humans.

Turkish angoras are energetic, and often seek out "high ground" (or perch) in the home. This perch is then used as a way to observe activity of the home.<ref name=fortheloveofcats /> This could include tops of doors, refrigerators, bookshelves, and other furniture. Some ride on their owners' shoulders. Their personality makes the breed desirable to certain people. They get along well in homes with other animals, children, and high activity.

==Health==
[[File:TUA Eur.Ch. Akkedi Yuran (11322070486).jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with blue eyes]]
The W gene responsible for the white coat and blue eye is [[Deaf white cat|closely related to the hearing ability]], in this and other breeds, and presence of a blue eye can indicate the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located, with some being totally deaf if bearing two blue eyes. However, a great many blue and odd-eyed white cats have normal hearing, and even deaf cats lead a normal life if kept indoors.

[[File:Haribo du Soleil d'Ankara.JPG|thumb|Turkish Angora kitten with blue eyes]]

Some Turkish Angora kittens suffer from [[hereditary ataxia]], a rare condition thought to be inherited as an [[Recessive disorders#Autosomal recessive|autosomal recessive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hosca-kal.de/gesundheit_ataxie.htm|title=hosca-kal.de|website=Hosca-kal.de|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> The kittens affected by ataxia have shaking movements, and do not survive to adulthood.

Another genetic illness that is rare but known to the breed is [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcats.com/2008/06/turkish-angora.html |title=Turkish Angora |publisher=Of Cats |date=2008-06-17 |access-date=2013-01-26}}</ref> which is a cardiac condition usually found between the ages of 2 - 6, with males being affected more commonly and more severely than females. In the [[Maine Coon]], HCM is thought to be an autosomal dominant gene and researchers are working to identify markers for this disease. However, in the Turkish Angora, the disease has not yet been studied at length primarily due to its rarity of occurrence, and is likely to result from a different mutation of genes, with a different gene location than that of the Maine Coon cat. HCM also affects many other breeds, including [[Ragdoll]]s, [[Persian cat|Persians]] and [[Bengal (cat)|Bengals]].

==Genetics==
[[File:22645671947 ORIG.jpeg|thumb|Turkish Angora with yellow eyes]]
[[File:Cat (6672148713).jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with yellow eyes]]

A genetic study of pedigree cat breeds (using DNA taken from pedigreed cats in US and Europe) and worldwide random-bred populations showed the Turkish Van as a distinct population from the Turkish Angora despite their geographical association. The Turkish Angora was grouped with the pedigreed Egyptian Mau and random-bred Tunisian cats. Turkish random-bred cats were grouped with Israeli random-bred cats while the Turkish Van was grouped with Egyptian random-bred cats.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 |title=The ascent of cat breeds: Genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations |year=2008 |last1=Lipinski |first1=Monika J. |last2=Froenicke |first2=Lutz |last3=Baysac |first3=Kathleen C. |last4=Billings |first4=Nicholas C. |last5=Leutenegger |first5=Christian M. |last6=Levy |first6=Alon M. |last7=Longeri |first7=Maria |last8=Niini |first8=Tirri |last9=Ozpinar |first9=Haydar |journal=Genomics |volume=91 |pages=12–21 |pmid=18060738 |issue=1 |pmc=2267438 }}</ref>
However, the UC Davis only studied American cat fancy registered Angoras rather than the “true” Turkish Angora or Ankara Kedisi directly from Turkey, and especially from the Ankara Zoo.<ref name="messybeast" />

A genetic study published in 2012 <ref name=pmid23171373>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/age.12008 |title=Variation of cats under domestication: Genetic assignment of domestic cats to breeds and worldwide random-bred populations |year=2012 |last1=Kurushima |first1=J. D. |last2=Lipinski |first2=M. J. |last3=Gandolfi |first3=B. |last4=Froenicke |first4=L. |last5=Grahn |first5=J. C. |last6=Grahn |first6=R. A. |last7=Lyons |first7=L. A. |journal=Animal Genetics |pmid=23171373|volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=311–24 |pmc=3594446}}</ref> included a few cats imported from Turkey. The study found that ″Turkish- versus USA-originating Turkish Angoras (...) are resolved as separate breed populations<ref name=pmid23171373/> The American Turkish Angoras are categorized as descendants of European random-bred cats, and cats imported from Turkey ″were assigned to the Eastern Mediterranean″ group.<ref name=pmid23171373/>

==In popular culture==
Mewsette is a Turkish Angora cat who is Jaune Tom's girlfriend in [[United Productions of America|UPA]]'s 1962 animated feature film ''[[Gay Purr-ee]]''. She is voiced by [[Judy Garland]]. Duchess and Marie are both mother and daughter Turkish Angora cat and kitten in [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney]]'s 1970 animated feature film ''[[The Aristocats]]''. They are both voiced by [[Eva Gabor]] and Liz English. {{Cn|date=March 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pictures-of-cats.org/The-Real-Turkish-Angora.html The Real Turkish Angora]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040606153535/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/turkish-angora.html The Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed description - Turkish Angora]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090211172900/http://fanciers.com/breed-faqs/turkish-angora-faq.shtml Fanciers: Turkish Angora]

{{Cat nav}}

[[Category:Cat breeds]]
[[Category:Cat breeds originating in Turkey]]
[[Category:Natural cat breeds]]

Turkish Angora

2021-03-14T19:06:46Z

CodeSlashh:

{{Distinguish|Turkish Van|Van cat}}
{{Infobox Catbreed


| name = Turkish Angora
| image = Turkish Angora in Ankara Zoo (AOÇ).JPG
| imagecaption = Angora cat at the [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Ankara Zoo]] in January 2012. The zoo breeds and sells Angora cats.<ref name="zoo_angora_cats">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ankarazoo.gov.tr/index.php?view=cnt&cinf=45%7c25%7c20_25|title=Atatürk Forest Farm Zoo|work=ankarazoo.gov.tr|publisher=Ankara Zoo|access-date=17 September 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name="dream_cat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.erkr.de/ezoo.htm|title=Turkish Angoras in Ankara Zoo... or on the road investigating the Turkish Angora|first=S.|last=Loeschke|work=erkr.de|publisher=S. Loeschke|date=November 1997|access-date=17 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718235710/http://www.erkr.de/ezoo.htm|archive-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>
| altname = Ankara<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news" />
| nickname =
| country = [[Turkey]]
| notrecognized =
| extinct =
| cfastd = https://cfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/turkish-angora-standard.pdf
| fifestd = http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/TUA.pdf
| ticastd=https://tica.org/phocadownload/ta.pdf
| gccfstd =
| aacestd =
| acfastd = http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/TURKISH%20ANGORA.pdf
| acfstd =
| ccastd = https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/TURKISH_ANGORA_20200203_021135.pdf
| otherstd =
| note =
|}}
The '''Turkish Angora''' ({{lang-tr|Ankara kedisi}}, 'Ankara cat'<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news">{{cite news|title=ARTS-CULTURE - The white beauty of Ankara: Ankara Cat|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat.aspx?pageID=438&n=the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat-2001-10-14|work=Hürriyet Daily News {{!}} LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION|access-date=2016-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084317/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat.aspx?pageID=438&n=the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat-2001-10-14|archive-date=2016-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>) is a [[cat breed|breed]] of [[domestic cat]]. Turkish Angoras are one of the ancient, [[natural breed]]s of cat, having originated in central [[Turkey]], in the [[Ankara]] region. The breed has been documented as early as the 17th century and is believed to be the origin of the mutations for both the color white{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}} and long hair{{Citation needed|date=August 2014}}. The breed is also sometimes referred to as simply the '''Angora''' or '''Ankara cat'''.<ref name="hurriyet_daily_news" />

==History==
[[File:Odd-eyed Turkish Angora cat - 20080830.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A white Turkish Angora cat with [[odd-eyed cat|odd eyes (heterochromia)]], which is common among the Angoras.]]

Like all domestic cats, Turkish Angoras descended from the [[Felis silvestris lybica|African wildcat]] (''Felis silvestris lybica''). Their ancestors were among the cats that were first domesticated in the [[Fertile Crescent]]. Cats from eastern mountainous regions of [[Anatolia]] developed into longhaired breeds like the Turkish Van and the Turkish Angora through inbreeding and natural selection.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Longhaired cats were imported to [[Early Modern Britain|Britain]] and [[France]] from [[Asia Minor]], [[Iran|Persia]] and [[Russia]] as early as the late 16th century, though there are indications that they appeared in Europe as early as the 14th century due to the [[Crusades]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} . The Turkish Angora was used to improve the coat on the [[Persian (cat)|Persian]], almost to the point of extinction.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} The Turkish Angora was recognized as a distinct breed in Europe by the 17th century.<ref name=about>{{cite web|author1=Barbara Azan and Sandralee Rodgers|title=The Turkish Angora:About This Breed|url=http://www.cfa.org/Breeds/BreedsSthruT/TurkishAngora/TAArticle(1994).aspx|website=CFA inc|publisher=The Cat Fancier's Association|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> However, there is a strong connection between Angoras and [[Persian (cat)|Persians]]. [[Charles Catton the younger|Charles Catton]], in his 1788 book ''[[Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta]]'', gave "Persian cat" and "Angora cat" as alternative names for the same breed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Catton|first1=Charles|title=Animals drawn from Nature and engraved in aqua-tinta|date=1788|publisher=I. and J. Taylor|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Animals_drawn_from_Nature_and_engraved_in_aqua-tinta#plate8|chapter=The Persian Cat, Plate 8}}</ref>

The Persian cat was developed from Turkish angora mutations by British and American cat fanciers. Although some cat associations think the Persian cat is a natural breed, in the 19th century Persians and Angoras were identical. In 1903, F. Simpson wrote in her book ''The Book of the Cat'':<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chestofbooks.com/animals/cats/Book/index.html |title=The Book Of The Cat | by Frances Simpson |publisher=Chestofbooks.com |date=1902-02-01 |access-date=2013-01-26}}{{Page needed|date=April 2013}}</ref>
<blockquote>"In classing all long-haired cats as Persians I may be wrong, but the distinctions, apparently with hardly any difference, between Angoras and Persians are of so fine a nature that I must be pardoned if I ignore the class of cat commonly called Angora, which seems gradually to have disappeared from our midst. Certainly, at our large shows there is no special classification given for Angoras, and in response to many inquiries from animal fanciers I have never been able to obtain any definite information as to the difference between a Persian and an Angora cat."</blockquote>
[[File:Diamond_-_Turkish_Angora.jpg|thumb|An odd-eyed Turkish Angora]]
[[File:White Turkish Angora cat with "odd eyes".JPG|thumb|Turkish Angora kitten with odd eyes]]
[[File:Turkish Angora Odd-Eyed.jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with odd eyes]]

The Angora of the 20th century was used for improvement in the Persian coat, but the type has always been divergent from the Persian – particularly as the increasingly flat-faced [[show cat]] Persian has been developed in the last few decades.

In the early 20th century, [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Ankara Zoo]] began a breeding program to protect and preserve pure white Angora cats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kedici.com.tr/Detay.aspx?id=153 |title=KediciWeb |publisher=Kedici.com.tr |date=2011-02-24 |access-date=2013-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510113007/http://kedici.com.tr/Detay.aspx?id=153 |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> The zoo particularly prized [[odd-eyed cat|odd-eyed]] specimens (i.e., with one blue and one amber eye); however the cats were chosen only by their color (white)—no other criterion was used. Despite the lack of selective breeding and no consideration given for the deafness problem, Ankara Zoo cats have a very similar type.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

The Turkish Angora, which was brought to [[Canada]] in 1963, was accepted as a championship pedigreed breed in 1973 by the Cat Fanciers' Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfa.org/client/breedTurkishAngora.aspx|title=Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed Profile: Turkish Angora|access-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029014432/http://www.cfa.org/client/breedTurkishAngora.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> However, until 1978 only white Angoras were recognized. Today, all North American registries accept the Turkish Angora in many colors and patterns. While numbers are still relatively small, the gene pool and base of fanciers are growing.

Breeders in Turkey feel that the cat fancy’s fine-boned version of their national breed is unrepresentative of the true Turkish cats, which are much sturdier. American “Turkish” Angoras may have only a minimal remnant of the original Ankara Zoo DNA and are only “purebred on paper".<ref name="messybeast">{{cite web|url=http://messybeast.com/cathistory.htm|title=The Domestication of the Cat|website=Messybeast.com|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

==Appearance==

[[File:Angora Cat (White).jpg|thumb|Turkish Angora with green eyes]]

Turkish Angora cats have long, silky coats and elegant, sinuous bodies. A younger Turkish Angora can often be mistaken for a snow weasel. Though it is known for a shimmery white coat and posh tail, Turkish Angora cats can display a variety of colors.<ref name=fortheloveofcats /> They come in [[tabby]] and tabby-white, along with black with an undercoat of chocolate brown, and lastly smoke varieties, and are in every color other than those that indicate [[crossbreed]]ing, such as pointed, chocolate and lavender.<ref name=standard>{{cite web|title=Turkish Angora: Breed Standard Point Score|url=http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/turkish-angora.pdf|website=CFA inc.|publisher=Cat Fanciers Association|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=CFA >{{cite web|url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/breedssthrut/turkishangora.aspx|title=Breed Profile: The Turkish Angora|access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

Eyes may be blue, green, amber, yellow, or [[Odd-eyed cat|heterochromatic]] (e.g., one blue and one amber or green). Ears are pointed, large and wide-set. The eyes are almond shaped and the profile forms two straight planes. The plumed tail is often carried upright, perpendicular to the back.<ref name=standard />

==Behavior==
Turkish Angora cats are playful, intelligent, athletic and involved. They bond with humans, but often select a particular member of the family to be their constant companion. They are, in turn, very protective of their person.<ref name=fortheloveofcats>{{cite book|last=Shojai|first=Amy|title=For th Love of Cats|date=1997|publisher=Publications International, Ltd.|location=Lincolnwood, Illinois|isbn=0-7853-1411-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/forloveofcats00iren/page/108 108–109]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/forloveofcats00iren/page/108}}</ref> They seek to be "helpful" in any way they can with their humans, and their intelligence is at times remarkable, showing basic problem solving skills. They are easily trained, including deaf Turkish Angoras, both because of their intelligence and their desire to interact with humans.

Turkish angoras are energetic, and often seek out "high ground" (or perch) in the home. This perch is then used as a way to observe activity of the home.<ref name=fortheloveofcats /> This could include tops of doors, refrigerators, bookshelves, and other furniture. Some ride on their owners' shoulders. Their personality makes the breed desirable to certain people. They get along well in homes with other animals, children, and high activity.

==Health==
[[File:TUA Eur.Ch. Akkedi Yuran (11322070486).jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with blue eyes]]
The W gene responsible for the white coat and blue eye is [[Deaf white cat|closely related to the hearing ability]], in this and other breeds, and presence of a blue eye can indicate the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located, with some being totally deaf if bearing two blue eyes. However, a great many blue and odd-eyed white cats have normal hearing, and even deaf cats lead a normal life if kept indoors.

[[File:Haribo du Soleil d'Ankara.JPG|thumb|Turkish Angora kitten with blue eyes]]

Some Turkish Angora kittens suffer from [[hereditary ataxia]], a rare condition thought to be inherited as an [[Recessive disorders#Autosomal recessive|autosomal recessive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hosca-kal.de/gesundheit_ataxie.htm|title=hosca-kal.de|website=Hosca-kal.de|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> The kittens affected by ataxia have shaking movements, and do not survive to adulthood.

Another genetic illness that is rare but known to the breed is [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcats.com/2008/06/turkish-angora.html |title=Turkish Angora |publisher=Of Cats |date=2008-06-17 |access-date=2013-01-26}}</ref> which is a cardiac condition usually found between the ages of 2 - 6, with males being affected more commonly and more severely than females. In the [[Maine Coon]], HCM is thought to be an autosomal dominant gene and researchers are working to identify markers for this disease. However, in the Turkish Angora, the disease has not yet been studied at length primarily due to its rarity of occurrence, and is likely to result from a different mutation of genes, with a different gene location than that of the Maine Coon cat. HCM also affects many other breeds, including [[Ragdoll]]s, [[Persian cat|Persians]] and [[Bengal (cat)|Bengals]].

==Genetics==
[[File:22645671947 ORIG.jpeg|thumb|Turkish Angora with yellow eyes]]
[[File:Cat (6672148713).jpg|thumb|left|Turkish Angora with yellow eyes]]

A genetic study of pedigree cat breeds (using DNA taken from pedigreed cats in US and Europe) and worldwide random-bred populations showed the Turkish Van as a distinct population from the Turkish Angora despite their geographical association. The Turkish Angora was grouped with the pedigreed Egyptian Mau and random-bred Tunisian cats. Turkish random-bred cats were grouped with Israeli random-bred cats while the Turkish Van was grouped with Egyptian random-bred cats.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 |title=The ascent of cat breeds: Genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations |year=2008 |last1=Lipinski |first1=Monika J. |last2=Froenicke |first2=Lutz |last3=Baysac |first3=Kathleen C. |last4=Billings |first4=Nicholas C. |last5=Leutenegger |first5=Christian M. |last6=Levy |first6=Alon M. |last7=Longeri |first7=Maria |last8=Niini |first8=Tirri |last9=Ozpinar |first9=Haydar |journal=Genomics |volume=91 |pages=12–21 |pmid=18060738 |issue=1 |pmc=2267438 }}</ref>
However, the UC Davis only studied American cat fancy registered Angoras rather than the “true” Turkish Angora or Ankara Kedisi directly from Turkey, and especially from the Ankara Zoo.<ref name="messybeast" />

A genetic study published in 2012 <ref name=pmid23171373>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/age.12008 |title=Variation of cats under domestication: Genetic assignment of domestic cats to breeds and worldwide random-bred populations |year=2012 |last1=Kurushima |first1=J. D. |last2=Lipinski |first2=M. J. |last3=Gandolfi |first3=B. |last4=Froenicke |first4=L. |last5=Grahn |first5=J. C. |last6=Grahn |first6=R. A. |last7=Lyons |first7=L. A. |journal=Animal Genetics |pmid=23171373|volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=311–24 |pmc=3594446}}</ref> included a few cats imported from Turkey. The study found that ″Turkish- versus USA-originating Turkish Angoras (...) are resolved as separate breed populations<ref name=pmid23171373/> The American Turkish Angoras are categorized as descendants of European random-bred cats, and cats imported from Turkey ″were assigned to the Eastern Mediterranean″ group.<ref name=pmid23171373/>

==In popular culture==
Mewsette is a Turkish Angora cat who is Jaune Tom's girlfriend in [[United Productions of America|UPA]]'s 1962 animated feature film ''[[Gay Purr-ee]]''. She is voiced by [[Judy Garland]]. Duchess and Marie are both mother and daughter Turkish Angora cat and kitten in [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney]]'s 1970 animated feature film ''[[The Aristocats]]''. They are both voiced by [[Eva Gabor]] and Liz English. {{Cn|date=March 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pictures-of-cats.org/The-Real-Turkish-Angora.html The Real Turkish Angora]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040606153535/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/turkish-angora.html The Cat Fanciers' Association: Breed description - Turkish Angora]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090211172900/http://fanciers.com/breed-faqs/turkish-angora-faq.shtml Fanciers: Turkish Angora]
* [http://www.catster.com/breeds/turkish_angora Catster: Turkish Angora Cats]

{{Cat nav}}

[[Category:Cat breeds]]
[[Category:Cat breeds originating in Turkey]]
[[Category:Natural cat breeds]]

Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 22

2021-02-27T04:24:05Z

CodeSlashh: /* Not for Sale (Michael Combs song) */

<noinclude>{{rfd log header|2021|February 21|2021|February 23}}</noinclude>
===[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 22|February 22]]===
<noinclude>This is a list of redirects that have been proposed for deletion or other action on February 22, 2021.</noinclude>


====George Lamson Jr.====
*{{no redirect|1 = George Lamson Jr. }} → [[:Galaxy Airlines Flight 203]]  ([[Talk:George Lamson Jr.|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/George Lamson Jr.|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Lamson_Jr.&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=George_Lamson_Jr. stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:George Lamson Jr.|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#George Lamson Jr.]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:George Lamson Jr.|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#George Lamson Jr.]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:George Lamson Jr.|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#George Lamson Jr.]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned in the target article. [[User:WilliamJE|...William]], is the complaint department really on [[User talk:WilliamJE|the roof?]] 23:37, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom. He was the only survivor of the crash, which is why his name targets this page, but as he isn't mentioned there it's not helpful. A cursory search shows quite a few articles about him (he apparently works with survivors of other air crashes) so it's not implausible that he is notable enough for an article but I haven't looked in detail. The entry at the [[George Lamson Jr.]] dab page should not be removed but adjusted to include a link to the crash article directly as well as the resulting red link after this is deleted. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 15:18, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' exactly per Thryduulf. The dab page is [[George Lamson]]. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 19:35, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

====Season 2 (2018)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Season 2 (2018) }} → [[:Bigg Boss (Telugu season 2)]]  ([[Talk:Season 2 (2018)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Season 2 (2018)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Season_2_(2018)&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Season_2_%282018%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Season 2 (2018)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Season 2 (2018)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Season 2 (2018)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Season 2 (2018)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Season 2 (2018)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Season 2 (2018)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Too ambiguous, not a likely search term. While season 2 of "Bigg Boss" did premiere in 2018, "Bigg Boss" is not the only series in which season 2 premiered in that year. For example, [[13 Reasons Why (season 2)|season 2 of "13 Reasons Why"]] also premiered in 2018. '''Seventyfiveyears ([[User talk:Seventyfiveyears|talk]])''' 22:53, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' ridiculously ambiguous. A google search has basically every result relate to something different, ranging from TV shows to fortnite. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 23:07, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom. It may have been primarily what people were searching for some time in 2018, but even though that year's over, it can refer to anything and the "primary topic" in that regard keeps changing, so why do we need redirects like that? Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]][[User talk:Sonic678|''678'']] 23:52, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
**It's left over from a page move. The article was created at this title for some reason (typo perhaps) then moved to a more sensible name 2 minutes later. I doubt this was the primary meaning of the phrase even in 2018. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 11:37, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom and the previous editors. Too ambiguous. [[User:Less Unless|Less Unless]] ([[User talk:Less Unless|talk]]) 22:03, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. This is ambiguous and likely to cause confusion. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 19:36, 25 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom -[[User:Kj cheetham|Kj cheetham]] ([[User talk:Kj cheetham|talk]]) 22:37, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

====Zuid (Middelburg)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Zuid (Middelburg) }} → [[:Middelburg, Netherlands#Zuid]]  ([[Talk:Zuid (Middelburg)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Zuid (Middelburg)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zuid_(Middelburg)&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Zuid_%28Middelburg%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Zuid (Middelburg)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Zuid (Middelburg)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Zuid (Middelburg)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Zuid (Middelburg)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Zuid (Middelburg)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Zuid (Middelburg)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

This redirect is the result of a very short-lived article in 2007 about Zuid (''South''), the southern part of the city of Middelburg, which was merged with Middelburg for lack of notability. However, the Middelburg article doesn't have a section on Zuid anymore and in fact doesn't even mention it (and neither should it, there's nothing to note about the neighbourhood whatsoever), so the redirect serves no purpose anymore and should be deleted. [[User:Lennart97|Lennart97]] ([[User talk:Lennart97|talk]]) 22:12, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. There's nothing about "Zuid" at [[Middelburg, Zeeland]] (except [[Zuid-Beveland]]). [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 19:46, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

====Rugmark====
*{{no redirect|1 = Rugmark }} → [[:GoodWeave International]]  ([[Talk:Rugmark|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Rugmark|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugmark&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Rugmark stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Rugmark|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Rugmark]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Rugmark|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Rugmark]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Rugmark|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Rugmark]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Rugmark and GoodWeave International are two separate entities. [[User:Gw-intl|Gw-intl]] ([[User talk:Gw-intl|talk]]) 21:52, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' According to references in the article, the organization was founded as Rugmark in 1994, and later changed its name to Goodweave International. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] [[User talk:Cullen328|''Let's discuss it'']] 22:02, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. The connection between the two names was well explained in the article until an IP removed all references to it a few days ago in this [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GoodWeave_International&type=revision&diff=1007573322&oldid=998267809 series of edits]. An example from [https://goodweave.org/uk/about/ their own website] [https://web.archive.org/web/20201201015528/https://goodweave.org/uk/about/ (via archive.org)] "In May 2001, RUGMARK UK was formally registered in the United Kingdom ... RUGMARK UK officially changed its name to GoodWeave UK in 2010." Given the proposer's username it appears they might have a [[WP:COI|COI]] with the charity? [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 22:10, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
** In fact the same account that is now asking for this redirect to be deleted as being as being a different organisation added a load of text to the article explaining the rebrand in 2011! [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GoodWeave_International&diff=prev&oldid=420348171 Diff] Quote from the text added by Gw-intl - "''Rugmark International re-branded the certification program and introduced the GoodWeave label in 2009. The organization is also in the process of re-branding to GoodWeave''".[[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 23:51, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
** Also look at the last comment in this [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rugmark|AfD nomination]]. One of their employees directly gave us sources about their rebrand showing they were the same organisation. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 23:59, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' per the IP above. Definitely a well sourced former name. [[User:A7V2|A7V2]] ([[User talk:A7V2|talk]]) 23:38, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====Appeal to Reason (band)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Appeal to Reason (band) }} → [[:Appeal to Reason (album)]]  ([[Talk:Appeal to Reason (band)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Appeal to Reason (band)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_Reason_(band)&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Appeal_to_Reason_%28band%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Appeal to Reason (band)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Appeal to Reason (band)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Appeal to Reason (band)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Appeal to Reason (band)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Appeal to Reason (band)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Appeal to Reason (band)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Unlikely to be of any reasonable use. Made by accident from a botched page move. No notable band exists with this name, nor does any notable subject have involvement in such a group, that I'm aware of. (If there is, I would like it retargeted there.) '''[[User:DannyMusicEditor|dannymusiceditor]]''' [[User talk:DannyMusicEditor|oops]] 21:21, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''': no such band exists (at least, not a notable one), and even if they did, they have nothing to do with this album, so it is unlikely that anyone would use the search term to look for this album or the band who made it, and the redirect serves no purpose. [[User:Richard3120|Richard3120]] ([[User talk:Richard3120|talk]]) 21:25, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====Peg Bowen====
*{{no redirect|1 = Peg Bowen }} → [[:The Story Girl]]  ([[Talk:Peg Bowen|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Peg Bowen|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peg_Bowen&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-16&end=2021-02-14&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Peg_Bowen stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Peg Bowen|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Peg Bowen]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Peg Bowen|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Peg Bowen]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Peg Bowen|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Peg Bowen]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at target. The only real mention on Wikipedia is twice at [[List of Road to Avonlea episodes]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 09:41, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. The text of [[The Story Girl]] from the link at External links shows she's a character, hence her appearance later in ''Road to Avonlea''. Perhaps an editor who's familiar with the book could add a mention. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 19:52, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:19, 22 February 2021 (UTC)</div>

====BIXie====
*{{no redirect|1 = BIXie }} → [[:Emoticon]]  ([[Talk:BIXie|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/BIXie|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BIXie&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-16&end=2021-02-14&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=BIXie stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:BIXie|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BIXie]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:BIXie|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BIXie]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:BIXie|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BIXie]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at target. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 01:00, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' [[Wikt:bixie#Etymology 2]] explains the connection, but there is no content about it on Wikipedia I can find. I'm unsure about suggesting a soft redirect though as I can't immediately find any uses of this capitalisation. The originating forum was BIX ([[Byte Information Exchange]]) but the emoticons are at least most commonly "bixie" (Google's lack of case sensitivity means I cannot say this is/was never used, just that if it is/was it is less common than standard capitalisation). [[Bixie]] correctly exists as a redirect to the completely unrelated [[Pixiu]], which is the primary topic, so if content were to be added about the emoticons then it would need to take disambiguation or more likely be a hatnote (I suspect there are reliable sources sufficient for a mention somewhere but not for a whole article). [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 02:49, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:16, 22 February 2021 (UTC)</div>

====Regressive conservatism====
*{{no redirect|1 = Regressive conservatism }} → [[:Alt-right]]  ([[Talk:Regressive conservatism|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Regressive conservatism|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regressive_conservatism&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-15&end=2021-02-13&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Regressive_conservatism stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Regressive conservatism|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Regressive conservatism]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Regressive conservatism|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Regressive conservatism]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Regressive conservatism|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Regressive conservatism]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Procedural nomination on behalf of {{u|Manabimasu}} (see [[Special:Permalink/1006804675#Twinkle XFD redirect template bug|here]]). Original reason was:

{{blockquote|1=No reliable sources on the namespace article name. https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Regressive+conservatism&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=}} ~ Amory ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])'' 22:30, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' to [[reactionary]], I believe that's what's meant. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 01:42, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:16, 22 February 2021 (UTC)</div>

====Twitterati====
*{{no redirect|1 = Twitterati }} → [[:Twitter]]  ([[Talk:Twitterati|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Twitterati|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitterati&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-15&end=2021-02-13&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Twitterati stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Twitterati|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Twitterati]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Twitterati|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Twitterati]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Twitterati|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Twitterati]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Seems to be a neologism, not further explained at the target. It is mentioned at [[Generation Z#Arts and culture]], so retargeting there might be an option. Alternatively Wiktionary redirect to [[wikt:Twitterati]] or delete. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 18:51, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

*'''Comment''' as creator, I can only imagine that I was fixing a red link at the time. It certainly is a neologism, but is well used and discussed in numerous scholarly papers [https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=twitterati&btnG=] as well as books and news. [[User:Derek Andrews|Derek Andrews]] ([[User talk:Derek Andrews|talk]]) 20:05, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' per [[WP:CHEAP]] 150 views per year, seems to be useful. [[Twitter]] is an appropriate target. '''''[[User:Polyamorph|Polyamorph]]''''' ([[User talk:Polyamorph#top|talk]]) 20:46, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Soft retarget''' to the Wiktionary entry, where the word is defined. I don't know if it's possible without breaking the soft redirect template but a see also link to twitter would also go nicely on the page. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 21:19, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' and additionally add an explanation of the term somewhere in the target article. [[User:Enjoyer of World|enjoyer]]|[[User talk:Enjoyer of World|talk]] 05:02, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:14, 22 February 2021 (UTC)</div>

====Gnu ld====
<div class="boilerplate rfd vfd xfd-closed" style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;">
<includeonly>[[File:White check mark in dark green rounded square.svg|16px|link=|alt=Keep]] '''Closed discussion''', see [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 22#1614050078|full discussion]]. Result was: </includeonly><noinclude>
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more redirects. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the redirect's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:The result of the discussion was </noinclude>'''speedy keep'''<includeonly></div></includeonly><noinclude>. Withdrawn by nominator. [[Wikipedia:NACD|(non-admin closure)]] — [[User:J947|J947]] ‡ ''[[User talk:J947|message]] ⁓ [[Special:Contributions/J947|edits]]'' 03:14, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*{{no redirect|1 = Gnu ld }} → [[:Linker (computing)#GNU linker]]  ([[Talk:Gnu ld|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Gnu ld|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnu_ld&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Gnu_ld stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Gnu ld|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gnu ld]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Gnu ld|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gnu ld]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Gnu ld|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gnu ld]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

There is another redirect on the page [[GNU ld]]. The proper capitalization should be "GNU" and not "Gnu". I think that searching "gnu ld" using the Wikipedia search box will automatically use "GNU ld", which should also automatically redirect to [[Linker (computing)#GNU linker]]. I think this makes the [[Gnu ld]] redirect unnecessary. [[User:Somerandomuser|Somerandomuser]] ([[User talk:Somerandomuser|talk]]) 21:09, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

*'''Keep'''. Completely standard {{tl|R from miscapitalisation}}. It's unambiguous, covered in the target and I see no benefits from deletion. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 21:30, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': I also wanted to mention that [[Gnu ld]] was not updated to redirect to the particular section on [[Linker (computing)#GNU linker]] until I modified it recently, whereas [[GNU ld]] was correctly configured a while ago. Additionally, if {{tl|R from miscapitalisation}} applies, would both [[GNU ld]] and [[Gnu ld]] be considered valid redirects? Should there also be a [[Gnu linker]] redirect just like [[GNU linker]]? And [[GNU founder]] redirect just like [[Gnu founder]]? If my understanding is correct, Wikipedia's search box automatically figures out the capitalization. I don't understand why these extra redirects are necessary, as they become extra pages to maintain if articles get split or merged. My current thoughts are that [[GNU ld]], [[GNU linker]], [[GNU as]], [[GNU founder]], etc. be redirects and [[Gnu ld]], [[Gnu linker]], [[Gnu as]], [[Gnu founder]] should not be used. Please let me know if I'm misunderstanding something. [[User:Somerandomuser|Somerandomuser]] ([[User talk:Somerandomuser|talk]]) 22:09, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
**Those would all be valid redirects, and I would think that it would be a good idea to make the one with the correct capitalisation of GNU at the minimum. Why do we make redirects from alternate capitalisations? Numerous reasons. The pop up results in the search box only work on browsers with JavaScript enabled. A lot of people don't search using the search box, Some people may search using URL's for example (I do it a lot when searching through events that occur according to a yearly pattern, for example). A lot of people access Wikipedia through apps, which have completely different ways of handling capitalisation variations. Wikipedia content is licenced so that other people can reuse it, so it's possible that Wikipedia content might end up in a format that can't handle capitalisation variants at all. As long as they're unambiguous there's little downside in creating alternate capitalisation redirects. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 22:30, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
::: That makes a lot of sense! I will create the other redirect pages with the correct capitalization as well. [[User:Somerandomuser|Somerandomuser]] ([[User talk:Somerandomuser|talk]]) 22:40, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
::: Should I remove this RFD? And how? [[User:Somerandomuser|Somerandomuser]] ([[User talk:Somerandomuser|talk]]) 23:21, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
::: I have removed the RFD from the redirect. [[User:Somerandomuser|Somerandomuser]] ([[User talk:Somerandomuser|talk]]) 02:47, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page.''</noinclude></div>

====LoL: Dominion====
*{{no redirect|1 = LoL: Dominion }} → [[:League of Legends#Dominion]]  ([[Talk:LoL: Dominion|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/LoL: Dominion|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LoL:_Dominion&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-14&end=2021-02-12&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=LoL%3A_Dominion stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:LoL: Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL: Dominion]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:LoL: Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL: Dominion]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:LoL: Dominion|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL: Dominion]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = League of Legends: Dominion }} → [[:League of Legends#Dominion]]  ([[Talk:League of Legends: Dominion|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/League of Legends: Dominion|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=League_of_Legends:_Dominion&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-14&end=2021-02-12&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=League_of_Legends%3A_Dominion stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:League of Legends: Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends: Dominion]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:League of Legends: Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends: Dominion]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:League of Legends: Dominion|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends: Dominion]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = LoL:D }} → [[:League of Legends#Dominion]]  ([[Talk:LoL:D|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/LoL:D|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LoL:D&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-14&end=2021-02-12&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=LoL%3AD stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:LoL:D|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL:D]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:LoL:D|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL:D]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:LoL:D|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL:D]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = League of Legends:Dominion }} → [[:League of Legends#Dominion]]  ([[Talk:League of Legends:Dominion|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/League of Legends:Dominion|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=League_of_Legends:Dominion&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-18&end=2021-02-16&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=League_of_Legends%3ADominion stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:League of Legends:Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends:Dominion]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:League of Legends:Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends:Dominion]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:League of Legends:Dominion|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends:Dominion]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at target anymore. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 18:06, 13 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Comment:''' No opinion at the moment, but I also found [[League of Legends:Dominion]], which I'm adding here. Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]][[User talk:Sonic678|''678'']] 18:08, 17 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete.''' Dominion is a dead game mode that was never independently notably; I highly, highly doubt that anyone was ever finding the page through these redirects. I suspect there are a lot of silly redirects leading to the game like this. It isn't fulfilling its main job of getting unfamiliar readers to where they need to be, and Dominion has never been referred to as "League of Legends: Dominion". — '''''[[User:ImaginesTigers|ImaginesTigers]]''''' ([[User talk:ImaginesTigers|talk]]) 10:38, 18 February 2021 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Relisting to allow for a full 7 days for consideration of the redirects added a few days into this discussion. 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:02, 22 February 2021 (UTC)</div>
====Biopact====
*{{no redirect|1 = Biopact }} → [[:Creative Commons]]  ([[Talk:Biopact|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Biopact|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biopact&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Biopact stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Biopact|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Biopact]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Biopact|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Biopact]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Biopact|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Biopact]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at target. All the other search results are passing mentions. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 20:57, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====Witch Lesbians====
*{{no redirect|1 = Witch Lesbians }} → [[:Motherland: Fort Salem]]  ([[Talk:Witch Lesbians|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Witch Lesbians|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witch_Lesbians&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Witch_Lesbians stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Witch Lesbians|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Witch Lesbians]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Witch Lesbians|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Witch Lesbians]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Witch Lesbians|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Witch Lesbians]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Doesn't appear to be an alternative name for the target, delete unless a justification can be provided. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 17:49, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' The related redirect [[Gay witchcraft]] targets [[Modern Pagan views on LGBT people]]. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 17:54, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
**Just to clarify - I'm not endorsing retargeting there, just mentioning a related redirect. I'm not sure what to do with this redirect at the moment. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 22:52, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' Motherland Fort Salem can't be the only mention of witch lesbians in media; it doesn't make sense to redirect there. I'm not sure if the page needs to exist at all? But if it does then should redirect to "Modern Pagan views on LGBT people" as stated above me. [[User:Apathyash|Apathyash]] ([[User talk:Apathyash|talk]]) 22:48, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====SMKC====
*{{no redirect|1 = SMKC }} → [[:Slash (musician)]]  ([[Talk:SMKC|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/SMKC|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMKC&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=SMKC stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:SMKC|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#SMKC]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:SMKC|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#SMKC]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:SMKC|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#SMKC]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at the target, an internet search turns up myriad results. Delete unless a justification can be provided. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 17:31, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Disambiguate'''. There seem to be a few articles using this acronym, We have articles on two schools ([[Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Cyberjaya]], [[Kai Chung Secondary School]], a Czech communist party listed in [[International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations]] and it's also used as the web address of the [[Sangali-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation]]. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 17:39, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
**'''Disambiguate''': As the creator of this redirect page, I feel I should mention that when I'm creating redirects like this, it's generally for searchability reasons. I was familiar with SMKC as a common abbreviation of the band's name so I thought it might be useful to have, but I admit that I didn't bother to check if it would be useful for other pages as [[User:86.23.109.101]] mentions above. Given those results that they found, I think it makes sense to convert the page to a dab, which would still allow it to point to the band page as I originally wanted while not ignoring other deserving articles. [[User:QuietHere|QuietHere]] ([[User talk:QuietHere|talk]]) 06:28, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Disambiguate''' (drafted) per above. [[Special:Contributions/61.239.39.90|61.239.39.90]] ([[User talk:61.239.39.90|talk]]) 02:43, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

====Swathi Venkatesh====
*{{no redirect|1 = Swathi Venkatesh }} → [[:Swathi Reddy]]  ([[Talk:Swathi Venkatesh|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Swathi Venkatesh|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swathi_Venkatesh&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Swathi_Venkatesh stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Swathi Venkatesh|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Swathi Venkatesh]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Swathi Venkatesh|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Swathi Venkatesh]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Swathi Venkatesh|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Swathi Venkatesh]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Absolutely nothing in the article supports the name, a violation of [[WP:BLPPRIVACY]]. The redirect comes from an undiscussed move which was later reverted. [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 14:40, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
====Eladio Carrión====
*{{no redirect|1 = Eladio Carrión }} → [[:Bad Bunny discography]]  ([[Talk:Eladio Carrión|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Eladio Carrión|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eladio_Carri%C3%B3n&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Eladio_Carri%C3%B3n stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Eladio Carrión|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Eladio Carrión]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Eladio Carrión|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Eladio Carrión]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Eladio Carrión|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Eladio Carrión]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Although Eladio Carrión has collaborated with [[Bad Bunny]], Eladio Carrión is an individual singer and they collabed only once, so they are not associated singers, the redirect makes me kinda confused. [[User:BrandNew Jim Zhang|BrandNew Jim Zhang]] [[User talk:BrandNew Jim Zhang|(talk)]] 13:51, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. I'm probably redirecting the focus here, but there are plenty of editors on Wikipedia still redirecting the names of artists to articles on others. If this were really such a problem, there'd be some kind of directive not to do this, or at the very least there ''should'' be to try to curb it. There are thousands more redirects like this, and I feel like nominations like this selectively target redirects in some misguided attempt to address a problem as if this redirect were one of only very few when that's absolutely not the case. It can't be stopped through one nomination alone, so if this is an issue, it needs to be more widely addressed and individual, piecemeal nominations like this should stop until there is an explicit directive to not make redirects in this fashion. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 01:13, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
::You're right, lots of editors create redirects like this. But this should be an important issue to work on, redirects like these are really confusing. -- [[User:BrandNew Jim Zhang|BrandNew Jim Zhang]] [[User talk:BrandNew Jim Zhang|(talk)]] 11:54, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. This seems to have been a one off collaboration on a song with no substantial history between the artists. I can't see what resulted in the decision to target this discography in particular, a search shows they've collaborated with a load of artists including some multiple times, e.g. they were involved in 3 singles with [[Myke Towers]]. They're not mentioned anywhere in the article prose so it's not going to be immediately obvious to readers why they've ended up here. In this instance I think the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Eladio%20Carri%C3%B3n&title=Special%3ASearch&fulltext=1&ns0=1 search results] do a much better job of finding various songs they've worked on. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 01:25, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:You can't see what resulted in the decision to target the redirect to "this discography in particular"...because the artists collaborated and at that time, I believed it was a valid search term to point there because it was one of the only, if not at that time, the only place it was mentioned on Wikipedia. A term does not need to be mentioned all over an article or even repeatedly for it to be valid. Judging by your frequency here at RfD, I'm sure you don't see users repeatedly taking issue with how some songs on albums are only mentioned ''once'' on those album articles, in the track listing, and nominating those song redirects for deletion. It's really not that hard to figure out why I made it. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 04:55, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:: The difference is that a song being released on an album is a fixed fact that cannot be retroactively changed and isn't going to become outdated in a couple of years. Short of the song becoming notable enough for it's own article or something very unusual happening (like a cover version becoming more well known than the original) a redirect from a song to an album is going to be continuously useful. The same is not true of redirecting artists to a collaboration. This may have been his main appearance in the encyclopaedia when you made the redirect but now 2 years later that is no longer the case, and he appears in all sorts of places which contain just as much content as the current target ([[Myke Towers]], [[Súper Sangre Joven]], [[Cazzu]], [[Lunay (singer)|Lunay]], [[Khea]], [[Bryant Myers discography|Bryant Myers]], ...) and pointing readers to this one specific collaboration is not helpful as there is a huge amount of songs and relevant content that they will miss. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 10:25, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*::: A collaboration is also a fixed fact and should remain at a discography if it is properly sourced as a single. Having more collaborations and mentions in places on the encyclopedia doesn't change that. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 11:33, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:::: I never said it should be removed from the discography. The thing that should be deleted is the redirect, because it is no longer true that his collaboration with Bad Bunny is his only song mentioned on the encyclopaedia. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 11:45, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*::::: And I never said you wrote that it should be removed from the discography. I also never said it was ever his only collaboration mentioned on the encyclopedia, merely suggested at the time I created it perhaps it was. A topic being mentioned by name on multiple articles has never been a barrier to making a redirect for it pointing it to only one place—this happens for songs originally from individual studio albums, as you well know. This reply thread really no longer has a point. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 11:51, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*::::::I do apologise, when you said "A collaboration is also a fixed fact and should remain at a discography if it is properly sourced as a single." I misunderstood and thought you were talking about the entry at the discography, rather than the redirect. "A topic being mentioned by name on multiple articles has never been a barrier to making a redirect for it pointing it to only one place" - normally when redirects with multiple valid potential targets are brought here they're either disambiguated or deleted to allow uninhibited search results, unless there is a clear [[WP:PRIMARYTOPIC]] for the title. For the majority of songs the primary topic is the original recording, but searching the internet for "Eladio Carrión" does not suggest to me that the primary thing he's known for is his collaboration with Big Bunny, basically every result is for a different song. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 12:16, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:::::::I ''was'' talking about the entry at the discography. I have addressed both that ''and'' the redirect itself at different times. I don't see how one could interpret "A collaboration is also a fixed fact and should remain at a discography if it is properly sourced as a single" as anything other than specifically referring to the entry at the discography and not the redirect. This is just clarifying at this point. As I said, I don't see the point in continuing this particular line of replies. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 12:30, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Redirects such as this one, based on a single collaboration, are not useful in any way and should be deleted, no matter how many of them there are. The ''keep'' vote above does not provide an explanation for why this redirect should be kept other than that [[WP:OTHER|other stuff exists]]. [[User:Lennart97|Lennart97]] ([[User talk:Lennart97|talk]]) 01:29, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:{{re|Lennart97}} Even after I acknowledged that I was redirecting the focus of my !vote to the fact that plenty of these things exist, you still felt the need to indirectly reply to me and trot out the [[WP:OTHERSTUFFEXITS]] argument ''and'' link. Basically every user knows that exists with how often users like yourself quote it at them; we don't need to repeat it in every circumstance as if by the virtue of acknowledging the existence of a damn ''essay'', read: '''not''' a policy or guideline, that that invalidates any argument to the contrary. It doesn't. You are blatantly ignoring my point that individual nominations like this, where users can blather on about how "this was ''one'' collaboration, this isn't useful" so should be deleted, do not address what is evidently a larger issue of many experienced editors doing this. I'm not the first to do it—nor am I the most prolific—and I certainly will not be the last. Maybe if you have such an issue with redirects like this, as you obviously do because you !voted to delete, you should aim to at least ''help'' have it explicitly written in a content guideline (''not'' one of those charming essays) that redirects such as this are not useful or helpful. ''That'' point is not an OTHERSTUFFEXISTS argument; it's saying let's have this written down somewhere so we can curb it happening. Instead, no, you obviously think voting to delete my one redirect is achieving anything. It won't—''it will keep happening'' until we can tell said users "hey, don't do this per WP:ONEARTISTMENTION" or some such—so good going. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 04:45, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*::{{re|Ss112}} I ''do'' believe "voting to delete your one redirect" is achieving something: it's getting rid of a redirect which is not useful. That's what RfD is for. Voting in favour of deleting your redirect, or nominating your redirect, is not "misguided" and certainly not a personal attack or insult, but your aggressive tone in your reply above suggests you are taking this personally. Please don't. The thing is, I'm not aware of any large endemic problem of editors creating redirects like these, and I'm perfectly happy with merely voting to delete one that I see here at RfD. Voting does not come with any further obligations. You are the one who keeps insisting this is a big issue that needs a specific policy written; so write it yourself. That is certainly a more productive use of your time than getting so defensive about this one redirect that happens to have been created by you. [[User:Lennart97|Lennart97]] ([[User talk:Lennart97|talk]]) 10:10, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:::{{re|Lennart97}} Your reply shows you are still misconstruing or just plain not reading what I'm saying. Nowhere have I said ''I'' have an issue with this practice. You very well know I didn't nominate my own redirect. My issue here is with the editors who nominate these from time to time or vote to delete them and state quite strongly "these kinds of redirects shouldn't be made", which confirms you do indeed know these types of redirects exist. These editors (including yourself) should be the ones tackling the larger problem by bringing it up elsewhere, yet no attempt to ever do more than vote eventuates, which is either laziness or wilful ignorance. Or perhaps it's both, as I've just ''made'' you aware of the larger problem by saying music editors are still doing this exact thing, yet you still reply that you're not aware of any larger problem. I could point you to plenty of examples, yet nothing would come of those either because then the reply is always "I don't have to do anything more". I'm really tired of this "it's not my responsibility" argument editors bring out in cases like this. Same thing happens at AfD, where editors say "sources that prove this article's notability are out there, but ''I don't have to'' add them to the article!" Yet all these people like yourself can be bothered to reply and defend your point of view to anybody who takes issue with what you said, as I'm sure you'll continue to do right after this, but yet now you accuse only me of being defensive. As are you, of your own point of view; don't accuse others of what you're doing yourself. Make it make sense. A more productive use of ''your'' time would be bringing this up elsewhere now that you've been made aware of a larger problem. But do continue to remain defensive about your delete vote and defend what is essentially laziness. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 11:33, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*::::{{re|Ss112}} I'm not going to waste more of my time by responding to personal attacks and incivility, so this discussion is over as far as I'm concerned. [[User:Lennart97|Lennart97]] ([[User talk:Lennart97|talk]]) 13:15, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:::::Best thing I've read in this thread thus far. If you can't confront the root "problem" there's no real need to reply to me. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 13:35, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

====Bhavya Lal====
*{{no redirect|1 = Bhavya Lal}} → [[:Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden#Cabinet_and_White_House_appointments]]  ([[Talk:RedirectName|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/RedirectName|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RedirectName&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=RedirectName stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:RedirectName|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#RedirectName]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:RedirectName|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#RedirectName]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:RedirectName|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#RedirectName]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

The redirect needs fixing as no mention of Bhavya Lal occurs at the redirect target. If they are an appointment of Biden, then they should be mentioned with a source; if not, then the redirect is to the wrong article or should be deleted. [[User:N2e|N2e]] ([[User talk:N2e|talk]]) 11:32, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

:Have found that this person, [[Bhavya Lal]], has been apparently been appointed by the Biden administration as the Acting [NASA]] Administrator. Unclear why that information is not in the article the redirect points to, but as soon as that gets cleared up, this RfD will be able to be closed. [[User:N2e|N2e]] ([[User talk:N2e|talk]]) 12:19, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis====
*{{no redirect|1 = Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis }} → [[:Reverse zoonosis]]  ([[Talk:Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reverse_Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Reverse_Zoonosis%2FZooanthroponosis%2FAnthroponosis stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

This is a very implausible redirect, but cannot be deleted by CSD R3, as it was created as a result of a page move. [[User:Techie3|Techie3]] ([[User talk:Techie3|talk]]) 10:50, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' implausible search term, they've taken every name for this process and combined them into one mega redirect with slashes. The page was here for less than 2 days before being moved back, so it's unlikely to have significant incoming traffic. It would probably be a good idea to make the redirect [[Zooanthroponosis]], however. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 12:20, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
* We do have [[Hauturu/Little Barrier Island]] (funny story), for example, but this is probably less plausible. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 12:44, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

* '''Delete''' - It was created when I moved the page to a more plausible title. I should have deleted it then. My mistake. [[User:Ian (Wiki Ed)|Ian (Wiki Ed)]] ([[User talk:Ian (Wiki Ed)|talk]]) 15:49, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' I can hardly imagine anyone using this type of search query. Also per redirect creator. [[User:Less Unless|Less Unless]] ([[User talk:Less Unless|talk]]) 22:09, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' as very implausible to be used. -[[User:Kj cheetham|Kj cheetham]] ([[User talk:Kj cheetham|talk]]) 17:27, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

*'''Delete''' [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 04:23, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

====Test Wikipedia====
*{{no redirect|1 = Test Wikipedia }} → [[:Wikimedia Foundation#Software projects and other backstage projects]]  ([[Talk:Test Wikipedia|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Test Wikipedia|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Test_Wikipedia&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Test_Wikipedia stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Test Wikipedia|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Test Wikipedia]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Test Wikipedia|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Test Wikipedia]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Test Wikipedia|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Test Wikipedia]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2014 April 27#Test Wikipedia]] resulted in a retarget; however, the topic is not mentioned at the target anymore nor anywhere else in mainspace. Since there is also no standalone page about this in other namespaces, I suggest deletion. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 10:39, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

* '''Change to disambiguation page''' that gives the reader a one-line description of and links to [ https://test.wikipedia.org/ ], [ https://test2.wikipedia.org/ ], [ <s>https://test.wikimedia.org/</s> https://test.wikidata.org/ ], and any other test Wikipedias that might be created in the future. I use those pages on occasion when investigating various bugs that might have been fixed in the development versions (free clue: you can usually do your tests in the sandbox and see them in preview, then back out without saving). --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 11:52, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
** Can I suggest adding the Wikimedia Incubator to that list, since it's used to test new projects and languages, and a "see also" link to the sandbox, which is used for testing things on site? [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 12:14, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
***That seems reasonable. Certainly some people use Incubator for tests. It is at [ https://incubator.wikimedia.org/ ] --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 13:36, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
** {{ping|Guy Macon}} https://test.wikimedia.org/ does not exist. There are https://test.wikidata.org/ and https://test-commons.wikimedia.org/ though, but they would never be called "Test Wikipedia" and as such do not fit the proposed disambiguation page. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 12:39, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
***Thanks for catching the error, That will teach me to cut and paste rather than typing from memory... I don't see a problem with including a Wikidata or a Commons.wikimedia in the disambig page. Just preface them with "related pages". --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 13:36, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Disambig''' per the above, and include a link to the sandbox where people looking to test how Wikipedia editing works can experiment. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 15:21, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
**Adding a link to the sandbox is a brilliant idea. I guess that's why they pay you the big bucks. :) --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 02:47, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

====Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Not for Sale (Michael Combs song) }} → [[:Not 4 Sale]]  ([[Talk:Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_for_Sale_(Michael_Combs_song)&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Not_for_Sale_%28Michael_Combs_song%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

This redirect points to a disambiguation page. There is no article for Michael Combs and no logical place to redirect this obscure song by an obscure artist. No assistance to navigation whatsoever. [[User:Richhoncho|Richhoncho]] ([[User talk:Richhoncho|talk]]) 10:32, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

*'''Delete''' Michael Combs is not notable per Wiki guidelines, therefore a song of his (not even in the top 10 most listened) is not notable either. There's no need in this redirect. [[User:Less Unless|Less Unless]] ([[User talk:Less Unless|talk]]) 22:16, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

*'''Delete''' [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 04:24, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

====Pour les nuls====
*{{no redirect|1 = Pour les nuls }} → [[:For Dummies]]  ([[Talk:Pour les nuls|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Pour les nuls|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pour_les_nuls&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Pour_les_nuls stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Pour les nuls|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Pour les nuls]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Pour les nuls|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Pour les nuls]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Pour les nuls|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Pour les nuls]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

{{oldrfdlist|Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2010_December_6#Pour_les_nuls|keep}}

The For Dummies series is not French. [[User:Dominicmgm|Dominicmgm]] ([[User talk:Dominicmgm|talk]]) 08:07, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
* '''Keep''': this is mentioned at the target. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 12:46, 22 February 2021 (UTC) 
*: Initially published to the wrong section. [[Special:Diff/1008337250|Reported]] to the script developer. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 20:19, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*Note the previous RfD in 2010. — [[User:J947|J947]] ‡ ''[[User talk:J947|message]] ⁓ [[Special:Contributions/J947|edits]]'' 22:34, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' per {{u|1234qwer1234qwer4}}. This redirect is mentioned at the target. If you go to the section [[For Dummies#History]], you'll find the "Pour les nuls" term there. '''Seventyfiveyears ([[User talk:Seventyfiveyears|talk]])''' 16:47, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

====NannyMUD====
*{{no redirect|1 = NannyMUD }} → [[:LPMud]]  ([[Talk:NannyMUD|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/NannyMUD|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NannyMUD&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=NannyMUD stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:NannyMUD|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#NannyMUD]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:NannyMUD|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#NannyMUD]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:NannyMUD|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#NannyMUD]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned in source and has no substantive reason to be. [[User talk:Czar|czar]] 07:20, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====Mr. Wong Goes West====
<div class="boilerplate rfd vfd xfd-closed" style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;">
<includeonly>[[File:White i in purple rounded square.svg|16px|link=|alt=Split or bespoke decisions]] '''Closed discussion''', see [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 22#1613970227|full discussion]]. Result was: </includeonly><noinclude>
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more redirects. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the redirect's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:The result of the discussion was </noinclude>'''Procedural close'''<includeonly></div></includeonly><noinclude>. Wrong venue. Subject of discussion is not a redirect. [[Wikipedia:NACD|(non-admin closure)]] [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 05:03, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*{{no redirect|1 = Mr. Wong Goes West }} → [[:The Feng Shui Detective]]  ([[Talk:Mr. Wong Goes West|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Mr. Wong Goes West|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Wong_Goes_West&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Mr._Wong_Goes_West stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Mr. Wong Goes West|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mr. Wong Goes West]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Mr. Wong Goes West|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mr. Wong Goes West]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Mr. Wong Goes West|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mr. Wong Goes West]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Redirect to parent series article [[The Feng Shui Detective]]. No significant independent coverage of this book on its own. [[User:WhinyTheYounger|WhinyTheYounger (WtY)]]([[User:WhinyTheYounger|talk]], [[Special:Contribs/WhinyTheYounger|contribs]]) 00:05, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Procedural Close''' Wrong venue. Since this is currently an article you need to either [[WP:BOLD|Boldly]] [[Wikipedia:Blank and redirect|convert it to a redirect]], [[WP:Merge|Merge]] it or start a merge discussion or take it to [[WP:AfD|Articles for Deletion]]. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 00:32, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Speedy procedural close''' - subject of discussion ain't a redirect. Try [[WP:AFD]]. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] [[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]] 02:23, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page.''</noinclude></div>

Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 22

2021-02-27T04:23:47Z

CodeSlashh: /* Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis */

<noinclude>{{rfd log header|2021|February 21|2021|February 23}}</noinclude>
===[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 22|February 22]]===
<noinclude>This is a list of redirects that have been proposed for deletion or other action on February 22, 2021.</noinclude>


====George Lamson Jr.====
*{{no redirect|1 = George Lamson Jr. }} → [[:Galaxy Airlines Flight 203]]  ([[Talk:George Lamson Jr.|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/George Lamson Jr.|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Lamson_Jr.&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=George_Lamson_Jr. stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:George Lamson Jr.|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#George Lamson Jr.]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:George Lamson Jr.|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#George Lamson Jr.]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:George Lamson Jr.|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#George Lamson Jr.]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned in the target article. [[User:WilliamJE|...William]], is the complaint department really on [[User talk:WilliamJE|the roof?]] 23:37, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom. He was the only survivor of the crash, which is why his name targets this page, but as he isn't mentioned there it's not helpful. A cursory search shows quite a few articles about him (he apparently works with survivors of other air crashes) so it's not implausible that he is notable enough for an article but I haven't looked in detail. The entry at the [[George Lamson Jr.]] dab page should not be removed but adjusted to include a link to the crash article directly as well as the resulting red link after this is deleted. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 15:18, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' exactly per Thryduulf. The dab page is [[George Lamson]]. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 19:35, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

====Season 2 (2018)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Season 2 (2018) }} → [[:Bigg Boss (Telugu season 2)]]  ([[Talk:Season 2 (2018)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Season 2 (2018)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Season_2_(2018)&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Season_2_%282018%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Season 2 (2018)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Season 2 (2018)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Season 2 (2018)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Season 2 (2018)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Season 2 (2018)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Season 2 (2018)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Too ambiguous, not a likely search term. While season 2 of "Bigg Boss" did premiere in 2018, "Bigg Boss" is not the only series in which season 2 premiered in that year. For example, [[13 Reasons Why (season 2)|season 2 of "13 Reasons Why"]] also premiered in 2018. '''Seventyfiveyears ([[User talk:Seventyfiveyears|talk]])''' 22:53, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' ridiculously ambiguous. A google search has basically every result relate to something different, ranging from TV shows to fortnite. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 23:07, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom. It may have been primarily what people were searching for some time in 2018, but even though that year's over, it can refer to anything and the "primary topic" in that regard keeps changing, so why do we need redirects like that? Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]][[User talk:Sonic678|''678'']] 23:52, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
**It's left over from a page move. The article was created at this title for some reason (typo perhaps) then moved to a more sensible name 2 minutes later. I doubt this was the primary meaning of the phrase even in 2018. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 11:37, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom and the previous editors. Too ambiguous. [[User:Less Unless|Less Unless]] ([[User talk:Less Unless|talk]]) 22:03, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. This is ambiguous and likely to cause confusion. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 19:36, 25 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per nom -[[User:Kj cheetham|Kj cheetham]] ([[User talk:Kj cheetham|talk]]) 22:37, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

====Zuid (Middelburg)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Zuid (Middelburg) }} → [[:Middelburg, Netherlands#Zuid]]  ([[Talk:Zuid (Middelburg)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Zuid (Middelburg)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zuid_(Middelburg)&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Zuid_%28Middelburg%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Zuid (Middelburg)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Zuid (Middelburg)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Zuid (Middelburg)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Zuid (Middelburg)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Zuid (Middelburg)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Zuid (Middelburg)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

This redirect is the result of a very short-lived article in 2007 about Zuid (''South''), the southern part of the city of Middelburg, which was merged with Middelburg for lack of notability. However, the Middelburg article doesn't have a section on Zuid anymore and in fact doesn't even mention it (and neither should it, there's nothing to note about the neighbourhood whatsoever), so the redirect serves no purpose anymore and should be deleted. [[User:Lennart97|Lennart97]] ([[User talk:Lennart97|talk]]) 22:12, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. There's nothing about "Zuid" at [[Middelburg, Zeeland]] (except [[Zuid-Beveland]]). [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 19:46, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

====Rugmark====
*{{no redirect|1 = Rugmark }} → [[:GoodWeave International]]  ([[Talk:Rugmark|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Rugmark|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugmark&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Rugmark stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Rugmark|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Rugmark]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Rugmark|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Rugmark]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Rugmark|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Rugmark]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Rugmark and GoodWeave International are two separate entities. [[User:Gw-intl|Gw-intl]] ([[User talk:Gw-intl|talk]]) 21:52, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' According to references in the article, the organization was founded as Rugmark in 1994, and later changed its name to Goodweave International. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] [[User talk:Cullen328|''Let's discuss it'']] 22:02, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. The connection between the two names was well explained in the article until an IP removed all references to it a few days ago in this [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GoodWeave_International&type=revision&diff=1007573322&oldid=998267809 series of edits]. An example from [https://goodweave.org/uk/about/ their own website] [https://web.archive.org/web/20201201015528/https://goodweave.org/uk/about/ (via archive.org)] "In May 2001, RUGMARK UK was formally registered in the United Kingdom ... RUGMARK UK officially changed its name to GoodWeave UK in 2010." Given the proposer's username it appears they might have a [[WP:COI|COI]] with the charity? [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 22:10, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
** In fact the same account that is now asking for this redirect to be deleted as being as being a different organisation added a load of text to the article explaining the rebrand in 2011! [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GoodWeave_International&diff=prev&oldid=420348171 Diff] Quote from the text added by Gw-intl - "''Rugmark International re-branded the certification program and introduced the GoodWeave label in 2009. The organization is also in the process of re-branding to GoodWeave''".[[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 23:51, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
** Also look at the last comment in this [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rugmark|AfD nomination]]. One of their employees directly gave us sources about their rebrand showing they were the same organisation. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 23:59, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' per the IP above. Definitely a well sourced former name. [[User:A7V2|A7V2]] ([[User talk:A7V2|talk]]) 23:38, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====Appeal to Reason (band)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Appeal to Reason (band) }} → [[:Appeal to Reason (album)]]  ([[Talk:Appeal to Reason (band)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Appeal to Reason (band)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_Reason_(band)&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Appeal_to_Reason_%28band%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Appeal to Reason (band)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Appeal to Reason (band)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Appeal to Reason (band)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Appeal to Reason (band)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Appeal to Reason (band)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Appeal to Reason (band)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Unlikely to be of any reasonable use. Made by accident from a botched page move. No notable band exists with this name, nor does any notable subject have involvement in such a group, that I'm aware of. (If there is, I would like it retargeted there.) '''[[User:DannyMusicEditor|dannymusiceditor]]''' [[User talk:DannyMusicEditor|oops]] 21:21, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''': no such band exists (at least, not a notable one), and even if they did, they have nothing to do with this album, so it is unlikely that anyone would use the search term to look for this album or the band who made it, and the redirect serves no purpose. [[User:Richard3120|Richard3120]] ([[User talk:Richard3120|talk]]) 21:25, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====Peg Bowen====
*{{no redirect|1 = Peg Bowen }} → [[:The Story Girl]]  ([[Talk:Peg Bowen|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Peg Bowen|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peg_Bowen&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-16&end=2021-02-14&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Peg_Bowen stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Peg Bowen|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Peg Bowen]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Peg Bowen|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Peg Bowen]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Peg Bowen|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Peg Bowen]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at target. The only real mention on Wikipedia is twice at [[List of Road to Avonlea episodes]]. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 09:41, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. The text of [[The Story Girl]] from the link at External links shows she's a character, hence her appearance later in ''Road to Avonlea''. Perhaps an editor who's familiar with the book could add a mention. [[User:Shhhnotsoloud|Shhhnotsoloud]] ([[User talk:Shhhnotsoloud|talk]]) 19:52, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:19, 22 February 2021 (UTC)</div>

====BIXie====
*{{no redirect|1 = BIXie }} → [[:Emoticon]]  ([[Talk:BIXie|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/BIXie|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BIXie&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-16&end=2021-02-14&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=BIXie stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:BIXie|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BIXie]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:BIXie|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BIXie]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:BIXie|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#BIXie]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at target. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 01:00, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' [[Wikt:bixie#Etymology 2]] explains the connection, but there is no content about it on Wikipedia I can find. I'm unsure about suggesting a soft redirect though as I can't immediately find any uses of this capitalisation. The originating forum was BIX ([[Byte Information Exchange]]) but the emoticons are at least most commonly "bixie" (Google's lack of case sensitivity means I cannot say this is/was never used, just that if it is/was it is less common than standard capitalisation). [[Bixie]] correctly exists as a redirect to the completely unrelated [[Pixiu]], which is the primary topic, so if content were to be added about the emoticons then it would need to take disambiguation or more likely be a hatnote (I suspect there are reliable sources sufficient for a mention somewhere but not for a whole article). [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 02:49, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:16, 22 February 2021 (UTC)</div>

====Regressive conservatism====
*{{no redirect|1 = Regressive conservatism }} → [[:Alt-right]]  ([[Talk:Regressive conservatism|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Regressive conservatism|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regressive_conservatism&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-15&end=2021-02-13&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Regressive_conservatism stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Regressive conservatism|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Regressive conservatism]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Regressive conservatism|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Regressive conservatism]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Regressive conservatism|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Regressive conservatism]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Procedural nomination on behalf of {{u|Manabimasu}} (see [[Special:Permalink/1006804675#Twinkle XFD redirect template bug|here]]). Original reason was:

{{blockquote|1=No reliable sources on the namespace article name. https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Regressive+conservatism&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=}} ~ Amory ''([[User:Amorymeltzer|u]] • [[User talk:Amorymeltzer|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Amorymeltzer|c]])'' 22:30, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' to [[reactionary]], I believe that's what's meant. ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 01:42, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:16, 22 February 2021 (UTC)</div>

====Twitterati====
*{{no redirect|1 = Twitterati }} → [[:Twitter]]  ([[Talk:Twitterati|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Twitterati|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitterati&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-15&end=2021-02-13&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Twitterati stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Twitterati|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Twitterati]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Twitterati|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Twitterati]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Twitterati|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Twitterati]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Seems to be a neologism, not further explained at the target. It is mentioned at [[Generation Z#Arts and culture]], so retargeting there might be an option. Alternatively Wiktionary redirect to [[wikt:Twitterati]] or delete. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 18:51, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

*'''Comment''' as creator, I can only imagine that I was fixing a red link at the time. It certainly is a neologism, but is well used and discussed in numerous scholarly papers [https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=twitterati&btnG=] as well as books and news. [[User:Derek Andrews|Derek Andrews]] ([[User talk:Derek Andrews|talk]]) 20:05, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' per [[WP:CHEAP]] 150 views per year, seems to be useful. [[Twitter]] is an appropriate target. '''''[[User:Polyamorph|Polyamorph]]''''' ([[User talk:Polyamorph#top|talk]]) 20:46, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Soft retarget''' to the Wiktionary entry, where the word is defined. I don't know if it's possible without breaking the soft redirect template but a see also link to twitter would also go nicely on the page. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 21:19, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' and additionally add an explanation of the term somewhere in the target article. [[User:Enjoyer of World|enjoyer]]|[[User talk:Enjoyer of World|talk]] 05:02, 15 February 2021 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:14, 22 February 2021 (UTC)</div>

====Gnu ld====
<div class="boilerplate rfd vfd xfd-closed" style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;">
<includeonly>[[File:White check mark in dark green rounded square.svg|16px|link=|alt=Keep]] '''Closed discussion''', see [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 22#1614050078|full discussion]]. Result was: </includeonly><noinclude>
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more redirects. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the redirect's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:The result of the discussion was </noinclude>'''speedy keep'''<includeonly></div></includeonly><noinclude>. Withdrawn by nominator. [[Wikipedia:NACD|(non-admin closure)]] — [[User:J947|J947]] ‡ ''[[User talk:J947|message]] ⁓ [[Special:Contributions/J947|edits]]'' 03:14, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*{{no redirect|1 = Gnu ld }} → [[:Linker (computing)#GNU linker]]  ([[Talk:Gnu ld|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Gnu ld|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnu_ld&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Gnu_ld stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Gnu ld|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gnu ld]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Gnu ld|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gnu ld]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Gnu ld|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Gnu ld]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

There is another redirect on the page [[GNU ld]]. The proper capitalization should be "GNU" and not "Gnu". I think that searching "gnu ld" using the Wikipedia search box will automatically use "GNU ld", which should also automatically redirect to [[Linker (computing)#GNU linker]]. I think this makes the [[Gnu ld]] redirect unnecessary. [[User:Somerandomuser|Somerandomuser]] ([[User talk:Somerandomuser|talk]]) 21:09, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

*'''Keep'''. Completely standard {{tl|R from miscapitalisation}}. It's unambiguous, covered in the target and I see no benefits from deletion. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 21:30, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': I also wanted to mention that [[Gnu ld]] was not updated to redirect to the particular section on [[Linker (computing)#GNU linker]] until I modified it recently, whereas [[GNU ld]] was correctly configured a while ago. Additionally, if {{tl|R from miscapitalisation}} applies, would both [[GNU ld]] and [[Gnu ld]] be considered valid redirects? Should there also be a [[Gnu linker]] redirect just like [[GNU linker]]? And [[GNU founder]] redirect just like [[Gnu founder]]? If my understanding is correct, Wikipedia's search box automatically figures out the capitalization. I don't understand why these extra redirects are necessary, as they become extra pages to maintain if articles get split or merged. My current thoughts are that [[GNU ld]], [[GNU linker]], [[GNU as]], [[GNU founder]], etc. be redirects and [[Gnu ld]], [[Gnu linker]], [[Gnu as]], [[Gnu founder]] should not be used. Please let me know if I'm misunderstanding something. [[User:Somerandomuser|Somerandomuser]] ([[User talk:Somerandomuser|talk]]) 22:09, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
**Those would all be valid redirects, and I would think that it would be a good idea to make the one with the correct capitalisation of GNU at the minimum. Why do we make redirects from alternate capitalisations? Numerous reasons. The pop up results in the search box only work on browsers with JavaScript enabled. A lot of people don't search using the search box, Some people may search using URL's for example (I do it a lot when searching through events that occur according to a yearly pattern, for example). A lot of people access Wikipedia through apps, which have completely different ways of handling capitalisation variations. Wikipedia content is licenced so that other people can reuse it, so it's possible that Wikipedia content might end up in a format that can't handle capitalisation variants at all. As long as they're unambiguous there's little downside in creating alternate capitalisation redirects. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 22:30, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
::: That makes a lot of sense! I will create the other redirect pages with the correct capitalization as well. [[User:Somerandomuser|Somerandomuser]] ([[User talk:Somerandomuser|talk]]) 22:40, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
::: Should I remove this RFD? And how? [[User:Somerandomuser|Somerandomuser]] ([[User talk:Somerandomuser|talk]]) 23:21, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
::: I have removed the RFD from the redirect. [[User:Somerandomuser|Somerandomuser]] ([[User talk:Somerandomuser|talk]]) 02:47, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page.''</noinclude></div>

====LoL: Dominion====
*{{no redirect|1 = LoL: Dominion }} → [[:League of Legends#Dominion]]  ([[Talk:LoL: Dominion|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/LoL: Dominion|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LoL:_Dominion&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-14&end=2021-02-12&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=LoL%3A_Dominion stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:LoL: Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL: Dominion]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:LoL: Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL: Dominion]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:LoL: Dominion|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL: Dominion]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = League of Legends: Dominion }} → [[:League of Legends#Dominion]]  ([[Talk:League of Legends: Dominion|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/League of Legends: Dominion|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=League_of_Legends:_Dominion&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-14&end=2021-02-12&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=League_of_Legends%3A_Dominion stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:League of Legends: Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends: Dominion]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:League of Legends: Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends: Dominion]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:League of Legends: Dominion|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends: Dominion]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = LoL:D }} → [[:League of Legends#Dominion]]  ([[Talk:LoL:D|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/LoL:D|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LoL:D&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-14&end=2021-02-12&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=LoL%3AD stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:LoL:D|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL:D]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:LoL:D|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL:D]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:LoL:D|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#LoL:D]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 
*{{no redirect|1 = League of Legends:Dominion }} → [[:League of Legends#Dominion]]  ([[Talk:League of Legends:Dominion|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/League of Legends:Dominion|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=League_of_Legends:Dominion&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-18&end=2021-02-16&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=League_of_Legends%3ADominion stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:League of Legends:Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends:Dominion]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:League of Legends:Dominion|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends:Dominion]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:League of Legends:Dominion|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#League of Legends:Dominion]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at target anymore. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 18:06, 13 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Comment:''' No opinion at the moment, but I also found [[League of Legends:Dominion]], which I'm adding here. Regards, [[User:Sonic678|SONIC]][[User talk:Sonic678|''678'']] 18:08, 17 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete.''' Dominion is a dead game mode that was never independently notably; I highly, highly doubt that anyone was ever finding the page through these redirects. I suspect there are a lot of silly redirects leading to the game like this. It isn't fulfilling its main job of getting unfamiliar readers to where they need to be, and Dominion has never been referred to as "League of Legends: Dominion". — '''''[[User:ImaginesTigers|ImaginesTigers]]''''' ([[User talk:ImaginesTigers|talk]]) 10:38, 18 February 2021 (UTC)
<div class="xfd_relist" style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0px 25px;">'''{{resize|91%|[[Wikipedia:Deletion process#Relisting discussions|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.}}''' '''Relisting comment:''' Relisting to allow for a full 7 days for consideration of the redirects added a few days into this discussion. 
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 21:02, 22 February 2021 (UTC)</div>
====Biopact====
*{{no redirect|1 = Biopact }} → [[:Creative Commons]]  ([[Talk:Biopact|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Biopact|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biopact&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Biopact stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Biopact|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Biopact]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Biopact|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Biopact]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Biopact|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Biopact]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at target. All the other search results are passing mentions. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 20:57, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====Witch Lesbians====
*{{no redirect|1 = Witch Lesbians }} → [[:Motherland: Fort Salem]]  ([[Talk:Witch Lesbians|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Witch Lesbians|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witch_Lesbians&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Witch_Lesbians stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Witch Lesbians|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Witch Lesbians]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Witch Lesbians|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Witch Lesbians]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Witch Lesbians|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Witch Lesbians]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Doesn't appear to be an alternative name for the target, delete unless a justification can be provided. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 17:49, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' The related redirect [[Gay witchcraft]] targets [[Modern Pagan views on LGBT people]]. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 17:54, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
**Just to clarify - I'm not endorsing retargeting there, just mentioning a related redirect. I'm not sure what to do with this redirect at the moment. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 22:52, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Retarget''' Motherland Fort Salem can't be the only mention of witch lesbians in media; it doesn't make sense to redirect there. I'm not sure if the page needs to exist at all? But if it does then should redirect to "Modern Pagan views on LGBT people" as stated above me. [[User:Apathyash|Apathyash]] ([[User talk:Apathyash|talk]]) 22:48, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====SMKC====
*{{no redirect|1 = SMKC }} → [[:Slash (musician)]]  ([[Talk:SMKC|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/SMKC|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SMKC&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=SMKC stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:SMKC|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#SMKC]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:SMKC|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#SMKC]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:SMKC|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#SMKC]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned at the target, an internet search turns up myriad results. Delete unless a justification can be provided. signed, [[User:Rosguill|'''''Rosguill''''']] [[User talk:Rosguill|''talk'']] 17:31, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Disambiguate'''. There seem to be a few articles using this acronym, We have articles on two schools ([[Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Cyberjaya]], [[Kai Chung Secondary School]], a Czech communist party listed in [[International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations]] and it's also used as the web address of the [[Sangali-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation]]. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 17:39, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
**'''Disambiguate''': As the creator of this redirect page, I feel I should mention that when I'm creating redirects like this, it's generally for searchability reasons. I was familiar with SMKC as a common abbreviation of the band's name so I thought it might be useful to have, but I admit that I didn't bother to check if it would be useful for other pages as [[User:86.23.109.101]] mentions above. Given those results that they found, I think it makes sense to convert the page to a dab, which would still allow it to point to the band page as I originally wanted while not ignoring other deserving articles. [[User:QuietHere|QuietHere]] ([[User talk:QuietHere|talk]]) 06:28, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Disambiguate''' (drafted) per above. [[Special:Contributions/61.239.39.90|61.239.39.90]] ([[User talk:61.239.39.90|talk]]) 02:43, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

====Swathi Venkatesh====
*{{no redirect|1 = Swathi Venkatesh }} → [[:Swathi Reddy]]  ([[Talk:Swathi Venkatesh|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Swathi Venkatesh|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swathi_Venkatesh&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Swathi_Venkatesh stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Swathi Venkatesh|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Swathi Venkatesh]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Swathi Venkatesh|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Swathi Venkatesh]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Swathi Venkatesh|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Swathi Venkatesh]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Absolutely nothing in the article supports the name, a violation of [[WP:BLPPRIVACY]]. The redirect comes from an undiscussed move which was later reverted. [[User:Ab207|Ab207]] ([[User talk:Ab207|talk]]) 14:40, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
====Eladio Carrión====
*{{no redirect|1 = Eladio Carrión }} → [[:Bad Bunny discography]]  ([[Talk:Eladio Carrión|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Eladio Carrión|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eladio_Carri%C3%B3n&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Eladio_Carri%C3%B3n stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Eladio Carrión|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Eladio Carrión]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Eladio Carrión|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Eladio Carrión]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Eladio Carrión|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Eladio Carrión]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Although Eladio Carrión has collaborated with [[Bad Bunny]], Eladio Carrión is an individual singer and they collabed only once, so they are not associated singers, the redirect makes me kinda confused. [[User:BrandNew Jim Zhang|BrandNew Jim Zhang]] [[User talk:BrandNew Jim Zhang|(talk)]] 13:51, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. I'm probably redirecting the focus here, but there are plenty of editors on Wikipedia still redirecting the names of artists to articles on others. If this were really such a problem, there'd be some kind of directive not to do this, or at the very least there ''should'' be to try to curb it. There are thousands more redirects like this, and I feel like nominations like this selectively target redirects in some misguided attempt to address a problem as if this redirect were one of only very few when that's absolutely not the case. It can't be stopped through one nomination alone, so if this is an issue, it needs to be more widely addressed and individual, piecemeal nominations like this should stop until there is an explicit directive to not make redirects in this fashion. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 01:13, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
::You're right, lots of editors create redirects like this. But this should be an important issue to work on, redirects like these are really confusing. -- [[User:BrandNew Jim Zhang|BrandNew Jim Zhang]] [[User talk:BrandNew Jim Zhang|(talk)]] 11:54, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. This seems to have been a one off collaboration on a song with no substantial history between the artists. I can't see what resulted in the decision to target this discography in particular, a search shows they've collaborated with a load of artists including some multiple times, e.g. they were involved in 3 singles with [[Myke Towers]]. They're not mentioned anywhere in the article prose so it's not going to be immediately obvious to readers why they've ended up here. In this instance I think the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Eladio%20Carri%C3%B3n&title=Special%3ASearch&fulltext=1&ns0=1 search results] do a much better job of finding various songs they've worked on. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 01:25, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:You can't see what resulted in the decision to target the redirect to "this discography in particular"...because the artists collaborated and at that time, I believed it was a valid search term to point there because it was one of the only, if not at that time, the only place it was mentioned on Wikipedia. A term does not need to be mentioned all over an article or even repeatedly for it to be valid. Judging by your frequency here at RfD, I'm sure you don't see users repeatedly taking issue with how some songs on albums are only mentioned ''once'' on those album articles, in the track listing, and nominating those song redirects for deletion. It's really not that hard to figure out why I made it. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 04:55, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:: The difference is that a song being released on an album is a fixed fact that cannot be retroactively changed and isn't going to become outdated in a couple of years. Short of the song becoming notable enough for it's own article or something very unusual happening (like a cover version becoming more well known than the original) a redirect from a song to an album is going to be continuously useful. The same is not true of redirecting artists to a collaboration. This may have been his main appearance in the encyclopaedia when you made the redirect but now 2 years later that is no longer the case, and he appears in all sorts of places which contain just as much content as the current target ([[Myke Towers]], [[Súper Sangre Joven]], [[Cazzu]], [[Lunay (singer)|Lunay]], [[Khea]], [[Bryant Myers discography|Bryant Myers]], ...) and pointing readers to this one specific collaboration is not helpful as there is a huge amount of songs and relevant content that they will miss. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 10:25, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*::: A collaboration is also a fixed fact and should remain at a discography if it is properly sourced as a single. Having more collaborations and mentions in places on the encyclopedia doesn't change that. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 11:33, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:::: I never said it should be removed from the discography. The thing that should be deleted is the redirect, because it is no longer true that his collaboration with Bad Bunny is his only song mentioned on the encyclopaedia. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 11:45, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*::::: And I never said you wrote that it should be removed from the discography. I also never said it was ever his only collaboration mentioned on the encyclopedia, merely suggested at the time I created it perhaps it was. A topic being mentioned by name on multiple articles has never been a barrier to making a redirect for it pointing it to only one place—this happens for songs originally from individual studio albums, as you well know. This reply thread really no longer has a point. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 11:51, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*::::::I do apologise, when you said "A collaboration is also a fixed fact and should remain at a discography if it is properly sourced as a single." I misunderstood and thought you were talking about the entry at the discography, rather than the redirect. "A topic being mentioned by name on multiple articles has never been a barrier to making a redirect for it pointing it to only one place" - normally when redirects with multiple valid potential targets are brought here they're either disambiguated or deleted to allow uninhibited search results, unless there is a clear [[WP:PRIMARYTOPIC]] for the title. For the majority of songs the primary topic is the original recording, but searching the internet for "Eladio Carrión" does not suggest to me that the primary thing he's known for is his collaboration with Big Bunny, basically every result is for a different song. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 12:16, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:::::::I ''was'' talking about the entry at the discography. I have addressed both that ''and'' the redirect itself at different times. I don't see how one could interpret "A collaboration is also a fixed fact and should remain at a discography if it is properly sourced as a single" as anything other than specifically referring to the entry at the discography and not the redirect. This is just clarifying at this point. As I said, I don't see the point in continuing this particular line of replies. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 12:30, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' Redirects such as this one, based on a single collaboration, are not useful in any way and should be deleted, no matter how many of them there are. The ''keep'' vote above does not provide an explanation for why this redirect should be kept other than that [[WP:OTHER|other stuff exists]]. [[User:Lennart97|Lennart97]] ([[User talk:Lennart97|talk]]) 01:29, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:{{re|Lennart97}} Even after I acknowledged that I was redirecting the focus of my !vote to the fact that plenty of these things exist, you still felt the need to indirectly reply to me and trot out the [[WP:OTHERSTUFFEXITS]] argument ''and'' link. Basically every user knows that exists with how often users like yourself quote it at them; we don't need to repeat it in every circumstance as if by the virtue of acknowledging the existence of a damn ''essay'', read: '''not''' a policy or guideline, that that invalidates any argument to the contrary. It doesn't. You are blatantly ignoring my point that individual nominations like this, where users can blather on about how "this was ''one'' collaboration, this isn't useful" so should be deleted, do not address what is evidently a larger issue of many experienced editors doing this. I'm not the first to do it—nor am I the most prolific—and I certainly will not be the last. Maybe if you have such an issue with redirects like this, as you obviously do because you !voted to delete, you should aim to at least ''help'' have it explicitly written in a content guideline (''not'' one of those charming essays) that redirects such as this are not useful or helpful. ''That'' point is not an OTHERSTUFFEXISTS argument; it's saying let's have this written down somewhere so we can curb it happening. Instead, no, you obviously think voting to delete my one redirect is achieving anything. It won't—''it will keep happening'' until we can tell said users "hey, don't do this per WP:ONEARTISTMENTION" or some such—so good going. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 04:45, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*::{{re|Ss112}} I ''do'' believe "voting to delete your one redirect" is achieving something: it's getting rid of a redirect which is not useful. That's what RfD is for. Voting in favour of deleting your redirect, or nominating your redirect, is not "misguided" and certainly not a personal attack or insult, but your aggressive tone in your reply above suggests you are taking this personally. Please don't. The thing is, I'm not aware of any large endemic problem of editors creating redirects like these, and I'm perfectly happy with merely voting to delete one that I see here at RfD. Voting does not come with any further obligations. You are the one who keeps insisting this is a big issue that needs a specific policy written; so write it yourself. That is certainly a more productive use of your time than getting so defensive about this one redirect that happens to have been created by you. [[User:Lennart97|Lennart97]] ([[User talk:Lennart97|talk]]) 10:10, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:::{{re|Lennart97}} Your reply shows you are still misconstruing or just plain not reading what I'm saying. Nowhere have I said ''I'' have an issue with this practice. You very well know I didn't nominate my own redirect. My issue here is with the editors who nominate these from time to time or vote to delete them and state quite strongly "these kinds of redirects shouldn't be made", which confirms you do indeed know these types of redirects exist. These editors (including yourself) should be the ones tackling the larger problem by bringing it up elsewhere, yet no attempt to ever do more than vote eventuates, which is either laziness or wilful ignorance. Or perhaps it's both, as I've just ''made'' you aware of the larger problem by saying music editors are still doing this exact thing, yet you still reply that you're not aware of any larger problem. I could point you to plenty of examples, yet nothing would come of those either because then the reply is always "I don't have to do anything more". I'm really tired of this "it's not my responsibility" argument editors bring out in cases like this. Same thing happens at AfD, where editors say "sources that prove this article's notability are out there, but ''I don't have to'' add them to the article!" Yet all these people like yourself can be bothered to reply and defend your point of view to anybody who takes issue with what you said, as I'm sure you'll continue to do right after this, but yet now you accuse only me of being defensive. As are you, of your own point of view; don't accuse others of what you're doing yourself. Make it make sense. A more productive use of ''your'' time would be bringing this up elsewhere now that you've been made aware of a larger problem. But do continue to remain defensive about your delete vote and defend what is essentially laziness. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 11:33, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*::::{{re|Ss112}} I'm not going to waste more of my time by responding to personal attacks and incivility, so this discussion is over as far as I'm concerned. [[User:Lennart97|Lennart97]] ([[User talk:Lennart97|talk]]) 13:15, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*:::::Best thing I've read in this thread thus far. If you can't confront the root "problem" there's no real need to reply to me. [[User:Ss112|Ss]][[User talk:Ss112|112]] 13:35, 23 February 2021 (UTC)

====Bhavya Lal====
*{{no redirect|1 = Bhavya Lal}} → [[:Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden#Cabinet_and_White_House_appointments]]  ([[Talk:RedirectName|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/RedirectName|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RedirectName&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=RedirectName stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:RedirectName|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#RedirectName]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:RedirectName|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#RedirectName]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:RedirectName|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#RedirectName]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

The redirect needs fixing as no mention of Bhavya Lal occurs at the redirect target. If they are an appointment of Biden, then they should be mentioned with a source; if not, then the redirect is to the wrong article or should be deleted. [[User:N2e|N2e]] ([[User talk:N2e|talk]]) 11:32, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

:Have found that this person, [[Bhavya Lal]], has been apparently been appointed by the Biden administration as the Acting [NASA]] Administrator. Unclear why that information is not in the article the redirect points to, but as soon as that gets cleared up, this RfD will be able to be closed. [[User:N2e|N2e]] ([[User talk:N2e|talk]]) 12:19, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis====
*{{no redirect|1 = Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis }} → [[:Reverse zoonosis]]  ([[Talk:Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reverse_Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Reverse_Zoonosis%2FZooanthroponosis%2FAnthroponosis stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Reverse Zoonosis/Zooanthroponosis/Anthroponosis]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

This is a very implausible redirect, but cannot be deleted by CSD R3, as it was created as a result of a page move. [[User:Techie3|Techie3]] ([[User talk:Techie3|talk]]) 10:50, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
* '''Delete''' implausible search term, they've taken every name for this process and combined them into one mega redirect with slashes. The page was here for less than 2 days before being moved back, so it's unlikely to have significant incoming traffic. It would probably be a good idea to make the redirect [[Zooanthroponosis]], however. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 12:20, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
* We do have [[Hauturu/Little Barrier Island]] (funny story), for example, but this is probably less plausible. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 12:44, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

* '''Delete''' - It was created when I moved the page to a more plausible title. I should have deleted it then. My mistake. [[User:Ian (Wiki Ed)|Ian (Wiki Ed)]] ([[User talk:Ian (Wiki Ed)|talk]]) 15:49, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' I can hardly imagine anyone using this type of search query. Also per redirect creator. [[User:Less Unless|Less Unless]] ([[User talk:Less Unless|talk]]) 22:09, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' as very implausible to be used. -[[User:Kj cheetham|Kj cheetham]] ([[User talk:Kj cheetham|talk]]) 17:27, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

*'''Delete''' [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 04:23, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

====Test Wikipedia====
*{{no redirect|1 = Test Wikipedia }} → [[:Wikimedia Foundation#Software projects and other backstage projects]]  ([[Talk:Test Wikipedia|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Test Wikipedia|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Test_Wikipedia&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Test_Wikipedia stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Test Wikipedia|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Test Wikipedia]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Test Wikipedia|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Test Wikipedia]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Test Wikipedia|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Test Wikipedia]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

[[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2014 April 27#Test Wikipedia]] resulted in a retarget; however, the topic is not mentioned at the target anymore nor anywhere else in mainspace. Since there is also no standalone page about this in other namespaces, I suggest deletion. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 10:39, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

* '''Change to disambiguation page''' that gives the reader a one-line description of and links to [ https://test.wikipedia.org/ ], [ https://test2.wikipedia.org/ ], [ <s>https://test.wikimedia.org/</s> https://test.wikidata.org/ ], and any other test Wikipedias that might be created in the future. I use those pages on occasion when investigating various bugs that might have been fixed in the development versions (free clue: you can usually do your tests in the sandbox and see them in preview, then back out without saving). --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 11:52, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
** Can I suggest adding the Wikimedia Incubator to that list, since it's used to test new projects and languages, and a "see also" link to the sandbox, which is used for testing things on site? [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 12:14, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
***That seems reasonable. Certainly some people use Incubator for tests. It is at [ https://incubator.wikimedia.org/ ] --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 13:36, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
** {{ping|Guy Macon}} https://test.wikimedia.org/ does not exist. There are https://test.wikidata.org/ and https://test-commons.wikimedia.org/ though, but they would never be called "Test Wikipedia" and as such do not fit the proposed disambiguation page. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 12:39, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
***Thanks for catching the error, That will teach me to cut and paste rather than typing from memory... I don't see a problem with including a Wikidata or a Commons.wikimedia in the disambig page. Just preface them with "related pages". --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 13:36, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Disambig''' per the above, and include a link to the sandbox where people looking to test how Wikipedia editing works can experiment. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 15:21, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
**Adding a link to the sandbox is a brilliant idea. I guess that's why they pay you the big bucks. :) --[[User:Guy Macon|Guy Macon]] ([[User talk:Guy Macon|talk]]) 02:47, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

====Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)====
*{{no redirect|1 = Not for Sale (Michael Combs song) }} → [[:Not 4 Sale]]  ([[Talk:Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_for_Sale_(Michael_Combs_song)&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Not_for_Sale_%28Michael_Combs_song%29 stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Not for Sale (Michael Combs song)]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

This redirect points to a disambiguation page. There is no article for Michael Combs and no logical place to redirect this obscure song by an obscure artist. No assistance to navigation whatsoever. [[User:Richhoncho|Richhoncho]] ([[User talk:Richhoncho|talk]]) 10:32, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

*'''Delete''' Michael Combs is not notable per Wiki guidelines, therefore a song of his (not even in the top 10 most listened) is not notable either. There's no need in this redirect. [[User:Less Unless|Less Unless]] ([[User talk:Less Unless|talk]]) 22:16, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

====Pour les nuls====
*{{no redirect|1 = Pour les nuls }} → [[:For Dummies]]  ([[Talk:Pour les nuls|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Pour les nuls|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pour_les_nuls&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Pour_les_nuls stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Pour les nuls|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Pour les nuls]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Pour les nuls|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Pour les nuls]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Pour les nuls|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Pour les nuls]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

{{oldrfdlist|Wikipedia:Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2010_December_6#Pour_les_nuls|keep}}

The For Dummies series is not French. [[User:Dominicmgm|Dominicmgm]] ([[User talk:Dominicmgm|talk]]) 08:07, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
* '''Keep''': this is mentioned at the target. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 12:46, 22 February 2021 (UTC) 
*: Initially published to the wrong section. [[Special:Diff/1008337250|Reported]] to the script developer. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝟙𝟤𝟯𝟺𝐪𝑤𝒆𝓇𝟷𝟮𝟥𝟜𝓺𝔴𝕖𝖗𝟰]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|𝗍𝗮𝘭𝙠]]) 20:19, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*Note the previous RfD in 2010. — [[User:J947|J947]] ‡ ''[[User talk:J947|message]] ⁓ [[Special:Contributions/J947|edits]]'' 22:34, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' per {{u|1234qwer1234qwer4}}. This redirect is mentioned at the target. If you go to the section [[For Dummies#History]], you'll find the "Pour les nuls" term there. '''Seventyfiveyears ([[User talk:Seventyfiveyears|talk]])''' 16:47, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

====NannyMUD====
*{{no redirect|1 = NannyMUD }} → [[:LPMud]]  ([[Talk:NannyMUD|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/NannyMUD|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NannyMUD&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=NannyMUD stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:NannyMUD|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#NannyMUD]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:NannyMUD|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#NannyMUD]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:NannyMUD|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#NannyMUD]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Not mentioned in source and has no substantive reason to be. [[User talk:Czar|czar]] 07:20, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

====Mr. Wong Goes West====
<div class="boilerplate rfd vfd xfd-closed" style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;">
<includeonly>[[File:White i in purple rounded square.svg|16px|link=|alt=Split or bespoke decisions]] '''Closed discussion''', see [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 22#1613970227|full discussion]]. Result was: </includeonly><noinclude>
:''The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more redirects. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the redirect's [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]). No further edits should be made to this section.''

:The result of the discussion was </noinclude>'''Procedural close'''<includeonly></div></includeonly><noinclude>. Wrong venue. Subject of discussion is not a redirect. [[Wikipedia:NACD|(non-admin closure)]] [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 05:03, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*{{no redirect|1 = Mr. Wong Goes West }} → [[:The Feng Shui Detective]]  ([[Talk:Mr. Wong Goes West|talk]] · [[Special:WhatLinksHere/Mr. Wong Goes West|links]] · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Wong_Goes_West&action=history history] · [https://iw.toolforge.org/pageviews?start=2021-01-23&end=2021-02-21&project=en.wikipedia.org&pages=Mr._Wong_Goes_West stats])     <nowiki>[</nowiki> Closure: ''{{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|(@subpage)|[{{fullurl:Mr. Wong Goes West|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mr. Wong Goes West]] closed as keep}}}} keep]/[{{fullurl:Mr. Wong Goes West|action=edit&summary={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mr. Wong Goes West]] closed as retarget}}}} retarget]/[{{fullurl:Mr. Wong Goes West|action=delete&wpReason={{Urlencode:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}#Mr. Wong Goes West]] closed as delete}}&wpMovetalk=1}} delete]}}'' ] 

Redirect to parent series article [[The Feng Shui Detective]]. No significant independent coverage of this book on its own. [[User:WhinyTheYounger|WhinyTheYounger (WtY)]]([[User:WhinyTheYounger|talk]], [[Special:Contribs/WhinyTheYounger|contribs]]) 00:05, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Procedural Close''' Wrong venue. Since this is currently an article you need to either [[WP:BOLD|Boldly]] [[Wikipedia:Blank and redirect|convert it to a redirect]], [[WP:Merge|Merge]] it or start a merge discussion or take it to [[WP:AfD|Articles for Deletion]]. [[Special:Contributions/86.23.109.101|86.23.109.101]] ([[User talk:86.23.109.101|talk]]) 00:32, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
*'''Speedy procedural close''' - subject of discussion ain't a redirect. Try [[WP:AFD]]. [[User:Hog Farm|Hog Farm]] [[User talk:Hog Farm|Talk]] 02:23, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page.''</noinclude></div>

Schedule network analysis

2021-02-18T07:43:07Z

CodeSlashh: /* References */

{{notability|date=April 2017}}
'''Schedule Network Analysis''' is a strategy that is commonly used in project management. The strategy consists of visualising the different project tasks and making connections between them in the project management plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/04/23/schedule-network-analysis/|title=Schedule Network Analysis|first=|last=Babou|date=23 April 2008|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acqnotes.com/acqnote/tasks/schedule-network-analysis|title=AcqOps|publisher=}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pmstudycircle.com/2014/02/critical-chain-method-ccm-in-project-management/|title=Critical Chain Method (CCM) in Project Management|date=19 February 2014|publisher=}}</ref>

For making a final schedule, a schedule network analysis is finished utilizing a draft schedule. Numerous strategies may be utilized to make the final schedule, for example:
* Defining critical and non-critical tasks using [[critical path method]]
* Ascertaining and analyze possible events that can take place in the future using [[scenario analysis]]
* Shortening the schedule using a [[schedule compression]]
* Considering activity interdependence and resource constraints using [[critical chain project management]]
* Overlooking resource allocation using [[resource leveling]]

== See also ==
* [[Computer network diagram]]
* [[Project network]]
* [[Precedence diagram method]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Schedule network analysis}}
{{business-stub}}

Trend analysis

2021-02-18T07:42:46Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

'''Trend analysis''' is the widespread practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern. In some fields of study, the term "trend analysis" has more formally defined meanings.<ref>Trend analysis tries to predict a trend like a bull market run and ride that trend until data suggests a trend reversal (e.g. bull to bear market). Trend analysis is ramping up in popularity because moving with trends, and not against them, will lead to profit for an investor.
WebFinance, Inc., [http://www.investorwords.com/5068/trend_analysis.html Investor-TA Trend analysis Definition]: a comparative analysis of a company's financial ratios over time.
</ref><ref> [[Iowa State University]] [http://www.seta.iastate.edu/ Office of Social and Economic Trend Analysis].
</ref><ref>February 2004, John Immerwahr, ''Public Agenda'', [http://www.highereducation.org/reports/pubatt/ Public Attitudes on Higher Education – A Trend Analysis, 1993 to 2003].
</ref>

Although trend analysis is often used to predict future events, it could be used to estimate uncertain events in the past, such as how many ancient kings probably ruled between two dates, based on data such as the average years which other known kings reigned.

==Project management==
In [[project management]], trend analysis is a mathematical technique that uses historical results to predict future outcome. This is achieved by tracking variances in cost and schedule performance. In this context, it is a project management quality control tool.<ref>
Project Management Book of Knowledge, ''PMBOK'', PMI, 1997, page 334.
</ref><ref>
[http://www.abrachan.files.wordpress.com/2007/02/pmpreadyreckoner1.pdf PMBOK Ready Reckoner] Pages 7 and 8.
</ref>

==Statistics==
In [[statistics]], trend analysis often refers to techniques for extracting an underlying pattern of behavior in a [[time series]] which would otherwise be partly or nearly completely hidden by [[noise]]. If the [[trend estimation|trend]] can be assumed to be linear, trend analysis can be undertaken within a formal [[regression analysis]], as described in [[Trend estimation]]. If the trends have other shapes than linear, trend testing can be done by non-parametric methods, e.g. Mann-Kendall test, which is a version of [[Kendall rank correlation coefficient]]. For testing and visualization of nonlinear trends also [[smoothing]] can be used.

== Trend analysis in text analysis ==
Trend analysis can be also used for word usage, how words change in the frequency of use in time (diachronic analysis), in order to find [[neologisms]] or [[archaisms]]. It relates to [[diachronic linguistics]], a field of linguistics which examines how languages change over time. Google provides tool [[Google Trends]] to explore how particular terms are trending in internet searches. On the other hand, there are tools which provide diachronic analysis for particular texts which compare word usage in each period of the particular text (based on [[Timestamp|timestamped]] marks), see e.g. [[Sketch Engine]] diachronic analysis (trends).<ref>
{{cite conference |url=https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Diacran_CL2015.pdf|title=DIACRAN: a framework for diachronic analysis |last1=Kilgarriff |first1=Adam |author-link1=Adam Kilgarriff |last2=Herman |first2=Ondřej |last3=Bušta |first3=Jan |last4=Kovář |first4=Vojtěch |last5=Jakubíček |first5=Miloš |date=July 2015 |publisher=Lancaster University |book-title=Corpus Linguistics (CL2015) |location=United Kingdom |conference=Corpus Linguistics 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Coolhunting|Cool-hunting]]
*[[Extrapolation]]
*[[Technology forecasting]]
*[[Weather forecasting]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/60/12/61/PDF/TrendAnalysisGaryBenattar.pdf Trend Analysis in Polls, Topics, Opinions and Answers]
* [https://github.com/TrustChainEG/mega-trends-and-trends-json Megatrends and connected trends download files]
{{Quantitative forecasting methods}}
[[Category:Regression with time series structure]]
[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Project management techniques]]
{{business-stub}}

Project network

2021-02-18T07:42:17Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{redirect|Network chart|the 1980s and early 1990s British radio show|The Network Chart Show}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2014}}

A '''project network diagram''' is a [[information graphics|graph]] that displays the order in which a project’s activities are to be completed. Derived from the [[Work breakdown structure|work breakdown structure]], the [[Work breakdown structure#Terminal element|terminal elements]] of a project are organized sequentially based on the relationship among them. It is typically drawn from left to right to reflect project chronology.<ref>{{cite web | title=Project Network Diagram | url=http://www.projectauditors.com/Dictionary2/1.8/index.php/term/,62555d9cae535f6f685560ac5b5d.xhtml | publisher=projectauditors.com | accessdate= April 23, 2014}}</ref>

[[Image:project network.png|thumb|Activity-on-Node Diagram]]

== Techniques ==

=== Activity-on-Node ===
The Activity-on-Node (AON) technique uses nodes to represent individual project activities and path arrows to designate the sequence of activity completion<ref>Kramer, S. W. & Jenkins, J. L. (2006). Understanding the basics of CPM calculations: what is scheduling software really telling you? Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2006—North America, Seattle, WA. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.</ref>. Nodes are labelled using information pertaining to the activity. According to Project Management, nodes should at least display the following information<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pinto|first=Jeffrey K.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007502136|title=Project management : achieving competitive advantage|date=2019|isbn=978-0-13-473033-2|edition=Fifth|location=New York, NY|pages=316-319|oclc=1007502136}}</ref>:

* Identifier
* Descriptive label
* Activity duration
* Early start time
* Early finish time
* Late start time
* Late finish time
* Activity float (slack)

[[File:AOA AON Diagram Charakteristika Ulohy.PNG|left|thumb|240x240px|Activity Node Labels]]

Start and finish times are used to determine the [[Critical path method|critical path]] of a project. [[Float (project management)|Activity float,]] or slack, time is used in project crashing.

== Other techniques ==
The condition for a valid project network is that it doesn't contain any [[circular reference]]s.

Project dependencies can also be depicted by a predecessor table. Although such a form is very inconvenient for human analysis, [[project management software]] often offers such a view for data entry.

An alternative way of showing and analyzing the sequence of project work is the design structure matrix or [[dependency structure matrix]].

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Bar chart]]
* [[Float (project management)]]
* [[Gantt chart]]
* [[Project management]]
* [[Project planning]]
* [[Program evaluation and review technique]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.pmhut.com/critical-path-mapping-with-activity-network-diagrams Critical Path Mapping with Activity Network Diagrams]
* [http://www.planningengineer.net/understand-scheduling-tools-worksdraw-network-diagram/ Understand how scheduling tools works-Draw network diagram yourself]

[[Category:Charts]]
[[Category:Project management techniques]]
[[Category:Schedule (project management)]]
{{business-stub}}

Talk:Project network

2021-02-18T07:39:39Z

CodeSlashh: /* Questions */

{{WikiProject Business}}
== Questions ==
(1) what are the differences between the work breakdown structure and the project network?
(2) How does the WBS and project networks linked?
(3) why bother creating a WBs? why not go straight to a project network and forget the WBS?
(4) Why is slack important to the project manager?
(5) what is the difference between free slack and total slack?
(6) wy are lags used in developing project networks?
(7) what is a hammock activity, adn when is it used?
04:13, 17 October 2005 199.17.30.79

== Major and Minor Edits ==

I have rewritten the definition of project network to provide clarity on the term. Additionally, I added a "Techniques" section, where the AON technique has been briefly outlined. I plan to further develop the AON section and think that the activity-on-arrow technique should be added as well. I also moved the previous information to a new section, "Other Techniques." I am not familiar enough with the information to edit it myself, however, changes could be made to enhance clarity, if the information is needed at all.
Minor edits I made include removing an unnecessary source, adding two new sources, adding a caption to the first image, and inserting another image to depict the labels of an activity node. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:MeganFleming|MeganFleming]] ([[User talk:MeganFleming#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/MeganFleming|contribs]]) 07:32, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

Project network

2021-02-18T07:33:58Z

CodeSlashh: /* Other Techniques */

N. S. Rajaram

2021-02-18T07:32:28Z

CodeSlashh: unsourced

{{short description|Indian Hindutva ideologue}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
'''Navaratna Srinivasa Rajaram''' (22 September 1943 – 11 December 2019) was an Indian academic and a [[Hindutva]] [[ideologue]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koertge |first1=Noretta |title=Scientific Values and Civic Virtues |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803846-7 |page=229 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX0o-k1brLgC&q=N.+S.+Rajaram+Hindutva+ideologue&pg=PA229 |access-date=11 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> notable for his publications from the [[Voice of India]] publishing house, propounding the "[[Indigenous Aryans]]" hypothesis and asserting that the [[Vedic period]] was extremely advanced from a scientific view-point. Rajaram also claimed to have deciphered the [[Indus script]] which was rejected by scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chadha|first=Ashish|date=April 2010|title=Cryptographic imagination: Indus script and the project of scientific decipherment|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=47|issue=2|pages=141–177|doi=10.1177/001946461004700201|s2cid=145398715|issn=0019-4646}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rajaram was born on 22 September 1943 into a [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]] family in [[Mysore]]. His grandfather [[Navaratna Rama Rao]] was a [[British Raj|colonial]] scholar and vernacular author of regional fame.{{Sfn|Rajaram|2019|p=300}}

Rajaram held a Ph.D. degree in mathematics from [[Indiana University]] and taught in American universities for over 20 years, including stints at [[Kent State University]] and [[Lockheed Corporation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A place at the multicultural table the development of an American Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/placeatmulticult00kuri|url-access=limited|author=Kurien, Prema A.|date=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813540559|pages=[https://archive.org/details/placeatmulticult00kuri/page/n270 255]|oclc=703221465}}</ref>

He died on 11 December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former NASA Scientist N.S. Rajaram of 'Navarathna' family passes away |url=https://starofmysore.com/former-nasa-scientist-n-s-rajaram-of-navarathna-family-passes-away/ |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=Star of Mysore |date=12 December 2019}}</ref>

==Indology==
Rajaram extensively published on topics related to ancient [[Indian history]] and Indian archaeology, alleging a [[Eurocentric]] bias in [[Indology]] and [[Sanskrit grammarian|Sanskrit scholarship]] and arguing within the realms of "[[Indigenous Aryans]]" theory instead.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chadha|first=Ashish|date=February 2011|title=Conjuring a river, imagining civilisation: Saraswati, archaeology and science in India|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=55–83|doi=10.1177/006996671004500103|s2cid=144701033|issn=0069-9667}}</ref>

He criticized the process by which, he said, Eurocentric 19th century "Indologists / missionaries" arrived at many of their conclusions. Despite being dismissive of exploiting linguistics as a tool for historiography,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|author=Bryant, Edwin|date=March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195169478|pages=347, 82|oclc=697790495}}</ref> Rajaram questioned how it was possible for 19th century European [[Evangelism|evangelical]] "Indologists / missionaries" to study and develop hypotheses on Indian history, claiming many of them were "functionally illiterate" in Indian languages, including even the fundamental classical language, [[Sanskrit]]. Rajaram suggests that:

:"Ancient Indian history is ripe for a thorough revision [...] one can begin by clearing away the cobwebs cast by questionable linguistic theories, [...] using every available modern tool from [[archaeology]] to [[computer science]]."<ref>Rajaram 1995, page 230, (cited in Bryant 2001 page 74</ref>

He advocated the [[Indigenous Aryans]] hypothesis and rejected [[Indo-Aryan migration]] theory as a fabricated version of history devised for missionary and colonial interests, and later propounded by left-liberals and Marxists.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|author=Bryant, Edwin|date=March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195169478|pages=281|oclc=697790495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|author=Bryant, Edwin|date=March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195169478|pages=287, 280|oclc=697790495}}</ref> Dating the Vedas to circa 7000 BC, he also propounded that the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley corresponds with the end phase of the Vedic Age and thus hypothesized it to be a part of Vedic era.<ref name=":1" />

In Puratattva, the journal of the Indian Archaeological Society, Rajaram claimed that "Vedic Indians" taught the Pharaohs of Egypt to build the Pyramids.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-rewriting-of-history/214549|title=The Rewriting Of History...|website=Outlook (India)}}</ref> He also asserted that the concept of [[secularism]] being irrelevant to a [[Religious pluralism|pluralistic state]] and thus claimed that ancient Hindu India was a secular state.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India|first=Meera|last=Nanda|date=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813536347|pages=53,54,103|oclc=1059017715}}</ref>

He also claimed to have deciphered the Indus script and of having equated it to late Vedic Sanskrit; both of which were later debunked.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A place at the multicultural table the development of an American Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/placeatmulticult00kuri|url-access=limited|author=Kurien, Prema A.|date=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813540559|pages=[https://archive.org/details/placeatmulticult00kuri/page/n183 168]|oclc=703221465}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Rajaram's some view points about [[Indus script]] are characterized by [[Asko Parpola]] as "trash" and "crude" or "nonsensical" [[propaganda]].<ref name="Parpola2">A. Parpola, ''Of Rajaram's 'Horses', 'decipherment' and civilisational issues'', [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]], November 2000 [http://www.safarmer.com/frontline/taleoftwohorses.pdf].</ref> Sudeshna Guha notes him to be a sectarian non-scholar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guha|first=Sudeshna|date=2005|title=Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=39|issue=2|pages=399–426|issn=0026-749X|jstor=3876625|doi=10.1017/S0026749X04001611}}</ref>

In 2000, Rajaram had flaunted a horse on an Indus seal as a path-breaking discovery that lends credence to the belief that Aryans were the actual inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization, until Michael Witzel and Steve Farmer exposed the fraud in the Frontline magazine later that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1723/17231260.htm|title=New Evidence on the 'Piltdown Horse' Hoax|website=frontline.thehindu.com|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> [[Romila Thapar]], a noted historian, supported the expose against (what she deemed as) Hindutva driven historical revisionism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/hindutva-and-history/article6805140.ece|title=Hindutva and history|website=Frontline|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> Regarding the "[[History of the horse in South Asia|Indus horse]]" hoax, [[Asko Parpola]], professor of Indology at Helsinki University, stated that<ref name="Parpola2" />{{cquote|It is sad that India's heritage should be exploited by some individuals — usually people with little or no academic credentials — who for political or personal motives are ready even to falsify evidence. In order to vindicate their ideology and promote their own ends, these persons appeal to the feelings of the 'common man' who, with full reason, is proud of his or her country's grand heritage. Thus far Rajaram has got away with this dishonesty because the scholarly community has not considered this work worthy of consideration: it has been taken more or less for granted that any sensible person can see through this trash and recognize it as such. However, the escalation of this nonsensical propaganda now demands the issue to be addressed.
}}
Rajaram's and Jha's claims of having deciphered the [[Indus script]] were universally rejected. Noted epigraphist and an expert in Indus scripts-- [[Iravatham Mahadevan]] dismissed Jha-Rajaram work as a "non-starter" and "completely invalid", that even mis-analysed the direction of reading.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1723/17231250.htm|title=One sees what one wants to|website=frontline.thehindu.com|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> Speaking from the chair of the President, on the occasion of the 2001 session of [[Indian History Congress]], as to the recent advances in the deciphering of the Indus Script, Mahadevan noted that there was hardly any significant progress in the last decade. Concerning Rajaram's works, he notes:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MAHADEVAN|first=IRAVATHAM|title=General President's Address: Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995-2000)|date=2001|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=62|pages=1–23|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44155743}}</ref>-{{cquote|.....He recognises that he has to demolish the current theories if the model of decipherment presented by him is to be accepted. And he goes about the job of demolition with gusto in his inimitable polemical style......

Rajaram's outbursts speak for themselves and need no annotation. The first part of the book is not about academic research on the technical problem of deciphering an unknown script. It is crude communal propaganda with obvious political overtones, betraying deep mistrust of foreigners and alien ideologies and intolerance towards religious and linguistic minorities......

It is claimed that some of the mathematical formulas of the Sulbasutras are found in the Indus inscriptions... The method is so flexible and easy to follow that one can, without much effort, read into the Indus texts almost any mathematical formula...}}

[[Romila Thapar|Thapar]] noted Rajaram's writings to resemble nineteenth century tracts that were evidently unfamiliar with tools of historiography but were sprinkled with programming references; so as to suggest scientific objectivity. She also noted that anybody who disagreed with him was branded a Marxist.<ref name=":1" /> [[K. N. Panikkar]] criticized his works to be a communal intervention in historiography that was not an academic exercise in quest of truth but rather a political project knowingly undertaken with a cavalier attitude to the established norms of the discipline, so as to hamper the secular fabric of the society and lead to the establishment of a Hindu state.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. N.|date=2003|title=Colonialism, Culture and Revivalism|journal=Social Scientist|volume=31|issue=1/2|pages=3–16|doi=10.2307/3518287|issn=0970-0293|jstor=3518287}}</ref> Endowed with the support of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|ruling party]], this succeeded in floating an alternative narrative of history and turning history into a contentious issue in popular discourse.<ref name=":2" />

[[Cynthia Ann Humes]] criticized Rajaram's ''Politics of History'' as a polemic work<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Humes|first=Cynthia Ann|date=2012|title=Hindutva, Mythistory, and Pseudoarchaeology|journal=Numen|volume=59|issue=2/3|pages=178–201|issn=0029-5973|jstor=23244958|doi=10.1163/156852712X630770}}</ref> whilst [[Suraj Bhan (archaeologist)|Suraj Bhan]] noted it to be a demonstration of historical revisionism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhan|first=Suraj|date=1997|title=Recent Trends in Indian Archaeology|journal=Social Scientist|volume=25|issue=1/2|pages=3–15|doi=10.2307/3517757|issn=0970-0293|jstor=3517757}}</ref> [[Michael Witzel]] noted him to be an autochthonous writer, whose books were a mythological rewrite of history and were designed for the expatriate Indians of the 21st century, who sought a " largely imagined, glorious but lost distant past".

== See also ==
* [[Indigenous Aryans]]
* [[Indo-Aryan migration]]
* [[Nationalism and ancient history]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title= The Vanished Raj A Memoir of Princely India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGiDDwAAQBAJ|last=Rajaram|first=N S|publisher=Prism Books Private Limited|year=2019|isbn = 9789388478113}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140512081340/http://www.indiafacts.co.in/author/n-s-rajaram/ Articles by Rajaram in India Facts]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaram, N. S.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Indigenous Aryanists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Pseudohistorians]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Voice of India]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Indiana University alumni]]

N. S. Rajaram

2021-02-18T07:30:06Z

CodeSlashh: resolving year old tagged issues

{{short description|Indian Hindutva ideologue}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
'''Navaratna Srinivasa Rajaram''' (22 September 1943 – 11 December 2019) was an Indian academic and a [[Hindutva]] [[ideologue]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koertge |first1=Noretta |title=Scientific Values and Civic Virtues |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803846-7 |page=229 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX0o-k1brLgC&q=N.+S.+Rajaram+Hindutva+ideologue&pg=PA229 |access-date=11 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> notable for his publications from the [[Voice of India]] publishing house, propounding the "[[Indigenous Aryans]]" hypothesis and asserting that the [[Vedic period]] was extremely advanced from a scientific view-point. Rajaram also claimed to have deciphered the [[Indus script]] which was rejected by scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chadha|first=Ashish|date=April 2010|title=Cryptographic imagination: Indus script and the project of scientific decipherment|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=47|issue=2|pages=141–177|doi=10.1177/001946461004700201|s2cid=145398715|issn=0019-4646}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rajaram was born on 22 September 1943 into a [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]] family in [[Mysore]]. His grandfather [[Navaratna Rama Rao]] was a [[British Raj|colonial]] scholar and vernacular author of regional fame.{{Sfn|Rajaram|2019|p=300}}

Rajaram held a Ph.D. degree in mathematics from [[Indiana University]] and taught in American universities for over 20 years, including stints at [[Kent State University]] and [[Lockheed Corporation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A place at the multicultural table the development of an American Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/placeatmulticult00kuri|url-access=limited|author=Kurien, Prema A.|date=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813540559|pages=[https://archive.org/details/placeatmulticult00kuri/page/n270 255]|oclc=703221465}}</ref> He started his professional career as an engineer, in India.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

He died on 11 December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former NASA Scientist N.S. Rajaram of 'Navarathna' family passes away |url=https://starofmysore.com/former-nasa-scientist-n-s-rajaram-of-navarathna-family-passes-away/ |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=Star of Mysore |date=12 December 2019}}</ref>

==Indology==
Rajaram extensively published on topics related to ancient [[Indian history]] and Indian archaeology, alleging a [[Eurocentric]] bias in [[Indology]] and [[Sanskrit grammarian|Sanskrit scholarship]] and arguing within the realms of "[[Indigenous Aryans]]" theory instead.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chadha|first=Ashish|date=February 2011|title=Conjuring a river, imagining civilisation: Saraswati, archaeology and science in India|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=55–83|doi=10.1177/006996671004500103|s2cid=144701033|issn=0069-9667}}</ref>

He criticized the process by which, he said, Eurocentric 19th century "Indologists / missionaries" arrived at many of their conclusions. Despite being dismissive of exploiting linguistics as a tool for historiography,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|author=Bryant, Edwin|date=March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195169478|pages=347, 82|oclc=697790495}}</ref> Rajaram questioned how it was possible for 19th century European [[Evangelism|evangelical]] "Indologists / missionaries" to study and develop hypotheses on Indian history, claiming many of them were "functionally illiterate" in Indian languages, including even the fundamental classical language, [[Sanskrit]]. Rajaram suggests that:

:"Ancient Indian history is ripe for a thorough revision [...] one can begin by clearing away the cobwebs cast by questionable linguistic theories, [...] using every available modern tool from [[archaeology]] to [[computer science]]."<ref>Rajaram 1995, page 230, (cited in Bryant 2001 page 74</ref>

He advocated the [[Indigenous Aryans]] hypothesis and rejected [[Indo-Aryan migration]] theory as a fabricated version of history devised for missionary and colonial interests, and later propounded by left-liberals and Marxists.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|author=Bryant, Edwin|date=March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195169478|pages=281|oclc=697790495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|author=Bryant, Edwin|date=March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195169478|pages=287, 280|oclc=697790495}}</ref> Dating the Vedas to circa 7000 BC, he also propounded that the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley corresponds with the end phase of the Vedic Age and thus hypothesized it to be a part of Vedic era.<ref name=":1" />

In Puratattva, the journal of the Indian Archaeological Society, Rajaram claimed that "Vedic Indians" taught the Pharaohs of Egypt to build the Pyramids.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-rewriting-of-history/214549|title=The Rewriting Of History...|website=Outlook (India)}}</ref> He also asserted that the concept of [[secularism]] being irrelevant to a [[Religious pluralism|pluralistic state]] and thus claimed that ancient Hindu India was a secular state.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India|first=Meera|last=Nanda|date=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813536347|pages=53,54,103|oclc=1059017715}}</ref>

He also claimed to have deciphered the Indus script and of having equated it to late Vedic Sanskrit; both of which were later debunked.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A place at the multicultural table the development of an American Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/placeatmulticult00kuri|url-access=limited|author=Kurien, Prema A.|date=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813540559|pages=[https://archive.org/details/placeatmulticult00kuri/page/n183 168]|oclc=703221465}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Rajaram's some view points about [[Indus script]] are characterized by [[Asko Parpola]] as "trash" and "crude" or "nonsensical" [[propaganda]].<ref name="Parpola2">A. Parpola, ''Of Rajaram's 'Horses', 'decipherment' and civilisational issues'', [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]], November 2000 [http://www.safarmer.com/frontline/taleoftwohorses.pdf].</ref> Sudeshna Guha notes him to be a sectarian non-scholar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guha|first=Sudeshna|date=2005|title=Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=39|issue=2|pages=399–426|issn=0026-749X|jstor=3876625|doi=10.1017/S0026749X04001611}}</ref>

In 2000, Rajaram had flaunted a horse on an Indus seal as a path-breaking discovery that lends credence to the belief that Aryans were the actual inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization, until Michael Witzel and Steve Farmer exposed the fraud in the Frontline magazine later that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1723/17231260.htm|title=New Evidence on the 'Piltdown Horse' Hoax|website=frontline.thehindu.com|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> [[Romila Thapar]], a noted historian, supported the expose against (what she deemed as) Hindutva driven historical revisionism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/hindutva-and-history/article6805140.ece|title=Hindutva and history|website=Frontline|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> Regarding the "[[History of the horse in South Asia|Indus horse]]" hoax, [[Asko Parpola]], professor of Indology at Helsinki University, stated that<ref name="Parpola2" />{{cquote|It is sad that India's heritage should be exploited by some individuals — usually people with little or no academic credentials — who for political or personal motives are ready even to falsify evidence. In order to vindicate their ideology and promote their own ends, these persons appeal to the feelings of the 'common man' who, with full reason, is proud of his or her country's grand heritage. Thus far Rajaram has got away with this dishonesty because the scholarly community has not considered this work worthy of consideration: it has been taken more or less for granted that any sensible person can see through this trash and recognize it as such. However, the escalation of this nonsensical propaganda now demands the issue to be addressed.
}}
Rajaram's and Jha's claims of having deciphered the [[Indus script]] were universally rejected. Noted epigraphist and an expert in Indus scripts-- [[Iravatham Mahadevan]] dismissed Jha-Rajaram work as a "non-starter" and "completely invalid", that even mis-analysed the direction of reading.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1723/17231250.htm|title=One sees what one wants to|website=frontline.thehindu.com|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> Speaking from the chair of the President, on the occasion of the 2001 session of [[Indian History Congress]], as to the recent advances in the deciphering of the Indus Script, Mahadevan noted that there was hardly any significant progress in the last decade. Concerning Rajaram's works, he notes:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MAHADEVAN|first=IRAVATHAM|title=General President's Address: Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995-2000)|date=2001|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=62|pages=1–23|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44155743}}</ref>-{{cquote|.....He recognises that he has to demolish the current theories if the model of decipherment presented by him is to be accepted. And he goes about the job of demolition with gusto in his inimitable polemical style......

Rajaram's outbursts speak for themselves and need no annotation. The first part of the book is not about academic research on the technical problem of deciphering an unknown script. It is crude communal propaganda with obvious political overtones, betraying deep mistrust of foreigners and alien ideologies and intolerance towards religious and linguistic minorities......

It is claimed that some of the mathematical formulas of the Sulbasutras are found in the Indus inscriptions... The method is so flexible and easy to follow that one can, without much effort, read into the Indus texts almost any mathematical formula...}}

[[Romila Thapar|Thapar]] noted Rajaram's writings to resemble nineteenth century tracts that were evidently unfamiliar with tools of historiography but were sprinkled with programming references; so as to suggest scientific objectivity. She also noted that anybody who disagreed with him was branded a Marxist.<ref name=":1" /> [[K. N. Panikkar]] criticized his works to be a communal intervention in historiography that was not an academic exercise in quest of truth but rather a political project knowingly undertaken with a cavalier attitude to the established norms of the discipline, so as to hamper the secular fabric of the society and lead to the establishment of a Hindu state.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. N.|date=2003|title=Colonialism, Culture and Revivalism|journal=Social Scientist|volume=31|issue=1/2|pages=3–16|doi=10.2307/3518287|issn=0970-0293|jstor=3518287}}</ref> Endowed with the support of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|ruling party]], this succeeded in floating an alternative narrative of history and turning history into a contentious issue in popular discourse.<ref name=":2" />

[[Cynthia Ann Humes]] criticized Rajaram's ''Politics of History'' as a polemic work<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Humes|first=Cynthia Ann|date=2012|title=Hindutva, Mythistory, and Pseudoarchaeology|journal=Numen|volume=59|issue=2/3|pages=178–201|issn=0029-5973|jstor=23244958|doi=10.1163/156852712X630770}}</ref> whilst [[Suraj Bhan (archaeologist)|Suraj Bhan]] noted it to be a demonstration of historical revisionism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhan|first=Suraj|date=1997|title=Recent Trends in Indian Archaeology|journal=Social Scientist|volume=25|issue=1/2|pages=3–15|doi=10.2307/3517757|issn=0970-0293|jstor=3517757}}</ref> [[Michael Witzel]] noted him to be an autochthonous writer, whose books were a mythological rewrite of history and were designed for the expatriate Indians of the 21st century, who sought a " largely imagined, glorious but lost distant past".

== See also ==
* [[Indigenous Aryans]]
* [[Indo-Aryan migration]]
* [[Nationalism and ancient history]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|title= The Vanished Raj A Memoir of Princely India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGiDDwAAQBAJ|last=Rajaram|first=N S|publisher=Prism Books Private Limited|year=2019|isbn = 9789388478113}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140512081340/http://www.indiafacts.co.in/author/n-s-rajaram/ Articles by Rajaram in India Facts]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaram, N. S.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Indigenous Aryanists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Pseudohistorians]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Voice of India]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Indiana University alumni]]

Magadh University

2020-06-01T11:09:36Z

CodeSlashh: Only had non notable items

{{short description|University in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Magadh University
|image_name = Magadh University logo.jpg
|motto =
|established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1962}}
|founder = Satyendra Narayan Sinha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/news/21st-convocation-of-magadh-university-3772/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-31 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807000528/https://www.collegedekho.com/news/21st-convocation-of-magadh-university-3772/ |archivedate=7 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|chancellor = {{Bihar governor}}
|vice_chancellor= Prof. (Dr.) Rajendra Prasad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/administration/vice-chancellors-message/|title= Magadh University vice-chancellor message : News |publisher= magadhuniversity.ac.in|accessdate=2019-05-31 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201030603/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/patna-university-gets-new-vice-chancellor/1/340909.html |archivedate=1 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|city = [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Bihar]]
|country = [[India]]
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|website= [http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/ www.magadhuniversity.ac.in]
}}
'''Magadh University''' is an institution of higher education in [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/contact_us.php "Contact Us".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028150732/http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/contact_us.php |date=28 October 2014 }} [http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/ Magadh University.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714033023/http://magadhuniversity.ac.in/ |date=14 July 2014 }} Accessed 2014-10-28.</ref> ICMR Ranking 2012 ranked Magadh University among top 20 best varsities of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Magadh-University-among-20-best-varsities-in-country/articleshow/12724804.cms|title=Magadh University: Magadh University among 20 best varsities in country {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|last=Apr 19|first=Kumod Verma {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated:|last2=2012|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29|last3=Ist|first3=4:28}}</ref> It is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

The university is now governed by the Bihar State University Act 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-11/patna/45077973_1_nandji-kumar-university-rolls-legal-notice |title=MU serves legal notice on Tata Consultancy - Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-12-11 |accessdate=2014-01-31}}</ref>

ICMR Ranking 2012 ranked Magadh University among top 20 varsities of country, however, lately due to bifurcation of the university it was in media for delaying the session for which students had to launch a campaign.

It provides facilities for higher learning and research in the faculties of science, social sciences, humanities and commerce. With 44 constituent colleges, 24 PG departments and 85 affiliated colleges, Magadh University is the largest university of Bihar.

==History==
Magadh University was established in 1962 by [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], an educationist and the then Education Minister of Bihar. K. K. Dutta, a renowned historian, was the founder vice-chancellor. It started functioning from 2 March 1962 with two constituent colleges, 32 affiliated colleges and seven postgraduate departments.

In 1992, 17 constituent colleges were transferred to the newly constituted [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]], [[Arrah]] ([[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]]). The university has grown to have 24 postgraduate departments, 44 constituent colleges, and 85 affiliated colleges imparting higher education in Humanities, Social Science, Science, Commerce, Medical, Engineering and Management.

Several professional/vocational courses like M.B.A., M.C.A., B.C.A., B.B.M. Environmental Science, Tourism & Travel Management, Counseling & Rehabilitation, Journalism & Mass Communication, etc. are being run in constituent/affiliated colleges. There are two government Medical Colleges, two private Engineering Colleges, one private Dental College and three Law colleges under the university. Magadh University also provides [[distance learning]] facilities.

In 2018, Magadh University was bifurcated and colleges falling within two district namely Patna and Nalanda that were under Magadh University earlier has now been placed under [[Patliputra University]].<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/patna/magadh-university-bifurcation-welcomed/articleshow/64900577.cms</ref><ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/patna/pataliputra-university-sessions-likely-from-july/amp_articleshow/63944280.cms</ref>

In 2019, the frustrated Students of the university launched [[Mulea Campaign]] for late exams.

==Facilities==
The university has a multi-storied library, the Mannulal Central Library, besides the department libraries. The central library has about 162,245 books, manuscripts and other reading materials. It has a wide range of ancient and modern literature and books as well as national and international journals.

All the science departments including Psychology and Geography have well-equipped laboratories for teaching and research. Research facilities are available in all the departments. The Science Labs have the modern equipment required for research.

There are eight hostels on campus having accommodation facilities for 1500 students. One girls’ hostel is available to accommodate 150 students. The University Health Centre-cum-Dispensary provides medical facilities to students, teachers and other employees residing on and off campus around the clock. It has the services of three doctors, nurses and supporting paramedical staff.

A branch of Central Bank of India functions on the campus. Likewise, a post office is on campus.

A large sports complex is on the campus for outdoor and indoor games, particularly athletic events.

Magadh University is developing a modern Computer Lab to the requirement of MCA teaching. Besides the facilities for practical work in courses at the university headquarters, the constituent colleges have computer and language labs.

==Faculty==
150 teachers work in the university departments and more than 2000 teachers are posted in constituent colleges.

==Colleges==
There are 19 Constituent Colleges, 1 Minority College, 44 B.Ed Colleges and 28 Affiliated Colleges runs under Magadh University.

==List of Constituent Colleges==
Following are the constituent colleges of the university.<ref> https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/list-of-constituent-colleges/</ref>
* [[Anugrah Memorial Law college]], [[Gaya, India]]
* A.N.S College, Nabinagar
* Daudnagar College, Daudnagar
* Gaya College, Gaya
* Gautam Buddha Mahila College, Gaya
* Jagjiwan College, Gaya
* K.L.S. College, Nawada
* Kishori Sinha Mahila College, Aurangabad
* Rajendra Memorial Womens College, Nawada
* [[RLSY College Aurangabad]] , Aurangabad
* S.B.A.N College, Darhatllari
* S.D. College, Kaler
* S.N.S. College, Tekari
* [[S.N. Sinha College, Jehanabad]], [[Jehanabad]]
* S.N.S College, Warisaliganj
* [[S.S. College, Jehanabad]], [[Jehanabad]]
* [[Sachchidananda Sinha College]], Aurangabad
* S.M.S.G. College, Sherghati
* T.S. College, Hisua
* [[SPY College]], Karpi [[Arwal]]
* [[RCS College Kurtha]], Kurtha, [[Arwal]]
* [[R.N.P College Arwal]] [[Arwal]]
* [[SSSG College Arwal]], [[Arwal]]
* [[Fatehpur Sanda College]], Fatehpur Sanda, [[Arwal]]
* [[M.S.Y College Kinjer]], Kinjer [[Arwal]]

==Notable alumni==
* [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/ Magadh University, Bodhgaya, Bihar]
*[http://www.gayacollege.org/ Gaya College, Gaya]
*[http://www.daudnagarcollege.org/ Daudnagar College, Daudnagar, Aurangabad]
*[http://www.sscollegejen.org/ S S College, Jehanabad]
{{Universities in Bihar}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{coord missing|Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}

[[Category:Universities in Bihar]]
[[Category:Magadh University]]
[[Category:Gaya district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in India]]

Magadh University

2020-06-01T11:05:29Z

CodeSlashh: /* List of Affiliated Colleges https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/list-of-Affiliated-colleges/ */

{{short description|University in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Magadh University
|image_name = Magadh University logo.jpg
|motto =
|established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1962}}
|founder = Satyendra Narayan Sinha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/news/21st-convocation-of-magadh-university-3772/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-31 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807000528/https://www.collegedekho.com/news/21st-convocation-of-magadh-university-3772/ |archivedate=7 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|chancellor = {{Bihar governor}}
|vice_chancellor= Prof. (Dr.) Rajendra Prasad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/administration/vice-chancellors-message/|title= Magadh University vice-chancellor message : News |publisher= magadhuniversity.ac.in|accessdate=2019-05-31 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201030603/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/patna-university-gets-new-vice-chancellor/1/340909.html |archivedate=1 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|city = [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Bihar]]
|country = [[India]]
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|website= [http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/ www.magadhuniversity.ac.in]
}}
'''Magadh University''' is an institution of higher education in [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/contact_us.php "Contact Us".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028150732/http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/contact_us.php |date=28 October 2014 }} [http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/ Magadh University.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714033023/http://magadhuniversity.ac.in/ |date=14 July 2014 }} Accessed 2014-10-28.</ref> ICMR Ranking 2012 ranked Magadh University among top 20 best varsities of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Magadh-University-among-20-best-varsities-in-country/articleshow/12724804.cms|title=Magadh University: Magadh University among 20 best varsities in country {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|last=Apr 19|first=Kumod Verma {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated:|last2=2012|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29|last3=Ist|first3=4:28}}</ref> It is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

The university is now governed by the Bihar State University Act 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-11/patna/45077973_1_nandji-kumar-university-rolls-legal-notice |title=MU serves legal notice on Tata Consultancy - Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-12-11 |accessdate=2014-01-31}}</ref>

ICMR Ranking 2012 ranked Magadh University among top 20 varsities of country, however, lately due to bifurcation of the university it was in media for delaying the session for which students had to launch a campaign.

It provides facilities for higher learning and research in the faculties of science, social sciences, humanities and commerce. With 44 constituent colleges, 24 PG departments and 85 affiliated colleges, Magadh University is the largest university of Bihar.

==History==
Magadh University was established in 1962 by [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], an educationist and the then Education Minister of Bihar. K. K. Dutta, a renowned historian, was the founder vice-chancellor. It started functioning from 2 March 1962 with two constituent colleges, 32 affiliated colleges and seven postgraduate departments.

In 1992, 17 constituent colleges were transferred to the newly constituted [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]], [[Arrah]] ([[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]]). The university has grown to have 24 postgraduate departments, 44 constituent colleges, and 85 affiliated colleges imparting higher education in Humanities, Social Science, Science, Commerce, Medical, Engineering and Management.

Several professional/vocational courses like M.B.A., M.C.A., B.C.A., B.B.M. Environmental Science, Tourism & Travel Management, Counseling & Rehabilitation, Journalism & Mass Communication, etc. are being run in constituent/affiliated colleges. There are two government Medical Colleges, two private Engineering Colleges, one private Dental College and three Law colleges under the university. Magadh University also provides [[distance learning]] facilities.

In 2018, Magadh University was bifurcated and colleges falling within two district namely Patna and Nalanda that were under Magadh University earlier has now been placed under [[Patliputra University]].<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/patna/magadh-university-bifurcation-welcomed/articleshow/64900577.cms</ref><ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/patna/pataliputra-university-sessions-likely-from-july/amp_articleshow/63944280.cms</ref>

In 2019, the frustrated Students of the university launched [[Mulea Campaign]] for late exams.

==Facilities==
The university has a multi-storied library, the Mannulal Central Library, besides the department libraries. The central library has about 162,245 books, manuscripts and other reading materials. It has a wide range of ancient and modern literature and books as well as national and international journals.

All the science departments including Psychology and Geography have well-equipped laboratories for teaching and research. Research facilities are available in all the departments. The Science Labs have the modern equipment required for research.

There are eight hostels on campus having accommodation facilities for 1500 students. One girls’ hostel is available to accommodate 150 students. The University Health Centre-cum-Dispensary provides medical facilities to students, teachers and other employees residing on and off campus around the clock. It has the services of three doctors, nurses and supporting paramedical staff.

A branch of Central Bank of India functions on the campus. Likewise, a post office is on campus.

A large sports complex is on the campus for outdoor and indoor games, particularly athletic events.

Magadh University is developing a modern Computer Lab to the requirement of MCA teaching. Besides the facilities for practical work in courses at the university headquarters, the constituent colleges have computer and language labs.

==Faculty==
150 teachers work in the university departments and more than 2000 teachers are posted in constituent colleges.

==Colleges==
There are 19 Constituent Colleges, 1 Minority College, 44 B.Ed Colleges and 28 Affiliated Colleges runs under Magadh University.

==List of Constituent Colleges==
Following are the constituent colleges of the university.<ref> https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/list-of-constituent-colleges/</ref>
* [[Anugrah Memorial Law college]], [[Gaya, India]]
* A.N.S College, Nabinagar
* Daudnagar College, Daudnagar
* Gaya College, Gaya
* Gautam Buddha Mahila College, Gaya
* Jagjiwan College, Gaya
* K.L.S. College, Nawada
* Kishori Sinha Mahila College, Aurangabad
* Rajendra Memorial Womens College, Nawada
* [[RLSY College Aurangabad]] , Aurangabad
* S.B.A.N College, Darhatllari
* S.D. College, Kaler
* S.N.S. College, Tekari
* [[S.N. Sinha College, Jehanabad]], [[Jehanabad]]
* S.N.S College, Warisaliganj
* [[S.S. College, Jehanabad]], [[Jehanabad]]
* [[Sachchidananda Sinha College]], Aurangabad
* S.M.S.G. College, Sherghati
* T.S. College, Hisua
* [[SPY College]], Karpi [[Arwal]]
* [[RCS College Kurtha]], Kurtha, [[Arwal]]
* [[R.N.P College Arwal]] [[Arwal]]
* [[SSSG College Arwal]], [[Arwal]]
* [[Fatehpur Sanda College]], Fatehpur Sanda, [[Arwal]]
* [[M.S.Y College Kinjer]], Kinjer [[Arwal]]

==List of Affiliated Colleges<ref> https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/list-of-Affiliated-colleges/</ref>==

==Notable alumni==
* [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/ Magadh University, Bodhgaya, Bihar]
*[http://www.gayacollege.org/ Gaya College, Gaya]
*[http://www.daudnagarcollege.org/ Daudnagar College, Daudnagar, Aurangabad]
*[http://www.sscollegejen.org/ S S College, Jehanabad]
{{Universities in Bihar}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{coord missing|Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}

[[Category:Universities in Bihar]]
[[Category:Magadh University]]
[[Category:Gaya district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in India]]

Magadh University

2020-06-01T11:03:49Z

CodeSlashh: /* List of Affiliated Colleges https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/list-of-Affiliated-colleges/ */

{{short description|University in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Magadh University
|image_name = Magadh University logo.jpg
|motto =
|established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1962}}
|founder = Satyendra Narayan Sinha<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/news/21st-convocation-of-magadh-university-3772/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-07-31 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807000528/https://www.collegedekho.com/news/21st-convocation-of-magadh-university-3772/ |archivedate=7 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|chancellor = {{Bihar governor}}
|vice_chancellor= Prof. (Dr.) Rajendra Prasad<ref>{{cite web |url=https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/administration/vice-chancellors-message/|title= Magadh University vice-chancellor message : News |publisher= magadhuniversity.ac.in|accessdate=2019-05-31 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201030603/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/patna-university-gets-new-vice-chancellor/1/340909.html |archivedate=1 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|city = [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Bihar]]
|country = [[India]]
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
|website= [http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/ www.magadhuniversity.ac.in]
}}
'''Magadh University''' is an institution of higher education in [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/contact_us.php "Contact Us".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028150732/http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/contact_us.php |date=28 October 2014 }} [http://www.magadhuniversity.ac.in/ Magadh University.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714033023/http://magadhuniversity.ac.in/ |date=14 July 2014 }} Accessed 2014-10-28.</ref> ICMR Ranking 2012 ranked Magadh University among top 20 best varsities of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Magadh-University-among-20-best-varsities-in-country/articleshow/12724804.cms|title=Magadh University: Magadh University among 20 best varsities in country {{!}} Patna News - Times of India|last=Apr 19|first=Kumod Verma {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated:|last2=2012|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-29|last3=Ist|first3=4:28}}</ref> It is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

The university is now governed by the Bihar State University Act 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-11/patna/45077973_1_nandji-kumar-university-rolls-legal-notice |title=MU serves legal notice on Tata Consultancy - Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-12-11 |accessdate=2014-01-31}}</ref>

ICMR Ranking 2012 ranked Magadh University among top 20 varsities of country, however, lately due to bifurcation of the university it was in media for delaying the session for which students had to launch a campaign.

It provides facilities for higher learning and research in the faculties of science, social sciences, humanities and commerce. With 44 constituent colleges, 24 PG departments and 85 affiliated colleges, Magadh University is the largest university of Bihar.

==History==
Magadh University was established in 1962 by [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], an educationist and the then Education Minister of Bihar. K. K. Dutta, a renowned historian, was the founder vice-chancellor. It started functioning from 2 March 1962 with two constituent colleges, 32 affiliated colleges and seven postgraduate departments.

In 1992, 17 constituent colleges were transferred to the newly constituted [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]], [[Arrah]] ([[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]]). The university has grown to have 24 postgraduate departments, 44 constituent colleges, and 85 affiliated colleges imparting higher education in Humanities, Social Science, Science, Commerce, Medical, Engineering and Management.

Several professional/vocational courses like M.B.A., M.C.A., B.C.A., B.B.M. Environmental Science, Tourism & Travel Management, Counseling & Rehabilitation, Journalism & Mass Communication, etc. are being run in constituent/affiliated colleges. There are two government Medical Colleges, two private Engineering Colleges, one private Dental College and three Law colleges under the university. Magadh University also provides [[distance learning]] facilities.

In 2018, Magadh University was bifurcated and colleges falling within two district namely Patna and Nalanda that were under Magadh University earlier has now been placed under [[Patliputra University]].<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/patna/magadh-university-bifurcation-welcomed/articleshow/64900577.cms</ref><ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/city/patna/pataliputra-university-sessions-likely-from-july/amp_articleshow/63944280.cms</ref>

In 2019, the frustrated Students of the university launched [[Mulea Campaign]] for late exams.

==Facilities==
The university has a multi-storied library, the Mannulal Central Library, besides the department libraries. The central library has about 162,245 books, manuscripts and other reading materials. It has a wide range of ancient and modern literature and books as well as national and international journals.

All the science departments including Psychology and Geography have well-equipped laboratories for teaching and research. Research facilities are available in all the departments. The Science Labs have the modern equipment required for research.

There are eight hostels on campus having accommodation facilities for 1500 students. One girls’ hostel is available to accommodate 150 students. The University Health Centre-cum-Dispensary provides medical facilities to students, teachers and other employees residing on and off campus around the clock. It has the services of three doctors, nurses and supporting paramedical staff.

A branch of Central Bank of India functions on the campus. Likewise, a post office is on campus.

A large sports complex is on the campus for outdoor and indoor games, particularly athletic events.

Magadh University is developing a modern Computer Lab to the requirement of MCA teaching. Besides the facilities for practical work in courses at the university headquarters, the constituent colleges have computer and language labs.

==Faculty==
150 teachers work in the university departments and more than 2000 teachers are posted in constituent colleges.

==Colleges==
There are 19 Constituent Colleges, 1 Minority College, 44 B.Ed Colleges and 28 Affiliated Colleges runs under Magadh University.

==List of Constituent Colleges==
Following are the constituent colleges of the university.<ref> https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/list-of-constituent-colleges/</ref>
* [[Anugrah Memorial Law college]], [[Gaya, India]]
* A.N.S College, Nabinagar
* Daudnagar College, Daudnagar
* Gaya College, Gaya
* Gautam Buddha Mahila College, Gaya
* Jagjiwan College, Gaya
* K.L.S. College, Nawada
* Kishori Sinha Mahila College, Aurangabad
* Rajendra Memorial Womens College, Nawada
* [[RLSY College Aurangabad]] , Aurangabad
* S.B.A.N College, Darhatllari
* S.D. College, Kaler
* S.N.S. College, Tekari
* [[S.N. Sinha College, Jehanabad]], [[Jehanabad]]
* S.N.S College, Warisaliganj
* [[S.S. College, Jehanabad]], [[Jehanabad]]
* [[Sachchidananda Sinha College]], Aurangabad
* S.M.S.G. College, Sherghati
* T.S. College, Hisua
* [[SPY College]], Karpi [[Arwal]]
* [[RCS College Kurtha]], Kurtha, [[Arwal]]
* [[R.N.P College Arwal]] [[Arwal]]
* [[SSSG College Arwal]], [[Arwal]]
* [[Fatehpur Sanda College]], Fatehpur Sanda, [[Arwal]]
* [[M.S.Y College Kinjer]], Kinjer [[Arwal]]

==List of Affiliated Colleges<ref> https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/list-of-Affiliated-colleges/</ref>==
* [[SPY College Gaya]], [[Gaya, India]]

==Notable alumni==
* [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://magadhuniversity.ac.in/ Magadh University, Bodhgaya, Bihar]
*[http://www.gayacollege.org/ Gaya College, Gaya]
*[http://www.daudnagarcollege.org/ Daudnagar College, Daudnagar, Aurangabad]
*[http://www.sscollegejen.org/ S S College, Jehanabad]
{{Universities in Bihar}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{coord missing|Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}

[[Category:Universities in Bihar]]
[[Category:Magadh University]]
[[Category:Gaya district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in India]]

Kudmi Mahato

2020-05-31T06:39:21Z

CodeSlashh: /* Notable people */

{{merge|Kudmi|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
|group= Kudmi
|poptime =
|popplace = [[Assam]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]]
|langs = [[kudmali language|Kudmali]]
|related=[[Kudmi]]
}}

The '''Kudmi''' are a community of India. They are also known as ''Kudmi'', ''Kurmi Mahto/Mahato'' or ''Kudumi Mohanta/Mahanta''. They are not same with
Other Areas [[Kurmi]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA114 |title=The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India |author=Gautam Kumar Bera |publisher=Mittal |year=2008 |page=114 }}</ref>

== Official classification ==

The Kudmi were classified as a [[Criminal Tribes Act|Notified Tribe]] by the [[British Raj]] under the terms of the Indian Succession Act introduced in 1865 as they have customary rules of succession.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht/?PPN=PPN664774873&PHYSID=PHYS_0639 |work=The Tribes and castes of Bengal by Risley Herbert Hope|title=Inheritance Law of Kurmi Mahto of Chotanagpur and Orissa}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} Subsequently, in 1913, they were classified as a Primitive tribe. Then they were omitted from the list of communities listed as tribes in the 1931 census.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1nqYqBBf_IC&pg=PA340 |title=Issues in Indian Politics |author=Lalan Tiwari |publisher=Mittal |year=1995 |isbn=9788170996187 |page=340 }}</ref> Again, they were omitted from the Scheduled Tribe list drawn up in 1950. In 2004, the [[Government of Jharkhand]] recommended that they should be listed as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] rather than Other Backward Class.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cabinet-recommends-inclusion-of-Kurmis-in-ST-list/articleshow/935673.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Cabinet recommends inclusion of Kurmis in ST list |first=Jaideep |last=Deogharia |date=25 November 2004 |accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> The [[Tribal Research Institute]] recommended against this proposal, claiming they are a sub-caste of the [[Kunbi]] and thus different to tribal people. In 2015, the [[Government of India]] also refused to approve the recommendation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/kurmis-in-tribal-status-cry/cid/807085|title=Kurmis in tribal status cry|website=telegraphindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/news/JHA-RAN-HMU-LCL-issue-of-status-of-kurmi-caste-5815355-PHO.html|title=कुरमी को ST का दर्जा तभी, जब TRI अनुशंसा करे, लेकिन रिसर्च वाला ही कोई नहीं है|website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref>

==Culture==
The traditional occupation of Kudmi is agriculture. The language of Kudmi is [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]. The Kudmis are divided into six divisions. Paribar (family) is the smallest unit. A group of Paribar of same Gusti (clan) living in a place is known as Bakhal/Bakhair (unilineage settlement). The members of some Paribars or Bakhai settled in a locality is known as Kulhi. A group of Kulhi with a separate geographical area, burial ground, agricultural field, grazing land and Akhra forms a Gram (village). Traditionally, a village headman is known as Mahato. A group of twelve village form a Paragan headed by Paraganaif who solves all the inter village dispute. A group of Paragans forms a Thapal controlled by Deshmandal.

Kudmi are divided into 81 clans called Gusti. These includes Kadwar, Bansiar,Tiduar,Kachhmar(kachhim), Bansoar, Sankhowar, Hinduar, Baghowar, Chiluar, Bakuar, Lakrawar, Ketiar , Kheruwar, Musiar, Bagh Banwari, Jal Banwari, Dumriar, etc. Tussu, Shiv Gajan, [[Jivitputrika|Jitia]], [[Karam (festival)|Karam]], [[Bandna]](Sohrai) are the major festival of Kudmi. They worship [[Gramadevata]] at gramthan, Bansha Pahar, Lord Shiva, Jatal([[Manasa]] puja), Sitola Puja, Mahamai and so on. [[Jhumair|Jhumar]] and [[Chhau dance|Chhau]] are their folk dance.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=kurmi+mahato+gotra&source=bl&ots=dU6TOOWVcc&sig=ACfU3U2av-_1hc2qWdA67CX3IvlSErRrMw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjh-YGSl9_jAhUBqI8KHVroCBs4MhDoATABegQIChAB#v=onepage&q=kurmi%20mahato%20gotra&f=false|title=The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India|website=books.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OlAgRweCUoUC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Kudmi+Mahato+language&source=bl&ots=spo0dleM6l&sig=ACfU3U04_4TeUoZnrmg0JDyKfS8Ify7uPg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjb0LTf8OLjAhXLtI8KHSnxDA84ChDoATAHegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=Kudmi%20Mahato%20language&f=false|title=Forest, Government, and Tribe|website=books.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etribaltribune.com/index.php/volume-2/mv2i11/bandana-festival-of-kudmis-of-eastern-india|title=Bandana Festival Of Kudmis Of Eastern India|website=www.etribaltribune.com}}</ref>

==Present circumstances==
Kudmi classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/news/JHA-RAN-HMU-LCL-issue-of-status-of-kurmi-caste-5815355-PHO.html|title=कुरमी को ST का दर्जा तभी, जब TRI अनुशंसा करे, लेकिन रिसर्च वाला ही कोई नहीं है|website=bhaskar|date=19 February 2018}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Raghunath Mahato]], Freedom fighter
*[[Dhananjay Mahato]], Freedom fighter
*[[Binod Bihari Mahato]], Activist and Politician
*[[Nirmal Mahto]], Political activist
*[[Purnima Mahato]], Indian Archer
*[[Sudesh Mahato]], Politician
*[[Sunil Kumar Mahato]], Politician
*[[Churamani Mahato]], Politician
*[[Mriganko Mahato]]
*[[Chhatradhar Mahato]], Politician

== See also ==
*[[Sadan people]]
*[[Mahto]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kudumi Mahato}}
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]

Talk:Bull Terrier

2020-05-31T06:31:31Z

CodeSlashh: Undid revision 959911578 by 2001:44C8:440C:5D3E:1:2:D95:D85F (talk)

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== One Grammar Error, Other Bull Terriers, and a Title ==

I have just joined, so please be kind with any criticism of this post.

I noticed that this line: "(Although Blue and liver highly undesirable)" is missing a verb. I assume "are".

Also, I want to ask how famous a Bull Terrier has to be to get included on the list. For example there is a famous greeting card character named Maxine. She seems to have a white Bull Terrier. The character Monica in the well-known web comic Wapsi Square also has a white Bull Terrier named Dietzel. And of course Target stores has had a white Bull Terrier in its marketing campaigns for quite some time.

Finally, I originally looked for the search term "English Bull Terrier" and that was in no way connected to this article. Given that it's the breed's proper name, I think it should be linked.

As I said, I am new. Also, I am not ready to delve in just yet - it's a little intimidating. Because of that, feel free to use anything I've said here as a possible change/addition to this article.

:Signed and dated for archive purposes only. '''[[User:William Harris|William Harris]][[File:Canis lupis track.svg|17px]][[User talk:William Harris|talk]][[File:Canis lupis track.svg|17px]]''' 11:35, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

== Dangerous Breed? ==

Bulldogs are dangerous. Many poeple, like my friend Maria, have been bitten severely and had to go to the hospital as a result....dangerous indeed.
The article doesn't seem to talk much about the potential violent nature of bull terriers. They are prone to bouts of extreme violence, especially with other larger dogs. There are frequent instances in the news of bull terriers mauling people, much more then I see in other legal breeds.

In fact the breed has been banned in germany [http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/consular_services/customs/dogs.html German customs]

::Unsigned message response. This issue is much larger than simply one breed of dog, any dog can be violent. Frequent instances maybe - you'd need to back that up with a citation.
Maybe you should try looking for an article other than this one to choose - the "media scares" and folklore about a whole range of breeds (and the derivative cross breeds) as being endemically violent is as intriguing as the threat. Joanna Bourke's "Fear a Cultural History" would be a good start on that issue. However all that said, some strains of some dogs have been recognised as having problematic behaviours, but bullies arent the only breed with that issue! [[User:SatuSuro|SatuSuro]] 01:08, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

::Following up on this try [[Dog attack]] and [[breed-specific legislation]] neither of which are comprehensive articles, but nevertheless a start on this issue [[User:SatuSuro|SatuSuro]]

::I believe the German law banning Bull Terriers was rescinded. Bull Terriers were never used to fight, but used to bait bulls in bull fighting, that is to get bulls to chase them when the matadore was in trouble.

According to [http://www.dogbitelaw.com/breeds-causing-DBRFs.pdf Dog Bite Law] the Pit Bull type (which includes the 3 main bull terrier breeds) is responsible to the most fatalities of any breed yet according to [http://www.akc.org/reg/dogreg_stats.cfm the American Kennel Club] They're the the 62nd most popular breed. Although they're not statistics from the same date range it's indicative that this is a significantly high risk breed.[[User:Dwightlathan77|Dwightlathan77]] ([[User talk:Dwightlathan77|talk]]) 19:13, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

::Dogbitelaw references surveys based on media reports which have been proven inaccurate by lawyers and various governments. Most experts dismiss their credibility. http://www.scribd.com/doc/35396356/Dog-Attack-Deaths-and-Maimings-A-Critique-September-1982-December-22-2009 [[User:Dwightlathan77|Dwightlathan77]] ([[User talk:Dwightlathan77|talk]]) 19:13, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

:: Again another unsigned message from 172.207.174.32 - please consider joining wikipedia, or at least signing with 4 tildes [[User:SatuSuro|SatuSuro]] 22:47, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

I am a fervent lover of this breed. However I think that the potential for violence of the breed IS entirely relevant to this article. Whilst there is a lot of folklore and media hype associated with such things, it is an INDISPUTABLE FACT that this breed has been classified as a dangerous dog in both Italy and Germany. Mention should be made of this in the article irrespective of the wrongs or rights of these actions in these countries. The subject also warrants mention because the breed is thought to be particularly susceptible to a neurological condition called sudden onset aggression (SOA) and is the subject of at least one study in the US. see http://critterweb.com/btneuro/ .

: In fact that article states that SOA is a rare condition and "the majority of suspected cases turn
: out to be due to some other 'normal' canine behavior"; nowhere does the article suggest that bullies
: are "particularly susceptible" to it - it's rare.

: In fact, three of the four references under the heading 'More information' are articles about SOA in
: Springer spaniels; if anything, it is that breed, not bull terriers, that would appear to be
: "particularly susceptible" to the condition. I looked around a bit, and could find nothing that
: warrants the claim with respect to bullies - the critterweb.com article is no help. Cordially,
: [[User:mike_blackstock|mike_blackstock]] —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|undated]] comment was added at 19:01, 22 July 2008 (UTC) 

As regards suitability with children, I think this article is downright irresponsible. Whilst this breed is one of the most loving and human centric you could find, other characteristics make them one of the LESS suitable breeds to have around children. These other characteristics include:

:extremey strong,

:one of the most powerful canine jaws,

:extraordinarily dangerous teeth,

:highly maneuverable,

:notoriously headstrong, determined and difficult to train for recall,

:intolerance to teasing,

:reaction to being challenged.

I have NEVER seen a recommendation for households with small children. Indeed they are recommended only for adults with much experience of dogs or of BTs.

Ask a vet

I'd like to know where you got your information, because it seems like it is comprised of an amalgamation of fear-based articles written by people who hate bully breeds. Their bite psi strength is only about 235 when the average bite psi is 230 to 260. Some dogs go up to 799, so when you say they have "one of the most powerful canine jaws" it is quite false. Here's one of my sources, where are yours?
https://www.insidedogsworld.com/dog-bite-explained-top-20-dogs-with-the-strongest-bite-force/ — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Mermaidbebop|Mermaidbebop]] ([[User talk:Mermaidbebop#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mermaidbebop|contribs]]) 02:13, 26 June 2019 (UTC) 

Anyone who owns a bully will know the make a good pet with young children around. BUT with all dogs you need to keep an eye on the child and dog.

:The above line is not mine and is anonymous. The author is probably referring to their own experience. My experience with the breed is that they are unusually intolerant to teasing, even if there may be individuals that can tolerate it [[User:Myredroom|Myredroom]] 10:45, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

I have reverted my original comments to how they were originally entered. An annonymous editor has responded (confusingly) to all my points (probably) with their own opinions experiences. This is very poor wiki eticate. [[User:Myredroom|Myredroom]] ([[User talk:Myredroom|talk]]) 17:51, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

None of this should detract from their INTENSELY loving nature; they just need to be in the right hands.

[[User:Myredroom|Myredroom]] 15:55, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Is there any reason that the breed's notoriety for fatal attacks is left out of this? I thought this was supposed to be a factual encyclopedia entry - not a puff piece written by admirers of the dog? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/98.145.93.128|98.145.93.128]] ([[User talk:98.145.93.128|talk]]) 19:11, 12 October 2009 (UTC) 

I agree with the above user. By not even mentioning the pit bull's reputation for violence, the article clearly violates NPV. If you want, mention the reputation and then cite evidence debunking it. But leaving it out altogether is stacking the deck, FoxNews-style. [[Special:Contributions/76.90.232.8|76.90.232.8]] ([[User talk:76.90.232.8|talk]]) 06:23, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

The pit bull and the bull terrier are not the same breed of dog. I assume it would have been left out for this reason. It would be fox news style to suggest that they are one in the same. The fact is they are a powerful dog that require supervision no different to any other of similar stature. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/220.236.63.143|220.236.63.143]] ([[User talk:220.236.63.143|talk]]) 22:59, 13 December 2010 (UTC) 

== Needs to be more balanced ==

It is quite clear that this article has been written by Bull Terrier lovers.

Please, let's stick to facts and not quote sources such as the "Bull Terrier Lovers Blog" when it comes to issues such as whether they are dangerous animals or not.

:Signed and dated for archive purposes only. '''[[User:William Harris|William Harris]][[File:Canis lupis track.svg|17px]][[User talk:William Harris|talk]][[File:Canis lupis track.svg|17px]]''' 11:35, 24 September 2019 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 23 January 2019 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Bull Terrier|answered=yes}}
Change the main picture of the Bull Terrier to this photo --> https://i.imgur.com/4sFIexVr.jpg [[User:NSG Mercury|NSG Mercury]] ([[User talk:NSG Mercury|talk]]) 17:49, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
:{{not done}} Existing photo is much better quality and there is no evidence of permission for using the linked meme photo. [[User:Waggie|Waggie]] ([[User talk:Waggie|talk]]) 18:00, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

== Blogs and self-published sites are not Reliable sources ==

Mollosser World (moloss.com) and Bulldoginformation.com are not reliable sources. Please see [[WP:RSSELF]], ''"Anyone can create a personal web page or publish their own book and claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published sources are largely not acceptable."''

Mollosser World (moloss.com) is a now-defunct website. There's no way to tell if it was a blog or a self-published website or what. I wouldn't use even an archived version of a page in that website.

Bulldoginformation.com is a self-published website by a single person of unknown experience/knowledge heavily salted with her own affiliate links to Amazon.com. Thus, the history of Bull Terrier as mentioned on her site is not a reliable source. [http://www.bulldoginformation.com/about-us.html]

Note: The AKC heavily modified their website and now a lot of citations from Wikipedia to akc.org no longer point to information supporting text in Wikipedia articles.

[[User:Nomopbs|Nomopbs]] ([[User talk:Nomopbs|talk]]) 12:29, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

Also not RS are molossermania.com and ringsurf.com. [[User:Nomopbs|Nomopbs]] ([[User talk:Nomopbs|talk]]) 12:59, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
:The AKC references can probably be salvaged with archive.org if you don't feel like poking around their current site for links. It might be better to use that anyways for permanence. I agree that most individual breeder websites are likely not reliable for historical information purposes, as they often have a financial motive to inflate claims. The AKC has published several books over the years, including [https://www.amazon.com/Complete-Dog-Book-Photograph-Registration/dp/0876054629/ref=sr_1_4?keywords=dog+breeding+history&qid=1560875426&s=gateway&sr=8-4 this one] (which might be a little out of date - might be something more recent if you were to look for longer), that would probably be better sources for breed history. [[User:PearlSt82|PearlSt82]] ([[User talk:PearlSt82|talk]]) 16:32, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

Federal Tax Ombudsman (Pakistan)

2020-05-31T06:18:00Z

CodeSlashh: non-specific

{{Multiple issues|{{prose|date=January 2019}}{{unreliable sources|date=January 2019}}}}

'''The Federal Tax Ombudsman''' '''(FTO) Pakistan''' '''( وفاقی ٹیکس محتسب پاکستان )''' evaluates complaints against [[Taxation in Pakistan|federal tax]] agencies. Article 37 of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] calls for inexpensive and expeditious justice. The Federal Tax Ombudsman Ordinance of 2000<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://fto.gov.pk/files_upload/legal/FTO_Ordinance_2000-_4th_draft_(a).pdf|title=FTO Ordinance 2000|website=Federal Tax Ombudsman of Pakistan}}</ref> and the Federal Ombudsman Institutional Reforms (FOIR) Act of 2013<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://fto.gov.pk/files_upload/legal/Federal%20Ombudsmen%20Institutional%20Reforms%20Act,%202013.pdf|title=Federal Ombudsman Institutional Reforms Act, 2013|website=Federal Tax Ombudsman Pakistan}}</ref> confer powers, including administrative and financial autonomy. This aligns with the separation of Pakistan's [[Judiciary of Pakistan|judiciary]] and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|executive]] branches in accordance with the Constitution. {{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Federal Tax Ombudsman (Pakistan)
| nativename = {{nq| وفاقی ٹیکس محتسب پاکستان }}
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type = Department
| seal =
| seal_width = 140px
| seal_caption =
| logo = File:FTO_LOGO.png
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| picture =
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| formed = {{Start date|2000}}
| preceding1 =
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| headquarters = Federal Tax Ombudsman Secretariat 5A, Constitution Avenue, [[Islamabad]], [[Islamabad Capital Territory|Capital Territory]], [[Pakistan]]. 44000
| coordinates = 
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| chief1_name = Hon’ble Mushtaq Ahmad Sukhera<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1497949/govt-appoints-ex-police-officer-tax-ombudsman/|title=Govt appoints ex-police officer as tax ombudsman|date=2017-09-05|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref>
| chief1_position = Federal Tax Ombudsman
| chief2_name = Ms. Sarwat Tahira Habib<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.customstoday.com.pk/fbr-member-legal-customs-sarwat-tahira-habib-transferred/|title=FBR Member Sarwat Tahira Habib transferred and posted as FTO|last=Faizan|first=M.|website=Customs Today Newspaper|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref>
| chief2_position = Federal Secretary
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| website = {{URL|www.fto.gov.pk}}
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| agency_type = Tax Ombudsman
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== History ==
The Federal Tax Ombudsman (FTO) office was established in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/121794|title=Office of FTO needs strengthening|date=2003-10-27|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref> It was mandated to respond to, find, and rectify [[maladministration]] by revenue agencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fto.gov.pk/LegalFramework.php|title=FTO Legal Frame Work|website=Federal Tax Ombudsman Pakistan}}</ref>

== Institution of Ombudsman in Pakistan ==
In Pakistan, the establishment of an [[Ombudsmen in Pakistan|Ombudsman institution]] was advocated in Article 276 of the Interim Constitution of 1972, which provided for the appointment of a Federal Ombudsman and Provincial Ombudsmen. The Constitution of 1973 provided for the establishment of Federal Ombudsman, and the institution was eventually created through the Establishment of the Office of Wafaqi Mohtasib (Ombudsman) Order of 1983, which was the President’s first order of 1983.

On 8 August 1983, the Ombudsman began functioning. Other Ombudsman institutions in Pakistan include Provincial Ombudsman offices in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Baluchistan]], [[Sindh]], and [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]; Federal Banking Ombudsman; Federal Insurance Ombudsman; Federal Tax Ombudsman; Federal Ombudsman for Protection of Women against Harassment at Workplace; and Provincial Ombudsman for Protection of Women against Harassment at Workplace in Punjab and Sindh. All Ombudsmen institutions informally collaborate through the Forum of Pakistan Ombudsmen (FPO). They are also affiliated with the Asian Ombudsman Association (AOA), the [[International Ombudsman Institute]] (IOI), and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] Ombudsman Association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianombudsman.com/|title=Welcome to Asian Ombudsman Association ( AOA ) - Home|website=www.asianombudsman.com|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://volksanwaltschaft.gv.at/|title=The IOI|website=volksanwaltschaft.gv.at|language=de|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref>

== Mandate and empowerment of FTO ==
In the Federal Tax Ombudsman Ordinance of 2000, the FTO was mandated to "diagnose, investigate, redress and rectify any injustice done to a person through maladministration by functionaries administering tax laws".<ref name=":0" />

According to Section 11 of the Federal Ombudsmen Institutional Reforms Act of 2013, the FTO may stay the operation of an impugned order or decision for a period up to sixty days.<ref name=":1" /> The FTO is responsible for findings, recommendations, and contempt proceedings (equal to the Supreme Court); according to the Powers of a Civil Court under Code of Civil Procedure of 1908, this includes summoning any person and examining him on oath, enforcing the attendance of any person, compelling production of documents, receiving evidence on affidavits, and issuing commission for examination of witnesses.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

== Legal framework ==
The FTO's legal framework consists of the following acts and reforms: the Establishment of the Office of Federal Tax Ombudsman Ordinance of 2000, the Federal Ombudsmen Institutional Reforms Act of 2013, and the Federal Tax Ombudsman Investigation and Disposal of Complaints Regulations of 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fto.gov.pk/files_upload/legal/Regulations.pdf|title=FTO Regulations 2001|website=Federal Tax Ombudsman Pakistan}}</ref>

== Scope of FTO ==
The FTO manages complaints by aggrieved existing or prospective taxpayers, references by the Hon’ble President of Pakistan, references by the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] or High Courts, and Own Motion Notices.

== Role of FTO ==
The FTO's roles include an accountability mechanism for maladministration, a support mechanism for [[Federal Board of Revenue]] (FBR) and revenue division, and the promotion of good governance.

== Jurisdiction of FTO ==
FTO entertains complaints against the functionaries of FBR administering laws relating to: income tax, sales tax, customs duties, and federal excise duties.

== Access ==
As defined in Section 2(3) of the FTO Ordinance of 2000, any person can file a complaint with the FTO if he or she feels aggrieved by any action or inaction of any functionary of the Revenue Division or FBR or its field formations which involve injustice and maladministration.

Complaints that cannot be lodged include those that are subjudice before a court or tribunal or authority on the date of receipt of the complaint; relate to assessment of income, determination of liability of tax or duty, classification or valuation of goods, interpretation of law in respect of which legal remedies of appeal are available (unless clearly intermingled with maladministration); are submitted by tax employees concerning service matters; are anonymous or pseudonymous complaints; or are time-barred complaints older than six months. (However, a time-barred complaint can be condoned by the Hon’ble FTO, if he deems it proper in the interest of justice.)

A complaint may be filed online, by email, by post, through a [[courier]] service, or in-person. A complaint may be filed on FTO's "Form A", which are available on FTO's website. An affidavit is required with the complaint and are available for free at FTO offices.

== Merits of FTO's relief-providing mechanism ==
{{NPOV-section|date=May 2019}}

* Free of Cost.
* Fast (On the average complaints are decided in less than 2 months).
* Citizens friendly.
* Congenial and reformatory rather than adversarial.
* Simple, easily understandable and devoid of legal jargon.
* Aggrieved parties are not required to hire counsels for pleading their cases before the Tax Ombudsman.
* There is a stipulated timeframe for disposal of cases filed with FTO Offices. Hence, complainants are not subjected to suffer indefinitely as is the case of formal judicial system.
* The FBR or its lower offices against whom the order is passed by the FTO has only one appeal to the President of Pakistan, as against the opportunity of filing multiple appeals in the higher courts in formal judicial system.
* The Complainants do not fall prey to adjournments of hearings as the cases are decided promptly in a few hearings.

== Timeliness ==
{{Needs additional citations|section|date=July 2019}}
According to Section 10(3) of the Ordinance, a complaint is to be made no later than six months from the day on which the person aggrieved first had the notice of the matter. According to Section 9(1) of FOIRA of 2013, the agency is to submit written comments within 15 days, which is further extendable for seven days on a sufficient cause.

According to Section 11(1) of the Ordinance and Section 9(5) of FOIRA of 2013, The FTO is to make a decision within a period of 60 days of the receipt of the complaint. The Revenue Division is to inform the action taken within the specified time. The FTO has power to review, within 30 days, the findings or orders on a review petition made by an aggrieved party. According to Section 13(2) of FOIRA of 2013, the FTO shall decide the review petition within 45 days. According to Section 14(1) of FOIRA of 2013, representation may be filed to the President within thirty days of the decision of the FTO. According to Section 14(2) of FOIRA of 2013, the operation of the impugned order shall remain suspended for 60 days in case of filing of representation before the President of Pakistan. According to Section 14(5) of FOIRA of 2013, the Representation shall be decided within 90 days.

== Special investigations ==
The FTO's special investigations include the Smuggled Vehicles Amnesty Scheme, the [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]] Container Scam, and the One Man Inquiry Commission Third Interim Report.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/421924-tax-ombudsman-pounces-on-smuggled-vehicles-limos|title=Tax Ombudsman pounces on smuggled vehicles, limos|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/280626-sc-takes-up-isaf-containers-scam-tomorrow|title=SC takes up ISAF containers scam tomorrow|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/402364-suddle-asks-malik-riaz-arsalan-others-to-explain-tax-evasion|title=Suddle asks Malik Riaz, Arsalan, others to explain tax evasion|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref>

== Regional FTO Offices ==
The FTO has regional offices in Lahore, Karachi, Quetta, Peshawar, Faisalabad, Multan, and Gujranwala.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ombudsman organizations]]

Elena Michaels

2020-05-31T06:11:40Z

CodeSlashh:

{{refimprove}} '''Elena Michaels''' is a fictional character in the [[Women of the Otherworld]] novel series. Elena is a pack werewolf who was bitten by her lover [[Clayton Danvers]]. Elena becomes Pack Alpha after Jeremy Danvers steps down. She first appeared in the novel ''[[Bitten (novel)|Bitten]]'' (2001).

==Characterization==

===Early life===

Elena's parents died in a car crash in 1973. She then moved from home to home. At first, the foster mothers chose her for her pretty blonde hair and blue eyes. After they realized they couldn't take care of a child as traumatized as Elena was, she was sent to another foster home. Due to the trauma she suffered, she refused to talk and spent many nights screaming. As she grew up, the foster fathers took notice of her for her innocence. They tended to come to her at night and sexually abuse her. As she reached her teen years, she toughened up a lot and started running track and field. She realized that they couldn't reach the Elena that was inside of her. They never touched her after this since they realized she was not an innocent child anymore.

===Physical appearance===

Elena is described as being a slender, tall woman with a "werewolf's typically athletic build", standing at around 5'10. Furthermore, she has blue eyes and white-blonde hair that is mid-back length. It is stated in the books that Elena has not worn [[Cosmetics|makeup]] since the 1990s, but despite this she has "wholesome good looks" and people have stated that if she made an effort to fix herself up, she would be very beautiful. Contrary to the previous statement, others have said that Elena possesses a natural beauty and does not need any makeup.

When she is in her wolf form, she becomes a blonde wolf. Her [[Gray wolf|wolf]] appearance is similar to that of a [[husky]] or another big dog.

===Abilities===

Elena is the world's only female werewolf. Like other werewolves, she has supernatural strength, speed, sight, and smell. She has the best sense of smell in her Pack and is usually the best tracker.

===Later years===

Elena met Clayton Danvers at [[The University Of Toronto]]. She needed a job to fund her college years, and Clay suggested she could be his teacher's aide. What started as a friendship grew until they started dating, eventually becoming engaged. Clay didn't plan to fall in love with Elena the way he did but, panicked by the possibility that Jeremy Danvers, the Pack Alpha, was going to send her away, he reacted by biting her.

==Aftermath==

When Clay bit Elena, he was banished from the pack by Jeremy. Elena lived for a year without any sense of what she was. She was told that she was a werewolf, but it took a long time for her to accept it. It took much longer for her to forgive Clay and realize she loved him.

==The beginning of a new era==

===Settling down===

Elena eventually returns to Clay, and they try to make their relationship work again. She helps the pack and learns to live with Clay despite their differences.

In 2000, the American Werewolf Pack rejoin the Supernatural Council. There, Elena becomes close friends with people from other supernatural races. Amongst them:
* Paige Winterbourne - Witch
* Savannah Levine - Witch
* Jaime Vegas, born O'Casey - Necromancer
* Adam Vasic - Exustio Half-Demon
* Lucas Cortez - Sorcerer
* Hope Adams - Expisco Half-Demon.

Elena and her pack also gained another pack brother, Karl Marsten.

In September 2004, Elena gave birth to twins: Logan Nicholas Danvers and Katherine Natalya Danvers. As of winter 2008, the North American Pack Alpha, Jeremy Danvers, announced that Elena was to succeed him and be trained to take over his position when she was deemed ready. In 2009, Elena ascended to being Alpha; because, Jeremy was ready to step down, and thought she was ready for leadership.

==Television==
In the television adaptation ''Bitten'' Elena is portrayed by [[Laura Vandervoort]].<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/01/09/laura-vandervoort-bitten_n_4569699.html</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Michaels, Elena}}
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 2001]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Fictional Canadian people]]
[[Category:Female characters in literature]]
[[Category:Fictional journalists and mass media people]]
[[Category:Fictional werewolves]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T20:31:59Z

CodeSlashh: section empty now of spam links

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:50:18Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:49:48Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:48:37Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/basra.html Rules of Basra:- Egyptian, Yemeni, Lebanese and Jordanian variants]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:47:44Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/basra.html Rules of Basra:- Egyptian, Yemeni, Lebanese and Jordanian variants]
*[https://www.jawaker.com/en/games/basra#game-rules Egyptian Basra Rules]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:46:55Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/basra.html Rules of Basra:- Egyptian, Yemeni, Lebanese and Jordanian variants]
*[https://www.jawaker.com/en/games/basra#game-rules Egyptian Basra Rules]
*[http://busgirls.forumarabia.com/t322-topic Egyptian Basra rules (Arabic)]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:46:23Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/basra.html Rules of Basra:- Egyptian, Yemeni, Lebanese and Jordanian variants]
*[https://www.jawaker.com/en/games/basra#game-rules Egyptian Basra Rules]
*[http://busgirls.forumarabia.com/t322-topic Egyptian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[http://www.syrbook.gov.sy/img/uploads1/library_pdf20140427133554.pdf Syrian Basra rules (Arabic)]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:45:37Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/basra.html Rules of Basra:- Egyptian, Yemeni, Lebanese and Jordanian variants]
*[https://www.jawaker.com/en/games/basra#game-rules Egyptian Basra Rules]
*[http://busgirls.forumarabia.com/t322-topic Egyptian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[http://www.syrbook.gov.sy/img/uploads1/library_pdf20140427133554.pdf Syrian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616194336/http://groups.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis587/design-tx/f01/basra.doc Syrian Basra Rules]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:44:25Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/basra.html Rules of Basra:- Egyptian, Yemeni, Lebanese and Jordanian variants]
*[https://www.jawaker.com/en/games/basra#game-rules Egyptian Basra Rules]
*[http://busgirls.forumarabia.com/t322-topic Egyptian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[http://www.syrbook.gov.sy/img/uploads1/library_pdf20140427133554.pdf Syrian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616194336/http://groups.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis587/design-tx/f01/basra.doc Syrian Basra Rules]
*[http://www.mediafire.com/download/ssc4ld57242r7sr/BasraPro.pdf Ethiopian Basra Pro Rules]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:43:26Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/basra.html Rules of Basra:- Egyptian, Yemeni, Lebanese and Jordanian variants]
*[https://www.jawaker.com/en/games/basra#game-rules Egyptian Basra Rules]
*[http://busgirls.forumarabia.com/t322-topic Egyptian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[http://www.syrbook.gov.sy/img/uploads1/library_pdf20140427133554.pdf Syrian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616194336/http://groups.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis587/design-tx/f01/basra.doc Syrian Basra Rules]
*[http://www.mediafire.com/download/ssc4ld57242r7sr/BasraPro.pdf Ethiopian Basra Pro Rules]
*[http://www.host-a.net/u/fares5shm/Basra.rar Syrian Basra software]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:42:39Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/basra.html Rules of Basra:- Egyptian, Yemeni, Lebanese and Jordanian variants]
*[https://www.jawaker.com/en/games/basra#game-rules Egyptian Basra Rules]
*[http://busgirls.forumarabia.com/t322-topic Egyptian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[http://www.syrbook.gov.sy/img/uploads1/library_pdf20140427133554.pdf Syrian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616194336/http://groups.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis587/design-tx/f01/basra.doc Syrian Basra Rules]
*[http://www.mediafire.com/download/ssc4ld57242r7sr/BasraPro.pdf Ethiopian Basra Pro Rules]
*[http://www.host-a.net/u/fares5shm/Basra.rar Syrian Basra software]
*[http://www.mediafire.com/download/3j13n219x2f3apb/Basra+software.rar Egyptian Basra software]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:41:49Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/basra.html Rules of Basra:- Egyptian, Yemeni, Lebanese and Jordanian variants]
*[https://www.jawaker.com/en/games/basra#game-rules Egyptian Basra Rules]
*[http://busgirls.forumarabia.com/t322-topic Egyptian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[http://www.syrbook.gov.sy/img/uploads1/library_pdf20140427133554.pdf Syrian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616194336/http://groups.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis587/design-tx/f01/basra.doc Syrian Basra Rules]
*[http://www.mediafire.com/download/ssc4ld57242r7sr/BasraPro.pdf Ethiopian Basra Pro Rules]
*[http://www.host-a.net/u/fares5shm/Basra.rar Syrian Basra software]
*[http://www.mediafire.com/download/3j13n219x2f3apb/Basra+software.rar Egyptian Basra software]
*[http://www.mediafire.com/download/y7s6btdb7135bw0/Ashush_software.rar Ashush and Bastra software]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Bastra

2020-05-30T12:41:05Z

CodeSlashh: /* External links */

{{Infobox CardGame
| title = Basra
| subtitle =
| image_link =
| image_caption =
| alt_names = Basra, pastra
| type = [[:Category:Fishing card games|Fishing]]
| players = 2-4
| ages =
| num_cards = 52
| deck = Anglo-American
| play = Clockwise
| card_rank = A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
| origin = [[Greece]]
| related = [[Cassino (card game)|Cassino]], [[Pasur (card game)|pasur]]
| playing_time =
| random_chance =
| skills =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Basra''' is a popular fishing [[card game]] similar to [[Cassino (card game)|cassino]], and very popular in [[Cyprus]]. The game is also popular in Egypt, Lebanon, and other Middle Eastern countries. The name is a Greek borrowing from the Arabic word ''basra''. In Turkey, the game is known as ''pişti'' or ''paşta''.<ref>David Parlett, The ''Oxford guide to card games'' pg. 138 Oxford University Press (1990) {{ISBN|0-19-214165-1}}</ref>

== History ==
The game originated in Greece and is known in different variations such as diloti and kseri. The game has been exported by both the Cypriot and Turkish diasporas and is played in Cypriot communities in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], usually passed on by the first generation of immigrants to their children and grandchildren. Despite this, the game is virtually unknown in these countries outside of the Cypriot and Greek communities. In Turkey the game is still very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

== The game ==
The game is played with a 52 card deck and can involve two, three or four players, although the game is most interesting in the two or four player versions. In the four player version, the players can play for themselves or in two player teams. The first team or player to score 100 points is the winner.

=== The play ===
The dealer starts by dealing 1 card to each player, starting with the player on the dealer's left, until each player has 4 cards. The dealer then places 4 cards in the middle of the table, called the board. If 1 or more of the 4 cards is a jack, the dealer returns the jack(s) to the bottom of the deck and replaces it or them with the next card(s) from the top of the deck. The play begins with the player to the dealer's left until all cards are played out. The players either collect (fish) cards from the board or add a card to the board if they cannot fish any cards. After the cards are exhausted, the dealer then deals each player 4 more cards from the remaining deck. The dealer, however, does not deal 4 cards onto the board as done for the opening hand. The hands are played out until there are no remaining cards to be dealt.

In the two player version, each round has six hands, in the three player version, each round has four hands, and in the four player version, each round consists of three hands.

=== Scoring ===
The scoring is as follows:

* The aces, which have a numeral value of 1, are worth 1 point each.
* The jacks are worth 1 point each.
* The two of clubs is worth 2 points.
* The ten of diamonds is worth 3 points.
* The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie, each player or team receives 3 points.
* The player or team that collects all the cards in play without benefit of a jack receives 10 points, or a bastra.

=== Collecting cards ===
The object of the game is to collect total cards and cards that are worth various points. Cards are collected as follows:

*Pairing: Any card may be used to take another card or cards of the same denomination, i.e. a 7 takes a 7, a king takes a king, a 6 takes two 6s, etc.
*Combining: Multiple cards may be collected through adding the numeral value of the cards together. For example, the board shows 2, an ace, 5 and 4. A player with a 3 could take 2 and the ace (2+1=3), or a player holding a 9 could take 5 and 4 (5+4=9), or a player holding a 7 could take 2, the ace and 4 (2+1+4=7).
**A player may also collect combinations of the same sum. For example, if the board shows 5, 4, 2 and 7, a 9 would take all 4 cards, i.e. 5+4 and 2+7=9 (this would also be a Bastra).
*Pairing and combining: Taking cards through pairing and combining can occur on the same play. For example, if the board showed 3 6 5 4 and 9, a 9 would take all the cards, i.e. 3+6 and 5+4=9, plus the 9 would be paired with the 9 (this would also be a Bastra).

On the last hand, there are often uncollected cards left on the board. These cards are awarded to the last player or team to collect a card.

=== Jack ===
The jack is the most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. However, if a jack is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another jack.

=== Basra ===
The basra is the most important scoring play of the game since it is worth 10 points. A basra occurs when a player succeeds in clearing the board without benefit of a jack. For example, if the board shows just a 7 and a player collects it with another 7, that player or team receives 10 points. In another scenario, if the board shows 3 and 2 and a player collects them with a 5, that player or team also receives 10 points. In the rare event that a jack takes a solitary jack, no basra is awarded

=== Placement of collected cards ===
The players place the collected cards close to their position at the table. To record bastras, the player places the bastra card face up, sticking out of the player's pile of collected cards. The dealer should be careful to place his or her collected cards away from the deck, so as to avoid confusion. Players are not allowed to look at their collected cards until the end of the hand. At the end of the hand, the players count their total cards and points.

=== End of game ===
The game ends when one player or team reaches 100 points. In the rare event of a tie (2 players or teams finish even beyond the 100 point mark) there are various tie-breaking options, determined by the players by mutual consent. The game can be declared a draw, or an extra hand or hands can be played until the tie is broken. Or the players can extend the game to a fixed number of points (20, 30 or 50).

== Strategy ==
{{Original research|section|date=January 2008}}
Although the rules and play of the game are relatively simple, the strategy is much more complex. The bastra is the most crucial element of the game, as a 20 or 30 point lead or deficit can be quickly frittered away or overturned by conceding or taking bastras.

=== Remembering which cards have been played ===
The most important element of the game is remembering which cards have been played. This way, if you are forced to play into an open board, you have an idea of the probability of which cards remain. For example, if you know that two 6s have been played and you hold a 6 in your hand, there is a good chance your opponent may not hold a 6 (as there is only one 6 remaining). It is also important to remember which point cards have been played. For example, if you are holding two 10s (one of which happens to be the 10 of diamonds, worth 3 points) and you know that the other 10s have been played, you could throw down the other 10 and have a good chance of collecting it with the 10 of diamonds later in the hand.

=== When to play point cards ===
The rule of thumb is to hold the point cards to the end, especially if you are in position to play the last card, since your opponents will in all likelihood hold on to their point cards as well. An ace played early in the hand will almost always be lost, usually through combining. The same applies to the 2 of clubs.

=== Use of the jacks ===
The jacks are very powerful cards. Although they are worth only 1 point each, they can lead to more points elsewhere. It is generally considered good strategy to hold the jacks to the end of the hand. This serves 2 purposes. On the one hand, if your opponents are holding point cards, you will collect them. On the other hand, you clear the board and increase your chances of getting a bastra by forcing your opponent to play into an open board at the start of the next hand, when you will have 4 fresh cards in your hands. You may, however, play the jack earlier in the hand, especially if there are points sitting on the board. You may also play the jack if there are a lot of cards on the board (even if there are no point cards), in order to enhance your chances of winning the 3 bonus points for most cards (if you feel you have enough cards to do so). If you have 2 jacks in your hand, you should play one at the beginning of the hand. There is no point playing them back-to-back at the end. For the last hand, you have to be careful to play your jack early enough so as not to lose it. If you play the jack onto an open board at the end, your opponent will get it if he or she was the last player to collect cards.

=== Use of the face cards ===
The face cards appear to have little value, since they do not bring points. But they can be used as a tactic to prevent bastras. For example, if you are faced with a board that has just a 3, and your numeral cards risk giving a bastra (you have 4,6 and a king for example), it would be a safe play to drop the king, thus preventing your opponent from having a bastra opportunity (playing one of the numeral cards would set up a bastra if your opponent has 9 or 7). It is also wise to drop the face cards in order to conserve numeral cards for later in the hand, in the event that your opponent plays a point card.

=== Using low cards to set up bastras ===
Sometimes it is good strategy to play a low card when facing an empty board if you are not sure of which cards have been played. For example, if you are holding 2, 6 and 8, you may want to drop the 2, forcing your opponent to set you up for a bastra himself if he does not have a 9, jack or a face card.

=== Order of playing cards ===
It is generally wise to build the hand by playing lower numeral cards ahead of the higher ones since combining is used to collect cards. For example, if you have 3, 4, 7 and 9, it would be wiser to start with the 3 and 4 and work your way up. Otherwise, it will be harder to collect cards if you start with the 9 and 7. As well, the higher cards can be used to collect aces in combination with other cards. In any scenario where you have the 2 of clubs and another 2, or the 10 of diamonds and another ten, never play the card with the point value first – if you lose the other 10, at least you are not losing any points!

=== Defensive strategies ===
As a general rule, a board with high cards and face cards will yield fewer opportunities for bastras. A very conservative tactic to prevent bastras is to play a jack into an open board (since a jack that takes a jack does not get the 10 points). Although this is considered an unusual tactic, it can be justified near the end of a close game, where a bastra could change the balance of the scores. It is usually unwise to play point cards into an open board because the bastra conceded will be doubly painful (10 points plus the point value of the card). Winning the race to collect the most cards (worth 3 points) is not that crucial, since the game is almost always decided by the number of bastras taken and conceded. It is more important to collect point cards and bastras than total cards.

Be alert if your opponent drops a 2 or a 10, or tries to build combinations adding to 10 – your opponent may be trying to fish them out with the 2 of clubs or the 10 of diamonds. If you cannot fish these cards out yourself, you may want to collect other cards that will force your opponent to leave you with a bastra opportunity if your opponent decides to go ahead and collect the point card. For example, let's say your opponent plays the 10 of hearts and the board now shows 3, 8 and 10. If you had an 8, it would be wise to fish out the 8, that way, if your opponent did indeed have the 10 of diamonds, this would leave you a potential bastra with the 3 should your opponent decide to go ahead and fish out the 10. You could also solve this problem by clearing the board with a jack. In the same vein, try to avoid playing combinations that add up to 10, if the 10 of diamonds remains to be played.

== Related games ==
{{cleanup section|reason=Erratically formatted lists|date=April 2018}}
=== Egyptian basra ===

The Egyptian fishing game, basra, has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 30 points. In the event of a tie, each having 26 cards, bonus points are cancelled and the initial 30 points are held in abeyance and added to the 30 points of the next round, this is repeated for each tie until the tie is broken.

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board. If the cards on the floor are all numerals, and their values add up to 10 or less, this counts as a basra, and scores the 10 point bonus. If the floor adds up to more than ten, or includes picture cards, the 7 of diamonds still takes all the cards but it does not count as a basra. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack. In some variations, a double basra is awarded (30 points).

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 121 points depending on agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Yemeni basra ===

Yemeni basra has the same rules of the Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Powerful card
:The 7 of diamonds is the second most powerful card because it can collect all the cards on the board.

:When the seven of diamonds is played, it counts as a basra in the following cases:

:: The total value of the cards on the floor is less than 10 (not if it is equal to 10).
:: The only card(s) on the floor are tens, queens and kings.
:: The cards on the floor can be divided into two or more groups which score an equal number of points, less than 10. For example, capturing A-2-7-8 with the diamond 7 would be a basra, because (1+8)=(2+7)=9. However, if a 7 of diamonds is played onto an empty board, it is lost and remains in play until one of the players can collect it, usually with another 7.

* Basra
:A double basra is awarded (20 points) when a jack takes a solitary jack.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 points or 121 depending on the agreement between players. If both players reach 101 or 121 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Ethiopian basra===

Ethiopian basra has the same rules as Egyptian basra with the following differences:

* Scoring
:The player or team that collects the most cards in a given hand receives 3 points. In the event of a tie where each team has 26 cards, no one gets 3 points. The game continues until the tie is broken.

* Basra
:In the case of numerals equal to or below 10, numeral combining (grouping) is allowed as long as picture cards are not in the floor. For example capturing 10-4-6 OR A-2-7-8 with the 7 diamonds would be a basra since (10)=(4+6)=10 or (1+8)=(2+7)=9.

:The prince/jack card is impossible to basra (and also a jack can not do a basra on another jack).

:If the komai (seven of diamonds) is left alone on the table, then any card except the jack can do on it Basra.

* End of game
:The game ends when one player or team reaches 52. If both players reach 52 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Lebanese basra ===

Lebanese basra has two variants. It has the same rules of bastra with the following differences:

'''Lebanese basra variant A'''
* Play
:Six cards are usually dealt to each player.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variant, a basra occurs only when:
::* a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.
::* There is a single card alone on the table, the next player plays a card that does not capture it, and the following player is able to clear the table by playing a card equal to the sum of these two cards. For example, the table contains a lone 3. The next player plays a 4 (perhaps having no other card). If the following player can play a 7, capturing the 3 + 4, this is a basra, worth 10 points.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In the case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

'''Lebanese Basra variant B'''

This variant is called "ashush".

* Play
:Six or four cards are usually dealt to each player, depending on agreement between players.

* Scoring
:If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

* Basra
:In this variation, a basra occurs only when a single card is left alone on the table – either because all the other cards were captured, or because the table was cleared (perhaps with a jack), forcing the next player to play a single card. If the following player can match this single card (thereby capturing it), this counts as a basra and scores 10 points. Capturing a lone card other than a jack by playing a jack does not count as a basra; capturing a lone jack with another jack counts as an ordinary single basra, not a double one.

* End of game
:Whichever team reaches a score of 101 points first wins the game. If both players reach 101 in the same round, the player with the higher score wins. In case of a tie, additional rounds are played until the tie is broken.

=== Palestinian basra ===

A version of basra is played in Palestine and Jordan. It has the same rules of bastra with these differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 44 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are usually thrown out. 4 cards are usually dealt to each player although there is a variation where 5 cards are dealt

'''(2) Scoring'''

If there is a tie, each team having 26 cards, no one gets 3 points.

'''(3) Basra'''

In this version of Basra, the score for a Basra is twice the face value of the card used to make the capture. For example, a Basra with a 7 scores 14 points in the case of capturing a 7 Spades with a 7 Diamonds. If you capture a Jack with a lone Jack, there is no Basra.

'''(4) End of game'''

The game ends when one player or team reaches 101 or 151 depending on agreement between players.

=== Jordanian Basra ===

In Jordan, there are two variants of Basra.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is the same as Palestinian Basra. It should be born in mind that the Palestinian Basra is the most dominant Basra variant in Jordan.

'''Jordanian Basra variant (B)'''

This version of Basra card game is reported by Muthana Haddad. This variant of Jordanian Basra is the same as Palestinian Basra except that the picture cards, Queens and Kings, are used and the value of these cards differs as well. If the picture cards, Queens and Kings are used, they count as 10 for this purpose, so if a Queen captures a lone Queen from the table the score will be 20 points.

=== Syrian Basra ===

In Syria, there is more than one variant of Basra.

'''Syrian Basra variant (A)'''

This Basra variant is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following differences:

'''(1)The Play'''

There are only 52 cards in the card deck. Kings and Queens cards are not thrown out. 4 or 6 cards are usually dealt to each player.

'''(2) Basra'''

The value of a Queen is 3 points, so if you capture a queen with another queen, you acquire the double point, that is 6 points.
The value of a King is 4 points, so if you capture a king with another king, you acquire the double point, that is 8 points.
Capturing a Jack with a Jack is as scored follows:- The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

'''Syrian Basra variant (B)'''

This Basra variant is called Homsi Basra. It is similar to the Palestinian Basra with the following difference:-

'''Basra'''

The value of a Jack is 12.5, so if you capture a Jack with another Jack, you acquire 25 points.

== See also ==
*[[Cassino (card game)]]
*[[Escoba]]
*[[Scopa]]
*[[Pasur (card game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.mediafire.com/file/ig561t9wi7sg5b0/Comparison+of+Basra+Rules+June+29_2018.pdf Comparison of Basra Rules by Sultan Ratrout]
*[http://www.pagat.com/fishing/basra.html Rules of Basra:- Egyptian, Yemeni, Lebanese and Jordanian variants]
*[https://www.jawaker.com/en/games/basra#game-rules Egyptian Basra Rules]
*[http://busgirls.forumarabia.com/t322-topic Egyptian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[http://www.syrbook.gov.sy/img/uploads1/library_pdf20140427133554.pdf Syrian Basra rules (Arabic)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616194336/http://groups.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis587/design-tx/f01/basra.doc Syrian Basra Rules]
*[http://www.mediafire.com/download/ssc4ld57242r7sr/BasraPro.pdf Ethiopian Basra Pro Rules]
*[http://www.host-a.net/u/fares5shm/Basra.rar Syrian Basra software]
*[http://www.mediafire.com/download/3j13n219x2f3apb/Basra+software.rar Egyptian Basra software]
*[http://www.mediafire.com/download/y7s6btdb7135bw0/Ashush_software.rar Ashush and Bastra software]
*[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.swatter.basra Basra Android (Cypriot,Egyptian,Yemeni Basra,Ethiopian,Lebanese)]

[[Category:Comparing card games]]
[[Category:Fishing card games]]
[[Category:Greek card games]]

Samundri

2020-05-30T12:23:33Z

CodeSlashh: /* Economics */

{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Samundri
| name =
| other_name =سمندری
| settlement_type =City
| image_skyline = Clock Tower SMD.jpg
| imagesize = 270
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clock Tower, Samundri
| image_map =
| mapsize = 200px
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|03|45|N|72|57|15|E|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Pakistan
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Samundri Tehsil]]
| population_total = 156,991
| population_as_of = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html |website=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |publisher=citypopulation.de |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|population_density_km2=auto
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m_min =
| elevation_m_max =

| area_code =
| area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes of Pakistan|Calling code]]
| timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Samundri''' ([[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Nastaliq|سمندری}}) is a city in [[Faisalabad District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]].<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=8&dn=Faisalabad Towns & Unions in the City District of Faisalabad - Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326133048/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=8&dn=Faisalabad |date=2012-03-26 }}</ref> It is the headquarters of [[Samundri Tehsil]], a subdivision of the district.

==History==

Samundri was on a major trade route during the reign of [[Sher Shah Suri]]. The present site of Samundri city was founded in 1887 as [[Chak (village)|Chak]] No. 533 G.B.
Later it was renamed as ''Seh Mundri'' because of three Hindu [[Hindu temple|mandirs]] in the area. The word ''Seh'' means ''Three'' in [[Persian language|Persian]] and a ''Mandir'' is [[Sanskrit]] word for a temple.
In 1887 there were three Hindu shrines in this area but now what remains of the houses the Government Primary School No 4.
Migration between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] was continuous before the [[Partition of India|independence]]. By the 1900s [[West Punjab|Western Punjab]] was predominantly [[Muslim]] and supported the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and [[Pakistan Movement]]. After the independence in August 1947, the minority [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s migrated to [[India]] while the [[Muslim]] refugees from [[East Punjab|Eastern Punjab]] in [[India]] settled in Western Punjab and across [[Pakistan]].<ref>Dube, I. &. S. (2009). From ancient to modern: Religion, power, and community in India hardcover. Oxford University Press.</ref> Today samundri is known for its contributions to pakistan's kabadi team provide dozens of big names especially from Chak 478 G.B. It has many jatt, rajput and gujjar farmers who tend to be larger in size then elsewhere

==Major crop==
Sugar Cane and Wheat are the major crops of the area, While Corn is the most traded commodity in the local trade market. Rice is also grown here but due to less water availability, this crop is also vanishing as farmer choice. Vegetables are grown on many hectares and fulfilling 50% of demand.

==Geography==

Samundri is located at 31°03'45"N 72°57'15"E (31.063, 72.954), at an altitude of 168 metres (429 ft), and is 45 km from [[Faisalabad]], 66 km from [[Jhang]], 30 km from [[Gojra]] and just 15 km from [[Tandlianwala]]. The upcoming Karachi-Lahore Motorway will pass through neighborhood of [[Tandlianwala]] known as [[Samundari]] [[Interchange (road)|Interchange]] Km 1016 on [[Samundari]]-[[Tandlianwala]] Road. Then it will be easily accessible from Lahore and Multan. The Post Code of [[Samundari]] is 37300.

==Economics==

Samundri is home to a major [[Cereal|grain]], Whole Corn & Sugar market.

Anarkali Bazaar is the main commercial market of the city, and Jinnah Market is the oldest. Other markets in the city include Jamat Ali bazar,Katchery Bazaar, Mandi Bazaar, Nehar Bazaar, Qasim Bazaar, Kashmiri Bazaar, Sunny Plaza and Chaki Bazaar.

Samundri is also known for its custom truck painting business.
Samundri is also known for its [[sugar cane]] and other agriculture products.

Major Banks in Samundari:

# [[National Bank of Pakistan]]
# [[Bank of Punjab]]
# [[Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited]]
# [[Habib Bank Limited]](2 Branches)
# [[United Bank Limited]]
# [[Allied Bank Limited]]
# [[Muslim Commercial Bank Limited]](2 Branches)
# [[Bank Alfalah]]
# [[Soneri Bank]]
# [[Meezan Bank]]
# [[Faysal Bank]]

== Education ==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2017}}
Divisional Public School, New Afaq Higher Secondary School, Spirit School, and College and Saleemi Vital Education High School
Samundri provides education in this area.

There are two Post Graduate colleges in Samundri, one for boys and another for girls. There is a commerce college as well being run by TEVTA in a private building acquired on rent. However, a new building is built for Commerce and Technical studies near Chak 465 and arch valley.

There are four Govt. high schools in total; two for boys [Govt. High School No.1, Govt. High School No.2] and two for girls [Govt. High School No.1, Govt. High School No.2]Govt High School 479 GB and a number of private schools.

The Al-Karemia Educational Welfare Society (Regd.) established the Deans Shiblee College in Samundri in 2004. The college has separate campuses for girls and boys. The Deans Shiblee College is registered with the Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education, Faisalabad (B.I.S.E. Faisalabad) and the Directorate of Education (Colleges), Faisalabad for its F.A., [[F.Sc.]], [[I.C.S.]] and [[I.Com.]] programs, and affiliated with the [[University of the Punjab]], Lahore for its [[B.Com.]], [[B.A.]] [[IT]], [[B.Ed.]], [[M.Ed.]], [[M.Com.]], [[M.A.]] [[Economics]] and [[M.A.]] [[Physical Education]] programmes.

'''One Academy Samundri''' is one leading institute providing international level science education in samundri, One Academy offer Science and English education from 9th to M.Sc.and O/A level also offer examination prepration classes like PPSC Lecturer and Assistant Professor, CSS, IELTS, MDCAT, SAT.

The Punjab College started classes in 2012 having programs of F.A, F.Sc, I.Cs, I.Com, B.Sc, B.A and B.Com.
The establishment of the [[Virtual university|Virtual University]] Campus ([[Institute of E-Learning & Modern Studies|IEMS]]) in Samundri allows students to study for various HEC approved and recognized degrees, including Bachelor of Business Administration [BBA], Masters of Business Administration [MBA], MCS degree[MCS], Bachelor of Computer Science [BSCS], Bachelor of Science in Information Technology [BSIT], [Bachelor of Commerce [B.Com], Bachelor of Science [B.Sc].
Educational institutes of Samundri are mother institutes of a lot of competent engineers and doctors.

==Languages==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2017}}

The population speaks [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as mother tongue while the national language [[Urdu language|Urdu]] is also widely spoken. The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is taught in [[Madrasa]]hs and [[Mosque|Masjids]] as religious language. [[English language|English]] as the official language is taught in all schools.

==Health==
There are about ten public and private hospitals in Samundri.
They provide quality health treatment to patients. Famous hospital is following:
*Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Samundri
* Lady Health Worker Clinic
* Al-Hassan Medical & Surgical Centre
*Care Pharmacy, Infront of Civil hospital

==Sports==
Following sports are famous in the area.
#[[Kabaddi]] - Most of Pakistan's Kabaddi Team players belong to Samundari.
#[[Association football|Football]] - Samundri football club.
#[[Cricket]] - Many Local Cricket Clubs are Playing And Train Since 1990.
There are many famous players in History and they belong to samundri international players Lala Abaid Ullah, Shafiq Chishti, Asad Kumbooal and Tamur Ali. These Kabaddi players are well known and make it more famous.

== Notable residents ==

* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], actor and director

==References==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Faisalabad}}

[[Category: Populated places in Faisalabad District]]

Samundri

2020-05-30T12:21:20Z

CodeSlashh: /* Notable residents */

{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Samundri
| name =
| other_name =سمندری
| settlement_type =City
| image_skyline = Clock Tower SMD.jpg
| imagesize = 270
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clock Tower, Samundri
| image_map =
| mapsize = 200px
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|03|45|N|72|57|15|E|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Pakistan
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Samundri Tehsil]]
| population_total = 156,991
| population_as_of = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html |website=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |publisher=citypopulation.de |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|population_density_km2=auto
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m_min =
| elevation_m_max =

| area_code =
| area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes of Pakistan|Calling code]]
| timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Samundri''' ([[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Nastaliq|سمندری}}) is a city in [[Faisalabad District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]].<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=8&dn=Faisalabad Towns & Unions in the City District of Faisalabad - Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326133048/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=8&dn=Faisalabad |date=2012-03-26 }}</ref> It is the headquarters of [[Samundri Tehsil]], a subdivision of the district.

==History==

Samundri was on a major trade route during the reign of [[Sher Shah Suri]]. The present site of Samundri city was founded in 1887 as [[Chak (village)|Chak]] No. 533 G.B.
Later it was renamed as ''Seh Mundri'' because of three Hindu [[Hindu temple|mandirs]] in the area. The word ''Seh'' means ''Three'' in [[Persian language|Persian]] and a ''Mandir'' is [[Sanskrit]] word for a temple.
In 1887 there were three Hindu shrines in this area but now what remains of the houses the Government Primary School No 4.
Migration between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] was continuous before the [[Partition of India|independence]]. By the 1900s [[West Punjab|Western Punjab]] was predominantly [[Muslim]] and supported the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and [[Pakistan Movement]]. After the independence in August 1947, the minority [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s migrated to [[India]] while the [[Muslim]] refugees from [[East Punjab|Eastern Punjab]] in [[India]] settled in Western Punjab and across [[Pakistan]].<ref>Dube, I. &. S. (2009). From ancient to modern: Religion, power, and community in India hardcover. Oxford University Press.</ref> Today samundri is known for its contributions to pakistan's kabadi team provide dozens of big names especially from Chak 478 G.B. It has many jatt, rajput and gujjar farmers who tend to be larger in size then elsewhere

==Major crop==
Sugar Cane and Wheat are the major crops of the area, While Corn is the most traded commodity in the local trade market. Rice is also grown here but due to less water availability, this crop is also vanishing as farmer choice. Vegetables are grown on many hectares and fulfilling 50% of demand.

==Geography==

Samundri is located at 31°03'45"N 72°57'15"E (31.063, 72.954), at an altitude of 168 metres (429 ft), and is 45 km from [[Faisalabad]], 66 km from [[Jhang]], 30 km from [[Gojra]] and just 15 km from [[Tandlianwala]]. The upcoming Karachi-Lahore Motorway will pass through neighborhood of [[Tandlianwala]] known as [[Samundari]] [[Interchange (road)|Interchange]] Km 1016 on [[Samundari]]-[[Tandlianwala]] Road. Then it will be easily accessible from Lahore and Multan. The Post Code of [[Samundari]] is 37300.

==Economics==

Samundri is home to a major [[Cereal|grain]], Whole Corn & Sugar market.

Anarkali Bazaar is the main commercial market of the city, and Jinnah Market is the oldest. Other markets in the city include Jamat Ali bazar,Katchery Bazaar, Mandi Bazaar, Nehar Bazaar, Qasim Bazaar, Kashmiri Bazaar, Sunny Plaza and Chaki Bazaar.

Samundri is also known for its custom truck painting business.
Samundri is also known for its [[sugar cane]] and other agriculture products.

Major Banks in Samundari:

# [[National Bank of Pakistan]]
# [[Bank of Punjab]]
# [[Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited]]
# [[Habib Bank Limited]](2 Branches)
# [[United Bank Limited]]
# [[Allied Bank Limited]]
# [[Muslim Commercial Bank Limited]](2 Branches)
# [[Bank Alfalah]]
# [[Soneri Bank]]
# [[Meezan Bank]]
# Albarka Bank Ltd.
# [[Faysal Bank]]

== Education ==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2017}}
Divisional Public School, New Afaq Higher Secondary School, Spirit School, and College and Saleemi Vital Education High School
Samundri provides education in this area.

There are two Post Graduate colleges in Samundri, one for boys and another for girls. There is a commerce college as well being run by TEVTA in a private building acquired on rent. However, a new building is built for Commerce and Technical studies near Chak 465 and arch valley.

There are four Govt. high schools in total; two for boys [Govt. High School No.1, Govt. High School No.2] and two for girls [Govt. High School No.1, Govt. High School No.2]Govt High School 479 GB and a number of private schools.

The Al-Karemia Educational Welfare Society (Regd.) established the Deans Shiblee College in Samundri in 2004. The college has separate campuses for girls and boys. The Deans Shiblee College is registered with the Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education, Faisalabad (B.I.S.E. Faisalabad) and the Directorate of Education (Colleges), Faisalabad for its F.A., [[F.Sc.]], [[I.C.S.]] and [[I.Com.]] programs, and affiliated with the [[University of the Punjab]], Lahore for its [[B.Com.]], [[B.A.]] [[IT]], [[B.Ed.]], [[M.Ed.]], [[M.Com.]], [[M.A.]] [[Economics]] and [[M.A.]] [[Physical Education]] programmes.

'''One Academy Samundri''' is one leading institute providing international level science education in samundri, One Academy offer Science and English education from 9th to M.Sc.and O/A level also offer examination prepration classes like PPSC Lecturer and Assistant Professor, CSS, IELTS, MDCAT, SAT.

The Punjab College started classes in 2012 having programs of F.A, F.Sc, I.Cs, I.Com, B.Sc, B.A and B.Com.
The establishment of the [[Virtual university|Virtual University]] Campus ([[Institute of E-Learning & Modern Studies|IEMS]]) in Samundri allows students to study for various HEC approved and recognized degrees, including Bachelor of Business Administration [BBA], Masters of Business Administration [MBA], MCS degree[MCS], Bachelor of Computer Science [BSCS], Bachelor of Science in Information Technology [BSIT], [Bachelor of Commerce [B.Com], Bachelor of Science [B.Sc].
Educational institutes of Samundri are mother institutes of a lot of competent engineers and doctors.

==Languages==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2017}}

The population speaks [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as mother tongue while the national language [[Urdu language|Urdu]] is also widely spoken. The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is taught in [[Madrasa]]hs and [[Mosque|Masjids]] as religious language. [[English language|English]] as the official language is taught in all schools.

==Health==
There are about ten public and private hospitals in Samundri.
They provide quality health treatment to patients. Famous hospital is following:
*Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Samundri
* Lady Health Worker Clinic
* Al-Hassan Medical & Surgical Centre
*Care Pharmacy, Infront of Civil hospital

==Sports==
Following sports are famous in the area.
#[[Kabaddi]] - Most of Pakistan's Kabaddi Team players belong to Samundari.
#[[Association football|Football]] - Samundri football club.
#[[Cricket]] - Many Local Cricket Clubs are Playing And Train Since 1990.
There are many famous players in History and they belong to samundri international players Lala Abaid Ullah, Shafiq Chishti, Asad Kumbooal and Tamur Ali. These Kabaddi players are well known and make it more famous.

== Notable residents ==

* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], actor and director

==References==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Faisalabad}}

[[Category: Populated places in Faisalabad District]]

Samundri

2020-05-30T12:18:31Z

CodeSlashh: /* Notable residents */

{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Samundri
| name =
| other_name =سمندری
| settlement_type =City
| image_skyline = Clock Tower SMD.jpg
| imagesize = 270
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clock Tower, Samundri
| image_map =
| mapsize = 200px
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|03|45|N|72|57|15|E|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Pakistan
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Samundri Tehsil]]
| population_total = 156,991
| population_as_of = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html |website=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |publisher=citypopulation.de |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|population_density_km2=auto
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m_min =
| elevation_m_max =

| area_code =
| area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes of Pakistan|Calling code]]
| timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Samundri''' ([[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Nastaliq|سمندری}}) is a city in [[Faisalabad District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]].<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=8&dn=Faisalabad Towns & Unions in the City District of Faisalabad - Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326133048/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=8&dn=Faisalabad |date=2012-03-26 }}</ref> It is the headquarters of [[Samundri Tehsil]], a subdivision of the district.

==History==

Samundri was on a major trade route during the reign of [[Sher Shah Suri]]. The present site of Samundri city was founded in 1887 as [[Chak (village)|Chak]] No. 533 G.B.
Later it was renamed as ''Seh Mundri'' because of three Hindu [[Hindu temple|mandirs]] in the area. The word ''Seh'' means ''Three'' in [[Persian language|Persian]] and a ''Mandir'' is [[Sanskrit]] word for a temple.
In 1887 there were three Hindu shrines in this area but now what remains of the houses the Government Primary School No 4.
Migration between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] was continuous before the [[Partition of India|independence]]. By the 1900s [[West Punjab|Western Punjab]] was predominantly [[Muslim]] and supported the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and [[Pakistan Movement]]. After the independence in August 1947, the minority [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s migrated to [[India]] while the [[Muslim]] refugees from [[East Punjab|Eastern Punjab]] in [[India]] settled in Western Punjab and across [[Pakistan]].<ref>Dube, I. &. S. (2009). From ancient to modern: Religion, power, and community in India hardcover. Oxford University Press.</ref> Today samundri is known for its contributions to pakistan's kabadi team provide dozens of big names especially from Chak 478 G.B. It has many jatt, rajput and gujjar farmers who tend to be larger in size then elsewhere

==Major crop==
Sugar Cane and Wheat are the major crops of the area, While Corn is the most traded commodity in the local trade market. Rice is also grown here but due to less water availability, this crop is also vanishing as farmer choice. Vegetables are grown on many hectares and fulfilling 50% of demand.

==Geography==

Samundri is located at 31°03'45"N 72°57'15"E (31.063, 72.954), at an altitude of 168 metres (429 ft), and is 45 km from [[Faisalabad]], 66 km from [[Jhang]], 30 km from [[Gojra]] and just 15 km from [[Tandlianwala]]. The upcoming Karachi-Lahore Motorway will pass through neighborhood of [[Tandlianwala]] known as [[Samundari]] [[Interchange (road)|Interchange]] Km 1016 on [[Samundari]]-[[Tandlianwala]] Road. Then it will be easily accessible from Lahore and Multan. The Post Code of [[Samundari]] is 37300.

==Economics==

Samundri is home to a major [[Cereal|grain]], Whole Corn & Sugar market.

Anarkali Bazaar is the main commercial market of the city, and Jinnah Market is the oldest. Other markets in the city include Jamat Ali bazar,Katchery Bazaar, Mandi Bazaar, Nehar Bazaar, Qasim Bazaar, Kashmiri Bazaar, Sunny Plaza and Chaki Bazaar.

Samundri is also known for its custom truck painting business.
Samundri is also known for its [[sugar cane]] and other agriculture products.

Major Banks in Samundari:

# [[National Bank of Pakistan]]
# [[Bank of Punjab]]
# [[Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited]]
# [[Habib Bank Limited]](2 Branches)
# [[United Bank Limited]]
# [[Allied Bank Limited]]
# [[Muslim Commercial Bank Limited]](2 Branches)
# [[Bank Alfalah]]
# [[Soneri Bank]]
# [[Meezan Bank]]
# Albarka Bank Ltd.
# [[Faysal Bank]]

== Education ==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2017}}
Divisional Public School, New Afaq Higher Secondary School, Spirit School, and College and Saleemi Vital Education High School
Samundri provides education in this area.

There are two Post Graduate colleges in Samundri, one for boys and another for girls. There is a commerce college as well being run by TEVTA in a private building acquired on rent. However, a new building is built for Commerce and Technical studies near Chak 465 and arch valley.

There are four Govt. high schools in total; two for boys [Govt. High School No.1, Govt. High School No.2] and two for girls [Govt. High School No.1, Govt. High School No.2]Govt High School 479 GB and a number of private schools.

The Al-Karemia Educational Welfare Society (Regd.) established the Deans Shiblee College in Samundri in 2004. The college has separate campuses for girls and boys. The Deans Shiblee College is registered with the Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education, Faisalabad (B.I.S.E. Faisalabad) and the Directorate of Education (Colleges), Faisalabad for its F.A., [[F.Sc.]], [[I.C.S.]] and [[I.Com.]] programs, and affiliated with the [[University of the Punjab]], Lahore for its [[B.Com.]], [[B.A.]] [[IT]], [[B.Ed.]], [[M.Ed.]], [[M.Com.]], [[M.A.]] [[Economics]] and [[M.A.]] [[Physical Education]] programmes.

'''One Academy Samundri''' is one leading institute providing international level science education in samundri, One Academy offer Science and English education from 9th to M.Sc.and O/A level also offer examination prepration classes like PPSC Lecturer and Assistant Professor, CSS, IELTS, MDCAT, SAT.

The Punjab College started classes in 2012 having programs of F.A, F.Sc, I.Cs, I.Com, B.Sc, B.A and B.Com.
The establishment of the [[Virtual university|Virtual University]] Campus ([[Institute of E-Learning & Modern Studies|IEMS]]) in Samundri allows students to study for various HEC approved and recognized degrees, including Bachelor of Business Administration [BBA], Masters of Business Administration [MBA], MCS degree[MCS], Bachelor of Computer Science [BSCS], Bachelor of Science in Information Technology [BSIT], [Bachelor of Commerce [B.Com], Bachelor of Science [B.Sc].
Educational institutes of Samundri are mother institutes of a lot of competent engineers and doctors.

==Languages==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2017}}

The population speaks [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as mother tongue while the national language [[Urdu language|Urdu]] is also widely spoken. The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is taught in [[Madrasa]]hs and [[Mosque|Masjids]] as religious language. [[English language|English]] as the official language is taught in all schools.

==Health==
There are about ten public and private hospitals in Samundri.
They provide quality health treatment to patients. Famous hospital is following:
*Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Samundri
* Lady Health Worker Clinic
* Al-Hassan Medical & Surgical Centre
*Care Pharmacy, Infront of Civil hospital

==Sports==
Following sports are famous in the area.
#[[Kabaddi]] - Most of Pakistan's Kabaddi Team players belong to Samundari.
#[[Association football|Football]] - Samundri football club.
#[[Cricket]] - Many Local Cricket Clubs are Playing And Train Since 1990.
There are many famous players in History and they belong to samundri international players Lala Abaid Ullah, Shafiq Chishti, Asad Kumbooal and Tamur Ali. These Kabaddi players are well known and make it more famous.

== Notable residents ==

* [[Pattee the Don]]
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], actor and director

==References==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Faisalabad}}

[[Category: Populated places in Faisalabad District]]

Lala Lajpat Rai

2020-05-30T12:17:23Z

CodeSlashh: Undid revision 959744651 by 82.132.234.81 (talk) source said Jain

{{Redirect|The Lion of Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lala Lajpat Rai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1865|01|28|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1928|11|17|1865|1|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dhudike]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| image = Lala lajpat Rai.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption =
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
| mother = Gulab Devi Agrawal
| father = Munshi Radha Krishan Agrawal
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Author, politician, freedom struggler
}}

'''Lala Lajpat Rai''' ( 28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928) was an Indian freedom fighter. He played a pivotal role in the [[Indian Independence movement]]. He was popularly known as ''Punjab Kesari''. He was one of the three[[Lal Bal Pal]] triumvirate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashalatha |first1=A. |first2=Pradeep |last2=Koropath |first3=Saritha |last3=Nambarathil | title = Social Science: Standard VIII Part 1 | chapter = Chapter 6 – Indian National Movement | work = Government of Kerala • Department of Education | publisher = State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) | year = 2009 | pages = 7| chapter-url = https://www.itschool.gov.in/pdf/Std_VIII/Social%20Science/SS_VIII_Engpart1.pdf | accessdate = 13 October 2011}}</ref> He was also associated with activities of [[Punjab National Bank]] and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages in 1894.

==Early life==
Lajpat Rai was born on 28 January 1865 in a [[Jain]] family,<ref>{{cite book |editor=Ganda Singh |title=Deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8MBAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=iii |oclc=641497600 }}</ref> as a son of Urdu and Persian government School teacher Munshi Radha Krishan Agrawal and his wife Gulab Devi Agrawal, in [[Dhudike]] <ref>[[Kathryn Tidrick|Tidrick, Kathryn]] (2006) ''Gandhi: a political and spiritual life'' I.B.Tauris {{ISBN|978-1-84511-166-3}} pp. 113–114</ref><ref>Jones, Kenneth W. (1976) ''Arya dharm: Hindu consciousness in 19th-century Punjab'' University of California Press {{ISBN|9788173047091}} p. 52</ref><ref>Nagar, Purushottam (1977) ''Lala Lajpat Rai: the man and his ideas Manohar Book Service'' p. 161</ref> In 1877, he was married to Radha Devi Agrawal, with whom had two sons, Amrit Rai Agrawal and Pyarelal Agrawal, and a daughter, Parvati Agrawal.

In the late 1870s, his father was transferred to Rewari, where he had his initial education in Government Higher Secondary School, Rewari, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] , where his father was posted as an [[Urdu]] teacher. During his early life, Rai's liberal views and belief in Hinduism were shaped by his father and deeply religious mother respectively, which he successfully applied to create a career of reforming the religion and Indian policy through politics and journalistic writing.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328063/Lala-Lajpat-Rai Lala Lajpat Rai]. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> In 1880, Lajpat Rai joined [[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College at Lahore]] to study Law, where he came in contact with patriots and future freedom fighters, such as [[Mahatma Hansraj|Lala Hans Raj]] and Pandit [[Guru Dutt]]. While studying at Lahore he was influenced by the Hindu reformist movement of [[Dayananda Saraswati|Swami Dayanand Saraswati]], became a member of existing Arya Samaj Lahore (founded 1877) and founder editor of Lahore-based ''Arya Gazette''.<ref name=arya1/> When studying law, he became a firm believer in the idea that Hinduism, above nationality, was the pivotal point upon which an Indian lifestyle must be based. He believed, Hinduism, led to practices of peace to humanity, and the idea that when nationalist ideas were added to this peaceful belief system, a secular nation could be formed. His involvement with [[Hindu Mahasabha]] leaders gathered criticism from the [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]] as the ''Mahasabhas'' were non-secular, which did not conform with the system laid out by the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3520389|jstor=3520389|title=Towards Independence and Socialist Republic: Naujawan Bharat Sabha, Part Two|journal=Social Scientist|volume=8|issue=3|pages=31–40|last1=Mittal|first1=S. K.|last2=Habib|first2=Irfan|year=1979}}</ref> This focus on Hindu practices in the subcontinent would ultimately lead him to the continuation of peaceful movements to create successful demonstrations for Indian independence.<ref name=arya1>{{cite web | url = http://www.aryasamaj.com/enews/2010/feb/5.htm |author=Ahluwalia, Kewal | title = Lala Lajpat Rai | publisher=aryasamaj.com|date = February 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Lal Bal Pal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lala Lajpat Rai (left) of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] of [[Maharashtra]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] of [[Bengal]], the triumvirate were popularly known as [[Lal Bal Pal]], changed the political discourse of the [[Indian independence movement]].]]
In 1884, his father was transferred to Rohtak, and Rai came along after the completion of his studies at Lahore. In 1886, he moved to [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] where his father was transferred, and started to practice law and became a founding member of the Bar council of Hisar along with Babu Churamani. Since childhood, he also had a desire to serve his country and therefore took a pledge to free it from foreign rule, in the same year he also founded the Hisar district branch of the [[Indian National Congress]] and reformist [[Arya Samaj]] with Babu Churamani (lawyer), three [[CAV High School|Tayal brothers]] (Chandu Lal Tayal, Hari Lal Tayal and Balmokand Tayal), Dr. Ramji Lal Hooda, Dr. Dhani Ram, Arya Samaj ''Pandit Murari Lal'',<ref name="Gupta1991">{{cite book|author=Jugal Kishore Gupta|title=History of Sirsa Town|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Z457ZOR44C&pg=PA182|year=1991|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|pages=182–|id=GGKEY:63QY4LRCK9L}}</ref> [[Seth Chhaju Ram|Seth Chhaju Ram Jat]] (founder of [[Chhaju Ram Jat Senior Secondary School, Hisar|Jat School, Hisar]]) and Dev Raj Sandhir. In 1888 and again in 1889, he had the honor of being one of the four delegates from Hisar to attend the annual session of the Congress at Allahabad, along with Babu Churamani, Lala Chhabil Das and Seth Gauri Shankar. In 1892, he moved to Lahore to practice before the [[Lahore High Court]]. To shape the political policy of India to gain independence, he also practiced journalism and was a regular contributor to several newspapers including [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]. In 1886, he helped [[Mahatma Hansraj]] establish the nationalistic [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|Dayananda Anglo-Vedic School, Lahore]]

In 1914, he quit law practice to dedicate himself to the freedom of India and went to Britain in 1914 and then to the United States in 1917. In October 1917, he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York. He stayed in the United States from 1917 to 1920.

==Patriotism==
After joining the [[Indian National Congress]] and taking part in political agitation in Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai was deported to Mandalay, Burma (now Myanmar), without trial in May 1920

. In November, however, he was allowed to return when the viceroy, Lord Minto, decided that there was insufficient evidence to hold him for subversion. Lajpat Rai's supporters attempted to secure his election to the presidency of the party session at Surat in December 1907, but he did not succeed.

Graduates of the National College, which he founded inside the Bradlaugh Hall at Lahore as an alternative to British institutions, included [[Bhagat Singh]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Bradlaugh Hall's demise | date = 17 April 2011 | url = http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/bradlaugh-halls-demise/ | work = Pakistan Today | accessdate = 15 October 2011}}</ref> He was elected President of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the Calcutta Special Session of 1920.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040610204823/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/lala_lajpat_rai.htm Lala Lajpat Rai]. congresssandesh.com</ref> In 1921, he founded [[Servants of the People Society]], a non-profit welfare organisation, in Lahore, which shifted its base to Delhi after partition, and has branches in many parts of India.<ref>{{cite web | title = Head Office | url = http://sops.in/index.php/2013-08-22-12-13-12/head-office |publisher=Servants of the People Society |accessdate=27 May 2014}}</ref>

==Travel to America==
{{See also|Ghadar Party}}
[[File:Banquet in honor of Lala Lajpat Rai in California in 1916.jpg|thumb|A banquet given in honour of Lala Lajpat Rai by the California Chapter of the Hindustan Association of America at Hotel Shattuck in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] on 12 February 1916.]]
Lajpat Rai travelled to the US in 1907, and then returned during World War I. He toured [[Sikh]] communities along the [[US]] West Coast; visited [[Tuskegee University]] in Alabama; and met with workers in the [[Philippines]]. His travelogue, The [[United States of America]] (1916), details these travels and features extensive quotations from leading African American intellectuals, including [[W.E.B. Du Bois]] and [[Fredrick Douglass]]. While in America he had founded the Indian Home Rule League in New York and a monthly journal Young India and Hindustan Information Services Association. He had petitioned the Foreign affairs committee of Senate of American Parliament giving a vivid picture of maladministration of British Raj in India, the aspirations of the people of India for freedom amongst many other points strongly seeking the moral support of the international community for the attainment of independence of India. The 32-page petition which was prepared overnight was discussed in the U.S. Senate during October 1917.<ref name="HRR187"/> The book also argues for the notion of "color-caste," suggesting sociological similarities between race in the US and caste in India. During World War I, Lajpat Rai lived in the United States, but he returned to India in 1919 and in the following year led the special session of the Congress Party that launched the non-co-operation movement. He was imprisoned from 1921 to 1923 and elected to the legislative assembly on his release.<ref name="HRR187">{{cite book
|author= Raghunath Rai
|title= History
|publisher= VK Publications
|location=
|year=
|isbn= 978-81-87139-69-0
|oclc=
|page= 187
}}</ref>

==Protests against Simon Commission==
[[File:Lala Lajpat Rai photo in Young India.jpg|thumb|left|Photo of Rai printed in the February 1920 issue of ''[[Young India]]''.]]
In 1928, the British government set up the [[Simon Commission|Commission]], headed by [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Sir John Simon]] (Later, [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Lord Simon, 1st Viscount Simon]]) to report on the political situation in India. The Indian political parties boycotted the [[Simon Commission|Commission]], because it did not include a single Indian in its membership, and it met with country-wide protests. When the Commission visited Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lajpat Rai led non-violent march in protest against it. The protesters chanted "Simon go back" and carried black flags.

The superintendent of police, James A. Scott, ordered the police to [[lathi charge|''lathi'' (baton) charge]] the protesters and personally assaulted Rai.<ref name="rai" /> Despite being extremely injured, Rai subsequently addressed the crowd and said, "I declare that the blows struck at me today will be the last nails in the coffin of [[British Raj|British rule in India]]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Yashpal: Fighter for Freedom – Writer for Justice |first=Corinne |last=Friend |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=13 |issue=1 |date=Fall 1977 |pages=65–90 |jstor=40873491}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==Death==
He did not fully recover from his injuries and died on 17 November 1928. Doctors thought that Scott's blows had hastened his death.<ref name="rai">{{cite book |last=Rai |first=Raghunath |year=2006 |title=History For Class 12: Cbse. India |publisher=VK Publications |isbn=978-81-87139-69-0 |page=187}}</ref> However, when the matter was raised in the British Parliament, the British Government denied any role in Rai's death.<ref name=Rana36>{{cite book |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEwJQ6_eTEUC |title=Bhagat Singh |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=978-81-288-0827-2 |page=36}}</ref> Although [[Bhagat Singh]] did not witness the event,<ref>{{cite book |last2=Hooja |first2=Bhupendra |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAq4N60oopEC |title=The Jail Notebook and Other Writings |publisher=LeftWord Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-87496-72-4 |page=16}}</ref> he vowed to take revenge as it was a murder of a very tall leader in the freedom movement,<ref name=Rana36/> and joined other revolutionaries, [[Shivaram Rajguru]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]] and [[Chandrashekhar Azad]], in a plot to kill Scott to send a message to British Raj.<ref name="Gupta" /> However, in a case of mistaken identity, Bhagat Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police. He was shot by Rajguru and Bhagat Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |authorlink1=Kuldip Nayar |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG9lA6CrgQgC |title=The martyr: Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0700-3 |page=39}}</ref> Chanan Singh, a [[Head Constable]] who was chasing them, was fatally injured by Azad's covering fire.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC |title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India)
|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=978-81-288-0816-6 |page=65}}</ref>

This case did not stop Bhagat Singh and his fellow-members of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] from claiming that retribution had been exacted.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938 |first=Amit Kumar |last=Gupta |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |date=Sep–Oct 1997 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.2307/3517678 |jstor=3517678}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2015}}
[[File:Lala Lajpat Rai - Scandal Point - Shimla 2014-05-07 1194.JPG|thumb|150px|The statue of Rai at [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].]]

===Movements and institutes founded by Lala Lajpat Rai===
Lajpat Rai was a heavyweight veteran leader of the [[Nationalist Movements in India|Indian Nationalist Movement]], [[Indian independence movement]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Hindu reform movements]] and Arya Samaj, who inspired young men of his generation and kindled latent spirit of patriotism in their hearts with journalistic writings and lead-by-example activism. Young men, such as [[Chandrasekhar Azad]] and [[Bhagat Singh]], were driven to sacrifice their lives for the freedom of their Motherland following Rai's example.

In late 19th and early 20th century Lala Lajpat Rai himself was founder of many organisations, including ''Arya Gazaette'' are Lahore, Hisar congress, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Bar Council, national DAV managing Committee. Lala Lajpat Rai was also head of the "Lakshmi Insurance Company," and commissioned the [[Lakshmi Building]] in [[Karachi]], which still bears a plaque in remembrance of him. Lakhsmi Insurance Company was merged with Life Insurance Corporation of India when en masse nationalisation of Life Insurance business happened during 1956.

In 1927, Lajpat Rai established a trust in her mother's memory to build and run a tuberculosis hospital for women, reportedly at the location where his mother, Gulab Devi, had died of tuberculosis in Lahore.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gulabdevi.org/brief_history.html | title = Gulab Devi Chest Hospital | accessdate = 13 October 2011 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015025317/http://www.gulabdevi.org/brief_history.html | archivedate = 15 October 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> This became known as the [[Gulab Devi Chest Hospital]] and opened on 17 July 1934. Now the Gulab Devi Memorial hospital is one of the biggest hospital of present Pakistan which services over 2000 patients at a time as its patients.

===Monuments and institutes founded in memory of Lala Lajpat Rai===
Erected in the early 20th century, a statue of Lajpat Rai at [[Lahore]], was later moved central square in [[Shimla]] after the partition of India. In 1959, the Lala Lajpat Rai trust was formed on the eve of his Centenary Birth Celebration by a group of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] philanthropists (including R.P Gupta and B.M Grover) who have settled and prospered in the Indian State of [[Maharashtra]], which runs the [http://www.lalacollege.edu.in Lala Lajpatrai College of Commerce and Economics] in Mumbai. ''Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut'' is named after him.<ref name=mer1>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/lala-lajpat-rai-memorial-medical-college-s-maladies-meagre-budget-vacant-posts/story-sGlg3A1WV0jF8V4g0jBp8N.html "Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College’s maladies: Meagre budget, vacant posts "], [[Hindustan Times]], 8 September 2017.</ref> In 1998, [[Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology|Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moga]] was named after him. In 2010, the [[Government of Haryana]] set up the [[Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences]] in Hisar in his memory.

Lajpat Nagar and Lala Lajpat Rai square with his statue in Hisar;<ref name=dnain1>[http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/kn/hisar/hisar-remembers-lala-lajpat-rai-his-149th-birth-anniversary-51337 Tributes paid at Lala Lajpat Rai Square and Statute at Hisar], DNA News.</ref> [[Lajpat Nagar]] and Lajpat Nagar Central Market in New Delhi,Lala Lajpat Rai memorial park in Lajpat Nagar, Lajpat Rai Market in Chandani Chowk, Delhi; Lala Lajpat Rai Hall of Residence at [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IIT) in [[Kharagpur]]; [[Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital]] in Kanpur; the bus terminus, several institutes, schools and libraries in his hometown of Jagraon are named in his honor. Further, there are several roads named after him in numerous metropolis and other towns of India.

==Works==
Along with founding ''Arya Gazaette'' as its editor, he regularly contributed to several major Hindi, Punjabi, English and Urdu newspapers and magazines. He also authored the following published books.
* ''The Story of My Deportation'', 1908.
* [https://archive.org/details/aryasamajaccount00lajprich ''Arya Samaj''], 1915.
* [https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesofam00lajp ''The United States of America: A Hindu’s Impression''], 1916.
*The problem of National Education in India, 1920
* [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books/unhappy_india/Unhappy_India.pdf ''Unhappy India''], 1928.
* [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books/englands_debt_to_india/EnglandsDebtToIndia.pdf ''England's Debt to India''], 1917.
* ''Autobiographical Writings''
* [https://archive.org/details/16RaiYoungindia ''Young India: An Interpretation and a History of the Nationalist Movement from Within.''] New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1916. This book was written shortly after World War I broke out in Europe. Lajpat Rai was traveling in the United States at the time of Franz Ferdinand's assassination.<ref name="young India" /> Rai wrote the book to exclaim his people's desire to help the British, who had been ruling in India since the mid-1700s, fight against the Germans. While the book makes the Indian people sound good, saying that they were rushing in masses to volunteer for war, one must take what Rai says with a grain of salt.<ref name="young India">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/youngindiaanint00raigoog|quote=Lajpat Young India.|title=Young India |last1=Rai |first1=Lala Lajpat |date=1916 |website=GoogleBooks |publisher=Huebsch |access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> Rai is trying to gain American support in India against British colonialism, and the Indian people would look bad in the American public's, as well as government's, eyes if they were not willing to fight for the greater good, even on the side of Britain. Rai also makes the point to emphasize that the Indian people do not want to engage in a military conflict with Britain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hope |first=Ashley Guy |date=1968 |title=America and Swaraj: The U.S. Role in Indian Independence |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Public Affairs Press}}</ref> In ''Young India'', Rai makes many parallels to the American fight for independence against the British, such as their common enemy (the British), their wish for self-sovereignty, and the right to bear arms as an independent nation. Rai uses ''Young India'' to convey his idea of an independent India, free from the viceroys and rule of the English Parliament. Rai wishes to have complete sovereignty from all foreign rule, but he needs to gain the support of America, his only true hope for an ally against Britain. ''Young India'' gives a first-hand account of one of the primary freedom fighters in India in the early 1900s. Rai was one of the most well-known leaders of the Nationalist, as well as Independence, Movement in India. By writing an account outlining the history of India, showing that the Indian people are better than the stereotype given by the West, willing and able to govern themselves, and attempting to gain American support against the Colonial British, Rai allows his readers to understand what is actually happening in India and why India should become an independent nation.
* The Collected Works of Lala Lajpat Rai, Volume 1 to Volume 15, edited by B.R. Nanda.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books_by_authers/lala_lajpat_rai.html Lala Lajpat Rai's books at Hindustan Books]
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/india-home-rule-league Lala Lajpat Rai's "Young India" in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
* Satish K. Kapoor, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov15/sunday/head8.htm He gave a fillip to freedom struggle], ''[[Tribune India|Tribune]]''
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Rai,+Lajpat | name=Lajpat Rai}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Lala Lajpat Rai}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/010828}}

{{India House}}
{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}
{{Indian independence movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Lala Lajpat}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Moga district]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Swadeshi activists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:India House]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]

Lala Lajpat Rai

2020-05-30T12:11:17Z

CodeSlashh: Undid revision 959744689 by 82.132.234.81 (talk)

{{Redirect|The Lion of Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lala Lajpat Rai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1865|01|28|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1928|11|17|1865|1|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dhudike]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| image = Lala lajpat Rai.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption =
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
| mother = Gulab Devi Agrawal
| father = Munshi Radha Krishan Agrawal
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Author, politician, freedom struggler
}}

'''Lala Lajpat Rai''' ( 28 January 1865 – 17 November 1928) was an Indian freedom fighter. He played a pivotal role in the [[Indian Independence movement]]. He was popularly known as ''Punjab Kesari''. He was one of the three[[Lal Bal Pal]] triumvirate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashalatha |first1=A. |first2=Pradeep |last2=Koropath |first3=Saritha |last3=Nambarathil | title = Social Science: Standard VIII Part 1 | chapter = Chapter 6 – Indian National Movement | work = Government of Kerala • Department of Education | publisher = State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) | year = 2009 | pages = 7| chapter-url = https://www.itschool.gov.in/pdf/Std_VIII/Social%20Science/SS_VIII_Engpart1.pdf | accessdate = 13 October 2011}}</ref> He was also associated with activities of [[Punjab National Bank]] and Lakshmi Insurance Company in their early stages in 1894.

==Early life==
Lajpat Rai was born on 28 January 1865 in a [[Bania]][[Aggarwal]] family,<ref>{{cite book |editor=Ganda Singh |title=Deportation of Lala Lajpat Rai and Sardar Ajit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8MBAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=iii |oclc=641497600 }}</ref> as a son of Urdu and Persian government School teacher Munshi Radha Krishan Agrawal and his wife Gulab Devi Agrawal, in [[Dhudike]] <ref>[[Kathryn Tidrick|Tidrick, Kathryn]] (2006) ''Gandhi: a political and spiritual life'' I.B.Tauris {{ISBN|978-1-84511-166-3}} pp. 113–114</ref><ref>Jones, Kenneth W. (1976) ''Arya dharm: Hindu consciousness in 19th-century Punjab'' University of California Press {{ISBN|9788173047091}} p. 52</ref><ref>Nagar, Purushottam (1977) ''Lala Lajpat Rai: the man and his ideas Manohar Book Service'' p. 161</ref> In 1877, he was married to Radha Devi Agrawal, with whom had two sons, Amrit Rai Agrawal and Pyarelal Agrawal, and a daughter, Parvati Agrawal.

In the late 1870s, his father was transferred to Rewari, where he had his initial education in Government Higher Secondary School, Rewari, [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] , where his father was posted as an [[Urdu]] teacher. During his early life, Rai's liberal views and belief in Hinduism were shaped by his father and deeply religious mother respectively, which he successfully applied to create a career of reforming the religion and Indian policy through politics and journalistic writing.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328063/Lala-Lajpat-Rai Lala Lajpat Rai]. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> In 1880, Lajpat Rai joined [[Government College University (Lahore)|Government College at Lahore]] to study Law, where he came in contact with patriots and future freedom fighters, such as [[Mahatma Hansraj|Lala Hans Raj]] and Pandit [[Guru Dutt]]. While studying at Lahore he was influenced by the Hindu reformist movement of [[Dayananda Saraswati|Swami Dayanand Saraswati]], became a member of existing Arya Samaj Lahore (founded 1877) and founder editor of Lahore-based ''Arya Gazette''.<ref name=arya1/> When studying law, he became a firm believer in the idea that Hinduism, above nationality, was the pivotal point upon which an Indian lifestyle must be based. He believed, Hinduism, led to practices of peace to humanity, and the idea that when nationalist ideas were added to this peaceful belief system, a secular nation could be formed. His involvement with [[Hindu Mahasabha]] leaders gathered criticism from the [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]] as the ''Mahasabhas'' were non-secular, which did not conform with the system laid out by the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3520389|jstor=3520389|title=Towards Independence and Socialist Republic: Naujawan Bharat Sabha, Part Two|journal=Social Scientist|volume=8|issue=3|pages=31–40|last1=Mittal|first1=S. K.|last2=Habib|first2=Irfan|year=1979}}</ref> This focus on Hindu practices in the subcontinent would ultimately lead him to the continuation of peaceful movements to create successful demonstrations for Indian independence.<ref name=arya1>{{cite web | url = http://www.aryasamaj.com/enews/2010/feb/5.htm |author=Ahluwalia, Kewal | title = Lala Lajpat Rai | publisher=aryasamaj.com|date = February 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Lal Bal Pal.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lala Lajpat Rai (left) of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] of [[Maharashtra]], and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] of [[Bengal]], the triumvirate were popularly known as [[Lal Bal Pal]], changed the political discourse of the [[Indian independence movement]].]]
In 1884, his father was transferred to Rohtak, and Rai came along after the completion of his studies at Lahore. In 1886, he moved to [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] where his father was transferred, and started to practice law and became a founding member of the Bar council of Hisar along with Babu Churamani. Since childhood, he also had a desire to serve his country and therefore took a pledge to free it from foreign rule, in the same year he also founded the Hisar district branch of the [[Indian National Congress]] and reformist [[Arya Samaj]] with Babu Churamani (lawyer), three [[CAV High School|Tayal brothers]] (Chandu Lal Tayal, Hari Lal Tayal and Balmokand Tayal), Dr. Ramji Lal Hooda, Dr. Dhani Ram, Arya Samaj ''Pandit Murari Lal'',<ref name="Gupta1991">{{cite book|author=Jugal Kishore Gupta|title=History of Sirsa Town|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Z457ZOR44C&pg=PA182|year=1991|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|pages=182–|id=GGKEY:63QY4LRCK9L}}</ref> [[Seth Chhaju Ram|Seth Chhaju Ram Jat]] (founder of [[Chhaju Ram Jat Senior Secondary School, Hisar|Jat School, Hisar]]) and Dev Raj Sandhir. In 1888 and again in 1889, he had the honor of being one of the four delegates from Hisar to attend the annual session of the Congress at Allahabad, along with Babu Churamani, Lala Chhabil Das and Seth Gauri Shankar. In 1892, he moved to Lahore to practice before the [[Lahore High Court]]. To shape the political policy of India to gain independence, he also practiced journalism and was a regular contributor to several newspapers including [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]. In 1886, he helped [[Mahatma Hansraj]] establish the nationalistic [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|Dayananda Anglo-Vedic School, Lahore]]

In 1914, he quit law practice to dedicate himself to the freedom of India and went to Britain in 1914 and then to the United States in 1917. In October 1917, he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York. He stayed in the United States from 1917 to 1920.

==Patriotism==
After joining the [[Indian National Congress]] and taking part in political agitation in Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai was deported to Mandalay, Burma (now Myanmar), without trial in May 1920

. In November, however, he was allowed to return when the viceroy, Lord Minto, decided that there was insufficient evidence to hold him for subversion. Lajpat Rai's supporters attempted to secure his election to the presidency of the party session at Surat in December 1907, but he did not succeed.

Graduates of the National College, which he founded inside the Bradlaugh Hall at Lahore as an alternative to British institutions, included [[Bhagat Singh]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Bradlaugh Hall's demise | date = 17 April 2011 | url = http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/bradlaugh-halls-demise/ | work = Pakistan Today | accessdate = 15 October 2011}}</ref> He was elected President of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the Calcutta Special Session of 1920.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040610204823/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/lala_lajpat_rai.htm Lala Lajpat Rai]. congresssandesh.com</ref> In 1921, he founded [[Servants of the People Society]], a non-profit welfare organisation, in Lahore, which shifted its base to Delhi after partition, and has branches in many parts of India.<ref>{{cite web | title = Head Office | url = http://sops.in/index.php/2013-08-22-12-13-12/head-office |publisher=Servants of the People Society |accessdate=27 May 2014}}</ref>

==Travel to America==
{{See also|Ghadar Party}}
[[File:Banquet in honor of Lala Lajpat Rai in California in 1916.jpg|thumb|A banquet given in honour of Lala Lajpat Rai by the California Chapter of the Hindustan Association of America at Hotel Shattuck in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] on 12 February 1916.]]
Lajpat Rai travelled to the US in 1907, and then returned during World War I. He toured [[Sikh]] communities along the [[US]] West Coast; visited [[Tuskegee University]] in Alabama; and met with workers in the [[Philippines]]. His travelogue, The [[United States of America]] (1916), details these travels and features extensive quotations from leading African American intellectuals, including [[W.E.B. Du Bois]] and [[Fredrick Douglass]]. While in America he had founded the Indian Home Rule League in New York and a monthly journal Young India and Hindustan Information Services Association. He had petitioned the Foreign affairs committee of Senate of American Parliament giving a vivid picture of maladministration of British Raj in India, the aspirations of the people of India for freedom amongst many other points strongly seeking the moral support of the international community for the attainment of independence of India. The 32-page petition which was prepared overnight was discussed in the U.S. Senate during October 1917.<ref name="HRR187"/> The book also argues for the notion of "color-caste," suggesting sociological similarities between race in the US and caste in India. During World War I, Lajpat Rai lived in the United States, but he returned to India in 1919 and in the following year led the special session of the Congress Party that launched the non-co-operation movement. He was imprisoned from 1921 to 1923 and elected to the legislative assembly on his release.<ref name="HRR187">{{cite book
|author= Raghunath Rai
|title= History
|publisher= VK Publications
|location=
|year=
|isbn= 978-81-87139-69-0
|oclc=
|page= 187
}}</ref>

==Protests against Simon Commission==
[[File:Lala Lajpat Rai photo in Young India.jpg|thumb|left|Photo of Rai printed in the February 1920 issue of ''[[Young India]]''.]]
In 1928, the British government set up the [[Simon Commission|Commission]], headed by [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Sir John Simon]] (Later, [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Lord Simon, 1st Viscount Simon]]) to report on the political situation in India. The Indian political parties boycotted the [[Simon Commission|Commission]], because it did not include a single Indian in its membership, and it met with country-wide protests. When the Commission visited Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lajpat Rai led non-violent march in protest against it. The protesters chanted "Simon go back" and carried black flags.

The superintendent of police, James A. Scott, ordered the police to [[lathi charge|''lathi'' (baton) charge]] the protesters and personally assaulted Rai.<ref name="rai" /> Despite being extremely injured, Rai subsequently addressed the crowd and said, "I declare that the blows struck at me today will be the last nails in the coffin of [[British Raj|British rule in India]]".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Yashpal: Fighter for Freedom – Writer for Justice |first=Corinne |last=Friend |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=13 |issue=1 |date=Fall 1977 |pages=65–90 |jstor=40873491}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

==Death==
He did not fully recover from his injuries and died on 17 November 1928. Doctors thought that Scott's blows had hastened his death.<ref name="rai">{{cite book |last=Rai |first=Raghunath |year=2006 |title=History For Class 12: Cbse. India |publisher=VK Publications |isbn=978-81-87139-69-0 |page=187}}</ref> However, when the matter was raised in the British Parliament, the British Government denied any role in Rai's death.<ref name=Rana36>{{cite book |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEwJQ6_eTEUC |title=Bhagat Singh |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=978-81-288-0827-2 |page=36}}</ref> Although [[Bhagat Singh]] did not witness the event,<ref>{{cite book |last2=Hooja |first2=Bhupendra |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAq4N60oopEC |title=The Jail Notebook and Other Writings |publisher=LeftWord Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-87496-72-4 |page=16}}</ref> he vowed to take revenge as it was a murder of a very tall leader in the freedom movement,<ref name=Rana36/> and joined other revolutionaries, [[Shivaram Rajguru]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]] and [[Chandrashekhar Azad]], in a plot to kill Scott to send a message to British Raj.<ref name="Gupta" /> However, in a case of mistaken identity, Bhagat Singh was signalled to shoot on the appearance of John P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police. He was shot by Rajguru and Bhagat Singh while leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |authorlink1=Kuldip Nayar |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG9lA6CrgQgC |title=The martyr: Bhagat Singh experiments in revolution |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0700-3 |page=39}}</ref> Chanan Singh, a [[Head Constable]] who was chasing them, was fatally injured by Azad's covering fire.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC |title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India)
|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=978-81-288-0816-6 |page=65}}</ref>

This case did not stop Bhagat Singh and his fellow-members of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] from claiming that retribution had been exacted.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938 |first=Amit Kumar |last=Gupta |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |date=Sep–Oct 1997 |pages=3–27 |doi=10.2307/3517678 |jstor=3517678}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2015}}
[[File:Lala Lajpat Rai - Scandal Point - Shimla 2014-05-07 1194.JPG|thumb|150px|The statue of Rai at [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].]]

===Movements and institutes founded by Lala Lajpat Rai===
Lajpat Rai was a heavyweight veteran leader of the [[Nationalist Movements in India|Indian Nationalist Movement]], [[Indian independence movement]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Hindu reform movements]] and Arya Samaj, who inspired young men of his generation and kindled latent spirit of patriotism in their hearts with journalistic writings and lead-by-example activism. Young men, such as [[Chandrasekhar Azad]] and [[Bhagat Singh]], were driven to sacrifice their lives for the freedom of their Motherland following Rai's example.

In late 19th and early 20th century Lala Lajpat Rai himself was founder of many organisations, including ''Arya Gazaette'' are Lahore, Hisar congress, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Bar Council, national DAV managing Committee. Lala Lajpat Rai was also head of the "Lakshmi Insurance Company," and commissioned the [[Lakshmi Building]] in [[Karachi]], which still bears a plaque in remembrance of him. Lakhsmi Insurance Company was merged with Life Insurance Corporation of India when en masse nationalisation of Life Insurance business happened during 1956.

In 1927, Lajpat Rai established a trust in her mother's memory to build and run a tuberculosis hospital for women, reportedly at the location where his mother, Gulab Devi, had died of tuberculosis in Lahore.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gulabdevi.org/brief_history.html | title = Gulab Devi Chest Hospital | accessdate = 13 October 2011 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015025317/http://www.gulabdevi.org/brief_history.html | archivedate = 15 October 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> This became known as the [[Gulab Devi Chest Hospital]] and opened on 17 July 1934. Now the Gulab Devi Memorial hospital is one of the biggest hospital of present Pakistan which services over 2000 patients at a time as its patients.

===Monuments and institutes founded in memory of Lala Lajpat Rai===
Erected in the early 20th century, a statue of Lajpat Rai at [[Lahore]], was later moved central square in [[Shimla]] after the partition of India. In 1959, the Lala Lajpat Rai trust was formed on the eve of his Centenary Birth Celebration by a group of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] philanthropists (including R.P Gupta and B.M Grover) who have settled and prospered in the Indian State of [[Maharashtra]], which runs the [http://www.lalacollege.edu.in Lala Lajpatrai College of Commerce and Economics] in Mumbai. ''Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut'' is named after him.<ref name=mer1>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/lala-lajpat-rai-memorial-medical-college-s-maladies-meagre-budget-vacant-posts/story-sGlg3A1WV0jF8V4g0jBp8N.html "Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College’s maladies: Meagre budget, vacant posts "], [[Hindustan Times]], 8 September 2017.</ref> In 1998, [[Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology|Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moga]] was named after him. In 2010, the [[Government of Haryana]] set up the [[Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences]] in Hisar in his memory.

Lajpat Nagar and Lala Lajpat Rai square with his statue in Hisar;<ref name=dnain1>[http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/kn/hisar/hisar-remembers-lala-lajpat-rai-his-149th-birth-anniversary-51337 Tributes paid at Lala Lajpat Rai Square and Statute at Hisar], DNA News.</ref> [[Lajpat Nagar]] and Lajpat Nagar Central Market in New Delhi,Lala Lajpat Rai memorial park in Lajpat Nagar, Lajpat Rai Market in Chandani Chowk, Delhi; Lala Lajpat Rai Hall of Residence at [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IIT) in [[Kharagpur]]; [[Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital]] in Kanpur; the bus terminus, several institutes, schools and libraries in his hometown of Jagraon are named in his honor. Further, there are several roads named after him in numerous metropolis and other towns of India.

==Works==
Along with founding ''Arya Gazaette'' as its editor, he regularly contributed to several major Hindi, Punjabi, English and Urdu newspapers and magazines. He also authored the following published books.
* ''The Story of My Deportation'', 1908.
* [https://archive.org/details/aryasamajaccount00lajprich ''Arya Samaj''], 1915.
* [https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesofam00lajp ''The United States of America: A Hindu’s Impression''], 1916.
*The problem of National Education in India, 1920
* [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books/unhappy_india/Unhappy_India.pdf ''Unhappy India''], 1928.
* [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books/englands_debt_to_india/EnglandsDebtToIndia.pdf ''England's Debt to India''], 1917.
* ''Autobiographical Writings''
* [https://archive.org/details/16RaiYoungindia ''Young India: An Interpretation and a History of the Nationalist Movement from Within.''] New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1916. This book was written shortly after World War I broke out in Europe. Lajpat Rai was traveling in the United States at the time of Franz Ferdinand's assassination.<ref name="young India" /> Rai wrote the book to exclaim his people's desire to help the British, who had been ruling in India since the mid-1700s, fight against the Germans. While the book makes the Indian people sound good, saying that they were rushing in masses to volunteer for war, one must take what Rai says with a grain of salt.<ref name="young India">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/youngindiaanint00raigoog|quote=Lajpat Young India.|title=Young India |last1=Rai |first1=Lala Lajpat |date=1916 |website=GoogleBooks |publisher=Huebsch |access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> Rai is trying to gain American support in India against British colonialism, and the Indian people would look bad in the American public's, as well as government's, eyes if they were not willing to fight for the greater good, even on the side of Britain. Rai also makes the point to emphasize that the Indian people do not want to engage in a military conflict with Britain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hope |first=Ashley Guy |date=1968 |title=America and Swaraj: The U.S. Role in Indian Independence |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Public Affairs Press}}</ref> In ''Young India'', Rai makes many parallels to the American fight for independence against the British, such as their common enemy (the British), their wish for self-sovereignty, and the right to bear arms as an independent nation. Rai uses ''Young India'' to convey his idea of an independent India, free from the viceroys and rule of the English Parliament. Rai wishes to have complete sovereignty from all foreign rule, but he needs to gain the support of America, his only true hope for an ally against Britain. ''Young India'' gives a first-hand account of one of the primary freedom fighters in India in the early 1900s. Rai was one of the most well-known leaders of the Nationalist, as well as Independence, Movement in India. By writing an account outlining the history of India, showing that the Indian people are better than the stereotype given by the West, willing and able to govern themselves, and attempting to gain American support against the Colonial British, Rai allows his readers to understand what is actually happening in India and why India should become an independent nation.
* The Collected Works of Lala Lajpat Rai, Volume 1 to Volume 15, edited by B.R. Nanda.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.hindustanbooks.com/books_by_authers/lala_lajpat_rai.html Lala Lajpat Rai's books at Hindustan Books]
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/india-home-rule-league Lala Lajpat Rai's "Young India" in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
* Satish K. Kapoor, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov15/sunday/head8.htm He gave a fillip to freedom struggle], ''[[Tribune India|Tribune]]''
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Rai,+Lajpat | name=Lajpat Rai}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Lala Lajpat Rai}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/010828}}

{{India House}}
{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}
{{Indian independence movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Lala Lajpat}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Moga district]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Swadeshi activists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:India House]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating]]

Samundri

2020-05-30T12:04:05Z

CodeSlashh: /* Notable residents */

{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Samundri
| name =
| other_name =سمندری
| settlement_type =City
| image_skyline = Clock Tower SMD.jpg
| imagesize = 270
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clock Tower, Samundri
| image_map =
| mapsize = 200px
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|03|45|N|72|57|15|E|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Pakistan
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Samundri Tehsil]]
| population_total = 156,991
| population_as_of = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-100T.html |website=PAKISTAN: Provinces and Major Cities |publisher=citypopulation.de |accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|population_density_km2=auto
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m_min =
| elevation_m_max =

| area_code =
| area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes of Pakistan|Calling code]]
| timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Samundri''' ([[Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Nastaliq|سمندری}}) is a city in [[Faisalabad District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]].<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=8&dn=Faisalabad Towns & Unions in the City District of Faisalabad - Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326133048/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=8&dn=Faisalabad |date=2012-03-26 }}</ref> It is the headquarters of [[Samundri Tehsil]], a subdivision of the district.

==History==

Samundri was on a major trade route during the reign of [[Sher Shah Suri]]. The present site of Samundri city was founded in 1887 as [[Chak (village)|Chak]] No. 533 G.B.
Later it was renamed as ''Seh Mundri'' because of three Hindu [[Hindu temple|mandirs]] in the area. The word ''Seh'' means ''Three'' in [[Persian language|Persian]] and a ''Mandir'' is [[Sanskrit]] word for a temple.
In 1887 there were three Hindu shrines in this area but now what remains of the houses the Government Primary School No 4.
Migration between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] was continuous before the [[Partition of India|independence]]. By the 1900s [[West Punjab|Western Punjab]] was predominantly [[Muslim]] and supported the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and [[Pakistan Movement]]. After the independence in August 1947, the minority [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s migrated to [[India]] while the [[Muslim]] refugees from [[East Punjab|Eastern Punjab]] in [[India]] settled in Western Punjab and across [[Pakistan]].<ref>Dube, I. &. S. (2009). From ancient to modern: Religion, power, and community in India hardcover. Oxford University Press.</ref> Today samundri is known for its contributions to pakistan's kabadi team provide dozens of big names especially from Chak 478 G.B. It has many jatt, rajput and gujjar farmers who tend to be larger in size then elsewhere

==Major crop==
Sugar Cane and Wheat are the major crops of the area, While Corn is the most traded commodity in the local trade market. Rice is also grown here but due to less water availability, this crop is also vanishing as farmer choice. Vegetables are grown on many hectares and fulfilling 50% of demand.

==Geography==

Samundri is located at 31°03'45"N 72°57'15"E (31.063, 72.954), at an altitude of 168 metres (429 ft), and is 45 km from [[Faisalabad]], 66 km from [[Jhang]], 30 km from [[Gojra]] and just 15 km from [[Tandlianwala]]. The upcoming Karachi-Lahore Motorway will pass through neighborhood of [[Tandlianwala]] known as [[Samundari]] [[Interchange (road)|Interchange]] Km 1016 on [[Samundari]]-[[Tandlianwala]] Road. Then it will be easily accessible from Lahore and Multan. The Post Code of [[Samundari]] is 37300.

==Economics==

Samundri is home to a major [[Cereal|grain]], Whole Corn & Sugar market.

Anarkali Bazaar is the main commercial market of the city, and Jinnah Market is the oldest. Other markets in the city include Jamat Ali bazar,Katchery Bazaar, Mandi Bazaar, Nehar Bazaar, Qasim Bazaar, Kashmiri Bazaar, Sunny Plaza and Chaki Bazaar.

Samundri is also known for its custom truck painting business.
Samundri is also known for its [[sugar cane]] and other agriculture products.

Major Banks in Samundari:

# [[National Bank of Pakistan]]
# [[Bank of Punjab]]
# [[Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited]]
# [[Habib Bank Limited]](2 Branches)
# [[United Bank Limited]]
# [[Allied Bank Limited]]
# [[Muslim Commercial Bank Limited]](2 Branches)
# [[Bank Alfalah]]
# [[Soneri Bank]]
# [[Meezan Bank]]
# Albarka Bank Ltd.
# [[Faysal Bank]]

== Education ==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2017}}
Divisional Public School, New Afaq Higher Secondary School, Spirit School, and College and Saleemi Vital Education High School
Samundri provides education in this area.

There are two Post Graduate colleges in Samundri, one for boys and another for girls. There is a commerce college as well being run by TEVTA in a private building acquired on rent. However, a new building is built for Commerce and Technical studies near Chak 465 and arch valley.

There are four Govt. high schools in total; two for boys [Govt. High School No.1, Govt. High School No.2] and two for girls [Govt. High School No.1, Govt. High School No.2]Govt High School 479 GB and a number of private schools.

The Al-Karemia Educational Welfare Society (Regd.) established the Deans Shiblee College in Samundri in 2004. The college has separate campuses for girls and boys. The Deans Shiblee College is registered with the Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education, Faisalabad (B.I.S.E. Faisalabad) and the Directorate of Education (Colleges), Faisalabad for its F.A., [[F.Sc.]], [[I.C.S.]] and [[I.Com.]] programs, and affiliated with the [[University of the Punjab]], Lahore for its [[B.Com.]], [[B.A.]] [[IT]], [[B.Ed.]], [[M.Ed.]], [[M.Com.]], [[M.A.]] [[Economics]] and [[M.A.]] [[Physical Education]] programmes.

'''One Academy Samundri''' is one leading institute providing international level science education in samundri, One Academy offer Science and English education from 9th to M.Sc.and O/A level also offer examination prepration classes like PPSC Lecturer and Assistant Professor, CSS, IELTS, MDCAT, SAT.

The Punjab College started classes in 2012 having programs of F.A, F.Sc, I.Cs, I.Com, B.Sc, B.A and B.Com.
The establishment of the [[Virtual university|Virtual University]] Campus ([[Institute of E-Learning & Modern Studies|IEMS]]) in Samundri allows students to study for various HEC approved and recognized degrees, including Bachelor of Business Administration [BBA], Masters of Business Administration [MBA], MCS degree[MCS], Bachelor of Computer Science [BSCS], Bachelor of Science in Information Technology [BSIT], [Bachelor of Commerce [B.Com], Bachelor of Science [B.Sc].
Educational institutes of Samundri are mother institutes of a lot of competent engineers and doctors.

==Languages==
{{unreferenced section |date= October 2017}}

The population speaks [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] as mother tongue while the national language [[Urdu language|Urdu]] is also widely spoken. The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is taught in [[Madrasa]]hs and [[Mosque|Masjids]] as religious language. [[English language|English]] as the official language is taught in all schools.

==Health==
There are about ten public and private hospitals in Samundri.
They provide quality health treatment to patients. Famous hospital is following:
*Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Samundri
* Lady Health Worker Clinic
* Al-Hassan Medical & Surgical Centre
*Care Pharmacy, Infront of Civil hospital

==Sports==
Following sports are famous in the area.
#[[Kabaddi]] - Most of Pakistan's Kabaddi Team players belong to Samundari.
#[[Association football|Football]] - Samundri football club.
#[[Cricket]] - Many Local Cricket Clubs are Playing And Train Since 1990.
There are many famous players in History and they belong to samundri international players Lala Abaid Ullah, Shafiq Chishti, Asad Kumbooal and Tamur Ali. These Kabaddi players are well known and make it more famous.

== Notable residents ==

* [[Pattee the Don]]
* [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], actor and director
* [[Kaka Shararti]]

==References==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Faisalabad}}

[[Category: Populated places in Faisalabad District]]

Santhi Soundarajan

2020-05-30T12:01:59Z

CodeSlashh:

{{short description|Indian athlete}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Santhi soundarajan
| caption =
| nationality =[[India]]n
| sport = [[Running]]
| event =[[800 metres]], [[1500 metres]]
| club =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1981|4|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[MadrasDistrict|Kathakkurichi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| residence = Kathakkurichi, [[Pudukkottai District]]
| alma_mater = NIS, [[Sports Authority of India]](SAI), Bangalore
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|1.70|m|ftin}}
| weight ={{convert|64|kg|lb}}
| pb= '''800m''': 1:55.45 '''1500m''': 4:11.66 National record '''3000m''': 10:44.65 World Peace Sports Festival Ambassador −2003, Korea,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/india/soundarajan-shanti-210467#personal-bests |title=Soundarajan Shanti | Profile |website=Iaaf.org |date= |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref> All India Inter University Record Holder '''800m''': 2:07.68
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport |Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|DQ|[[Athletics at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|800 m}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold |[[2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]]|1500 m}}
{{Medal|Gold |[[2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]]|4×400 m relay}}
{{Medal|Silver |[[2006 South Asian Games|2006 Colombo]]|800 m}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Indoor Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold |[[2005 Asian Indoor Games|2005 Bangkok]]|4×400 m relay}}
{{Medal|Gold |[[2005 Asian Indoor Games|2005 Bangkok]]|800 m}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Athletics Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver |[[2005 Asian Athletics Championships|2005 Incheon]]|800 m}}
{{Medal|Competition|Asian Grand Prix}}
{{Medal|Silver |2004 Asian Grand Prix, Bangalore|800 m}}
{{Medal|Silver |2004 Asian Grand Prix, Pune|800 m}}
{{Medal|Competition|International Peace Sports Festival}}
{{Medal|Gold |International Peace Sports Festival 2003|5000 m}}
{{Medal|Silver |International Peace Sports Festival 2003|800 m}}
{{Medal|Bronze |International Peace Sports Festival 2003|400 m}}
}}
'''Santhi Soundarajan''' (also spelled ''Shanthi Soundararajan'',{{lang-ta|சாந்தி சௌந்திரராஜன்}}, born 17 April 1981) is an Indian [[track and field]] athlete. She is the winner of 12 international medals for India and around 50 medals for her home state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Shanthi Soundarajan is the first Tamil woman to win a medal at the [[Asian Games]].<ref name="The Times Of India">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Poll-ticket-crowd-funded-academy-on-Santhis-agenda/articleshow/51295052.cms| work=The Times Of India | title=Poll ticket, crowd-funded academy on Santhi's agenda – The Times of India}}</ref> She competes in [[middle distance track event]]s. She was stripped of a silver medal won at the [[2006 Asian Games]] after failing a [[Sex verification in sports|sex verification test]] which disputed her eligibility to participate in the women's competition.<ref name="Santhi 'medal should be returned'">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8253880.stm | work=BBC News | title=Santhi 'medal should be returned' | date=14 September 2009}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Soundarajan was born in 1981 in the village of Kathakkurichi in the [[Pudukkottai District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Soundarajan grew up in a 20-by-5 foot hut across the road from the new home she lives in now. There was no bathroom or outhouse, nor was there running water or electricity. She is one of five children of brick-kiln labourers in a rural village in southern Tamil Nadu state; she overcame malnutrition as a child to become a middle-distance runner. Her family could not even afford a television and watched Soundarajan's Doha race at a neighbour's house.<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/santhi-scandal-an-insult-to-all-tamils_343116.html |title=Santhi scandal an insult to all Tamils | Zee News |website=Zeenews.india.com |date=2006-12-20 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref> Her mother and father had to go to another town to work in a brickyard, where they earned the American equivalent of $4 a week. While they were gone, Soundarajan, the oldest, was in charge of taking care of her four siblings. Sometimes, Soundarajan's grandfather, an accomplished runner, helped while her parents were away. When she was 13, he taught her to run on an open stretch of dirt outside the hut and bought her a pair of shoes.

At her first competition, in eighth grade, Soundarajan won a tin cup trophy; she collected 13 more in interschool competitions. The sports coach at a nearby high school took note of her performances and recruited her. The school paid her tuition and provided her with a uniform and hot lunches. It was the first time Soundarajan had ever eaten three meals a day.

After high school, Soundarajan got a scholarship from an Arts college in Pudukkottai, the nearest town. and the following year, Soundarajan transferred to a college in [[Chennai]], the state's capital, which was seven hours away. In 2005, she attended the Asian Athletics Championships in South Korea, where she won a silver medal. In 2006, she was chosen to represent India at the Asian Games (run by the Olympic Council of Asia). In the 800 meters, Soundarajan took the silver in 2 minutes, 3.16 seconds, beating [[Viktoriya Yalovtseva]] of Kazakhstan by 0.03 seconds. This win led to Soundarajan becoming embroiled in an ongoing, unresolved debate over what makes an athlete eligible to compete in the women's division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/olympics/story/_/id/8192977/failed-gender-test-forces-olympian-redefine-athletic-career-espn-magazine |title=Failed gender test forces Olympian to redefine athletic career – ESPN The Magazine |website=Espn.go.com |date=2012-08-01 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref>

In 2004 Soundarajan was awarded 1 lakh cash from then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa]]<ref>{{cite web|author=5 Dec 2016 |url=https://twitter.com/SanthiSoundrajn/status/806008047134879744 |title=Gopi Shankar Madurai on Twitter: "Cannot believe she is no more #RipAmma #Jayalalitha is a legacy " |website=[[Twitter]] |date=2016-12-05 |accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref>

Soundarajan holds the national record for the women's [[3000 metres steeplechase]] clocking 10:44.65 seconds. At a national meet in [[Bangalore]] in July 2005, she won the [[800 metres|800m]], [[1500 metres|1,500m]] and [[3000 metres|3000m]]. She won the silver medal in 800 m at the [[2005 Asian Championships in Athletics|2005 Asian Championships]] in [[Incheon]], South Korea.

==Asian Games controversy==
Soundarajan won a silver medal in the women's [[800 metres|800m]] race at the [[2006 Asian Games]] held in [[Doha]], Qatar clocking 2 minutes, 3.16 seconds.
<ref name = "Dec9Hindu">[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200612092013.htm India strike it rich in track and field events], [[The Hindu]], 9 December 2006</ref>
However, she underwent a [[sex test]] shortly afterwards, and the results indicated that she "does not possess the sexual characteristics of a woman".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/6188775.stm|title=Indian athlete fails gender test|date=18 December 2006|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=20 August 2009}}</ref> While such sex tests are not compulsory for competitors, the [[International Association of Athletics Federations]] can request that contenders take such tests at any time, and include intensive evaluation by a gynecologist, a geneticist, an endocrinologist, a psychologist, and an internal medicine specialist. Reports initially suggested that her upbringing in impoverished rural India, where she reportedly only started eating proper meals in 2004, could be a factor behind the test result.<ref name="RAW">S. Sen (20 December 2006) "[http://rawstory.com/news/2006/AFI_to_investigate_Santhi_case_unev_12202006.html AFI to investigate Santhi case, uneven diet cited as possible reason]" [[The Raw Story]]</ref> In a 2016 video petition, Santhi Soundarajan disclosed that she has been told she has [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]].<ref name="thappad" />

Five days after the news report, Soundarajan says, she received a call from Lalit Bhanot, a former joint secretary of the Indian Olympic Association. Bhanot spoke to Soundarajan in English. "He told Santhi she can't do sports anymore,'. When she asked why, she was told: It's been confirmed, Santhi cannot compete in sports."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jul/30/olympicgames2008.gender|title=The gender trap|last=Saner|first=Emine|date=30 July 2008|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=20 August 2009|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1109135.cms |title=The sad story of Santhi Soundarajan |date=9 January 2007 |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=20 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112191344/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1109135.cms |archivedate=12 January 2009 }}</ref><ref name = "FS"/> Soon after the results of the sex test came out, she was stripped of her silver medal.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/18/asia/AS_SPT_ATH_India_Medalist_Challenged.php| title=Indian silver medalist female runner at Asian Games fails gender test| date=18 December 2006|publisher=International Herald Tribune}}</ref>

Soundarajan returned to her village in humiliation and promptly fell into serious depression. Months later, she tried to kill herself by ingesting a type of poison used by veterinarians. A friend found her vomiting uncontrollably and brought her to a hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/trackandfield/news/story?id=2701018 |title=Indian runner fails gender test, loses medal |website=Sports.espn.go.com |date=2006-12-18 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061218/asp/sports/story_7153292.asp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Shanti fails Doha gender test | date=18 December 2006}}</ref>

==Later life==
In January 2007, the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[Karunanidhi]] awarded Soundarajan a television set and a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 1.5 million for her Doha Games effort, despite the fallout of Soundarajan failing a gender test. Soundarajan spent her reward money on her students; there are an average of 68 (trainees) and none of them is charged any fee.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/09/14/Semenya.India.Athlete/index.html?iref=24hours | work=CNN | title=India athlete makes plea for Semenya | date=14 September 2009}}</ref>

Soundarajan's application to the state-run railways for a job before the games was turned down because the athlete failed a medical test.<ref name="zeenews.india.com"/>

In September 2007, Soundarajan was reported to have attempted suicide, reportedly by consuming a veterinary drug at her residence.<ref name="FS">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,22373013-23210,00.html|title=Sex-test failure attempts suicide|date=6 September 2007|publisher=Fox Sports|accessdate=20 August 2009}}</ref> The attempt was blamed on gender, economic, and sports pressure in India.

Two months later, Soundarajan took up coaching, starting a training academy at her home district of Pudukkottai, and became a temporary athletics coach with the regional government. By 2009, her academy had 68 students and her students had won the first and third positions in the [[Chennai]] marathon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2009/06/11/2003445882|title=Santhi turns to coaching after suicide attempt|date=11 June 2009|publisher=Taipei Times|accessdate=20 August 2009}}</ref>

Soundarajan was admitted to the NIS athletic coach diploma course in Bangalore in 2013.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/financial-aid-for-santhi/article4904965.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Financial aid for Santhi | date=11 July 2013}}</ref> Soundarajan was one of the 24 coaches in athletics, out of the 108 students who attended the course in eight disciplines. on 30 April 2014 she became a qualified athletics coach, being awarded the NIS diploma certificate at the Sports Authority of India graduation ceremony in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/graduation-day-at-sai-south-centre/article5964728.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Graduation day at SAI South Centre | date=1 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Santhi-leaves-tainted-past-is-all-set-to-coach-athletes/articleshow/34456680.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Santhi leaves tainted past, is all set to coach athletes – The Times of India}}</ref> Soundarajan doesn't have a permanent job at that time. Commenting on Soundarajan's situation, Olympic shooter [[Anjali Bhagwat]], who termed the incident as "shameful," said “The athlete should be given at least a central or state government job for her financial stability, in lieu of what Santhi has done for the country”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/Santhi-incident-shameful-Anjali-Bhagwat-1343235906 |title=Santhi incident shameful: Anjali Bhagwat – Sports |website=Post.jagran.com |date=2012-07-25 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/Santhi-Soundarajan-incident-shameful-Anjali-Bhagwat/articleshow/15144380.cms | title = Santhi Soundarajan incident shameful: Anjali Bhagwat | work = Times of India | date = July 25, 2012}}</ref>

In December 2014, with the help of gender activist [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Kappur |first=Shilpa |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/One-Who-Fights-For-an-Other/2015/04/13/article2756559.ece |title=One Who Fights For an Other |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date= |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref> Soundarajan met [[Pon. Radhakrishnan]], Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways, Olympic silver medallist [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]], Minister of State for Information Technology and Broadcasting, and Union Sports and Youth Affairs Minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] in New Delhi to present a request for assistance securing a permanent job as an athletics coach, and in restoring her 800m silver medal from the 2006 Doha Asian Games.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/santhis-plea/article6711959.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Santhi's plea | date=21 December 2014}}</ref>

Radhakrishnan, a political heavyweight from Tamil Nadu, in turn, wrote to Sports Minister Sarbananda Sonowal to release a cash award to Soundarajan, but the Ministry's response was unfavorable: she was informed through a letter that since the medal has not been restored to her, the Ministry cannot give a Rs 10 lakh cash award for the medal. Also, the Ministry does not provide or recommend jobs in central/state government offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/santhi-finds-herself-at-crossroads-again/80813.html |title=Santhi finds herself at crossroads again |website=Tribuneindia.com |date=2015-05-15 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref>

{{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote="My legacy will remain not with my medals but with the determination and hope to overcome my past torment and my present struggles, I want to live my dream through my students."<ref name="The Times Of India">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Poll-ticket-crowd-funded-academy-on-Santhis-agenda/articleshow/51295052.cms| work=The Times Of India | title=Poll ticket, crowd-funded academy on Santhi's agenda – The Times of India}}</ref>|source=— Santhi Soundarajan}}

Soundarajan told the [[BBC]] Tamil Service that the Indian authorities had not fought her case after she was stripped of her silver medal at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha.<ref name="Santhi 'medal should be returned'"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/afi-to-monitor-semenyas-test-to-make-santhis-case/article20662.ece |title=AFI to monitor Semenya’s test to make Santhi’s case |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2009-09-15 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref>

On 29 July 2015, the Madras High Court directed the State government to consider Soundarajan's plea for relaxation in educational qualifications and help her become a coach at the Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDATN). As per the notification issued by the Youth Welfare and Sports Development in April 2015, an applicant contesting for the post of the coach should have an education qualification of a bachelor's degree and Soundarajan did not have one. Justice D. Hariparanthaman directed the Secretary of the Youth Welfare and Sports Development to “consider her claim for the post of coach by granting requisite relaxation as a special case”, in the light of the documents produced by her in the sports area and pass appropriate orders within six weeks.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/madras-hc-comes-to-the-aid-of-santhi/article7489546.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Dennis S. | last=Jesudasan | title=HC comes to the aid of Santhi | date=1 August 2015}}</ref>

On 27 September 2016 the [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]] (NCSC) served a notice on the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] in response to a petition filed by Soundarajan. The NCSC investigated allegations of injustice and sought a response in the matter from the secretary of the Department of Sports within 30 days.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.espn.in/athletics/story/_/id/17761605/ministry-sports-served-notice-santhi-soundarajan-complaint | title = Ministry of sports served notice on Santhi Soundarajan's complaint | work = ESPN | date = October 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/sc-panel-intervenes-in-santhi-case/article9205414.ece | title = SC panel intervenes in Santhi case | work = The Hindu | date = December 1, 2016}}</ref>

On 16 October 2016 Soundarajan was informed that the State government decided to appoint her as a permanent athletic coach under Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu Sports Minister [[K. Pandiarajan]] said the State will plead her case with the International Court of Arbitration for Sport. he also stated that the Tamil Nadu Government will write to SAI, Indian Olympic Association and Athletics Federation of India to take up Soundarajan's case in that forum.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/santhi-set-to-rebuild-life-as-official-athletic-coach/article9227071.ece | title = Santhi set to rebuild life as official athletic coach | date = December 1, 2016 | work = The Hindu}}</ref>

Soundarajan received her appointment order for a permanent athletic coach under SDAT on 20 December 2016 from Tamil Nadu Sports Minister [[K. Pandiarajan]] at the [[Fort St. George, India]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/santhi-gets-a-state-job-to-fight-for-return-of-medal/articleshow/56099342.cms | title = Santhi gets a state job, to fight for return of medal | work = Times of India | date = December 21, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ten-years-after-failing-gender-test-tn-athlete-santhi-soundarajan-gets-government-job-offer|title=Ten years after ‘failing’ gender test, TN athlete Santhi Soundarajan gets government job offer|date=2016-12-21|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref>

On January 3, 2017 [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] who is closely working with Santhi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/athlete-santhi-soundarajan-may-file-human-rights-case-afi-ioa-wash-hands-medal-issue-55135 |title=Athlete Santhi Soundarajan may file human rights case, as AFI, IOA wash hands of medal issue |publisher=The News Minute |date=2017-01-02 |accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref> said she will file a human rights violation case against Athletic Federation of India and Indian Olympic Association at Madras High Court or the Apex of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/santhi-soundarajan-to-file-human-rights-violation-case-against-afi-ioa-ten-years-after-failed-gender-test-3186372.html |title=Santhi Soundarajan to file human rights violation case against AFI, IOA ten years after being stripped off medal |website=Firstpost.com |date=2011-02-24 |accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/sports/video/santhi-set-to-fight-for-justice/53765 |title=Santhi Set To Fight For Justice Jan 03, 2017, 19:43 IST, Times Now |website=Timesnow.tv |date= |accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref>

On February 16, 2017 The [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] rejected Santhi's complaint claims it's too late to accept it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/human-rights-body-rejects-santhi-soundarajan-s-complaint-claims-it-s-too-late-accept-it |title=Human rights body rejects Santhi Soundarajan's complaint, claims it's too late to accept it |publisher=The News Minute |date= |accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref>

==Achievements and honours==
Soundarajan has won 12 international medals and 50 national medals, including:
* Gold Medal – [[2005 Asian Indoor Games]] – 4x400 relay
* Gold Medal – [[2005 Asian Indoor Games]] – 800 meters
* Silver Medal – [[2006 Asian Games]]- 800 meters
* Gold Medal – [[2006 South Asian Games]] – 1500 meters
* Gold Medal – [[2006 South Asian Games]] – 4x400 relay
* Gold Medal – 2003 International Peace Sports Festival – 5000 meters
* Silver Medal – [[2006 South Asian Games]] – 800 meters
* Silver Medal – [[2005 Asian Athletics Championships]] – 800 meters
* Silver Medal – 2004 Asian Grand Prix, Bangalore – 800 meters
* Silver Medal – 2004 Asian Grand Prix, Pune – 800 meters
* Silver Medal – 2003 International Peace Sports Festival – 800 meters
* Bronze Medal – 2003 International Peace Sports Festival – 400 meters

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:25%;"| Award
! style="width:25%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:45%;"| Notes
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2016
|| Young Inspirational Women Leader Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwomenleadershipcongress.org/Santhi-Soundarajan.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330050639/http://www.worldwomenleadershipcongress.org/Santhi-Soundarajan.html |archivedate=30 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>
|| World Women Leadership Congress (WWLC)
|| Awarded for her contributions towards increasing the participation of young Tamil girls in Athletics.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Dental-health-awareness-camp-held/articleshow/51421157.cms |title=Dental health awareness camp held – Times of India |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-03-16 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:25%;"| Title
! style="width:25%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:45%;"| Notes
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2017
|| Living Phoenix<ref name="web.archive.org">[https://web.archive.org/web/20061024063648/http://www.kurukshetra.org.in/]</ref><ref name="guindytimes1">{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.guindytimes.com/articles/the-living-phoenix-speaks-an-exclusive-interview-with-santhi-soundararajan |title=The Living Phoenix Speaks! – An Exclusive Interview With Santhi Soundararajan |publisher=The Guindy Times |date= |accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref>
|| [[Kurukshetra (college festival)]] by [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], [[Anna University]].<ref name="guindytimes1"/>
|| Conferred on her for Santhi's remarkable contributions in the field of Athletics.<ref name="web.archive.org"/>
|}

==IAAF policy and support for other athletes==
Soundarajan's case has been contrasted<ref name="kalra2012" /> with that of [[Caster Semenya]] of South Africa, also a middle-distance runner, who nearly lost the gold she won at the 2009 Berlin World Championship after she failed a similar gender test. Semenya's nation rallied around her to safeguard her dignity, her rights and position in world sports. She was also her country's flag-bearer at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London Olympics 2012]]. Soundarajan supported Semenya, fearing that Semenya would face the same humiliation that she did.<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/09/14/Semenya.India.Athlete/ | work=CNN | title=India athlete makes plea for Semenya | date=14 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="Time">{{cite news| url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1919562,00.html | work=Time | title=Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews - TIME.com | date=1 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/sport/2009/09/2009919193436727487.html |title=al jazeera |website=Aljazeera.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref>

Soundarajan also extended her support to [[Dutee Chand]] and said the youngster should not be victimized. She also expressed her dismay at the lack of sensitivity in the handling of the Dutee Chand issue, fearing that the young athlete's future may have now been jeopardized. Soundarajan demanded that all steps be taken to ensure the 18-year-old's return to the track.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gopalkrishnan |first=Krithika |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Santhi-Urges-Establishment-to-Help-Sidelined-Dutee/2014/07/19/article2335981.ece |title=Santhi Urges Establishment to Help Sidelined Dutee |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2014-07-19 |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref>

Welcoming the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]]'s ruling in favour of Chand on 27 July 2015 for suspending gender test, the landmark ruling has also fuelled Soundarajan's hopes of regaining the silver medal and the Rs 10-lakh prize money from the central government which was withheld after the gender test row.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Santhi-keen-on-getting-her-Asiad-medal-back/articleshow/48262924.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Santhi keen on getting her Asiad medal back – The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Ruling-on-Dutee-Gives-Santhi-a-Ray-of-Hope/2015/08/10/article2966755.ece | title=Ruling on Dutee gives Santhi a Ray of hope | work=The New Indian Express | date=10 August 2015}}</ref>

In this regard, it is notable that the IAAF policy, suspended as a result of Chand's case, did not prevent Soundarajan from competing. Kalra, Kulshreshtha and Unnikrishnan, writing in the Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2012, stated that "Chromosomal sex, used to disqualify Santhi in 2010, is not mentioned at all in the current guidelines."<ref name="kalra2012">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.4103/2230-8210.102980| pmid = 23226629| pmc = 3510954| issn = 2230-8210| volume = 16| issue = 6| pages = 873–5| last1 = Kalra| first1 = Sanjay| last2 = Kulshreshtha| first2 = Bindu| last3 = Unnikrishnan| first3 = AmbikaGopalakrishnan| title = We care for intersex: For Pinky, for Santhi, and for Anamika| journal = Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism| date = 2012| url = http://www.ijem.in/text.asp?2012/16/6/873/102980}}</ref> Immediately prior to the 2016 Olympic Games and in response to sex verification controversies, Genel, Simpson and de la Chapelle in the Journal of the American Medical Association stated "One of the fundamental recommendations published almost 25 years ago ... that athletes born with a disorder of sex development and raised as females be allowed to compete as women remains appropriate".<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1001/jama.2016.11850| pmid = 27490137| issn = 0098-7484| last1 = Genel M| last2 = Simpson J| last3 = de la Chapelle A| title = The olympic games and athletic sex assignment| journal = JAMA| date = August 4, 2016| volume=316| issue = 13| pages = 1359–1360}}</ref>

After [[Rio Olympics]] [[Caster Semenya]] surprised Santhi by sending a message of love, gratitude and support on Twitter.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://swarajyamag.com/sports/why-india-must-not-fail-santhi-soundarajan | location= India | work=[[Swarajya (magazine)|Swarajya]] | first= | last=Gopi Shankar Madurai | title=Why India Must Not Fail Santhi Soundarajan | date=2016-12-29}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In 2006, [[Amitabh Bachchan]] raised a question on Soundarajan in the show [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]] 2 he hosted.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The character of Valli in the Tamil film [[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]] is a tribute to Soundarajan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-ethir-neechal-is-a-nice-commercial-entertainer-50210545-in-1.html |title=Top Latest News, Breaking News Headlines India, Live World News, Indian News Stories |website=In.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kolly360.com/critique-de-ethir-neechal/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903082103/http://kolly360.com/critique-de-ethir-neechal/ |archivedate=3 September 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

In August 2016 Thappad, an online platform and mobile application, made a video as part of an online campaign that is asking for Soundarajan's name to be included in the official records again and that the government should give her a permanent job to rebuild her life.<ref name="thappad">{{cite web| url = http://thappad.in/petition/shanti/ | title = #FairTreatment for Shanthi Soundarajan | work = Thappad | date = 2016}}</ref><ref name="huff2016">{{cite web|author=Sonam Joshi Lifestyle Editor |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/09/why-we-should-join-the-campaign-seeking-justice-for-runner-shant/ |title=Why We Should Join The Campaign Seeking Justice For Runner Shanthi Soundarajan |website=Huffingtonpost.in |date= |accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/justice-shanthi-petition-supporting-tn-athlete-who-failed-gender-test-47986 |title=Justice for Shanthi: Petition supporting TN athlete who failed the gender test |publisher=The News Minute |date=2016-08-10 |accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref>

Put Chutney online comedy group under [[Culture Machine Media Pvt Ltd]] made a video in Tamil, to explain the significance of her struggle to residents of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sonam Joshi |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/10/19/a-decade-after-being-banned-for-failing-a-controversial-gender-t/?ncid=tweetlnkinhpmg00000001 |title=A Decade After Being Banned For Failing A Controversial Gender Test, Athlete Shanthi Soundarajan Gets A Government Job |website=Huffingtonpost.in |date= |accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sex verification in sports]]
*[[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]
*[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soundarajan, Santhi}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Intersex sportspeople]]
[[Category:Intersex women]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Indian female middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian female steeplechase runners]]
[[Category:Sex verification in sports]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in athletics]]

Sathyaraj

2020-05-30T12:01:49Z

CodeSlashh: Undid revision 959748205 by 60.243.108.191 (talk)

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sathyaraj
| image = 6105 actor-sathyaraj.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Rangaraj Subbaiah
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|10|3|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/actor-sathyaraj-turns-61.html |title=HAPPY BIRTHDAY SATHYARAJ |last=Nandhu |date=3 October 2015 |website=Behindwoods |access-date=4 October 2015}}</ref>
| birth_place = 
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|politician}}
| children = 2, including [[Sibiraj]]
| nationality = Indian
| yearsactive = 1978–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Maheshwari|1979}}
}}

'''Rangaraj Subbiah''' (born 3 October 1954), professionally known as '''Sathyaraj''', is an Indian actor, producer, director, [[media personality]] and a former politician who has predominantly appeared in [[Tamil cinema]].

He started his career in antagonistic roles and later played lead roles. His 200 films also include works in Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi and Kannada. He met with success through lead performances in ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]'' (1987), ''[[Nadigan]]'' (1990), ''[[Amaidhi Padai]]'' (1994) and the Tamil Nadu government-sponsored film ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]'' (2007). He also received acclaim for supporting roles in ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012), ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013), his role as Karikala Kattappa in the two-part epic ''[[Production of Baahubali|Baahubali]]'' and ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news|author=TNN Aug 11, 2013, 04.00PM IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-11/news-interviews/41294361_1_sathyaraj-hot-property-character-actor |title=Sathyaraj is hot property – Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-08-11 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref> He was also the director of the film ''[[Villadhi Villain]]'' (1995), starring himself in three different roles.<ref name=vv /><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/17/stories/2009041750401600.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Grill Mill -- SATHYARAJ | date=17 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill-sathyaraj/article3021382.ece|title=Grill Mill -- SATHYARAJ|date=2009-04-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2011, he had a brief career as a television host for the game show ''Home Sweet Home'' on [[STAR Vijay]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-05/news-interviews/28658216_1_game-show-sathyaraj-host | work=The Times Of India | title=Sathyaraj to host a game show – The Times of India}}</ref> He has also served as a [[brand ambassador]] for [[Pothys]] and Kumaran Jewelry Shop.<ref>[http://www.sify.com/movies/sathyaraj-does-a-commercial-news-tamil-kkfsezhcjfe.html Sathyaraj does a commercial]</ref>

==Early life==
Sathyaraj was born as Rangaraj Mandradiar on 3 October 1954 to Subbaiyan and Nathambal, with two younger sisters, namely Kalpana Mandradiar and Roopa Senapathy (wife of Dr. [[Periannan Senapathy]]). He is an ardent fan of [[M. G. Ramachandran]]<ref name=vv/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/satayaraj.asp |title=Face to Face with Satyaraj |work=Chennai Online |accessdate=2011-05-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128065007/http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/satayaraj.asp |archivedate=28 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Rajesh Khanna]]. Sathyaraj completed his primary school education in St Mary's Convent school, [[Coimbatore]] and later studied for tenth standard from Suburban High School, Ramnagar, Coimbatore. He went to Government Arts College, [[Coimbatore]] for a Bachelor of Science degree in [[Botany]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|author=Subha J Rao |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/many-shades-of-grey/article4683478.ece |title=Many shades of grey |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-05-04 |accessdate=2013-11-27 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="cinema.maalaimalar.com">{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/20230037/satyaraj-villian-75-movies-cin.html |title=75 படங்களில் வில்லனாக நடித்தபின் கதாநாயகனாக உயர்ந்த சத்யராஜ்: மாறுபட்ட வேடங்களில் நடித்து சாதனை|trans-title=Sathyaraj became hero after playing negative roles in 75 films: Acted in different characters|work=Maalai Malar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723232503/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/20230037/satyaraj-villian-75-movies-cin.html|archive-date=7 Oct 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/08-08-00/sathyara.htm |work=dinakaran |title=Cine Biography: Satyaraj |accessdate=2014-02-14 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001207123300/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/08-08-00/sathyara.htm |archivedate=7 December 2000 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Sathyaraj's dream was to become a film actor, but his mother was against it and forbid him to join cinema. In 1976, in spite of his mother's opposition, he left Coimbatore to enter the Tamil film industry based in Kodambakkam, Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-20/news-interviews/28027004_1_malayalam-film-telugu-film-film-festival |title=Sathyaraj: I'm like the kid in TZP - Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2009-04-20 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>

Sathyaraj entered the film industry after witnessing the shooting of the film ''[[Annakili]]'', where he met actor [[Sivakumar]] and producer Thiruppur Manian.<ref name="cinema.maalaimalar.com"/> He joined the drama troupe of Komal Swamynathan. Sathyaraj's first film in a credited role as an actor was ''[[Sattam En Kaiyil]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/22232237/kamal-movie-satyaraj-villan-ro.html |title=கமல் நடித்த சட்டம் என் கையில்: வில்லனாக சத்யராஜ் அறிமுகம் |trans-title=Sathyaraj introduced as villain in Kamal starrer Sattam En Kaiyil|work=Maalaimalar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725033320/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/22232237/kamal-movie-satyaraj-villan-ro.html|archive-date=7 Oct 2019}}</ref> in 1978, where he played a henchman to the main villain played by [[Thengai Srinivasan]] in the film. Later, he worked as production manager for the film ''[[Kannan Oru Kaikkuzhanthai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/21231039/Sathyaraj-cinema-became-produc.html |title=சத்யராஜ் சினிமா தயாரிப்பு நிர்வாகி ஆனார் | trans-title=Sathyaraj became production manager|work=Maalaimalar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725042852/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/21231039/Sathyaraj-cinema-became-produc.html|archive-date=7 Oct 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/08-08-00/sathyara.htm |work=dinakaran |title=Cine Biography: Satyaraj (Part 1) |accessdate=2014-02-14 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030804004444/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/08-08-00/sathyara.htm |archivedate=4 August 2003 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In addition to his managerial role, he also had a small acting part in the film. His first film as the leading hero in Tamil was ''[[Saavi (film)|Saavi]]'' in 1985, which was a box office success, but his character was negative one. He acted in about 75 films from 1978 to 1985 till films such as ''[[Kaakki Sattai]]'' and ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' starring [[Kamal Haasan]], most of which featured Sathyaraj in antagonist roles.<ref name=vv>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/08/11/stories/09110226.htm |title=Serene ride to success |work=The Hindu |date=11 August 2000 |accessdate=24 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>[http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/25225338/actor-sathyaraj-and-kamal-hass.html நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் கமலஹாசனுடன் இணைந்து நடித்த 'காக்கிச்சட்டை' | actor Sathyaraj and kamal hassan kakki chattai film]</ref>

==Career==

===1978–1985: Early career===
In his early career between 1978 and 1982, the negative roles he played were often henchman to the main villain [[M. N. Nambiar]] and other villains and his role would be minuscule, while the main lead was [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Jaishankar]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Vijayakanth]]. His college friend [[Manivannan]] directed Sathyaraj for the first time in the Tamil film ''[[January 1 (1984 film)|January 1]]'' in 1984, where Sathyaraj had a supporting role. Manivannan directed Sathyaraj in about 25 films from 1984 to 2013 and of them 18 had Sathyaraj as the main lead. His screen space as a villain increased after ''[[24 Mani Neram]]'' (1984), directed by Manivannan, in which Sathyaraj's role was on par with that of lead actor [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]].<ref name="behindwoods1">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/actor/sathyaraj.html |title=Actor Sathyaraj - Interview - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie Actor Interviews - Pettai Mudhal Kottai Varai Sanghamithra Onbadhu Roobai Notu Periyaar |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date=2009-01-21 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref> His acting skills in the film were noticed by many and he became famous among the Tamil film audience. Sathyaraj also felt that his villainous roles in '' [[Nooravathu Naal]]''<ref>[http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/24233643/satyaraj-acted-nooravathu-nal.html மொட்டைத் தலையுடன் சத்யராஜ் நடித்த 'நூறாவது நாள்' மகத்தான வெற்றி | sathyaraj acted nooravathu nal cinema history]</ref> and ''Anbin Mugavari'', both again directed by Manivannan, had better footage than that of Vijayakanth's and Mohan's.<ref name="behindwoods1"/> Sathyaraj started receiving offers to act as the hero in Tamil films from 1985. Directors were reluctant to cast him as the protagonist as his second film as a lead actor ''Iravu Pookkal'' (1985) was not a success. Most of the films he was part of were of the action genre in this period.

===1986–1988: Lead roles===
In the 1986 film ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]'', he played the lead romantic role<ref>[http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/26230526/bharathiraja-film-satyaraj-act.html பாரதிராஜா படங்களில் சத்யராஜ்: 'கடலோரக் கவிதைகள்' மூலம் கதாநாயகன் ஆனார் | bharathiraja film satyaraj acted cinema history]</ref><ref>[http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/27231922/hero-role-satyaraj-acted-kadal.html கதாநாயகனாக சத்யராஜ் நடித்த 'கடலோரக் கவிதைகள்' மகத்தான வெற்றி | hero role satyaraj acted kadalora kavithai]</ref> and ''Behindwoods'' said: "Sathyaraj broke his image of an action hero and came up with a rollicking performance. He is the real star of the film."<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/features/classicalmovie/Kadalorakkavithaigal/tamil-cinema-classicmovies-Kadalorakkavithaigal.html Classical Movie : Bharathiraja's 'Kadalorakkavithaigal' Kadalorakkavithaigal]. Behindwoods.com.</ref> He received appreciation for playing his role in ''[[Mr. Bharath]]'' (1986), which revolved around the conflict between father, played by Sathyaraj and son (Rajinikanth). Sathyaraj acted as Rajinikanth's father in the film, though he was in fact 4 years younger than Rajinikanth.<ref name="behindwoods1"/> Manivanan, being friends with Sathyaraj, kept casting him in pivotal roles in his directorial ventures, regularly showcasing different emotions from Sathyaraj in films such as ''[[Muthal Vasantham]]'', ''[[Palaivana Rojakkal]]'' and ''[[Vidinja Kalyanam]]''. After ''Kadalora Kavithaigal'', Sathyaraj had box office hits as the lead hero between 1986 and 1988 such as ''[[Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu]]'',<ref>[http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=kadamai%20kanniyam%20kattuppadu Cinesouth entry]. Cinesouth.com.</ref> ''[[Mandhira Punnagai (1986 film)|Mandhira Punnagai]]'', ''[[Makkal En Pakkam]]'' (in which he had dual roles), ''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]'', ''[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru]]'', ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' and ''[[Chinnappadass]]''. Manivanan from 1987 onward started casting Sathyaraj in positive roles and their combination had box office hits like ''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]'', ''[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]'', ''[[Ganam Courtar Avargale]]'' and ''Chinnappadas'' in this period. Sathyaraj received the Best Tamil Actor award in Filmfare Awards South for his performance in ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]'' (1987).

In ''[[Needhiyin Nizhal]]'' (1985), which featured [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] in the lead role, Sathyaraj had a minuscule supporting role and played second fiddle to the main villain M.N. Nambiar, but by 1988, Sathyaraj had established himself as a leading actor and in ''Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi'', in which Prabhu and Sathyaraj were cast in the starring role, Prabhu's character played second fiddle to Sathyaraj's character. He played a bespectacled leading man in the commercially successful ''Ganam Courtaar Avargaley'' and his performance was critically acclaimed and it established him as a versatile actor. He is fine actor.

===1989–1999: Breakthrough===
His 99th film was ''[[Dravidan (1989 film)|Dravidan]]'' and his 100th film was ''[[Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai]]'', but the latter fared better at the box office. After 1988, he had very few unsuccessful films such as ''[[Madurai Veeran Enga Saami]]'', ''[[Magudam]]'', ''[[Pangali]]'', and ''[[Kattalai (film)|Kattalai]]'' in this period as he became selective of choosing his roles as main lead hero. In the 90s, he attempted more films of comedy and action genres and occasionally did romantic films. Many of them were commercially successful, such as ''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]'', ''[[Nadigan]]'', ''[[Pudhu Manithan]]'', ''[[Rickshaw Mama]]'', ''[[Airport (1993 film)|Airport]]'', ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'', ''[[Veera Padhakkam]]'', ''[[Thai Maaman]]'' and ''[[Azhagarsamy]]''. Sathyaraj played a dual role as father and son in the box office hit ''[[Amaithipadai]]'', which is considered among his best performances. With regard to the film, he has stated: "I have no words for that film, as it took me to the next level as an actor".<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131019/entertainment-kollywood/article/sathyaraj-i-consider-all-vibrant-young-directors-my-seniors |title=Sathyaraj: I consider all vibrant, young directors my seniors |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=2013-10-19 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref> He also said that he almost did not sign up for the film as it was a negative character and he had moved away from negative roles and "gained some respectability" with films such as ''Poovizhi Vaasalile'', ''Vedham Pudhidhu'' and ''Walter Vetrivel''.<ref name="thehindu1"/> After ''Thai Maaman'' became successful in 1994, the same team of Sathyaraj and director Guru Dhanapal decided to do their next venture ''Maaman Magal'' in 1995, which was also a moderate hit. He directed his first film in 1995 ''[[Villadhi Villain]]'', which had him in three distinct roles and it was a successful project.<ref name="vv"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/12/31/stories/0431401c.htm |title=Hit parade from a favourite |work=The Hindu |date=31 December 2000 |accessdate=24 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India |first=Sudhish |last=Kamath}}</ref>

His pairing opposite actress [[Kushboo]] and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] became popular in this decade. The box office hits of the pair Kushboo-Sathyaraj include ''Nadigan'', ''Bramma'', ''Rickshaw Mama'', ''[[Kalyana Galatta]]'', ''[[Suyamvaram]]'', ''[[Malabar Police]]'', and ''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]'', whereas ''[[Thozhar Pandian]]'' and ''[[Veeranadai]]'' were not successful at the box office. The on-screen pair of Sathyaraj-Meena together had average grossers such as ''Thai Maaman'', ''[[Maaman Magal (1995 film)|Maaman Magal]]'', ''[[Vallal]]'' and later in 2003 with ''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]''. His chemistry with actors [[Goundamani]] and [[Senthil]] has been well received and appreciated by the public and hence they have appeared in many movies together from ''Vaazhkai Sakkaram'' in 1990.

===2000–2009: Comedy and drama films===
The year 2000 proved to be unsuccessful for Sathyaraj. 4 films between 2000–01 ''Veeranadai'', ''[[Puratchikkaaran]]'', ''[[Aandan Adimai]]'' and the comedy film ''[[Looty]]'' were failures while his commercially successful films were [[P. Vasu]]'s comedy film ''[[Asathal]]'', Sundar C's ''Unnai Kann Theduthey'' and G. Sai Suresh's ''[[Kunguma Pottu Gounder]]''. As many new young actors such as Ajith Kumar, Vijay and Madhavan, who debuted in the 1990s had established themselves successfully by 2000, and others such as [[Jiiva]] and [[Srikanth (Tamil actor)|Srikanth]] made their mark in the mid-2000s and also since Sathyaraj had been using wigs since 1985 in films as he had begun losing hair since then, critics felt Sathyaraj's career as solo lead actor may end by 2000. Sathyaraj re-invented himself as a hero with the 2002 film ''[[Maaran (film)|Maaran]]'' and as a romantic hero in ''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' and with his performance in the comedy film ''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]'' in 2003. Sathyaraj and director Shakthi Chidambaram's combination gave 3 consecutive films, ''[[Ennamma Kannu]]'', ''[[Maha Nadigan]]'' and ''[[Englishkaran]]''. ''Ennama Kannu'' was a super hit. Few films like ''[[Sena (film)|Sena]]'', ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'',<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/31/stories/2003013101060202.htm "Ramachandra"]. The Hindu (31 January 2003).</ref> ''[[Azhagesan]]'',<ref>[http://movies.bizhat.com/review_alagesan.php BizHat.com – Alagesan Review. Satyaraj, Prema, Ramraj, Manorama]. Movies.bizhat.com.</ref> and ''[[Gowravargal]]'' received negative reviews in this decade. He co-starred with his son [[Sibiraj]] for the first time in ''[[Jore]]'' which was average. Bizhat described "It's interesting to watch the father – son combination together in Jore.<ref>[http://movies.bizhat.com/review_jore.php BizHat.com – Jore Review. Satyaraj, Sibi Raj, Gajala, Koti]. Movies.bizhat.com.</ref> Sathyaraj then acted with his son in 3 more films ''[[Mannin Maindhan]]'', ''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]'' and ''[[Kovai Brothers]]'', in which the two were seen as brothers. In 2007, he produced a Tamil film ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'', starring his son, which was critically acclaimed.<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3359/tamil/lee/1065/review.htm Lee Review – Tamil Movie Review by PVS]. Nowrunning.com (20 February 2007).</ref><ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=7572 Sathyaraj to produce 'Lee' with son Sibi as hero]</ref>

Films in the 2000s with Sathyaraj in the lead role that fared well at the box office were ''[[6'2]]'', ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]'', his 170th film ''[[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' (2006), ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]'' and ''Thangam''. He received the Vijay Award for Best Actor for ''[[Onbadhu Roobai Nottu]]'' in 2007 and was also nominated for his performance in ''Periyar'' in the same year, in which he portrayed the life of social reformer and rationalist [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]. About the role he said, "I myself being a rationalist, I found it easy to portray his character on screen. His principles and ideologies, like fighting for women's liberation and untouchability, have influenced me to a great extent".<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>

===2010–2019: Supporting Actor===
[[Image:Sathyaraj filming Bahubali the Conclusion (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|Sathyaraj portraying his critically acclaimed role [[Kattappa]] on the sets of ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' (2017)]]
He accepted pivotal supporting roles in Tamil films such as ''[[Aayiram Vilakku]]'', ''[[Uchithanai Muharnthaal]]'', ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'', ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' and ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''. In ''Nanban'', he played a college professor and won the Best Supporting Actor awards at the Filmfare, Vijay and SIIMA ceremonies, while in ''Thalaivaa'', ''Raja Rani'', ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' and ''[[Chennai Express]]'' he played father characters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/news-interviews/42899274_1_roles-thalaivaa-raja-rani |title=Meet Tamil cinema's "family" |work=Times of India. |date=2013-10-10 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref> Sathyaraj and Manivannan worked together for the last time in ''[[Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA]]'', which was Manivannan's 50th and last directorial venture before his death. A sequel to ''Amaidhipadai'', it was also the 200th film of Sathyaraj and became a box office bomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4tamilmedia.tv/news-review/751-nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-s-triple-treat |title='Nagaraja Cholan MA., MLA's Triple treat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606053824/http://www.4tamilmedia.tv/news-review/751-nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-s-triple-treat |date=6 June 2013 |work=4tamilmedia.tv|archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-the-partys-over/article4705969.ece Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA: The party’s over]. The Hindu (11 May 2013).</ref>

He ventured into Telugu cinema after long time as a supporting actor in ''[[Sankham]]'' in 2009 and later did ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' in 2012, both of which were successful. He also entered Malayalam cinema with ''[[Aagathan]]'' in 2009. He played the critically acclaimed role of Kattappa in ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) and has reprised the role in the sequel ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' (2017).

In 2015, at the age of 60, the media and public at large rechristened him as Kattappa, as he received nationwide popularity for his role in India's biggest motion picture ''Baahubali: The Beginning''. Since the time he made his debut as junior artiste at 24 years of age, he had been wanting to do a historical or a folklore film and it was his long cherished dream. He quoted in an interview in 2015: "I am a great fan of MGR who is popular in folklore films, like NTR in Telugu movies. My dream of doing a folklore at 24 has been realised at 60 through ''Rajamouli''. I played Rajinikanth's father when I was 31 and Rajini was 35, so I never cared for age..it never mattered to me."<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/playing-a-dream-role/article7430280.ece | title=Playing a dream role| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2015-07-16| last1=Chowdhary| first1=Y. Sunita}}</ref>

He acted as lead role in the film ''[[Oru Naal Iravil]]'' (2015). A faithful remake of much acclaimed Malayalam movie, ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]'' has been helmed by editor turned director, [[Anthony (film editor)|Antony]] with great integrity. Sathyaraj as the middle aged man brings so much life to his character.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oru-naal-iravil-review-tamil-pluthhaiddjeh.html |title = Review : Oru Naal Iravil (2015)}}</ref> In 2016, he acted with his son [[Sibiraj]] in ''[[Jackson Durai]]'', another addition to the popular “Horror-comedy genre”.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/jackson-durai/jackson-durai-review.html |title = Jackson Durai (Aka) Jackson Durai review|date = July 2016}}</ref> Followed by the last movie series ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-prabhas-anushka-shetty-impress-in-ss-rajamouli-s-film/story-FQ6O18Syd5uGcABCIUjf9L.html |title = Baahubali 2 - the Conclusion movie review: Fantastic visuals power Rajamouli's film|date = 28 April 2017}}</ref> He played the role of DC Ratnavel "Randy", a Police officer in the film ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017) directed by [[Atlee Kumar|Atlee]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sathyaraj-talks-about-his-less-screentime-in-vijays-mersal.html |title = Sathyaraj talks about his less screentime in Vijay's Mersal|date = 8 March 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Sathyaraj Is married to Maheswari in 1979, niece of producer Madhampatti Sivakumar, and had two children, Divya (daughter) and [[Sibiraj]] (son), also an actor.<ref>[http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/23231851/actor-sathyaraj-marriage-cinem.html நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் திருமணம் நடந்தது | actor sathyaraj marriage cinema history]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/16-08-00/sathya2.htm |title=dinakaran |accessdate=2014-05-28 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001202125400/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/16-08-00/sathya2.htm |archivedate=2 December 2000 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Sathyaraj is a staunch atheist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/actor/sathiyaraj-biography/ |title=Actor Sathiyaraj Biography | Sathiyaraj Personal Profile | Sathiyaraj Biodata | Sathiyaraj Childhood | Sathiyaraj Awards |publisher=Spicyonion.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>

Sathyaraj and [[Manivannan]] shared a close friendship since college and became frequent collaborators in notable films in Tamil cinema. ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "His (Manivannan's) friendship with actor Sathiyaraj translated to several memorable moments on screen. Manivannan...along with Sathyaraj epitomised on screen what is colloquially known in Tamil as "nakkal" (snideness)".<ref>{{cite news|author=Karthik Subramanian |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/master-of-character-roles-manivannan-passes-away/article4817104.ece |title=Master of character roles Manivannan passes away |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-06-15 |accessdate=2013-11-27 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> According to Behindwoods.com, Manivannan (as the director) and Sathyaraj had 12 consecutive hit films together beginning from 1987 to 1994; ''[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]'', ''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]'', ''[[Ganam Courtar Avargale]]'', ''[[Manidhan Marivittan]]'', ''[[Ullathil Nalla Ullam]]'', ''Vaazhkai Chakkaram'', ''[[Pudhu Manithan]]'', ''[[Therku Theru Machan]]'', ''[[Government Mappillai]]'' and ''[[Amaidhi Padai]]''.<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/the-most-consistent-directors-of-tamil-cinema/manivannan.html Manivannan | Successive hits – Who gave the most in Tamil cinema?]. Behindwoods.com.</ref> About working with Manivannan, he has said that it "is a pleasure. There's no script, no dialogue sheet. It's all in his head. But, he extracts great performances".<ref name="thehindu1"/> Sathyaraj and Manivannan also acted together in several films directed by other directors. About his personal relationship with Manivannan, Sathyaraj remarked "I still reminisce about the beautiful moments that I had with...Manivannan, a genius of a person. In fact, he is the one who taught me many things in life, and changed me, I became a good human from being just an actor. Every day, we used to have conversations over the phone on a wide range of topics. It was a 30-year relationship. No one could understand me the way he did".<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/> Manivannan died in 2013 and Sathyaraj has said that just 24 hours before his death they had discussed their next project and that he narrated him a story.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>

==Filmography==

{{main|Sathyaraj filmography}}

==Awards and nominations==
{{refimprove|section|date=January 2020}}
;Won
* 1987 – [[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Tamil)]] for ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&lpg=PA297&dq=sathyaraj+best+actor+Vedham+Pudhithu#v=onepage&q=sathyaraj%20best%20actor%20Vedham%20Pudhithu&f=false |title = PRIDE OF TAMIL CINEMA: 1931 TO 2013: Tamil Films that have earned National and International Recognition|last1 = Dhananjayan|first1 = G.|date = 3 November 2014}}</ref>
* 1990 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for ''[[Nadigan]]''
* 1991 – [[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Award]] from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* 1995 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award]] (M.G.R Award)
* 2007 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA457&lpg=PA457&dq=Periyar+(2007+film)+award#v=onepage&q=Periyar%20(2007%20film)%20award&f=false |title = PRIDE OF TAMIL CINEMA: 1931 TO 2013: Tamil Films that have earned National and International Recognition|last1 = Dhananjayan|first1 = G.|date = 3 November 2014}}</ref>
* 2007 – Periyar Award for his role in the film ''Periyar''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg05381.html |title=TN announces Periyar award for Sathyaraj (News) |publisher=mail-archive.com |accessdate=23 December 2010}}</ref>
* 2007 – [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Vikatan Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]''
* 2007 – [[Honorary Doctorate]] from [[Sathyabama University]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/07/13/stories/2007071350630200.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=New feather in their caps | date=13 July 2007}}</ref>
* 2007 – [[Vijay Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Onbadhu Roobai Nottu]]''
* 2011 – [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Kalaichigaram Award]]
* 2012 – [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]''
* 2013 – [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Tamil)]] for ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sathyaraj/awards |title = Sathyaraj Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Sathyaraj | Times of India Entertainment}}</ref>
* 2015 – [[1st IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam Award Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]''
* 2015 – [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Vikatan Award Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]''
* 2017 – [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Vikatan Award Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|Baahubali 2]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://baahubali.com/the-conclusion/awards-festivals.html | title=Baahubali - the Conclusion || Awards}}</ref>
* 2018 – [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Tamil)]] for ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/tamil/2019/103 |title = Filmfare Awards Tamil Winners 2019: Best Tamil Movies, Best Actors, Actress, Singer and more}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0766470}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Anti-Brahminism]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Periyarists]]

Ramayan (1987 TV series)

2020-05-30T12:00:20Z

CodeSlashh: last good revision

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ramayan poster.jpg
| caption = ''Ramayan'' promotional poster
| runtime = 35 minutes
| creator = [[Ramanand Sagar]]
| genre =
| based_on = ''[[Ramayana]]''
| executive_producer = Subhash Sagar
| director = [[Ramanand Sagar]]
| producer = Ramanand Sagar Anand Sagar Moti Sagar
| location =
| cinematography = Ajit Naik
| composer = Ravinder Jain
| editor = Subhash Sehgal
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| company = [[Sagar Films]]
| starring = [[Arun Govil]] [[Deepika Chikhalia]] [[Sunil Lahri]] [[Arvind Trivedi]] [[Dara Singh]] [[Padma Khanna]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[DD National]]
| picture_format = {{plainlist|
* [[576i]]
* [[1080i]] ([[HDTV]])}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|1987|1|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|1988|7|31}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 78
| followed_by = [[Luv Kush]]
| related = [[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan (2008)]]
}}

'''''Ramayan''''' is an [[Television in India|Indian-television]] [[Mythological|historical]] series, which aired between 1987 and 1988 on [[DD National]], created, written, and directed by [[Ramanand Sagar]].<ref name=tri>{{cite news |title=Behind the scenes: Dress designers to actors & deities |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030420/spectrum/main5.htm |publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date= 20 April 2003 |accessdate=2 June 2013}}</ref> It is a television adaptation of the ancient Indian [[Hindu]] [[epic (genre)|epic]] [[Ramayana|of the same name]], and is primarily based on [[Valmiki]]'s ''[[Ramayan]]'' and [[Tulsidas]]' ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''.<ref name=":0" />

The series had a viewership of 82 per cent, a record high for any Indian television series. Each episode of the series reportedly earned DD National {{INR}}40 [[lakh]].<ref name="ie1988">{{cite news|last1=Bajpai|first1=Shailaja|title=Is There Life After Ramayana?|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880807&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|accessdate=14 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=7 August 1988|page=17}}</ref>

The series was reaired during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|2020 Coronavirus lockdown]] and broke several viewership records globally which includes setting the record for one of the most watched TV show ever in the world ( i.e 77 millions viewers on 16th april, 2020).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/ramayana-beats-game-of-thrones-to-become-the-worlds-most-watched-show-296162|title='Ramayana' beats 'Game of Thrones' to become the world's most watched show|website=WION}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/entertainment/blockbuster-ramayana-scripts-history-with-highest-viewership-on-single-day---77-crore/story/402592.html|title=Blockbuster! Ramayana scripts history with highest viewership on single day - 7.7 crore|website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ramayan-becomes-most-viewed-program-globally-beats-game-of-thrones-by-a-record-margin-11588400958695.html|title=Ramayan becomes most viewed program globally, beats GoT by a record margin|date=2 May 2020|website=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ramayan-sets-world-record-becomes-most-viewed-entertainment-programme-globally/article31487220.ece|title='Ramayan' sets world record, becomes most viewed entertainment programme globally|date=2 May 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aired-again-after-33-years-ramayan-sets-world-record-see-doordarshans-tweet-2221443|title=Aired Again After 33 Years, Ramayan Sets World Record. See Doordarshan's Tweet|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fabworldtoday.com/now-ramayan-breaks-another-record-no-1-show-made-worldwide-know-how-many-million-people-watched/|title=Now Ramayan breaks another record, No.1 show made worldwide, know how many million people watched|first=Vikrant|last=Patel|date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
Adapted and based on the ancient Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], the series follows the journey of Rama who goes to an exile of 14 years along with Sita and Lakshman.

==Cast==

=== Main ===

*[[Arun Govil]] as [[Rama|Shri Rama]]
*[[Deepika Chikhalia]] as [[Sita]]/[[Lakshmi]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title='Ramayan' cast then and now | Where is the star cast today? Pictures inside|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/television-news/ramayan-cast-then-and-now-where-is-the-star-cast-today|last=World|first=Republic|website=Republic World}}</ref>
*[[Sunil Lahri]] as [[Lakshman]]<ref name="auto1" />
*[[Arvind Trivedi]] as [[Ravana]] / [[Vishrava|Sage Vishrava]]<ref name="auto1" />
*[[Dara Singh]] as [[Hanuman]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-became-of-the-ramayan-cast/story-e7B9J0JhzZRdnrj16knnqM.html|title=33 years on, what became of the cast of Ramayana?|date=27 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===

*[[Sanjay Jog]] as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharat]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-ramayan-inspires-memes-as-new-generation-can-t-get-enough-of-laxman-s-wit-bharat-s-love-for-ram-2819564|title='Ramayan' inspires memes as new generation can't get enough of Laxman's wit, Bharat's love for Ram|date=3 April 2020|website=DNA India}}</ref>
*[[Sameer Rajda]] as [[Shatrughna]]<ref name="auto3" />
*[[Bal Dhuri]] as [[Dasharatha]]<ref name="auto3" />
*[[Jayshree Gadkar]] as [[Kausalya]]<ref name="auto3" />
*[[Padma Khanna]] as [[Kaikeyi]]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ramayana-from-arun-govil-to-deepika-chikhalia-what-actors-of-hit-mythological-serial-are-doing-now/story-ceKL0Zl3Y3WLtVwPfrRpMO.html|title=Ramayana: From Arun Govil to Deepika Chikhalia, what actors of hit mythological serial are doing now|date=5 April 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* Rajni Bala as [[Sumitra]]<ref name="auto3" />
*[[Lalita Pawar]] as [[Manthara]]<ref name="auto2" />
*[[Vijay Arora]] as [[Indrajit]]<ref name="auto2" />
*Nalin Dave as [[Kumbhakarna]]<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/television-news/ramayan-is-reminscing-old-memories-of-all-90s-kids-heres-ramayan-cast|title=Ramayan cast: Arun Govil as Ram, Dara Singh as Hanuman & other actors of the 90s show|first=Republic|last=World|website=Republic World}}</ref>
*[[Mukesh Rawal]] as [[Vibhishana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ramayan-actor-Mukesh-Rawal-found-dead-on-Railway-tracks/articleshow/55459900.cms|title=Ramayan actor Mukesh Rawal found dead on Railway tracks - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Aparajita Bhushan as [[Mandodari]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Ramanand Sagar Ramayan Mandodari Aparajita Bhushan On Ramayan Re Telecast_Covid 19_Corona Lockdown.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srSoUoxwvog|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref>
* Shyam Sundar Kalani as [[Sugriva]] / [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shyam-sundar-kalani-who-played-sugriv-in-ramanand-sagars-ramayan-dies-arun-govil-and-sunil-lahri-rem-2209034|title=Shyam Sundar Kalani, Who Played Sugriv In Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan, Dies. Arun Govil And Sunil Lahri Remember The Actor|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
*[[Sudhir Dalvi]] as [[Vasishtha]]<ref name="auto3" />
*[[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Sumanta<ref name="auto3" />
*Renu Dhariwal as [[Shurpanakha]]<ref name="auto3" />
*Radha Yadav as [[Tara]]<ref name="auto3" />
*[[Mulraj Rajda]] as [[Janaka]]<ref name="auto3" />
*[[Urmila Bhatt]] as Sunaina<ref name="auto3" />
*Vijay Kavish as [[Shiva]]/ Sage Valmiki/ [[Mayasura]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-actor-vijay-kavish-played-three-roles-in-ramanand-sagar-ramayan-610107|title=Actor Vijay Kavish played three roles in Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan. Can you identify?|last=|first=|date=|website=[[India TV News]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Pushpa Verma as [[Sulochana (Ramayana)|Sulochana]]<ref
name="auto3" />
*Ramesh Chapaneri as [[Malyavan]] and [[Agastya]]<ref name=":50">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aksharnaad.com/2020/04/12/ramayan-serial/|title=રામાયણ ધારાવાહિકમાં ઋષિ અગત્સ્ય અને માલ્યવાન જેવી ભૂમિકાઓ ભજવનાર રમેશભાઈ ચાંપાનેરીના અનુભવો.|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Aksharnaad]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Rajshekar Upadhyay as [[Jambavan|Jambhava]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/ramayana-cast-and-characters-a-full-list/579445|title=Ramayana cast and characters: A full list|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Times Now]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Bashir Khan as [[Angada|Angad]]<ref name=":3" />
*Anjali Vyas as [[Urmila]]<ref name=":3" />
*[[Sulakshana Khatri]] as [[Mandavi]]<ref name=":3" />
*Poonam Shetty as [[Shrutakirti]]
*Chandrakant Pandey as [[Nishad]]
*Girish Seth as [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nal]]<ref name=":3" />
*Giriraj Shukla as Neel<ref name=":3" />/Prahast
*Vibhuti Dave as [[Trijata]]
*Sarita Devi as [[Shabari]]
*Aslam Khan as [[Samudra Dev]]
*Bandini Mishra as [[Parvati]]
*Murari Lal Gupta as [[Akampan]]
*Mahesh Bhatt as [[Shatanand]]
*Shrikant Soni as [[Vishwamitra]]
*Kaustubh Trivedi as [[Kewat]]
*Bhushan Lakandari as [[Vishnu]]
*Sunil Verma as [[Garud]]/[[Indra]]/[[Jatayu]]/[[Nirantak]]
*Ramesh Goyal as [[Maarich]]
*Rajendra Jain as [[fake saint kalnemi song]]

==Production==
Ramayan was regarded as the most expensive TV show produced during the time with a budget ₹9 Lakhs per episode.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/throwback-thursday-ramanand-sagar-s-ramayan-is-the-most-expensive-mythological-show-of-its-time-1659941-2020-03-26|title=Ramanand Sagar’s Ramayan is the most expensive mythological show of its time|last=|first=|date=|website=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

===Development===
Writing for the ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'' upon completion of the airing of the series' final episode, former bureaucrat S. S. Gill wrote that it was during his tenure as the secretary with the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] in September 1985 that he contacted [[Ramanand Sagar]] in association with the project. Gill added that in a letter to Sagar, he had written about the Ramayana as a subject for the television series was ideal in that it was "a repository of moral and social values" and that its message was "secular and universal". He added that he had noted in the letter that Sagar's "real challenge would lie in seeing the epic "with the eyes of a modern man and relating its message to the spiritual and emotional needs of our age". Gill added that he also wrote a similar letter to [[B. R. Chopra]] over the production of the series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' based on [[Mahabharata|another epic of the same name]], and mentioned that both he and Sagar accepted to his suggestions and constituted panels of experts and scholars to conceptualize the production.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gill|first1=S. S.|title=Why Ramayan on Doordarshan|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HYNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2790%2C1541209|publisher=The Indian Express|accessdate=14 February 2018|page=8|date=8 August 1988}}</ref>

The series was initially conceptualized to run for 52 episodes of 45 minutes each. But, owing to popular demand it had to be extended thrice, eventually ending after 78 episodes.<ref name="Lutgendorf">{{cite book|editor1-last=Babb|editor1-first=Lawrence A.|editor2-last=Wadley|editor2-first=Susan S.|last1=Lutgendorf|first1=Philip|authorlink1=Philip Lutgendorf|title=Media and the Transformation of Religion in South Asia|chapter=All in the (Raghu) Family: A Video Epic in Cultural Context|date=1998|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass#Publications|Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|page=217|isbn=9788120814530|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDHFFe7YM8C|accessdate=15 February 2018}}</ref>

Initially, Both ''Ramayan'' and ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' was planned to air together, but later it was decided to air ''Ramayan'' first which was followed by ''Mahabharat'' after its end.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-mukesh-khanna-the-reruns-of-ramayan-and-mahabharat-will-help-people-like-sonakshi-sinha-who-dont-know-anything-about-mythology/photostory/74977826.cms?picid=74977893|title=Exclusive - Mukesh Khanna: The reruns of Ramayan and Mahabharat will help people like Sonakshi Sinha, who don't know anything about mythology|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

===Casting===
{{cquote
| author = [[Arun Govil]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/arun-govil-after-ramayan-my-film-career-was-almost-over-1661202-2020-03-30|title=Arun Govil: After Ramayan, my film career was almost over|website=India Today|url-status=live|date=30 March 2020|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>
| I remember I had given an audition for Ram and I failed initially. I don’t know what happened. The photoshoot happened with the look and make-up but I wasn’t looking like Lord Ram. . . . Then we thought of adding a smile and then everything got sorted,
}}
Govil expressed his desire to play [[Rama]] and appeared for a screen test. Initially he was considered to be inappropriate for the role. He then appeared for the screen test again wearing a smile on his face and got finalized for the role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/people-dont-call-me-arun-govil-they-call-me-ram-says-ramayan-star/1912686/|title=People don’t call me Arun Govil, they call me Ram, says ‘Ramayan’ star|last=|first=|date=29 March 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> Since Govil's collaboration with [[Debashree Roy]] in Kanak Mishra's ''[[Jiyo To Aise Jiyo]]'' (1981) was adulated, the actress was approached to play [[Sita]] but due to her hectic schedule in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], she failed to appear for the screen test.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/features/tara-jilmil/42453/কলকাতায়-সফল-বাংলাদেশি-শিল্পী-ও-নির্মাতারা|title=কলকাতায় সফল বাংলাদেশি শিল্পী ও নির্মাতারা|date=26 April 2018|work=Jugantor|url-status=live|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> Several other famous actresses were approached as well but all of them backed off due to the prevalent premonition that playing the role of Lady Sita would blemish their romantic appeal resulting doom to their on screen career. [[Deepika Chikhalia]] was then summoned to appear for the screen test. She had to undergo a rigorous screen tests and was finalized then.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bollyfry.in/television-news/ramayan-deepika-got-sitas-role-after-4-screen-tests/|title=Ramayan: Deepika got Sita's role after 4 screen tests|last=|first=|date=28 March 2020|website=Bolly Fry|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> Sanjay Jog was originally approached for the role of [[Lakshmana]] but he refused since he was unable to give bulk dates. Sagar then urged him to play [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] since the role would not require a bulk dates. The role of Lakshmana then went to Sunil Lahiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/ramayan-bharat-aka-sanjay-jog-wanted-to-become-airforce-pilot-unknown-facts-career-sudden-sc90-nu904-ta904-ta277-1085603-1.html|title=Bharat of Ramayana said goodbye to world at the age of 40|last=|first=|date=17 April 2020|website=News Track|language=English|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> [[Arvind Trivedi]] went to audition for the role of a boatman where Ramanand Sagar chose him as Ravan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/did-you-know-arvind-trivedi-did-not-audition-for-raavans-role-ramayan-a-look-at-other-lesser-known-facts/photostory/75255557.cms?picid=75255591|title=Did you know Arvind Trivedi did not audition for Raavan's role in Ramayan? A look at other lesser known facts|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> However, when Trivedi rejected the offer, [[Paresh Rawal]] convinced him for playing the role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ramayan-raavan-actor-arvind-trivedi-originally-turned-down-role-but-paresh-rawal-convinced-him-to-change-his-mind/story-cnlgR9cPzZ4rSg1ksK1HfM.html|title=Ramayan: Raavan actor Arvind Trivedi originally turned down role, but Paresh Rawal convinced him to change his mind|last=|first=|date=|website=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Vijay Kavish played three roles in the series which were [[Shiva]], [[Valmiki]] and [[Mayasura|Mayasura Demon]].<ref name=":2" />

== Reception ==
D. K. Bose, the media director of Hindustan Thompson Associates, remarked, "The unique thing about the Ramayana was its consistency. Other programmes like ''[[Buniyaad]]'' and even ''[[Hum Log (TV series)|Hum Log]]'' did achieve viewership of around 80 per cent and more, on occasion. In the case of Ramayana that figure had been maintained almost from the beginning." He added, "Starting at around 50 per cent the 80 per cent figure was reached within a few months and never went down." He noted that the viewership was more than 50 per cent even in the predominantly non-Hindi speaking southern Indian States of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]. He also added that the show's popularity spanned across religions and was watched by people of the [[Islam]] faith in high numbers as well. He mentioned that it was common among people threatening to burn down the local electricity board headquarters during a [[power outage]].<ref name="ie1988" />

The success of the series was documented well by the media. Soutik Biswas of ''[[BBC]]'' recalled that when the series was telecast every Sunday morning, "streets would be deserted, shops would be closed and people would bathe and garland their TV sets before the serial began."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Biswas|first1=Soutik|title=Ramayana: An 'epic' controversy|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-15363181|publisher=BBC|accessdate=15 February 2018|date=19 October 2011}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Daily Telegraph|the Telegraph]]'', [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] noted, "In villages across south Asia, hundreds of people would gather around a single set to watch the gods and demons play out their destinies. In the noisiest and most bustling cities, trains, buses and cars came to a sudden halt, and a strange hush fell over the bazaars. In Delhi, government meetings had to be rescheduled after the entire cabinet failed to turn up for an urgent briefing."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dalrymple|first1=William|authorlink1=William Dalrymple (historian)|title=All Indian life is here|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|accessdate=15 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902143318/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2008/aug/23/art.ramayana|archivedate=2 September 2013|date=23 August 2008}}</ref> However, critics dismissed the series calling it a "technically flawed melodrama".<ref name="Lutgendorf"/>

===Impact===
The telecast of ''Ramayan'' was seen as a precursor to the [[Ayodhya dispute]]. Arvind Rajagopal in his book ''Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India'' (2000) wrote that with the series, the government "violated a decades-old taboo on religious partisanship, and Hindu nationalists made the most of the opportunity." He added that it "confirm[ed] to the idea of Hindu awakening" and the rise of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] capitalizing on this.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=5–18 August 2000|volume=17|issue=16|title=Hindutva at play|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1716/17160760.htm|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214161744/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1716/17160760.htm|archive-date=14 February 2018|accessdate=14 February 2018}}</ref> Manik Sharma of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' voiced similar views in that the series "played in the backdrop of a Hindutva shift in Indian politics, under the aegis of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and its political outfit, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). While the media and cultural commentators struggled to consider Sagar's epic one way or the other, there were some who saw it as a catalyst, even if unintended, to the turmoil that the movement resulted in."<ref name="ht1"/>

Regarding initial apprehensions about the series being aired by a government-owned broadcaster, its hitherto producer Sharad Dutt said that "a lot of people within the channel's office weren't supportive of the idea to begin with. But it had no motivation with what was going on politically. The Congress was in power and it had no agenda of the sort." He however felt the execution was poor and remembered questioning Sagar upon watching "the tape" if he had "made Ramayana or [[Ramlila|Ram-Leela]]".<ref name="ht1"/> Sharma noted that the political clout the series held could be adjudged by the fact that Sagar and [[Arun Govil]] (who played Rama) "were repeatedly courted by both the Congress and the BJP to campaign for them", and that [[Deepika Chikhalia]] (Sita) and [[Arvind Trivedi]] (Ravana) went on to become [[Member of Parliament (India)|members of parliament]].<ref name="ht1"/>

The series was re-telecast from 28 March 2020 with one hour episode during the morning and one hour episode during the night during the [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India|lockdown of 21 days due to coronavirus]] on [[DD National]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-prasar-bharati-to-re-telecast-ramayan-from-march-28-on-public-demand-during-lockdown/349524|title=Prasar Bharati To Re-Telecast 'Ramayan' From March 28 On 'Public Demand' During Lockdown|last=|first=|date=|website=www.outlookindia.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/good-news-iconic-show-ramayana-to-re-telecast-starting-tomorrow/articleshow/74840124.cms|title=Good News! Iconic show 'Ramayana' to re-telecast starting tomorrow|last=|first=|date=|website=Mumbai Mirror|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>

===Ratings===
''Ramayan'' notably broke viewership for any Indian television series during that time. It was telecast in 55 countries and at a total viewership of 650 million and re-telecast (March 24 - April 18, 2020) nearly 2500 million viewership alone in 25 days, it became the highest watched Indian television series by a distance, and one of top watched television series in world.<ref name="ht1">{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Manik|title=30 years of DD’s Ramayana:The back story of the show that changed Indian TV forever|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/30-years-of-dd-s-ramayana-the-back-story-of-the-show-that-changed-indian-tv-forever/story-og0vbfSYwK75Zl7mQmdsjN.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=15 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215133830/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/30-years-of-dd-s-ramayana-the-back-story-of-the-show-that-changed-indian-tv-forever/story-og0vbfSYwK75Zl7mQmdsjN.html|archivedate=15 February 2018|date=13 January 2018}}</ref> It entered in the [[Limca Book of Records]] as the most watched historical series.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/siya-ke-ram-better-or-worse-than-ramanand-sagar-s-ramayan/story-wXplgFmD16Zj7BM8Lzq3WM_amp.html|title=Siya Ke Ram or Ramanand Sagar’s Ramayan? Here’s a test by fire|last=|first=|date=|website=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> On its first telecast (1987), it had 40 million viewership in India. That brought [[₹]]23 crore revenue for the channel.<ref name=":1" />

The viewership during lockdown garnered record highest ratings for a Hindi GEC ([[general entertainment channel]]) show since 2015 making DD National as the most watched Indian channel since its premiere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/popularity-of-ramayan-mahabharat-serials-prompts-review-of-dd-programme-selection-process/article31395874.ece|title=Popularity of ‘Ramayan’, ‘Mahabharat’ serials prompts review of DD programme selection process|last=|first=|date=|website=The Hindu|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Ramayan garnered a total of 170 million viewers in first 4 shows during which DD National became the most watched Indian television channel after many years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/ramayan-170-million-viewers-in-4-shows-since-re-launch-on-saturday/articleshow/74952762.cms|title=Ramayana: 170 million viewers in 4 shows since re-launch on Saturday|last=Apr 2|first=PTI {{!}} Updated:|last2=2020|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02|last3=Ist|first3=20:18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/coronavirus/god-makes-an-epic-comeback-on-television/58611/1|title=God Makes An Epic Comeback On Television|website=Forbes India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-ramayan-has-garnered-the-highest-ever-trp-rating-for-a-hindi-gec-show-since-2015-amid-coronavirus-lockdown-20159300.html|title=Coronavirus Lockdown: रामायण ने तोड़े टीआरपी के सारे रिकॉर्ड, 2015 तक का कोई शो नहीं दे सका टक्कर|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2020-04-02}}</ref> The following week it garnered 580 million impressions in morning slot and 835 million impressions in night slot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/ramayan-shaktimaan-byomkesh-bakshi-make-dd-national-most-watched-channel-across-genres/398610/|title=Reruns of 1980-90s classics Ramayan, Shaktimaan, Byomkesh make DD most-watched channel|last=|first=|date=|website=[[ThePrint]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> In week 14 2020, it garnered 61.397 million impressions and the following week it got 67.4 million impressions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/doordarshan-with-its-classics-like-ramayan-driving-growth-for-hindi-gecs-5173981.html|title=Doordarshan with its classics like Ramayan driving growth for Hindi GECs|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ramayan-mahabharat-continue-to-rule-get-massive-viewership-for-doordarshan-third-week-in-a-row-1670180-2020-04-23|title=Ramayan, Mahabharat continue to rule, get massive viewership for Doordarshan third week in a row|last=|first=|date=|website=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Even the Wall Street Journal acknowledged the huge popularity of Ramayan's re-telecast during 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-lockdown-creates-captive-audience-for-80s-show-11588082808|title=Coronavirus Lockdown Creates Captive Audience for ’80s Show,‘Ramayan,’ a 78-part telling of an epic Hindu tale airing on Indian public television, is all the rage again|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Wall Street Journal]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-28}}
</ref>

Ramayan created a world record by becoming the highest watched TV show globally by registering 77 million viewers for one episode aired during night slot on 16 April 2020 on DD National.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/television-news/ramayan-breaks-yet-another-record|title='Ramayan' breaks another record, becomes the most-watched show on television|first=Republic|last=World|website=Republic World}}</ref>

==Re-runs and dubbed versions==
Reruns of the series aired on [[Star Plus]] and [[Star Utsav]] in 2000s.<ref name="archive.org11">{{cite web|url=http://app.indya.com:80/epg/asp/displaySchedules.asp?ddChannelName=starutsav|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321070310/http://app.indya.com:80/epg/asp/displaySchedules.asp?ddChannelName=starutsav|archivedate=2008-03-21|title=STAR - Programme Guide|date=21 March 2008|website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://starplus.indya.com/serials/sr/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040403184856/http://starplus.indya.com/serials/sr/index.html|archivedate=2004-04-03|title=Indya.com - STAR - STAR Plus|date=3 April 2004}}</ref> It was re-telecast again between March and April 2020 during the [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India|coronavirus lockdown]] on DD National and broke all records for viewership globally for any TV show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doordarshan.gov.in/ddnational/blogs/ramayan-world-record|title=Ramayan rerun on DD during lockdown creates a world record, becomes most watched show globally|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Doordarshan]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/by-public-demand-ramayan-will-air-on-doordarshan-again-2201456|title=On Public Demand, "Ramayan" Will Air On Doordarshan Again|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref> Hundreds of millions of viewers have watched the series during the [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India]].<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-lockdown-creates-captive-audience-for-80s-show-11588082808?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1 Coronavirus Lockdown Creates Captive Audience for ’80s Show], ''The Wall Street Journal''</ref>
DD National said on 16 April 2020 the show created world record, 77 million people watched the show in 1 day and beat the record set by the famous American TV show [[Game of Thrones]].<ref name="auto4"/> It was again telecasted on [[StarPlus]] from 4 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramayan to air again from tonight, this time on Star Plus|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/ramayan-to-air-again-from-tonight-this-time-on-star-plus/story-I8oazLlUK8o3xo066i0aiN.html|last=|first=|date=|website=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The show will be dubbed in Bengali, Marathi and Tamil from 1 June 2020 and will aired on Star Pravah and Star Vijay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan now to be dubbed and telecast in Bengali and Marathi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ramanand-sagar-s-ramayan-now-to-be-dubbed-and-telecast-in-bengali-and-marathi-1682084-2020-05-26|last=|first=|date=|website=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay TV to retelecast Ramayanam serial|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-news-vijay-tv-to-retelecast-ramayanam-serial-193905/|last=|first=|date=|website=The Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Sequel and remake==
A follow-up series ''[[Luv Kush]]'' based on the last chapter of Ramayana ''Uttara Kanda'', aired in 1989 on [[DD National]] which was subsequently again aired on Doordarshan during April 2020 following Ramayan from April 20, 2020 till May 2, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/looking-back-at-ramanand-sagar-ramayana-6334251/|title=Looking back at Ramanand Sagar’s Ramayan|date=2020-03-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/ramayan-director-ramanand-sagar-had-to-make-luv-kush-episode-after-receiving-a-call-from-pmo-610055|title=Ramayan director Ramanand Sagar had to make Luv Kush episode after receiving a call from PMO|last=|first=|date=|website=[[India TV News]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

A remake series ''[[Ramayan (2008 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' produced by Sagar Arts aired on [[NDTV Imagine]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/ramayan-to-be-back-on-small-screen-626715| title= Ramayan to be back on small screen
| work= Movie ndtv }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/ndtv-imagine-to-recreate-ramayan-magic| title= NDTV Imagine to recreate ‘Ramayan’ magic
| work= Media 247}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|''Mahabharat'' (1988 TV series)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Footnotes==
* Karp, Jonathan and Williams, Michael. "Reigning Hindu TV Gods of India Have Viewers Glued to Their Sets." ''The Wall Street Journal'', 22 April 1998
* {{cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |title=The Life of a Text: Performing the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas |year=1991 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=0-520-06690-1 }}
* {{Cite journal
| doi = 10.2307/1146030
| issn = 1054-2043
| volume = 34
| issue = 2
| pages = 127–176
| last = Lutgendorf
| first = Philip
| title = Ramayan: The Video
| journal = [[TDR (journal)|TDR/The Drama Review]]
| year = 1990
| publisher = The MIT Press
| jstor = 1146030
}}
* {{cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |editor1-first=John Stratton |editor1-last=Hawley |editor2-first=Vasudha |editor2-last=Narayanan |title=The Life of Hinduism |series=The Life of Religion |year=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-24913-4 |pages=140–157 |chapter=All in the (Raghu) Family: A Video Epic in Cultural Context}}
* National Endowment for the Humanities. "Lessons of the Epics: The ''Ramayana''". ''EdSITEment Lesson Plans''. Available online from [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205233230/http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=599 https://web.archive.org/web/20070205233230/http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=599] (18 January 2006).
* {{cite book|last1=Rajagopal|first1=Arvind|title=Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India|date=2001|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521648394|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Politics_After_Television.html?id=PbgW2jTESKEC}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0268093|title=Ramayan}}

{{Ramayana}}

{{Sagar Arts}}

[[Category:Indian mythological television series]]
[[Category:DD National television series]]
[[Category:Television programs based on poems]]
[[Category:1987 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1988 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:1980s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Star Utsav]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Ramayana]]

Sathyaraj

2020-05-30T11:59:12Z

CodeSlashh: Undid revision 959748414 by 60.243.108.191 (talk)

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sathyaraj
| image = 6105 actor-sathyaraj.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Rangaraj Subbaiah
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|10|3|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/actor-sathyaraj-turns-61.html |title=HAPPY BIRTHDAY SATHYARAJ |last=Nandhu |date=3 October 2015 |website=Behindwoods |access-date=4 October 2015}}</ref>
| birth_place = 
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|politician}}
| children = 2, including [[Sibiraj]]
| nationality = Indian
| yearsactive = 1978–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Maheshwari|1979}}
}}

'''Rangaraj Subbiah''' (born 3 October 1954), professionally known as '''Sathyaraj''', is an Indian actor, producer, director, [[media personality]] and a former politician who has predominantly appeared in [[Tamil cinema]].

He started his career in antagonistic roles and later played lead roles. His 200 films also include works in Telugu, Malayalam, Hindi and Kannada. He met with success through lead performances in ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]'' (1987), ''[[Nadigan]]'' (1990), ''[[Amaidhi Padai]]'' (1994) and the Tamil Nadu government-sponsored film ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]'' (2007). He also received acclaim for supporting roles in ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012), ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (2013), his role as Karikala Kattappa in the two-part epic ''[[Production of Baahubali|Baahubali]]'' and ''[[Production of Baahubali 2|Baahubali 2]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news|author=TNN Aug 11, 2013, 04.00PM IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-11/news-interviews/41294361_1_sathyaraj-hot-property-character-actor |title=Sathyaraj is hot property – Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-08-11 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref> He was also the director of the film ''[[Villadhi Villain]]'' (1995), starring himself in three different roles.<ref name=vv /><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/04/17/stories/2009041750401600.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Grill Mill -- SATHYARAJ | date=17 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill-sathyaraj/article3021382.ece|title=Grill Mill -- SATHYARAJ|date=2009-04-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2011, he had a brief career as a television host for the game show ''Home Sweet Home'' on [[STAR Vijay]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-05/news-interviews/28658216_1_game-show-sathyaraj-host | work=The Times Of India | title=Sathyaraj to host a game show – The Times of India}}</ref> He has also served as a [[brand ambassador]] for [[Pothys]] and Kumaran Jewelry Shop.<ref>[http://www.sify.com/movies/sathyaraj-does-a-commercial-news-tamil-kkfsezhcjfe.html Sathyaraj does a commercial]</ref>

==Early life==
Sathyaraj was born as Rangaraj Mandradiar on 3 October 1954 to Subbaiyan and Nathambal, with two younger sisters, namely Kalpana Mandradiar and Roopa Senapathy (wife of Dr. [[Periannan Senapathy]]). He is an ardent fan of [[M. G. Ramachandran]]<ref name=vv/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/satayaraj.asp |title=Face to Face with Satyaraj |work=Chennai Online |accessdate=2011-05-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128065007/http://archives.chennaionline.com/interviews/satayaraj.asp |archivedate=28 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Rajesh Khanna]]. Sathyaraj completed his primary school education in St Mary's Convent school, [[Coimbatore]] and later studied for tenth standard from Suburban High School, Ramnagar, Coimbatore. He went to Government Arts College, [[Coimbatore]] for a Bachelor of Science degree in [[Botany]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|author=Subha J Rao |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/many-shades-of-grey/article4683478.ece |title=Many shades of grey |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-05-04 |accessdate=2013-11-27 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="cinema.maalaimalar.com">{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/20230037/satyaraj-villian-75-movies-cin.html |title=75 படங்களில் வில்லனாக நடித்தபின் கதாநாயகனாக உயர்ந்த சத்யராஜ்: மாறுபட்ட வேடங்களில் நடித்து சாதனை|trans-title=Sathyaraj became hero after playing negative roles in 75 films: Acted in different characters|work=Maalai Malar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723232503/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/20230037/satyaraj-villian-75-movies-cin.html|archive-date=7 Oct 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/08-08-00/sathyara.htm |work=dinakaran |title=Cine Biography: Satyaraj |accessdate=2014-02-14 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001207123300/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/08-08-00/sathyara.htm |archivedate=7 December 2000 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Sathyaraj's dream was to become a film actor, but his mother was against it and forbid him to join cinema. In 1976, in spite of his mother's opposition, he left Coimbatore to enter the Tamil film industry based in Kodambakkam, Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-20/news-interviews/28027004_1_malayalam-film-telugu-film-film-festival |title=Sathyaraj: I'm like the kid in TZP - Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2009-04-20 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>

Sathyaraj entered the film industry after witnessing the shooting of the film ''[[Annakili]]'', where he met actor [[Sivakumar]] and producer Thiruppur Manian.<ref name="cinema.maalaimalar.com"/> He joined the drama troupe of Komal Swamynathan. Sathyaraj's first film in a credited role as an actor was ''[[Sattam En Kaiyil]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/22232237/kamal-movie-satyaraj-villan-ro.html |title=கமல் நடித்த சட்டம் என் கையில்: வில்லனாக சத்யராஜ் அறிமுகம் |trans-title=Sathyaraj introduced as villain in Kamal starrer Sattam En Kaiyil|work=Maalaimalar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725033320/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/22232237/kamal-movie-satyaraj-villan-ro.html|archive-date=7 Oct 2019}}</ref> in 1978, where he played a henchman to the main villain played by [[Thengai Srinivasan]] in the film. Later, he worked as production manager for the film ''[[Kannan Oru Kaikkuzhanthai]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/21231039/Sathyaraj-cinema-became-produc.html |title=சத்யராஜ் சினிமா தயாரிப்பு நிர்வாகி ஆனார் | trans-title=Sathyaraj became production manager|work=Maalaimalar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725042852/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/21231039/Sathyaraj-cinema-became-produc.html|archive-date=7 Oct 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/08-08-00/sathyara.htm |work=dinakaran |title=Cine Biography: Satyaraj (Part 1) |accessdate=2014-02-14 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030804004444/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/08-08-00/sathyara.htm |archivedate=4 August 2003 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In addition to his managerial role, he also had a small acting part in the film. His first film as the leading hero in Tamil was ''[[Saavi (film)|Saavi]]'' in 1985, which was a box office success, but his character was negative one. He acted in about 75 films from 1978 to 1985 till films such as ''[[Kaakki Sattai]]'' and ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' starring [[Kamal Haasan]], most of which featured Sathyaraj in antagonist roles.<ref name=vv>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/08/11/stories/09110226.htm |title=Serene ride to success |work=The Hindu |date=11 August 2000 |accessdate=24 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>[http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/25225338/actor-sathyaraj-and-kamal-hass.html நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் கமலஹாசனுடன் இணைந்து நடித்த 'காக்கிச்சட்டை' | actor Sathyaraj and kamal hassan kakki chattai film]</ref>

==Career==

===1978–1985: Early career===
In his early career between 1978 and 1982, the negative roles he played were often henchman to the main villain [[M. N. Nambiar]] and other villains and his role would be minuscule, while the main lead was [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Jaishankar]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Vijayakanth]]. His college friend [[Manivannan]] directed Sathyaraj for the first time in the Tamil film ''[[January 1 (1984 film)|January 1]]'' in 1984, where Sathyaraj had a supporting role. Manivannan directed Sathyaraj in about 25 films from 1984 to 2013 and of them 18 had Sathyaraj as the main lead. His screen space as a villain increased after ''[[24 Mani Neram]]'' (1984), directed by Manivannan, in which Sathyaraj's role was on par with that of lead actor [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]].<ref name="behindwoods1">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/actor/sathyaraj.html |title=Actor Sathyaraj - Interview - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie Actor Interviews - Pettai Mudhal Kottai Varai Sanghamithra Onbadhu Roobai Notu Periyaar |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date=2009-01-21 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref> His acting skills in the film were noticed by many and he became famous among the Tamil film audience. Sathyaraj also felt that his villainous roles in '' [[Nooravathu Naal]]''<ref>[http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/24233643/satyaraj-acted-nooravathu-nal.html மொட்டைத் தலையுடன் சத்யராஜ் நடித்த 'நூறாவது நாள்' மகத்தான வெற்றி | sathyaraj acted nooravathu nal cinema history]</ref> and ''Anbin Mugavari'', both again directed by Manivannan, had better footage than that of Vijayakanth's and Mohan's.<ref name="behindwoods1"/> Sathyaraj started receiving offers to act as the hero in Tamil films from 1985. Directors were reluctant to cast him as the protagonist as his second film as a lead actor ''Iravu Pookkal'' (1985) was not a success. Most of the films he was part of were of the action genre in this period.

===1986–1988: Lead roles===
In the 1986 film ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]'', he played the lead romantic role<ref>[http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/26230526/bharathiraja-film-satyaraj-act.html பாரதிராஜா படங்களில் சத்யராஜ்: 'கடலோரக் கவிதைகள்' மூலம் கதாநாயகன் ஆனார் | bharathiraja film satyaraj acted cinema history]</ref><ref>[http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/27231922/hero-role-satyaraj-acted-kadal.html கதாநாயகனாக சத்யராஜ் நடித்த 'கடலோரக் கவிதைகள்' மகத்தான வெற்றி | hero role satyaraj acted kadalora kavithai]</ref> and ''Behindwoods'' said: "Sathyaraj broke his image of an action hero and came up with a rollicking performance. He is the real star of the film."<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/features/classicalmovie/Kadalorakkavithaigal/tamil-cinema-classicmovies-Kadalorakkavithaigal.html Classical Movie : Bharathiraja's 'Kadalorakkavithaigal' Kadalorakkavithaigal]. Behindwoods.com.</ref> He received appreciation for playing his role in ''[[Mr. Bharath]]'' (1986), which revolved around the conflict between father, played by Sathyaraj and son (Rajinikanth). Sathyaraj acted as Rajinikanth's father in the film, though he was in fact 4 years younger than Rajinikanth.<ref name="behindwoods1"/> Manivanan, being friends with Sathyaraj, kept casting him in pivotal roles in his directorial ventures, regularly showcasing different emotions from Sathyaraj in films such as ''[[Muthal Vasantham]]'', ''[[Palaivana Rojakkal]]'' and ''[[Vidinja Kalyanam]]''. After ''Kadalora Kavithaigal'', Sathyaraj had box office hits as the lead hero between 1986 and 1988 such as ''[[Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu]]'',<ref>[http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=kadamai%20kanniyam%20kattuppadu Cinesouth entry]. Cinesouth.com.</ref> ''[[Mandhira Punnagai (1986 film)|Mandhira Punnagai]]'', ''[[Makkal En Pakkam]]'' (in which he had dual roles), ''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]'', ''[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru]]'', ''[[En Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' and ''[[Chinnappadass]]''. Manivanan from 1987 onward started casting Sathyaraj in positive roles and their combination had box office hits like ''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]'', ''[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]'', ''[[Ganam Courtar Avargale]]'' and ''Chinnappadas'' in this period. Sathyaraj received the Best Tamil Actor award in Filmfare Awards South for his performance in ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]'' (1987).

In ''[[Needhiyin Nizhal]]'' (1985), which featured [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] in the lead role, Sathyaraj had a minuscule supporting role and played second fiddle to the main villain M.N. Nambiar, but by 1988, Sathyaraj had established himself as a leading actor and in ''Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi'', in which Prabhu and Sathyaraj were cast in the starring role, Prabhu's character played second fiddle to Sathyaraj's character. He played a bespectacled leading man in the commercially successful ''Ganam Courtaar Avargaley'' and his performance was critically acclaimed and it established him as a versatile actor. He is fine actor.

===1989–1999: Breakthrough===
His 99th film was ''[[Dravidan (1989 film)|Dravidan]]'' and his 100th film was ''[[Vaathiyaar Veettu Pillai]]'', but the latter fared better at the box office. After 1988, he had very few unsuccessful films such as ''[[Madurai Veeran Enga Saami]]'', ''[[Magudam]]'', ''[[Pangali]]'', and ''[[Kattalai (film)|Kattalai]]'' in this period as he became selective of choosing his roles as main lead hero. In the 90s, he attempted more films of comedy and action genres and occasionally did romantic films. Many of them were commercially successful, such as ''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]'', ''[[Nadigan]]'', ''[[Pudhu Manithan]]'', ''[[Rickshaw Mama]]'', ''[[Airport (1993 film)|Airport]]'', ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]'', ''[[Veera Padhakkam]]'', ''[[Thai Maaman]]'' and ''[[Azhagarsamy]]''. Sathyaraj played a dual role as father and son in the box office hit ''[[Amaithipadai]]'', which is considered among his best performances. With regard to the film, he has stated: "I have no words for that film, as it took me to the next level as an actor".<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131019/entertainment-kollywood/article/sathyaraj-i-consider-all-vibrant-young-directors-my-seniors |title=Sathyaraj: I consider all vibrant, young directors my seniors |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=2013-10-19 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref> He also said that he almost did not sign up for the film as it was a negative character and he had moved away from negative roles and "gained some respectability" with films such as ''Poovizhi Vaasalile'', ''Vedham Pudhidhu'' and ''Walter Vetrivel''.<ref name="thehindu1"/> After ''Thai Maaman'' became successful in 1994, the same team of Sathyaraj and director Guru Dhanapal decided to do their next venture ''Maaman Magal'' in 1995, which was also a moderate hit. He directed his first film in 1995 ''[[Villadhi Villain]]'', which had him in three distinct roles and it was a successful project.<ref name="vv"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/12/31/stories/0431401c.htm |title=Hit parade from a favourite |work=The Hindu |date=31 December 2000 |accessdate=24 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India |first=Sudhish |last=Kamath}}</ref>

His pairing opposite actress [[Kushboo]] and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] became popular in this decade. The box office hits of the pair Kushboo-Sathyaraj include ''Nadigan'', ''Bramma'', ''Rickshaw Mama'', ''[[Kalyana Galatta]]'', ''[[Suyamvaram]]'', ''[[Malabar Police]]'', and ''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]'', whereas ''[[Thozhar Pandian]]'' and ''[[Veeranadai]]'' were not successful at the box office. The on-screen pair of Sathyaraj-Meena together had average grossers such as ''Thai Maaman'', ''[[Maaman Magal (1995 film)|Maaman Magal]]'', ''[[Vallal]]'' and later in 2003 with ''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]''. His chemistry with actors [[Goundamani]] and [[Senthil]] has been well received and appreciated by the public and hence they have appeared in many movies together from ''Vaazhkai Sakkaram'' in 1990.

===2000–2009: Comedy and drama films===
The year 2000 proved to be unsuccessful for Sathyaraj. 4 films between 2000–01 ''Veeranadai'', ''[[Puratchikkaaran]]'', ''[[Aandan Adimai]]'' and the comedy film ''[[Looty]]'' were failures while his commercially successful films were [[P. Vasu]]'s comedy film ''[[Asathal]]'', Sundar C's ''Unnai Kann Theduthey'' and G. Sai Suresh's ''[[Kunguma Pottu Gounder]]''. As many new young actors such as Ajith Kumar, Vijay and Madhavan, who debuted in the 1990s had established themselves successfully by 2000, and others such as [[Jiiva]] and [[Srikanth (Tamil actor)|Srikanth]] made their mark in the mid-2000s and also since Sathyaraj had been using wigs since 1985 in films as he had begun losing hair since then, critics felt Sathyaraj's career as solo lead actor may end by 2000. Sathyaraj re-invented himself as a hero with the 2002 film ''[[Maaran (film)|Maaran]]'' and as a romantic hero in ''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' and with his performance in the comedy film ''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]'' in 2003. Sathyaraj and director Shakthi Chidambaram's combination gave 3 consecutive films, ''[[Ennamma Kannu]]'', ''[[Maha Nadigan]]'' and ''[[Englishkaran]]''. ''Ennama Kannu'' was a super hit. Few films like ''[[Sena (film)|Sena]]'', ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'',<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/31/stories/2003013101060202.htm "Ramachandra"]. The Hindu (31 January 2003).</ref> ''[[Azhagesan]]'',<ref>[http://movies.bizhat.com/review_alagesan.php BizHat.com – Alagesan Review. Satyaraj, Prema, Ramraj, Manorama]. Movies.bizhat.com.</ref> and ''[[Gowravargal]]'' received negative reviews in this decade. He co-starred with his son [[Sibiraj]] for the first time in ''[[Jore]]'' which was average. Bizhat described "It's interesting to watch the father – son combination together in Jore.<ref>[http://movies.bizhat.com/review_jore.php BizHat.com – Jore Review. Satyaraj, Sibi Raj, Gajala, Koti]. Movies.bizhat.com.</ref> Sathyaraj then acted with his son in 3 more films ''[[Mannin Maindhan]]'', ''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]'' and ''[[Kovai Brothers]]'', in which the two were seen as brothers. In 2007, he produced a Tamil film ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'', starring his son, which was critically acclaimed.<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3359/tamil/lee/1065/review.htm Lee Review – Tamil Movie Review by PVS]. Nowrunning.com (20 February 2007).</ref><ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/news/news.aspx?it=7572 Sathyaraj to produce 'Lee' with son Sibi as hero]</ref>

Films in the 2000s with Sathyaraj in the lead role that fared well at the box office were ''[[6'2]]'', ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]'', his 170th film ''[[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' (2006), ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]'' and ''Thangam''. He received the Vijay Award for Best Actor for ''[[Onbadhu Roobai Nottu]]'' in 2007 and was also nominated for his performance in ''Periyar'' in the same year, in which he portrayed the life of social reformer and rationalist [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]. About the role he said, "I myself being a rationalist, I found it easy to portray his character on screen. His principles and ideologies, like fighting for women's liberation and untouchability, have influenced me to a great extent".<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>

===2010–2019: Supporting Actor===
[[Image:Sathyaraj filming Bahubali the Conclusion (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|Sathyaraj portraying his critically acclaimed role [[Kattappa]] on the sets of ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' (2017)]]
He accepted pivotal supporting roles in Tamil films such as ''[[Aayiram Vilakku]]'', ''[[Uchithanai Muharnthaal]]'', ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'', ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' and ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''. In ''Nanban'', he played a college professor and won the Best Supporting Actor awards at the Filmfare, Vijay and SIIMA ceremonies, while in ''Thalaivaa'', ''Raja Rani'', ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' and ''[[Chennai Express]]'' he played father characters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/news-interviews/42899274_1_roles-thalaivaa-raja-rani |title=Meet Tamil cinema's "family" |work=Times of India. |date=2013-10-10 |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref> Sathyaraj and Manivannan worked together for the last time in ''[[Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA]]'', which was Manivannan's 50th and last directorial venture before his death. A sequel to ''Amaidhipadai'', it was also the 200th film of Sathyaraj and became a box office bomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.4tamilmedia.tv/news-review/751-nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-s-triple-treat |title='Nagaraja Cholan MA., MLA's Triple treat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606053824/http://www.4tamilmedia.tv/news-review/751-nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-s-triple-treat |date=6 June 2013 |work=4tamilmedia.tv|archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/nagaraja-cholan-ma-mla-the-partys-over/article4705969.ece Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA: The party’s over]. The Hindu (11 May 2013).</ref>

He ventured into Telugu cinema after long time as a supporting actor in ''[[Sankham]]'' in 2009 and later did ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' in 2012, both of which were successful. He also entered Malayalam cinema with ''[[Aagathan]]'' in 2009. He played the critically acclaimed role of Kattappa in ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) and has reprised the role in the sequel ''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' (2017).

In 2015, at the age of 60, the media and public at large rechristened him as Kattappa, as he received nationwide popularity for his role in India's biggest motion picture ''Baahubali: The Beginning''. Since the time he made his debut as junior artiste at 24 years of age, he had been wanting to do a historical or a folklore film and it was his long cherished dream. He quoted in an interview in 2015: "I am a great fan of MGR who is popular in folklore films, like NTR in Telugu movies. My dream of doing a folklore at 24 has been realised at 60 through ''Rajamouli''. I played Rajinikanth's father when I was 31 and Rajini was 35, so I never cared for age..it never mattered to me."<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/playing-a-dream-role/article7430280.ece | title=Playing a dream role| newspaper=The Hindu| date=2015-07-16| last1=Chowdhary| first1=Y. Sunita}}</ref>

He acted as lead role in the film ''[[Oru Naal Iravil]]'' (2015). A faithful remake of much acclaimed Malayalam movie, ''[[Shutter (2012 film)|Shutter]]'' has been helmed by editor turned director, [[Anthony (film editor)|Antony]] with great integrity. Sathyaraj as the middle aged man brings so much life to his character.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oru-naal-iravil-review-tamil-pluthhaiddjeh.html |title = Review : Oru Naal Iravil (2015)}}</ref> In 2016, he acted with his son [[Sibiraj]] in ''[[Jackson Durai]]'', another addition to the popular “Horror-comedy genre”.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/jackson-durai/jackson-durai-review.html |title = Jackson Durai (Aka) Jackson Durai review|date = July 2016}}</ref> Followed by the last movie series ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-prabhas-anushka-shetty-impress-in-ss-rajamouli-s-film/story-FQ6O18Syd5uGcABCIUjf9L.html |title = Baahubali 2 - the Conclusion movie review: Fantastic visuals power Rajamouli's film|date = 28 April 2017}}</ref> He played the role of DC Ratnavel "Randy", a Police officer in the film ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017) directed by [[Atlee Kumar|Atlee]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sathyaraj-talks-about-his-less-screentime-in-vijays-mersal.html |title = Sathyaraj talks about his less screentime in Vijay's Mersal|date = 8 March 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Sathyaraj Is married to Maheswari in 1979, niece of producer Madhampatti Sivakumar, and had two children, Divya (daughter) and [[Sibiraj]] (son), also an actor.<ref>[http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/07/23231851/actor-sathyaraj-marriage-cinem.html நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் திருமணம் நடந்தது | actor sathyaraj marriage cinema history]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/16-08-00/sathya2.htm |title=dinakaran |accessdate=2014-05-28 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001202125400/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/16-08-00/sathya2.htm |archivedate=2 December 2000 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Sathyaraj is a staunch atheist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/actor/sathiyaraj-biography/ |title=Actor Sathiyaraj Biography | Sathiyaraj Personal Profile | Sathiyaraj Biodata | Sathiyaraj Childhood | Sathiyaraj Awards |publisher=Spicyonion.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-27}}</ref>

Sathyaraj and [[Manivannan]] shared a close friendship since college and became frequent collaborators in notable films in Tamil cinema. ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "His (Manivannan's) friendship with actor Sathiyaraj translated to several memorable moments on screen. Manivannan...along with Sathyaraj epitomised on screen what is colloquially known in Tamil as "nakkal" (snideness)".<ref>{{cite news|author=Karthik Subramanian |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/master-of-character-roles-manivannan-passes-away/article4817104.ece |title=Master of character roles Manivannan passes away |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-06-15 |accessdate=2013-11-27 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> According to Behindwoods.com, Manivannan (as the director) and Sathyaraj had 12 consecutive hit films together beginning from 1987 to 1994; ''[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]'', ''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]'', ''[[Ganam Courtar Avargale]]'', ''[[Manidhan Marivittan]]'', ''[[Ullathil Nalla Ullam]]'', ''Vaazhkai Chakkaram'', ''[[Pudhu Manithan]]'', ''[[Therku Theru Machan]]'', ''[[Government Mappillai]]'' and ''[[Amaidhi Padai]]''.<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/the-most-consistent-directors-of-tamil-cinema/manivannan.html Manivannan | Successive hits – Who gave the most in Tamil cinema?]. Behindwoods.com.</ref> About working with Manivannan, he has said that it "is a pleasure. There's no script, no dialogue sheet. It's all in his head. But, he extracts great performances".<ref name="thehindu1"/> Sathyaraj and Manivannan also acted together in several films directed by other directors. About his personal relationship with Manivannan, Sathyaraj remarked "I still reminisce about the beautiful moments that I had with...Manivannan, a genius of a person. In fact, he is the one who taught me many things in life, and changed me, I became a good human from being just an actor. Every day, we used to have conversations over the phone on a wide range of topics. It was a 30-year relationship. No one could understand me the way he did".<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/> Manivannan died in 2013 and Sathyaraj has said that just 24 hours before his death they had discussed their next project and that he narrated him a story.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>

==Filmography==

{{main|Sathyaraj filmography}}

==Awards and nominations==
{{refimprove|section|date=January 2020}}
;Won
* 1987 – [[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Tamil)]] for ''[[Vedham Pudhithu]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&lpg=PA297&dq=sathyaraj+best+actor+Vedham+Pudhithu#v=onepage&q=sathyaraj%20best%20actor%20Vedham%20Pudhithu&f=false |title = PRIDE OF TAMIL CINEMA: 1931 TO 2013: Tamil Films that have earned National and International Recognition|last1 = Dhananjayan|first1 = G.|date = 3 November 2014}}</ref>
* 1990 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for ''[[Nadigan]]''
* 1991 – [[Kalaimamani|Kalaimamani Award]] from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* 1995 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award]] (M.G.R Award)
* 2007 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA457&lpg=PA457&dq=Periyar+(2007+film)+award#v=onepage&q=Periyar%20(2007%20film)%20award&f=false |title = PRIDE OF TAMIL CINEMA: 1931 TO 2013: Tamil Films that have earned National and International Recognition|last1 = Dhananjayan|first1 = G.|date = 3 November 2014}}</ref>
* 2007 – Periyar Award for his role in the film ''Periyar''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg05381.html |title=TN announces Periyar award for Sathyaraj (News) |publisher=mail-archive.com |accessdate=23 December 2010}}</ref>
* 2007 – [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Vikatan Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]''
* 2007 – [[Honorary Doctorate]] from [[Sathyabama University]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/07/13/stories/2007071350630200.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=New feather in their caps | date=13 July 2007}}</ref>
* 2007 – [[Vijay Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Onbadhu Roobai Nottu]]''
* 2011 – [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Kalaichigaram Award]]
* 2012 – [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]''
* 2013 – [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Tamil)]] for ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sathyaraj/awards |title = Sathyaraj Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Sathyaraj | Times of India Entertainment}}</ref>
* 2015 – [[1st IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam Award Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]''
* 2015 – [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Vikatan Award Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]''
* 2017 – [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Vikatan Award Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|Baahubali 2]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://baahubali.com/the-conclusion/awards-festivals.html | title=Baahubali - the Conclusion || Awards}}</ref>
* 2018 – [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Tamil)]] for ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/tamil/2019/103 |title = Filmfare Awards Tamil Winners 2019: Best Tamil Movies, Best Actors, Actress, Singer and more}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0766470}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Anti-Brahminism]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Periyarists]]

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caste-based prostitution

2020-05-30T11:57:42Z

CodeSlashh:

===[[:Caste-based prostitution]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|S}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|Caste-based prostitution}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caste-based prostitution|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2020 May 28#{{anchorencode:Caste-based prostitution}}|View log]]</noinclude>{{int:dot-separator}} [https://tools.wmflabs.org/jackbot/snottywong/cgi-bin/votecounter.cgi?page=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Caste-based_prostitution Stats])
:({{Find sources AFD|Caste-based prostitution}})
This article I created was redirected to [[Prostitution in India]]. However, any mention of this topic in [[Prostitution in India]] was also removed from the same group of users. Varying reasons were given, citing that the term was made up and the content was not supported by the sources but was speculation. This topic is mentioned in multiple third party reliable independent sources, not just the ones cited in the article. It was a start, with enough material available to grow. I did a [[Talk:Caste-based prostitution#RfC about keeping this article|RFC]] about it and from my understanding the article can be kept but it should be tried through a AFD avenue so I brought it here. [[User:JustBeCool|JustBeCool]] ([[User talk:JustBeCool|talk]]) 22:44, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

*'''Delete''' [[WP:POINTY|Pointy creation]] which fails [[WP:OR]], [[WP:GNG]]. Article provides false impression by misrepresenting sources that only people from certain castes are allowed to engage in prostitution or otherwise prostitution is limited to a very few castes and that is absolutely misleading. Just because some people justify their engagement in prostitution by using their caste, doesn't means that their profession becomes "caste-based". [[User:Capankajsmilyo|Capankajsmilyo]] ([[User talk:Capankajsmilyo|talk]]) 01:28, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
**The article is clearly about women ''and young girls'' being ''forced into'' prostitution because of their caste, not them freely choosing to do so and trying to "justify" it. [[User:Crossroads|'''Crossroads''']] [[User talk:Crossroads|-talk-]] 04:07, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
:::Where you read that? The Guardian makes no mention of being "forced".[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jan/14/indian-village-where-child-sexual-exploitation-is-the-norm-sagar-gram-jan-sahas] [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/01/20131161032441697.html Most common source] here only say they were "forced into" prostitution during British rule. Then source also goes into details that how "Prostitution has emerged as a strategy of survival among several such communities." [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 04:26, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Note to closer:''' This appears to be a procedural nomination, and as such, it does not appear that the nominator wishes to delete the article, since they created it; they should probably be considered a keep vote. [[User:Crossroads|'''Crossroads''']] [[User talk:Crossroads|-talk-]] 04:07, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per Capankajsmilyo. Nearly whole article is about [[Banchhada]] (also referred as Bacchara) and needful content already exists at [[Banchhada]] which already covers about their prostitution. [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 04:28, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
::The article also describes about Bedias and Pernas. Either way, that would not be a reason to delete but a reason to add information about the other castes traditionally involved with inter-generational prostitution. [[User:JustBeCool|JustBeCool]] ([[User talk:JustBeCool|talk]]) 20:42, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
:::For Perna, I only see mere claims made by a random NGO, which is not [[WP:RS]]. [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 11:57, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Speedy Keep''' The nominator does not want the page deleted and there's no reason to do so. The topic is clearly notable (e.g. [https://theweek.com/articles/760001/how-caste-system-forces-women-into-prostitution]; [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/11/international/asia/caste-system-binds-nepalese-prostitutes.html]; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oLWGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88]) and the rest is then a matter of ordinary editing per [[WP:ATD]]; [[WP:IMPERFECT]] and [[WP:PRESERVE]]. [[user:Andrew Davidson|Andrew]]🐉([[user talk:Andrew Davidson|talk]]) 08:15, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
::But still there is nothing which Wikipedia hasn't already covered on more specific pages. Looking at your sources, [https://theweek.com/articles/760001/how-caste-system-forces-women-into-prostitution this] say "Chauhan belongs to the '''[[Banchhada|Bacchara caste]]''', a community where women are the primary breadwinners in their families". [[Banchhada]] already got details about prostitution.[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/11/international/asia/caste-system-binds-nepalese-prostitutes.html This] is about Badi people and already covered at [[Badi people]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oLWGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false This] (from page 87) mentions '''[[Banchhada|Bacchara]]''', and again [[Banchhada]] already got details about prostitution.
::Castes are based on identity but originally based on profession. Without a doubt there are tons of castes in which a particular profession is shared by the most members. [[WP:NOPAGE|Why do you need a page about their profession when page about their caste already exist]]? [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 11:02, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
:::This article covers the topic as a whole, even if it may or may not be mentioned in the articles of individual castes. For example, the history of the practice has similarities among the different castes and so is covered in this article and measures taken to stem the practice nation wide or region wide could be talked about in the article as well. [[User:JustBeCool|JustBeCool]] ([[User talk:JustBeCool|talk]]) 20:42, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
::::By cherrypicking statements of random activists. [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 11:57, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' Per [[User:Crossroads]]'s point, I want to make it clear that I wish to keep the article, for the reasons I mentioned above. [[User:JustBeCool|JustBeCool]] ([[User talk:JustBeCool|talk]]) 20:42, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' See no need of this [[WP:POVFORK]]. Sources are all about [[Banchhada]] and views from non-notable NGOs about this caste. [[User:Desmay|desmay]] ([[User talk:Desmay|talk]]) 01:08, 30 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per [[WP:NOPAGE]]. What is next? [[Class-based prostitution]] and [[Race-based prostitution]] for defining which races and classes are more prone to take up prostitution for a living? This [[WP:OR]] needs to end. [[User:D4iNa4|D4iNa4]] ([[User talk:D4iNa4|talk]]) 10:58, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caste-based prostitution

2020-05-29T11:02:16Z

CodeSlashh:

===[[:Caste-based prostitution]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|S}}

<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|Caste-based prostitution}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caste-based prostitution|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2020 May 28#{{anchorencode:Caste-based prostitution}}|View log]]</noinclude>{{int:dot-separator}} [https://tools.wmflabs.org/jackbot/snottywong/cgi-bin/votecounter.cgi?page=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Caste-based_prostitution Stats])
:({{Find sources AFD|Caste-based prostitution}})
This article I created was redirected to [[Prostitution in India]]. However, any mention of this topic in [[Prostitution in India]] was also removed from the same group of users. Varying reasons were given, citing that the term was made up and the content was not supported by the sources but was speculation. This topic is mentioned in multiple third party reliable independent sources, not just the ones cited in the article. It was a start, with enough material available to grow. I did a [[Talk:Caste-based prostitution#RfC about keeping this article|RFC]] about it and from my understanding the article can be kept but it should be tried through a AFD avenue so I brought it here. [[User:JustBeCool|JustBeCool]] ([[User talk:JustBeCool|talk]]) 22:44, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

*'''Delete''' [[WP:POINTY|Pointy creation]] which fails [[WP:OR]], [[WP:GNG]]. Article provides false impression by misrepresenting sources that only people from certain castes are allowed to engage in prostitution or otherwise prostitution is limited to a very few castes and that is absolutely misleading. Just because some people justify their engagement in prostitution by using their caste, doesn't means that their profession becomes "caste-based". [[User:Capankajsmilyo|Capankajsmilyo]] ([[User talk:Capankajsmilyo|talk]]) 01:28, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
**The article is clearly about women ''and young girls'' being ''forced into'' prostitution because of their caste, not them freely choosing to do so and trying to "justify" it. [[User:Crossroads|'''Crossroads''']] [[User talk:Crossroads|-talk-]] 04:07, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
:::Where you read that? The Guardian makes no mention of being "forced".[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jan/14/indian-village-where-child-sexual-exploitation-is-the-norm-sagar-gram-jan-sahas] [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/01/20131161032441697.html Most common source] here only say they were "forced into" prostitution during British rule. Then source also goes into details that how "Prostitution has emerged as a strategy of survival among several such communities." [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 04:26, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Note to closer:''' This appears to be a procedural nomination, and as such, it does not appear that the nominator wishes to delete the article, since they created it; they should probably be considered a keep vote. [[User:Crossroads|'''Crossroads''']] [[User talk:Crossroads|-talk-]] 04:07, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' per Capankajsmilyo. Nearly whole article is about [[Banchhada]] (also referred as Bacchara) and needful content already exists at [[Banchhada]] which already covers about their prostitution. [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 04:28, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Speedy Keep''' The nominator does not want the page deleted and there's no reason to do so. The topic is clearly notable (e.g. [https://theweek.com/articles/760001/how-caste-system-forces-women-into-prostitution]; [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/11/international/asia/caste-system-binds-nepalese-prostitutes.html]; [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oLWGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88]) and the rest is then a matter of ordinary editing per [[WP:ATD]]; [[WP:IMPERFECT]] and [[WP:PRESERVE]]. [[user:Andrew Davidson|Andrew]]🐉([[user talk:Andrew Davidson|talk]]) 08:15, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
::But still there is nothing which Wikipedia hasn't already covered on more specific pages. Looking at your sources, [https://theweek.com/articles/760001/how-caste-system-forces-women-into-prostitution this] say "Chauhan belongs to the '''[[Banchhada|Bacchara caste]]''', a community where women are the primary breadwinners in their families". [[Banchhada]] already got details about prostitution.[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/11/international/asia/caste-system-binds-nepalese-prostitutes.html This] is about Badi people and already covered at [[Badi people]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oLWGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false This] (from page 87) mentions '''[[Banchhada|Bacchara]]''', and again [[Banchhada]] already got details about prostitution.
::Castes are based on identity but originally based on profession. Without a doubt there are tons of castes in which a particular profession is shared by the most members. [[WP:NOPAGE|Why do you need a page about their profession when page about their caste already exist]]? [[User:CodeSlashh|CodeSlashh]] ([[User talk:CodeSlashh|talk]]) 11:02, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

Third World

2020-05-29T04:39:52Z

CodeSlashh: Undid revision 958535170 by 42.153.38.149 (talk)

{{other uses|Third World (disambiguation)}}
{{Three worlds}}
The term "'''Third World'''" arose during the [[Cold War]] to define countries that remained non-aligned with either [[NATO]] or the [[Eastern Bloc|Communist Bloc]]. The [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Western Europe]]an nations and their allies represented the [[First World]], while the [[Soviet Union]], [[China]], [[Cuba]], and their allies represented the [[Second World]]. This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on political and economic divisions. Since the [[fall of the Soviet Union]] and the [[end of the Cold War]], the term ''Third World'' has been used less and less. It is being replaced with terms such as [[Developing country|developing countries]], [[Least developed country|least developed countries]] or the [[Global South]]. The concept itself has become outdated as it no longer represents the current political or economic state of the world.

The Third World was normally seen to include many countries with [[Colonization|colonial]] pasts in [[Africa]], [[Latin America]], [[Oceania]] and [[Asia]]. It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. In the [[dependency theory]] of thinkers like [[Raúl Prebisch]], [[Walter Rodney]], Theotonio dos Santos, and [[Andre Gunder Frank]], the Third World has also been connected to the [[World-systems theory|world-systemic]] economic division as [[periphery countries|"periphery" countries]] dominated by the countries comprising the [[core countries|economic "core"]].<ref name="Tomlinson"/>

Due to the complex history of evolving meanings and contexts, there is no clear or agreed-upon definition of the Third World.<ref name="Tomlinson" /> Some countries in the [[Communist Bloc]], such as [[Economy of Cuba|Cuba]], were often regarded as "Third World". Because many Third World countries were economically poor, and non-industrialized, it became a [[stereotype]] to refer to poor countries as "third world countries", yet the "Third World" term is also often taken to include [[Newly industrialized country|newly industrialized countries]] like Brazil, India and China now more commonly referred to as part of [[BRIC]]. Historically, some European countries were [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] and a few of these were and are very prosperous, including [[Ireland]], [[Austria]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Yugoslavia]].

==Etymology==
French demographer, anthropologist and historian [[Alfred Sauvy]], in an article published in the French magazine ''[[Le Nouvel Observateur|L'Observateur]]'', August 14, 1952, coined the term ''Third World'' (French: ''Tiers Monde''), referring to countries that were unaligned with either the Communist Soviet bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc during the Cold War.<ref name="Gregory">Gregory, Derek et al. (Eds.) (2009). Dictionary of Human Geography (5th Ed.), Wiley-Blackwell.</ref> His usage was a reference to the [[Estates-General of 1789|Third Estate]], the commoners of France who, before and during the [[French Revolution]], opposed the clergy and nobles, who composed the First Estate and Second Estate, respectively. Sauvy wrote, "This third world ignored, exploited, despised like the third estate also wants to be something."<ref>Literal translation from French</ref> He conveyed the concept of political [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]] with either the capitalist or communist bloc.<ref>Wolf-Phillips, Leslie (1987). "Why 'Third World'?: Origin, Definition and Usage", ''Third World Quarterly'', 9(4): 1311-1327.</ref>

==Third World vs. Three Worlds==
{{see also|Three World Model|Three Worlds Theory}}
The "Three Worlds Theory" developed by [[Mao Zedong]] is different from the Western theory of the Three Worlds or Third World. For example, in the Western theory, China and India belong respectively to the second and third worlds, but in Mao's theory both China and India are part of the Third World which he defined as consisting of exploited nations.

==Third Worldism==
{{main|Third-Worldism}}

Third Worldism is a political movement that argues for the unity of third-world nations against first-world influence and the principle of [[Non-interventionism|non-interference]] in [[Westphalian sovereignty|other countries' domestic affairs]]. Groups most notable for expressing and exercising this idea are the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM) and the [[Group of 77]] which provide a base for relations and diplomacy between not just the third-world countries, but between the third-world and the first and [[Second World|second worlds]]. The notion has been criticized as providing a [[fig leaf]] for human-rights violations and [[political repression]] by [[dictatorship]]s.<ref>Pithouse, Richard (2005). [http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/default.asp?3,28,11,1994 ''Report Back from the Third World Network Meeting Accra, 2005'']. Centre for Civil Society : 1-6.</ref>

==History==
Most Third World countries are former colonies. Having gained independence, many of these countries, especially smaller ones, were faced with the challenges of {{nowrap begin}}nation-{{nowrap end}} and institution-building on their own for the first time. Due to this common background, many of these nations were "developing" in economic terms for most of the 20th century, and many still are. This term, used today, generally denotes countries that have not developed to the same levels as [[OECD]] countries, and are thus in the process of ''developing''.

In the 1980s, economist [[Peter Thomas Bauer|Peter Bauer]] offered a competing definition for the term "Third World". He claimed that the attachment of Third World status to a particular country was not based on any stable economic or political criteria, and was a mostly arbitrary process. The large diversity of countries considered part of the Third World — from Indonesia to Afghanistan — ranged widely from economically primitive to economically advanced and from politically non-aligned to {{nowrap begin}}Soviet-{{nowrap end}} or Western-leaning. An argument could also be made for how parts of the U.S. are more like the Third World.<ref>[http://www2.macleans.ca/2010/09/14/third-world-america/ "Third World America"], ''MacLeans'', September 14, 2010</ref>

The only characteristic that Bauer found common in all Third World countries was that their governments "demand and receive Western aid," the giving of which he strongly opposed. Thus, the aggregate term "Third World" was challenged as misleading even during the Cold War period, because it had no consistent or collective identity among the countries it supposedly encompassed.

==Development aid==
{{Main|Development aid}}
[[File:Least Developed Countries map.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|[[Least Developed Countries]] in blue, as designated by the United Nations. Countries formerly considered Least Developed in green.]]
During the Cold War, unaligned countries of the Third World<ref name="Tomlinson">Tomlinson, B.R. (2003). "What was the Third World", ''[[Journal of Contemporary History]]'', 38(2): 307–321.</ref> were seen as potential allies by both the First and Second World. Therefore, the United States and the Soviet Union went to great lengths to establish connections in these countries by offering economic and military support to gain strategically located alliances (e.g., United States in Vietnam or Soviet Union in Cuba).<ref name="Tomlinson" /> By the end of the Cold War, many Third World countries had adopted capitalist or communist economic models and continued to receive support from the side they had chosen. Throughout the Cold War and beyond, the countries of the Third World have been the priority recipients of Western [[foreign aid]] and the focus of economic development through mainstream theories such as modernization theory and dependency theory.<ref name="Tomlinson" />

By the end of the 1960s, the idea of the Third World came to represent countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America that were considered underdeveloped by the West based on a variety of characteristics (low economic development, low life expectancy, high rates of poverty and disease, etc.).<ref name="Gregory" /> These countries became the targets for aid and support from governments, NGOs and individuals from wealthier nations. One popular model, known as [[Rostow's stages of growth]], argued that development took place in 5 stages (Traditional Society; Pre-conditions for Take-off; Take-off; Drive to Maturity; Age of High Mass Consumption).<ref name="ReferenceA">Westernizing the Third World (Ch 2), Routledge</ref> [[W. W. Rostow]] argued that ''Take-off'' was the critical stage that the Third World was missing or struggling with. Thus, foreign aid was needed to help kick-start industrialization and economic growth in these countries.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

== Great Divergence and Great Convergence ==
{{multiple image
| width = 200
| image1 = World Income Distribution 1970.png
| image2 = World Income Distribution 2015.png
| footer_align = left
| footer = Density function of the world's income distribution in 1970 by continent, logarithmic scale: The division of the world into "rich" and "poor" is striking, and the world's poverty is concentrated in Asia. Density function of the world's income distribution in 2015 by continent, logarithmic scale: The division of the world into "rich" and "poor" was vanished, and the world's poverty can be found mainly in Africa.
{{legend|#ff8b9d|Asia and Oceania}}
{{legend|#4de2f0|Africa}}
{{legend|#a6f14d|America}}
{{legend|#ffef4d|Europe}}
}}
Many times there is a clear distinction between First and Third Worlds. When talking about the Global North and the [[Global South]], the majority of the time the two go hand in hand. People refer to the two as "Third World/South" and "[[First World]]/North" because the Global North is more affluent and developed, whereas the Global South is less developed and often poorer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mimiko|first=Oluwafemi|year=2012|title=Globalization: The Politics of Global Economic Relations and International Business|url=|journal=Carolina Academic Press|volume=|pages=49|via=}}</ref>

To counter this mode of thought, some scholars began proposing the idea of a change in world dynamics that began in the late 1980s, and termed it the Great Convergence.<ref name="cliodynamics.ru">Korotayev A., Zinkina J. [http://cliodynamics.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=361&Itemid=1 On the structure of the present-day convergence. ''Campus-Wide Information Systems''. Vol. 31 No. 2/3, 2014, pp. 139-152]</ref> As [[Jack A. Goldstone]] and his colleagues put it, "in the twentieth century, the [[Great Divergence]] peaked before the First World War and continued until the early 1970s, then, after two decades of indeterminate fluctuations, in the late 1980s it was replaced by the Great Convergence as the majority of Third World countries reached economic growth rates significantly higher than those in most First World countries".<ref>[http://cliodynamics.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=378&Itemid=1 Phases of global demographic transition correlate with phases of the Great Divergence and Great Convergence. ''Technological Forecasting and Social Change''. Volume 95, June 2015, Page 163].</ref>

Others have observed a return to Cold War-era alignments ([[Mark MacKinnon|MacKinnon]], 2007; [[Edward Lucas (journalist)|Lucas]], 2008), this time with substantial changes between 1990–2015 in geography, the world economy and relationship dynamics between current and emerging world powers; not necessarily redefining the classic meaning of ''First'', ''Second'', and ''Third World'' terms, but rather which countries belong to them by way of association to which world power or coalition of countries — such as [[G7]], the [[European Union]], [[OECD]]; [[G20]], [[OPEC]], [[BRICS]], [[ASEAN]]; the [[African Union]], and the [[Eurasian Union]].

==See also==

*[[Fourth World]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last= Aijaz |first= Ahmad |authorlink= Aijaz Ahmad|title= In theory: Classes, nations, literatures |year= 1992| publisher= Verso|location= London}}
* {{cite book |last= Bauer |first= Peter T. |title= Equality, the Third World, and economic delusion |year= 1981|publisher= Harvard University Press|location= Cambridge, MA}}
* {{cite book |last= Buchanan |first= Pat J. |authorlink= Pat Buchanan|title= State of emergency: The Third World invasion and conquest of America |year= 2006| publisher= Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press|location= New York}}
* {{cite book |last= Escobar |first= Arturo |authorlink= Arturo Escobar (anthropologist)|title= Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the Third World |year= 2011| publisher= Princeton University Press|location= Princeton, NJ |edition= revised}}
* {{cite book |last= Furtado |first= Celso |authorlink= Celso Furtado|title= Development and underdevelopment |year= 1964| publisher= University of California Press|location= Berkeley}}
* {{cite book |last= Huffington |first= Arianna S. |authorlink= Arianna Huffington|title= Third World America: How our politicians are abandoning the middle class and betraying the American dream |year= 2010| publisher= Crown Publishers|location= New York}}
* Melkote, Srinivas R. & Steeves, H. Leslie. (1991). Communication for development in the Third World: Theory and practice for Empowerment. New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
* Sheppard, Eric & Porter, Wayland P. (1998). A world of difference: Society, nature, development. New York: Guilford Press.
* {{cite book |last= Rangel |first= Carlos |authorlink= Carlos Rangel|title= Third World Ideology and Western Reality|url= |year= 1986|publisher= Transaction Books|location= New Brunswick}}
* {{cite book |last= Smith |first= Brian C. |title= Understanding Third World Politics: Theories of Political Change and Development |year= 2013| publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|location= London |edition=4th}}
* {{cite book |last= Aijaz |first= Charles K. |title= The political economy of development and underdevelopment |year= 1973| publisher= Random House|location= New York}}

{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}

{{South-South}}
{{Global economic classifications}}

[[Category:Country classifications]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Politics by region]]
[[Category:Cold War terminology]]

Gopalganj district, India

2020-05-29T04:36:56Z

CodeSlashh: No Page

{{refimprove|date=January 2016}}
{{original research|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gopalganj district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Bihar|District of Bihar]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map = Bihar district location map Gopalganj.svg
| map_caption = Location of Gopalganj district in Bihar
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Gopalganj, Bihar{{!}}Gopalganj
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saran division|Saran]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Gopalganj, Bihar{{!}}Gopalganj]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2,562,012
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 67.04 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 1021
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Baikunthpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baikunthpur]], [[Barauli, Bihar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barauli]], [[Gopalganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]], [[Kuchaikote (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kuchaikote]], [[Bhore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhore]], [[Hathua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hathua]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Indian road network|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH-28
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = http://gopalganj.bih.nic.in/
}}
'''Gopalganj''' is one of the administrative districts in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The district headquarters is the town of [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]], and the district is part of [[Saran Division]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://gopalganj.bih.nic.in/places.htm |title=Welcome GOPALGANJ |date=2011-07-21 |publisher=Gopalganj.bih.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163443/http://gopalganj.bih.nic.in/places.htm |archivedate=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Major languages spoken are [[Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi]], and English.

==Geography==
Gopalganj district, India occupies an area of {{convert|2033|km2|sqmi}},<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{cite book | last1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1118–1119 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Spain]]'s [[Tenerife Island]].<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | accessdate = 2011-10-11 | date = 1998-02-18 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Tenerife2,034km2}}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Gopalganj one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 38 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=September 8, 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |accessdate=September 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archivedate=April 5, 2012 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,28,381|13=1911|14=5,97,141|15=1921|16=6,10,307|17=1931|18=6,48,526|19=1941|20=7,46,012|21=1951|22=8,22,854|23=1961|24=9,26,736|25=1971|26=11,07,464|27=1981|28=13,62,123|29=1991|30=17,04,310|31=2001|32=21,52,638|33=2011|34=25,62,012|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Gopalganj district, India has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,562,012,<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | accessdate = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | accessdate = 2011-10-01 | quote = Kuwait 2,595,62
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|accessdate=2011-09-30
|quote=Nevada 2,700,551
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072426/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archivedate=2011-07-21
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 163rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1258|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.83%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Gopalganj has a [[sex ratio]] of 1015 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 67.04%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 97.95% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]] and 1.76% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

Based on the 2011 census:
* Population: 2,562,012 (2.62% of the state)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gopalganj.bih.nic.in/dist_glance.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165415/http://gopalganj.bih.nic.in/dist_glance.html |archivedate=2011-07-21 |title=Gopalganj District At a Glance |publisher=Gopalganj.bih.nic.in |date=2011-07-21 |accessdate=2012-08-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Density of population: 1260
* Men: 1,267,666 (49.48%)
* Women: 1,294,346 (50.52%)
* Urban population: 162,805 (6.35%)
* Rural population: 2,399,207 (93.65%)
* % of Scheduled castes: 12.43%
* % of Scheduled tribes: 0.29%

==Education==
Initially, Gopalganj had little to offer in terms of good quality education to its residents. Presently Schools and colleges in the city are either run by the government or by private trusts and individuals. The schools are each affiliated with either the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board for Secondary Education]] (CBSE), or the Bihar School Examination Board.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://biharboard.bih.nic.in/ |title=Bihar School Examination Board |publisher=Biharboard.bih.nic.in |date=2010-12-03 |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> English is the medium of instruction in most private schools; though government run schools offer both English and Hindi. The [[Sainik School Gopalganj|Sainik School]] prepares boys for entry into the National Defence Academy. After completing their secondary education, which involves ten years of schooling, students typically enroll at [[junior college|Higher Secondary School]] in one of the three streams—[[liberal arts|Arts]], [[Commerce]] or [[Science]].
==Administrative Division==
Gopalganj is divided into 2 sub-divisions, 14 Blocks, 4 municipalities and 234 gram-panchayat (village councils). There are total 1566 villages in Gopalganj District.<ref name="gopal"> {{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165439/http://gopalganj.bih.nic.in/dist_admin.html |title=archive}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision
! CD Block
! Hindi name
! Area (KM2)
! Population (2011)
|-
!2
!14
!१४
!2,033
!2,562,012
|-
|[[Gopalganj Subdivision|Gopalganj]]|| [[Baikunthpur, Gopalganj|Baikunthpur]]||बैकुंठपुर||204.11|| 217,165
|-
|[[Gopalganj Subdivision|Gopalganj]]||[[Barauli (community development block)|Barauli]]||बरौली|| 184.38|| 263,876
|-
|[[Gopalganj Subdivision|Gopalganj]]||[[Gopalganj (community development block)|Gopalganj]]||गोपालगंज|| 195.47|| 219,527
|-
|[[Gopalganj Subdivision|Gopalganj]]||[[Kuchaikote]]||कुचायकोट||251.43||332,041
|-
|[[Gopalganj Subdivision|Gopalganj]]||[[Manjha, Gopalganj|Manjha]]||मांझा||141.47||199,452
|-
|[[Gopalganj Subdivision|Gopalganj]]||[[Thawe (community development block)|Thawe]]||थावे||69.99||116,106
|-
|[[Gopalganj Subdivision|Gopalganj]]||[[Sidhwaliya]]||सिधवलिया||120.13||141,563
|-
|[[Hathua Subdivision|Hathua]]||[[Bhorey]]||भोरे||147.73||178,199
|-
|[[Hathua Subdivision|Hathua]]||[[Hathua]]||हथुआ||146.65||221,804
|-
|[[Hathua Subdivision|Hathua]]||[[Kateya]]||कटेया||126.17||130,830
|-
|[[Hathua Subdivision|Hathua]]||[[Panchdewari]]||पंचदेवरी||92.82||99,933
|-
|[[Hathua Subdivision|Hathua]]||[[Phulwariya]]||फुलवरिया||95.56||130,801
|-
|[[Hathua Subdivision|Hathua]]||[[Uchkagaon]]||ऊँचकागांव||113.29||177,677
|-
|[[Hathua Subdivision|Hathua]]||[[Vijayipur]]||विजयीपुर||130.40||133,038
|}
===Urban councils===
There are 4 urban area in Gopalganj district. 3 [[Nagar Panchayat]] and 1 [[Nagar Parishad]]. Although [[Hathua]] is also an urban area categorized as [[Census town]] but not counted as municipality.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!City council
!Council's type
!Hindi name
!part of (Block)
!Area (KM²)
!Population (2011)
|-
|[[Gopalganj, India|Gopalganj]]
|[[Nagar Parishad]]
|गोपालगंज
|[[Gopalganj (community development block)|Gopalganj]]
|11.11
|67,339
|-
|[[Kataiya, India|Kataiya]]
|[[Nagar Panchayat]]
|कटैया
|[[Kataiya (community developmen block)|Kataiya]]
|12.06
|20,193
|-
|[[Mirganj, Bihar|Mirganj]]
|[[Nagar Panchayat]]
|मीरगंज
|[[Unchkagaon (community development block)|Unchkagaon]]
|5.48
|26,240
|-
|[[Barauli, Bihar|Barauli]]
|[[Nagar Panchayat]]
|बरौली
|[[Barauli (community development block)|Barauli]]
|22.21
|41877
|-
|[[Hathua]]
|[[Census town]]
|हथुआ
|[[Hathua (community development block)|Hathua]]
|1.06
|7,156
|}

===Village councils===
There are 234 Village councils in Gopalganj district grouped into 14 blocks.

==Vidhan Sabha Constituencies==
{{cleanup section|reason=Consists of only a simple list. Section possibly not needed.|date=May 2019}}
{{prose|section|date=July 2019}}
*Baikunthpur
*Barauli
*Gopalganj
*Kuchaikote
*Bhore
*Hathua
*Mirganj

==Transport==

NH 28 passes through Gopalganj one can find the multiple buses for commuting in state and other state.

[[Siwan Junction railway station]] is the main railway station for Gopalganj. Thawe station also serves local passenger other small station: Hathua Road, Sasamusa, Sipaya-(Serves Kuchaikote, Khutwania, Dubey Khariya, Vinod Khariya and nearby Villages), and Tamkuhi Road.

[[Sabeya Airport]],
[[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]] [[Patna]] and [[Mahayogi Gorakhnath Airport]] [[Gorakhpur]] are the nearest commercial airports.

==Notable People==
* [[Abdul Ghafoor (politician)|Abdul Ghafoor]], former Chief Minister of Bihar, 1973 to 1975
* [[Laloo Prasad Yadav]], former Chief Minister of Bihar and former Rail Minister of India
* [[Rabri Devi]], thrice Chief Minister of Bihar, wife of Laloo Prasad Yadav
* [[Ram Dulari Sinha]] of the Indian National Congress, former Union-Minister of state, and Former Governor of Kerala, and freedom fighter
* [[UK Sinha]], Chairman of the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]
* [[Anurag Kumar]], Director, IISc.
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]], actor

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Gopalganj district
|North = [[West Champaran district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[East Champaran district]]
|Southeast = [[Muzaffarpur district]] [[Saran district]]
|South = [[Siwan district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Deoria district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Northwest = [[Kushinagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}

{{Districts of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

{{coord|26.4654|N|84.4416|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalganj District, India}}
[[Category:Districts of Bihar]]
[[Category:Gopalganj district, India| ]]
[[Category:Saran division]]
[[Category:Districts of India]]

Lonavala

2020-05-29T04:35:49Z

CodeSlashh: Promotional link

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lonavala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Hill station
| image_skyline = Lonavalamh.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Western Ghats near Lonavala
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.74806|N|73.40722|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 38
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 624
| population_total = 57698
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 1464
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 410401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02114
| registration_plate = MH-12, MH-14
}}

'''Lonavala''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: '''Loṇāvaḷā''') ({{Lang-mr|लोणावळा}}) is a town and a [[hill station]] [[Municipal Council]] in [[Pune district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is about 64 km west of modern-day [[Pune|Pune city]] and 96 km to the east of [[Mumbai]]. It is known for its production of the hard candy ''[[chikki]]'' and is also a major stop on the railway line connecting Mumbai and Pune. From the Pune suburbs, local trains are available from [[Pune Junction]]. Both the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] as well as the [[National Highway 48 (India)|Mumbai-Bengaluru highway]] pass through Lonavala.

Lonavala is also home to INS ''Shivaji'' (formerly HMIS ''Shivaji'') which is the [[Indian Navy|Indian Navy's]] Premier Technical Training Institute. On 16 Feb 1945, the Establishment was commissioned as HMIS Shivaji and since then, the premier Technical Training Establishment of the Indian Navy trains officers<ref>https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/insshivaji/node/391</ref>

==Etymology==

The name ''Lonavala'' derives from ''Leni'' ([[Prakrit]], A resting place carved from stone) and ''Avali'' (Prakrit, series). ''Lonavali'' in Prakrit is a place which has a series of such ''Lenis'' around it.

==History==

Present day Lonavala was a part of the [[Yadava dynasty]]. Later, the [[Mughals]] realized the strategic importance of the region and kept the region for an extended time. The forts in the region and the "''Mavala''" warriors played an important role in the history of the [[Maratha Empire]] and that of the [[Peshwa|Peshwas]].
In 1871, the Lonavala and [[Khandala]] hill stations were discovered by [[John Elphinstone|Lord Elphinstone]], who was the Governor of [[Bombay Presidency]] at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbai.org.uk/excursions/lonavala.html|title=Lonavla, India|publisher=Mumbai.org.uk|accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802810-lonavala.html|title=Lonavala Population Census 2011|last=Govt. of India|first=|date=|publisher=Census of India|work=Census of India|accessdate=18 February 2017}}</ref> Lonavala had a population of 57,698. Males constituted 53.47% of the population and females 46.53%. The sex ratio in Lonavala is 870, lower than the state average of 929. Lonavala has a literacy rate of 89.33%, which is higher than the state average of 82.34%. The Male literacy rate is 93.4%, and the female literacy rate is 84.57%. 10.37% of the total population in Lonavala is of children under 6 years of age.

==Climate==

{{Weather box
|location = Lonavla
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes

|Jan high C = 29
|Feb high C = 30
|Mar high C = 32
|Apr high C = 33
|May high C = 37
|Jun high C = 34
|Jul high C = 26
|Aug high C = 27
|Sep high C = 28
|Oct high C = 29
|Nov high C = 28
|Dec high C = 29
|Jan low C = 11
|Feb low C = 12
|Mar low C = 16
|Apr low C = 20
|May low C = 23
|Jun low C = 23
|Jul low C = 22
|Aug low C = 22
|Sep low C = 21
|Oct low C = 19
|Nov low C = 15
|Dec low C = 11
|Jan precipitation mm = 4
|Feb precipitation mm = 2
|Mar precipitation mm = 3
|Apr precipitation mm = 18
|May precipitation mm = 25
|Jun precipitation mm = 666
|Jul precipitation mm = 1733
|Aug precipitation mm = 1147
|Sep precipitation mm = 495
|Oct precipitation mm = 111
|Nov precipitation mm = 16
|Dec precipitation mm = 3

|source = weather2stay
|date = June 2012
}}

==Tourism==
Lonavala and the adjacent [[Khandala]] are twin hill stations {{convert|622|m|ft}} meters above sea level, in the Sahyadri ranges that demarcate the Deccan Plateau and the Konkan coast. The hill stations sprawl over an approximate area of {{convert|38|km2|mi2}}. Tourism peaks during the monsoon season. The name Lonavala is derived from the words '<nowiki/>''leni''<nowiki/>' which means caves and '''avali''<nowiki/>' which means series. i.e. 'a series of Caves' which is a reference to the many caves like [[Karla Caves]], [[Bhaja Caves]] and Bedsa that are close to Lonavala. A trip to Lonavala and Khandala can be combined with sight-seeing visits of Karla, Bhaja and Bedsa caves and also the two fortresses, [[Lohagad]] and [[Visapur fort|Visapur]]. Another place of interest is the Tungi fort, one of the forts captured by Malik Ahmad near the village of [[Karjat]] and was known for its natural strength.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/DG/1964/places_Tungi%20Fort.html|title=Tungi fort|publisher=NIC Raigad-Alibaug}}</ref> The Andharban trek begins from village Pimpri, passes through dense forests, valleys and waterfalls and ends in [[Bhira Kheri|Bhira]].

==Transport==
[[File:NH 6 - Mumbai - Lonavala Turn.jpg|thumb|[[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]]]]

===By road===
Lonavala is on the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] and is well-connected to several towns of [[Khopoli]], [[Karjat]], [[Talegaon Dabhade]], etc.

===By train===
{{Further|Lonavla railway station}}
Lonavala is well-connected by train. Local trains run from Pune at 2-hour intervals. Those originating from Mumbai along the [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|central line]] have [[Khopoli]] as their last station. Buses are available at regular intervals to complete the remaining 15 km of the journey to Lonavla from Khopoli bus station.
It takes 2.5 hours by train from Mumbai and 1 to 1.5 hour from Pune. All trains, travelling between Mumbai and Pune, halt at Lonavala. Before the push-pull technology, trains from Mumbai used to halt at Karjat in Raigad District to attach [[bank engines|banker locomotives]] before the train started the journey up the [[western ghats]] to reach Lonavala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/karjat-commuters-oppose-new-technology-on-intercity-express/article27892659.ece|title=Karjat commuters oppose new technology on Intercity Express|last=Mahale|first=Ajeet|date=2019-06-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===By air===
Lonavla does not have an airport, though the Indian Air Force station is situated on the way to [[Aamby Valley City]]. The city of Aamby Valley has its own private airport. The nearest commercial airports are [[Pune International Airport]] at 64 km and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] at 104 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/hill-stations/lonavla-and-khandala.html|title=Lonavla and Khandala|publisher=Maharashtra Tourism|accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref> A [[seaplane]] service is also available between [[Juhu]] and Pawana Dam, which is 14 km away from Lonavala.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-seaplane-service-from-Mumbai-takes-off-for-Lonavala/articleshow/40868277.cms | title=First seaplane service from Mumbai takes off for Lonavala | first=Nergish | last=Sunavala | date=25 August 2014 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=1 December 2018 }}</ref>

== Places of interest around Lonavala and Khandala ==

* '''Rajmachi Point'''
[[Rajmachi|Rajmachi Point]] is located about 6.5 km from Lonavala. This point commands a view of Shivaji maharaj's fort, Rajmachi (Royal terrakouioce) and the surrounding valley. Regular State Transport buses ply between Rajmachi Point and Lonavala from the State Transport Bus Stand. The Vaghjai Dari is also located here.

* '''Rajmachi Fort'''
[[Rajmachi|Rajmachi Fort]] is a historic fort close to Lonavala and attracts a lot of trekkers during the monsoon season. The fort also comprises two other forts - Shrivardhan Fort and Manaranjan Fort. Besides, the fort is known for the fireflies that lit up the surroundings in night

* '''Ryewood Park & Shivaji Udyan'''
This is an extensive garden situated in Lonavla. The garden has a number of tall trees - some of which are very old.{{fact|date=April 2018}} There is an old Shiva temple in the park.

* '''Valvan Dam'''
Valvan Dam is a Britisher built garden and is more than a century old. This dam has a garden at the foot of its wall, and is 2 km from the town.{{fact|date=April 2018}} The dam supplies water to the Khopoli power station at the foothills of the Sahyadris for generating electricity. The [[Kundali River]] feeds into the dam's reservoir.

* '''Della Adventure Park'''
Della Adventure Park is India's largest adventure park situated in Lonavala hill station. It is a big theme park/resort. It also serves as a corporate training destination for companies in Mumbai & Pune. The park has spread over an area of 36 acres. It is located at about 3000 feet height above MSL (mean sea level). Della Adventure Park offers close to 52 adventure activities.

* '''Lonavala Lake'''

Lonavala Lake is surrounded by natural scenery, about 1.6 km from the town. The lake dries up during the winter and summer months offering an expanse of green grass which is used by walkers and joggers.{{fact|date=April 2018}} This place attracts tourists for its street food,{{fact|date=April 2018}} including convenience food items like smoked corn on the cob, shaved ice (gola), vada pav, chaat, and hot ginger tea.

* '''Duke's Nose'''
Duke's Nose stands 12 km from Lonavla, clearly visible from the highway while driving towards Mumbai. This landmark in Khandala is visited by hikers.{{fact|date=April 2018}} Also known locally as ''Naagphani'' (Cobra's Hood), the cliff owes its name to the Duke of Wellington, whose ample nose it resembles.<ref>https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g1156430-d1203670-Reviews-Nagphani_Duke_s_Nose-Khandala_Lonavala_Pune_District_Maharashtra.html</ref>

* '''Tiger's Leap'''
[[File:Lonavala near tiger point.jpg|thumb|A place near Tiger Point]]

Tiger's Leap also known as '''Tiger's Point''' is a cliff-top with a sheer drop of over 650 m, giving an extensive view. Buses are available up to [[INS Shivaji]] and the remaining distance of about 1.6 km has to be covered on foot. Legend has it that while being chased by a tiger once, the [[Maratha Empire]] king [[Shivaji]] jumped into a ditch on the hill and the tiger leaped off it into the valley giving it the name of tiger's leap.

Just around tiger's leap, there is a small waterfall active only during the monsoon. It serves the purpose of relaxing in the water better than Bushi dam, as the force of the fall is higher. Also, after the brief steep descent, the fall becomes a stream with a fair amount of force to go all the way down to the base of the Tiger's Leap. Adventurers can trek down the stream whilst intermittently stepping back on land where the water current is too strong and the fall is steep.

* '''Karla Caves'''
[[Karla Caves]], located near Lonavala, is a complex of cave shrines built by Buddhist monks around 3rd to 2nd century B.C. A temple of Goddess Ekvira Devi is also present here.<ref>{{cite web| title=Ekveera Aai Tu Dongaravari Najar Hai Tuji Kolyavari|url=http://mandarmala.blogspot.in/2012/01/ekveera-aai-tu-dongaravari-najar-hai.html}}</ref>

* '''[[Lohagad]] Fort'''
A robust climb of about 11.2 km from [[Malavali]] railway station takes you to the 'Iron Fort', once a formidable battle-station of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The fort commands a view of the surrounding hills and hamlets.

* '''Visapur Fort'''
Adjacent to the Lohagad fort lies the visapur fort which is part of the Lohagad-Visapur fortification. Visapur Fort is larger and at a higher elevation than its twin- Lohagad. It was built during 1713-1720 CE by Balaji Vishwanath.

* '''[[Bhushi Dam]]'''

A waterfall near the dam is located between Lonavala and I.N.S. Shivaji. Buses running on the I.N.S. Shivaji Road stop here.<ref>http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/09/bhushi-dam-lonavala.html</ref>

* '''Lion Point'''

This is a viewpoint midway between Bhushi Dam and Aamby Valley which overlooks a deep valley and mountains known for its roasted corn and onion fritters. This point does not have any lions but is named so because it is associated with the Lions Club of Lonavala.
* '''Narayani Dham'''
Narayani Dham is a temple constructed in 2002 in honor of the Hindu Goddess [[Narayani Mata|Narayani]]. It is at a distance of 2 km from the Lonavla railway station. The temple has idols of Durga Mata, Salasar Balaji (Hanuman) and Ganapati housed in a marble structure.
* '''Tungarli Dam'''
This lake and Dam comes to life during the Monsoon season, where some people climb the mountain top to the Dam. This dam was built during the British era and features a serene surrounding of trees and hillocks.

* '''Shooting Point'''
Another viewpoint in the town of Khandala (Bazaar peth), provides views of the Rajmachi Fort and the valley. Also the home for the St. Mary's villa.

* '''Seven villas'''

One of the most iconic plots in Lonavala, seven Villas is an iconic landmark of the new developing Lonavala.

== Education ==
{{directory|section}}

Some major educational institutes in Lonavala are:

* The Cathedral Vidya School, Lonavala
* Ryewood International School, Lonavala
* Gurukul High School (boarding school)
* Auxilium Convent School
* Don Bosco School and Junior college, Lonavala
* Adv Bapusaheb Bhonde High School, Lonavala
* Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies (SIMS)
* Kohinoor Business School-Kohinoor Global Campus
* [[Sinhgad Technical Education Society]] campus KG TO PG
* DC High School and Jr. College
* Dr. B.N. Purandare Vidyalay High School
* Institute For Future Education Entrepreneurship And Leadership
* V.P.S. HighSchool
* D.P. Mehata Jr College
* [[Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center]]
* Kendriya Vidyalaya, INS Shivaji, Lonavala
* Sadhana Institute, Old Khandala Road, Lonavala
* Kaivalya Vidya Niketan, Kaivalyadhama Lonavala. CBSE Board
* The Great Eastern Institute Of Maritime Studies, Lonavala
* [[Shanti Sadan School|Society of Saint Mary Virgin in India, Shanti Sadan School Lonavala]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmvonline.org.uk/overseas.htm/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317170150/http://www.csmvonline.org.uk/overseas.htm |archivedate=2015-03-17 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:A waterfall on the way to Lonavala, Maharashtra.jpg|A waterfall on the way to Lonavala.
File:View of Western ghats, from Rajmachi point Khandala, on the Mumbai-Pune expressway.jpg|View of Western ghats, from Rajmachi
File:Tiger point-Lonavla.JPG|Tiger point during the rainy season
File:Bhushi Dam - Lonavala.jpg|Bhushi Dam - Lonavala
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Lonauli}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Lonavla}}
{{Pune district topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lonavala-Khandala]]

Lonavala

2020-05-29T04:34:45Z

CodeSlashh: promotional link

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lonavala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Hill station
| image_skyline = Lonavalamh.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Western Ghats near Lonavala
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.74806|N|73.40722|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 38
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 624
| population_total = 57698
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 1464
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 410401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02114
| registration_plate = MH-12, MH-14
}}

'''Lonavala''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: '''Loṇāvaḷā''') ({{Lang-mr|लोणावळा}}) is a town and a [[hill station]] [[Municipal Council]] in [[Pune district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is about 64 km west of modern-day [[Pune|Pune city]] and 96 km to the east of [[Mumbai]]. It is known for its production of the hard candy ''[[chikki]]'' and is also a major stop on the railway line connecting Mumbai and Pune. From the Pune suburbs, local trains are available from [[Pune Junction]]. Both the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] as well as the [[National Highway 48 (India)|Mumbai-Bengaluru highway]] pass through Lonavala.

Lonavala is also home to INS ''Shivaji'' (formerly HMIS ''Shivaji'') which is the [[Indian Navy|Indian Navy's]] Premier Technical Training Institute. On 16 Feb 1945, the Establishment was commissioned as HMIS Shivaji and since then, the premier Technical Training Establishment of the Indian Navy trains officers<ref>https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/insshivaji/node/391</ref>

==Etymology==

The name ''Lonavala'' derives from ''Leni'' ([[Prakrit]], A resting place carved from stone) and ''Avali'' (Prakrit, series). ''Lonavali'' in Prakrit is a place which has a series of such ''Lenis'' around it.

==History==

Present day Lonavala was a part of the [[Yadava dynasty]]. Later, the [[Mughals]] realized the strategic importance of the region and kept the region for an extended time. The forts in the region and the "''Mavala''" warriors played an important role in the history of the [[Maratha Empire]] and that of the [[Peshwa|Peshwas]].
In 1871, the Lonavala and [[Khandala]] hill stations were discovered by [[John Elphinstone|Lord Elphinstone]], who was the Governor of [[Bombay Presidency]] at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbai.org.uk/excursions/lonavala.html|title=Lonavla, India|publisher=Mumbai.org.uk|accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802810-lonavala.html|title=Lonavala Population Census 2011|last=Govt. of India|first=|date=|publisher=Census of India|work=Census of India|accessdate=18 February 2017}}</ref> Lonavala had a population of 57,698. Males constituted 53.47% of the population and females 46.53%. The sex ratio in Lonavala is 870, lower than the state average of 929. Lonavala has a literacy rate of 89.33%, which is higher than the state average of 82.34%. The Male literacy rate is 93.4%, and the female literacy rate is 84.57%. 10.37% of the total population in Lonavala is of children under 6 years of age.

==Climate==

{{Weather box
|location = Lonavla
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes

|Jan high C = 29
|Feb high C = 30
|Mar high C = 32
|Apr high C = 33
|May high C = 37
|Jun high C = 34
|Jul high C = 26
|Aug high C = 27
|Sep high C = 28
|Oct high C = 29
|Nov high C = 28
|Dec high C = 29
|Jan low C = 11
|Feb low C = 12
|Mar low C = 16
|Apr low C = 20
|May low C = 23
|Jun low C = 23
|Jul low C = 22
|Aug low C = 22
|Sep low C = 21
|Oct low C = 19
|Nov low C = 15
|Dec low C = 11
|Jan precipitation mm = 4
|Feb precipitation mm = 2
|Mar precipitation mm = 3
|Apr precipitation mm = 18
|May precipitation mm = 25
|Jun precipitation mm = 666
|Jul precipitation mm = 1733
|Aug precipitation mm = 1147
|Sep precipitation mm = 495
|Oct precipitation mm = 111
|Nov precipitation mm = 16
|Dec precipitation mm = 3

|source = weather2stay
|date = June 2012
}}

==Tourism==
Lonavala and the adjacent [[Khandala]] are twin hill stations {{convert|622|m|ft}} meters above sea level, in the Sahyadri ranges that demarcate the Deccan Plateau and the Konkan coast. The hill stations sprawl over an approximate area of {{convert|38|km2|mi2}}. Tourism peaks during the monsoon season. The name Lonavala is derived from the words '<nowiki/>''leni''<nowiki/>' which means caves and '''avali''<nowiki/>' which means series. i.e. 'a series of Caves' which is a reference to the many caves like [[Karla Caves]], [[Bhaja Caves]] and Bedsa that are close to Lonavala. A trip to Lonavala and Khandala can be combined with sight-seeing visits of Karla, Bhaja and Bedsa caves and also the two fortresses, [[Lohagad]] and [[Visapur fort|Visapur]]. Another place of interest is the Tungi fort, one of the forts captured by Malik Ahmad near the village of [[Karjat]] and was known for its natural strength.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/DG/1964/places_Tungi%20Fort.html|title=Tungi fort|publisher=NIC Raigad-Alibaug}}</ref> The Andharban trek begins from village Pimpri, passes through dense forests, valleys and waterfalls and ends in [[Bhira Kheri|Bhira]].

==Transport==
[[File:NH 6 - Mumbai - Lonavala Turn.jpg|thumb|[[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]]]]

===By road===
Lonavala is on the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] and is well-connected to several towns of [[Khopoli]], [[Karjat]], [[Talegaon Dabhade]], etc.

===By train===
{{Further|Lonavla railway station}}
Lonavala is well-connected by train. Local trains run from Pune at 2-hour intervals. Those originating from Mumbai along the [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|central line]] have [[Khopoli]] as their last station. Buses are available at regular intervals to complete the remaining 15 km of the journey to Lonavla from Khopoli bus station.
It takes 2.5 hours by train from Mumbai and 1 to 1.5 hour from Pune. All trains, travelling between Mumbai and Pune, halt at Lonavala. Before the push-pull technology, trains from Mumbai used to halt at Karjat in Raigad District to attach [[bank engines|banker locomotives]] before the train started the journey up the [[western ghats]] to reach Lonavala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/karjat-commuters-oppose-new-technology-on-intercity-express/article27892659.ece|title=Karjat commuters oppose new technology on Intercity Express|last=Mahale|first=Ajeet|date=2019-06-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===By air===
Lonavla does not have an airport, though the Indian Air Force station is situated on the way to [[Aamby Valley City]]. The city of Aamby Valley has its own private airport. The nearest commercial airports are [[Pune International Airport]] at 64 km and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] at 104 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/hill-stations/lonavla-and-khandala.html|title=Lonavla and Khandala|publisher=Maharashtra Tourism|accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref> A [[seaplane]] service is also available between [[Juhu]] and Pawana Dam, which is 14 km away from Lonavala.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-seaplane-service-from-Mumbai-takes-off-for-Lonavala/articleshow/40868277.cms | title=First seaplane service from Mumbai takes off for Lonavala | first=Nergish | last=Sunavala | date=25 August 2014 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=1 December 2018 }}</ref>

== Places of interest around Lonavala and Khandala ==

* '''Rajmachi Point'''
[[Rajmachi|Rajmachi Point]] is located about 6.5 km from Lonavala. This point commands a view of Shivaji maharaj's fort, Rajmachi (Royal terrakouioce) and the surrounding valley. Regular State Transport buses ply between Rajmachi Point and Lonavala from the State Transport Bus Stand. The Vaghjai Dari is also located here.

* '''Rajmachi Fort'''
[[Rajmachi|Rajmachi Fort]] is a historic fort close to Lonavala and attracts a lot of trekkers during the monsoon season. The fort also comprises two other forts - Shrivardhan Fort and Manaranjan Fort. Besides, the fort is known for the fireflies that lit up the surroundings in night

* '''Ryewood Park & Shivaji Udyan'''
This is an extensive garden situated in Lonavla. The garden has a number of tall trees - some of which are very old.{{fact|date=April 2018}} There is an old Shiva temple in the park.

* '''Valvan Dam'''
Valvan Dam is a Britisher built garden and is more than a century old. This dam has a garden at the foot of its wall, and is 2 km from the town.{{fact|date=April 2018}} The dam supplies water to the Khopoli power station at the foothills of the Sahyadris for generating electricity. The [[Kundali River]] feeds into the dam's reservoir.

* '''Della Adventure Park'''
Della Adventure Park is India's largest adventure park situated in Lonavala hill station. It is a big theme park/resort. It also serves as a corporate training destination for companies in Mumbai & Pune. The park has spread over an area of 36 acres. It is located at about 3000 feet height above MSL (mean sea level). Della Adventure Park offers close to 52 adventure activities.

* '''Lonavala Lake'''

Lonavala Lake is surrounded by natural scenery, about 1.6 km from the town. The lake dries up during the winter and summer months offering an expanse of green grass which is used by walkers and joggers.{{fact|date=April 2018}} This place attracts tourists for its street food,{{fact|date=April 2018}} including convenience food items like smoked corn on the cob, shaved ice (gola), vada pav, chaat, and hot ginger tea.

* '''Duke's Nose'''
Duke's Nose stands 12 km from Lonavla, clearly visible from the highway while driving towards Mumbai. This landmark in Khandala is visited by hikers.{{fact|date=April 2018}} Also known locally as ''Naagphani'' (Cobra's Hood), the cliff owes its name to the Duke of Wellington, whose ample nose it resembles.<ref>https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g1156430-d1203670-Reviews-Nagphani_Duke_s_Nose-Khandala_Lonavala_Pune_District_Maharashtra.html</ref>

* '''Tiger's Leap'''
[[File:Lonavala near tiger point.jpg|thumb|A place near Tiger Point]]

Tiger's Leap also known as '''Tiger's Point''' is a cliff-top with a sheer drop of over 650 m, giving an extensive view. Buses are available up to [[INS Shivaji]] and the remaining distance of about 1.6 km has to be covered on foot. Legend has it that while being chased by a tiger once, the [[Maratha Empire]] king [[Shivaji]] jumped into a ditch on the hill and the tiger leaped off it into the valley giving it the name of tiger's leap.

Just around tiger's leap, there is a small waterfall active only during the monsoon. It serves the purpose of relaxing in the water better than Bushi dam, as the force of the fall is higher. Also, after the brief steep descent, the fall becomes a stream with a fair amount of force to go all the way down to the base of the Tiger's Leap. Adventurers can trek down the stream whilst intermittently stepping back on land where the water current is too strong and the fall is steep.

* '''Karla Caves'''
[[Karla Caves]], located near Lonavala, is a complex of cave shrines built by Buddhist monks around 3rd to 2nd century B.C. A temple of Goddess Ekvira Devi is also present here.<ref>{{cite web| title=Ekveera Aai Tu Dongaravari Najar Hai Tuji Kolyavari|url=http://mandarmala.blogspot.in/2012/01/ekveera-aai-tu-dongaravari-najar-hai.html}}</ref>

* '''[[Lohagad]] Fort'''
A robust climb of about 11.2 km from [[Malavali]] railway station takes you to the 'Iron Fort', once a formidable battle-station of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. The fort commands a view of the surrounding hills and hamlets.

* '''Visapur Fort'''
Adjacent to the Lohagad fort lies the visapur fort which is part of the Lohagad-Visapur fortification. Visapur Fort is larger and at a higher elevation than its twin- Lohagad. It was built during 1713-1720 CE by Balaji Vishwanath.

* '''[[Bhushi Dam]]'''

A waterfall near the dam is located between Lonavala and I.N.S. Shivaji. Buses running on the I.N.S. Shivaji Road stop here.<ref>http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/09/bhushi-dam-lonavala.html</ref>

* '''Lion Point'''

This is a viewpoint midway between Bhushi Dam and Aamby Valley which overlooks a deep valley and mountains known for its roasted corn and onion fritters. This point does not have any lions but is named so because it is associated with the Lions Club of Lonavala.
* '''Narayani Dham'''
Narayani Dham is a temple constructed in 2002 in honor of the Hindu Goddess [[Narayani Mata|Narayani]]. It is at a distance of 2 km from the Lonavla railway station. The temple has idols of Durga Mata, Salasar Balaji (Hanuman) and Ganapati housed in a marble structure.
* '''Tungarli Dam'''
This lake and Dam comes to life during the Monsoon season, where some people climb the mountain top to the Dam. This dam was built during the British era and features a serene surrounding of trees and hillocks.

* '''Shooting Point'''
Another viewpoint in the town of Khandala (Bazaar peth), provides views of the Rajmachi Fort and the valley. Also the home for the St. Mary's villa.

* '''Seven villas'''

One of the most iconic plots in Lonavala, seven Villas is an iconic landmark of the new developing Lonavala.

== Education ==
{{directory|section}}

Some major educational institutes in Lonavala are:

* The Cathedral Vidya School, Lonavala
* Ryewood International School, Lonavala
* Gurukul High School (boarding school)
* Auxilium Convent School
* Don Bosco School and Junior college, Lonavala
* Adv Bapusaheb Bhonde High School, Lonavala
* Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies (SIMS)
* Kohinoor Business School-Kohinoor Global Campus
* [[Sinhgad Technical Education Society]] campus KG TO PG
* DC High School and Jr. College
* Dr. B.N. Purandare Vidyalay High School
* Institute For Future Education Entrepreneurship And Leadership
* V.P.S. HighSchool
* D.P. Mehata Jr College
* [[Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center]]
* Kendriya Vidyalaya, INS Shivaji, Lonavala
* Sadhana Institute, Old Khandala Road, Lonavala
* Kaivalya Vidya Niketan, Kaivalyadhama Lonavala. CBSE Board
* The Great Eastern Institute Of Maritime Studies, Lonavala
* [[Shanti Sadan School|Society of Saint Mary Virgin in India, Shanti Sadan School Lonavala]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmvonline.org.uk/overseas.htm/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317170150/http://www.csmvonline.org.uk/overseas.htm |archivedate=2015-03-17 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:A waterfall on the way to Lonavala, Maharashtra.jpg|A waterfall on the way to Lonavala.
File:View of Western ghats, from Rajmachi point Khandala, on the Mumbai-Pune expressway.jpg|View of Western ghats, from Rajmachi
File:Tiger point-Lonavla.JPG|Tiger point during the rainy season
File:Bhushi Dam - Lonavala.jpg|Bhushi Dam - Lonavala
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Lonauli}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Lonavla}}
*[http://www.sadhanainstitute.org The Sadhana Institute]
{{Pune district topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lonavala-Khandala]]