Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Vogue Tyre

2023-08-27T23:56:11Z

Comm.unity: removed SOME of the article's promotional content/tone; removed puffy language; fixed typos

{{Short description|American company providing custom luxury tires, wheels, and car accessories}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Vogue Tyre and Rubber Co.
|logo =
|logo_size = 200px
|logo_caption = Logo of Vogue Tyre
|type = [[Private company|Private]]
|traded_as =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1914}} [[Chicago, Illinois]], U.S.<ref name="OldMotor-Vogue"/>
| founder = Harry Hower<ref name="OldMotor-Vogue"/>
|owner =
| location = Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
|area_served = United States
|key_people = Greg Hathcock (President)<ref name="BloomBW-Hatchock">{{cite web | url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=23271835&privcapId=4321427&previousCapId=4321427&previousTitle=Vogue+Tyre+and+Rubber+Co.+Inc. | title=Company Overview of Vogue Tyre and Rubber Co. Inc. | publisher=Bloomberg-BusinessWeek | accessdate=March 13, 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Kevin Goyak (Executive Vice President)
|products = Automotive tires, wheels, and other tire accessories
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|assets =
|equity =
|num_employees = 100
|website = {{URL| http://www.voguetyre.com |www.voguetyre.com}}
}}


'''Vogue Tyre and Rubber Co.''', also known as Vogue Tyre, is an American company providing custom luxury [[tire]]s, [[wheel]]s, and car accessories.<ref name="Hoover-Vogue">{{cite web | url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/company-search.html?term=Vogue%20Tyre | title=Hoovers: Vogue Tyre & Rubber Co. | publisher=Hoovers | accessdate=March 20, 2014}}</ref> The company was founded in 1914 in [[Chicago, Illinois]] by Harry Hower and then in 1940, sold to Lloyd O. Dodson who remained its chairman<ref name="TIA-Dodson">{{cite web | url=http://www.tireindustry.org/lloyd-o-dodson | title=Lloyd O. Dodson | publisher=Tire Industry Association | date=November 1990 | accessdate=March 21, 2014}}</ref> until his death in March 1996.<ref name="TireBusiness-Dodson"/> Vogue Tyre invented the [[Whitewall tire|whitewall]] and patented the gold stripe in the 1960s.<ref name="Vogue-AboutUs">{{cite web | url=http://www.voguetyre.com/index.php?f=about | title=About Vogue Tyre & Rubber Co. | publisher=Vogue Tyre & Rubber Co. | accessdate=March 21, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Jalopy-whitewall">{{cite web|url= http://www.jalopyjournal.com/?p=220 |author=Ryan |title=The History Of The Whitewall: Part 2! |work=Jalopy Journal |date=7 June 2006 |accessdate=10 September 2013 }}</ref>

Vogue Tyre has provided custom built tires to professional sports players and movie celebrities like [[Gary Cooper]], [[Marion Davies]], [[Mervyn LeRoy]], [[Dolores del Río]], [[Paul Whiteman]], [[Kid Rock]] and [[Snoop Dogg]].<ref name="Snoop-Vogue">{{cite web | url=http://www.dubmagazine.com/stars/musicians/958-snoop-dogg-malice-n-wonderland | title=Snoop Dogg: Malice in wonderland | work=Dub magazine | accessdate=March 20, 2014}}</ref>

==History==

===Early history: 1913–1960===
Harry Hower, a chauffeur in the Chicago area in the early 1900s, got into the tire business and proposed an idea about the whitewall to the Woodbury family. By 1918, the Woodbury's and Harry were in business as the Vogue Tyre Company. Over the decades, celebrities and notable people have used Vogue Tyre products on their vehicles with Vogue whitewall tires.<ref name="OldMotor-Vogue">{{cite web | url=http://theoldmotor.com/?tag=vogue-tires | title=Tag Archives: Vogue Tires | publisher=The old motor | date=May 9, 2013 | accessdate=March 20, 2014 | author=Gene Herman}}</ref>

In 1928, Lloyd Dodson contracted with Vogue Tyre owners Harry Hower and Margaret Woodbury to begin selling whitewall tires.<ref name="Jalopy-whitewall"/> When the Great Depression hit in 1929, he began selling upscale tires to the local entertainment industry. In 1942, Dodson bought Vogue Tyre and remained its chairman until his death.<ref name="TireBusiness-Dodson">{{cite web | url=http://www.tirebusiness.com/article/19960415/ISSUE/304159985/loyd-dodson&template=printart | title=Loyd O. Dodson | publisher=Tire Business | date=April 15, 1996 | accessdate=March 18, 2014}}</ref> A selection of these products and list of notable customers are displayed below:

[[File:1913-american-underslung.jpg|thumb|300px|1913 [[American Underslung]] featured all white tires]]

===Expansion: 1960 to present===

Lloyd Dodson started his tire business in 1923 and became the exclusive distributor of Vogue Tyres for the western United States. He bought the Chicago-based company during World War II and remained active in the business until his death, serving as chairman of the board of directors for the last ten years of his life.<ref name="LATimes-Dodson">{{cite web | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1996-04-06/news/mn-55526_1_vogue-tyres | title=Loyd Dodson; Owned Vogue Tyre and Rubber Co. April 06, 1996 | work=Los Angeles Times | date=April 6, 1996 | accessdate=March 18, 2014}}</ref>

===Recent history===
- Vogue Tyre acquires some assets of E&G Classics to create E&G Corporation LLC, a new company.<ref name="Ridesmag-E&G Classics">{{cite web | url=http://www.rides-mag.com/news/2014/03/vogue-tyre-purchases-eg-classics/ | title=Vogue Tyre Purchases E&G Classics | publisher=Rides mag. | date=March 4, 2014| accessdate=March 20, 2014 | author= Rey Fries}}</ref>

- [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] duo [[Macklemore and Ryan Lewis]] shoot the music video for their song "[[White Walls]]" in a Vogue Tyre warehouse and explicitly mention the company and their tires in the song.<ref name="TB-Mackle-Vogue">{{cite web | url=http://www.tirebusiness.com/article/20131001/NEWS/131009990/hip-hop-video-shot-in-vogue-tyre-warehouse | title=Hip-hop video shot in Vogue Tyre warehouse | publisher=Tire Business | date=October 1, 2013 | accessdate=March 20, 2014 | author=Tire Business Staff Report}}</ref><ref name="Ridesmag-Mackle">{{cite web | url=http://www.rides-mag.com/videos/2013/09/macklemore-ryan-lewis-white-walls-official-video-featuring-schoolboy-q-hollis/ | title=Macklemore & Ryan Lewis – ‘White Walls’ Official Video Featuring Vogue Tyres | publisher=Rides mag. | date=September 30, 2013 | accessdate=March 20, 2014 | author=Evo}}</ref>

===Timeline===
* 1914 — Harry Hower founded Vogue Tyre<ref name="VT-us">{{cite web | url=http://www.voguetyre.com/about.htm | title=Vogue Tyre: About us | publisher=Vogue Tyre | accessdate=March 20, 2014}}</ref>
* 1918 - 1919 — Harry Hower and the Woodburry family create a new tire design called the Whitewall.<ref name="VT-us"/><ref name="Jalopy-whitewall2">{{cite web | url=http://www.jalopyjournal.com/?p=215 | title=The History Of The Whitewall 15 | work=Jalopy Journal | date=June 7, 2006 | accessdate=March 18, 2014}}</ref>
* 1926 — Vogue expands to the West Coast and Dodson Limited becomes distributor in Los Angeles.<ref name="VT-us"/>
* 1930 — The great depression - Motion pictures stars adopt Vogue Tyres. Dusenberg owners become primary clients.<ref name="VT-us"/>
* 1938 — [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear]] acquires Vogue Tyres. Kelly-Springfield Tire Company accepted Mr. Hower's offer and got involved in the production of Vogue Tyres.<ref name="VT-us"/>
* 1942 (December) — Dodson Limited acquires Vogues Tyre.<ref name="LATimes-Dodson"/><ref name="VT-us"/>
* 1965 - 1970 — Vogue introduces the Twin Air Preserver Gold Streak Tyre and the Gold Puncture Control Pad.<ref name="VT-us"/>
* 1970 - 1975 — Vogue introduces the Wide Track Glass Belt and later the Brougham Gauntlet custom built steel safety tires.<ref name="VT-us"/>
* 1975 - 1980 — Kevlar (a.k.a. Aramyd) is invented by Dupont and integrated into Vogue Radials.<ref name="VT-us"/>
* 1992 — Vogue introduces the custom built Twin Tread Touring Tyre.<ref name="VT-us"/>
* 2000 — Vogue introduces CBR IX.<ref name="VT-us"/>

==Awards and recognition==
* "Consumer digest best buy for passenger car tires" awards in 1993,1994,1995, and 1996<ref name="RubberNews-Vogue">{{cite web | url=http://www.rubbernews.com/article/19941205/ISSUE/312059993/magazine-rates-general-vogue-tires-as-best-buys# | title=Magazine rates general, vogue tires as best buys | publisher=Rubber News | date=December 5, 1994 | accessdate=March 21, 2014 | author=Miles Moore}}</ref>
* Lloyd Dodson was inducted into the Tire Industry Hall of Fame in 1990.<ref name="TIA-DodsonHF">{{cite web | url=http://www.tireindustry.org/hall-fame | title=Tire Industry Association (TIA): Hall of Fame nominations (1990) | publisher=Tire Industry Association | date=November 1990 | accessdate=March 21, 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies}}
*[[Tire manufacturing]]
*[[Whitewall tire]]
* [[List of tire companies]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Norbye, Jan (November 1972). "The truth about studded tires". Popular Science 201(5): 76–77. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
* "ABC News: Aged Tires Sold as 'New' by Big Retailers". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
* Sawyers, Harry. "One Day Project: Kid's Backyard Tire Swing". Popular Mechanics.
* T. E. Baker (2003). Evaluation of the Use of Scrap Tires in Transportation Related Applications in the State of Washington.
* Sullivan, Kate (6 April 2013). "This Day in History: Ford offers whitewall option". Hemmings.
* Flory, J. Kelly (2008). American cars, 1946-1959: every model, year by year. McFarland. p. 12. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-3229-5}}.

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|tire|tyre}}
* [http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Vehicle%20Safety/Articles/Associated%20Files/brochure.pdf National Highway Traffic Safety Adm "Tire Safety" Brochure]
* [http://www.safercar.gov/Tire U.S. Government tire rating and maintenance site.]
*[http://www.voguetyre.com Vogue Tyre & Rubber Company Homepage]
*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/VogueTyre Official Vogue Tyre & Rubber Company Facebook Page]
*[http://www.facebook.com/VogueTyre Official Vogue Tyre & Facebook Page]
*[https://twitter.com/VogueTyre Official Vogue Tyre & Rubber Company Twitter Page]

{{CarDesign nav}}
{{Automotive handling}}

[[Category:Wheel manufacturers]]
[[Category:Automotive styling features]]
[[Category:Automotive companies established in 1914]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Chicago]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in Illinois]]
[[Category:Tire manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program]]
[[Category:1914 establishments in Illinois]]

Pact of Unity

2022-12-06T08:16:52Z

Comm.unity: added wiki-link to Bartolina Sisa Confederation; corrected the translation of their full spanish name ("originary" and "originally" to "native")

The '''Pact of Unity''' ({{lang-es|Pacto de Unidad}}) is an evolving national alliance of Bolivian grassroots organizations in support of indigenous and agrarian rights, land reform, the rewriting of the [[Bolivian Constitution of 1967|1967 constitution]] through a [[Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006–2007|Constituent Assembly]], and a left-indigenous transformation of the Bolivian state. Since 2005, the Pact has been a close ally of Bolivian President [[Evo Morales]], and it forms the nucleus of the [[National Coordination for Change]], a pro-government alliance.

The composition of the Pact of Unity has varied over time, but since 2006 it has generally consisted of five nationwide organizations:
* [[Unique Confederation of Rural Laborers of Bolivia]] (CSUTCB)
* [[Bartolina Sisa Confederation|National Confederation of Peasant Indigenous Native Women of Bolivia - Bartolina Sisa]]
* [[Syndicalist Confederation of Intercultural Communities of Bolivia]] (CSCIB)
* [[Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia]] (CIDOB)
* [[National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu]] (CONAMAQ)
In 2011, CONAMAQ and CIDOB withdrew from the Pact. Both organizations underwent internal disputes in the years that followed. One faction of each split, aligned with the Morales government, re-joined the Pact in 2013.
==History==
Coordination among indigenous, campesino, and agrarian movements in Bolivia increased in the 1990s, particularly through collaboration in joint mobilizations and increased cooperation between department-wide organization in Santa Cruz. During the third national indigenous march, five Santa Cruz organizations fused to form the Bloque Oriente (literally, "Eastern Bloc"): Coordinadora de Pueblos Étnicos de Santa Cruz (CPESC), Federación Sindical de Única de Trabajadores Campesinos Santa Cruz Apiagüayki Tumpa (FSUTC-SC), the Movimiento Sin Tierra (MST), the Federación Departamental de Mujeres Campesinas Bartolina Sisa (FDMC-BS), and the Federación Departamental de Colonizadores de Santa Cruz (FDC-SC).<ref name=GLR>{{Cite news | last = López Rivas | first = Gisela | title = El enemigo es otro | work = La Razón | accessdate = 2011-11-21 | date = 2011-09-18 | url = http://www.la-razon.com/version_temp.php?ArticleId=2270&EditionId=2715&idp=42&ids=452 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130128014933/http://www.la-razon.com/version_temp.php?ArticleId=2270&EditionId=2715&idp=42&ids=452 | archivedate = 2013-01-28 }}</ref>

In La Paz, a coalition of grassroots organizations signed the '''Pact of Unity and Commitment''' ({{lang-es|Pacto de Unidad y Compromiso}}) among campesino, indigenous, and native peoples organizations of Bolivia ({{lang-es|Pacto de unidad y compromiso entre las organizaciones campesinas, indígenas y pueblos originarios de Bolivia}}) on March 15, 2002. This document was drafted and issued at the end of a movement summit on the question of constitutional reform. It put forward a demand for a new Constituent Assembly, organized independent of parliament and political parties. Its signers included the Bloque Oriente, CONAMAQ, MST-B, the Departmental Workers Central of Beni, CAOP, and the Bartolina Sisa federations of Santa Cruz, Pando, and Vaca Diez.<ref name=GLR />

In March 2005, an enlarged coalition joined together in advance of the 2005 phase of the [[Bolivian gas conflict|Bolivian Gas War]]. As of that time, the Pact of Unity included earlier pact members—CONAMAQ, MST-B, CPESC, Bloque Oriente; national confederations of prior allies: the [[Unified Syndical Confederation of Rural Workers of Bolivia|Unified Syndical Confederation of Rural Laborers of Bolivia]] (CSUTCB), Confederación Sindical de Colonizadores de Bolivia (CSCB), Federación Nacional de Mujeres Campesinas de Bolivia Bartolina Sisa (FNMCB-BS); and new social movement allies: Asamblea del Pueblo Guarani (APG), Central de Pueblos Étnicos Mojeños del Beni (CPEMB), Central Departamental de Trabajadores Asalariados del Campo (CDTAC), Bloque de Organizaciones Campesinas e Indígenas del Norte Amazónico de Bolivia (BOCINAB), Comité de Defensa del Río Pilcomayo (CODERIP), Coordinadora de Integración de Organizaciones Campesinas (CIOEC). The Pact of Unity joined in a broader alliance called the '''Pact for National Sovereignty and Dignity'''. Its demands included the expulsion of private water company Aguas de Illimani from El Alto, fifty percent royalties on gas exports, indigenous rights, the convening of a Constituent Assembly, rejecting the Free Trade Area of the Americas, and rejecting immunity agreements for United States officials.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/bolivia/doc/pacto.html|title=Pacto por la Soberanía y Dignidad Nacional|last=|first=|date=9 March 2005|website=Equipo Nizkor|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Besides Unity Pact organizations, the Pact for National Dignity and Sovereignty included the Federation of Neighborhood Councils-El Alto (FEJUVE-El Alto), the [[Bolivian Workers' Center|Bolivian Workers Center]] (COB), the Coordinadora for Gas and Life, the Confederation of Rural Teachers of Bolivia, and two political parties: the [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)|Movement Towards Socialism]] and the [[Pachakuti Indigenous Movement]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2011, the [[2011 Bolivian indigenous protests|divisive controversy]] over the [[Villa Tunari – San Ignacio de Moxos Highway]] through [[Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory]] caused a severe dispute within the Pact.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20111120/aliados-del-mas-exigen-mayor-poder-de-decisi%C3%B3n_150101_311424.html|title=Aliados del MAS exigen mayor poder de decisión|date=2011-11-21|work=Los Tiempos|accessdate=2011-11-22|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118223344/http://m.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20111120/aliados-del-mas-exigen-mayor-poder-de-decisi%C3%B3n_150101_311424.html|archivedate=2012-01-18}}</ref> CIDOB and CONAMAQ led a national march in defense of Isiboro Sécure, which was temporarily disrupted by national police. When the next meeting of the Pact of Unity was held November 17–19 in [[Sucre]], CONAMAQ and CIDOB were notable by their absence. In December 2011, both CIDOB and CONAMAQ formally withdrew from the Pact of Unity. Senior members of CIDOB critiqued the Pact for deviating from its prior purpose of pressing indigenous rights in the constitution and uniting "only to say yes and submit to the decisions of the government" (in the words of CIDOB President Adolfo Chávez).<ref name="Debilita">{{Cite news|url=http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/politica/20111223/el-pacto-de-unidad-se-debilita-y-se-fortalece-la-alianza-cidob-y_154452_321487.html|title=El Pacto de Unidad se debilita y se fortalece la alianza Cidob y Conamaq|last=Rojas M.|first=July|date=2011-12-22|work=Los Tiempos|accessdate=2011-12-25|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226190646/http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/politica/20111223/el-pacto-de-unidad-se-debilita-y-se-fortalece-la-alianza-cidob-y_154452_321487.html|archivedate=2013-12-26}}</ref> Representatives of the remaining organizations (sometimes called the "triplets") maintain that CIDOB and CONAMAQ's withdrawal is a temporary decision made by their leadership.<ref name="Debilita" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bolivia]]
[[Category:Politics of Bolivia]]
{{Bolivia-poli-stub}}

Mujeres Creando

2022-12-03T19:47:13Z

Comm.unity: added wiki-link to Julieta Paredes

[[File:MP 2 tapa grande.gif|thumb|220px|Mujeres Creando's ''Mujer Publica'', May 2004]]
{{Anarcha-feminism sidebar|organizations}}
'''Mujeres Creando''' (''[[English language|Eng]]: Women Creating'') is a [[Bolivia]]n [[anarcha-feminism|anarcha-feminist]] collective that participates in a range of anti-[[poverty]] work, including [[propaganda]], [[street theater]] and [[direct action]]. The group was founded by [[María Galindo]], Mónica Mendoza and [[Julieta Paredes]] in 1992 and members including two of Bolivia's only openly [[lesbian]] activists. 

Mujeres Creando publishes ''Mujer Pública'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mujerpublica.mujerescreando.org/|title=MUJER PUBLICA - MUJERES CREANDO|website=mujerpublica.mujerescreando.org|access-date=2017-09-23}}</ref>(''[[English language|Eng]]: Public Woman''), produces a weekly radio show, and maintains a cultural café named Virgen de los deseos (''[[English language|Eng]]: Virgin of Desires'').

Founder Julieta Paredes described Mujeres Creando as "a 'craziness' started by three women (Julieta Paredes, María Galindo and Mónica Mendoza) from the arrogant, homophobic and totalitarian Left of Bolivia during the 1980s, where heterosexuality was still the model and feminism was understood to be divisive."<ref>{{cite book | first=Julieta | last=Paredes | year=2002 | title=Quiet Rumors: An Anarch-Feminist Reader | publisher=[[AK Press]]}}</ref>

Mujeres Creando gained international attention due to their involvement in the 2001 occupation of the Bolivian [[Banking Supervisory Agency]] on behalf of [[Deudora]], an organization of those indebted to [[microcredit]] institutions. The occupants, armed with [[dynamite]] and [[molotov cocktail]]s, demanded total [[debt relief|debt forgiveness]] and achieved some limited success. Julieta [http://www.infoshop.org/library/mujeres-creando-julieta-ojeda Ojeda], a member of Mujeres Creando, explains that "in reality the financial institutions were committing usury and extortion, cheating people and exploiting their ignorance, making them sign contracts that they didn’t understand."<ref>{{cite web | title=Mujeres Creando: An interview with Julieta Ojeda of Mujeres Creando | work=[[Z Magazine]] (June 2002) | url=http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/jun02styles.html | access-date=August 6, 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20040306183236/http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/jun02styles.html | archive-date=March 6, 2004 }}</ref> Mujeres Creando has denied that members directly participated in the occupation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bolivia: debtors armed with dynamite and molotovs | work=[[Workers Solidarity Movement|Workers Solidarity]] (June 2002) | url=http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/2001/66/bolivia.html | access-date=August 6, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714154950/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/2001/66/bolivia.html | archive-date=July 14, 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since 2001, Mujeres Creando has been led by Maria Galindo; Mujeres Creando Comunidad was formed separately and propelled by Julieta Paredes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hemisphericinstitute.org/hemi/en/hidvl-profiles/itemlist/category/605-mujeres-comunidad|title=Mujeres Creando Comunidad|website=hemisphericinstitute.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-09-23}}</ref>

On August 15, 2002, members of Mujeres Creando and supporters involved in the production of an educational film dealing with violence in relation to women's human rights were beaten by [[La Paz]] police. The police violence was condemned by the [[International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Video Crew Assaulted, Jailed: Defend The Right To Freedom Of Expression |work=[[International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission]] (August 2002) |url=http://www.iglhrc.org/site/iglhrc/section.php?id=5&detail=46 |access-date=August 6, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815175707/http://www.iglhrc.org/site/iglhrc/section.php?id=5 |archive-date=August 15, 2006 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Anarcha-feminism]]
* [[Civil disobedience]]
* [[Feminism in Latin America]]
* [[Gender inequality in Bolivia]]
* [[LGBT rights in Bolivia]]
* [[Poverty in South America#Bolivia|Poverty in Bolivia]]
* [[Radical feminism]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.mujerescreando.org/ Official Website - MujeresCreando.org] (in [[Spanish language|Spanish]])
* ''[https://archive.today/20040306183236/http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/jun02styles.html Mujeres Creando: An interview with Julieta Ojeda of Mujeres Creando]''
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20061216043452/http://www.americas.org/item_333 Mujeres Creando paints Bolivia]'', By Tom Kruse (1999)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160318062413/http://1975mainstreet.com/riot-grrrl-boliviano-mujeres-creando/ Marcelo Pisarro, "Riot grrrl boliviano: Mujeres Creando", 1975 Main Street, March 2016]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mujeres Creando}}
[[Category:Anarchist organisations in Bolivia]]
[[Category:Feminist organisations in Bolivia]]
[[Category:Anarcha-feminist collectives]]
[[Category:Lesbian collectives]]
[[Category:Lesbian culture in South America]]
[[Category:Lesbian feminist organizations]]
[[Category:LGBT anarchism]]
[[Category:Anti-poverty advocates]]
[[Category:LGBT in Bolivia]]
[[Category:Latin American artists of indigenous descent]]
[[Category:Indigenous performance artists of the Americas]]

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sting (percussion) (2nd nomination)

2022-08-01T23:15:36Z

Comm.unity: keep or merge

===[[:Sting (percussion)]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|M}}
<div class="infobox" style="width:33%">AfDs for this article:
{{Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sting (percussion)}}
</div>
<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|1=Sting (percussion)}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sting (percussion) (2nd nomination)|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2022 July 23#{{anchorencode:Sting (percussion)}}|View log]]</noinclude> | [[Special:Diff/1084133404/cur|edits since nomination]])
:({{Find sources AFD|title=Sting (percussion)}})
As a percussion-specific concept, it doesn't seem to meet [[WP:GNG]] - lacks in-depth coverage in reliable sources. Perhaps merging into [[Sting (musical phrase)]] is a good [[WP:ATD]] here? [[User:MrsSnoozyTurtle|''MrsSnoozyTurtle'']] 22:35, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
*Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Music|list of Music-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Shellwood|Shellwood]] ([[User talk:Shellwood|talk]]) 22:43, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' and clarify. A sting has multiple meanings within music, including as the dramatic sound effect [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/jan/18/dun-dun-duuun-where-did-pop-cultures-most-dramatic-sound-come-from], the bumper at the end of a march [https://books.google.com/books?id=HQrriEnxPu4C&pg=PA73&dq=stinger+Sousa&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjql-bSs5D5AhVBj2oFHbTiAXcQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=stinger%20Sousa&f=false], and the subject of this particular article. However, this term is more popularly known as a "rimshot". Unfortunately in the percussive world, a rimshot is another, separate technique that involves hitting the drumhead and rim simultaneously for a loud pop. Thus, naming the article "Rimshot (percussion)" would be equally confusing. Therefore, I propose this article be renamed to "Rimshot (comedy)" as it is famous in pop culture for its comedic effect. (Who hasn't heard "ba dum tss" after a bad joke?) Similarly, looking up those terms together (rimshot and comedy or even vaudeville) pulls up some hopefully helpful results. [[User:Why? I Ask|Why? I Ask]] ([[User talk:Why? I Ask|talk]]) 02:00, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
*'''Keep''' or propose a merge as suggested by nom. The article is already more than a dicdef and is well referenced. Perhaps nom could tell us exactly which ''reliable sources'' they consulted to determine that it ''lacks in-depth coverage''? The article certainly needs expansion but I doubt even a merge is appropriate. I have added one new source. [[User:Andrewa|Andrewa]] ([[User talk:Andrewa|talk]]) 02:29, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
::I don't doubt that it's certainly notable, but I do feel that more sources are required. Furthermore, I am opposed to a merge and would rather have it renamed. [[User:Why? I Ask|Why? I Ask]] ([[User talk:Why? I Ask|talk]]) 02:36, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
*'''Merge''' stub, barely sourced, and weak at that. [[User:Acousmana|Acous]][[User talk:Acousmana|mana]] 12:40, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
*'''Merge''' or '''Keep''' In its present state, the article lacks robust referencing, but sources that discuss or mention relevant information about comedic stings/rimshots are out there. For one, the book ''Kick It: A Social History of the Drum Kit'' [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kick_It/iqnDDwAAQBAJ?hl=en] talks some about the history of drums as emphasis/punctuation in comedy, specifically its vaudeville history. Merging seems the best solution given the stubbiness of both this article and [[Sting (musical phrase)]]. From my non-music background perspective, these seem sufficiently overlapping semantically and in practice––also note that both this article and [[Rimshot]] have "More general use of the term" sections referencing the broadcast/film sting and the comedic sting respectively. There'd be a need for better disambiguation if the articles are to remain separate. [[User:Comm.unity|Comm.unity]] ([[User talk:Comm.unity|talk]]) 23:14, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

Croatia

2022-06-12T23:14:13Z

Comm.unity: changed demonym wikilink from the Croats page (which is about the ethnic group) to the Demographics of Croatia page

{{Short description|Country in Southeast Europe}}
{{Pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Coord|45|10|N|15|30|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Croatia
| common_name = Croatia
| native_name = {{native name|hr|Republika Hrvatska}}{{efn|In the recognised [[minority languages of Croatia]] and the most spoken second languages:
:* {{lang-cs|Chorvatská republika}}
:* {{lang-de|Republik Kroatien}}
:* {{lang-fr|République de Croatie}}
:* {{lang-hu|Horvát Köztársaság}}
:* {{lang-it|Repubblica di Croazia}}
:* {{lang-rue|Републіка Хорватія}}
:* {{lang-sr|Република Хрватска}}
:* {{lang-sk|Chorvátska republika}}
:* {{lang-sl|Republika Hrvaška}}
:* {{lang-uk|Респу́бліка Хорва́тія}}
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg
| anthem = "[[Lijepa naša domovino]]" ("Our Beautiful Homeland") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Lijepa nasa domovino instrumental.ogg|center]]</div>
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-Croatia (orthographic projection).png|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:EU-Croatia.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|default=2}}
| map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green}}
| capital = [[Zagreb]]{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Zagreb.wav|ˈ|z|ɑː|ɡ|r|ɛ|b|}}, {{respell|ZAG|reb}}, {{respell|ZAH|greb}}, {{respell|zah|GREB}}; {{IPA-sh|zǎːɡreb|hr|hr-Zagreb.ogg}}}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|45|48|N|16|0|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Croatian language|Croatian]]{{efn|Apart from Croatian, [[Regions of Croatia|state counties]] have [[Minority languages of Croatia|official regional languages]] that are used for official government business and commercially. In [[Istria County]] minority is [[Italian language in Croatia|Italian-speaking]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravosudje.hr/europska-povelja-o-regionalnim-ili-manjinskim-jezi|title=Europska povelja o regionalnim ili manjinskim jezicima|date=4 November 2011|publisher=[[Ministry of Justice and Public Administration (Croatia)]]|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227001603/http://www.pravosudje.hr/europska-povelja-o-regionalnim-ili-manjinskim-jezi|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="Census-2011-languages"/> while select counties bordering Serbia [[Serbian language in Croatia|speak standard Serbian]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/04/10/is-serbo-croatian-a-language|title=Is Serbo-Croatian a language?|date=10 April 2017|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=1 December 2018|language=en}}</ref> Other notable–albeit significantly less-present minority languages in Croatia include: [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], and [[Slovak language|Slovak]].}}
| languages_type = [[Writing system]]
| languages = [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]{{efn|The writing system of Croatia is legally [[Croatian language#Official status|protected by federal law]]. Efforts to recognise minority scripts, pursuant to international law, on a local level, has been met with [[Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia|protests]].}}
| ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |90.42% [[Croats]] |4.36% [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs]] |item3_style=padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em|5.22% [[Demographics of Croatia#Ethnic groups|Others]]}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="Census2011-nationality">{{Croatian Census 2011|E}}</ref>
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space;|91.06% [[Christianity]]|—86.28% [[Catholic Church in Croatia|Catholicism]] |—4.44% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Croatia|Orthodoxy]] |—0.34% [[Protestantism]] |4.57% [[Irreligion in Croatia|No religion]] |4.37% [[Religion in Croatia|Others]]}}
| religion_year = 2011
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of Croatia|Croatian]]}}
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Croatia|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Zoran Milanović]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Croatia|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Andrej Plenković]]
| leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Croatian Parliament|Speaker of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Gordan Jandroković]]
| legislature = [[Sabor]]
| established_event1 = [[Duchy of Croatia|Duchy]]
| established_date1 = 9th century
| established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom]]
| established_date2 = 925
| established_event3 = [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary]]
| established_date3 = 1102
| established_event4 = Joined [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Habsburg Monarchy]]
| established_date4 = 1 January 1527
| established_event5 = Secession from [[Austria-Hungary]]
| established_date5 = 29 October 1918
| established_event6 = [[Creation of Yugoslavia]]
| established_date6 = 4 December 1918
| established_event7 = [[Independence of Croatia|Declaration of independence]]
| established_date7 = 25 June 1991<ref name="NN-Holidays">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Narodne Novine]] |url=https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2019_11_110_2212.html |title=Zakon o blagdanima, spomendanima i neradnim danima u Republici Hrvatskoj |trans-title=Law of Holidays, Memorial Days and Non-Working Days in the Republic of Croatia |language= hr |date=15 November 2019 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>
| established_event8 = [[Erdut Agreement]]
| established_date8 = 12 November 1995
| established_event9 = [[2013 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]
| established_date9 = 1 July 2013
| area_km2 = 56,594
| area_rank = 124th
| area_sq_mi = 21,851
| percent_water = 1.09
| population_estimate = {{decreaseNeutral}} 3,888,529<ref>{{cite web |url=https://popis2021.hr/assets/xls/popis_2021_prvi_rezultati.xlsx |title=Census of population, households and dwellings in 2021 - First results |publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=14 January 2022 |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
| population_census = 4,284,889<ref name="Census 2011 counties">{{Croatian Census 2011|S}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2021
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_estimate_rank = 128th
| population_density_km2 = 73
| population_density_sq_mi = 189
| population_density_rank = 109th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$145 billion [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=960,944,964,968,942,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1]
| GDP_PPP_year = 2022
| GDP_PPP_rank = 80th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$36,201
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 49th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$69.45 billion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2022
| GDP_nominal_rank = 81st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$17,337 [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=960,944,964,968,942,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1]
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th
| Gini = 28.3
| Gini_year = 2020
| Gini_change = decrease 
| Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI_year = 2019
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI = 0.851 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 43rd
| currency = [[Croatian kuna]]
| currency_code = HRK
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| date_format = dd. mm. yyyy. ([[Common Era|CE]])
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Croatia|+385]]
| patron_saint = [[St. Joseph]]<ref name="Hrvatski sabor - Povijest">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabor.hr/sv-josip-zastitnik-hrvatske-domovine|access-date=10 March 2018|title=Hrvatski sabor – Povijest|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306022924/http://www.sabor.hr/sv-josip-zastitnik-hrvatske-domovine|archive-date=6 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| cctld = {{vunblist| [[.hr]] and [[.eu]]}}
}}

'''Croatia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Croatia.ogg|k|r|oʊ|ˈ|eɪ|ʃ|ə}}, {{respell|kroh|AY|shə}}; {{lang-hr|Hrvatska}}, {{IPA-hr|xř̩ʋaːtskaː|pron}}), officially the '''Republic of Croatia''' ({{lang-hr|Republika Hrvatska|links=no}}, {{pronunciation|Hr-Republika Hrvatska.oga|listen|(|help=no}}),{{efn|IPA transcription of "''Republika Hrvatska''": ({{IPA-hr|ˈrepǔblika ˈxř̩ʋaːtskaː|hr}}).}} is a country at the crossroads of [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Southeast Europe]]. It shares a coastline along the [[Adriatic Sea]]. It borders [[Slovenia]] to the northwest, [[Hungary]] to the northeast, [[Serbia]] to the east, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Montenegro]] to the southeast, and shares a [[Maritime boundary|maritime border]] with [[Italy]] to the west and southwest. Croatia's capital and largest city, [[Zagreb]], forms one of the country's [[Administrative divisions of Croatia|primary subdivisions]], with [[Counties of Croatia|twenty counties]]. The country spans an area of {{convert|56594|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}, hosting a population of nearly 3.9 million.

The [[Croats]] arrived in the 6th century. By the 9th century, they had organised the territory into [[Duchy of Croatia|two duchies]]. Croatia was first internationally recognised as independent on 7 June 879 during the reign of Duke [[Branimir of Croatia|Branimir]]. [[Tomislav of Croatia|Tomislav]] became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|kingdom]]. During the succession crisis after the [[Trpimirović dynasty]] ended, Croatia [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|entered]] a [[personal union]] with [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] in 1102. In 1527, faced with [[Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War|Ottoman conquest]], the Croatian Parliament elected [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I of Austria]] to the Croatian throne. In October 1918, the [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]], independent from Austria-Hungary, was proclaimed in Zagreb, and in December 1918, [[Creation of Yugoslavia|merged]] into the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. Following the Axis [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] in April 1941, most of Croatia was incorporated into a Nazi installed puppet state, the [[Independent State of Croatia]], which committed [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide against Serbs]], [[History of the Jews in Croatia|Jews]], and [[Romani people in Croatia|Roma]].{{sfn|Klemenčič|Žagar|2004|p=184}} A [[Croatian Partisans|resistance movement]] led to the creation of the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]], which after the war became a founding member and constituent of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. On 25 June 1991, Croatia [[Independence of Croatia|declared independence]], and the [[Croatian War of Independence|War of Independence]] was fought over the subsequent four years.

Croatia is a republic governed under a [[parliamentary system]]. It is a member of the [[European Union]], the United Nations, the [[Council of Europe]], [[NATO]], the [[World Trade Organization]], and a founding member of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]]. An active participant in [[United Nations peacekeeping]], Croatia contributed troops to the [[International Security Assistance Force]] and filled a nonpermanent seat on the [[United Nations Security Council]] for the 2008–2009 term. Since 2000, the [[Government of Croatia|Croatian government]] has invested in infrastructure, especially [[Transport in Croatia|transport routes and facilities]] along the [[Pan-European corridors]].

Croatia is classified by the World Bank as a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income]] economy and ranks high on the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]]. [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Service]], [[Secondary sector of the economy|industrial sectors]], and agriculture dominate the [[Economy of Croatia|economy]], respectively. [[Tourism in Croatia|Tourism]] is a significant source of revenue, with Croatia ranked among the 20 most popular tourist destinations. The state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatia's most important [[International trade|trading partner]]. Croatia provides [[Welfare|social security]], [[Healthcare in Croatia|universal health care]], and tuition-free [[Education in Croatia|primary and secondary education]] while supporting [[Culture of Croatia|culture]] through public institutions and corporate investments in [[Mass media in Croatia|media]] and [[Croatian literature|publishing]].

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of the Croats and Croatia}}

Croatia's [[name of Croatia|name]] derives from [[Medieval Latin]] {{Lang|la-x-medieval|Croātia}}. Itself a derivation of [[North-West Slavic]] ''*Xrovat-'', by [[liquid metathesis]] from Common Slavic period ''*Xorvat'', from proposed [[Proto-Slavic]] ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xъrvatъ|*Xъrvátъ]]'' which possibly comes from [[Old Persian]] ''*xaraxwat-'',<ref name="Gluhak-1993">{{cite book|first=Alemko|last=Gluhak|title=Hrvatski etimološki rječnik|trans-title=Croatian Etymological Dictionary|language=hr|publisher=August Cesarec|year=1993|isbn=953-162-000-8}}</ref> from the root word, 3rd-century [[Scytho-Sarmatian]] form attested in the [[Tanais Tablets]] as Χοροάθος (''Khoroáthos'', alternate forms comprise ''Khoróatos'' and ''Khoroúathos'').<ref name="Gluhak-1993"/> The origin is uncertain, but is thought to be a [[Gothic language|Gothic]] or [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] term assigned to a [[Slavic tribe]].<ref name="KU-Greenberg">{{cite web| publisher=[[University of Kansas]]| first= Marc L.| last= Greenberg| title= The Role of Language in the Creation of Identity: Myths in Linguistics among the Peoples of the Former Yugoslavia| url= http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/969/1/yugoslav_myths96.pdf|date=April 1996| access-date=14 October 2011}}</ref> The oldest preserved record of the Croatian [[ethnonym]] ''*xъrvatъ'' is of the variable stem, attested in the [[Baška tablet]] in [[Style (form of address)|style]] zvъnъmirъ kralъ xrъvatъskъ ("[[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Zvonimir]], [[Croatian king]]").<ref name="Fučić-1971">{{cite journal |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=21348 |first=Branko | last = Fučić | author-link = Branko Fučić |title=Najstariji hrvatski glagoljski natpisi|trans-title=The Oldest Croatian Glagolitic Inscriptions |journal=[[Slovo (journal)|Slovo]] |publisher=[[Old Church Slavonic Institute]] |volume=21 |date=September 1971 |language=hr| pages=227–254| access-date=14 October 2011}}</ref> Although it was archaeologically confirmed that the ethnonym ''Croatorum'' is mentioned in a church inscription found in [[Bijaći]] near [[Trogir]] dated to the end of the 8th or early 9th century.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/291/hrvatski-nacionalni-dan-na-expou-u-japanu-9037/|title=Kulturna kronika: Dvanaest hrvatskih stoljeća|date=28 April 2005|language=hr|journal=[[Vijenac]]|publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]]|location=Zagreb|issue=291|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref> The presumably oldest preserved stone [[inscription]] is the 9th-century [[Branimir inscription]] found near [[Benkovac]], where Duke [[Branimir of Croatia|Branimir]] is styled ''Dux Cruatorvm'', likely dated between 879 and 892, during his rule.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=|pp=195–198}} The Latin term ''Chroatorum'' is attributed to a charter of Duke [[Trpimir I of Croatia]], dated to 852 in a 1568 copy of a lost original, but it's not certain if the original was indeed older than the Branimir inscription.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=27}}{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=171}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Croatia}}
{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 250
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = ZGvucdove.jpg
| alt1 = Ceramic sculpture
| image2 = Croatian_Apoxyomenos_Louvre_n04.jpg
| alt2 = Stone Sculpture
| footer = Left: [[Vučedol culture]], Vučedol dove made between 2800 and 2500 BCE Right: ''[[Croatian Apoxyomenos]]'', [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] statue, 2nd or 1st century BC.
| caption1 =
| caption2 =
}}

=== Prehistory ===
{{Main|Prehistoric Croatia}}

The area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the [[prehistoric period]]. [[Neanderthals|Neanderthal]] fossils dating to the middle [[Palaeolithic]] period were unearthed in northern Croatia, best presented in [[Krapina]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica|publisher=Hrvatsko znanstveno društvo za povijest zdravstvene kulture|issn=1334-4366|date=December 2010|volume=8|issue=2|first=Igor|last=Salopek|title=Krapina Neanderthal Museum as a Well of Medical Information|pages=197–202|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=95232|access-date=15 October 2011|pmid=21682056}}</ref> Remnants of [[Neolithic]] and [[Chalcolithic]] cultures were found in all regions.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department|issn=0473-0992|title=Study of the Neolithic and Eneolithic as reflected in articles published over the 50 years of the journal Opuscula archaeologica|pages=93–122|volume=30|issue=1|date=April 2008|first=Tihomila|last=Težak-Gregl|access-date=15 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=34026}}</ref> The largest proportion of sites is in the valleys of northern Croatia. The most significant are [[Baden culture|Baden]], [[Starčevo culture|Starčevo]], and [[Vučedol culture]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda|publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department|issn=0473-0992|title=The Kostolac horizon at Vučedol|pages=25–40|volume=29|issue=1|date=December 2005| first=Jacqueline| last=Balen|access-date=15 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=26644}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda|publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department|issn=0473-0992|title=Prilog poznavanju neolitičkih obrednih predmeta u neolitiku sjeverne Hrvatske|trans-title=A Contribution to Understanding Neolithic Ritual Objects in the Northern Croatia Neolithic|language= hr|pages=43–48|volume=27|issue=1|date=December 2003|first=Tihomila|last=Težak-Gregl|access-date=15 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=26644}}</ref> [[Iron Age]] hosted the early Illyrian [[Hallstatt culture]] and the Celtic [[La Tène culture]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Prilozi Instituta Za Arheologiju U Zagrebu|publisher=Institut za arheologiju|issn=1330-0644|volume=19|issue=1|date=July 2002|trans-title=A Contribution to Understanding Continuous Habitation of Vinkovci and its Surroundings in the Early Iron Age|title= Prilog poznavanju naseljenosti Vinkovaca i okolice u starijem željeznom dobu|language=hr|pages=79–100|first1=Hrvoje|last1=Potrebica|first2=Marko|last2=Dizdar|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=1560|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>

=== Antiquity ===
{{See|Dalmatia (Roman province)|Pannonia (Roman province)}}
[[File:Pula01(js).jpg|thumb|right|The 1st century-built [[Pula Arena]] was the sixth largest [[amphitheatre]] in the [[Roman Empire]]]]
Much later, the region was settled by [[Illyrians]] and [[Liburnians]], while the first Greek colonies were established on the islands of [[Hvar]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C|first=John|last=Wilkes|title=The Illyrians|year=1995|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-631-19807-9|page=114|quote=... in the early history of the colony settled in 385 BC on the island Pharos (Hvar) from the Aegean island Paros, famed for its marble. In traditional fashion they accepted the guidance of an oracle, ... |access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> [[Korčula]], and [[Vis (island)|Vis]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/15826619/John-Wilkes-The-Illyrians|first=John|last=Wilkes|title=The Illyrians|year=1995|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-631-19807-9|page=115|quote=The third Greek colony known in this central sector of the Dalmatian coast was Issa, on the north side of the island Vis.|access-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> In 9 AD, the territory of today's Croatia became part of the [[Roman Empire]]. Emperor [[Diocletian]] was native to the region. He had a large palace built in [[Split, Croatia|Split]], to which he retired after abdicating in AD 305.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Edward|last1=Gibbon|author2-link=John Bagnell Bury|author2=John Bagnell Bury|author3-link=Daniel J. Boorstin|first3=Daniel J.|last3=Boorstin|title=The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire|publisher=[[Modern Library]]|year=1995|location=New York|page=335|isbn=978-0-679-60148-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdKLyie1M50C|access-date=27 October 2011|author1-link=Edward Gibbon}}</ref>

During the 5th century, the [[last de jure Western Roman Emperor]] [[Julius Nepos]] ruled a small realm from the palace after fleeing Italy in 475.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflaterro01buryuoft|author=J. B. Bury|title=History of the later Roman empire from the death of Theodosius I. to the death of Justinian|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoflaterro01buryuoft/page/408 408]|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|year=1923|access-date=15 October 2011|author-link=J. B. Bury}}</ref> The period ends with [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avar]] and [[Croat]] invasions in the first half of the 7th century and the destruction of almost all Roman towns. Roman survivors retreated to more favourable sites on the coast, islands, and mountains. The city of [[Dubrovnik]] was founded by such survivors from [[Epidaurum]].<ref name="AAPatton">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_E_NBAAAAYAAJ|title=Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic|author=Andrew Archibald Paton|year=1861|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_E_NBAAAAYAAJ/page/n227 218]–219|publisher=Trübner|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
{{Main|Genetic studies on Croats|Origin hypotheses of the Croats|White Croats|White Croatia|Duchy of Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)|Republic of Ragusa}}

[[File:Balkans925.png|thumb|left|upright=1.3|[[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia]] c. 925, during the reign of [[King Tomislav]]]]

The [[ethnogenesis]] of Croats is uncertain. The most accepted theory, the Slavic theory, proposes migration of [[White Croats]] from [[White Croatia]] during the [[Migration Period]]. Conversely, the Iranian theory proposes [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] origin, based on [[Tanais Tablets]] containing [[Ancient Greek]] inscriptions of given names ''Χορούαθος'', ''Χοροάθος'', and ''Χορόαθος'' (Khoroúathos, Khoroáthos, and Khoróathos) and their interpretation as [[anthroponym]]s of Croatian people.<ref name="Nikšić-Heršak">{{cite journal|journal=Migracijske I Etničke Teme|issn= 1333-2546|publisher=Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies|date=September 2007|volume=23|issue=3|pages=251–268|first1=Emil|last1=Heršak|first2=Boris|last2=Nikšić|language=hr|title=Hrvatska etnogeneza: pregled komponentnih etapa i interpretacija (s naglaskom na euroazijske/nomadske sadržaje)|trans-title=Croatian Ethnogenesis: A Review of Component Stages and Interpretations (with Emphasis on Eurasian/Nomadic Elements) | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=28729&lang=en}}</ref>

According to the work ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' written by 10th-century Byzantine Emperor [[Constantine VII]], [[Croats]] arrived in the [[Roman province of Dalmatia]] in the first half of the 7th century after they defeated the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Katičić|first=Radoslav|date=1989|title=IVAN MUŽIĆ O PODRIJETLU HRVATA|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/95425|journal=Starohrvatska Prosvjeta|language=hr|volume=III|issue=19|pages=243–270|issn=0351-4536}}</ref>{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=13}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Birin|first=Ante|title=Pregled političke povijesti Hrvata u ranome srednjem vijeku|url=https://www.academia.edu/30936317|journal=Nova Zraka U Europskom Svjetlu – Hrvatske Zemlje U U Ranome Srednjem Vijeku (Oko 550 – Oko 1150)|date=January 2015|language=en|pages=40|via=Academia.edu}}</ref> However, that claim is disputed, and competing hypotheses date the event between the 6th and the 9th centuries.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=|pp=249–293}} Eventually, a [[dukedom (administrative division)|dukedom]] was formed, [[Duchy of Croatia]], ruled by [[Borna (duke)|Borna]], as attested by chronicles of [[Einhard]] starting in 818. The record represents the first document of Croatian realms, [[vassal states]] of [[Francia]] at the time.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|pp=157–160}}

The Frankish overlordship ended during the reign of [[Mislav of Croatia|Mislav]] two decades later.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|pp=169–170}} According to Constantine VII [[Christianisation]] of Croats began in the 7th century, but the claim is disputed, and generally, Christianisation is associated with the 9th century.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Bogoslovska Smotra|publisher=University of Zagreb, Catholic Faculty of Theology|issn=0352-3101|date=April 1968|issue=3–4|volume=37|first=Antun|last=Ivandija|title=Pokrštenje Hrvata prema najnovijim znanstvenim rezultatima|trans-title=Christianization of Croats according to the most recent scientific results|language=hr|pages=440–444 | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=64623&lang=en}}</ref> The first native Croatian ruler recognised by the Pope was Duke Branimir, who received papal recognition from [[Pope John VIII]] on 7 June 879.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=|pp=195–198}}

[[File:Oton Ivekovic, Krunidba kralja Tomislava.jpg|thumb|right|Coronation of [[King Tomislav]] by [[Oton Iveković]]]]

[[Tomislav of Croatia|Tomislav]] was the first [[king of Croatia]], noted as such in a letter of [[Pope John X]] in 925. Tomislav defeated Hungarian and [[Bulgarian invasions]].<ref name="Posavec">{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest|volume=30|issue=1|issn=0353-295X|pages=281–290|title=Povijesni zemljovidi i granice Hrvatske u Tomislavovo doba|trans-title= Historical maps and borders of Croatia in age of Tomislav|language=hr|first=Vladimir|last=Posavec|date=March 1998|access-date=16 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=62779}}</ref> The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak in the 11th century during the reigns of [[Petar Krešimir IV]] (1058–1074) and [[Dmitar Zvonimir]] (1075–1089).<ref name="Margetić">{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest|volume=29|issue=1|issn=0353-295X|pages=11–20|title=Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae u doba Stjepana II.|trans-title=Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae in age of Stjepan II|language=hr|first=Lujo|last=Margetić|date=January 1997|access-date=16 October 2011|url= http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76963|author-link=Lujo Margetić}}</ref> When [[Stephen II of Croatia|Stjepan II]] died in 1091, ending the Trpimirović dynasty, Dmitar Zvonimir's brother-in-law [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]] claimed the Croatian crown. This led to a [[Battle of Gvozd Mountain|war]] and [[personal union of Croatia and Hungary|personal union with Hungary]] in 1102 under [[Coloman, King of Hungary|Coloman]].<ref name="HR-HU-Heka">{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|issn=1332-4853|publisher=Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje|title= Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144|first= Ladislav|last= Heka|date=October 2008|volume=8|issue=1|pages=152–173|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>

For the next four centuries, the Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by the [[Sabor]] (parliament) and a [[Ban of Croatia|Ban]] (viceroy) appointed by the king.<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404 |title=Povijest saborovanja |trans-title=History of parliamentarism |language=hr |publisher=[[Sabor]] |access-date=18 October 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202061135/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404}}</ref> This period saw the rise of influential nobility such as the [[Frankopan]] and [[Šubić]] families to prominence, and ultimately numerous Bans from the two families.{{sfn|Font|2005|p=17}} An increasing threat of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest and a struggle against the [[Republic of Venice]] for control of coastal areas ensued. The Venetians controlled most of Dalmatia by 1428, except the [[city-state of Dubrovnik]], which became independent. [[Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War|Ottoman conquests]] led to the 1493 [[Battle of Krbava field]] and the 1526 [[Battle of Mohács]], both ending in decisive Ottoman victories. King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II]] died at Mohács, and in 1527, the [[Croatian Parliament met in Cetin]] and chose Ferdinand I of the [[House of Habsburg]] as the new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he protects Croatia against the Ottoman Empire while respecting its political rights.<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja"/>{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}}

=== Personal union with Hungary (1102) and Habsburg Monarchy (1527) ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Austria-Hungary}}
{{See|Croatian–Ottoman wars}}
[[File:Johann Peter Krafft 005.jpg|thumb|right|Croatian [[Ban of Croatia|Ban]] [[Nikola Šubić Zrinski]] is honoured as a national hero for his defence of [[Siege of Szigetvár|Szigetvár]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]]]]

Following the decisive Ottoman victories, Croatia was split into civilian and military territories in 1538. The military territories became known as the [[Croatian Military Frontier]] and were under direct Habsburg control. Ottoman advances in Croatia continued until the 1593 [[Battle of Sisak]], the first decisive Ottoman defeat, when borders stabilised.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} During the [[Great Turkish War]] (1683–1698), [[Slavonia]] was regained, but western [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]], which had been part of Croatia before the Ottoman conquest, remained outside Croatian control.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} The present-day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome. [[Dalmatia]], the southern part of the border, was similarly defined by the [[Cretan War (1645–1669)|Fifth]] and the [[Seventh Ottoman–Venetian Wars]].{{sfn|Lane|1973|p=409}}

The [[Croatian–Ottoman wars|Ottoman wars]] drove demographic changes. During the 16th century, Croats from western and northern [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]], [[Lika]], [[Krbava]], the area between the rivers of [[Una (Sava)|Una]] and [[Kupa]], and especially from western [[Slavonia]], migrated towards [[Austria]]. Present-day [[Burgenland Croats]] are direct descendants of these settlers.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Croatian Cultural Association in Burgenland|url=http://www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr|language=hr|title=Povijest Gradišćanskih Hrvatov|trans-title=History of Burgenland Croats|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=14 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114132821/http://www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valentić|first=Mirko|date=30 October 1990|title=TURSKI RATOVI I HRVATSKA DIJASPORA U XVI. STOLJEĆU|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/74388|journal=Senjski zbornik : Prilozi za geografiju, etnologiju, gospodarstvo, povijest i kulturu|language=hr|volume=17|issue=1|pages=45–60|issn=0582-673X}}</ref> To replace the fleeing population, the Habsburgs encouraged Bosnians to provide military service in the [[Military Frontier]].

The [[Croatian Parliament]] supported [[Emperor Charles VI|King Charles III]]'s [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713|Pragmatic Sanction]] and signed their own [[Pragmatic Sanction in 1712]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Povijest saborovanja|url=http://www.sabor.hr/hr/o-saboru/povijest-saborovanja|website=Hrvatski sabor|language=hr|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> Subsequently, the emperor pledged to respect all privileges and political rights of the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]], and [[Queen Maria Theresa]] made significant contributions to Croatian affairs, such as introducing compulsory education.
[[File:Dragutin Weingärtner, Hrvatski sabor 1848. god.jpg|thumb|left|Ban [[Josip Jelačić]] at the opening of the first modern [[Croatian Parliament]] (''Sabor''), June 5, [[1848]]. The tricolour flag can be seen in the background.]]

Between 1797 and 1809, the [[First French Empire]] increasingly occupied the eastern [[Adriatic]] coastline and its hinterland, ending the Venetian and the [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusan republics]], establishing the [[Illyrian Provinces]].{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} In response, the [[Royal Navy]] [[blockade of the Adriatic Sea|blockaded the Adriatic Sea]], leading to the [[Battle of Lissa (1811)|Battle of Vis]] in 1811.{{sfn|Adkins|Adkins|2008|p=|pp=359–362}} The Illyrian provinces were captured by the Austrians in 1813 and absorbed by the [[Austrian Empire]] following the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815. This led to the formation of the [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]] and the restoration of the [[Croatian Littoral]] to the Kingdom of Croatia under one crown.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTC3IWC_py8C|first=Harold|last=Nicolson|title=The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity: 1812–1822|publisher=[[Grove Press]]|isbn=978-0-8021-3744-9|page=180|year=2000|access-date=17 October 2011|author-link=Harold Nicolson}}</ref> The 1830s and 1840s featured [[romantic nationalism]] that inspired the [[Croatian National Revival]], a political and cultural campaign advocating the unity of [[South Slavs]] within the empire. Its primary focus was establishing a standard language as a counterweight to [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] while promoting [[Croatian literature]] and culture.<ref name="CRIS-Stančić">{{cite journal|journal=Cris: časopis Povijesnog društva Križevci|issn=1332-2567|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=80164|first=Nikša|last=Stančić|title=Hrvatski narodni preporod – ciljevi i ostvarenja|trans-title=Croatian National Revival – goals and achievements|pages=6–17|volume=10|issue=1|date=February 2009|access-date=7 October 2011|language=hr}}</ref> During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]], Croatia sided with Austria. Ban [[Josip Jelačić]] helped defeat the Hungarians in 1849 and ushered in a [[Germanisation]] policy.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Review of Croatian History|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|issn=1845-4380|volume=4|issue=1|date=December 2008|first=Ante|last=Čuvalo|title=Josip Jelačić – Ban of Croatia|pages=13–27|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=77559|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Map of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1885).png|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] was an autonomous kingdom within [[Austria-Hungary]] created in 1868 following the [[Croatian–Hungarian Settlement]].]]
By the 1860s, the failure of the policy became apparent, leading to the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]]. The creation of a [[personal union]] between the Austrian Empire and the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] followed. The treaty left Croatia's status to Hungary, which was resolved by the [[Croatian–Hungarian Settlement]] of 1868 when the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba1.htm|title=Constitution of Union between Croatia-Slavonia and Hungary|publisher=H-net.org|access-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> The Kingdom of Dalmatia remained under de facto Austrian control, while [[Rijeka]] retained the status of [[Corpus separatum (Fiume)|''corpus separatum'']] introduced in 1779.<ref name="HR-HU-Heka"/>

After [[Austria-Hungary]] [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina]] following the [[1878 Treaty of Berlin]], the Military Frontier was abolished. The Croatian and [[Slavonian Military Frontier|Slavonian]] sectors of the Frontier returned to Croatia in 1881,{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} under provisions of the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta U Rijeci|issn=1330-349X|publisher=[[University of Rijeka]]|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=39787|first=Ladislav|last=Heka|title=Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba u zrcalu tiska|language=hr|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian compromise in light of press clips|volume=28|issue=2|date=December 2007|access-date=10 April 2012|pages=931–971}}</ref><ref name="Dubravica">{{cite journal|journal=Politička Misao|issn=0032-3241|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Political Sciences|title=Političko-teritorijalna podjela i opseg civilne Hrvatske u godinama sjedinjenja s vojnom Hrvatskom 1871–1886|trans-title=Political and territorial division and scope of civilian Croatia in the period of unification with the Croatian military frontier 1871–1886|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=38709&lang=en|first=Branko|last=Dubravica|pages=159–172|volume=38|issue=3|date=January 2002|access-date=20 June 2012}}</ref> Renewed efforts to [[reform Austria-Hungary]], entailing [[federalisation]] with Croatia as a federal unit, were stopped by [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Max|last=Polatschek|title=Franz Ferdinand: Europas verlorene Hoffnung|language=de|isbn=978-3-85002-284-2|publisher=Amalthea|year=1989|page=231|access-date=17 October 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZu0AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

=== First Yugoslavia (1918–1941) ===
{{Main|Illyrian movement|Creation of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav Committee|Corfu Declaration|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|6 January Dictatorship|Banovina of Croatia}}

[[File:Radic govori na skupstini.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stjepan Radić]], leader of the [[Croatian Peasant Party]] who advocated federal organisation of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], at the assembly in Dubrovnik, 1928]]
On 29 October 1918 the Croatian Parliament (''Sabor'') declared independence and decided to join the newly formed [[State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs]],<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja"/> which in turn entered into union with the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] on 4 December 1918 to form the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]].<ref>{{cite book|title=World War I: encyclopedia, Volume 1|first1=Spencer|last1=Tucker|author2=Priscilla Mary Roberts|isbn=978-1-85109-420-2|page=1286|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C}}</ref> The Croatian Parliament never ratified the union with Serbia and Montenegro.<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja"/> The [[1921 constitution]] defining the country as a [[unitary state]] and abolition of Croatian Parliament and historical administrative divisions effectively ended Croatian autonomy.

The new constitution was opposed by the most widely supported national political party—the [[Croatian Peasant Party]] (HSS) led by [[Stjepan Radić]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|publisher=Croatian Institute of History – Slavonia, Syrmium and Baranya history branch|issn=1332-4853|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=31497|volume=3|issue=1|date=November 2003|title=Parlamentarni izbori u Brodskom kotaru 1923. godine|language=hr|trans-title=Parliamentary Elections in the Brod District in 1932|access-date=17 October 2011|pages=452–470}}</ref>

The political situation deteriorated further as Radić was assassinated in the [[Yugoslav Parliament|National Assembly]] in 1928, leading to King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander]] to establish a dictatorship in January 1929.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Povijesne Znanosti HAZU U Zadru|publisher=[[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]|issn=1330-0474|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74560|pages=203–218|issue=51|date=November 2009|first=Zlatko|last=Begonja|title=Ivan Pernar o hrvatsko-srpskim odnosima nakon atentata u Beogradu 1928. godine|language=hr|trans-title=Ivan Pernar on Croatian-Serbian relations after 1928 Belgrade assassination|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitary constitution and changed the name to Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Yugoslavia's ruin: the bloody lessons of nationalism, a patriot's warning|first=Cvijeto|last=Job|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-1784-4|page=9|year=2002|access-date=27 October 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH3Hz2AXonwC}}</ref> The HSS, now led by [[Vladko Maček]], continued to advocate federalisation, resulting in the [[Cvetković–Maček Agreement]] of August 1939 and the autonomous [[Banovina of Croatia]]. The Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed Ban.{{sfn|Klemenčič|Žagar|2004|p=|pp=121–123}}

=== World War II ===
{{Main|Invasion of Yugoslavia|World War II in Yugoslavia|Ustaše|Croatian Partisans|Yugoslav pursuit of Nazi collaborators}}
[[File:Adolf Hitler meets Ante Pavelić.1941.jpg|thumb|right|German dictator [[Adolf Hitler]] with [[Quisling]] and dictator of the [[Independent State of Croatia]] [[Ante Pavelić]] at the [[Berghof (residence)|Berghof]] outside [[Berchtesgaden]], [[Germany]]]]
In April 1941, [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia was occupied]] by [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]]. Following the invasion, a German-Italian installed puppet state named the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) was established. Most of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the region of [[Syrmia]] were incorporated into this state. Parts of Dalmatia were [[Treaties of Rome (1941)|annexed by Italy]] Hungary annexed the northern Croatian regions of [[Baranya (region)|Baranja]] and [[Međimurje]].{{sfn|Klemenčič|Žagar|2004|p=|pp=153–156}} The NDH regime was led by [[Ante Pavelić]] and ultranationalist [[Ustaše]], a fringe movement in pre-war Croatia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=337}} With German and Italian military and political support,{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=272}} the regime introduced racial laws and launched a [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide campaign against Serbs]], [[History of the Jews in Croatia|Jews]], and [[Romani people in Croatia|Roma]].{{sfn|Klemenčič|Žagar|2004|p=184}} Many were imprisoned in [[Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia|concentration camps]]; the largest was the [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac complex]].<ref name=logori>{{cite web|title=koncentracijski logori|url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=32708|access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref> Anti-fascist Croats were targeted by the regime as well.{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=138}} Several [[Italian concentration camps|concentration camps]] (most notably the [[Rab concentration camp|Rab]], [[Gonars concentration camp|Gonars]] and [[Molat concentration camp|Molat]] camps) were established in Italian-occupied territories, mostly for [[Slovenes]] and Croats.<ref name=logori/> At the same time, the Yugoslav Royalist and [[Serbian nationalism|Serbian nationalist]] [[Chetniks]] pursued a [[Chetnik war crimes in World War II|genocidal campaign]] against Croats and [[Bosniaks|Muslims]],{{sfn|Klemenčič|Žagar|2004|p=184}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoare |first1=Marko Attila |title=Genocide in the former Yugoslavia: a critique of left revisionism's denial (full version) |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |date=1 December 2003 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=543–563 |doi=10.1080/1462352032000149495 |s2cid=145169670 |issn=1462-3528}}</ref> aided by Italy.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=744}} Nazi German forces committed crimes and reprisals against civilians in retaliation for Partisan actions, such as in the villages of [[Massacre of villages under Kamešnica|Kamešnica]] and [[Memorial Centre Lipa Remembers|Lipa]] in 1944.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Kozlica|first=Ivan|title=Krvava Cetina| trans-title= Bloody Cetina|language =hr|year=2012|publisher=Hrvatski centar za ratne žrtve|location=Zagreb|isbn=978-953-57409-0-2|page=155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title="Operacija Braunschweig", Klepsidra|last=Predoević|first=Petra|publisher=Udruga studenata povijesti "Malleus"|year=2007|location=Rijeka|pages=105–129}}</ref>
[[File:Event in Zagreb in honour of Tito.jpg|thumb|left|Cardinal [[Aloysius Stepinac]] with the Croatian communist leader [[Vladimir Bakarić]] at the celebration of [[May Day]], shortly before Stepinac was arrested by the Communists and taken to court]]

A [[National Liberation Movement in Croatia|resistance movement]] emerged. On 22 June 1941,<ref name="Pavličević">Dragutin Pavličević, Povijest Hrvatske, Naklada Pavičić, Zagreb, 2007. {{ISBN|978-953-6308-71-2}}, str. 441–442.</ref> the [[1st Sisak Partisan Detachment]] was formed near [[Sisak]], the first military unit formed by a resistance movement in [[German-occupied Europe|occupied Europe]].<ref name="pavlicevic-2007">{{cite book|first=Dragutin|last=Pavličević|title=Povijest Hrvatske|year=2007|publisher=Naklada Pavičić|isbn=978-953-6308-71-2|pages=441–442}}</ref> That sparked the beginning of the [[Yugoslav Partisan]] movement, a communist, multi-ethnic anti-fascist resistance group led by [[Josip Broz Tito]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Večernji list]] |language=hr |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/josipovic-antifasizam-je-duhovni-otac-domovinskog-rata-clanak-303250 |title=Josipović: Antifašizam je duhovni otac Domovinskog rata |trans-title=Josipović: Anti-Fascism is a Spiritual Forerunner of the Croatian War of Independence |date=22 June 2011 |first=Matea |last=Vipotnik |access-date=14 October 2011 |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517085659/http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/josipovic-antifasizam-je-duhovni-otac-domovinskog-rata-clanak-303250}}</ref> In ethnic terms, Croats were the second-largest contributors to the Partisan movement after Serbs.{{sfn|Hoare|2011|p=207}} In per capita terms, Croats contributed proportionately to their population within Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Hoare|2002|p=30}} By May 1944 (according to Tito), Croats made up 30% of the Partisan's ethnic composition, despite making up 22% of the population.{{sfn|Hoare|2011|p=207}} The movement grew fast, and at the [[Tehran Conference]] in December 1943, the Partisans gained recognition from the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Historijski Zbornik|issn=0351-2193|publisher=Društvo za hrvatsku povjesnicu|date=December 2008|volume=61|issue= 2|author=Karakaš Obradov Marica|title=Saveznički zračni napadi na Split i okolicu i djelovanje Narodne zaštite u Splitu tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata|trans-title=Allied aerial attacks on Split and its surrounding and Civil Guard activity in Split during the World War II|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74494|pages=323–349|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>

With Allied support in logistics, equipment, training and airpower, and with the assistance of [[Red Army|Soviet troops]] taking part in the 1944 [[Belgrade Offensive]], the Partisans gained control of Yugoslavia and the border regions of [[Trieste#World War II and its aftermath|Italy]] and [[Carinthia (state)#From 1920 to the Present|Austria]] by May 1945. Members of the [[Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)|NDH armed forces]] and other Axis troops, as well as civilians, were in retreat towards Austria. Following their surrender, many were killed in the [[Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Croatia/World-War-II |title=History of Croatia, World War II |author1=C.W. Bracewell |author2=John R. Lampe |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |year=2012 |access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref> In the following years, [[Germans of Croatia|ethnic Germans]] faced [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)#Yugoslavia|persecution in Yugoslavia]], and many were interned.{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=158}}

The political aspirations of the Partisan movement were reflected in the [[State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia]], which developed in 1943 as the bearer of Croatian statehood and later transformed into the Parliament in 1945, and [[AVNOJ]]—its counterpart at the Yugoslav level.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Pro Tempore – časopis Studenata Povijesti|publisher=Klub studenata povijesti ISHA|issn=1334-8302|first=Marko|last=Maurović|title=Josip protiv Josifa|trans-title=Josip vs. Iosif|language=hr|pages=73–83|issue=1|date=May 2004|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=81342|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=27859&sec=2867|language=hr|title=Predsjednik Sabora Luka Bebić na obilježavanju 64. obljetnice pobjede nad fašizmom i 65. obljetnice trećeg zasjedanja ZAVNOH-a u Topuskom|trans-title=Speaker of the Parliament, Luka Bebić, at celebration of the 64th anniversary of the victory over fascism and the 65th anniversary of the 3rd session of the ZAVNOH session in Topusko|date=9 May 2009|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=19 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119084444/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=27859&sec=2867}}</ref>
[[File:Jelačićev trg 12.5.1945.jpg|thumb|right|People of Zagreb celebrating [[Zagreb in World War II|liberation]] on 12 May 1945 by [[Croatian Partisans]]]]

Based on the studies on [[World War II in Yugoslavia casualties|wartime and post-war casualties]] by demographer [[Vladimir Žerjavić]] and statistician [[Bogoljub Kočović]], a total of 295,000 people from the territory (not including territories [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947|ceded from Italy]] after the war) lost their lives, which amounted to 7.3% of the population,{{sfn|Žerjavić|1995|p=551}} among whom were 125–137,000 Serbs, 118–124,000 Croats, 16–17,000 Jews, and 15,000 Roma.{{sfn|Žerjavić|1992|p=159}}{{sfn|Kočović|1985|p=173}} In addition, from areas joined to Croatia after the war, a total of 32,000 people died, among whom 16,000 were Italians and 15,000 were Croats.{{sfn|Žerjavić|1993b|pp=640–641}} Approximately 200,000 Croats from the entirety of Yugoslavia (including Croatia) and abroad were killed in total throughout the war and its immediate aftermath, approximately 5.4% of the population.{{sfn|Kočović|1985|p=126}}{{sfn|Geiger|2012|pp=117–118}}

=== Second Yugoslavia (1945–1991) ===

{{Main|Socialist Republic of Croatia|Informbiro period|Tito–Stalin Split|Croatian Spring}}
After [[World War II]], Croatia became a [[single-party]] socialist [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|federal unit]] of the [[SFR Yugoslavia]], ruled by the [[League of Communists of Croatia|Communists]], but having a degree of autonomy within the federation. In 1967, Croatian authors and linguists published a [[Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language]] demanding equal treatment for their language.<ref name="Šute-Deklaracija">{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest|volume=31|issue=1|issn=0353-295X|pages=317–318|title=Deklaracija o nazivu i položaju hrvatskog književnog jezika – Građa za povijest Deklaracije|trans-title=Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language – Declaration History Articles|first=Ivica|last=Šute|date=April 1999 | language = hr | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76413&lang=en}}</ref>
[[File:Nixontito19712.jpg|thumb|left|[[Josip Broz Tito]] led [[SFR Yugoslavia]] from 1944 to 1980; Pictured: Tito with the US president [[Richard Nixon]] in the [[White House]], 1971]]

The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater civil rights and redistribution of the Yugoslav economy, culminating in the [[Croatian Spring]] of 1971, which was suppressed by Yugoslav leadership.<ref name="JL-Savka">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/heroina-hrvatskog-proljeca/305499/ |title=Heroina Hrvatskog proljeća |trans-title=Heroine of the Croatian Spring |date=6 August 2009 |first=Vlado |last=Vurušić |access-date=14 October 2011 |archive-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806045846/http://www.jutarnji.hr/heroina-hrvatskog-proljeca/305499/}}</ref> Still, the [[1974 Yugoslav Constitution]] gave increased autonomy to federal units, basically fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents.<ref name="Rich">{{cite journal|first=Roland|last=Rich|title=Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union|journal=European Journal of International Law|year=1993|issue=1|volume=4|pages=36–65|url=http://www.ejil.org/article.php?article=1207&issue=67|access-date=18 October 2011|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035834}}</ref>

Following Tito's death in 1980, the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated. National tension was fanned by the 1986 [[SANU Memorandum]] and the [[1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro|1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo, and Montenegro]].{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=433}}<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html |title=Leaders of a Republic in Yugoslavia Resign |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 January 1989 |access-date=7 February 2010 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106113747/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html}}</ref> In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian [[Political faction|faction]] demanding a looser federation.<ref name="Pauković-14Congress-2009">{{cite journal|first=Davor|last=Pauković|publisher=Centar za politološka istraživanja|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=55640|language=hr|title=Posljednji kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije: uzroci, tijek i posljedice raspada|trans-title=Last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia: Causes, Consequences and Course of Dissolution|date=1 June 2008|journal=Časopis Za Suvremenu Povijest|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–33|issn=1847-2397|access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref> In the same year, the [[1990 Croatian parliamentary election|first multi-party elections]] were held in Croatia, while [[Franjo Tuđman]]'s win exacerbated nationalist tensions.<ref name="Independent-Tuđman-Obituary">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html |title=Obituary: Franjo Tudjman |first=Branka |last=Magas |date=13 December 1999 |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110024351/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html}}</ref> Some of the [[Serbs in Croatia]] left Sabor and declared the autonomy of the unrecognised [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]], intent on achieving independence from Croatia.<ref name="NYTimes-Autonomy-AUG1990">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html |first=Chuck |last=Sudetic |title=Croatia's Serbs Declare Their Autonomy |date=2 October 1990 |access-date=11 December 2010 |archive-date=12 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112065457/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html|author-link=Chuck Sudetic }}</ref><ref name="EE-CIS-book">{{cite book|title=Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC|pages=272–278|isbn=978-1-85743-058-5|year=1998|publisher=[[Routledge]]|access-date=16 December 2010}}</ref>

=== Croatian War of Independence ===
{{Main|Breakup of Yugoslavia|Croatian War of Independence}}

As tensions rose, Croatia [[Independence of Croatia|declared independence]] on 25 June 1991. However, the full implementation of the declaration only came into effect after a [[Brioni Agreement|three-month moratorium on the decision]] on 8 October 1991.<ref name="NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html |title=2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands |first=Chuck |last=Sudetic |date=26 June 1991 |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162855/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html |archive-date=10 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sabor-Independence-8Oct1991">{{cite web|work=Official web site of the Croatian Parliament|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462|title=Ceremonial session of the Croatian Parliament on the occasion of the Day of Independence of the Republic of Croatia|date=7 October 2004|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=7 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69jJPnD4t?url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462}}</ref> In the meantime, tensions escalated into [[Croatian War of Independence|overt war]] when the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA). Various Serb paramilitary groups attacked Croatia.<ref name="NYTimes-Otkos10">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html |title=Army Rushes to Take a Croatian Town |first=Chuck |last=Sudetic |date=4 November 1991 |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729183641/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html|author-link=Chuck Sudetic }}</ref> By the end of 1991, a high-intensity conflict fought along a wide front reduced Croatia's control to about two-thirds of its territory.<ref name="NYTimes-Iceland">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html |title=Croatia Clashes Rise; Mediators Pessimistic |date=19 December 1991 |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-date=15 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115174401/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-OccupiedPct-1Aug91">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://articles.latimes.com/1991-08-01/news/mn-177_1_defense-force |title=Serbian Forces Press Fight for Major Chunk of Croatia |first=Charles T. |last=Powers |date=1 August 1991 |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516054837/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-08-01/news/mn-177_1_defense-force|author-link=Charles T. Powers }}</ref> Serb paramilitary groups then began a campaign of killing, terror, and expulsion of the Croats in the rebel territories, killing thousands<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/utjecaj-srbijanske-agresije-na-stanovnistvo-hrvatske/175515.aspx |title=Utjecaj srbijanske agresije na stanovništvo Hrvatske |website=[[Index.hr]] |date=11 December 2003 |access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> of Croat civilians and expelling or displacing as many as 400,000 Croats and other non-Serbs from their homes.<ref>{{cite web|title= SUMMARY OF JUDGEMENT FOR MILAN MARTIĆ|url= http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071215084458/http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date= 15 December 2007|access-date= 28 August 2019}}</ref> Serbs living in Croatian towns, especially those near the front lines, were subjected to various forms of discrimination.{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=233}} Croatian Serbs in Eastern and Western Slavonia and parts of the Krajina, were forced to flee or were expelled by Croatian forces, though on a restricted scale and in lesser numbers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bassiouni |first1=Mahmoud Cherif |last2=Manikas |first2=Peter |title=The Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia |date=1996 |publisher=Transnational Publishers |isbn=978-1-57105-004-5 |page=86}}</ref> The Croatian Government sought to stop such occurrences and were not a part of the Government's policy.{{sfn|Beverly|1996|p=46}}
[[File:Vukovar Memorial Cemetery – Eternal Flame, 20150429160745.jpg|thumb|The Eternal Flame and 938 marble crosses on the National Memorial Cemetery of Homeland War in [[Vukovar]], commemorates the victims of the [[Vukovar massacre]] as one of the symbolic and crucial events in [[Croatian War of Independence]]]]

On 15 January 1992, Croatia gained [[diplomatic recognition]] by the [[European Economic Community]], followed by the United Nations.<ref name="NYTimes-Germany-23Dec91">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/world/slovenia-and-croatia-get-bonn-s-nod.html |title=Slovenia and Croatia Get Bonn's Nod |first=Stephen |last=Kinzer |date=24 December 1991 |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620034701/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/world/slovenia-and-croatia-get-bonn-s-nod.html|author-link=Stephen Kinzer }}</ref><ref name="NYT-UN-membership">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/23/world/3-ex-yugoslav-republics-are-accepted-into-un.html |title=3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Paul L. |last=Montgomery |date=23 May 1992 |access-date=29 July 2012 |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111013548/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/23/world/3-ex-yugoslav-republics-are-accepted-into-un.html|author-link=Paul L. Montgomery }}</ref> The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a [[Operation Storm|decisive victory]] by Croatia;<ref name="LATimes-Storm-Complete">{{cite news|newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees |title=Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz |first=Dean E. |last=Murphy |date=8 August 1995 |access-date=18 December 2010 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012140454/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees}}</ref> the event is commemorated each year on 5 August as [[Victory Day (Croatia)|Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian Defenders]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/37611-thanksgiving-day|title=Officials Issue Messages for Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day|website=www.total-croatia-news.com|language=en-gb|access-date=4 August 2019}}</ref> Following the Croatian victory, about 200,000 Serbs from the self-proclaimed [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] fled the region<ref name="bbc-storm"/> and hundreds of mainly elderly Serb civilians were killed in the aftermath of the military operation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Croatia marks 25 years since war with tolerance message |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/5/croatia-marks-25-years-since-war-with-tolerance-message |website=AlJazeera |date=5 August 2020}}</ref> Their lands were subsequently settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{cite book|author=Janine Natalya Clark|year=2014|title=International Trials and Reconciliation: Assessing the Impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1-31797-475-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=373cAwAAQBAJ|page=28}}</ref> The [[Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)|remaining occupied areas]] were restored to Croatia following the [[Erdut Agreement]] of November 1995, concluding with the [[United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium|UNTAES]] mission in January 1998.<ref name="NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html |title=An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia |first=Chris |last=Hedges |date=16 January 1998 |access-date=18 December 2010 |archive-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518201803/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html|author-link=Chris Hedges }}</ref> Most sources number the war deaths at around 20,000.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3095774.stm|title=Presidents apologise over Croatian war |publisher=BBC|work=BBC News|date=September 10, 2003|access-date=February 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name="setimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2008/11/20/feature-01|title=Serbia to respond to Croatian genocide charges with countersuit at ICJ|work=SETimes.com|publisher=[[Southeast European Times]]|date=November 20, 2008|access-date=February 7, 2010}}</ref><ref name="tehrantimes1">{{cite news|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=182811|title=UN to hear Croatia genocide claim against Serbia|newspaper=Tehran Times|date=November 19, 2008|access-date=February 7, 2010}}</ref>

=== Independent Croatia (1991–present) ===
{{Main|Independence of Croatia|History of Croatia since 1995}}

After the end of the war, Croatia faced the challenges of post-war reconstruction, the return of refugees, establishing democracy, protecting human rights, and general social and economic development. The main law is the Constitution, as adopted on 22 December 1990.{{Clarify|reason=Constitution was adopted pre-Indepenence?|date=June 2022}}

The post-2000 period is characterised by democratisation, economic growth, structural and social reforms, as well as problems such as unemployment, corruption, and the inefficiency of the public administration.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Puljiz|first1=Vlado|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26RVYkUkBXAC&q=hrvatska+nakon+2000&pg=PA43|title=Socijalna politika Hrvatske|last2=Bežovan|first2=Gojko|last3=Matković|first3=Teo|last4=Šućur|first4=dr Zoran|last5=Zrinščak|first5=Siniša|publisher=Pravni fakultet u Zagrebu|year=2008|isbn=978-953-97320-9-5|location=Zagreb|pages=43–52|language=hr}}</ref> In November 2000 and March 2001, the Parliament amended the Constitution, changing its bicameral structure back into its historic unicameral form and reducing presidential powers.<ref>{{cite web |title=History and Development of Croatian Constitutional Judicature – Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia |url=https://www.usud.hr/en/history-and-development-croatian-constitutional-judicature#9 |website=www.usud.hr}}</ref>

Croatia joined the [[Partnership for Peace]] on 25 May 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=46827|title=Partnerstvo za mir – Hrvatska enciklopedija|website=www.enciklopedija.hr}}</ref> and became a member of the [[World Trade Organization]] on 30 November 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mvep.hr/hr/vanjska-politika/multilateralni-odnosi-staro-ijvhj/svjetska-trgovinska-organizacija-(wto)/|title=MVEP • Svjetska trgovinska organizacija (WTO)|website=www.mvep.hr}}</ref> On 29 October 2001, Croatia signed a [[Stabilisation and Association Agreement]] with the [[European Union]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kronologija: Težak put od priznanja do kucanja na vrata EU – Jutarnji List|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/arhiva/kronologija-tezak-put-od-priznanja-do-kucanja-na-vrata-eu/3756672/|date=2 October 2006|website=www.jutarnji.hr|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> submitted a formal application for the EU membership in 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uprava.gov.hr/kada-je-i-kome-republika-hrvatska-podnijela-zahtjev-za-clanstvo-u-europskoj-uniji/13976|title=Kada je i kome Republika Hrvatska podnijela zahtjev za članstvo u Europskoj uniji?|website=uprava.gov.hr}}</ref> was given the status of candidate country in 2004,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kako je izgledao put Republike Hrvatske ka punopravnom članstvu u Europskoj uniji?|url=https://uprava.gov.hr/drzavni-strucni-ispit-789/primjeri-pitanja-i-odgovora-za-srednju-strucnu-spremu/osnove-sustava-europske-unije/kako-je-izgledao-put-republike-hrvatske-ka-punopravnom-clanstvu-u-europskoj-uniji/12417|website=uprava.gov.hr|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref> and began [[2013 enlargement of the European Union#Negotiation progress|accession negotiations]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evo kako je izgledao hrvatski put prema EU!|url=https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/evo-kako-je-izgledao-hrvatski-put-prema-eu---292731.html|website=Dnevnik.hr|language=hr|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>

In December 2011, Croatia completed EU accession negotiations and signed [[Treaty of Accession 2011|an EU accession treaty]] on 9 December 2011.<ref name="EU-Negotiations-Completed">{{cite web |date=30 June 2011 |title=EU closes accession negotiations with Croatia |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/824&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |access-date=24 September 2011 |publisher=[[European Commission]]}}</ref><ref name="EU-Accession-Treaty">{{cite web |date=9 December 2011 |title=Croatia signs EU accession treaty |url=http://europa.eu/news/external-relations/2011/03/20110302_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123185048/http://europa.eu/news/external-relations/2011/03/20110302_en.htm |archive-date=23 January 2012 |access-date=12 December 2011 |publisher=[[European Union]]}}</ref> [[Croatia joined the European Union]] on 1 July 2013. A recurring obstacle to the negotiations was Croatia's ICTY co-operation record and Slovenian blocking of the negotiations because of [[Croatia–Slovenia border disputes]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 March 2005 |title=EU stalls over talks with Croatia |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4337777.stm |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 September 2009 |title=Slovenia unblocks Croatian EU bid |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8250441.stm |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left| Croatia became the 28th EU member country on 1 July 2013]]

Although the Croatian economy had enjoyed a significant boom in the early 2000s, the financial crisis in 2008 forced the government to cut spending, thus provoking a public outcry.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ivo |last=Goldstein |author-link=Ivo Goldstein |title=Povijest Hrvatske 1945–2011 |version=3. svezak |publisher=EPH Media d.o.o.}}</ref>

Croatia served on the [[United Nations Security Council]] for the 2008–2009 term, assuming the presidency in December 2008.<ref name="MVPEI-UNSC-2008-2009">{{cite web |title=Membership of the Republic of Croatia in the UN Security Council 2008–2009 |url=http://www.mvpei.hr/mvp.asp?pcpid=2531 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130107231744/http://www.mvep.hr/mvp.asp?pcpid=2531 |archive-date=7 January 2013 |access-date=24 September 2011 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia)}}</ref> On 1 April 2009, Croatia joined [[NATO]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrvatska postala članica NATO saveza|url=https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/hrvatska-postala-punopravna-clanica-nato-saveza.html|website=Dnevnik.hr|language=hr|access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>

A wave of anti-government protests in early 2011 reflected a general dissatisfaction with politics and economics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/eastern-approaches/2011/03/06/et-tu-zagreb|title=Et tu, Zagreb?|newspaper=The Economist|date=6 March 2011}}</ref>

Croatia completed EU accession negotiations in 2011. A majority of Croatian voters opted in favour of EU membership in a [[2012 Croatian European Union membership referendum|2012 referendum]].,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16670298|title=Croatia voters back EU membership|work=BBC News|date=1 June 2018}}</ref> Croatia joined the European Union effective 1 July 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23118035|title=Croatia celebrates on joining EU|work=BBC News|date=1 July 2013}}</ref> Croatia was affected by the [[2015 European migrant crisis]] when Hungary's closure of borders with Serbia pushed over 700,000 refugees and migrants to pass through Croatia on their way to other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/914376.HuB-SpecialEditiononRefugeeCrisis-100_January2017.pdf|title=Šenada Šelo Šabić, Croatia's response to the refugee crisis, European Expression, Issue 100, 2016}}</ref>

In 19 October 2016, [[Andrej Plenković]] began serving as Croatian Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrej Plenković – O meni |url=https://www.andrejplenkovic.hr/page.php?id=1 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=www.andrejplenkovic.hr}}</ref>The most recent presidential elections, on 5 January 2020, elected [[Zoran Milanović]] as president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Održana svečanost prisege predsjednika Republike Hrvatske Zorana Milanovića |url=https://www.predsjednik.hr/vijesti/svecanost-prisege/ |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske – Zoran Milanović |language=hr}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Croatia}}
[[File:Satellite_image_of_Croatia_in_September_2003.jpg|upright=1.3|thumb|Satellite image]]

Croatia is situated in [[Central Europe|Central]] and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the [[Adriatic Sea]]. Hungary is to the northeast, [[Serbia]] to the east, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Montenegro]] to the southeast and [[Slovenia]] to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes [[42nd parallel north|42°]] and [[47° N]] and longitudes [[13th meridian east|13°]] and [[20° E]]. Part of the territory in the extreme south surrounding [[Dubrovnik]] is a [[practical exclave]] connected to the rest of the mainland by [[territorial waters]], but separated on land by a short coastline strip belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina around [[Neum]].<ref name="DZS-Stat2010">{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2010/SLJH2010.pdf|title=2010 – Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|date=December 2010|access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Pelješac Bridge]], scheduled to open in 2022, will connect the exclave with mainland Croatia.

The territory covers {{convert|56594|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}, consisting of {{convert|56414|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} of land and {{convert|128|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} of water. It is the world's 127th largest country.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|title=World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/croatia/|access-date=9 September 2011|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> Elevation ranges from the mountains of the [[Dinaric Alps]] with the highest point of the [[Dinara]] peak at {{convert|1831|m|ft|abbr=off}} near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina in the south<ref name="CIA"/> to the shore of the Adriatic Sea which makes up its entire southwest border. Insular Croatia consists of over [[a thousand islands and islets]] varying in size, 48 of which [[List of inhabited islands of Croatia|permanently inhabited]]. The largest islands are [[Cres]] and [[Krk]],<ref name="CIA"/> each of them having an area of around {{convert|405|km2||abbr=off}}.

The hilly northern parts of [[Hrvatsko Zagorje]] and the flat plains of Slavonia in the east which is part of the [[Pannonian Basin]] are traversed by major rivers such as [[Danube]], [[Drava]], [[Kupa]], and the [[Sava]]. The Danube, Europe's second longest river, runs through the city of [[Vukovar]] in the extreme east and forms part of the border with [[Vojvodina]]. The central and southern regions near the Adriatic coastline and islands consist of low mountains and forested highlands. Natural resources found in quantities significant enough for production include oil, coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, and hydropower.<ref name="CIA"/> [[Karst topography]] makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geografija.hr/clanci/1011/rasirenost-krsa-u-hrvatskoj |title=Raširenost krša u Hrvatskoj |trans-title=Presence of Karst in Croatia |language=hr |publisher=Croatian Geographic Society |date=18 December 2006 |first=Mate |last=Matas |access-date=18 October 2011 |work=geografija.hr |archive-date=9 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609163634/http://www.geografija.hr/clanci/1011/rasirenost-krsa-u-hrvatskoj}}</ref> Croatia hosts [[List of caves in Croatia|deep caves]], 49 of which are deeper than {{convert|250|m|2|abbr=on}}, 14 deeper than {{convert|500|m|2|abbr=on}} and three deeper than {{convert|1000|m|2|abbr=on}}. Croatia's most famous lakes are the [[Plitvice lakes]], a system of 16 lakes with waterfalls connecting them over [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]] and [[limestone]] cascades. The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours, ranging from turquoise to mint green, grey or blue.<ref name="BBC-Plitvice">{{cite web|work=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110617-the-best-national-parks-of-europe |title=The best national parks of Europe |date=28 June 2011 |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701184734/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110617-the-best-national-parks-of-europe}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[File:Winter bora in Senj.jpg|thumb|[[Bora (wind)|Bora]] is a dry, cold wind which blows from the mainland out to sea, whose gusts can reach hurricane strength, particularly in the channel below [[Velebit]], e.g. in the town of [[Senj]]]]
[[File:Dolphin at Biševi island.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bottlenose dolphin|Bottlenose dolphins]] are protected under Croatian law with Adriatic Dolphin project as the longest ongoing study of a single resident bottlenose dolphin community in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]]]
Most of Croatia has a moderately warm and rainy [[continental climate]] as defined by the [[Köppen climate classification]]. Mean monthly temperature ranges between {{convert|-3|°C|°F|lk=on}} in January and {{convert|18|°C|°F|lk=off}} in July. The coldest parts of the country are [[Lika]] and [[Gorski Kotar]] featuring a snowy, forested climate at elevations above {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The warmest areas are at the Adriatic coast and especially in its immediate hinterland characterised by [[Mediterranean climate]], as the sea moderates temperature highs. Consequently, temperature peaks are more pronounced in continental areas. The lowest temperature of {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F|lk=off}} was recorded on 3 February 1919 in [[Čakovec]], and the highest temperature of {{convert|42.8|°C|°F|lk=off}} was recorded on 4 August 1981 in [[Ploče]].{{sfn|Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015|p=42}}<ref name="record temp">{{cite web|title=Najviša izmjerena temperatura zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje meteorološka motrenja|url=http://klima.hr/razno.php?id=priopcenja&param=pr21072017|website=Klima.hr|publisher=[[Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service]]|access-date=1 August 2017|language=hr|date=21 July 2017}}</ref>

Mean annual precipitation ranges between {{convert|600|mm|in|abbr=off}} and {{convert|3500|mm|in|abbr=off}} depending on geographic region and climate type. The least precipitation is recorded in the outer islands ([[Biševo]], [[Lastovo]], [[Svetac]], [[Vis (island)|Vis]]) and the eastern parts of Slavonia. However, in the latter case, rain occurs mostly during the [[growing season]]. The maximum precipitation levels are observed on the Dinara mountain range and in Gorski Kotar.{{sfn|Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015|p=42}}

Prevailing winds in the interior are light to moderate northeast or southwest, and in the coastal area, prevailing winds are determined by local features. Higher wind velocities are more often recorded in cooler months along the coast, generally as the cool northeasterly [[Bora (wind)|bura]] or less frequently as the warm southerly [[jugo]]. The sunniest parts are the outer islands, Hvar and Korčula, where more than 2700 hours of sunshine are recorded per year, followed by the middle and southern Adriatic Sea area in general, and northern Adriatic coast, all with more than 2000 hours of sunshine per year.{{sfn|Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015|p=43}}

=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Protected areas of Croatia}}
{{Further|Register of Protected Natural Values of Croatia|Natural and Cultural Heritage of Croatia}}
Croatia can be subdivided into [[ecoregion]]s based on climate and geomorphology. The country is one of the richest in Europe in terms of biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biodiversity-rich Croatia becomes 33rd full EEA member country — European Environment Agency|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/biodiversity-rich-croatia-becomes-33rd|access-date=23 January 2021|website=www.eea.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EU 2020 HR|url=https://eu2020.hr/Home/Custom?code=CroatiaEU|access-date=23 January 2021|website=eu2020.hr}}</ref> Croatia has four types of biogeographical regions—the [[Mediterranean Biogeographic Region|Mediterranean]] along the coast and in its immediate hinterland, [[Alpine Biogeographic Region|Alpine]] in most of Lika and Gorski Kotar, [[Pannonian Biogeographic Region|Pannonian]] along Drava and Danube, and [[Continental Biogeographic Region|Continental]] in the remaining areas. The most significant are [[karst]] habitats which include submerged karst, such as [[Zrmanja]] and [[Krka (Croatia)|Krka]] canyons and tufa barriers, as well as underground habitats. The country contains three ecoregions: [[Dinaric Mountains mixed forests]], [[Pannonian mixed forests]], and [[Illyrian deciduous forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref>

The karst geology harbours approximately [[List of caves in Croatia|7,000 caves and pits]], some of which are the habitat of the only known aquatic cave [[vertebrate]]—the [[olm]]. Forests are significantly present, as they cover {{convert|2490000|ha||abbr=off}} representing 44% of Croatian land area. Other habitat types include wetlands, grasslands, bogs, fens, scrub habitats, coastal and marine habitats.<ref name="MCult-Biodiversity">{{cite book|publisher=State Institute for Nature Protection, [[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.dzzp.hr/dokumenti_upload/20120515/dzzp201205151608230.pdf|title=Biodiversity of Croatia|year= 2006|editor-first=Jasminka|editor-last=Radović|editor-first2=Kristijan|editor-last2=Čivić|editor-first3= Ramona|editor-last3= Topić|isbn=953-7169-20-0|access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Kopački rit wooden trail.JPG|thumb|right|Wooden trail through [[nature park]] [[Kopački Rit]] in [[Osijek-Baranja County]]]]
[[File:Telašćica Zadar - PP07 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Telašćica Nature Park]] is one of [[444 protected areas of Croatia|444 protected areas]]]]
In terms of [[phytogeography]], Croatia is a part of the [[Boreal Kingdom]] and is a part of Illyrian and Central European provinces of the [[Circumboreal Region]] and the Adriatic province of the [[Mediterranean Region]]. The [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] divides Croatia between three ecoregions—Pannonian mixed forests, [[Dinaric Mountains mixed forests]] and [[Illyrian deciduous forests]].<ref name="DU-Sustdev">{{cite web|publisher=6th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems|url=http://www.dubrovnik2011.sdewes.org/venue.php|title=Venue|access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref>

Croatia hosts 37,000 known plant and animal species, but their actual number is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000.<ref name="MCult-Biodiversity"/> More than a thousand species are endemic, especially in Velebit and Biokovo mountains, Adriatic islands and karst rivers. Legislation protects 1,131 species.<ref name="MCult-Biodiversity"/> The most serious threat is habitat loss and degradation. A further problem is presented by invasive alien species, especially ''[[Caulerpa taxifolia]]'' algae. Croatia had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 4.92/10, ranking it 113th of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057}}</ref>

Invasive algae are regularly monitored and removed to protect [[benthic habitat]]. Indigenous cultivated plant strains and domesticated animal breeds are numerous. They include five breeds of horses, five of cattle, eight of sheep, two of pigs, and one poultry. Indigenous breeds include nine that are endangered or critically endangered.<ref name="MCult-Biodiversity"/> Croatia has 444 [[protected areas of Croatia|protected areas]], encompassing 9% of the country. Those include eight [[List of national parks of Croatia|national parks]], two strict reserves, and ten [[nature park]]s. The most famous protected area and the oldest [[national park]] in Croatia is [[Plitvice Lakes National Park]], a [[World Heritage Sites in Croatia|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. Velebit Nature Park is a part of the UNESCO [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]]. The strict and special reserves, as well as the national and nature parks, are managed and protected by the central government, while other protected areas are managed by counties. In 2005, the National Ecological Network was set up, as the first step in the preparation of the EU accession and joining of the [[Natura 2000]] network.<ref name="MCult-Biodiversity"/>

== Governance ==
{{further|Politics of Croatia|Human rights in Croatia}}
{{Wide image |File:St._Marks_Sq_Zagreb_pano.jpg|650px|[[St. Mark's Square, Zagreb]] – ''Left-to-right'': [[Banski dvori]] complex, official residence of the [[Croatian Government]], [[St. Mark's Church, Zagreb|St. Mark's Church]] and [[Croatian Parliament]]}}

The Republic of Croatia is a unitary, constitutional state using a [[parliamentary system]]. Government powers in Croatia are legislative, executive, and judiciary powers.<ref name="VRH-PoliticalStructure">{{cite web|publisher=[[Government of Croatia]]|url=http://www.vlada.hr/en/about_croatia/information/political_structure|title=Political Structure|date=6 May 2007|access-date=14 October 2011|archive-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905201133/http://www.vlada.hr/en/about_croatia/information/political_structure|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Predstavljanje nove Vlade RH (6558633915).jpg|thumb|right|[[Croatian Parliament|Croatian Sabor]], parliament's Hall]]

The [[President of Croatia|President of the Republic]] ({{lang-hr|Predsjednik Republike}}) is the [[head of state]], directly elected to a five-year term and is limited by the Constitution to two terms. In addition to serving as [[commander in chief]] of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the prime minister with the parliament and has some influence on foreign policy.<ref name="VRH-PoliticalStructure"/>

The [[Croatian Government|Government]] is headed by the [[Prime Minister of Croatia|Prime Minister]], who has four deputy prime ministers and 16 ministers in charge of particular sectors.<ref name="Govt-Ministers">{{cite web|publisher=Government of Croatia|url=http://www.vlada.hr/en/naslovnica/o_vladi_rh/clanovi_vlade|title=Members of the Government|access-date=14 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604052735/http://www.vlada.hr/en/naslovnica/o_vladi_rh/clanovi_vlade|archive-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> As the [[Executive (government)|executive branch]], it is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, enforcing the laws, and guiding foreign and internal policies. The Government is seated at [[Banski dvori]] in Zagreb.<ref name="VRH-PoliticalStructure" />

A [[unicameral]] parliament (''{{lang|hr|Sabor}}'') holds [[legislative power]]. The number of Sabor members can vary from 100 to 160. They are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. Legislative sessions take place from 15 January to 15 July, and from 15 September to 15 December annually.<ref name="Sabor-about">{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=713|title=About the Parliament|access-date=14 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706061905/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=713|archive-date=6 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The two largest [[political parties in Croatia]] are the [[Croatian Democratic Union]] and the [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia]].<ref name="Sabor-MPs">{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|title=Members of the 6th Parliament|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=776|access-date=14 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706062229/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=776|archive-date=6 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Law and judicial system ===
{{further|Law of Croatia}}
{{multiple image
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|image1 = Verfassungsgericht der Republik Kroatien.jpg
|caption1 = [[Constitutional Court of Croatia|Constitutional Court]] on the [[St. Mark's Square, Zagreb]]
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Croatia has a [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] legal system in which law arises primarily from written statutes, with judges serving as implementers and not creators of law. Its development was largely influenced by German and Austrian legal systems. Croatian law is divided into two principal areas—[[Private law|private]] and [[public law]]. Before [[Accession of Croatia to the European Union|EU accession negotiations]] were completed, Croatian legislation had been fully harmonised with the [[Community acquis]].<ref name="DELHRV-overview">{{cite web|publisher=Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Croatia|url=http://www.delhrv.ec.europa.eu/?lang=en&content=62|title=Overview of EU–Croatia relations|access-date=14 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326105744/http://www.delhrv.ec.europa.eu/?lang=en&content=62|archive-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>

The main national courts are the [[Constitutional Court of Croatia|Constitutional Court]], which oversees violations of the Constitution, and the [[Supreme Court of Croatia|Supreme Court]], which is the highest court of appeal. Administrative, Commercial, [[County Court|County]], Misdemeanor, and Municipal courts handle cases in their respective domains.<ref name="VSRH-about">{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Supreme Court]]|url=http://www.vsrh.hr/EasyWeb.asp?pcpid=31|language=hr|title=Ustavne odredbe|trans-title=Provisions of the Constitution|date=21 May 2010|access-date=14 October 2011}}</ref> Cases falling within judicial jurisdiction are in the first instance decided by a single professional judge, while appeals are deliberated in mixed tribunals of professional judges. Lay magistrates also participate in trials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2013_03_28_473.html|title=Zakon o sudovima|website=narodne-novine.nn.hr}}</ref> The [[State's Attorney Office of the Republic of Croatia|State's Attorney Office]] is the judicial body constituted of public prosecutors empowered to instigate prosecution of perpetrators of offences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dorh.hr/Default.aspx?sec=627|title=Državno odvjetništvo Republike Hrvatske|website=www.dorh.hr}}</ref>

Law enforcement agencies are organised under the authority of the [[Ministry of the Interior (Croatia)|Ministry of the Interior]] which consist primarily of the national police force. Croatia's security service is the [[Security and Intelligence Agency (Croatia)|Security and Intelligence Agency]] (SOA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=SOA – Security-intelligence system of the Republic of Croatia|url=https://www.soa.hr/en/about-us/security-intelligence-system-of-the-republic-of-croatia/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=www.soa.hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Graaff|first1=Bob de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_00UDQAAQBAJ&q=Handbook+of+European+Intelligence+Cultures|title=Handbook of European Intelligence Cultures|last2=Nyce|first2=James M.|date=2 August 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-4942-4|location=|pages=73|language=en}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Croatia|Croatia and the euro}}
[[File:Joe Biden attended the March 2022 NATO special meeting.jpg|thumb|President [[Zoran Milanović]] at the [[NATO]] summit on 24 March [[2022]], [[Brussels]]. The accession to [[NATO]] took place in [[2009]]]]
[[File:Visita del presidente del Gobierno Pedro Sánchez a Croacia en 2021 (1).jpg|thumb|right|[[Honor guard]] in the front of [[Banski Dvori]] in [[Zagreb]] welcoming [[Pedro Sánchez]] [[Prime Minister of Spain]] and [[Andrej Plenković]] [[Prime Minister of Croatia|Prime Minister]].]]
Croatia has established diplomatic relations with 194 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVEP • Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=www.mvep.hr}}</ref> supporting 57 embassies, 30 consulates and eight permanent diplomatic missions. 56 foreign embassies and 67 [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] operate in the country in addition to offices of international organisations such as the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (EBRD), [[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM), [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE), [[World Bank]], [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY), [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR), and [[UNICEF]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=MVEP • Diplomatski protokol|url=http://www.mvep.hr/hr/ministarstvo/diplomatski-protokol/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=www.mvep.hr|language=hr}}</ref>

As of 2019, the Croatian [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration]] employed 1,381{{Update inline span|text=|date=January 2021}} personnel and expended 765.295 million kunas (€101.17 million).<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVEP • Godišnje financijsko izvješće za 2019. godinu|url=http://www.mvep.hr/hr/ministarstvo/proracun/godisnje-financijsko-izvjesce-za-2019-godinu/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=www.mvep.hr}}</ref> Stated aims of Croatian foreign policy include enhancing relations with neighbouring countries, developing international co-operation and promotion of the Croatian economy and Croatia itself.<ref name="MVPEI-Goals">{{cite web|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia)|url=http://un.mfa.hr/?mh=151&mv=840|title=Foreign Policy Aims|access-date=24 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127073846/http://un.mfa.hr/?mh=151&mv=840|archive-date=27 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Croatia is a member of the European Union. As of 2021, Croatia had unsolved border issues with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.<ref name="Border issues">{{cite news|publisher=total-croatia-news.com|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/16084-overview-of-croatia-s-border-disputes-with-bij-montenegro-serbia-slovenia-liberland|title=Overview of Croatia's Border Disputes with BiH, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Liberland|date=22 January 2017|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref> Croatia is a member of NATO.<ref name="NYTimes-Bush-Zagreb">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/05/world/europe/05cnd-prexy.html|title=Bush Champions Expansive Mission for NATO|date=5 April 2008|author=Steven Lee Myers|access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="BBC-Croatia-NATO">{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7977332.stm|title=Nato welcomes Albania and Croatia|date=1 April 2009|access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> The country is preparing to join the [[Schengen Area]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/karamarko-granicni-nadzor-prema-eu-ukidamo-2015-clanak-248519|title=Karamarko: Granični nadzor prema EU ukidamo 2015.|trans-title=Karamarko: Border control towards the EU shall be abolished in 2015|language=hr|author=Stojan de Prato|date=4 February 2011|newspaper=Večernji list|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> and the [[Eurozone]], after joining ERM II on 10 July 2020.

=== Military ===
{{Main|Armed Forces of Croatia}}
[[File:US Navy 021029-N-1955P-020 Navy aircraft participate in Joint Wings 2002.jpg|thumb|right|[[Croatian Air Force]] and [[US Navy]] aircraft participate in multinational training, 2002]]
[[File:Heading out to the field 150914-A-WB953-203.jpg|thumb|right|[[Croatian Army]] forces during “Immediate Response 15”, Military Training Area “Eugen Kvaternik”, [[Slunj]], Croatia, 2015.]]

The Croatian Armed Forces (CAF) consist of the [[Croatian Air Force and Air Defence|Air Force]], [[Croatian Army|Army]], and [[Croatian Navy|Navy]] branches in addition to the Education and Training Command and Support Command. The CAF is headed by the [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia|General Staff]], which reports to the [[Ministry of Defence (Croatia)|Defence Minister]], who in turn reports to the President. According to the constitution, the President is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the armed forces. In case of immediate threat during wartime, he issues orders directly to the General Staff.<ref name="CAFstructure">{{cite web|url=http://www.osrh.hr/prikaz_en.asp?idi=100&kati=2|title=Chain of Command in the CAF|publisher=Croatian Ministry of Defence|access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

Following the 1991–95 war, defence spending and CAF size began a constant decline. {{As of|2019}}, military spending was an estimated 1.68% of the country's GDP, 67th globally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Croatia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/croatia/#military-and-security|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The World Factbook}}</ref> In 2005 the budget fell below the NATO-required 2% of GDP, down from the record high of 11.1% in 1994.<ref name="sipri">{{cite web|url=http://milexdata.sipri.org/ |title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |access-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328072123/http://milexdata.sipri.org/ |archive-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> Traditionally relying on conscripts, the CAF went through a period of reforms focused on downsizing, restructuring and [[professionalisation]] in the years before [[Accession of Croatia to NATO|accession to NATO]] in April 2009. According to a presidential decree issued in 2006, the CAF employed around 18,100 active duty military personnel, 3,000 civilians and 2,000 voluntary conscripts between 18 and 30 years old in peacetime.<ref name="CAFstructure"/>

Compulsory conscription was abolished in January 2008.<ref name="CIA"/> Until 2008 military service was obligatory for men at age 18 and conscripts served six-month tours of duty, reduced in 2001 from the earlier scheme of nine months. Conscientious objectors could instead opt for eight months of civilian service.<ref name="vojnirokkraci">{{cite news |url=http://www.monitor.hr/clanci/vojni-rok-u-hrvatskoj-kraci-nego-drugdje-u-europi-i-nato-u/11191/ |title=Vojni rok u Hrvatskoj kraći, nego drugdje u Europi i NATO-u|first=Milan|last=Jelovac|date=23 January 2001|newspaper=Vjesnik|language=hr|access-date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127065234/http://www.monitor.hr/clanci/vojni-rok-u-hrvatskoj-kraci-nego-drugdje-u-europi-i-nato-u/11191/|archive-date=27 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{As of|2019|5}}, the Croatian military had 72 members stationed in foreign countries as part of United Nations-led international peacekeeping forces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrvatska u najviše misija UN-a|url=https://www.nacional.hr/hrvatska-u-najvise-misija-un-a/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=NACIONAL.HR|language=hr}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, 323 troops served the NATO-led [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]] force in Afghanistan. Another 156 served with [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]] in Kosovo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GODIŠNJE IZVJEŠĆE O OBRANI ZA 2019. – podnositeljica: Vlada Republike Hrvatske|url=http://sabor.hr/hr/godisnje-izvjesce-o-obrani-za-2019-podnositeljica-vlada-republike-hrvatske|access-date=23 January 2021|website=Hrvatski sabor|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 September 2020|title=Godišnje izvješće o obrani za 2019.|url=https://vlada.gov.hr/UserDocsImages/2016/Sjednice/2020/Rujan/7%20sjednicaVRH/7%20-%2010%20novo.docx|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Government of Croatia|Vlada Republike Hrvatske]]|page=95|language=hr}}</ref>

Croatia has a [[military industry|military-industrial]] sector that exported around 493 million kunas (€65,176 million) worth of military equipment in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Izvješće obavijeno tajnom: Prošla je godina za hrvatsku vojnu industriju bila najlošija u proteklih pet, pa i više|url=https://www.poslovni.hr/hrvatska/trump-je-bio-otrovna-pilula-za-nas-izvoz-oruzja-oporaviti-bi-ga-mogla-korona-4234487|access-date=23 January 2021|website=|language=hr}}</ref> Croatian-made weapons and vehicles used by CAF include the standard sidearm [[HS2000]] manufactured by [[HS Produkt]] and the [[M-84D]] battle tank designed by the [[Đuro Đaković factory]]. Uniforms and helmets worn by CAF soldiers are locally produced and marketed to other countries.<ref name="vojna ind">{{cite news|last=Franičević|first=Mile|date=6 March 2011|title=Hrvatski izvoz oružja i opreme lani narastao na 650 milijuna kuna|language=hr|newspaper=Vjesnik|url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=12C86DFB-1818-459C-B8E6-687AFABF57A2|url-status=dead|access-date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404120455/http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=12C86DFB-1818-459C-B8E6-687AFABF57A2|archive-date=4 April 2012}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Counties of Croatia}}
{{Further|NUTS of Croatia}}

Croatia was first divided into counties in the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="Medieval-Counties">{{cite journal |publisher=[[Školska knjiga]] |journal=Historijski Zbornik |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |year=1952 |url=http://www.historiografija.hr/hz/1952/HZ_5_11_MANDIC.pdf |first=Oleg |last=Mandić |language=hr |title=O nekim pitanjima društvenog uređenja Hrvatske u srednjem vijeku |trans-title=On some issues of social system of Croatia in the Middle Ages |pages=131–138 |access-date=9 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808023945/http://www.historiografija.hr/hz/1952/HZ_5_11_MANDIC.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The divisions changed over time to reflect losses of territory to Ottoman conquest and subsequent liberation of the same territory, changes of the political status of Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, and [[Istria]]. The traditional division of the country into counties was abolished in the 1920s when the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the subsequent Kingdom of Yugoslavia introduced [[oblast]]s and [[Subdivisions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia|banovinas]] respectively.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=429}}
[[File:Varazdin 17.jpg|thumb|[[Varaždin]], capital of Croatia between 1767 and 1776, is the seat of [[Varaždin county]]; Pictured: Old Town fortress, one of 15 Croatia's sites inscribed on the [[List of World Heritage Sites in Croatia#Tentative list|UNESCO World Heritage tentative list]]]]

Communist-ruled Croatia, as a constituent part of post-World War II Yugoslavia, abolished earlier divisions and introduced municipalities, subdividing Croatia into approximately one hundred municipalities. Counties were reintroduced in 1992 legislation, significantly altered in terms of territory relative to the pre-1920s subdivisions. In 1918, the [[Transleithania]]n part was divided into eight counties with their seats in [[Bjelovar]], [[Gospić]], [[Ogulin]], [[Osijek]], [[Požega, Croatia|Požega]], [[Varaždin]], Vukovar, and Zagreb.{{sfn|Biondich|2000|p=11}}<ref name="CountiesAct1992">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Narodne novine]] |date=30 December 1992 |access-date=9 September 2011 |language=hr |title=Zakon o područjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj |trans-title=Territories of Counties, Cities and Municipalities of the Republic of Croatia Act |url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_12_90_2333.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828162010/http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_12_90_2333.html |archive-date=28 August 2013 }}</ref>

As of 1992, Croatia is divided into [[Counties of Croatia|20 counties]] and the [[capital city of Zagreb]], the latter having the dual authority and legal status of a county and a city. County borders changed in some instances, last revised in 2006. The counties subdivide into [[List of cities in Croatia|127 cities]] and [[Municipalities of Croatia|429 municipalities]].<ref name="CountiesAct2006">{{cite news|newspaper=Narodne novine|date=28 July 2006|access-date=9 September 2011|language=hr|title=Zakon o područjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj|trans-title=Territories of Counties, Cities and Municipalities of the Republic of Croatia Act|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2006_07_86_2045.html}}</ref> [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]] (NUTS) [[division of Croatia|division]] is performed in several tiers. NUTS 1 level considers the entire country in a single unit; three NUTS 2 regions come below that. Those are Northwest Croatia, Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia, and Adriatic Croatia. The latter encompasses the counties along the Adriatic coast. Northwest Croatia includes Koprivnica-Križevci, Krapina-Zagorje, Međimurje, Varaždin, the city of Zagreb, and Zagreb counties and the Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia includes the remaining areas—Bjelovar-Bilogora, Brod-Posavina, Karlovac, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Sisak-Moslavina, Virovitica-Podravina, and Vukovar-Syrmia counties. Individual counties and the city of Zagreb also represent NUTS 3 level subdivision units in Croatia. The NUTS [[Administrative division|local administrative unit]] divisions are two-tiered. LAU 1 divisions match the counties and the city of Zagreb in effect making those the same as NUTS 3 units, while LAU 2 subdivisions correspond to cities and municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|language=hr|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/confminist1-15/15eCEMAT_National_Report_Croatia_2010_HR.pdf|title=Nacionalno izviješće Hrvatska|trans-title=Croatia National Report|date=January 2010|access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>

{{Croatian counties|style=float:left; font-size:95%; border:3px; max-width:480px; width:50%;}}
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="margin-top:7px; margin-right:0px; background:none; text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|- style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
!  [[Counties of Croatia|County]] !! Seat !! Area (km2)!! Population
|-
| [[Bjelovar-Bilogora County|Bjelovar-Bilogora]] || [[Bjelovar]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|2,652|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|102,295
|-
| [[Brod-Posavina County|Brod-Posavina]] || [[Slavonski Brod]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|2,043|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|130,782
|-
| [[Dubrovnik-Neretva County|Dubrovnik-Neretva]] || [[Dubrovnik]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|1,783|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|115,862
|-
| [[Istria County|Istria]] || [[Pazin]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|2,820|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|195,794
|-
| [[Karlovac County|Karlovac]] || [[Karlovac]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|3,622|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|112,596
|-
| [[Koprivnica-Križevci County|Koprivnica-Križevci]] || [[Koprivnica]] ||style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|1,746|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|101,661
|-
| [[Krapina-Zagorje County|Krapina-Zagorje]] || [[Krapina]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|1,224|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|120,942
|-
| [[Lika-Senj County|Lika-Senj]] || [[Gospić]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|5,350|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|42,893
|-
| [[Međimurje County|Međimurje]] || [[Čakovec]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|730|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|105,863
|-
| [[Osijek-Baranja County|Osijek-Baranja]] || [[Osijek]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|4,152|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|259,481
|-
| [[Požega-Slavonia County|Požega-Slavonia]] || [[Požega, Croatia|Požega]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|1,845|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|64,420
|-
| [[Primorje-Gorski Kotar County|Primorje-Gorski Kotar]] || [[Rijeka]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|3,582|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|266,503
|-
| [[Šibenik-Knin County|Šibenik-Knin]] || [[Šibenik]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|2,939|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|96,624
|-
| [[Sisak-Moslavina County|Sisak-Moslavina]] || [[Sisak]] ||style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|4,463|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|140,549
|-
| [[Split-Dalmatia County|Split-Dalmatia]] || [[Split, Croatia|Split]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|4,534|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|425,412
|-
| [[Varaždin County|Varaždin]] || [[Varaždin]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|1,261|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|160,264
|-
| [[Virovitica-Podravina County|Virovitica-Podravina]] || [[Virovitica]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|2,068|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|70,660
|-
| [[Vukovar-Syrmia County|Vukovar-Syrmia]] || [[Vukovar]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|2,448|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|144,438
|-
| [[Zadar County|Zadar]] || [[Zadar]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|3,642|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|160,340
|-
| [[Zagreb County]] || Zagreb || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|3,078|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|301,206
|-
| [[City of Zagreb]] || Zagreb ||style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|641|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|769,944
|}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Croatia}}{{Update section|date=June 2022}}[[File:Croatian counties by GDP (PPS) per capita, 2019.png|upright=1.2|thumb|Croatian counties by GDP (PPS) per capita, 2019]]
Croatia's economy qualifies as [[high-income]].<ref name="World Bank Country Classification">{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519#High_income |title=Country and Lending Groups |publisher=World Bank |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111190936/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519#High_income |archive-date=11 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[International Monetary Fund]] data projected that Croatian [[nominal GDP]] reached $60,688 billion, or $14,816 per capita for 2018 while [[purchasing power parity]] GDP was $107.406 billion, or $26,221 per capita.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=37&pr.y=4&sy=2015&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=960&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref> According to [[Eurostat]], Croatian GDP per capita in PPS stood at 65% of the EU average in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/graph.do?tab=graph&plugin=1&pcode=tec00114&language=en&toolbox=type |title=GDP per capita in PPS |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref> Real GDP growth in 2018 was 2,6 per cent.<ref name="Eurostat-GDPGrowth">{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=STRIND_ECOBAC&root=STRIND_ECOBAC/ecobac/eb012 |title=Real GDP growth rate |publisher=Eurostat |access-date=21 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822000014/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996%2C39140985&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=detailref&language=en&product=STRIND_ECOBAC&root=STRIND_ECOBAC%2Fecobac%2Feb012 |archive-date=22 August 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The average net salary of a Croatian worker in October 2019 was 6,496 [[Croatian kuna|HRK]] per month (roughly 873 EUR), and the average gross salary was 8,813 HRK per month (roughly 1,185 EUR).<ref name="salary7161">{{cite web|url=http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm |title=Republic of Croatia – Croatian Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Dzs.hr |access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref> {{as of|2019|July}}, the unemployment rate dropped to 7.2% from 9.6% in December 2018. The number of unemployed persons was 106.703. The unemployment rate between 1996 and 2018 averaged 17.38%, reaching an all-time high of 23.60% in January 2002 and a record low of 8.40% in September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Croatia/Unemployment_rate/ |title=Croatia Unemployment Rate |publisher=The Global Economy.com |access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref> In 2017, economic output was dominated by the [[service sector]] - accounting for 70.1% of GDP - followed by the [[industrial sector]] with 26.2% and agriculture accounting for 3.7%.<ref name="cia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/croatia/|title=Europe :: Croatia – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|date=22 September 2021}}</ref>

According to 2017 data, 1.9% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, 27.3% by industry and 70.8% in services.<ref name="cia"/> Shipbuilding, food processing, pharmaceuticals, information technology, biochemical, and timber industry dominate the industrial sector. In 2018, Croatian exports were valued at 108 billion kunas (€14.61 billion) with 176 billion kunas (€23.82 billion) worth of imports. Croatia's largest [[international trade|trading partner]] was the rest of the European Union, led by Germany, Italy, and Slovenia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2019/04-02-02_01_2019.htm|title=ROBNA RAZMJENA REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE S INOZEMSTVOM U 2018.KONAČNI PODACI/FOREIGN TRADE IN GOODS OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA, 2018 FINAL DATA|website=www.dzs.hr}}</ref>

As a result of the war, economic infrastructure sustained massive damage, particularly the tourism industry. From 1989 to 1993, the GDP fell 40.5%. The Croatian state still controls significant economic sectors, with government expenditures accounting for 40% of GDP.<ref name="DOS">{{cite web|url=http://m.state.gov/md3166.htm|title=Background Note: Croatia|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=4 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527221958/http://m.state.gov/md3166.htm|archive-date=27 May 2010}}</ref> A particular concern is a backlogged judiciary system, with inefficient [[public administration]] and corruption, upending land ownership. In the 2018 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], published by [[Transparency International]], the country ranked 60th.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/files/content/pages/2018_CPI_Executive_Summary.pdf |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 Executive Summary p. 12 |publisher=[[Transparency International]]|website=transparency.org |access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref> At the end of June 2020, the national debt stood at 85,3% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 October 2020|title=Novac – Javni dug dosegnuo rekord: njegov udjel u BDP-u narastao na 85,3 posto|url=https://novac.jutarnji.hr/novac/aktualno/javni-dug-dosegnuo-rekord-njegov-udjel-u-bdp-u-narastao-na-85-3-posto-15025143|access-date=23 January 2021|website=novac.jutarnji.hr|language=hr-hr}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Croatia}}
[[File:Dubrovnik june 2011..JPG|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Dubrovnik]] is one of Croatia's most popular tourist destinations.]]
[[File:Island Brac (20785918360).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Zlatni Rat]] beach on the Island of [[Brač]] is one of the foremost spots of [[tourism in Croatia]]]]

Tourism dominates the Croatian service sector and accounts for up to 20% of GDP. Tourism income for 2019 was estimated to be €10.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrvatsku posjetilo 6,8 milijuna gostiju, otkrivamo kolika će biti zarada od turizma|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/hrvatsku-posjetilo-68-milijuna-gostiju-otkrivamo-kolika-ce-ove-godine-biti-zarada-od-turizma-1428221|access-date=23 January 2021|website=www.vecernji.hr|language=hr}}</ref> Its positive effects are felt throughout the economy, increasing retail business, and increasing seasonal employment. The industry is counted as an export business because foreign visitor spending significantly reduces the country's trade imbalance.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Vjesnik|url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=D37B6CB1-C728-44FE-94C7-8C80B4EA582F|archive-date=14 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68PYhbBry?url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=D37B6CB1-C728-44FE-94C7-8C80B4EA582F|language=hr|title=Iako čini gotovo petinu BDP-a, i dalje niskoprofitabilna grana domaće privrede|trans-title=Even though it comprises nearly a fifth of the GDP, it is still a low-profit branch of the national economy|first1=Tomislav|last1=Pili|first2=Davor|last2=Verković|date=1 October 2011|access-date=20 October 2011}}</ref> The tourist industry has rapidly grown, recording a fourfold rise in tourist numbers since independenc, attracting more than 11 million visitors each year.{{sfn|2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=412}} Germany, Slovenia, Austria, Italy, Poland Croatia itself provide the most visitors.{{sfn|2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=415}} Tourist stays averaged 4.7 days in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 February 2020|title=DOLASCI I NOĆENJA TURISTA U 2019.|url=https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2019/04-03-02_01_2019.htm|access-date=|website=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>

Much of the tourist industry is concentrated along the coast. [[Opatija]] was the first holiday resort. It first became popular in the middle of the 19th century. By the 1890s, it had become one of the largest European health resorts.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Opatija Tourist Board|url=http://www.opatija-tourism.hr/en/Home.aspx?PageID=5|title=History of Opatija|access-date=21 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429102936/http://www.opatija-tourism.hr/en/Home.aspx?PageID=5|archive-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> Resorts sprang up along the coast and islands, offering services catering to [[mass tourism]] and various niche markets. The most significant are [[nautical tourism]], supported by marinas with more than 16 thousand berths, [[cultural tourism]] relying on the appeal of medieval coastal cities and cultural events taking place during the summer. Inland areas offer [[agrotourism]], [[mountain resort]]s, and [[spa]]s. Zagreb is a significant destination, rivalling major coastal cities and resorts.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian National Tourist Board]]|url=http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Activities-and-attractions|title=Activities and attractions|access-date=21 October 2011}}</ref>

Croatia has unpolluted marine areas with nature reserves and 116 [[Blue Flag beach]]es.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blueflag.org/Menu/Awarded+sites/2011/Northern+Hemisphere/Croatia|title=Croatia|access-date=21 October 2011|publisher=[[Foundation for Environmental Education]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202124844/http://www.blueflag.org/Menu/Awarded+sites/2011/Northern+Hemisphere/Croatia|archive-date=2 December 2011}}</ref> Croatia ranks as the 23rd most popular tourist destination in the world.<ref name="UNWTO">{{cite journal | volume=17 | issue=2 | date=22 May 2019 | issn=1728-9246 | doi=10.18111/wtobarometereng.2019.17.1.2 | pages=1–40| title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, May 2019 | journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer | s2cid=243009713 }}</ref> About 15% of these visitors, or over one million per year, participate in [[naturism]], for which Croatia is famous. It was the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euro-poi.com/croatian-highlights-croatia-278.html |title=Croatian highlights, Croatia |publisher=Euro-poi.com |access-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224034343/http://www.euro-poi.com/croatian-highlights-croatia-278.html |archive-date=24 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===

==== Transport ====
{{See also|Transport in Croatia|Energy in Croatia}}
{{Update section|date=December 2020}}

The [[Motorways in Croatia|motorway network]] was largely built in the late 1990s and the 2000s (decade). As of December 2020, Croatia had completed {{convert|1313.8|km|abbr=off}} of motorways, connecting Zagreb to other regions and following various [[International E-road network|European routes]] and four [[Pan-European corridors]].<ref name="Helsinki-1997">{{cite journal|publisher=[[University of Rijeka]], Faculty of Maritime Studies|url =http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/6570|title=The integration of the Republic of Croatia into the Pan-European transport corridor network|author=Tanja Poletan Jugović|journal=Pomorstvo|volume=20|issue=1|pages=49–65|date=11 April 2006|access-date=14 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="NN-Motorways2009">{{cite news|newspaper=Narodne Novine|language=hr|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2009_01_13_296.html|title=Odluka o izmjenama i dopunama odluke o razvrstavanju javnih cesta u autoceste|trans-title=Decision on amendments and additions to the Decision on classification of public roads as motorways|date=30 January 2009|access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mreža autocesta – HUKA|url=http://www.huka.hr/mreza-autocesta|access-date=16 December 2020|website=www.huka.hr}}</ref> The busiest motorways are the [[A1 (Croatia)|A1]], connecting Zagreb to Split and the [[A3 (Croatia)|A3]], passing east to west through northwest Croatia and Slavonia.<ref name="HC-promet">{{cite web|publisher=[[Hrvatske ceste]] |url=http://www.hrvatske-ceste.hr/WEB%20-%20Legislativa/brojenje-prometa/CroDig2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195254/http://www.hrvatske-ceste.hr/WEB%20-%20Legislativa/brojenje-prometa/CroDig2009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2011 |title=Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 – digest |access-date=1 May 2010 }}</ref>
[[File:Kroatien Autobahnen (aktueller Stand).svg|thumb|[[Highway network in Croatia]]]]

A widespread network of [[state roads in Croatia]] acts as motorway [[Feeder line (network)|feeder roads]] while connecting major settlements. The high quality and safety levels of the Croatian motorway network were tested and confirmed by EuroTAP and EuroTest programmes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurotestmobility.com/news.php?item=25&PHPSESSID=a7d9b4decd981bb3cdc3494656b0104d|title=EuroTest|publisher=Eurotestmobility.com|access-date=3 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430010646/http://www.eurotestmobility.com/news.php?item=25&PHPSESSID=a7d9b4decd981bb3cdc3494656b0104d|archive-date=30 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.javno.com/en/croatia/clanak.php?id=38990|title=Brinje Tunnel Best European Tunnel|publisher=Javno.com|access-date=3 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115220041/http://www.javno.com/en/croatia/clanak.php?id=38990|archive-date=15 January 2009}}</ref>

Croatia has an [[List of railways in Croatia|extensive rail network]] spanning {{convert|2722|km|abbr=off}}, including {{convert|984|km|abbr=off}} of electrified railways and {{convert|254|km|abbr=off}} of double track railways.{{sfn|2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=346}} The most significant railways in Croatia are within the Pan-European transport corridors Vb and X connecting [[Rijeka]] to [[Budapest]] and Ljubljana to Belgrade, both via [[Zagreb]].<ref name="Helsinki-1997"/> [[Croatian Railways]] operates all rail services.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Vjesnik|title=Skuplje korištenje pruga uništava HŽ|trans-title=More Expensive Railway Fees Ruin Croatian Railways|language=hr|date=10 May 2011|first=Tomislav|last=Pili|url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=B93764C8-6505-4A87-BDDF-B22148331E6E|archive-date=14 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68PYpf0Jp?url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=B93764C8-6505-4A87-BDDF-B22148331E6E|access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref>

The construction of 2.4-kilometre-long [[Pelješac Bridge]], the biggest infrastructure project in Croatia connects the two halves of Dubrovnik-Neretva County and shortens the route from the West to the [[Pelješac]] peninsula and the islands of [[Korčula]] and [[Lastovo]] by more than 32 km. The construction of the Pelješac Bridge started in July 2018 after Croatian road operator [[Hrvatske ceste]] (HC) signed a 2.08 billion [[Croatian kuna|kuna]] deal for the works with a Chinese consortium led by [[China Road and Bridge Corporation]] (CRBC). The project is co-financed by the [[European Union]] with 357 million euro.

There are [[international airport]]s in [[Dubrovnik Airport|Dubrovnik]], [[Osijek Airport|Osijek]], [[Pula Airport|Pula]], [[Rijeka Airport|Rijeka]], [[Split Airport|Split]], [[Zadar Airport|Zadar]], and [[Zagreb International Airport|Zagreb]].<ref name="MMPI-Airports">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=675|title=Air transport|access-date=10 October 2011|archive-date=3 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703104330/http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=675|url-status=dead}}</ref> The largest and busiest is Franjo Tuđman Airport in Zagreb.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Meštrović|first=Damjan|date=2018|title=Utjecaj izgradnje novog terminala na poslovanje Zračne luke Franjo Tuđman|url=https://www.bib.irb.hr/972752|language=hr}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2021}} {{as of|2011|January}}, Croatia complies with [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] aviation safety standards and the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] upgraded it to Category 1 rating.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=12337|title=FAA Raises Safety Rating for Croatia|publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]|date=26 January 2011|access-date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626094211/http://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsId=12337|archive-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Ports ====
[[File:Pelješac bridge - Pelješki most - construction site 2021-06-18.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pelješac Bridge]] (under construction), which will connect the peninsula of [[Pelješac]], and through it the southernmost part including [[Dubrovnik]], with the [[Croatia proper|Croatian mainland]]]]

The busiest cargo seaport is the [[Port of Rijeka]]. The busiest passenger ports are [[Port of Split|Split]] and Zadar.<ref name="WB-Rijeka">{{cite web|publisher=World Bank|language=hr|title=Riječka luka –jadranski "prolaz" prema Europi|trans-title=The Port of Rijeka – Adriatic "gateway" to Europe|date=3 March 2006|access-date=13 October 2011|url=http://go.worldbank.org/V9N60RX7L0|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120805200119/http://go.worldbank.org/V9N60RX7L0|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="MMPI-RL-plan">{{cite web|publisher=Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia)|url=http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=480|title=Luke|trans-title=Ports|language=hr|access-date=24 August 2011|archive-date=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216063733/http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=480|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many minor ports serve ferries connecting numerous islands and coastal cities with ferry lines to several cities in Italy.<ref name="AOLPP-Rijeka">{{cite web|publisher=Agencija za obalni linijski pomorski promet|url=http://www.agencija-zolpp.hr/Brodskelinije/tabid/1267/Default.aspx|language=hr|title=Plovidbeni red za 2011. godinu|trans-title=Sailing Schedule for Year 2011|access-date=27 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715203314/http://www.agencija-zolpp.hr/Brodskelinije/tabid/1267/Default.aspx|archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> The largest [[inland port|river port]] is [[Vukovar]], located on the [[Danube]], representing the nation's outlet to the Pan-European transport corridor VII.<ref name="Helsinki-1997" /><ref name="MMPI-River-Navigation">{{cite web|publisher=Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia)|url=http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=890|title=Plovni putovi|trans-title=Navigable routes|language=hr|access-date=10 September 2011|archive-date=16 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216060844/http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=890|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Energy ====
{{convert|610|km|abbr=off}} of crude oil pipelines serve Croatia, connecting the [[Rijeka]] oil terminal with refineries in Rijeka and [[Sisak]], and several transhipment terminals. The system has a capacity of 20 million tonnes per year.<ref name="JANAF-system">{{cite web|publisher=[[Jadranski naftovod]]|url=http://www.janaf.hr/index.php?option=sustav&lang=en|title=The JANAF system|access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> The natural gas transportation system comprises {{convert|2113|km|abbr=off}} of trunk and regional pipelines, and more than 300 associated structures, connecting production rigs, the Okoli natural gas storage facility, 27 end-users and 37 distribution systems.<ref name="Plinacro-system">{{cite web|publisher=[[Plinacro]]|url=http://www.plinacro.hr/default.aspx?id=264|title=Transportni sustav|trans-title=Transport system|language=hr|access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref>

Croatian energy production covers 85% of nationwide natural gas and 19% of oil demand. In 2008, 47.6% of Croatia's primary energy production involved natural gas (47.7%), hydropower (25.4%), crude oil (18.0%), fuelwood (8.4%), and other renewable energy sources (0.5%). In 2009, net total electrical power production reached 12,725 GWh. Croatia imported 28.5% of its electric power energy needs.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010" />

[[Krško Nuclear Power Plant]] supplies a large part of Croatian imports. 50% is owned by [[Hrvatska elektroprivreda]], providing 15% of Croatia's electricity.<ref name="EUB-NEK">{{cite web|publisher=EU Business|url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/japan-disaster.9bc|title=Croatia, Slovenia's nuclear plant safe: Croatian president|date=28 March 2011|access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Croatia|Croats}}

With an estimated population of 4.13 million in 2019, Croatia [[List of countries by population|ranks 127th by population]] in the world.<ref>World Population Prospects 2019, [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]]</ref> Its 2018 [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density|population density]] was 72,9 inhabitants per square kilometre, making Croatia one of the more sparsely populated European countries.<ref name=who0>{{cite web
|url=https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/CroInFig/croinfig_2018.pdf
|title=Croatia in Figures
|access-date=9 September 2019
|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]
|year=2018}}</ref> The overall [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy in Croatia]] at birth was 76.3 years in 2018.<ref name="cia"/>
[[File:Croatia, population density.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|2011 Croatian [[population density]] by county in persons per km2.]]

The [[total fertility rate]] of 1.41 children per mother, is one of the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate|lowest in the world]], far below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 6.18 children rate in 1885.<ref name="cia"/><ref>{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=AUT|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last two centuries|first=Max|last=Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185806/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=AUT|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Croatia's [[death rate]] has continuously exceeded its [[birth rate]] since 1991.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/> Croatia subsequently has one of the world's oldest populations, with an average age of 43.3 years.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/croatia/|title= The World FactBook – Croatia|date=12 July 2018|work=[[The World Factbook]]}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The population rose steadily from 2.1 million in 1857 until 1991, when it peaked at 4.7 million, with the exceptions of censuses taken in 1921 and 1948, i.e. following the world wars.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/> The natural growth rate is negative<ref name="CIA"/> with the [[demographic transition]] completed in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Snježana|last1=Mrđen|first2=Mladen|last2=Friganović|date=June 1998|title=The demographic situation in Croatia|journal=Geoadria|publisher=Hrvatsko geografsko društvo – Zadar|issn=1331-2294|volume=3|issue=1|pages=29–56|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/9740|doi=10.15291/geoadria.45|access-date=7 January 2020|doi-access=free}}</ref> In recent years, the Croatian government has been pressured to increase permit quotas for foreign workers, reaching an all-time high of 68.100 in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/vlada-povecala-kvotu-za-zaposljavanje-stranih-radnika-1326987|title=Vlada uslišila molbe: Povećane kvote dozvola za strane radnike|website=www.vecernji.hr}}</ref> In accordance with its immigration policy, Croatia is trying to entice emigrants to return.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Politička Misao: Croatian Political Science Review|issn=0032-3241|volume=35|issue=5|year=2008|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=51084|title=The Policy of Immigration in Croatia| first=Nick| last=Vidak|pages=57–75|publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Political Science|access-date=15 October 2010}}</ref> From 2008-2018, Croatia's population dropped by 10%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/01/14/croatia-s-population-has-dropped-10-in-a-decade-reveals-census|title=Croatia's population has dropped 10% in a decade, reveals census|work=[[Euronews]]|date=14 January 2022|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>

The population decrease was greater a result of war for independence. The war displaced large numbers of the population and emigration increased. In 1991, in predominantly occupied areas, more than 400,000 Croats were either removed from their homes by [[Serbs in Croatia|Serb]] forces or fled the violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm|title=Summary of judgement for Milan Martić|date=12 June 2007|publisher=United Nations|access-date=21 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215084458/http://www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm|archive-date=15 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the war's final days, about 150–200,000 Serbs fled before the arrival of Croatian forces during [[Operation Storm]].<ref name="bbc-storm">{{cite news|ref={{harvid|BBC News|5 August 2005}}|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4747379.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Evicted Serbs remember Storm|date=5 August 2005|first=Matt|last=Prodger|author-link=Matt Prodger|archive-date=23 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023091143/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4747379.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|ref={{harvid|UNSC|23 August 1995}}|url=https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/1995/730|date=23 August 1995|publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]]|title=Report of the Secretary-General Submitted Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1009 (1995)|page=3}}</ref> After the war, the number of displaced persons fell to about 250,000. The Croatian government cared for displaced persons via the social security system and the Office of Displaced Persons and Refugees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Domovinski rat – Hrvatska enciklopedija|url=http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=15884|access-date=24 December 2018}}</ref> Most of the territories abandoned during the war were settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina, mostly from north-western Bosnia, while some displaced people returned to their homes.<ref name="Index-Cro-Refugees">{{cite web|publisher=Index.hr|url=http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/savez-udruga-hrvataiz-bih-izabrao-novo-celnistvo/145769.aspx|language=hr|title=Savez udruga Hrvata iz BiH izabrao novo čelništvo|trans-title=Union of associations of Bosnia and Herzegovina Croats elects new leadership|date=28 June 2003|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="PresidentRH-refugees">{{cite web|publisher=Office of the [[President of Croatia]]|url=http://www.predsjednik.hr/29062010|language=hr|title=29 06 2010 – Benkovac|date=29 June 2010|access-date=12 October 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127220818/http://predsjednik.hr/29062010|archive-date=27 November 2010}}</ref>

According to the 2013 United Nations report, 17.6% of Croatia's population were immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unmigration/TIMSA2013/migrantstocks2013.htm|title=International Migration and Development|website=esa.un.org}}</ref> The majority of inhabitants are Croats (90.4%), followed by Serbs (4.4%), [[Bosniaks of Croatia|Bosniaks]] (0.73%), [[Italians of Croatia|Italians]] (0.42%), [[Albanians of Croatia|Albanians]] (0.41%), [[Romani people in Croatia|Roma]] (0.40%), [[Hungarians of Croatia|Hungarians]] (0.33%), [[Slovenes of Croatia|Slovenes]] (0.25%), [[Czechs of Croatia|Czechs]] (0.22%), [[Montenegrins of Croatia|Montenegrins]] (0.11%), [[Slovaks of Croatia|Slovaks]] (0.11%), [[Macedonians of Croatia|Macedonians]] (0.10%), and others (2.12%).<ref name="Census2011-nationality"/> Approximately 4 million Croats [[Croatian diaspora|live abroad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/hrvatska-fenomen-vise-hrvata-zivi-u-inozemstvu-nego-u-domovini---465670.html|title=U Hrvatskoj je loše i preporučam svakom mladom čovjeku da ode u Njemačku|website=Dnevnik.hr}}</ref>
{{Largest cities of Croatia}}

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Croatia}}
[[File:Religious belief in Croatia, 2011.svg|thumb|Religious believers according to the 2011 census]]
Croatia has no official religion. [[Freedom of religion]] is a Constitutional right that protects all [[religious denomination|religious communities]] as [[separation of church and state|equal before the law and separated from the state]].<ref>Croatian Constitution, Article 41</ref> According to the 2011 census, 91.36% of Croatians identify as Christian; of these, Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 86.28% of the population, after which follows [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] (4.44%), [[Protestantism]] (0.34%), and other Christians (0.30%). The largest religion after Christianity is [[Islam]] (1.47%). 4.57% of the population describe themselves as non-religious.<ref name="Census2011-religion">{{Croatian Census 2011|R}}</ref> In the [[Eurostat]] Eurobarometer Poll of 2010, 69% of the population responded that "they believe there is a God".<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Eurobarometer 341, "Biotechnology"|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf|page=209}}</ref> In a 2009 Gallup poll, 70% answered yes to the question "Is religion an important part of your daily life?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014034457/http://www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx|archive-date=14 October 2013|title=Gallup Global Reports|publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]|access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> However, only 24% of the population attends religious services regularly.<ref name="Pew Survey 2017 - Final Topline">{{cite web|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|title=Final Topline|access-date=19 June 2017|publisher=Pew}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Croatian language|Languages of Croatia|Minority languages of Croatia |Bunjevac dialect}}

[[Croatian language|Croatian]] is the official language and the 24th official language of the European Union.<ref name="Ustav-RH">{{cite news|newspaper=Narodne Novine|language=hr|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2010_07_85_2422.html|title=Ustav Republike Hrvatske|trans-title=Constitution of the Republic of Croatia|date=9 July 2010|access-date=11 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="VL-Hrvatski-EU">{{cite news|newspaper=Večernji list|language=hr|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/hrvatski-postaje-24-sluzbeni-jezik-europske-unije-clanak-211879|title=Hrvatski postaje 24. službeni jezik Europske unije|trans-title=Croatian Becomes the 24th Official Language of the European Union|date=5 November 2011|first1=Sandra|last1=Veljković|author2=Stojan de Prato|access-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> Minority languages are in official use in local government units where more than a third of the population consists of national minorities or where local enabling legislation applies. Minority languages are [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Italian language in Croatia|Italian]], [[Serbian language in Croatia|Serbian]], and [[Slovak language|Slovak]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=23872|title=Izviješće o provođenju ustavnog zakona o pravima nacionalnih manjina i utrošku sredstava osiguranih u državnom proračunu Republike Hrvatske za 2007. godinu za potrebe nacionalnih manjina|language=hr|trans-title=Report on Implementation of Constitutional Act on National Minority Rights and Expenditure of Funds Appropriated by the 2007 State Budget for Use by the National Minorities|date=28 November 2008|access-date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509061001/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=23872|archive-date=9 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Franceschini546"/> The following languages are also recognised: [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], German, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], [[Romani language|Romani]], Russian, [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Slovene language|Slovene]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].<ref name="Franceschini546">{{cite book|last=Franceschini|first=Rita|chapter=Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions|editor-last=Fäcke|editor-first=Christiane|title=Manual of Language Acquisition|year=2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|isbn=9783110394146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Manual+of+Language+Acquisition&pg=PA1|pages=546}}</ref>

[[File:Croatian_dialects_in_RH_and_BiH.PNG|thumb|Map of the [[Shtokavian]], [[Chakavian]] and [[Kajkavian]] dialects in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina]]

According to the 2011 Census, 95.6% of citizens declared Croatian as their native language, 1.2% declared Serbian as their native language, while no other language is reaches more than 0.5%.<ref name="Census-2011-languages">{{Croatian Census 2011|T}}</ref> Croatian is a member of the [[South Slavic languages]] of [[Slavic languages]] group and is written using the [[Latin alphabet]]. The three major [[dialect]]s spoken on the territory, are the [[Shtokavian dialect]] (standard Croatian). The [[Chakavian]] and [[Kajkavian]] dialects are distinguished by their [[lexicon]], [[phonology]] and [[syntax]].<ref name="Brozović-HRV">{{cite web|publisher=[[Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics]]|language=hr|title=Organska podloga hrvatskog jezika|trans-title=The Organic Base of Croatian|url=http://www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-povijest-1.html|access-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807082335/http://www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-povijest-1.html|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref>

Croatian replaced [[Latin]] as the official language of the Croatian government in the 19th century.<ref name="Iadertina-Hr">{{cite journal|journal=Croatica et Slavica Iadertina|issn=1845-6839|title=Značenje narodnoga preporoda za hrvatski jezik|trans-title=Significance of the National Revival for Croatian |language=hr|first=Branka|last=Tafra|date=February 2007|volume=2|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=26666|pages=43–55|access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref> In [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], from 1972 to 1989, the language was constitutionally designated as the "Croatian literary language" and the "Croatian or Serbian language". It was the result of the resistance to "[[Serbo-Croatian]]" in the form of a [[Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language]] and [[Croatian Spring]].<ref>{{cite journal | journal = [[Kolo (magazine)|Kolo]] | publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]]|issn=1331-0992|year=2009|issue=1–2|url=http://www.matica.hr/kolo/kolo2009_1.nsf/AllWebDocs/Polozaj_hrvatskoga_jezika_u_svijetu_danas|title=Položaj hrvatskoga jezika u svijetu danas|trans-title=The Position of Croatian in the World Today|language=hr|first=Mate|last=Kapović|access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> Croats protect their language from foreign influences and are known for [[Croatian linguistic purism]], as the language was under constant change and threats imposed by previous rulers. Croats reject [[loanwords]] in favor of Croatian counterparts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Turk|first=Marija|date=1996|title=JEZIČNI PURIZAM|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/132668|journal=FLUMINENSIA : časopis za filološka istraživanja|language=hr|volume=8|issue=1–2|pages=63–79|issn=0353-4642}}</ref>

A 2011 survey revealed that 78% of Croats claim knowledge of at least one foreign language.<ref name="Index-lang">{{cite web|publisher=Index.hr|url=http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/istrazivanje-tri-posto-visokoobrazovanih-ne-zna-niti-jedan-strani-jezik-hrvati-uglavnom-znaju-engleski/545687.aspx|language=hr|title=Istraživanje: Tri posto visokoobrazovanih ne zna niti jedan strani jezik, Hrvati uglavnom znaju engleski|trans-title=Survey: Three per cent of higher educated people can not speak any foreign languages, Croats mostly speak English|date=5 April 2011|access-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> According to a 2005 EC survey, 49% of Croats speak English as the second language, 34% speak German, 14% speak Italian, and 10% speak French. Russian is spoken by 4%, and 2% of Croats speak Spanish. However several large municipalities support [[Minority languages of Croatia|minority languages]]. A majority of Slovenes (59%) have some knowledge of Croatian.<ref name="EBS-243">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf|date=February 2006|title=Europeans and their languages – European commission special barometer FEB2006|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=15 January 2010}}</ref> The country is a part of various language-based international associations, most notably the [[Languages of the European Union|European Union Language Association.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/croatia_en|title=Croatia |date=5 July 2016|website=European Union|publisher=European Commission|language=en|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Croatia}}
{{Update section|date=December 2020}}
[[File:University of Zagreb.jpg|thumb|left|[[University of Zagreb]] is the largest Croatian university and the oldest university in the area covering Central Europe south of [[Vienna]] and all of Southeastern Europe (1669)]]
Literacy in Croatia stands at 99.2 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/e01_01_33/E01_01_33.html|title=Population aged 10 and over by sex and illiterates by age, 2011 census|access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> Primary education in Croatia starts at the age of six or seven and consists of eight grades. In 2007 a law was passed to increase free, noncompulsory education until 18 years of age. Compulsory education consists of eight grades of elementary school.

Secondary education is provided by [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums]] and vocational schools. As of 2019, there are 2,103 elementary schools and 738 schools providing various forms of secondary education.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2019|title=Statističke informacije 2020|url=https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/StatInfo/pdf/StatInfo2020.pdf|website=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics|Državni zavod za statistiku]]|page=33}}</ref> Primary and secondary education are also available in languages of recognised minorities in Croatia, where classes are held in Czech, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Serbian languages.{{sfn|2017 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=488}}

There are 137 elementary and secondary level [[music school|music]] and [[art schools]], as well as 120 schools for disabled children and youth and 74 schools for adults.<ref name="dzs">{{cite journal|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2016/sljh2016.pdf|date=8 December 2016|title=Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2016 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|journal=Statistički Ljetopis Republike Hrvatske|issn=1333-3305|access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> Nationwide [[leaving exams]] ({{lang-hr|državna matura}}) were introduced for secondary education students in the school year 2009–2010. It comprises three compulsory subjects (Croatian language, mathematics, and a foreign language) and optional subjects and is a prerequisite for university education.<ref name="MZOS-Matura">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Science, Education and Sports (Croatia)]]|language=hr|url=http://public.mzos.hr/Default.aspx?sec=2246|title=Državna matura|access-date=12 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326060402/http://public.mzos.hr/Default.aspx?sec=2246|archive-date=26 March 2016}}</ref>
[[File:National and University Library in Zagreb.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|[[National and University Library in Zagreb|National and University Library]]]]
Croatia has eight public universities and two private universities.<ref name="iro">{{cite web |url=http://www.iro.hr/hr/informiranje-i-savjetovanje-o-visokom-obrazovanju/studiranje-u-hrvatskoj/pregled-institucija/ |title=Institut za razvoj obrazovanja – Pregled institucija |publisher=Iro.hr |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306211642/http://www.iro.hr/hr/informiranje-i-savjetovanje-o-visokom-obrazovanju/studiranje-u-hrvatskoj/pregled-institucija/ |archive-date=6 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[University of Zadar]], the first university in Croatia, was founded in 1396 and remained active until 1807, when other institutions of higher education took over until the foundation of the renewed University of Zadar in 2002.<ref name="Zadar-Uni">{{cite web|publisher=University of Zadar|url=http://www.unizd.hr/Onama/tabid/55/Default.aspx|language=hr|title=O nama|trans-title=About us|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> The [[University of Zagreb]], founded in 1669, is the oldest continuously operating university in Southeast Europe.<ref name="Zagreb-Uni">{{cite web|publisher=University of Zagreb|url= http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/about-university/history/|title=University of Zagreb 1699–2005|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> There are also 15 [[institute of technology|polytechnics]], of which two are private, and 30 higher education institutions, of which 27 are private.<ref name="iro"/> In total, there are 55 institutions of higher education in Croatia, attended by more than 157 thousand students.<ref name="dzs"/>

There are 205 companies, government or education system institutions and non-profit organisations in Croatia pursuing scientific research and development of technology. Combined, they spent more than 3 billion kuna (€400 million) and employed 10,191 full-time research staff in 2008.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/> Among the scientific institutes operating in Croatia, the largest is the [[Ruđer Bošković Institute]] in Zagreb.<ref name="JL-IRB">{{cite news|newspaper=Jutarnji list|language=hr|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/ciklotron--spojevi-i-novi-katalizatori---to-je-institut-ruder-boskovic-dao-svijetu-/823851/|title=60. rođendan Instituta Ruđer Bošković: Svijetu je dao ciklotron, spojeve i novi katalizator|trans-title=The 60th Anniversary of the Ruđer Bošković Institute: It Presented the World with a Cyclotron, Compounds and a New Catalyst|date=9 June 2010|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] in Zagreb is a [[learned society]] promoting language, culture, arts and science from its inception in 1866.<ref name="HAZU-founding">{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]|url=http://info.hazu.hr/foundation_of_academy|title=The Founding of the Academy|access-date=12 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606084626/http://info.hazu.hr/foundation_of_academy|archive-date=6 June 2010}}</ref> Croatia was ranked 42th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[European Investment Bank]] provided digital infrastructure and equipment to around 150 primary and secondary schools in Croatia. Twenty of these schools got specialised assistance in the form of gear, software, and services to help them integrate the teaching and administrative operations.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Infrastructure for an era of crisis|url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/coronavirus-infrastructure-investment|access-date=2021-06-07|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=E-Schools in Croatia|url=https://jaspers.eib.org/stories/e-schools-in-croatia|website=JASPERS}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
{{Main|Healthcare in Croatia}}
[[File:KBC Rebro aerial.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|[[University Hospital Centre Zagreb]]]]

Croatia has a [[universal health care]] system, whose roots can be traced back to the Hungarian-Croatian Parliament Act of 1891, providing a form of mandatory insurance of all factory workers and craftsmen.<ref name="RSP-1891">{{cite journal|journal=Revija za socijalnu politiku|issn=1330-2965|first=Siniša|last=Zrinščak|language=hr|title=Socijalna politika u kontekstu korjenite društvene transformacije postkomunističkih zemalja|trans-title=Social Policy in the Context of Thorough Social Transformation of Post-Communist Countries|pages=135–159|date=February 2003|volume=10|issue=2|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=47595|access-date=12 October 2011|doi=10.3935/rsp.v10i2.124|doi-access=free}}</ref> The population is covered by a basic health insurance plan provided by statute and optional insurance. In 2017, annual healthcare related expenditures reached 22.0 billion kuna (€3.0 billion).{{sfn|2017 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=549}} Healthcare expenditures comprise only 0.6% of private health insurance and public spending.<ref name="Vjesnik-Zdravstvo">{{cite news|newspaper=Vjesnik|language=hr|url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=B02A10F4-BFE5-4EC0-B0E5-BFCAFE8F2062|archive-date=17 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217063855/http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=B02A10F4-BFE5-4EC0-B0E5-BFCAFE8F2062|title=Ulaskom u EU Hrvatska će imati najveću potrošnju za zdravstvo|trans-title=After the EU accession Croatia will have the maximum healthcare spending|first=Marijana|last=Matković|date=27 September 2011|access-date=12 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017, Croatia spent around 6.6% of its GDP on healthcare.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/novosti/hrvatska/clanak/id/474180/puni-dzepovi-europski-smo-rekorderi-potrosnje-imamo-najskuplju-vlast-u-cijeloj-europskoj-uniji|title=Puni džepovi: europski smo rekorderi potrošnje, imamo najskuplju vlast u cijeloj Europskoj uniji!|date=19 March 2017|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
In 2020, Croatia ranked 41st in the world in life expectancy with 76.0 years for men and 82.0 years for women, and it had a low [[infant mortality rate]] of 3.4 per 1,000 [[Live birth (human)|live births]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Croatia Demographics 2020 (Population, Age, Sex, Trends) – Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/croatia-demographics/#life-exp|access-date=24 January 2021|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en}}</ref>

There are hundreds of healthcare institutions in Croatia, including 75 hospitals, and 13 clinics with 23,049 beds. The hospitals and clinics care for more than 700 thousand patients per year and employ 6,642 [[medical doctors]], including 4,773 specialists. There is total of 69,841 health workers. There are 119 emergency units in health centres, responding to more than a million calls.{{cn|date=January 2022}} The principal cause of death in 2016 was [[cardiovascular disease]] at 39.7% for men and 50.1% for women, followed by tumours, at 32.5% for men and 23.4% for women.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|year=2018|title=Statistički ljetopis 2018.|url=https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2018/sljh2018.pdf|access-date=|website=|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|page=118|publication-place=Zagreb}}</ref> In 2016 it was estimated that 37.0% of Croatians are smokers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|date=23 May 2013|title=Smoking|url=https://ourworldindata.org/smoking|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> According to 2016 data, 24.40% of the Croatian adult population is obese.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|date=11 August 2017|title=Obesity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/obesity|journal=Our World in Data}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Croatia}}
{{Further|World Heritage Sites in Croatia|Register of Cultural Goods of Croatia}}
[[File:TrogirView.jpg|thumb|right|Historic centre of [[Trogir]] has been included in the [[UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Site]] since 1997<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/810/|title=Historic City of Trogir|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref>]]

Because of its geographical position, Croatia represents a blend of four different cultural spheres. It has been a crossroads of influences from western culture and the east since the schism between the [[Western Roman Empire]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]], and also from [[Central Europe]] and [[Mediterranean culture]].<ref name="HTZ-History-Culture">{{cite web|publisher=Croatian National Tourist Board|url=http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Culture-and-History|title=Culture and History|access-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016185426/http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Culture-and-History|archive-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Illyrian movement]] was the most significant period of national cultural history, as the 19th century proved crucial to the emancipation of Croatian and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of art and culture, giving rise to many [[Culture of Croatia#People|historical figures]].<ref name="CRIS-Stančić"/>

The [[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)|Ministry of Culture]] is tasked with preserving the nation's [[Natural and Cultural Heritage of Croatia|cultural and natural heritage]] and overseeing its development. Further activities supporting the development of culture are undertaken at the local government level.<ref name="MKult-Djelokrug">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.min-kulture.hr/default.aspx?id=348|language=hr|title=Djelokrug|trans-title=Scope of authority|access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> The [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage Sites by country|World Heritage List]] includes [[ten sites in Croatia]]. The country is also rich with [[intangible culture]] and holds 15 of [[UNESCO's World's intangible culture masterpieces]], ranking fourth in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists?text=&multinational=3&display1=countryIDs#tabs|title=Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices – intangible heritage |publisher=UNESCO – Culture Sector |website=ich.unesco.org}}</ref> A global cultural contribution from Croatia is the necktie, derived from the [[Cravat (early)|cravat]] originally worn by the 17th-century Croatian mercenaries in France.<ref name="NYT-tie">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/30/magazine/style-dressed-to-kill.html|title=STYLE; Dressed to Kill|first=Eric P.|last=Nash|date=30 July 1995|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Huzjan">{{cite journal|journal=Povijesni Prilozi|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=43829|issn= 0351-9767|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|date=July 2008|volume=34|issue=34|pages=103–120|first=Vladimir|last=Huzjan|title=Pokušaj otkrivanja nastanka i razvoja kravate kao riječi i odjevnoga predmeta|language=hr|trans-title=The origin and development of the tie (kravata) as a word and as a garment|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2019, Croatia had 95 professional theatres, 30 professional children's theatres, and 51 amateur theatres visited by more than 2.27 million viewers per year. Professional theatres employ 1,195 artists. There are 42 professional orchestras, ensembles, and choirs, attracting an annual attendance of 297 thousand. There are 75 cinemas with 166 screens and attendance of 5.026 million.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|pp=512–513}}
Croatia has 222 museums, visited by more than 2.71 million people in 2016. Furthermore, there are 1,768 libraries, containing 26.8 million volumes, and 19 state archives.{{sfn|2017 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|pp=520–521}} The book publishing market is dominated by several major publishers and the industry's centrepiece event—[[Interliber]] exhibition held annually at [[Zagreb Fair]].<ref name="JL-Interliber">{{cite news|newspaper=Jutarnji list|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/interliber--nobelovci-za-20--bestseleri-za-50--remek-djela-za-100-kuna/902783/|title=Interliber: Nobelovci se prodaju za 20, bestseleri za 50, remek-djela za 100 kuna|trans-title=Interliber: Nobel Laureates Sold for 20, Bestsellers for 50, Masterpieces for 100 Kuna|language=hr|first=Adriana|last=Piteša|date=10 November 2010|access-date=13 October 2011|archive-date=24 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124020747/http://www.jutarnji.hr/interliber--nobelovci-za-20--bestseleri-za-50--remek-djela-za-100-kuna/902783/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Arts, literature, and music===
{{Main|Croatian art|Architecture of Croatia|Croatian literature|Croatian music}}
[[File:Euphrasiana_apse.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Euphrasian Basilica]] in [[Poreč]], example of early [[Byzantine architecture]], on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] since 1997.]]

Architecture in Croatia reflects influences of bordering nations. Austrian and Hungarian influence is visible in public spaces and buildings in the north and the central regions, architecture found along coasts of Dalmatia and Istria exhibits Venetian influence.<ref>{{cite book|title=A short history of Yugoslavia from early times to 1966|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]]|isbn=978-0-521-09531-0|first1=Stephen|last1=Clissold|author2=Henry Clifford Darby|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_G43AAAAIAAJ|year=1968|pages=51–52|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Squares named after culture heroes, parks, and pedestrian-only zones, are features of Croatian towns and cities, especially where large scale [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] urban planning took place, for instance in Osijek ([[Tvrđa]]), Varaždin, and Karlovac.<ref name="Telegraph-Baroque">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/croatia/10124483/Varazdin-Croatias-little-Vienna.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/croatia/10124483/Varazdin-Croatias-little-Vienna.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Varaždin: Croatia's 'little Vienna'|date=17 June 2013|last=MacGregor|first=Sandra|newspaper=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|access-date=4 September 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="JL-Karlovac-Baroque">{{cite news|newspaper=Jutarnji list|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/najljepsi-gradovi-sjeverne-hrvatske---karlovac--ozalj--ogulin/877654/| title= Najljepši gradovi Sjeverne Hrvatske – Karlovac, Ozalj, Ogulin|trans-title=The Most Beautiful Cities of the Northern Croatia – Karlovac, Ozalj, Ogulin|language=hr|date=14 August 2010|access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref> The subsequent influence of the [[Art Nouveau]] was reflected in contemporary architecture.<ref name="IPU-Art-Nouveau">{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Instituta Za Povijest Umjetnosti|issn=0350-3437|publisher=Institute of Art History (Croatia)|language=hr|url=http://www.hart.hr/uploads/documents/354.pdf|author=Darja Radović Mahečić|title=Sekvenca secesije – arhitekt Lav Kalda|trans-title=Sequence of the Art Nouveau – Architect Lav Kalda|year=2006|volume=30|pages=241–264|access-date=10 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100230/http://www.hart.hr/uploads/documents/354.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> The architecture is the Mediterranean with a Venetian and Renaissance influence in major coastal urban areas exemplified in works of [[Juraj Dalmatinac]] and [[Nicolas of Florence]] such as the [[Šibenik Cathedral|Cathedral of St. James]] in Šibenik.
The oldest preserved examples of Croatian architecture are the 9th-century churches, with the largest and the most representative among them being [[Church of St. Donatus]] in [[Zadar]].<ref name="MVPEI-Art">{{cite web|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia) |url=http://www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1467 |title=Croatian Art History – Overview of Prehistory |access-date=10 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007184122/http://www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1467 |archive-date=7 October 2011 }}</ref><ref name="TZZadar-Donat">{{cite web|publisher=Zadar Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzzadar.hr/en/city-guide/historical-monuments/23-05-2007/church-of-saint-donat|title=Church of Saint Donat|access-date=10 October 2011|archive-date=24 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324042000/http://www.tzzadar.hr/en/city-guide/historical-monuments/23-05-2007/church-of-saint-donat|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Peristyle of Diocletian's Palace - Split - 51387487617.jpg|thumb|Historical nucleus of [[Split, Croatia|Split]] with the 4th-century [[Diocletian's Palace]] was inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] list of [[World Heritage Site]]s in 1979]]

Besides the architecture encompassing the oldest artworks, there is a history of artists in Croatia reaching the Middle Ages. In that period the stone portal of the [[Trogir Cathedral]] was made by [[Radovan (master)|Radovan]], representing the most important monument of [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] sculpture from [[Croatia in the union with Hungary|Medieval Croatia]]. The [[Renaissance in Croatia|Renaissance]] had the greatest impact on the Adriatic Sea coast since the remainder was embroiled in the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War. With the waning of the Ottoman Empire, art flourished during the [[Baroque]] and [[Rococo]]. The 19th and the 20th centuries brought about affirmation of numerous Croatian artisans, helped by several patrons of the arts such as bishop [[Josip Juraj Strossmayer]].<ref name="Essehist-Strossmayer">{{cite journal|journal=Essehist|publisher=[[University of Osijek]] – Faculty of Philosophy|issn=1847-6236|date=September 2011|volume=2|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=95675|title=Josip Juraj Strossmayer – Rođeni Osječanin|trans-title=Josip Juraj Strossmayer – Native of Osijek|language=hr|pages=70–73|first=Pavao|last=Nujić|access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref> Croatian artists of the period achieving renown were [[Vlaho Bukovac]], [[Ivan Meštrović]], and [[Ivan Generalić]].<ref name="MVPEI-Art"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Hintz|first=Martin|title=Croatia: Enchantment of the World|publisher=[[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]]|year=2004|isbn=0-516-24253-9|pages=105–107|language=English}}</ref>

Croatian music varies from classical operas to modern day rock. [[Vatroslav Lisinski]] created the country's first Opera, ''Love and Malice'', in 1846. [[Ivan Zajc]] composed more than a thousand pieces of music, including masses and oratorios. Pianist [[Ivo Pogorelić]] has performed across the world.<ref name=":0" />

The Baška tablet, a stone inscribed with the [[glagolitic alphabet]] found on the Krk island and dated to circa 1100, is considered to be the oldest surviving prose in Croatian.<ref name="KRK-Baška">{{cite web|publisher=Island of Krk Tourist Board|url=http://www.krk.hr/en/offer/attractions/the_baska_tablet|title=The Baška tablet|access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref> The beginning of more vigorous development of Croatian literature is marked by the Renaissance and [[Marko Marulić]]. Besides Marulić, Renaissance playwright [[Marin Držić]], Baroque poet [[Ivan Gundulić]], [[Croatian national revival]] poet [[Ivan Mažuranić]], novelist, playwright, and poet [[August Šenoa]], children's writer [[Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić]], writer and journalist [[Marija Jurić Zagorka]], poet and writer [[Antun Gustav Matoš]], poet [[Antun Branko Šimić]], [[expressionist]] and [[Realism (arts)|realist]] writer [[Miroslav Krleža]], poet [[Tin Ujević]] and novelist, and short story writer [[Ivo Andrić]] are often cited as the greatest figures in Croatian literature.<ref name="LZMK">{{cite web|publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography]]|url=http://www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik|date=11 February 2011|language=hr|title=Hrvatska književnost u 270.000 redaka|trans-title=Croatian Literature in 270,000 Lines|access-date=13 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217062534/http://www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik|archive-date=17 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="NYT-Readerguide">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/18/books/a-reader-s-guide-to-the-balkans.html|title= A Reader's Guide to the Balkans|first=Robert D.|last=Kaplan|date=18 April 1993|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of Croatia|Cinema of Croatia|Television in Croatia|List of radio stations in Croatia}}

In Croatia, the Constitution guarantees the freedom of the press and the freedom of speech.<ref name="worldpress">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Benfield|first=Richard W.|editor=Quick, Amanda C.|encyclopedia=World Press Encyclopedia|title=Croatia|url=http://www.pressreference.com/Co-Fa/Croatia.html|access-date=13 September 2011|edition=2|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|volume=1|location=Detroit|isbn=0-7876-5583-X|year=2003}}</ref> Croatia ranked 64th in the 2019 [[Press Freedom Index]] report compiled by [[Reporters Without Borders]] which noted that journalists who investigate corruption, organised crime or war crimes face challenges and that the Government was trying to influence the public broadcaster [[Croatian Radiotelevision|HRT]]'s editorial policies.<ref name="index">{{cite web |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2019 |title=Press Freedom Index 2019 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> In its 2019 Freedom in the World report, the [[Freedom House]] classified freedoms of press and speech in Croatia as generally free from political interference and manipulation, noting that journalists still face threats and occasional attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/croatia|title=Croatia|date=28 January 2019|website=freedomhouse.org|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719030207/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/croatia|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state-owned news agency [[HINA]] runs a [[wire service]] in Croatian and English on politics, economics, society, and culture.<ref name="HINA-about">{{cite web|publisher=[[HINA]]|url=http://websrv2.hina.hr/hina/web/view.action?view=hina|title=About Hina|access-date=13 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011031419/http://websrv2.hina.hr/hina/web/view.action?view=hina|archive-date=11 October 2011}}</ref>

{{as of|2021|January}}, there are thirteen nationwide free-to-air [[DVB-T]] television channels, with [[Croatian Radiotelevision]] (HRT) operating four, [[RTL (Croatian TV channel)|RTL Televizija]] three, and [[Nova TV (Croatia)|Nova TV]] operating two channels, and the [[Croatian Olympic Committee]], Kapital Net d.o.o., and Author d.o.o. companies operate the remaining three.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popis programa DTV {{!}} OIV digitalni signali i mreže|url=https://oiv.hr/hr/usluge-i-platforme/oiv-dtv-dvb-t2-digitalna-zemaljska-televizija/popis-programa-dtv/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=oiv.hr|language=hr}}</ref> Also, there are 21 regional or local DVB-T television channels.<ref name="OIV-DVBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[Odašiljači i veze]]|url=https://www.oiv.hr/broadcasting/tables/dtv_channel_hr.aspx|title=Popis programa digitalne televizije|trans-title=List of Digital Television Programmes|language=hr|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106185209/https://www.oiv.hr/broadcasting/tables/dtv_channel_hr.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The HRT is also broadcasting a satellite TV channel.<ref name="HRT-Sat">{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Radiotelevision]]|url=http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=186&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=126&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1787&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=185&cHash=ac69c865cd|title=HRT broadcasting via satellite|date=20 May 2008|access-date=13 October 2011|archive-date=28 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828125903/http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=186&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=126&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1787&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=185&cHash=ac69c865cd|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, there were 155 radio stations and 27 TV stations in Croatia.<ref name="dzs2">{{cite journal|url=https://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2018/sljh2018.pdf|date=2 November 2018|title=Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|journal=Statistički Ljetopis Republike Hrvatske|issn=1333-3305 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=v.k.|date=11 October 2020|title=Radio stanice u Zagrebu i Zagrebačkoj županiji|url=https://www.zgportal.com/zgservis/radio-stanice-u-zagrebu-i-zagrebackoj-zupaniji/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=ZGportal Zagreb|language=hr}}</ref> Cable television and [[IPTV]] networks are gaining ground. Cable television already serves 450 thousand people, around 10% of the total population of the country.<ref name="Lider-IPTV">{{cite web|publisher=Lider|url=http://www.liderpress.hr/Default.aspx?sid=11836|title=Prva Internet televizija u Hrvatskoj|trans-title=The First Internet Television in Croatia|language=hr|first=Sandra|last=Babić|date=15 January 2007|access-date=13 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111153124/http://www.liderpress.hr/Default.aspx?sid=11836|archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="JL-cableTV">{{cite news|newspaper=Jutarnji list|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/kabelska-televizija--vec-je-450--tisuca-hrvata-preslo-na-kabelsku-i-gleda-200-tv-programa/901119/|language=hr|title=Već je 450 tisuća Hrvata prešlo na kabelsku i gleda 200 TV programa|trans-title=450 thousand Croats already switched to cable, watching 200 TV channels|first=Merita|last=Arslani|date=6 November 2010|access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Zgrada HRT Zagreb.jpg|thumb|[[Croatian Radio|Radio Zagreb]], now a part of [[Croatian Radiotelevision]], was the first public radio station in Southeast Europe.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Politička Misao|publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Political Sciences|issn=0032-3241|volume=38|issue=5|date=July 2002|title=Marina Mučalo: Radio in Croatia, book review|first=Darko|last=Tomorad|pages=150–152}}</ref>]]

In 2010, 314 newspapers and 2,678 magazines were published in Croatia.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/> The print media market is dominated by the Croatian-owned [[Hanza Media]] and Austrian-owned [[Styria Media Group]] who publish their flagship dailies ''[[Jutarnji list]]'', ''[[Večernji list]]'' and ''[[24sata (Croatia)|24sata]]''. Other influential newspapers are ''[[Novi list]]'' and ''[[Slobodna Dalmacija]]''.<ref name="EPH-Print">{{cite web|publisher=[[Europapress Holding]] |url=http://www.eph.hr/eng/products_and_services/index.html |title=Print Products |access-date=13 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008011534/http://www.eph.hr/eng/products_and_services/index.html |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Styria-dailies">{{cite web|publisher=[[Styria Media Group]] |url=http://www.styria.com/en/konzernunternehmen/kategorie.php?&cat=1 |title=Daily papers |access-date=13 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921110603/http://www.styria.com/en/konzernunternehmen/kategorie.php?&cat=1 |archive-date=21 September 2011 }}</ref> In 2020, ''24sata'' was the most widely circulated daily newspaper, followed by ''Večernji list'' and ''Jutarnji list''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/135683|title=Tisak u krizi: analiza trendova u Hrvatskoj od 2008. do 2013.|journal=Medijske Studije|volume=5|issue=10|date=December 2014|last=Vozab|first=Dina|language=hr|access-date=26 December 2015|page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AZTN: Prodaja dnevnih i tjednih novina nastavlja padati|url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/aztn-prodaja-dnevnih-i-tjednih-novina-nastavlja-padati-20200617|access-date=23 January 2021|website=tportal.hr}}</ref>

[[Cinema of Croatia|Croatia's film industry]] is small and heavily subsidised by the government, mainly through grants approved by the Ministry of Culture with films often being co-produced by HRT.<ref name="JL-Film">{{cite news|newspaper=Jutarnji list|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/ministarstvo-financira-rekordan-broj-filmova/154303/|title=Ministarstvo financira rekordan broj filmova|trans-title=Ministry [of Culture] funding a record number of films|language=hr|date=12 September 2006|first=Adriana|last=Piteša|access-date=13 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126125752/http://www.jutarnji.hr/ministarstvo-financira-rekordan-broj-filmova/154303/|archive-date=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="HRT-coproducing">{{cite web|publisher=Croatian Radiotelevision|url=http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=94&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=108897&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=23&cHash=348879aae9|language=hr|title=Potpora hrvatskim filmovima i koprodukcijama|trans-title=Supporting Croatian Films and Co-Productions|date=18 March 2011|access-date=13 October 2011|archive-date=28 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828143142/http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=94&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=108897&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=23&cHash=348879aae9|url-status=dead}}</ref> Croatian cinema produces between five and ten feature films per year.<ref>{{cite book |title=International Film Guide 2012 |first=Ian Hayden |last=Smith |year= 2012 |isbn= 978-1908215017 |page= 94}}</ref> [[Pula Film Festival]], the national film awards event held annually in [[Pula]], is the most prestigious film event featuring national and international productions.<ref name="Vjesnik-PulaFilm">{{cite news|newspaper=Vjesnik|url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=4D920144-9B74-462C-82CF-ED90611927CA|archive-date=17 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217063907/http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=4D920144-9B74-462C-82CF-ED90611927CA|title=Trierova trijumfalna apokalipsa|trans-title=Trier's Triumphant Apocalypse|first=Vedran|last=Jerbić|date=12 July 2011|access-date=13 October 2011|language=hr}}</ref> [[Animafest Zagreb]], founded in 1972, is the prestigious annual film festival dedicated to the animated film. The first greatest accomplishment by Croatian filmmakers was achieved by [[Dušan Vukotić]] when he won the 1961 [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film]] for ''[[Surogat|Ersatz]]'' ({{lang-hr|Surogat}}).<ref name="Vjesnik-surogat">{{cite news|newspaper=Vjesnik|url=http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=7C537DEE-B4AE-4879-9F79-7C68D6294510|archive-date=17 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217063842/http://www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=7C537DEE-B4AE-4879-9F79-7C68D6294510|title="Surogat" napunio pola stoljeća|trans-title="Ersatz" celebrates half a century|language=hr|first=Božidar|last=Trkulja|date=29 May 2011|access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref> Croatian film producer [[Branko Lustig]] won the [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Academy Awards for Best Picture]] for ''[[Schindler's List]]'' and ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''.<ref name="Film Producer Branko Lustig Becomes Honorary Citizen of Zagreb">{{cite web|publisher=Total Croatia News|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/36240-branko-lustig|title=Film Producer Branko Lustig Becomes Honorary Citizen of Zagreb|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Croatian cuisine|Croatian wine}}
[[File:Vino Teran (Croatia).jpg|thumb| [[Croatian wine|Teran wine]] from [[Istria]] region]]
Croatian traditional cuisine varies from one region to another. Dalmatia and Istria have culinary influences of [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] and other [[Mediterranean cuisine]]s which prominently feature various seafood, cooked vegetables and pasta, and condiments such as olive oil and garlic. [[Austrian cuisine|Austrian]], [[Hungarian cuisine|Hungarian]], and [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]] culinary styles influenced continental cuisine. In that area, meats, freshwater fish, and vegetable dishes are predominant.<ref name="HTZ-cuisine">{{cite web|publisher=Croatian National Tourist Board|url=http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Gastronomy-and-enology|access-date=13 October 2011|title=Gastronomy and enology}}</ref>

There are two distinct wine-producing regions in Croatia. The continental in the northeast of the country, especially Slavonia, produces premium wines, particularly whites. Along the north coast, Istrian and Krk wines are similar to those in neighbouring Italy, while further south in Dalmatia, Mediterranean-style red wines are the norm.<ref name="HTZ-cuisine"/> Annual production of wine exceeds 140 million litres.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/> Croatia was almost exclusively a wine-consuming country up until the late 18th century when a more massive beer production and consumption started.<ref name="skenderovic">{{cite news|url=http://www.matica.hr/HRRevija/revija032.nsf/AllWebDocs/skenderovic|title=Kako je pivo došlo u Hrvatsku|last=Skenderović|first=Robert|year=2002|work=[[Hrvatska revija]]|language=hr|access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> The annual consumption of beer in 2020 was 78.7 litres per capita which placed Croatia in 15th place among the world's countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beer Consumption by Country 2020|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/beer-consumption-by-country|access-date=24 January 2021|website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Croatia|Croatia at the Olympics}}
{{Update section|date=January 2021}}
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2022}}
There are more than 400,000 active sportspeople in Croatia.<ref name="Perman-400">{{cite journal|journal=Jahr: Europski časopis za bioetiku|publisher=University of Rijeka|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=102603|title=Is sports system fair?|issn=1847-6376|volume=2|issue=3|date=May 2011|first=Biserka|last=Perman|access-date=8 October 2011|pages=159–171}}</ref> Out of that number, 277,000 are members of sports associations and nearly 4,000 are chess members and [[contract bridge]] associations.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/> Association football is the most popular sport. The [[Croatian Football Federation]] ({{lang-hr|Hrvatski nogometni savez}}), with more than 118,000 registered players, is the largest sporting association.<ref name="CFF-members">{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Football Federation]]|url=http://www.hns-cff.hr/?ln=en&w=o_hns|title=About Croatian Football Federation|access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Prva HNL]] football league attracts the highest [[List of sports attendance figures|average attendance]] of any professional sports league. In [[2010–11 Prva HNL|season 2010–11]], it attracted 458,746 spectators.<ref name="Index-attendance">{{cite web|publisher=Index.hr|language=hr|url=http://www.index.hr/sport/clanak/evo-vam-lige-16-na-utakmicama-hnla-prosjecno-1911-ljudi/553229.aspx|title=Evo vam Lige 16: Na utakmicama HNL-a prosječno 1911|trans-title= There's league 16: Average attendance at HNL matches stands at 1911|date=24 May 2011|access-date=8 October 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Croatia WC2018 final.jpg|thumb|[[Croatia national football team]] came in second at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018 World Cup]] in Russia|246x246px]]
Croatian athletes competing at international events since Croatian independence in 1991 won 44 [[Croatia at the Olympics|Olympic medals]], including 15 gold medals.<ref name="HOO-medalists">{{cite web|title=Olympic medalists|publisher=[[Croatian Olympic Committee]]|url=http://www.hoo.hr/en/olimpijske_popis.aspx|access-date=9 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121013401/http://www.hoo.hr/en/olimpijske_popis.aspx|archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> Also, Croatian athletes won 16 gold medals at world championships, including four in athletics at the World Championships in Athletics. In tennis, Croatia won [[Davis Cup]] in 2005 and 2018. Croatia's most successful male players [[Goran Ivanišević]] and [[Marin Čilić]] have both won [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles and have got into the top 3 of the [[ATP rankings]]. Iva Majoli became the first Croatian female player to win the French Open when she won it in [[1997 French Open – Women's Singles|1997]]. The [[Croatia national football team|Croatian national football team]] came in third in 1998 and second in the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].
Croatia hosted several major sports competitions, including the [[2009 World Men's Handball Championship]], the [[2007 World Table Tennis Championships]], the [[2000 World Rowing Championships]], the [[1987 Summer Universiade]], the [[1979 Mediterranean Games]], and several [[European Championship]]s.

The governing sports authority is the [[Croatian Olympic Committee]] ({{lang-hr|Hrvatski olimpijski odbor}}), founded on 10 September 1991 and recognised by the [[International Olympic Committee]] since 17 January 1992, in time to permit the Croatian athletes to appear at the [[1992 Winter Olympics]] in [[Albertville]], France representing the newly independent nation for the first time at the [[Olympic Games]].<ref name="HOO-COO">{{cite web|publisher=Croatian Olympic Committee|url=http://www.hoo.hr/en/hoo.aspx|title=Croatian Olympic Committee|work=hoo.hr|access-date=9 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704233649/http://www.hoo.hr/en/hoo.aspx|archive-date=4 July 2011}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Croatia}}
*[[Outline of Croatia]]
*[[Index of Croatia-related articles]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|group=efn}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|first1=Roy|last1=Adkins|first2=Lesley|last2=Adkins|year=2008|title=The War for All the Oceans|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-311392-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u9jdSlnGiMC|access-date=18 October 2011}}
* {{cite book|first1=Damir|last1=Agičić|first2=Dragutin|last2=Feletar|first3=Anita|last3=Filipčić|first4=Tomislav|last4=Jelić|first5=Zoran|last5=Stiperski|title=Povijest i zemljopis Hrvatske: priručnik za hrvatske manjinske škole|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SArPwAACAAJ|year=2000|isbn=978-953-6235-40-7|language=hr|trans-title=History and Geography of Croatia: Minority School Manual|access-date=18 October 2011}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC|first=Ivo|last=Banac|author-link=Ivo Banac|title=The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8014-9493-2|year=1984|access-date=18 October 2011}}
*{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Beverly|title=Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia|year=1996|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0816628186|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/rapewarfarehidde00alle}}
* {{cite book|first=Mark|last=Biondich|title=Stjepan Radić, the Croat Peasant Party, and the politics of mass mobilization, 1904–1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZBgIIZ18WMC|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=978-0-8020-8294-7|access-date=18 October 2011}}
* {{cite book|first=Peterjon|last=Cresswell|title=Time Out Croatia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwOYuX-Oy18C|access-date=10 March 2010|edition=First|date=10 July 2006|publisher=Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, [[Random House]]|location=London, Berkeley & Toronto|isbn=978-1-904978-70-1}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TiFZQHwAjQC|first=Sharon|last=Fisher|title=Political change in post-Communist Slovakia and Croatia: from nationalist to Europeanist|year=2006|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-1-4039-7286-6|access-date=18 October 2011}}
* {{cite journal|journal=Povijesni Prilozi|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=13778|issn=0351-9767|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|date=July 2005|volume=28|issue=28|pages=7–22|first=Márta|last=Font|title=Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku|language=hr|trans-title=Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middle Ages|access-date=17 October 2011}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWTrLQAACAAJ|first1=Joerg|last1=Forbrig|first2=Pavol|last2=Demeš|title=Reclaiming democracy: civil society and electoral change in central and eastern Europe|year=2007|isbn=978-80-969639-0-4|publisher=[[The German Marshall Fund of the United States]]|access-date=18 October 2011}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C|first=Richard C.|last=Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|access-date=18 October 2011}}
* {{cite journal|last=Geiger|first=Vladimir|title=Human losses of Croats in World War II and the immediate post-war period caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partizans (People's Liberation Army and the partizan detachment of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Yugoslav Communist authoritities. Numerical indicators|journal=Review of Croatian History|volume=VIII|issue=1|date=2012|pages=77–121|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Goldstein|first=Ivo|author-link=Ivo Goldstein|title=Croatia: A History|publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]]|year=1999|isbn=9781850655251}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7sVAQAAIAAJ|editor-first=Mirjana|editor-last=Kasapović|language=hr|title=Hrvatska Politika 1990–2000|trans-title=Croatian Politics 1990–2000|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Political Science|year=2001|isbn=978-953-6457-08-3|access-date=18 October 2011}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORSMBFwjAKcC|first1=Matjaž|last1=Klemenčič|first2=Mitja|last2=Žagar|title=The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-57607-294-3|access-date=17 October 2011}}
*{{cite book|last=Kočović|first=Bogoljub|author-link=Bogoljub Kočović|title=Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji|trans-title=World War II Victims in Yugoslavia|date=1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPxmAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Naše delo|language=sr}}
* {{cite book|first=Frederic Chapin|last=Lane|author-link=Frederic C. Lane|title=Venice, a Maritime Republic|publisher=JHU Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8018-1460-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQpU2JGJCMwC|access-date=18 October 2011}}
* {{cite book|first=Manus I.|last=Midlarsky|title=The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/killingtrapgenoc0000midl|url-access=registration|access-date=25 March 2013|edition=First|date=20 October 2005|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=[[Cambridge]]|isbn=978-1-139-44539-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Branka|last=Magaš|title=Croatia Through History: The Making of a European State|publisher=Saqi Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-86356-775-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5pAAAAMAAJ|access-date=18 October 2011}}
* {{cite book|first=Ivan|last=Mužić|title=Hrvatska povijest devetoga stoljeća|trans-title=Croatian Ninth Century History|language=hr|url=http://www.muzic-ivan.info/hrvatska_povijest.pdf|isbn=978-953-263-034-3|year=2007|publisher=Naklada Bošković|access-date=14 October 2011|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808024028/http://www.muzic-ivan.info/hrvatska_povijest.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|year=2001|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford Univ|isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC}}
*{{cite journal|last=Žerjavić|first=Vladimir|author-link=Vladimir Žerjavić|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=52846|language=hr|title=Doseljavanja i iseljavanja s područja Istre, Rijeke i Zadra u razdoblju 1910–1971.|trans-title=Immigration and emigration from the Istria, Rijeka and Zadar areas in the period from 1910 to 1971|pages=631–653|journal=Journal for General Social Issues|volume=2|number=4-5(6–7)|date=1993|location=[[Zagreb]], Croatia|ref={{harvid|Žerjavić|1993b}}}}
*{{cite book|last=Žerjavić|first=Vladimir|author-link=Vladimir Žerjavić|year=1992|title=Opsesije i megalomanije oko Jasenovca i Bleiburga|trans-title=Obsession and Megalomania over Jasenovac and Bleiburg|publisher=Globus|isbn=86-343-0661-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OCotAAAAMAAJ|language=hr}}
* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|DIP|1990 (a)}}|year=1990|publisher=Croatian State Electoral Committee|location=Zagreb, Croatia|language=hr|url=http://www.izbori.hr/arhiva/pdf/1990/1990_2_1_Sabor_Statistika_Stat_podaci.pdf|title=Statistički pokazatelji o provedenim izborima za zastupnike u Sabor Socijalističke Republike Hrvatske – Prilog|trans-title=Statistical Indicators on Performed Elections of Representatives in the Parliament of the Socialist Republic of Croatia – Annex|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514021334/http://www.izbori.hr/arhiva/pdf/1990/1990_2_1_Sabor_Statistika_Stat_podaci.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2015}}
* {{Croatia Yearbook 2013|ref={{SfnRef|2013 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia}}}}
* {{Croatia Yearbook 2015|ref={{SfnRef|Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Croatia}}

* [http://www.vlada.hr/en Government website]
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/croatia/ Croatia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905115052/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/croatia.htm Croatia] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [http://croatia.hr Croatia.hr] Official website of the Croatian National Tourist Board
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180713115022/http://www.thisiscroatia.hr/#!/home This is Croatia]
* {{curlie|Regional/Europe/Croatia}}
* [http://www.visit-croatia.co.uk/ Visit Croatia – a travel guide]
* {{Wikiatlas|Croatia}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|214885|bullet=no}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=HR Key Development Forecasts for Croatia] from [[International Futures]]

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Baby Shark

2022-06-10T22:26:16Z

Comm.unity: /* Pinkfong version */ removed erroneous italics

{{short description|Children's song}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}

"'''Baby Shark'''" is a [[children's song]] and associated dance. Originating as a [[campfire songs|campfire song]], "Baby Shark" became very popular in 2016, when [[Pinkfong]], a South Korean entertainment company, released a version of the song with a [[YouTube]] music video that went viral across social media, online video and radio. In November 2020, Pinkfong's version became the [[List of most-viewed YouTube videos|most-viewed YouTube video]] of all time, with over 7 billion views.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/nov/02/baby-shark-becomes-most-viewed-youtube-video-ever-beating-despacito |title=Baby Shark becomes most viewed YouTube video ever, beating Despacito |first=Ben |last=Beaumont-Thomas |date=2 November 2020 |work=The Guardian |access-date=November 2, 2020 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108004725/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/nov/02/baby-shark-becomes-most-viewed-youtube-video-ever-beating-despacito |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="joongang">{{cite news| url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2020/11/02/entertainment/television/baby-shark-pinkfong-smartstudy/20201102173206445.html| title=Baby Shark Dance video becomes most viewed on YouTube| publisher=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]| date=2 November 2020| first=Sun-min| last=Lee| url-status=live| archive-date=2 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102134641/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2020/11/02/entertainment/television/baby-shark-pinkfong-smartstudy/20201102173206445.html}}</ref> In January 2022, it became the first YouTube video to reach 10 billion views.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Shark becomes first YouTube video to reach 10 billion views |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/1/baby-shark-becomes-first-youtube-video-to-reach-10-billion-views-689527 |website=Guinness World Records |access-date=16 May 2022 |language=en-gb |date=19 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=CNN |first1=Scottie Andrew |title='Baby Shark' becomes the first YouTube video to hit 10 billion views |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/13/entertainment/baby-shark-10-billion-views-youtube-cec/index.html |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=CNN}}</ref>

==Origins and early history==
[[File:Baby shark dance, Andersen.jpg|thumb|2018 photo of a four-year-old boy doing the "Baby Shark" dance]]

"Baby Shark" originated as a [[campfire song]] or chant. The original song dates back to at least the 20th century,<ref name="CBC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/thursday-january-24-2019-steffi-didomenicantonio-johnny-only-and-more-1.4989911/the-long-complicated-history-of-baby-shark-and-the-artist-fighting-for-credit-1.4989936 |title=The long, complicated history of Baby Shark — and the artist fighting for credit |first=Jesse |last=Kinos-Goodin |website=CBC |access-date=January 24, 2019 |archive-date=January 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128053419/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/thursday-january-24-2019-steffi-didomenicantonio-johnny-only-and-more-1.4989911/the-long-complicated-history-of-baby-shark-and-the-artist-fighting-for-credit-1.4989936 |url-status=live }}</ref> potentially created by [[camp counselor]]s inspired by the movie ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]''.<ref name="vulture">{{cite web |last1=Reilly |first1=Dan |title=How Death, Dismemberment, and Jesus Helped 'Baby Shark' Become a Hit |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/how-death-dismemberment-and-jesus-made-baby-shark-a-hit.html |website=Vulture |access-date=January 30, 2019 |date=January 24, 2019 |archive-date=January 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010747/https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/how-death-dismemberment-and-jesus-made-baby-shark-a-hit.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Paskin |first=Willa |url=https://slate.com/culture/2019/02/decoder-ring-explores-the-multidecade-history-of-the-song-baby-shark-and-the-youtube-economy-that-made-it-a-hit.html |title=Decoder Ring: 'Baby Shark' |date=February 25, 2019 |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=March 2, 2019 |archive-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226010039/https://slate.com/culture/2019/02/decoder-ring-explores-the-multidecade-history-of-the-song-baby-shark-and-the-youtube-economy-that-made-it-a-hit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the chant, each member of a family of [[shark]]s is introduced, with campers using their hands to imitate the sharks' jaws. Different versions of the song have the sharks hunting fish, eating a sailor, or killing people who then go to heaven.<ref>{{cite news |last=Valens |first=Ana |url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/baby-shark-meme-youtube/ |title='Baby Shark' reminds us of the past—and that's what makes it a great meme |date=November 18, 2018 |work=The Daily Dot |access-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-date=November 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118174705/https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/baby-shark-meme-youtube/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Various entities have [[copyright]]ed original videos and sound recordings of the song, and some have [[trademark]]ed merchandise based on their versions. However, according to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the underlying song and characters are believed to be in the [[public domain]].<ref name=nyt_Nov2019/>

===Alemuel version===
A dance version of "Baby Shark" was popularized in the 2007 YouTube video "Kleiner Hai" (German for ''Little Shark'') published by Alexandra Müller, also known by her stage name ''Alemuel''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/baby-shark-song-what-is-the-challenge-how-to-dance-where-did-it-come-from-a3927536.html |title=Where did the Baby Shark song come from? |work=[[Evening Standard]] |first=Georgia |last=Chambers |date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=October 6, 2018 |archive-date=October 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235835/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/baby-shark-song-what-is-the-challenge-how-to-dance-where-did-it-come-from-a3927536.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This version is set to the [[Jaws (soundtrack)|theme of ''Jaws'']] and tells the story of a baby shark who grows up and eats a swimmer.<ref name=techly>{{cite web |last=Pineros |first=Benjamin |url=https://www.techly.com.au/2018/09/18/behind-baby-shark-viral-sensation-sexism-german-memes-right-wing-chants/ |title=Sexism, German memes and right-wing chants: Behind the 'Baby Shark' viral sensation |date=September 18, 2018 |work=Techly |access-date=October 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235621/https://www.techly.com.au/2018/09/18/behind-baby-shark-viral-sensation-sexism-german-memes-right-wing-chants/ |archive-date=October 6, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The video quickly gained popularity<ref>{{cite news |title=Schnappt der "kleine Hai" nach "Schnappi"? |url=https://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/musik/macht-schnappi-konkurrenz-4672826.bild.html#fromWall |work=[[Bild]] |date=May 29, 2008 |access-date=October 6, 2018 |archive-date=October 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006194630/https://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/musik/macht-schnappi-konkurrenz-4672826.bild.html#fromWall |url-status=live }}</ref> and led to EMI offering {{ill|Alemuel|de}} a record deal.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} The single peaked at 25th in the German charts<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-472294|title=Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts|website=www.offiziellecharts.de|language=de-de|access-date=November 2, 2018|archive-date=November 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113125355/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-472294|url-status=live}}</ref> and at 21 in the Austrian charts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Kleiner+Hai+feat.+Alemuel&titel=Kleiner+Hai+-+dim+dim...&cat=s|title=Kleiner Hai feat. Alemuel - Kleiner Hai - dim dim...|last=Hung|first=Steffen|website=austriancharts.at|access-date=November 2, 2018|archive-date=November 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113165826/https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Kleiner+Hai+feat.+Alemuel&titel=Kleiner+Hai+-+dim+dim...&cat=s|url-status=live}}</ref> The German version of the song remains popular among German youth groups, and multiple variations, also in different dialects of German,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hassendoerper |title=WRS Baby Hai |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vf76OL1-92Q |website=YouTube |access-date=October 5, 2018}}</ref> have been published.

===Johnny Only version===
Johnny Only, a children's entertainer based in [[Upstate New York]], was a [[DJ]] at a [[summer camp|kids camp]] and the counselors would regularly perform the song with their campers. He saw how engaged and animated the campers were when "Baby Shark" was performed, so when he became a full-time children's entertainer, he released his own version.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkHdx0yWaow |title=Archived copy |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=July 28, 2019 |archive-date=July 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728073613/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkHdx0yWaow |url-status=live }}</ref> This version was released in 2011, five years before the Pinkfong version of "Baby Shark" became a global phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/thursday-january-24-2019-steffi-didomenicantonio-johnny-only-and-more-1.4989911/the-long-complicated-history-of-baby-shark-and-the-artist-fighting-for-credit-1.4989936|title=The long, complicated history of Baby Shark|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-date=January 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128053419/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/q/thursday-january-24-2019-steffi-didomenicantonio-johnny-only-and-more-1.4989911/the-long-complicated-history-of-baby-shark-and-the-artist-fighting-for-credit-1.4989936|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Pinkfong version==
"Baby Shark" was greatly popularized by a version of the song produced by [[Pinkfong]], an education brand owned by South Korean entertainment company [[SmartStudy]]. The original music video for "Baby Shark" ({{ko-hhrm|상어 가족||Sang-eo Gajok|lit=shark family}}) without the child actors was uploaded on November 26, 2015.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R93ce4FZGbc |title=Baby Shark | Animal Songs | PINKFONG Songs for Children |date=2015-11-26 |access-date=2022-06-09 }}</ref> All videos related to Pinkfong's song had garnered around 5 billion views by January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/1/30/18203918/baby-shark-song-youtube-video-education-trend|title=Baby Shark videos have amassed a record-breaking 5 billion views|last=Radulovic|first=Petrana|date=January 30, 2019|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131040057/https://www.polygon.com/2019/1/30/18203918/baby-shark-song-youtube-video-education-trend|archive-date=January 31, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=January 30, 2019}}</ref><ref name="guardian20180903">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/shortcuts/2018/sep/03/baby-shark-short-guide-most-annoying-song|title=Scared of Baby Shark? A short guide to the year's most annoying song|last=Hann|first=Michael|date=September 3, 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=April 27, 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427022408/https://www.theguardian.com/music/shortcuts/2018/sep/03/baby-shark-short-guide-most-annoying-song|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2021}} The most popular of these videos, "Baby Shark Dance", was uploaded on June 17, 2016, and went viral starting in 2017. On November 2, 2020, over four years after it was uploaded, it became the most-viewed YouTube video of all time after surpassing [[Luis Fonsi]]'s "[[Despacito]]" with 7.04 billion views.<ref name="The Guardian" /> On December 21, 2020, it became the first YouTube video to surpass 7.5 billion views, the approximate population of the world.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} It is the first most-viewed video to mention its status as such in the title.

This version of the song was performed by then-10-year-old Korean-American singer Hope Segoine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the voice behind 'Baby Shark' after it hits the Billboard Hot 100 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gu1hJ7jUjFc |access-date=August 26, 2019 |agency=[[KTVB]] |via=[[YouTube]] |date=January 10, 2019}}</ref> The music video featured two child actors, one of whom is child actress Elaine Johnston, a 9-year-old New Zealander of Korean-Scottish descent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the nine-year-old Kiwi star at the centre of the viral Baby Shark song |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/meet-nine-year-old-kiwi-star-centre-viral-baby-shark-song |access-date=August 26, 2019 |agency=[[TVNZ]] |date=October 2, 2018 |language=en-NZ |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826200532/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/meet-nine-year-old-kiwi-star-centre-viral-baby-shark-song |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song starts with bars from [[Antonín Dvořák]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 9]] to which music from the film ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' sounds similar. The song features a family of sharks which hunt a school of fish which escape to safety.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Indrani |url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1364335/the-story-behind-the-astonishingly-viral-baby-shark-youtube-video/ |title=The story behind the astonishingly viral Baby Shark YouTube video |work=Quartzy |access-date=October 7, 2018 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116144723/https://qz.com/quartzy/1364335/the-story-behind-the-astonishingly-viral-baby-shark-youtube-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It became a viral video in Indonesia in 2017, and throughout the year it spread to many other Asian countries, particularly those in Southeast Asia. The related mobile app was among the top 10 most downloaded in the family apps category in South Korea, Bangladesh, Singapore, Hong Kong and Indonesia in 2017.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
{{multiple image
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The most popular video of the "Baby Shark" song is labeled as "Baby Shark Dance" and was uploaded on June 17, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqZsoesa55w|title=Baby Shark Dance {{!}} Sing and Dance! {{!}} Animal Songs {{!}} PINKFONG Songs for Children|website=[[YouTube]]|date=June 17, 2016|access-date=September 7, 2018|archive-date=March 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320160126/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqZsoesa55w|url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2022|June|9}}, it has received over 10.7 billion views worldwide, making it the [[List of most-viewed YouTube videos|most-viewed]] video on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Baby Shark Dance {{!}} Sing and Dance! {{!}} Animal Songs {{!}} PINKFONG Songs for Children|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqZsoesa55w|via=[[YouTube]]|language=en|access-date=March 14, 2020|archive-date=March 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320160126/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqZsoesa55w|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Guardian" /> Due to a 2013 change that the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] music charts made to account for online viewership of YouTube videos, "Baby Shark" broke into the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 at number 32 during the week of January 7, 2019.

Due to its popularity, this version of the song has spurred an online dance craze which is sometimes referred to as the Baby Shark Challenge. It has been cited as "the next big thing after the domination of [[Gangnam Style]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Books|first=Starbright|title=Baby Shark Composition Notebook|date=October 12, 2018|isbn=978-1728722122}}</ref> [[K-pop]] groups including [[Blackpink]] and [[Red Velvet (group)|Red Velvet]] have been credited with further spreading the viral song through their coverage of the song and dance, specifically on their featured TV shows and concerts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://philnews.ph/2017/09/27/baby-shark-dance-craze-south-korea-dominates-online-world/ |title="Baby Shark" Dance Craze From South Korea Dominates Online World |date=September 27, 2017 |first=Jeel |last=Monde |work=Phil News |access-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-date=October 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020083905/https://philnews.ph/2017/09/27/baby-shark-dance-craze-south-korea-dominates-online-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song began to go viral in the [[Western world]] in August 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1364335/the-story-behind-the-astonishingly-viral-baby-shark-youtube-video/ |title=The story behind the astonishingly viral Baby Shark YouTube video |last=Sen |first=Indrani |date=August 27, 2018 |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |access-date=August 30, 2018 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116144723/https://qz.com/quartzy/1364335/the-story-behind-the-astonishingly-viral-baby-shark-youtube-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, it was announced that Baby Shark would be adapted into ''[[Baby Shark's Big Show!]]'', an animated television series aimed at preschoolers.<ref name="Garvey">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/05/entertainment/baby-shark-will-be-animated-series/index.html|title='Baby Shark' is being turned into an animated series|first=Marianne|last=Garvey|website=[[CNN]]|date=June 5, 2019|access-date=December 12, 2020|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024065344/https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/05/entertainment/baby-shark-will-be-animated-series/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Haller">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/allthemoms/2019/06/05/baby-shark-tv-show-works-nickelodeon-partnership-pingfong/1351488001/|title='Baby Shark' doo-doo-doo did it!|first=Sonja|last=Haller|website=[[USA Today]]|access-date=December 12, 2020|archive-date=July 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721231109/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/allthemoms/2019/06/05/baby-shark-tv-show-works-nickelodeon-partnership-pingfong/1351488001/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[SmartStudy]] (the company that owns the Pinkfong brand) partnered with US cable network [[Nickelodeon]], which premiered the show in the United States in December 2020. In South Korea, the [[Educational Broadcasting System]] (EBS) airs the cartoon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/c/pinkfongko/about|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212185427/https://www.youtube.com/c/pinkfongko/about|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-12-12|title=Pinkfong|website=[[YouTube]]}} – announcement on channel banner image</ref>

===Controversies===
While the English version simply lists the members of the shark family, the Korean version says Mommy Shark is "pretty", Daddy Shark is "strong", Grandma Shark is "kind", and Grandpa Shark is "cool". In January 2018, the South Korean newspaper ''[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]]'' published a front-page editorial condemning these lyrics as sexist.<ref name=techly/><ref name="Telegraph sexism">{{cite news |last=Ryall |first=Julian |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/09/05/baby-shark-songtoddler-viral-sensation-makes-waves-wrong-reasons/ |title=Viral children's song Baby Shark embroiled in row over sexism |date=September 5, 2018 |work=The Independent |access-date=October 7, 2018 |archive-date=October 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007145436/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/09/05/baby-shark-songtoddler-viral-sensation-makes-waves-wrong-reasons/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2018, the [[Liberty Korea Party]] started using "Baby Shark" to promote its candidates, prompting SmartStudy to threaten legal action over copyright infringement.<ref name=techly/><ref name="Telegraph sexism"/> Prior to this, the Liberty Korea Party had contacted American children's entertainer Johnny Wright, also known as Johnny Only, to inquire about permission, as he had published a similar version in 2011.<ref>{{Citation|last=Only|first=Johnny|title=Johnny Only - Baby Shark Song (Non-dismemberment version)|date=September 25, 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkHdx0yWaow|access-date=August 31, 2019}}, {{Citation|last=Only|first=Johnny|title=Baby Shark Song Lyrics|date=April 3, 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lL7r7VuGIWA|access-date=August 31, 2019}}</ref><ref name="vulture"/> He had heard a version of "Baby Shark" 20 years earlier, and decided to make a children's version by removing any violent imagery from the song, instead focusing on the family.<ref name="CBC" />

In July 2019, officials in [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]], [[Florida]], were criticized for playing a continuous loop of "Baby Shark" throughout the night outside the Waterfront Lake Pavilion as a way of deterring [[Homelessness|vagrants]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mynews13.com/fl/orlando/ap-online/2019/07/17/city-hopes-baby-sharks-will-drive-homeless-from-park|title=City hopes "Baby Sharks" will drive homeless from park|date=July 17, 2019|access-date=April 20, 2020|work=[[Spectrum News|Spectrum News 13]]|archive-date=November 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104064406/https://www.mynews13.com/fl/orlando/ap-online/2019/07/17/city-hopes-baby-sharks-will-drive-homeless-from-park|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2020, two former detention officers and a supervisor at an [[Oklahoma County, Oklahoma|Oklahoma County]] [[List of Oklahoma state prisons|jail]] were charged with counts of misdemeanor cruelty to a prisoner and conspiracy for forcing inmates to listen to the song on a loop at loud volumes while standing and handcuffed for an extended period of time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/10/06/oklahoma-county-jail-inmates-forced-listen-baby-shark-loop/3636063001/|title=Oklahoma jail workers charged after forcing inmates to listen to 'Baby Shark' on loop, probe shows|first=Nolan|last=Clay|date=October 6, 2020|access-date=October 6, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]|archive-date=October 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007073756/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/10/06/oklahoma-county-jail-inmates-forced-listen-baby-shark-loop/3636063001/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Legacy===
In July 2019, [[Kellogg's]] announced that it had entered a partnership with Pinkfong to introduce a new Baby Shark cereal, a berry-flavored variant of [[Froot Loops]] with [[marshmallow]]s added. It was first available at [[Sam's Club]] stores on August 17, and at [[Walmart]] in late September.<ref name="cereal">{{cite news |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Caitlyn |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/baby-shark-cereal-swimming-select-142400671.html |title='Baby Shark' Cereal Is Swimming Into Select Stores, and It's Filled With Marshmallows |date=July 29, 2019 |work=Yahoo News |access-date=August 5, 2019 |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805173203/https://www.yahoo.com/news/baby-shark-cereal-swimming-select-142400671.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2019, a 75-minute [[musical theatre|stage musical]] based on the Pinkfong song and characters, titled ''Baby Shark Live'', made its debut at [[Spartanburg Memorial Auditorium]] in [[Spartanburg, South Carolina]]. By this time, Pinkfong was also marketing a wide variety of merchandise based on their song and video, including clothing, bedding, toys and [[fishing tackle]].<ref name=nyt_Nov2019>{{cite news |last=Sisario |first=Ben |title='Baby Shark' Devoured Your Brain. Your Wallet Is Harder to Swallow. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/14/business/baby-shark-live-concert-tour.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York City |date=November 14, 2019 |access-date=November 14, 2019 |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131152410/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/14/business/baby-shark-live-concert-tour.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

"Baby Shark" has appeared in media like films and video games. In 2019 and 2020, the song was featured in ''[[The Angry Birds Movie 2]]'' and ''Rubber'' and was playable in ''[[Just Dance 2020]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Seedhouse|first=Alex|url=https://www.nintendo-insider.com/just-dance-2020-song-list-adds-baby-shark-bassa-sababa-and-more/|title=Just Dance 2020 Song List Adds Baby Shark, Bassa Sababa And More|publisher=Nintendo Insider|date=August 25, 2019|access-date=March 27, 2020|archive-date=March 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327184503/https://www.nintendo-insider.com/just-dance-2020-song-list-adds-baby-shark-bassa-sababa-and-more/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rubber|website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-YQHdPHPp4|access-date=April 11, 2020|archive-date=August 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830045844/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-YQHdPHPp4&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, Pinkfong partnered with [[Bushiroad]] to include "Baby Shark" as a playable track in the English server of ''[[BanG Dream! Girls Band Party!]]'' from March 27 to April 17.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

In March 2020, Pinkfong released a new interactive version of the song that encourages children to properly wash their hands during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nbc24.com/news/coronavirus/new-baby-shark-song-encourages-kids-to-wash-their-kids |title=New interactive 'Baby Shark' song encourages kids to wash their hands |date=March 26, 2020 |access-date=March 27, 2020 |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327014552/https://nbc24.com/news/coronavirus/new-baby-shark-song-encourages-kids-to-wash-their-kids |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2022 and May 2022 [[Shopee]] used the melody of Baby Shark with modified lyrics in its advertisements in Poland.<ref name="msn-piosenka">{{Cite web |url = https://www.msn.com/pl-pl/rozrywka/gwiazdy/piosenka-z-popularnej-reklamy-narzędziem-tortur-oryginał-puszczano-w-amerykańskim-więzieniu/ar-AAWUHSZ |title = Piosenka z popularnej reklamy narzędziem tortur? Oryginał puszczano w amerykańskim więzieniu |trans-title = Is song from popular advertisement a torture device? Original was played in American prison |website = MSN |language = pl |access-date = 2022-05-07}}</ref> However, many Poles consider the advertisements as annoying, due to i.a. high incidence of broadcasting across the television and radio.{{r|msn-piosenka}}<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/krytyka-reklama-shopee-disco-polo-promocja-majowka-baby-shark-slowa |title = Reklama Shopee jest jak klip disco polo z ograniczonym budżetem na produkcję |trans-title = The Shopee advertisement is like a disco polo video with limited budget for production |author = Beata Goczał |date = 2022-05-02 |access-date = 2022-05-07 |website = wirtualnemedia.pl |language = pl}}</ref>

On 23 May 2022, it was reported that a promotional video for Singapore's tourism sector in the form of a collaboration between Pinkfong and the [[Singapore Tourism Board]] was made and uploaded on YouTube. The video featured characters from Baby Shark and the Merli, a Singaporean mascot.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/travel/pinkfong-baby-shark-singapore-tourism-music-video-312806 |title = Baby Shark meets Merli the Merlion: STB teams up with Pinkfong for new video|author = Kishore Kalaichalvan |date = 2022-05-23 |access-date = 2022-05-23 |website = CNA}}</ref>

===Charts===
====Weekly charts====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2018–2022)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| Australia Streaming Audio Visual Tracks ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/streaming-audio-visual-tracks-chart|title=Streaming Audio Visual Tracks Chart|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]|date=October 22, 2018|access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331002905/https://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/streaming-audio-visual-tracks-chart|archive-date=March 31, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 40
|-
! scope="row"| Canada ([[Canadian Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2019-03-02|title=Canadian Hot 100: March 2, 2019|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=February 26, 2019|archive-date=May 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506032250/https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-hot-100/2019-03-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 39
|-
! scope="row"| France ([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2019&we=32|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 32, 2019)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=September 5, 2019}}</ref>
| 162
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard Global 200|Global 200]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2021-09-25|title=Billboard Global 200 Chart|work=Billboard|access-date=September 22, 2021}}</ref>
| 38
|-
! scope="row"| Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=January 5, 2019|archive-date=August 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822180652/http://www.irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 22
|-
! scope="row"| New Zealand Hot Singles ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4521|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=September 10, 2018|access-date=September 7, 2018|archive-date=September 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110326/https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/hotsingles?chart=4521|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 39
|-
{{single chart|Scotland|12|date=20180831|rowheader=true|access-date=September 1, 2018}}
|-
! scope="row"| Sweden Heatseeker ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=215&dfom=20180921|title=Veckolista Heatseeker – Vecka 39, 28 september 2018|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=September 29, 2018|archive-date=September 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929041146/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=215&dfom=20180921|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 9
|-
{{single chart|UK|6|date=20190104|rowheader=true|access-date=January 5, 2019}}
|-
! scope="row"| US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=ts_chart_artistname%3APinkfong&f[1]=itm_field_chart_id%3AHot%20100&f[2]=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=Pinkfong|title=Chart Search: Pinkfong|work=Billboard|access-date=January 8, 2019}}</ref>
| 32
|-
! scope="row"| US Kid Digital Songs (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web|last=Rutherford|first=Kevin|url=https://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2018-09-15/kid-digital-song-sales|title=Kid Digital Song Sales - September 15, 2018|work=Billboard|date=September 15, 2018|access-date=September 16, 2018}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| US LyricFind Global (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite web|last=Rutherford|first=Kevin|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8481875/baby-shark-song-leads-lyricfind-global-chart|title='Baby Shark' Song Leads LyricFind Global Chart|work=Billboard|date=October 26, 2018|access-date=October 27, 2018|archive-date=January 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131152436/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8481875/baby-shark-song-leads-lyricfind-global-chart|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| US [[Rolling Stone Top 100|''Rolling Stone'' Top 100]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/charts/songs/2019-11-01/|title=Top 100 Songs|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=November 1, 2019|access-date=January 1, 2020|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108154042/https://www.rollingstone.com/charts/songs/2019-11-01/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 58
|-
! scope="row"| Vietnam ([[Billboard Vietnam Hot 100|Vietnam Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://billboardvn.vn/billboard-vietnam-hot-100/|title=Billboard Vietnam Hot 100|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard Vietnam]]|access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
| 10
|}

====Year-end charts====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2019)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
! scope="row"| Canada (Canadian Hot 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/canadian-hot-100|title=Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2019|work=Billboard|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=March 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322140530/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/canadian-hot-100|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 85
|-
! scope="row"| UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20190101/37501/|title=End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2019|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=January 4, 2020|archive-date=January 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103171949/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20190101/37501/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 48
|-
! scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/hot-100-songs|title=Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 2019|work=Billboard|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=December 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206013437/https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2019/hot-100-songs|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 75
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2020)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
! scope="row"| UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20201231/37501/|title=End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2020|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=January 5, 2021|archive-date=January 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105085210/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 72
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2021)
! scope="col"| Position
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard Year-End Global 200 singles of 2021|Global 200]] (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2021/billboard-global-200/|title=Billboard Global 200 – Year-End 2021|work=Billboard|access-date=December 3, 2021}}</ref>
| 48
|-
! scope="row"| UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-singles-chart/20210101/37501/|title=End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2021|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=January 5, 2022}}</ref>
| 73
|}

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|artist=Pinkfong|title=Baby Shark|award=Platinum|type=single|relyear=2018|certyear=2021|access-date=July 12, 2021}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=Pinkfong|title=Baby Shark|number=3|award=Platinum|type=single|relyear=2018|certyear=2022|id=15312-4813-1|access-date=January 21, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|artist=Pinkfong|title=Baby Shark|number=11|award=Platinum|type=single|relyear=2016|certyear=2020|access-date=November 9, 2020}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true|nosales=true | noshipments=true}}

===Baby Shark duet===
====Weekly charts====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2019–2020)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
!scope="row"| US [[Rolling Stone Top 100|''Rolling Stone'' Top 100]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/charts/songs/2019-11-22/|title=Top 100 Songs|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=November 28, 2019|access-date=January 21, 2020|archive-date=January 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101194543/https://www.rollingstone.com/charts/songs/2019-11-22/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 73
|}

==Other performances==
In September 2018, [[Ellen DeGeneres]] released her own version of the song on ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]'', and [[James Corden]] performed a version on ''[[The Late Late Show with James Corden]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/james-corden-ellen-and-the-internet-why-is-everyone-dancing-to-baby-shark-nursery-jingle-1896665.html |title=James Corden, Ellen, and The Internet: Why is Everyone Dancing to 'Baby Shark' Nursery Jingle? |website=News18 |date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=October 7, 2018 |archive-date=October 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008022812/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/james-corden-ellen-and-the-internet-why-is-everyone-dancing-to-baby-shark-nursery-jingle-1896665.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The song was performed on ''[[The X Factor (UK TV series)|The X Factor]]'' in early December 2018 because it was requested by [[Simon Cowell]]'s four-year-old son Eric.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

[[Yvie Oddly]], a [[Drag queen]] and contestant on ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]'', adapted the song for live lip-syncing performances, including a choreography that draws inspiration from [[Vogue (dance)|voguing]].<ref>{{Citation|first=Jasyn|last=Wicklund|title=Yvie Oddly Baby Shark Mix - Tracks Denver 12/27/2018|date=December 28, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tdi48ZR3zGU|access-date=April 4, 2019|archive-date=June 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604030619/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tdi48ZR3zGU|url-status=live}}</ref>

Professional baseball player [[Gerardo Parra]] of the [[Washington Nationals]], having discovered the song through his young daughter, adopted it as his [[Entrance music|walk-up music]] to energize the flagging team on June 19, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/10/21/how-baby-shark-became-anthem-nationals-season-world-series-run/|title=How 'Baby Shark' became the anthem of the Nationals' 2019 season and World Series run|last=Allen|first=Scott|date=October 21, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=October 24, 2019|archive-date=October 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023172604/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/10/21/how-baby-shark-became-anthem-nationals-season-world-series-run/|url-status=live}}</ref> The theme became popular among both teammates and fans, who used the shark clap whenever the Nationals got a hit, and eventually, at every Parra at-bat; fans also began wearing shark costumes to the stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/story/2019-10-05/dodgers-nationals-nlds-baby-shark-walkup-song-gerardo-parra|title=Nationals' Gerardo Parra starts stadium craze with 'Baby Shark' song|first=Bill|last=Shaikin|date=October 5, 2019|access-date=October 16, 2019|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|archive-date=October 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016113402/https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/story/2019-10-05/dodgers-nationals-nlds-baby-shark-walkup-song-gerardo-parra|url-status=live}}</ref> A stuffed baby shark was seen attached to the dugout railing during the [[2019 National League Championship Series]], which the Nationals won over the [[St. Louis Cardinals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/giants/shea/article/How-Gerardo-Parra-became-Nationals-inspiration-14536957.php|title=How Gerardo Parra became Nationals' inspiration after Giants cut him|first=John|last=Shea|date=October 15, 2019|access-date=October 16, 2019|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|archive-date=October 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016105450/https://www.sfchronicle.com/giants/shea/article/How-Gerardo-Parra-became-Nationals-inspiration-14536957.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The craze culminated with the Nationals defeating the [[Houston Astros]] in seven games to win the [[2019 World Series]]; the connection was such that the [[United States Marine Band|Marine Band]] performed the song during the team's celebratory visit to the [[White House]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOLz2and_sk |title=Archived copy |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131152652/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOLz2and_sk |url-status=live }}</ref>

Darts player [[Mikuru Suzuki]] has used the song as her [[entrance music]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/darts/50801995|title=PDC World Championship: Mikuru Suzuki loses 3-2, Luke Woodhouse beats Michael Smith|date=December 15, 2019|publisher=BBC|access-date=August 31, 2020|archive-date=December 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231213151/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/darts/50801995|url-status=live}}</ref>

The song has also been performed by anti-government protesters in [[Lebanon]] during the [[2019–20 Lebanese protests]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/opinion/baby-shark-and-the-sounds-of-protest-in-lebanon.html|title=Opinion | 'Baby Shark' and the Sounds of Protest in Lebanon|first=Rabih|last=Alameddine|date=October 22, 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=October 22, 2019|archive-date=October 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173137/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/opinion/baby-shark-and-the-sounds-of-protest-in-lebanon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/10/22/revolution-lit-jubilant-lebanon-uprising-fueled-music-dancing-and-baby-shark|title='The Revolution Is Lit': Jubilant Lebanon Uprising Fueled By Music, Dancing, and... 'Baby Shark'|website=Common Dreams|access-date=October 22, 2019|archive-date=October 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173135/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/10/22/revolution-lit-jubilant-lebanon-uprising-fueled-music-dancing-and-baby-shark|url-status=live}}</ref>

Popular Australian children's music band [[The Wiggles]] released a version of the song in March 2020.

In the American [[comedy-drama]] television series ''[[Ted Lasso]]'', fictional [[soccer]] player Jamie Tartt (played by English actor [[Phil Dunster]]) uses the tune of the song as his [[goal celebration]] anthem, in which the words "Baby Shark" are replaced with his name.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ray |first1=Alyssa |title=''Ted Lasso''{{'}}s Phil Dunster Reveals How He Really Feels About Jamie Tartt's Anthem |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1294873/ted-lassos-phil-dunster-reveals-how-he-really-feels-about-jamie-tartts-anthem |website=E! Online |access-date=September 27, 2021 |date=July 31, 2021}}</ref>

[[Pomplamoose]] released an [[Electro music|electro funk]] version on April 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1LJrKlK8iY|title=Everyone's favorite tune // POMPLAMOOSE|date=April 1, 2021|publisher=[[Pomplamoose]]|via=YouTube|access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref>

In [[Southeast Asia]], the song was used in an online shopping platform called [[Shopee]], with different versions and renditions. It was first spotted in 2018 with Filipina actress [[Anne Curtis]] as endorser. More recently, the jingle to the tune of "Baby Shark" was used when [[Jackie Chan]] became international brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9AUm4SS1s8|title=Shopee 9.9 Super Shopping Day #ShopeeDancePH #PinkFongBabyShark|access-date=October 20, 2021|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4k8Jbimm_TI|title=SHOPEE BABY SHARK COMPILATION 2018 (Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand)|access-date=October 20, 2021|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Bm4UQyYOuc|title=Shopee 11.11 Big Christmas Sale|access-date=October 20, 2021|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TOyqCrT6b0|title=Introducing our 9.9 legend, Jackie Chan! | 9.9 Super Shopping Day|access-date=October 20, 2021|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Other media==
In November 2019, an officially licensed children's book based on the Pinkfong characters was being marketed by [[HarperCollins]], while five unlicensed children's books offered by [[Scholastic Corporation]] had sold over one million copies.<ref name=nyt_Nov2019/>

In June 2020, Pinkfong announced the television series ''[[Baby Shark's Big Show!]]'', which premiered on [[Educational Broadcasting System]] (EBS) in South Korea<ref name=chosun>{{cite web|url=https://www.chosun.com/economy/smb-venture/2020/12/16/M7RALOVL4VB2BP7DKPV7THHRCY/|title=Baby Shark Christmas special airs on EBS on the 25th|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=December 16, 2020|language=ko|access-date=December 25, 2020|archive-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224210929/https://www.chosun.com/economy/smb-venture/2020/12/16/M7RALOVL4VB2BP7DKPV7THHRCY/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Nickelodeon]] in the United States in December 2020. On July 20, 2021, the series was renewed for a second season, and a feature film based on the series is currently in development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/baby-shark-renewed-season-2-nickelodeon-1234984565/amp/|title = 'Baby Shark' Renewed for Season 2, Feature Film in Works at Nickelodeon (Exclusive)|website = [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date = July 20, 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of viral music videos]]
*[[List of most-viewed YouTube videos]]
*[[List of most-liked YouTube videos]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqZsoesa55w |title= Baby Shark Dance |department= Pink Fong |publisher= YouTube |date= June 17, 2016 }}
* [https://www.wnyc.org/story/decoder-ring-baby-shark/ Baby Shark episode] of the [[Slate (magazine)|''Slate'']] podcast ''[[Decoder Ring (Slate)|Decoder Ring]]''
{{Washington Nationals}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:German children's songs]]
[[Category:Fictional sharks]]
[[Category:German nursery rhymes]]
[[Category:Songs about fish]]
[[Category:Novelty songs]]
[[Category:2007 songs]]
[[Category:2015 songs]]
[[Category:English-language South Korean songs]]
[[Category:South Korean children's entertainment]]
[[Category:Viral videos]]
[[Category:2007 YouTube videos]]
[[Category:2015 YouTube videos]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Music memes]]
[[Category:Washington Nationals]]
[[Category:2010s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Korean children's songs]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:Novelty and fad dances]]

Talk:Turkey

2022-06-07T20:21:39Z

Comm.unity: /* Requested move 3 June 2022 */ Reply

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{{Article history
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|otd3date=October 29, 2012
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|otd5date=October 29, 2014
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|otd6date=October 29, 2015
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|otd7date=October 29, 2016
|otd7oldid=746577296
|otd8date=October 29, 2017
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* RM, Turkey → Türkiye, '''Not moved''', 20 January 2022, [[Talk:Turkey/Archive_32#Requested_move_20_January_2022|discussion]]
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== Requested move 20 January 2022 ==
{{Pin message|}}{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1959085089}}
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. ''

The result of the move request was: '''Not moved''' per [[WP:SNOW]] {{nac}} ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 19:35, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
----

[[:Turkey]] → {{no redirect|Türkiye}} – The country has changed its English name to Türkiye. [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C5A:657F:D1F5:48D3:2853:9745:8762|2600:6C5A:657F:D1F5:48D3:2853:9745:8762]] ([[User talk:2600:6C5A:657F:D1F5:48D3:2853:9745:8762|talk]]) 03:20, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

:Won't happen as everyone will keep referring to them as Turkey! [[User:Vif12vf|Vif12vf/Tiberius]] ([[User talk:Vif12vf|talk]]) 03:27, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* {{strong|Oppose}} for now, per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Even in the period after Erdogan's December memo, 'Turkey' predominates in English-language sources. News in the past 48 hours has described the name change as an ongoing process, with unclear timelines. It's far too soon to make a call on this, and I propose a {{strong|short moratorium}} on requested moves until other governments, inter-governmental agencies, and news media can react to moves by the country. [[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] 03:36, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Obviously way too soon for such a major change. Wikipedia does not lead, it follows. But if this ever does catch on and the article gets moved, then [[Turkey (bird)]] should be moved to [[Turkey]]. [[User:Rreagan007|Rreagan007]] ([[User talk:Rreagan007|talk]]) 04:35, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
**Since the bird is named for the country, we'll have to change its name to "Türkiye" also to be consistent. :) [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 16:25, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. As stated above, the most common in the English-language name for the nation is Turkey. Perhaps if media and other sources follow suit with using Türkiye, there would be a stronger argument for the change. [[User:ExRat|ExRat]] ([[User talk:ExRat|talk]]) 05:32, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Alessandro57|Alex2006]] ([[User talk:Alessandro57|talk]]) 06:26, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per [[WP:USEENGLISH]] and [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Turkiye or its equivalent only used by Turkey major English sources. [[Special:Contributions/125.167.57.203|125.167.57.203]] ([[User talk:125.167.57.203|talk]]) 07:45, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]], until the preponderance of reliable English language sources routinely use the spelling "Türkiye". [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:58, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' No sign [[WP:COMMONNAME]] has changed, as stated above. This needs more than a memo from Erdogan to change it - [[WP:RS]] English-language usage has to change ''before'' we change. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 08:02, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' Per Firefangledfeathers. Slightly off-topic, this website [https://tccb.gov.tr/en/] use the new spelling, but this [https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/EN/yd/] doesn't yet. Apparently, the word "Turkish" is still ok per government.[https://tccb.gov.tr/en/presidency/turkishflag/] [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 08:14, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. The name change is not even adopted yet by the largest two Turkish media in English language, [[Hurriyet Daily News]] and [[Daily Sabah]], who continue to use "Turkey" as of now. Due mention of the name change can be slowly phased in if usage in local and global English-language media actually increases. Once the name change will be established and dominate in a wide range of sources (which is entirely [[WP:CRYSTALBALL]]), we can address the page title again. –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 12:41, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' the English name is Turkey, not "Türkiye". [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|Super]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|Ψ]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|Dro]] 13:41, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per Turkish Constiution. [[User:Shadow4dark|Shadow4dark]] ([[User talk:Shadow4dark|talk]]) 13:46, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - obviously not the common name. The limit should probably be the lede sentence and a mention in the prose. Best Wishes, '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] ([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])''' 16:04, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment'''. This should be a '''snow close''' at this point, as it's obvious this RM will fail. [[User:Rreagan007|Rreagan007]] ([[User talk:Rreagan007|talk]]) 17:13, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' and make this title a DAB, no clear primary topic for "Turkey". '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 17:34, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
** {{yo|Crouch, Swale}} could you provide a rationale for your !vote? [[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] 19:27, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
***{{Ping|Firefangledfeathers}} A combination of [[WP:NATURAL]], alternative names may be used to settle titles by using alternative names as well as [[WP:NOPRIMARY]] for "Turkey". '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 19:29, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. I would note that we have [[WP:CRYSTALBALL|no reason to assume]] that ''Türkiye'' will ever be used a an English word by native English speakers. If we accept Crouch, Swale's argument above, the correct response would be the one they proposed at [[Talk:Turkey_(disambiguation)#Requested_move_17_August_2021|the August RM]]. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 18:09, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*:My point was partly the fact that the country is probably going to sometimes be called "Turkey" and sometimes "Türkiye" so this reduces the chances of the country being primary for "Turkey". '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 18:21, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per no[[WP:NAMECHANGES]].--[[User:Ortizesp|Ortizesp]] ([[User talk:Ortizesp|talk]]) 19:17, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
** [[WP:NAMECHANGES]] would support retaining 'Turkey', as independent, reliable sources since the name change are continuing to use 'Turkey'. See, for example, the first five new pieces I found searching for 'Erdogan': [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-18/turkey-s-erdogan-signals-thaw-with-israel-after-years-of-tension Bloomberg], [https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkeys-erdogan-meets-el-salvadors-bitcoin-boosting-leader-amid-economic-crisis-11642678083 Wall Street Journal], [https://www.timesofisrael.com/turkish-president-erdogan-says-israeli-counterpart-herzog-may-visit-turkey-soon/ Times of Israel], [https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/01/18/erdogan-warns-russia-ukraine/ The Defense Post], and [https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/erdogans-approval-ratings-up-lira-stabilises-poll-2022-01-20/ Reuters]]. All but Reuters use 'Turkey' exclusively, and Reuters uses neither version. [[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] 19:27, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
{{abot}}

== RfC on the official name of the country in the lede ==
{{Pin message|}}{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1959085089}}
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. ''

The result of the move request was: There's consensus for Option 1. Among the cited arguments is that the country's name has not been officially changed at the UN. {{nac}} ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 17:04, 23 May 2022 (UTC)
----

{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1652558476}}
Which of the following two should be the article's lede sentence?
# '''Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije|}}), officially the '''Republic of Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|links=no}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti||Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg}})
# '''Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije|}}), officially the '''Republic of Türkiye''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|links=no}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti||Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg}})
[[User:Chess|Chess]] ([[User talk:Chess|talk]]) (please use {{tlx|reply to|Chess}} on reply) 19:38, 9 April 2022 (UTC)
===Poll===
*'''Option 2'''. The most official name in English is "Türkiye", not "Turkey". [[WP:COMMONNAME]] doesn't apply here because we're discussing what we should describe the ''official'' name as, not what we should title or describe the country as in the text. [[User:Chess|Chess]] ([[User talk:Chess|talk]]) (please use {{tlx|reply to|Chess}} on reply) 19:38, 9 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' We do not base wikipedia articles off the statements of Turkish state media. The UN still lists Turkey's name as "Turkey" and it is still [[WP:COMMONNAME]] so I suggest Option 1 unless there is some sort of official law mandating the change.
**We do when we're discussing what name is "official". [[User:Chess|Chess]] ([[User talk:Chess|talk]]) (please use {{tlx|reply to|Chess}} on reply) 18:53, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
*:There is still no official act of the Grand National Assembly mandating this name change. Erdoğan can flaunt his nationalist agenda all he wants, but I am only willing to change my answer if there is a ''specific'' law for changing the name. [[User:CollectiveSolidarity|CollectiveSolidarity]] ([[User talk:CollectiveSolidarity|talk]]) 19:37, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 2''' The Turkish government is using the name "Republic of Türkiye" and the article should be in line with other articles such as the [[Ivory Coast]] with "Republic of Côte d'Ivoire" even if is not the common English name of the country.--[[User:Kappasi|Kappasi]] ([[User talk:Kappasi|talk]]) 17:47, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 2''' for neutrality, so that both spellings of the name (Turkey, Türkiye) are represented. [[User:Khestwol|Khestwol]] ([[User talk:Khestwol|talk]]) 17:51, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' It’s misleading to say this is a new “official” name. What has happened is much more limited than that. [https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/12/20211204-5.pdf This is Erdogan’s circular of 3 December] and [https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/exports-to-be-labeled-made-in-turkiye-169885 this] is ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]’s'' coverage of it. What the circular actually says is that “Made in Türkiye” should be stamped on exports - that’s the focus of the circular. As far as other usage is concerned, it says “necessary sensitivity will be shown on the use of the phrase ‘Türkiye’ instead of phrases such as ‘Turkey,’ ‘Turkei,’ ‘Turquie’ etc.”. Erdogan doesn’t under the constitution have the power to determine an “official name” for the country and the circular doesn’t claim that this is the official name in English. Some of the Turkish media have got very excited about this and there’s plenty of exaggerated references to an “official name” but I don’t believe any such media coverage is [[WP:RS]] for the legal position, which is this is about, per [[WP:RSCONTEXT]]. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 18:12, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
*:Türkiye is used by most government departments now on their official English language websites, not just for products made in Turkey.[[User:Kappasi|Kappasi]] ([[User talk:Kappasi|talk]]) [[User:Kappasi|Kappasi]] ([[User talk:Kappasi|talk]]) 20:44, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
*::that doesn’t make it the “official name” and there are departments that don’t use it. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:51, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' The official name of the country has not changed. It is still ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''. We translate it by its components the way these are translated in common usage: ''Türkiye'' → "Turkey" ''Cumhuriyet'' → "Republic". The current government has chosen to promote "Turkiye" as translation for ''Türkiye'', and hence "Republic of Türkiye" for ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'', but that does not affect the rendering of the official name in WP based on ''common usage''. –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 18:30, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
* {{strong|Option 1}}. As far as I can tell, Erdogan did not declare "Republic of Türkiye" to be the country's official name. His memo expressed his wish that "Türkiye" be used as the brand of the nation in official publications and communications, mentioning "Made in Türkiye" in particular. No mention of what the official name in English should be. Many sources covering this in the following months have made it clear that this is an ongoing process, including by getting the UN to change the way it refers to the country. No source presented so far has said that this has actually happened. The UN is [https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/sgsm21175.doc.htm still using] "Republic of Turkey". {{pb}}Major Turkish governmental institutions, including its [https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/ national legislature] and [https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/home-page/ highest court], are still prominently using "Turkey", with the Constitutional Court using the full "Republic of Turkey". English language news media is continuing to use "Republic of Turkey" over "of "Türkiye" by about 5:1, according to Google News hits over the past month. Even Turkey's executive branch does not seem to have settled on its final choice. As of February, Erdogan was [https://euroweeklynews.com/2022/02/20/turkey-changes-name-to-stop-being-confused-with-the-bird/ considering dropping the diacritic mark] from the u. {{pb}}Nothing ''official'' has happened when it comes to "Republic of Türkiye" yet. We'll know when it's official because the whole Turkish government, other nations, intergovernmental organizations, and news media will shift. That has not happened. [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 04:01, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1 for now'''. As I read from some sources ([https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-turkiye-new-name-register-un-weeks here], [https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/world-news/955779/countries-that-changed-name-rebrand here] and [https://proiqra.com/turkey-intends-to-register-its-new-name-in-the-united-nations-it-will-adopt-the-word-turkiye/ here], for instance), Turkey is registering the new name at the UN. I would switch to Option 2 when this registration will become official. [[User:P1221|P1221]] ([[User talk:P1221|talk]]) 07:24, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
::Why would “registering” the name at the UN make a difference? The UN doesn’t have a function as an “official name” registry. Might as well check the registration at the [https://internationalpoultrycouncil.org/ International Poultry Council]. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 12:49, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
:::The UN does have this function actually, assigned to [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ungegn/mandate/ UNGEGN]. Even without this, a submission to any international body, in general, would be a useful sign that the name change was serious. In line with that, I note that the International Poultry Council still refers to the country as "[https://internationalpoultrycouncil.org/about/ Turkey]". [[User:Chipmunkdavis|CMD]] ([[User talk:Chipmunkdavis|talk]]) 13:20, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
::::They may well be the last hold out for the old name…UNGEGN is an “experts forum” for cartographic consistency, as I understand it. I don’t think a country can “register” their preferences with them. Basically, what Turkey has done has put in their request for what goes on the name plaque that they sit behind. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 13:31, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
::Some of NATO and Organisation of Turkic States seems to use this. [[User:Beshogur|Beshogur]] ([[User talk:Beshogur|talk]]) 13:10, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
*{{strong|Option 1}}. Despite "Republic of Türkiye" is currently being used by the top official bodies, it has not been declared as ''the'' official name of the country. It is more of a governmental preference than an official name. [[User:Nozdref|Nozdref]] ([[User talk:Nozdref|talk]]) 11:15, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
*:It's more official than "Republic of Turkey". [[User:Chess|Chess]] ([[User talk:Chess|talk]]) (please use {{tlx|reply to|Chess}} on reply) 19:28, 15 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' If Option 1 wins and Option 2 subsequently becomes registered with the UN ''and'' put into use, we can re-open this RfC. [[User:SportingFlyer|SportingFlyer]] ''[[User talk:SportingFlyer|T]]''·''[[Special:Contributions/SportingFlyer|C]]'' 15:56, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 2'''. why not mention the name they have chosen to use ? Article title and first mention still common name with native name mentioned.[[User:Moxy|Moxy]]-[[File:Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg|15px|link=User talk:Moxy]] 16:11, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
::''Türkiye'' is already mentioned, and is the third word of the first sentence, in the article currently, and in both options. The issue isn’t about mentioning it, it’s whether, in addition to that, it should also be stated the “official name” is “Republic of Türkiye”. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 18:30, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
:::Yes "[https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/illeridaresi/turkiye-cumhuriyeti-anayasasi Türkiye Cumhuriyeti"] [[User:Moxy|Moxy]]-[[File:Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg|15px|link=User talk:Moxy]] 20:45, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' {{tq|'''Turkey''' ..., officially the '''Republic of Turkey''' or '''Türkiye''' ...}} not sure for infobox. Maybe Republic of Turkey / Türkiye. [[User:Beshogur|Beshogur]] ([[User talk:Beshogur|talk]]) 13:09, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' Per other users, this dictat was not a constitutional change nor a law, and seems to only apply to official organizations. Not only that, it doesn't seem to catch on outside of Turkish governmental media outlets, which seem to be obliged to follow this decree. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ido66667|Ido66667]] ([[User talk:Ido66667#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ido66667|contribs]]) 20:53, 14 April 2022 (UTC) 
*'''Option 2''' The Official name is '''Republic of Türkiye''' so we should use it.[[User:Yousef Raz|Yousef Raz]] ([[User talk:Yousef Raz|talk]]) 22:59, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' Until such time as it is clear that international bodies - such as the UN - have adopted this form. [[User:Pincrete|Pincrete]] ([[User talk:Pincrete|talk]]) 15:05, 15 April 2022 (UTC)
*:Has been done...just waiting on UN [https://mepei.com/turkey-the-government-is-planning-to-change-its-internationally-recognized-official-name-in-english-to-turkiye/] [[User:Moxy|Moxy]]-[[File:Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg|15px|link=User talk:Moxy]] 21:21, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
:::Actually, that source doesn’t say it has been done. In fact, all the sources to date seem to say that Turkey is planning to do it with no confirmation that it has been done yet, eg [https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-turkiye-new-name-register-un-weeks this] which said back in January that it was going to be done “in the coming weeks”. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 22:01, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
::::yup done all over just not at the UN yet.....Why are we waiting on the UN...is it the only source we can use? What is wrong with the constitution? Seem odd for us to wait on one single source when we have many that are much more relevent. [[User:Moxy|Moxy]]-[[File:Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg|15px|link=User talk:Moxy]] 22:09, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
:::::It’s not in the constitution and no one’s using it much. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 22:18, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
::::::I didn't knew that Turkey's Turkish constitution talked about English name of its name. I don't think so. Also Organization of Turkic States and some NATO bodies started to use the name "Türkiye". [[User:Beshogur|Beshogur]] ([[User talk:Beshogur|talk]]) 14:59, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
:::::::Exactly. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 15:15, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' (as) Per other users mentioned the needed explanation. [[User:Ali Ahwazi|Ali Ahwazi]] ([[User talk:Ali Ahwazi|talk]]) 20:54, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
* '''Option 1''' is more common in English. --[[User:Seggallion|Seggallion]] ([[User talk:Seggallion|talk]]) 15:41, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' for consistency. '''{{green|Turkey}}''' (Turkish: '''''{{purple|Türkiye}}'''''), officially the '''Republic of {{green|Turkey}}''' (Turkish: '''''{{purple|Türkiye}} Cumhuriyeti''''') [[User:Some1|Some1]] ([[User talk:Some1|talk]]) 01:44, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' per P1221. [[User:BilledMammal|BilledMammal]] ([[User talk:BilledMammal|talk]]) 03:21, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' makes the most sense for the English wiki. — [[User:Ixtal|Ixtal]] ( [[User talk:Ixtal|T]] / [[Special:Contributions/Ixtal|C]] ) ⁂ Join [[WP:FINANCE|WP:FINANCE]]! 00:35, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

===Other proposal===
I think there’s an '''Option 3''' to reflect that Erdoğan has launched a campaign to have Türkiye adopted in foreign language use even if it isn’t actually an “official name” change. I suggest adding a footnote to the words “…officially the '''Republic of Turkey'''…” in the first sentence which says:

:{{divbox|brown|Footnote|Beginning with a presidential circular issued in December 2021, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan launched a campaign, latterly called ''Say Türkiye'', to have the Turkish word for the country, ''Türkiye'', used in all languages instead of foreign language equivalents.<ref> {{cite news |title= ‘Say Türkiye’ campaign to promote changing country’s int’l name starts |url= https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/say-turkiye-campaign-to-promote-changing-countrys-intl-name-starts-171561 |newspaper= Hürriyet Daily News |date= 17 February 2022|accessdate=15 April 2022}}</ref> As a result, the [[Turkish Foreign Ministry]] and some other state agencies have begun using the phrase ''Republic of Türkiye'' on the English language versions of their respective websites.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ragip|last=Soylu|title= Turkey to register its new name Türkiye to UN in coming weeks |url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-turkiye-new-name-register-un-weeks |newspaper=Middle East Eye |date= 17 January 2022|accessdate=11 April 2022}}</ref>
{{reflist-talk}}}}
This, I think, more accurately reflects that this is about a campaign to encourage a change of usage rather than an “official” name change, which overstates what’s happening. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 12:44, 15 April 2022 (UTC)
:That's unnecessary and UNDUE, IMHO. [[Turkey#Name]] is a more fitting place for that, not a footnote in the lead. [[User:Some1|Some1]] ([[User talk:Some1|talk]]) 01:53, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
{{abot}}

== "Republic of Türkiye" has been registered ==
{{edit extended-protected|Turkey|answered=yes}}
See [https://unterm.un.org/unterm/display/record/unhq/na/356ac538-feb4-4d8a-a4e9-a9eb5dd40fc5 UNTERM]--[[User:Mike Rohsopht|Mike Rohsopht]] ([[User talk:Mike Rohsopht|talk]]) 14:30, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
:Done, mentioned it in the lede. [[User:Khestwol|Khestwol]] ([[User talk:Khestwol|talk]]) 09:48, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

Yes [[User:Brkysmskaks|Brkysmskaks]] ([[User talk:Brkysmskaks|talk]]) 15:15, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

== United Nations officially recognises Turkey’s change of name ==

The United Nations has officially changed Turkey’s name to the “Republic of Turkiye”. The UN Secrerary-General stated that the change of name occured the moment it received a letter from the Turkish Foreign Ministry requesting the change.

International protocol now requires all Countries to refer to Turkey as the Republic of Turkiye. [[Special:Contributions/202.142.38.119|202.142.38.119]] ([[User talk:202.142.38.119|talk]]) 18:04, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

:Wikipedia does not care about international protocol or what the Turkish president says. Erdogan has no power here. [[User:Seloloving|Seloloving]] ([[User talk:Seloloving|talk]]) 01:49, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::What is your problem with the President of Türkiye? X1 [[Special:Contributions/31.223.48.151|31.223.48.151]] ([[User talk:31.223.48.151|talk]]) 02:29, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::What the fuck? That's the actual name. [[User:Elgatoisacat|Elgatoisacat]] ([[User talk:Elgatoisacat|talk]]) 03:15, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:::Not in the English language it isn't. English doesn't have an equivalent of the Academie Francaise so there is no actual name other than what dominates in everyday use by regular English, media, academics, etc. [[Special:Contributions/2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D|2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D]] ([[User talk:2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D|talk]]) 21:59, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

== Turkey has officially changed its English name to Türkiye ==
As a friend of Türkiye, I just want to announce to the world that Turkey has become a historical name. The United Nations has accepted the request lodged by the Turkish Foreign Minister to change Turkey's name to Türkiye.

Link:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/02/turkey-turkiye-erdogan-united-nations-un/

So, no more Turkey. I don't know how long would it takes for those people who are as stubborn as a turkey to accept this reality, but eventually this article must be renamed Türkiye. [[Special:Contributions/120.17.142.88|120.17.142.88]] ([[User talk:120.17.142.88|talk]]) 23:32, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

:You will have to wait for it to be the common name. Until then, this article will remain at Turkey. Czechia has likewise not gained international recognition, with most sources still referring to it as the [[Czech Republic]]. This transitional process will probably take a few years. [[User:Seloloving|Seloloving]] ([[User talk:Seloloving|talk]]) 01:47, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

::Inappropriate example used. Czechia is the short form of the Czech Republic, just like France is the short form of the French Republic. Both names would be fine as they are literally the '''same entity'''. For Türkiye, Turkey is an unfavourite historical name now, they don't want anything to do with it anymore, so people should adopt the new name asap. [[Special:Contributions/120.17.142.88|120.17.142.88]] ([[User talk:120.17.142.88|talk]]) 01:55, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

:::Then you will have to wait a few years. Turkey is still the common name. [[User:Seloloving|Seloloving]] ([[User talk:Seloloving|talk]]) 01:56, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

::::''Tuck, tuck, errrrr.....tuck, errrrr...tuck, tuck, tuck, errrrr, tuck.'' [[Special:Contributions/120.17.142.88|120.17.142.88]] ([[User talk:120.17.142.88|talk]]) 02:18, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::::counterpoint: no one waited around to stop referring to Eswatini as "Swaziland" [[Special:Contributions/108.18.116.121|108.18.116.121]] ([[User talk:108.18.116.121|talk]]) 05:50, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::Two things helped Eswatini: 1) relatively unknown country is easier to rename 2) white guilt. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 06:20, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::The "white guilt" comment was ignorant and unnecessary, to say the least! [[Special:Contributions/2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D|2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D]] ([[User talk:2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D|talk]]) 22:01, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::Aftermath of colonialism then. So... [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 22:08, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::Czechia isn't the short form of Czechia, it's the actual name. But yes, as Chrz notes, it was easier with eSwatini because the country is relatively unknown and therefore there weren't a great deal of otherwise uninterested wikipedians ignoring the fact that even though the name might not be used in the US it is used in Europe. There is clearly a lot of interest in moving page, and it's a relatively easy process to start this, as described clearly on [[Wikipedia:Requested moves/Controversial]]. Would suggest that someone particularly interested in the topic does so :) [[User:Hentheden|Hentheden]] ([[User talk:Hentheden|talk]]) 09:46, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

== Requested move 3 June 2022 ==
{{requested move/dated|Turkiye}}

[[:Turkey]] → {{no redirect|Turkiye}} – On 1st of June 2022, The united nation accepted a request from the turkish government to use the name (Turkiye) as an official name, to match its pronunciation in Turkish and Arabic languages, and to prevent similarities with words that have other meanings. This event is published on [[Al Jazeera Mubasher|Al Jazeera]] web-site. Thanks for you. [[User:Dr-Taher|Dr-Taher]] ([[User talk:Dr-Taher|talk]]) 12:46, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:This is a contested technical request ([[Special:Permalink/1091303602|permalink]]). '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 13:19, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
* This is not uncontroversial, given the ongoing discussions and previous RMs at [[Talk:Turkey]]. A new RM discussion will need to find consensus for such a move before it will be carried out. [[User:DanCherek|DanCherek]] ([[User talk:DanCherek|talk]]) 12:50, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Thanks {{ping|DanCherek}}, I have noticed the debate on the talk page after your comment. Most opposing opinions on January asked to wait for an official change by The United Nations, and this was accepted on 1 June.--[[User:Dr-Taher|Dr-Taher]] ([[User talk:Dr-Taher|talk]]) 13:29, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*{{Ping|Dr-Taher|DanCherek}}. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 13:19, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
**Thanks *{{Ping|Crouch, Swale}} for moving the request to the correct place. --[[User:Dr-Taher|Dr-Taher]] ([[User talk:Dr-Taher|talk]]) 13:29, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' and move [[Turkey (disambiguation)]] here per my previous arguments. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 13:20, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*The Country's name ist Turkiye and not Turkey anymore !! So change the name here too !!!! [[Special:Contributions/2001:9E8:177B:E000:B5E8:B17:DD8A:D683|2001:9E8:177B:E000:B5E8:B17:DD8A:D683]] ([[User talk:2001:9E8:177B:E000:B5E8:B17:DD8A:D683|talk]]) 13:26, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Turkiye isn't the name of the country in English. It is the official name used by the government (and now accepted by UN). I don't think I would stop saying "I'm from Turkey." when the official name is approved in Wikipedia. [[User:Kavas|Kavas]] ([[User talk:Kavas|talk]]) 13:45, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' if it does get moved, it should be to "Türkiye" instead of Turkiye per news sources from Google site searches. I am aware of the name change today. [[User:Iggy the Swan|Iggy]] ([[User talk:Iggy the Swan#top|Swan]]) ([[Special:Contribs/Iggy the Swan|Contribs]]) 13:51, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:The “Ü” letter is not used in the English alphabet, so it wouldn’t make sense for it to be the name in English. Especially since all other countries do not use foreign letters in their English name. [[User:SmooManLecons|SmooManLecons]] ([[User talk:SmooManLecons|talk]]) 13:56, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*::The only argument for a move is based on the Turkish government position. The name chosen by the Turkish government has a ü in it. If we were to adopt the name on that basis, it would not be for us to then change the spelling. And if the inclusion of the ü reduces the chances of the word being widely adopted, that isn't our problem. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 15:09, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*::Re alphabet: success cases [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] (on Wikipedia, UN: Sao Tome and Principe - maybe candidate for move request), [[Curaçao]]. Unsuccessful: Côte D'Ivoire. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 16:35, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Fram|Fram]] ([[User talk:Fram|talk]]) 13:55, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' this seems very similar to [[Name of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic/Czechia]]. There needs to be consistency. [[User:Nehme1499|Nehme]][[User talk:Nehme1499|1499]] 14:07, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]], virtually all english language sources use Turkey as the common name for the polity in question.[[User:XavierGreen|XavierGreen]] ([[User talk:XavierGreen|talk]]) 14:14, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Nozdref|Nozdref]] ([[User talk:Nozdref|talk]]) 14:15, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Beshogur|Beshogur]] ([[User talk:Beshogur|talk]]) 14:34, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Probably borderline [[WP:LAME]]. We have done this discussion many times before, and this would likely confuse many readers who haven't been involved in current events. Neither has the UN changed Turkey's name on their website yet. We should create an FAQ about this discussion to stop all the name change edit requests. [[User:CollectiveSolidarity|CollectiveSolidarity]] ([[User talk:CollectiveSolidarity|talk]]) 14:36, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Turkey is the English name for the country. The articles for Spain and Germany aren't at España and Deutschland so there's no reason Turkey should be any different. [[User:Stevie fae Scotland|Stevie fae Scotland]] ([[User talk:Stevie fae Scotland|talk]]) 14:38, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Turkey is the common name and English name for the country. Just because Bharat was selected as an alternative name of India in 1950, that doesn't mean at international level, people use Bharat but use India. Same applies here for Turkey. [[User:Imranqazi90|Imranqazi90]] ([[User talk:Imranqazi90|talk]]) 14:52, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Policy is that we use the [[WP:COMMONNAME]], which in this case is fairly obviously ''Turkey''. There is no point in requesting a move unless you can provide at least an argument that the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in ordinary English usage has changed. I'll repeat the Google Trends searches I cited above, that show ''Turkey'' as dominant in major English-speaking countries: [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=US&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye][https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=GB&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye][https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=AU&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye][https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=AU&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye][https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=IN&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye][https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=ZA&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye]. I'd also add that the proposed move title isn't even the name proposed by the Turkish government - it should be Türkiye with [[ü]] and the Turkish [[dotted i]]. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 14:58, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Snowclose.''' This ain't getting any support, as it's just a rehash of Czech Republic/Czechia. '''[[User:Old Naval Rooftops|O.N.R.]]''' [[User talk:Old Naval Rooftops|(talk)]] 15:00, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Leave it open at lest for 24 hours to give all timezones a chance to say their argument. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 16:20, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Besides, ''nobody'' is using Turkiye in English; the proposal of the authoritarian regime in Ankara is Türkiye, not Turkiye. Neither one is common English usage. [[User:Jeppiz|Jeppiz]] ([[User talk:Jeppiz|talk]]) 15:54, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:The type of government (democratic, authoritarian, dictatorial, whatever) is irrelevant here. [[User:Professor Tournesol|Professor Tournesol]] ([[User talk:Professor Tournesol|talk]]) 17:43, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]], and we already denote the official spelling otherwise. There are dozens of countries where the COMMONNAME reflects the English usage over the foreign language - not least those using other alphabets (some of which are uncommon to English). [[User:Koncorde|Koncorde]] ([[User talk:Koncorde|talk]]) 15:59, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' [[User:Toran107|Toran107]] ([[User talk:Toran107|talk]]) 16:04, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*To those citing COMMONNAME, the name literally just changed yesterday. Of course "Turkey" is still the most commonly-used name amongst all extant news sources - any news article written prior to YESTERDAY uses Turkey. --[[User:B|B]] ([[User talk:B|talk]]) 16:12, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Today is 3 June, and the change was on 31 May, so your timing is not right. But it doesn't really matter. It is for those advocating the change to demonstrate the case that the common name has changed, or that there is some reason why a longstanding [[WP:COMMONNAME]] should be overridden. Even if the only reason they cannot make that case is because the sources haven't caught up yet, then the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] has not changed and we are right to oppose on that basis. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 17:40, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Today is 4 June. Still no change: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-61680382 BBC], [https://www.ft.com/content/43899864-9aea-4a4e-bcaa-25c52e5d7db8 Financial Times], [https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/data-puts-turkeys-annual-inflation-735-24-year-85155357 ABC], [https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/turkey-summons-greek-ambassador-foreign-ministry-2022-06-03/ Reuters] all using ''Turkey'' with no sign of ''Türkiye''. {{tq|To those citing COMMONNAME, the name literally just changed yesterday}}…It didn’t, but anyway…{{tq|Of course "Turkey" is still the most commonly-used name amongst all extant news sources}}. Exactly! that’s why we have [[WP:CRYSTAL]] {{ndash}} [[WP:RGW|Wikipedia doesn't lead; we follow.]] And so far no one in the English-speaking media is going to ''Türkiye''. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 08:18, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' the name change because Turkiye is not even in play - T'''ü'''rkyie was registered at UN and '''Oppose''' Türkiye
::*[https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ UN list] contains tens (!!!) of differences so Wikipedia does not blindly follow it
::*previous country renamings on Wikipedia took at least months after name change and some has not happened to this day
::*Turkey has long history so the change is more difficult
:::: Czech Republic has only 30 years history and name change on Wikipedia has not happened yet, 6 years after official UN registration and mild successes in sources
::::::English language already knows knows the name Czech, knows -ia, knows Czechoslovakia, so Czechia is quite logic construction (oppose to Türk-iye)
::::::Czechia does not contain special letters like ü
::::::So Czechia is ahead of Tükiye for now, with better case and fails too, so Türkiye is not eligible
:::: Eswatini is relativelly unknown country so renaming was easy and sources proved it (not just sources about the renaming, but casual mentions too)
:::: North Macedonia was proven by sources, also it was special case on its own
::*pronunciation in English is not clear, u/ü is not clear, adjective is not clear
::*argument that we should grant country's wishes - yes, after we see that secondary sources do so
::*like every single instance of Tu/ürkiye in sources say about the name change and nothing else, the sources do not use it yet
::*not clear for which time period it should be used - from now on, or for past references too?
::*wait for ISO, US departement of state, UK ministry of defence - [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/country-names/country-name-changes-in-hmg-use-1919-to-2020 further reading about timeline of country name changes in past 100 years] etc.
::*trans celebrity argument (mentioned somewhere before or after my comment) is not good for country naming discussion
::But I'm in favour of Türkiye in LEDE as "also known as Türkiye" or "rarely Türkiye" or at least note with "for alternative names see Name paragraph"
::I'm in favour of "Türkiye at the 2024 Summer Olympics" (and similar sport articles) if Turkey manages to compete under such name (team name versus country name - no need of mindless unity) [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 16:26, 3 June 2022 (UTC) & [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 07:02, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
::[[Düsseldorf]] "ü" [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 19:19, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:'''Oppose'''. Wikipedia does not necessarily follow UN naming conventions. Otherwise the Taiwan article would have a different name. [[User:Aurelius9|Marcus ]] [[User talk:Aurelius9|Aurelius]] 17:26, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:'''Support:''' This is similar to the Cote d'Ivoire and Cabo Verde situation. Should an English name be changed to what its country wants? Well, the UN recognizes it, and it's an official English language name change, so it should be changed. [[User:131552A|131552A]] ([[User talk:131552A|talk]]) 17:27, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:: The "Türkiye" vs. "Turkiye" situation is simply a war of technicalities. Like most all non-English languages names in English, one simply removes the dieresis and any other accentuation marks not in English and thus the name is now to English grammar standards. [[User:131552A|131552A]] ([[User talk:131552A|talk]]) 17:30, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:::That's not how it always works, for example the German surname "M'''ü'''ller" becomes "M'''ue'''ller" and not "M'''u'''ller" in English. How it is anglicized depends on the language, the letter Ü here in "Türkiye" might not be equivalent to the English letter U. [[User:Folohsor|Folohsor]] ([[User talk:Folohsor|talk]]) 18:30, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:'''Support''' Swaziland was renamed within a week even though its newest name is incomprehensible. ukrainian cities were also all quickly renamed save for 1 [[User:DzhungarRabbit|DzhungarRabbit]] ([[User talk:DzhungarRabbit|talk]]) 17:33, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::I agree. The eSwatini example holds up and the name was indeed changed relatively quickly. The capitalization also is controversial and doesn't comply with English grammar, and people just changed it to "Eswatini". The same should apply here. [[User:131552A|131552A]] ([[User talk:131552A|talk]]) 17:41, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Strong support [[Türkiye]]''', see Eswatini page move that was done the week after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Eswatini/Archive_3#Requested_move_12_October_2018]. Additionally, in Turkey obviously Türkiye is ubiquitous. Not sure why when a person changes the name we have policies to update even if it's COMMON, and not for countries.--[[User:Ortizesp|Ortizesp]] ([[User talk:Ortizesp|talk]]) 17:46, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Seen this point made several times now. The Swazi government changed Swaziland to Eswatini on [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-43821512 19 April 2018]. An [[Talk:Eswatini/Archive_2#Requested_move_19_April_2018|RM was started on the same day]], and closed with consensus ''against'' the move on the grounds that there was no evidence that the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] had changed. A [[Talk:Eswatini/Archive_2#Requested_move_16_June_2018|second RM was started on 16 June 2018]], with the same result. The RM you refer to was started on 12 October 2018, and finished on 22 October, which is a full six months after the name change. The claim that the Eswatini page move {{tq|was done the week after}} the state was renamed is simply not true. Those supporting the move here are advocating that we go much faster than we did with Eswatini. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 18:20, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Turkey is still clearly the common name. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 17:56, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Mostly support (but also) oppose (in part)''' I think that the page should be renamed to "Türkiye" with the [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|trema]], not "Turkiye" without the trema because this is how the name change was structured.[[User:Joesom333|Joesom333]] ([[User talk:Joesom333|talk]]) 18:20, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
**According to what I understand of the Turkish language, it's an umlaut, not a trema. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 19:17, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[User:Aurelius9|Aurelius9]], [[User:Kavas|Kavas]] and [[User:Jeppiz|Jeppiz]]. The Turkey → Türkiye name change is most likely a Public Relations stunt by the Erdoğan government. The [[Ivory Coast]] government also insists that everyone refer to it by its official-language name (in this case, the French "Côte d'Ivoire") and yet the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in English still remains "Ivory Coast". [[User:Glide08|Glide08]] ([[User talk:Glide08|talk]]) 19:46, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', per [[WP:COMMONNAME]] [[User:Asdfjrjjj|Asdfjrjjj]] ([[User talk:Asdfjrjjj|talk]]) 19:49, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - COMMONNAME is the only relevant issue here, and the new name clearly doesn't qualify (yet). Obviously, if the new name then becomes the most commonly used in English language sources (like eSwatini did), then we can come here again. [[User_talk:Black Kite|Black Kite (talk)]] 20:09, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Not yet [[WP:COMMONNAME]], obviously. There needs to be a move request moratorium for a few months to allow the usage position to become clarified. Otherwise, I foresee these RMs only causing ongoing disruption. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:21, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

:'''Oppose''' This move cannot take place until [[Czech Republic]] is moved to [[Czechia]]. [[User:Piotrek54321|Piotrek54321]] ([[User talk:Piotrek54321|talk]]) 20:29, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''' It should be moved to Türkiye, not to Turkiye. It's not up to us to adapt the spelling to only include English characters. [[User:ImStevan|ImStevan]] ([[User talk:ImStevan|talk]]) 20:42, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:@[[User:ImStevan|ImStevan]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ATurkey&type=revision&diff=1091310564&oldid=1091310477 this response] on your suggested title. [[User:Iggy the Swan|Iggy]] ([[User talk:Iggy the Swan#top|Swan]]) ([[Special:Contribs/Iggy the Swan|Contribs]]) 21:48, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:I actually agree, now that I have read these comments. Although I must note that most English language speakers will likely not use the dieresis or umlaut when writing the word down. [[User:131552A|131552A]] ([[User talk:131552A|talk]]) 23:47, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''' Too soon. It's worth considering that because we need to disambiguate with [[turkey (bird)]], Türkiye doesn't have to be ''the'' common name, it just has to be ''a'' common name, as changing the name of the page to Türkiye would provide natural disambiguation, which is preferable under [[WP:DAB]]. If Türkiye enters widespread use in English sources, I would support a move, but right now we don't know if it will. [[User:YttriumShrew|YttriumShrew]] ([[User talk:YttriumShrew|talk]]) 21:25, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per Piotrek54321, also earlier on today someone has moved some of the sport articles to "Türkiye" from "Turkey" but, as seen on [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Football#Turkey_national_football_team|this section]], I stated these moves were returned as they have not been discussed and this article has not been retitled itself. It will take some time for the WP:COMMONNAME to change as in the case of [[Port Elizabeth]] and [[Czech Republic]] are titled as they are today. [[User:Iggy the Swan|Iggy]] ([[User talk:Iggy the Swan#top|Swan]]) ([[Special:Contribs/Iggy the Swan|Contribs]]) 21:54, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Also, few people use Türkiye when referring to the country Turkey in English. Actually, it is not an English word, but here is the English Wikipedia. We respect the right of countries to choose their own country name, but this right should not infringe on people's right to use the language they are familiar with. The Wikipedia entry name is not necessarily the official name of its subject. This is very clearly stated in [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Cfls|Cfls]] ([[User talk:Cfls|talk]]) 23:49, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Türkiye is literally the name. It's sad that Wikipedia has become so slow to actually update things in a reasonable time frame. [[User:Elgatoisacat|Elgatoisacat]] ([[User talk:Elgatoisacat|talk]]) 00:35, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Sad? What about the fact that [[WP:COMMONNAME]] is policy? We use what people use. Happy Editing--'''[[User:IAmChaos|IAm]][[User talk:IAmChaos|Chaos]]''' 00:53, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*::that policy has been routinely ignored based on the whims and wishes of the western mainstream that solidly controls this website, just look at Kiev and other Ukrainian cities. The only reason why we are even having this conversation in the first place is because Turkey is not well liked in US+EU which control the narrative. Had it been their golden cow like the Ukraine is right now the name would have already been changed. [[User:DzhungarRabbit|DzhungarRabbit]] ([[User talk:DzhungarRabbit|talk]]) 01:30, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*:::Thank you for your comment. At the same time, you may also refer to the case that the [[ Czech Republic ]] announced its new name Czechia in 2016. However, mainly due to the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] policy, the Wikipedia entry name remains unchanged by community consensus. Your assertion, although welcome in the Wikipedia community, is generally based on opinion rather than precedent or community guidelines. Thank you for letting us see different sides and perspectives. [[User:Cfls|Cfls]] ([[User talk:Cfls|talk]]) 04:41, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as ''TOOSOON''. Once we see how WP:COMMONNAME this is after a few weeks we should reconsider. Happy Editing--'''[[User:IAmChaos|IAm]][[User talk:IAmChaos|Chaos]]''' 00:52, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Too soon to tell if "Türkiye" will become widely-used in the English-language media. [[User:AusLondonder|AusLondonder]] ([[User talk:AusLondonder|talk]]) 01:10, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. So that [[turkey (bird)]] would be the new primary topic. [[User:Showiecz|Showiecz]] ([[User talk:Showiecz|talk]]) 02:32, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per all the reasons given above. - [[User:Therealscorp1an|Therealscorp1an]] ([[User talk:Therealscorp1an|talk]]) 02:36, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' in any case [[Turkey (disambiguation)]] should be located at "Turkey" and not the country. Whether it is renamed to Turkiye or [[Turkey (country)]], the disambiguation page should be primary. In English, the bird is highly prominent -- [[Special:Contributions/64.229.88.43|64.229.88.43]] ([[User talk:64.229.88.43|talk]]) 03:44, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' for reasons listed above - [[User:Bokmanrocks01|Bokmanrocks01]] ([[User talk:Bokmanrocks01|talk]]) 03:57, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per all the reasons given above.--[[User:Ruwaym|Ruwaym]] ([[User talk:Ruwaym|talk]]) 04:02, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Bmf 051|Bmf 051]] ([[User talk:Bmf 051|talk]]) 04:10, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. I always have found [[WP:COMMONNAME]] to be subjective and arbitrary. When is something considered common? Also imho, it should be policy of Wikipedia to actively support name changes, to make the new name more common. Same goes for Czechia. We should respect their preferences. [[User:Randam|Randam]] ([[User talk:Randam|talk]]) 05:10, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' [[WP:COMMONNAME]] has been Turkey for several decades, and it isn't changing anytime soon. Until Turkiye becomes the dominant term, I oppose this change. [[User:FlantasyFlan|FlantasyFlan]] ([[User talk:FlantasyFlan|talk]]) 05:55, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''(Conditional) oppose''' I'm all for renaming the page "Türkiye", but per COMMONNAME & TOOSOON, we'll have to be patient and wait a few months, see if "Türkiye" catches on among the public, media & academia. If it does, then by all means go for the change, but if the Anglophone world continues to call the country Turkey, then we will have to respect that and maintain the status quo. [[User:Yekshemesh|Yekshemesh]] ([[User talk:Yekshemesh|talk]]) 06:05, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]], [[WP:TOOSOON]]. [[User:NoMoreHeroes|NO MORE HEROES]] [[User talk:NoMoreHeroes|⚘ TALK]] 07:03, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Currently, usage of "T[ü/u]rkiye" in English-language texts is still very limited even in Turkey. Government sites, Anadolu and Turkish Airlines use "Türkiye" (or "Turkiye" with great inconsistency), but – I have to mention it again and again – even the two largest Turkish news media in English (Daily Sabah and Hürriyet Daily News) haven't adopted the change (so much for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Turkey&diff=1091396997&oldid=1091394794 "US+EU controlled narrative"]). It's not about whether we like this whim of the current Turkish administration or not, but whether this drive will have any impact on usage in reliable sources around the world (cf. Kyiv vs. Czechia). Let's meet again in 6 months or so. –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 09:19, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*:D'''ü'''sseldorf geographical name. Merriam-Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/D%C3%BCsseldorf [[Special:Contributions/95.70.244.169|95.70.244.169]] ([[User talk:95.70.244.169|talk]]) 23:22, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Weakly oppose''' not [[WP:COMMONNAME]] yet.--[[User:唐吉訶德的侍從|El caballero de los Leones]] ([[User talk:唐吉訶德的侍從|talk]]) 10:23, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Strong support''': [[WP:COMMONNAME]] doesn't apply. The country has just changed their name, of course people are going to (at this present moment) be referring to it as its previous name! [[User:Felixsv7|Felixsv7]] ([[User talk:Felixsv7|talk]]) 11:48, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
:* COMMONNAME absolutely does apply - it's a policy, so it can't be ignored. If the new name becomes the common name, the article should be moved ''then'', not now; exactly as it happened with eSwatini, 6 months after the name changed. This is absolutely too early. [[User_talk:Black Kite|Black Kite (talk)]] 11:55, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
:*:Also, eSwatini was initially bvelieved to be the name, later clarified or changed to Eswatini. Maybe Turkey will adapt Türkyie to Turkiye, or Turkia? :) [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 12:09, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' There is no such letter "ü" in English, so if Erdogan is uncomfortable about Turkey's current naming, he definitely should make up something more creative. But seriously, see [[WP:COMMONNAME]] and I wonder why this name never had been a problem for at least 100 years. --[[User:A.Savin|A.Savin]] ([[User talk:A.Savin|talk]]) 13:11, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
**In my opinion, the issue is not the letter "ü" but that Turkey is pretty much unilaterally trying to change the common name in English. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 01:46, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[[Düsseldorf]] '''ü''' [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 19:16, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Zsovar3|Zsovar3]] ([[User talk:Zsovar3|talk]]) 13:40, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:BlackBony|BlackBony]] ([[User talk:BlackBony|talk]]) 21:44, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Turkey''' [[User:Here I am using this website|Here I am using this website]] ([[User talk:Here I am using this website|talk]]) 14:27, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''STRONG SUPPORT''' (Gratuitous abuse redacted) Official names will always stand! [[Special:Contributions/120.17.142.88|120.17.142.88]] ([[User talk:120.17.142.88|talk]]) 16:19, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Wikipedia name forms are neither governed from Ankara or from the UN, but from actual usage in relevant and reliable sources. [[Ivory Coast]] is a similar case, where the government has insisted that the name form 'Côte d'Ivoire' should be used in all languages, a name that was accepted by the UN in 1985. 37 years later there is no doubt that the country still is commonly called 'Ivory Coast' in English. So let us wait and see what really happens in the years towards 2059. --[[User:TU-nor|T*U]] ([[User talk:TU-nor|talk]]) 16:43, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. '''[[User:Peter Ormond| Peter Ormond ]][[User talk:Peter Ormond|💬]]''' 19:14, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' It's the official name of the country, and yes [[WP:COMMONNAME]] exists but the name has literally been changed for less than a few days. [[User:L32007|L32007]] ([[User talk:L32007|talk]]) 21:50, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*:That's the point, wait till it becomes a common name before moving. [[User:Altermetax|Altermetax]] ([[User talk:Altermetax|talk]]) 21:59, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. This is just the Czechia/Czech Republic nonsense reborn. [[User:Iamawesomeautomatic|Iamawesomeautomatic]] ([[User talk:Iamawesomeautomatic|talk]]) 22:59, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' 1. per commonname 2. let's wait if this is even adepted by media and governments 3. i'm not even sure this change will stay after erdogan is out of office [[User:Norschweden|Norschweden]] ([[User talk:Norschweden|talk]]) 22:11, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

:Türkiye
:https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/world-ranking/women
:https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/vnl-2022/news/karakurt-and-erdem-help-turkiye-get-back-on-track [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 02:16, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:'''Strongly support ''' Türkiye [[Düsseldorf]] [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 02:21, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', if you plan to move the page, it should go to [[Türkiye]] if that name does come into more widespread & common usage. "Turkiye" an incorrect spelling of actual official name, "T'''ü'''rkiye". The '''[[Ü]]''' is a distinct letter in this language and not just a modified U, so writing it as "Turkiye" is a spelling error, like writing it as "Tjrkiye" or "Tbrkiye" would be. If you want to change it into a word without the Ü, then I don't know what letters should replace it, in German the Ü can be replaced with UE like in the surname Müller/Mueller, but it is probably different in a different language here. [[User:Folohsor|Folohsor]] ([[User talk:Folohsor|talk]]) 18:12, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[[Düsseldorf]] [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 19:14, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

*'''Support''' [[User:Dhoru 21|Dhoru 21]] ([[User_talk:Dhoru_21|talk]]・[[Special:Contributions/Dhoru_21|contribs]]) 13:19, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

*'''Support''' So I speak as an Italian citizen. I can tell you that in Italy all Turkish products are written "Made in Türkiye". There is no "Made in Turkey". Afterwards it is useless to say that in the English alphabet there is no letter ü because so what are the English pages of Zürich or Düsseldorf written in this way doing ?. The only thing to see is whether in the short term, in English, we will use the common word Turkiye or Türkiye. I believe more Turkiye. [[User:Eraldo100|Eraldo100]] ([[User talk:Eraldo100|talk]]) 23:06, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

Very strong support. Turkey is now Turkiye and to intentionally call it anything else would be to spread misinformation. For those citing WP:COMMONNAME, it’s only been a day. And “Macedonia” is still the common name for the country known as “North Macedonia”, but the wiki article for that country was still renamed. This is literally no different — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2.100.192.236|2.100.192.236]] ([[User talk:2.100.192.236#top|talk]]) 00:38, 5 June 2022 (UTC) 
:'''Weak oppose''': It is possible that in the near future the country will be popularly referred to in the press and elsewhere in the English-speaking world as "Türkiye" (with or without the diaeresis), the same way that Persia is now Iran and Peking is now Beijing. Until and unless that happens, though, the name "Turkey" continues to dominate. '''[[User:FreeMediaKid!|Free]][[User talk:FreeMediaKid!|Media]][[Special:Contributions/FreeMediaKid!|Kid$]]''' 05:17, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per the above arguments. Based on some of the opposing users' arguments I feel like this issue is turning into a political battle against the figure of Erdogan rather than the actual issue of the country's rebranding, even though the move is widely supported by Turks.--[[User:Moester101|Moester101]] ([[User talk:Moester101|talk]]) 06:12, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Support by the Turks does not necessarily mean that it must be changed immediately. Sure, this is a strange issue considering the [[Talk:France|French flag]], Eswatini, and North Macedonia had their RFCs implemented very quickly, but it might confuse readers not involved in current events, especially when it involves a majorly established country that has been known as “Turkey” for centuries. [[User:CollectiveSolidarity|CollectiveSolidarity]] ([[User talk:CollectiveSolidarity|talk]]) 06:49, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

*'''Strongly Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. --[[Special:Contributions/173.238.195.247|173.238.195.247]] ([[User talk:173.238.195.247|talk]]) 06:48, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose:''' my issue with this isn't because of [[WP:COMMONNAME]], as Türkiye will undoubtedly become the most common name eventually. My issue is that '''''it is far too early to move it.''''' When Türkiye becomes the most common name, we should move it ''then'', but it isn't the most common name now. For the record, if a proposal to move [[Ivory Coast]] to Cote d'Ivoire ever happens in the future, I'd support that, as '''that ''is'' its most common name'''. Türkiye, however, isn't the most common name for Turkey ''right now'', so we shouldn't move it ''just yet''. [[User:Do-Do-Drop|Do-Droppy]] ([[User talk:Do-Do-Drop|talk]]) 17:06, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

:The official name is "T'''ü'''rkiye" and not "T'''u'''rkiye" - the "'''[[Ü]]'''" is a different letter in this language (and not just a modification of "'''U'''"), so writing it as "Turkiye" is a spelling error. [[User:Folohsor|Folohsor]] ([[User talk:Folohsor|talk]]) 17:23, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::Yes, in Turkish it would be a spelling error. That has nothing to do with how the name is rendered in other languages. 'Turkiet' in Swedish, 'Turquía' in Spanish, 'Turkaland' in Faroese are not spelling errors, neither would 'Turkiye' be in English. But I actually do not expect it to be called that. --[[User:TU-nor|T*U]] ([[User talk:TU-nor|talk]]) 17:42, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:::But "Turkiet" in Swedish, "Turquía" in Spanish, "Turkaland" in Faroese (and "Turkki" in Finnish) are names native to those languages, not names used by Turkey itself. If we want to use a native English name for the country in English, "Turkey" is perfectly fine. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 18:40, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::{{ping|JIP}} I totally agree. My point was just to stress that Turkey cannot dictate what is right or wrong spelling in any other language, including English. --[[User:TU-nor|T*U]] ([[User talk:TU-nor|talk]]) 23:08, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::::Yes. If in the future, ''Turkiye'' ends up being adopted as the English name of the country, then it would not be a spelling error in English - pretty much by definition.

::::But if ''Türkiye'' were adopted, then ''Turkiye'' would not be considered a significant spelling error either. English-speakers have a habit of shearing diacritics off words, even including personal names.

::::But that's what might happen if things change. There's no current reason to assume that English-speakers won't continue to refer to ''Turkey'' for decades and even centuries to come. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 18:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::[[Baden-Württemberg]]
::[[Camagüey]]
::[[Ü-Tsang]]
::[[Kitzbühel]] [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 19:42, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Arialu}}, I appreciate that you're new to this, but in general you will make your point much more effectively if you tell us what it is rather than leaving us to try and guess. Scattering the talk page with random place names is not helpful to anyone. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 20:04, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::::I think their point is that "ü" does, in fact, appear in multiple names used for various places in English (and in the English Wikipedia titles of them). [[User:Paintspot|Paintspot Infez]] ([[User talk:Paintspot|talk]]) 00:24, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

Strongly support: Turkiye or Turkey has the right to choose it's name as a sorveign state. If Myanmar and Eswatini can change their name, so can Turkey. Iran changed its English name from Persia to its local name. So using the same logic Turkey, Türkiye, Türkiye or Turkland can also rightfully change its name. [[User:Here I am using this website|Here I am using this website]] ([[User talk:Here I am using this website|talk]]) 18:51, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

:You already voted once, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Turkey&diff=1091468944&oldid=1091462422 albeit somewhat ambiguously]. I see a lot of people here arguing basically that they want to [[WP:RIGHTGREATWRONGS]], that Turkey somehow has some kind of moral right to have its desires represented on this Wikipedia article. No, it doesn't. If English usage changes, we change. If it does not change, then it is not for us to try and change it. We follow changes that occur on their own. We do not attempt to lead it. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 18:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::Amen. I would prefer that it be called Türkiye too, but [[WP:COMMONNAME]] applies. Just be patient and wait till it catches on (if it catches on), people. [[User:Yekshemesh|Yekshemesh]] ([[User talk:Yekshemesh|talk]]) 01:20, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Strong Support''' of the rename. I'm aware of the COMMONNAME policy but feel it stands in the way of a site as large as Wikipedia being used as a force-for-good in informing the general public of the rename to Turkiye. The country's new name was adopted for well-argued reasons and stands to be a much more heavily promoted change from Turkiye's part in comparison to the under-the-radar acceptance of Czechia alongside its longform name. Keeping the name Turkey stands directly against the wishes of the country (again in contrast to the more muted impact seen from Czechia) and I feel Wikipedia owes it to Turkiye to not misrepresent them after passing through all official channels to not only adopt the new name and pronunciation of Turkiye for English speakers, but specifically remove Turkey as an accepted name. [[User:ToastUltimatum|ToastUltimatum]] ([[User talk:ToastUltimatum|talk]]) 03:25, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
**With that said however, it seems fairly clear that the vote will again opt in favour of keeping the outdated name, so if this is to be the case, I at least think there is a compromise to be made with the opening line of the paragraph. Even with Turkey retained as the article title, I think it would be fair to reword the introductions to reflect the official name first before integrating the COMMONNAME principle into the text itself:
::The '''Republic of Türkiye''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|links=no}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti||Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg}}), more commonly referred to as '''Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije|}}), is a [[transcontinental country]]...
::This would be in line with the [[United Kingdom]] article for example, which mentions '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''' in its introduction before using the term '''United Kingdom'''. [[WP:COMMONNAME]] is a policy specific to article ''titles'', but in the factual coverage of the introduction, I believe the new official name of the country must be mentioned before proceeding with the former name that the country wishes to phase out. [[User:ToastUltimatum|ToastUltimatum]] ([[User talk:ToastUltimatum|talk]]) 03:58, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' and suggest '''[[WP:SNOW]] close''' - It's too early to know if Türkiye will ever catch on. Maybe it will, like [[Eswatini]] or [[North Macedonia]]. Or maybe it'll be another [[Czechia]] situation. These actually aren't the best examples - this seems more comparable to how [[Ivory Coast]] is officially Côte d'Ivoire in English, but we don't refer to it as such, or how [[Cape Verde]] is officially Cabo Verde in English, but we don't refer to it as such, either. My best guess is that Türkiye will never catch on, but I don't have a crystal ball. All I know is that as of writing this, the common name is undoubtedly Turkey. Let's revisit this if news outlets start referring to the country as Türkiye. [[User:Vanilla Wizard| Vanilla ]][[User Talk:Vanilla Wizard| Wizard ]] [[Special:Contribs/Vanilla Wizard|💙]] 04:45, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[[São Tomé and Príncipe]] ? [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 18:34, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::São Tomé and Príncipe is different to the other cases because that actually is the country's common English name; nobody calls it Saint Thomas and Prince. [[User:YttriumShrew|YttriumShrew]] ([[User talk:YttriumShrew|talk]]) 21:12, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Although this is purely a politically motivated and populist decision unilaterally taken by Erdogan, it IS what the UN decided to go with and as such we need to respect that decision. [[User:Alexceltare2|Alexceltare2]] ([[User talk:Alexceltare2|talk]]) 13:15, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
* '''Strong Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. This is the English Wikipedia, and the common English name is Turkey. The title of the article for [[Germany]] is not Deutschland, the article for [[Japan]] is not Nippon, the article for [[China]] is not Zhōngguó, and the article for [[India]] is not Bhārat. The title of this article should be Turkey not Türkiye. - [[User:GretLomborg|GretLomborg]] ([[User talk:GretLomborg|talk]]) 14:57, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[[São Tomé and Príncipe]] ? [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 18:33, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
* '''Strong Oppose''' for the same reasons started by user GretLomborg immediately above. Obviously the article can and must address this issue and can surely do so quite effectively and clearly, but that's a completely separate issue from what the name of the article ought to be. Addressing the issue in the article's text would also resolve the purported "spreading misinformation" concern some people above have expressed. [[User:1995hoo|1995hoo]] ([[User talk:1995hoo|talk]]) 15:49, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. We use the country's common English-language name, not its official one. See [[East Timor]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Czech Republic]] and [[Cape Verde]]. [[User talk:Vaulter|'''-- Vaulter''']] 16:06, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[[São Tomé and Príncipe]] ? [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 18:31, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as this is ''en''.wikipedia.org. [[User:ValarianB|ValarianB]] ([[User talk:ValarianB|talk]]) 17:44, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[https://unterm.un.org/unterm/display/record/unhq/na/356ac538-feb4-4d8a-a4e9-a9eb5dd40fc5 UNTERM] English: Türkiye. I get that it is not English common name, but it IS designed (pushed) for English. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 17:55, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. It is less ambiguous and more respectful to call the country Türkiye. If not to be moved, the lead sentence should be rephrased as:
:: The '''Republic of Türkiye''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|links=no}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti||Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg}}), commonly known as '''Turkey''',...
just in the same form as the [[United Kingdom]] article:
:: The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', commonly known as the '''United Kingdom''' ('''UK''') or '''Britain''',...
[[User:Gu0427|Gu0427]] ([[User talk:Gu0427|talk]]) 18:06, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' It's ridiculous to suggest this should be moved to 'Turkiye' and not 'Türkiye,' but I'd like to see all the COMMONNAME opposition tell me what's different in this case compared to that of [[eSwatini]], which is definitely still more commonly called 'Swaziland' (14.4 million 'Swaziland' to 12.4 million 'eSwatini' Google results in the past year—and many of the latter undoubtedly influenced by Wikipedia's change). [[Special:Contributions/104.246.222.113|104.246.222.113]] ([[User talk:104.246.222.113|talk]]) 18:36, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*: Who’s to say that was “right” or will stick. See [[WP:OTHERCONTENT]] and [[WP:CONSENSUSCANCHANGE]]. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:00, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support for Türkiye''', even though it seems that some people don't want to change the name today, I'm sure in the future it will probably be changed through enough usage by news outlets and academic journals. People don't like change but it is what it is. I also think it should retain the two dots on the ü like in [[Zürich]] [[User:YemeniFriend|Amir Abdullah]] ([[User talk:YemeniFriend|talk]]) 22:38, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' If my math is correct, the [[WP:NOTVOTE|!votes]] are as follows: 70 total !votes, 19 supports (including the nom), 51 opposes. Consensus will not develop to move the page. I would [[WP:SNOW]] close it myself if I wasn't involved. [[User:Vanilla Wizard| Vanilla ]][[User Talk:Vanilla Wizard| Wizard ]] [[Special:Contribs/Vanilla Wizard|💙]] 23:39, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': Per [[User:Arialu]]'s comments, I wish to repeat that the issue is not "accent marks are evil" but that Turkey is unilaterally trying to change the common name in English. I would oppose the propsal regardless of whether Turkey wanted to use Turkiye or Türkiye. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 01:14, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. There are many countries whose official or native names are different from the ones used commonly by English sources. Some of the examples are Japan (Nippon), Spain (España), Germany (Deutschland), Italy (Italia), etc. [[user:Keivan.f|Keivan.f]][[user_talk:Keivan.f|Talk]] 05:03, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
* '''Support'''. They officially changed their name. Sources will catch on. On Wikipedia changing the article name reduces the confusion between the country and the bird, an issue not present with the Czech Republic or Czhechia situation, there is no poultry involved in that dispute that is a very common word. --[[User:StellarNerd|StellarNerd]] ([[User talk:StellarNerd|talk]]) 19:39, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Check Republic, Cheque Republic... confuuuuusing... Poor hungry Hungary, finish Finnish and polish Polish :) [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 20:09, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
*::Turkey/turkey = homophone & homograph. Polish/polish = homophone & homograph, but /wiki/Polish & /wiki/polish both lead to a disambiguation page, whereas /wiki/Turkey & /wiki/turkey both lead to the country's page. The rest of your examples differ in spelling, which, in a discussion about ambiguity in a written encyclopedia, matters more than pronunciation. [[User:Comm.unity|Comm.unity]] ([[User talk:Comm.unity|talk]]) 20:21, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' Some name changes should defer less overwhelmingly to the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] guideline in cases where the reason for the change is to avoid belittling & possibly pejorative connotation—ostensibly [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/02/world/europe/turkiye-turkey-united-nations.html? part of Turkey/Turkiye's reason]. This type of reason, if genuine, goes above & beyond the circumstances of a country name like [[Cape Verde|Cabo/Cape Verde]], where the word in question is simply a literal translation of a common noun. [[User:Comm.unity|Comm.unity]] ([[User talk:Comm.unity|talk]]) 20:08, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 3 June 2022 (2) ==

{{edit extended-protected|Turkey|answered=yes}}
Just dropping in to say that I saw this sentence in the antiquity section;

"For several centuries prior to the great Persian invasion of Greece, perhaps the very greatest and wealthiest city of the Greek world was Miletus and founded more colonies than any other Greek city.[58] particularly in the Black Sea region."

and I have three issues with it:

*"perhaps the very greatest" is worded like it is speculation, as if it were saying "it might have been the greatest city but we do not know for sure".
*The "and" following "Miletus" makes the sentence awkward, I believe it should be replaced by a comma and a "which" instead.
*The period before the reference divides the sentence in two, making the last part of it sound awkward grammatically.

I believe that's all. [[User:Do-Do-Drop|Do-Droppy]] ([[User talk:Do-Do-Drop|talk]]) 14:30, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

:I have made some of the simple grammar changes. [[User:Rollidan|Rollidan]] ([[User talk:Rollidan|talk]]) 15:24, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
::Come on, Wikipedia cannot ignore the decision of the united nations and say that it is not important for us. [[User:Brkysmskaks|Brkysmskaks]] ([[User talk:Brkysmskaks|talk]]) 16:06, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:::This is not "ignoring" the issue, this is pointing out a grammatical issue on the article and asking for it to be fixed. I don't know what else you'd want me to say. [[User:Do-Do-Drop|Do-Droppy]] ([[User talk:Do-Do-Drop|talk]]) 16:58, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

== Name change of Turkey ==

Hello, in the name Türkiye is the problem that "ü" is not in English alphabet. And my idea is we can use something like Turkia or Turkiye. --[[User:TayfunEt.|TayfunEt.]] ([[User talk:TayfunEt.|talk]]) 16:32, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

:No, Turkey was well aware of the risk but demanded ü anyway. We can't half-satisfy Turkey's wishes. A lot of sources do say "Turkiye" in their coverage about the renaming. It only shows how problematic wish it is. Those who write about Erdogan (not Erdoğan) will also probably strip ¨ from the new name of Turkey. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 16:41, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:Well, most accentuations in other languages are simply removed when transliterated into English. The same should occur, and will likely occur, here. [[User:131552A|131552A]] ([[User talk:131552A|talk]]) 17:33, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

I disagree, just like with some artists' names, the ü should remain in English aswell, as per Türkish request [[User:ImStevan|ImStevan]] ([[User talk:ImStevan|talk]]) 16:36, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

: The [[Republic of Côte d'Ivoire]] also uses an accent not originally native to English, so if it stays in the [[Côte d'Ivoire]] it should also stay in the word Türkiye. --[[Special:Contributions/2A01:C23:5D03:3E00:21F5:5F06:8DB3:50BD|2A01:C23:5D03:3E00:21F5:5F06:8DB3:50BD]] ([[User talk:2A01:C23:5D03:3E00:21F5:5F06:8DB3:50BD|talk]]) 19:32, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::D'''ü'''sseldorf geographical name. Merriam-Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/D%C3%BCsseldorf [[Special:Contributions/95.70.244.169|95.70.244.169]] ([[User talk:95.70.244.169|talk]]) 23:26, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

== Strong support changing the article name to Turkiye ==

1. The country is called Turkiye, so why should we call them anything else? Using outdated terminology just because it’s the “common name” isn’t very good for a site calling itself an encyclopaedia

2. Whenever a trans celebrity changes their name, their article is renamed the same day. How is this any different? Turkey is a deadname. [[Special:Contributions/2.100.192.236|2.100.192.236]] ([[User talk:2.100.192.236|talk]]) 00:32, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

== Lead sentence - mention Türkiye as official name ==

Given all the hubbub around the official name change, I would like to propose a mention of the official name being "Türkiye" in the lead, in a somewhat similar fashion to [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast / Côte d'Ivoire]]:

: '''Turkey''', officially '''Türkiye''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije|}}) and in long form the '''Republic of Türkiye''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|links=no}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti||Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg}})

Appreciate any good faith feedback, especially in terms of wording and ensuring good prose. [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 11:53, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

:It is "UN official short name". [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:TR ISO] says Turkey. [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/country-names UK] recognizes Turkey as official short name. [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/ USA - CIA] says it's Turkey. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey Britannica] - Turkey... etc. Which source has a privilege to declare "official" names in English language? [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ Check UNGEGN] and you will see dozens of differences between Wikipedia and UN what is considered official name (short and long). [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 12:07, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
::I don't mean to say official as in "the official name decided by a language regulator/external authority", but official as in "officially sanctioned by the Turkish government". Of course, Turkey is still by and far the common name. [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 12:41, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
:::Yes, and I say: In the sentence "Turkey, officially Türkiye", according to who is it official? And is there only one main authority which decides offficial ENGLISH name? Turkish government is able to create official Turkish short name and official Turkish political name. UN lists official names for its intentions and purposes but is it "the official" name to be in the lead? Is there only one official short name in English for this country and who announces it? Also, editors here do not differentiate between official and formal. They think that there's some kind of common (usually very short) name, which is totally unofficial, and then the official name meaning political name for diplomacy. UN and ISO lists up to 2 names for each country and both of them are official, so...
:::Also, "official English name" and "English translation of official name in foreign language" are generally 2 different things and we are looking for the first one. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 12:51, 4 June 2022 (UTC) [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 13:09, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*It should be mentioned in the lede and infobox, that '''Republic of Türkiye''' is the official name. [[User:Khestwol|Khestwol]] ([[User talk:Khestwol|talk]]) 12:10, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

:Or perhaps, '''Turkey''' or '''Türkiye''', officially '''Republic of Türkiye'''. [[User:Beshogur|Beshogur]] ([[User talk:Beshogur|talk]]) 19:28, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

The name the country uses, Republic of Türkiye, should of course be noted both in infobox and lede. It already is, though, so I assume there's nothing to do in regards to this? [[User:Jeppiz|Jeppiz]] ([[User talk:Jeppiz|talk]]) 22:48, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 
-My ignorant opinion: 
I can understand they wanting to deviate from the English word for turkey/bird.. 
 
Although in a way it should be irrelevant to them, 
if ignorant English speakers mistake the name with whatever animal name/connotation, then it's the english speaker's problem/fault.. 
Turks shouldn't care of what another group of ppl understand, 
and anyway in each and every language the name will be adapted differently.. 
 
However, I think the new orthography is also wrong/misleading to other languages. 
 
For instance, me being Spanish/Catalan will read the word Turkiye just as it's written: Tur-ki-ye 
But when you listen a Turkish person's pronunciation it's just like: Tur-kie 
 
So yeah, now for being nitpicks everyone will start pronouncing it like Tur-ki-ye, 
and then they will complain that it makes it sound more like russian/slav languajes.. 
 
Meanwhile in Spain we will keep calling it Turquia, 
so what's the point? [[User:Quintessence7|Quintessence7]] ([[User talk:Quintessence7|talk]]) 08:31, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

'''Precedent''': Czechia registered in July 2016 -> Wikipedia adds "also known as Czechia" to LEDE in a matter of days. I think Türkiye is entitled to this too. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 14:12, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

:We should only say that it is "also known as Türkiye" if we can demonstrate that that is true, to any significant degree. Nobody has even tried to do that yet. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 17:06, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::Is "known as" is too much? We can drop it to: "also Türkiye". Or add "in diplomatic circles". [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 17:30, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::No, it's too much [[WP:WEIGHT]] to give to this point, based on the actual level of usage. It belongs in the ''Name'' section. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 18:17, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::It would result in the word ''Türkiye'' appearing '''four''' times in the opening sentence compared to ''Czechia'' appearing once in the first sentence of its article.. ''Overkill'' is another way of conveying [[WP:UNDUE]]. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:05, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::So? 2 of those are Turkish, you can hide them into a note, just like with the Czech Republic article (why are they hidden I don't know, maybe because of Bohemia it is "too much names" or whatever). "Türkiye" and "Republic of Türkiye" are two different proper nouns no matter they look similar. LEDE typically contains both: ''XYZ'' and ''Republic of XYZ'' (when formal political name is in such substantive form). [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 20:45, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::It’s irrelevant that “2 of those are Turkish”. It’s a Turkish word. Why would would you hide them in a note. that makes no sense. Too much of this discussion is about making a ''point'' rather than thinking about conveying information to the reader. There’s already 3 words in the opeing sentence tells the English-speaking reader that ''Türkiye'' is a word for Turkey. We don’t need a fourth. The reader has well and truly got the message already. in the [[Czech Republic]] article the reader is told only once that ''Czechia'' is a word for the country. That’s the difference. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:59, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::Your proposal: LEDE will not say that Türkiye is alternative English name of the country. THAT's the difference. It will say that Türkiye is Turkish name for the country and that political name in English is Republic of Türkiye. No word about "just Türkiye" in English, because reader can peel it off / deduce it from that "Republic of Türkiye"? Better just to say it than to create word puzzles for readers. Or hypotetic scenario: Türkiye becomes commonname - you say, do not include it in LEDE, too much Türkiyes. Strange. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 21:10, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::::”Puzzles for readers”. What are you talking about? It says “officially the Republic of Türkiye”. How can “also known as Türkiye“ possibly add anything worthwhile? It doesn’t. it’s just pointless and repetitive - and it’s on top of “(Turkish: Türkiye)” and “(Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti}”. How many times and how many different ways do we have to say that ''Türkiye'' means Turkey? [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]])
:::::::::I let someone else deal with it, someone who cares more. I am fed up with this "my opionion is THE TRUTH so consensus is what I say". "Türkiye" and "Republic of Türkiye" are two different proper nouns, they are both valid, we should list them both in full - that is worth a while. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 21:25, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::::::‘"Türkiye" and "Republic of Türkiye" are two different proper nouns“‘ makes no sense. There’s only one proper noun, Türkiye, repeated twice. Once on its own and once with a modifier. It’s ironic that you complain about "my opionion is THE TRUTH so consensus is what I say" then go on to do exactly that: “they are both valid, we should list them both in full”!! [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 21:46, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::::::Czech Republic precedent - "also known as" in LEDE starts with UN registration. Or was it last straw?
:::::::::::[[Ivory Coast]] precedent - how to list names which are pushed into English but are clearly foreign in nature. "Why would would you hide them in a note. that makes no sense." Hm....
:::::::::::My way - precedents, analogies, custom practice, previous consensuses, bigger truth :P [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 22:00, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::::::::Unfortunately “your way” isn’t Wikipedia’s way, per [[WP:OTHERCONTENT]]. We don’t do “precedent” in in that way because “anyone can edit an article”. [[WP:LOCALCONSENSUS]] is just that. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 22:05, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Yes, let's do the same thing 10 different ways, just for the sake of it. First sentence is typical object of edit wars and then consensuses based on analogies. Examples of previous result help greatly, no need to hustle over the same thing all over. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 22:09, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::::::::::I’ve just realised you don’t have much WP experience. Consensus and approaches being different between articles is the norm and consensus within an article changes over time anyway. “Precedent” just doesn’t work here. Nothing, but nothing, is set in stone. That’s just how it is. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 22:25, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Turkey, the victim at X-mas in Britain, US etc) is in German: TRUTHAHN. I would suggest :-) to change the present name of the country in: TRÜTHANIYE. By saving the Ü, of course.
:::::::::::::::Best from Germany. :-) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Orientalist|Orientalist]] ([[User talk:Orientalist#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Orientalist|contribs]]) 08:45, 7 June 2022 (UTC) 
:::::::::::::::Unification of the first sentence is pretty common thing. Better resolve the format (formats) once than argue again and again with each and every article. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 17:59, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

== Request to rename Turkey (the bird) to Türkiye ==

As türkiyes are named after türkiye I feel as though the reason for doing so is self evident. However, additionally it would also bring awareness to the name change itself and put a spotlight on the right of indigenous peoples to be referred to using their own language (such as Kiev and chicken kievs now being Kyiv and chicken kyivs in many butchers). It'd be a trivial way to show that the Wikimedia Foundation's volunteers support Türkiye's name change. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/115.69.4.85|115.69.4.85]] ([[User talk:115.69.4.85#top|talk]]) 13:36, 5 June 2022 (UTC) 

Addendum: "Chicken Kiev (Ukrainian: котлета по-київськи, kotleta po-kyivsky; Russian: котлета по-киевски, kotleta po-kiyevski, literally "cutlet Kyiv-style")[note 1] or Chicken Kyiv" from the chicken kiev page. Can we get something like this for the turkey (bird) page? Just a small addition that says they're also known as türkiyes. I feel as that would be appropriate. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/115.69.4.85|115.69.4.85]] ([[User talk:115.69.4.85#top|talk]]) 13:39, 5 June 2022 (UTC) 
:{{not done}} This is not the page to request a move for [[Turkey (bird)]]. Request it on that article’s talk page. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:CollectiveSolidarity|CollectiveSolidarity]] ([[User talk:CollectiveSolidarity#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/CollectiveSolidarity|contribs]]) 17:38, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

My bad dude. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/115.69.4.85|115.69.4.85]] ([[User talk:115.69.4.85#top|talk]]) 13:38, 7 June 2022 (UTC) 

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 5 June 2022 ==

{{edit extended-protected|Turkey|answered=yes}}
change Turkey to Türkiye [[User:Boțoacă|Boțoacă]] ([[User talk:Boțoacă|talk]]) 14:13, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:{{notdone}} ..see ongoing talks above[[User:Moxy|Moxy]]-[[File:Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg|15px|link=User talk:Moxy]] 14:15, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Talk:Turkey

2022-06-07T20:08:57Z

Comm.unity: /* Requested move 3 June 2022 */ comment re: why Turkey/Turkiye is changing name

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* RM, Turkey → Turkey (country), '''Not moved''', 17 August 2021, [[Talk:Turkey_(disambiguation)#Requested_move_17_August_2021|discussion]]
* RM, Turkey → Türkiye, '''Not moved''', 20 January 2022, [[Talk:Turkey/Archive_32#Requested_move_20_January_2022|discussion]]
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== Requested move 20 January 2022 ==
{{Pin message|}}{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1959085089}}
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:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. ''

The result of the move request was: '''Not moved''' per [[WP:SNOW]] {{nac}} ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 19:35, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
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[[:Turkey]] → {{no redirect|Türkiye}} – The country has changed its English name to Türkiye. [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C5A:657F:D1F5:48D3:2853:9745:8762|2600:6C5A:657F:D1F5:48D3:2853:9745:8762]] ([[User talk:2600:6C5A:657F:D1F5:48D3:2853:9745:8762|talk]]) 03:20, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

:Won't happen as everyone will keep referring to them as Turkey! [[User:Vif12vf|Vif12vf/Tiberius]] ([[User talk:Vif12vf|talk]]) 03:27, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* {{strong|Oppose}} for now, per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Even in the period after Erdogan's December memo, 'Turkey' predominates in English-language sources. News in the past 48 hours has described the name change as an ongoing process, with unclear timelines. It's far too soon to make a call on this, and I propose a {{strong|short moratorium}} on requested moves until other governments, inter-governmental agencies, and news media can react to moves by the country. [[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] 03:36, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Obviously way too soon for such a major change. Wikipedia does not lead, it follows. But if this ever does catch on and the article gets moved, then [[Turkey (bird)]] should be moved to [[Turkey]]. [[User:Rreagan007|Rreagan007]] ([[User talk:Rreagan007|talk]]) 04:35, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
**Since the bird is named for the country, we'll have to change its name to "Türkiye" also to be consistent. :) [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 16:25, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. As stated above, the most common in the English-language name for the nation is Turkey. Perhaps if media and other sources follow suit with using Türkiye, there would be a stronger argument for the change. [[User:ExRat|ExRat]] ([[User talk:ExRat|talk]]) 05:32, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Alessandro57|Alex2006]] ([[User talk:Alessandro57|talk]]) 06:26, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per [[WP:USEENGLISH]] and [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Turkiye or its equivalent only used by Turkey major English sources. [[Special:Contributions/125.167.57.203|125.167.57.203]] ([[User talk:125.167.57.203|talk]]) 07:45, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]], until the preponderance of reliable English language sources routinely use the spelling "Türkiye". [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 07:58, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' No sign [[WP:COMMONNAME]] has changed, as stated above. This needs more than a memo from Erdogan to change it - [[WP:RS]] English-language usage has to change ''before'' we change. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 08:02, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' Per Firefangledfeathers. Slightly off-topic, this website [https://tccb.gov.tr/en/] use the new spelling, but this [https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/EN/yd/] doesn't yet. Apparently, the word "Turkish" is still ok per government.[https://tccb.gov.tr/en/presidency/turkishflag/] [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 08:14, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. The name change is not even adopted yet by the largest two Turkish media in English language, [[Hurriyet Daily News]] and [[Daily Sabah]], who continue to use "Turkey" as of now. Due mention of the name change can be slowly phased in if usage in local and global English-language media actually increases. Once the name change will be established and dominate in a wide range of sources (which is entirely [[WP:CRYSTALBALL]]), we can address the page title again. –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 12:41, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' the English name is Turkey, not "Türkiye". [[User:Super Dromaeosaurus|Super]] [[Special:Contributions/Super Dromaeosaurus|Ψ]] [[User talk:Super Dromaeosaurus|Dro]] 13:41, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per Turkish Constiution. [[User:Shadow4dark|Shadow4dark]] ([[User talk:Shadow4dark|talk]]) 13:46, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - obviously not the common name. The limit should probably be the lede sentence and a mention in the prose. Best Wishes, '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]] ([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])''' 16:04, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment'''. This should be a '''snow close''' at this point, as it's obvious this RM will fail. [[User:Rreagan007|Rreagan007]] ([[User talk:Rreagan007|talk]]) 17:13, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' and make this title a DAB, no clear primary topic for "Turkey". '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 17:34, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
** {{yo|Crouch, Swale}} could you provide a rationale for your !vote? [[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] 19:27, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
***{{Ping|Firefangledfeathers}} A combination of [[WP:NATURAL]], alternative names may be used to settle titles by using alternative names as well as [[WP:NOPRIMARY]] for "Turkey". '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 19:29, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. I would note that we have [[WP:CRYSTALBALL|no reason to assume]] that ''Türkiye'' will ever be used a an English word by native English speakers. If we accept Crouch, Swale's argument above, the correct response would be the one they proposed at [[Talk:Turkey_(disambiguation)#Requested_move_17_August_2021|the August RM]]. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 18:09, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*:My point was partly the fact that the country is probably going to sometimes be called "Turkey" and sometimes "Türkiye" so this reduces the chances of the country being primary for "Turkey". '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 18:21, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per no[[WP:NAMECHANGES]].--[[User:Ortizesp|Ortizesp]] ([[User talk:Ortizesp|talk]]) 19:17, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
** [[WP:NAMECHANGES]] would support retaining 'Turkey', as independent, reliable sources since the name change are continuing to use 'Turkey'. See, for example, the first five new pieces I found searching for 'Erdogan': [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-18/turkey-s-erdogan-signals-thaw-with-israel-after-years-of-tension Bloomberg], [https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkeys-erdogan-meets-el-salvadors-bitcoin-boosting-leader-amid-economic-crisis-11642678083 Wall Street Journal], [https://www.timesofisrael.com/turkish-president-erdogan-says-israeli-counterpart-herzog-may-visit-turkey-soon/ Times of Israel], [https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/01/18/erdogan-warns-russia-ukraine/ The Defense Post], and [https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/erdogans-approval-ratings-up-lira-stabilises-poll-2022-01-20/ Reuters]]. All but Reuters use 'Turkey' exclusively, and Reuters uses neither version. [[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] 19:27, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
{{abot}}

== RfC on the official name of the country in the lede ==
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:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. '''Please do not modify it.''' Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. ''

The result of the move request was: There's consensus for Option 1. Among the cited arguments is that the country's name has not been officially changed at the UN. {{nac}} ([[User talk:Buidhe|t]] · [[Special:Contributions/Buidhe|c]]) '''[[User:buidhe|buidhe]]''' 17:04, 23 May 2022 (UTC)
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{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1652558476}}
Which of the following two should be the article's lede sentence?
# '''Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije|}}), officially the '''Republic of Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|links=no}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti||Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg}})
# '''Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije|}}), officially the '''Republic of Türkiye''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|links=no}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti||Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg}})
[[User:Chess|Chess]] ([[User talk:Chess|talk]]) (please use {{tlx|reply to|Chess}} on reply) 19:38, 9 April 2022 (UTC)
===Poll===
*'''Option 2'''. The most official name in English is "Türkiye", not "Turkey". [[WP:COMMONNAME]] doesn't apply here because we're discussing what we should describe the ''official'' name as, not what we should title or describe the country as in the text. [[User:Chess|Chess]] ([[User talk:Chess|talk]]) (please use {{tlx|reply to|Chess}} on reply) 19:38, 9 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' We do not base wikipedia articles off the statements of Turkish state media. The UN still lists Turkey's name as "Turkey" and it is still [[WP:COMMONNAME]] so I suggest Option 1 unless there is some sort of official law mandating the change.
**We do when we're discussing what name is "official". [[User:Chess|Chess]] ([[User talk:Chess|talk]]) (please use {{tlx|reply to|Chess}} on reply) 18:53, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
*:There is still no official act of the Grand National Assembly mandating this name change. Erdoğan can flaunt his nationalist agenda all he wants, but I am only willing to change my answer if there is a ''specific'' law for changing the name. [[User:CollectiveSolidarity|CollectiveSolidarity]] ([[User talk:CollectiveSolidarity|talk]]) 19:37, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 2''' The Turkish government is using the name "Republic of Türkiye" and the article should be in line with other articles such as the [[Ivory Coast]] with "Republic of Côte d'Ivoire" even if is not the common English name of the country.--[[User:Kappasi|Kappasi]] ([[User talk:Kappasi|talk]]) 17:47, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 2''' for neutrality, so that both spellings of the name (Turkey, Türkiye) are represented. [[User:Khestwol|Khestwol]] ([[User talk:Khestwol|talk]]) 17:51, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' It’s misleading to say this is a new “official” name. What has happened is much more limited than that. [https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/12/20211204-5.pdf This is Erdogan’s circular of 3 December] and [https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/exports-to-be-labeled-made-in-turkiye-169885 this] is ''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]’s'' coverage of it. What the circular actually says is that “Made in Türkiye” should be stamped on exports - that’s the focus of the circular. As far as other usage is concerned, it says “necessary sensitivity will be shown on the use of the phrase ‘Türkiye’ instead of phrases such as ‘Turkey,’ ‘Turkei,’ ‘Turquie’ etc.”. Erdogan doesn’t under the constitution have the power to determine an “official name” for the country and the circular doesn’t claim that this is the official name in English. Some of the Turkish media have got very excited about this and there’s plenty of exaggerated references to an “official name” but I don’t believe any such media coverage is [[WP:RS]] for the legal position, which is this is about, per [[WP:RSCONTEXT]]. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 18:12, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
*:Türkiye is used by most government departments now on their official English language websites, not just for products made in Turkey.[[User:Kappasi|Kappasi]] ([[User talk:Kappasi|talk]]) [[User:Kappasi|Kappasi]] ([[User talk:Kappasi|talk]]) 20:44, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
*::that doesn’t make it the “official name” and there are departments that don’t use it. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:51, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' The official name of the country has not changed. It is still ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''. We translate it by its components the way these are translated in common usage: ''Türkiye'' → "Turkey" ''Cumhuriyet'' → "Republic". The current government has chosen to promote "Turkiye" as translation for ''Türkiye'', and hence "Republic of Türkiye" for ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'', but that does not affect the rendering of the official name in WP based on ''common usage''. –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 18:30, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
* {{strong|Option 1}}. As far as I can tell, Erdogan did not declare "Republic of Türkiye" to be the country's official name. His memo expressed his wish that "Türkiye" be used as the brand of the nation in official publications and communications, mentioning "Made in Türkiye" in particular. No mention of what the official name in English should be. Many sources covering this in the following months have made it clear that this is an ongoing process, including by getting the UN to change the way it refers to the country. No source presented so far has said that this has actually happened. The UN is [https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/sgsm21175.doc.htm still using] "Republic of Turkey". {{pb}}Major Turkish governmental institutions, including its [https://global.tbmm.gov.tr/ national legislature] and [https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/en/home-page/ highest court], are still prominently using "Turkey", with the Constitutional Court using the full "Republic of Turkey". English language news media is continuing to use "Republic of Turkey" over "of "Türkiye" by about 5:1, according to Google News hits over the past month. Even Turkey's executive branch does not seem to have settled on its final choice. As of February, Erdogan was [https://euroweeklynews.com/2022/02/20/turkey-changes-name-to-stop-being-confused-with-the-bird/ considering dropping the diacritic mark] from the u. {{pb}}Nothing ''official'' has happened when it comes to "Republic of Türkiye" yet. We'll know when it's official because the whole Turkish government, other nations, intergovernmental organizations, and news media will shift. That has not happened. [[User:Firefangledfeathers|Firefangledfeathers]] ([[User talk:Firefangledfeathers|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Firefangledfeathers|contribs]]) 04:01, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1 for now'''. As I read from some sources ([https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-turkiye-new-name-register-un-weeks here], [https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/world-news/955779/countries-that-changed-name-rebrand here] and [https://proiqra.com/turkey-intends-to-register-its-new-name-in-the-united-nations-it-will-adopt-the-word-turkiye/ here], for instance), Turkey is registering the new name at the UN. I would switch to Option 2 when this registration will become official. [[User:P1221|P1221]] ([[User talk:P1221|talk]]) 07:24, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
::Why would “registering” the name at the UN make a difference? The UN doesn’t have a function as an “official name” registry. Might as well check the registration at the [https://internationalpoultrycouncil.org/ International Poultry Council]. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 12:49, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
:::The UN does have this function actually, assigned to [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ungegn/mandate/ UNGEGN]. Even without this, a submission to any international body, in general, would be a useful sign that the name change was serious. In line with that, I note that the International Poultry Council still refers to the country as "[https://internationalpoultrycouncil.org/about/ Turkey]". [[User:Chipmunkdavis|CMD]] ([[User talk:Chipmunkdavis|talk]]) 13:20, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
::::They may well be the last hold out for the old name…UNGEGN is an “experts forum” for cartographic consistency, as I understand it. I don’t think a country can “register” their preferences with them. Basically, what Turkey has done has put in their request for what goes on the name plaque that they sit behind. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 13:31, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
::Some of NATO and Organisation of Turkic States seems to use this. [[User:Beshogur|Beshogur]] ([[User talk:Beshogur|talk]]) 13:10, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
*{{strong|Option 1}}. Despite "Republic of Türkiye" is currently being used by the top official bodies, it has not been declared as ''the'' official name of the country. It is more of a governmental preference than an official name. [[User:Nozdref|Nozdref]] ([[User talk:Nozdref|talk]]) 11:15, 11 April 2022 (UTC)
*:It's more official than "Republic of Turkey". [[User:Chess|Chess]] ([[User talk:Chess|talk]]) (please use {{tlx|reply to|Chess}} on reply) 19:28, 15 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' If Option 1 wins and Option 2 subsequently becomes registered with the UN ''and'' put into use, we can re-open this RfC. [[User:SportingFlyer|SportingFlyer]] ''[[User talk:SportingFlyer|T]]''·''[[Special:Contributions/SportingFlyer|C]]'' 15:56, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 2'''. why not mention the name they have chosen to use ? Article title and first mention still common name with native name mentioned.[[User:Moxy|Moxy]]-[[File:Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg|15px|link=User talk:Moxy]] 16:11, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
::''Türkiye'' is already mentioned, and is the third word of the first sentence, in the article currently, and in both options. The issue isn’t about mentioning it, it’s whether, in addition to that, it should also be stated the “official name” is “Republic of Türkiye”. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 18:30, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
:::Yes "[https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/illeridaresi/turkiye-cumhuriyeti-anayasasi Türkiye Cumhuriyeti"] [[User:Moxy|Moxy]]-[[File:Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg|15px|link=User talk:Moxy]] 20:45, 12 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' {{tq|'''Turkey''' ..., officially the '''Republic of Turkey''' or '''Türkiye''' ...}} not sure for infobox. Maybe Republic of Turkey / Türkiye. [[User:Beshogur|Beshogur]] ([[User talk:Beshogur|talk]]) 13:09, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' Per other users, this dictat was not a constitutional change nor a law, and seems to only apply to official organizations. Not only that, it doesn't seem to catch on outside of Turkish governmental media outlets, which seem to be obliged to follow this decree. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Ido66667|Ido66667]] ([[User talk:Ido66667#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ido66667|contribs]]) 20:53, 14 April 2022 (UTC) 
*'''Option 2''' The Official name is '''Republic of Türkiye''' so we should use it.[[User:Yousef Raz|Yousef Raz]] ([[User talk:Yousef Raz|talk]]) 22:59, 14 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' Until such time as it is clear that international bodies - such as the UN - have adopted this form. [[User:Pincrete|Pincrete]] ([[User talk:Pincrete|talk]]) 15:05, 15 April 2022 (UTC)
*:Has been done...just waiting on UN [https://mepei.com/turkey-the-government-is-planning-to-change-its-internationally-recognized-official-name-in-english-to-turkiye/] [[User:Moxy|Moxy]]-[[File:Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg|15px|link=User talk:Moxy]] 21:21, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
:::Actually, that source doesn’t say it has been done. In fact, all the sources to date seem to say that Turkey is planning to do it with no confirmation that it has been done yet, eg [https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-turkiye-new-name-register-un-weeks this] which said back in January that it was going to be done “in the coming weeks”. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 22:01, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
::::yup done all over just not at the UN yet.....Why are we waiting on the UN...is it the only source we can use? What is wrong with the constitution? Seem odd for us to wait on one single source when we have many that are much more relevent. [[User:Moxy|Moxy]]-[[File:Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg|15px|link=User talk:Moxy]] 22:09, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
:::::It’s not in the constitution and no one’s using it much. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 22:18, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
::::::I didn't knew that Turkey's Turkish constitution talked about English name of its name. I don't think so. Also Organization of Turkic States and some NATO bodies started to use the name "Türkiye". [[User:Beshogur|Beshogur]] ([[User talk:Beshogur|talk]]) 14:59, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
:::::::Exactly. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 15:15, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' (as) Per other users mentioned the needed explanation. [[User:Ali Ahwazi|Ali Ahwazi]] ([[User talk:Ali Ahwazi|talk]]) 20:54, 18 April 2022 (UTC)
* '''Option 1''' is more common in English. --[[User:Seggallion|Seggallion]] ([[User talk:Seggallion|talk]]) 15:41, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' for consistency. '''{{green|Turkey}}''' (Turkish: '''''{{purple|Türkiye}}'''''), officially the '''Republic of {{green|Turkey}}''' (Turkish: '''''{{purple|Türkiye}} Cumhuriyeti''''') [[User:Some1|Some1]] ([[User talk:Some1|talk]]) 01:44, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' per P1221. [[User:BilledMammal|BilledMammal]] ([[User talk:BilledMammal|talk]]) 03:21, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
*'''Option 1''' makes the most sense for the English wiki. — [[User:Ixtal|Ixtal]] ( [[User talk:Ixtal|T]] / [[Special:Contributions/Ixtal|C]] ) ⁂ Join [[WP:FINANCE|WP:FINANCE]]! 00:35, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

===Other proposal===
I think there’s an '''Option 3''' to reflect that Erdoğan has launched a campaign to have Türkiye adopted in foreign language use even if it isn’t actually an “official name” change. I suggest adding a footnote to the words “…officially the '''Republic of Turkey'''…” in the first sentence which says:

:{{divbox|brown|Footnote|Beginning with a presidential circular issued in December 2021, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan launched a campaign, latterly called ''Say Türkiye'', to have the Turkish word for the country, ''Türkiye'', used in all languages instead of foreign language equivalents.<ref> {{cite news |title= ‘Say Türkiye’ campaign to promote changing country’s int’l name starts |url= https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/say-turkiye-campaign-to-promote-changing-countrys-intl-name-starts-171561 |newspaper= Hürriyet Daily News |date= 17 February 2022|accessdate=15 April 2022}}</ref> As a result, the [[Turkish Foreign Ministry]] and some other state agencies have begun using the phrase ''Republic of Türkiye'' on the English language versions of their respective websites.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ragip|last=Soylu|title= Turkey to register its new name Türkiye to UN in coming weeks |url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-turkiye-new-name-register-un-weeks |newspaper=Middle East Eye |date= 17 January 2022|accessdate=11 April 2022}}</ref>
{{reflist-talk}}}}
This, I think, more accurately reflects that this is about a campaign to encourage a change of usage rather than an “official” name change, which overstates what’s happening. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 12:44, 15 April 2022 (UTC)
:That's unnecessary and UNDUE, IMHO. [[Turkey#Name]] is a more fitting place for that, not a footnote in the lead. [[User:Some1|Some1]] ([[User talk:Some1|talk]]) 01:53, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
{{abot}}

== "Republic of Türkiye" has been registered ==
{{edit extended-protected|Turkey|answered=yes}}
See [https://unterm.un.org/unterm/display/record/unhq/na/356ac538-feb4-4d8a-a4e9-a9eb5dd40fc5 UNTERM]--[[User:Mike Rohsopht|Mike Rohsopht]] ([[User talk:Mike Rohsopht|talk]]) 14:30, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
:Done, mentioned it in the lede. [[User:Khestwol|Khestwol]] ([[User talk:Khestwol|talk]]) 09:48, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

Yes [[User:Brkysmskaks|Brkysmskaks]] ([[User talk:Brkysmskaks|talk]]) 15:15, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

== United Nations officially recognises Turkey’s change of name ==

The United Nations has officially changed Turkey’s name to the “Republic of Turkiye”. The UN Secrerary-General stated that the change of name occured the moment it received a letter from the Turkish Foreign Ministry requesting the change.

International protocol now requires all Countries to refer to Turkey as the Republic of Turkiye. [[Special:Contributions/202.142.38.119|202.142.38.119]] ([[User talk:202.142.38.119|talk]]) 18:04, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

:Wikipedia does not care about international protocol or what the Turkish president says. Erdogan has no power here. [[User:Seloloving|Seloloving]] ([[User talk:Seloloving|talk]]) 01:49, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::What is your problem with the President of Türkiye? X1 [[Special:Contributions/31.223.48.151|31.223.48.151]] ([[User talk:31.223.48.151|talk]]) 02:29, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::What the fuck? That's the actual name. [[User:Elgatoisacat|Elgatoisacat]] ([[User talk:Elgatoisacat|talk]]) 03:15, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:::Not in the English language it isn't. English doesn't have an equivalent of the Academie Francaise so there is no actual name other than what dominates in everyday use by regular English, media, academics, etc. [[Special:Contributions/2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D|2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D]] ([[User talk:2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D|talk]]) 21:59, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

== Turkey has officially changed its English name to Türkiye ==
As a friend of Türkiye, I just want to announce to the world that Turkey has become a historical name. The United Nations has accepted the request lodged by the Turkish Foreign Minister to change Turkey's name to Türkiye.

Link:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/02/turkey-turkiye-erdogan-united-nations-un/

So, no more Turkey. I don't know how long would it takes for those people who are as stubborn as a turkey to accept this reality, but eventually this article must be renamed Türkiye. [[Special:Contributions/120.17.142.88|120.17.142.88]] ([[User talk:120.17.142.88|talk]]) 23:32, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

:You will have to wait for it to be the common name. Until then, this article will remain at Turkey. Czechia has likewise not gained international recognition, with most sources still referring to it as the [[Czech Republic]]. This transitional process will probably take a few years. [[User:Seloloving|Seloloving]] ([[User talk:Seloloving|talk]]) 01:47, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

::Inappropriate example used. Czechia is the short form of the Czech Republic, just like France is the short form of the French Republic. Both names would be fine as they are literally the '''same entity'''. For Türkiye, Turkey is an unfavourite historical name now, they don't want anything to do with it anymore, so people should adopt the new name asap. [[Special:Contributions/120.17.142.88|120.17.142.88]] ([[User talk:120.17.142.88|talk]]) 01:55, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

:::Then you will have to wait a few years. Turkey is still the common name. [[User:Seloloving|Seloloving]] ([[User talk:Seloloving|talk]]) 01:56, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

::::''Tuck, tuck, errrrr.....tuck, errrrr...tuck, tuck, tuck, errrrr, tuck.'' [[Special:Contributions/120.17.142.88|120.17.142.88]] ([[User talk:120.17.142.88|talk]]) 02:18, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::::counterpoint: no one waited around to stop referring to Eswatini as "Swaziland" [[Special:Contributions/108.18.116.121|108.18.116.121]] ([[User talk:108.18.116.121|talk]]) 05:50, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::Two things helped Eswatini: 1) relatively unknown country is easier to rename 2) white guilt. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 06:20, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::The "white guilt" comment was ignorant and unnecessary, to say the least! [[Special:Contributions/2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D|2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D]] ([[User talk:2A01:4B00:84C2:9400:541:76B6:5B80:144D|talk]]) 22:01, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::Aftermath of colonialism then. So... [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 22:08, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::Czechia isn't the short form of Czechia, it's the actual name. But yes, as Chrz notes, it was easier with eSwatini because the country is relatively unknown and therefore there weren't a great deal of otherwise uninterested wikipedians ignoring the fact that even though the name might not be used in the US it is used in Europe. There is clearly a lot of interest in moving page, and it's a relatively easy process to start this, as described clearly on [[Wikipedia:Requested moves/Controversial]]. Would suggest that someone particularly interested in the topic does so :) [[User:Hentheden|Hentheden]] ([[User talk:Hentheden|talk]]) 09:46, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

== Requested move 3 June 2022 ==
{{requested move/dated|Turkiye}}

[[:Turkey]] → {{no redirect|Turkiye}} – On 1st of June 2022, The united nation accepted a request from the turkish government to use the name (Turkiye) as an official name, to match its pronunciation in Turkish and Arabic languages, and to prevent similarities with words that have other meanings. This event is published on [[Al Jazeera Mubasher|Al Jazeera]] web-site. Thanks for you. [[User:Dr-Taher|Dr-Taher]] ([[User talk:Dr-Taher|talk]]) 12:46, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:This is a contested technical request ([[Special:Permalink/1091303602|permalink]]). '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 13:19, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
* This is not uncontroversial, given the ongoing discussions and previous RMs at [[Talk:Turkey]]. A new RM discussion will need to find consensus for such a move before it will be carried out. [[User:DanCherek|DanCherek]] ([[User talk:DanCherek|talk]]) 12:50, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Thanks {{ping|DanCherek}}, I have noticed the debate on the talk page after your comment. Most opposing opinions on January asked to wait for an official change by The United Nations, and this was accepted on 1 June.--[[User:Dr-Taher|Dr-Taher]] ([[User talk:Dr-Taher|talk]]) 13:29, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*{{Ping|Dr-Taher|DanCherek}}. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 13:19, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
**Thanks *{{Ping|Crouch, Swale}} for moving the request to the correct place. --[[User:Dr-Taher|Dr-Taher]] ([[User talk:Dr-Taher|talk]]) 13:29, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' and move [[Turkey (disambiguation)]] here per my previous arguments. '''[[User:Crouch, Swale|Crouch, Swale]]''' ([[User talk:Crouch, Swale|talk]]) 13:20, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*The Country's name ist Turkiye and not Turkey anymore !! So change the name here too !!!! [[Special:Contributions/2001:9E8:177B:E000:B5E8:B17:DD8A:D683|2001:9E8:177B:E000:B5E8:B17:DD8A:D683]] ([[User talk:2001:9E8:177B:E000:B5E8:B17:DD8A:D683|talk]]) 13:26, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Turkiye isn't the name of the country in English. It is the official name used by the government (and now accepted by UN). I don't think I would stop saying "I'm from Turkey." when the official name is approved in Wikipedia. [[User:Kavas|Kavas]] ([[User talk:Kavas|talk]]) 13:45, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' if it does get moved, it should be to "Türkiye" instead of Turkiye per news sources from Google site searches. I am aware of the name change today. [[User:Iggy the Swan|Iggy]] ([[User talk:Iggy the Swan#top|Swan]]) ([[Special:Contribs/Iggy the Swan|Contribs]]) 13:51, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:The “Ü” letter is not used in the English alphabet, so it wouldn’t make sense for it to be the name in English. Especially since all other countries do not use foreign letters in their English name. [[User:SmooManLecons|SmooManLecons]] ([[User talk:SmooManLecons|talk]]) 13:56, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*::The only argument for a move is based on the Turkish government position. The name chosen by the Turkish government has a ü in it. If we were to adopt the name on that basis, it would not be for us to then change the spelling. And if the inclusion of the ü reduces the chances of the word being widely adopted, that isn't our problem. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 15:09, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*::Re alphabet: success cases [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] (on Wikipedia, UN: Sao Tome and Principe - maybe candidate for move request), [[Curaçao]]. Unsuccessful: Côte D'Ivoire. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 16:35, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Fram|Fram]] ([[User talk:Fram|talk]]) 13:55, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' this seems very similar to [[Name of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic/Czechia]]. There needs to be consistency. [[User:Nehme1499|Nehme]][[User talk:Nehme1499|1499]] 14:07, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]], virtually all english language sources use Turkey as the common name for the polity in question.[[User:XavierGreen|XavierGreen]] ([[User talk:XavierGreen|talk]]) 14:14, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Nozdref|Nozdref]] ([[User talk:Nozdref|talk]]) 14:15, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Beshogur|Beshogur]] ([[User talk:Beshogur|talk]]) 14:34, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Probably borderline [[WP:LAME]]. We have done this discussion many times before, and this would likely confuse many readers who haven't been involved in current events. Neither has the UN changed Turkey's name on their website yet. We should create an FAQ about this discussion to stop all the name change edit requests. [[User:CollectiveSolidarity|CollectiveSolidarity]] ([[User talk:CollectiveSolidarity|talk]]) 14:36, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Turkey is the English name for the country. The articles for Spain and Germany aren't at España and Deutschland so there's no reason Turkey should be any different. [[User:Stevie fae Scotland|Stevie fae Scotland]] ([[User talk:Stevie fae Scotland|talk]]) 14:38, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Turkey is the common name and English name for the country. Just because Bharat was selected as an alternative name of India in 1950, that doesn't mean at international level, people use Bharat but use India. Same applies here for Turkey. [[User:Imranqazi90|Imranqazi90]] ([[User talk:Imranqazi90|talk]]) 14:52, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Policy is that we use the [[WP:COMMONNAME]], which in this case is fairly obviously ''Turkey''. There is no point in requesting a move unless you can provide at least an argument that the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in ordinary English usage has changed. I'll repeat the Google Trends searches I cited above, that show ''Turkey'' as dominant in major English-speaking countries: [https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=US&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye][https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=GB&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye][https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=AU&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye][https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=AU&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye][https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=IN&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye][https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2022-05-28T00%202022-06-03T00&geo=ZA&q=Turkey,T%C3%BCrkiye]. I'd also add that the proposed move title isn't even the name proposed by the Turkish government - it should be Türkiye with [[ü]] and the Turkish [[dotted i]]. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 14:58, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Snowclose.''' This ain't getting any support, as it's just a rehash of Czech Republic/Czechia. '''[[User:Old Naval Rooftops|O.N.R.]]''' [[User talk:Old Naval Rooftops|(talk)]] 15:00, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Leave it open at lest for 24 hours to give all timezones a chance to say their argument. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 16:20, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Besides, ''nobody'' is using Turkiye in English; the proposal of the authoritarian regime in Ankara is Türkiye, not Turkiye. Neither one is common English usage. [[User:Jeppiz|Jeppiz]] ([[User talk:Jeppiz|talk]]) 15:54, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:The type of government (democratic, authoritarian, dictatorial, whatever) is irrelevant here. [[User:Professor Tournesol|Professor Tournesol]] ([[User talk:Professor Tournesol|talk]]) 17:43, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]], and we already denote the official spelling otherwise. There are dozens of countries where the COMMONNAME reflects the English usage over the foreign language - not least those using other alphabets (some of which are uncommon to English). [[User:Koncorde|Koncorde]] ([[User talk:Koncorde|talk]]) 15:59, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' [[User:Toran107|Toran107]] ([[User talk:Toran107|talk]]) 16:04, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*To those citing COMMONNAME, the name literally just changed yesterday. Of course "Turkey" is still the most commonly-used name amongst all extant news sources - any news article written prior to YESTERDAY uses Turkey. --[[User:B|B]] ([[User talk:B|talk]]) 16:12, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Today is 3 June, and the change was on 31 May, so your timing is not right. But it doesn't really matter. It is for those advocating the change to demonstrate the case that the common name has changed, or that there is some reason why a longstanding [[WP:COMMONNAME]] should be overridden. Even if the only reason they cannot make that case is because the sources haven't caught up yet, then the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] has not changed and we are right to oppose on that basis. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 17:40, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Today is 4 June. Still no change: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-61680382 BBC], [https://www.ft.com/content/43899864-9aea-4a4e-bcaa-25c52e5d7db8 Financial Times], [https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/data-puts-turkeys-annual-inflation-735-24-year-85155357 ABC], [https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/turkey-summons-greek-ambassador-foreign-ministry-2022-06-03/ Reuters] all using ''Turkey'' with no sign of ''Türkiye''. {{tq|To those citing COMMONNAME, the name literally just changed yesterday}}…It didn’t, but anyway…{{tq|Of course "Turkey" is still the most commonly-used name amongst all extant news sources}}. Exactly! that’s why we have [[WP:CRYSTAL]] {{ndash}} [[WP:RGW|Wikipedia doesn't lead; we follow.]] And so far no one in the English-speaking media is going to ''Türkiye''. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 08:18, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' the name change because Turkiye is not even in play - T'''ü'''rkyie was registered at UN and '''Oppose''' Türkiye
::*[https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ UN list] contains tens (!!!) of differences so Wikipedia does not blindly follow it
::*previous country renamings on Wikipedia took at least months after name change and some has not happened to this day
::*Turkey has long history so the change is more difficult
:::: Czech Republic has only 30 years history and name change on Wikipedia has not happened yet, 6 years after official UN registration and mild successes in sources
::::::English language already knows knows the name Czech, knows -ia, knows Czechoslovakia, so Czechia is quite logic construction (oppose to Türk-iye)
::::::Czechia does not contain special letters like ü
::::::So Czechia is ahead of Tükiye for now, with better case and fails too, so Türkiye is not eligible
:::: Eswatini is relativelly unknown country so renaming was easy and sources proved it (not just sources about the renaming, but casual mentions too)
:::: North Macedonia was proven by sources, also it was special case on its own
::*pronunciation in English is not clear, u/ü is not clear, adjective is not clear
::*argument that we should grant country's wishes - yes, after we see that secondary sources do so
::*like every single instance of Tu/ürkiye in sources say about the name change and nothing else, the sources do not use it yet
::*not clear for which time period it should be used - from now on, or for past references too?
::*wait for ISO, US departement of state, UK ministry of defence - [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/country-names/country-name-changes-in-hmg-use-1919-to-2020 further reading about timeline of country name changes in past 100 years] etc.
::*trans celebrity argument (mentioned somewhere before or after my comment) is not good for country naming discussion
::But I'm in favour of Türkiye in LEDE as "also known as Türkiye" or "rarely Türkiye" or at least note with "for alternative names see Name paragraph"
::I'm in favour of "Türkiye at the 2024 Summer Olympics" (and similar sport articles) if Turkey manages to compete under such name (team name versus country name - no need of mindless unity) [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 16:26, 3 June 2022 (UTC) & [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 07:02, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
::[[Düsseldorf]] "ü" [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 19:19, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:'''Oppose'''. Wikipedia does not necessarily follow UN naming conventions. Otherwise the Taiwan article would have a different name. [[User:Aurelius9|Marcus ]] [[User talk:Aurelius9|Aurelius]] 17:26, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:'''Support:''' This is similar to the Cote d'Ivoire and Cabo Verde situation. Should an English name be changed to what its country wants? Well, the UN recognizes it, and it's an official English language name change, so it should be changed. [[User:131552A|131552A]] ([[User talk:131552A|talk]]) 17:27, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:: The "Türkiye" vs. "Turkiye" situation is simply a war of technicalities. Like most all non-English languages names in English, one simply removes the dieresis and any other accentuation marks not in English and thus the name is now to English grammar standards. [[User:131552A|131552A]] ([[User talk:131552A|talk]]) 17:30, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:::That's not how it always works, for example the German surname "M'''ü'''ller" becomes "M'''ue'''ller" and not "M'''u'''ller" in English. How it is anglicized depends on the language, the letter Ü here in "Türkiye" might not be equivalent to the English letter U. [[User:Folohsor|Folohsor]] ([[User talk:Folohsor|talk]]) 18:30, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:'''Support''' Swaziland was renamed within a week even though its newest name is incomprehensible. ukrainian cities were also all quickly renamed save for 1 [[User:DzhungarRabbit|DzhungarRabbit]] ([[User talk:DzhungarRabbit|talk]]) 17:33, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::I agree. The eSwatini example holds up and the name was indeed changed relatively quickly. The capitalization also is controversial and doesn't comply with English grammar, and people just changed it to "Eswatini". The same should apply here. [[User:131552A|131552A]] ([[User talk:131552A|talk]]) 17:41, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Strong support [[Türkiye]]''', see Eswatini page move that was done the week after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Eswatini/Archive_3#Requested_move_12_October_2018]. Additionally, in Turkey obviously Türkiye is ubiquitous. Not sure why when a person changes the name we have policies to update even if it's COMMON, and not for countries.--[[User:Ortizesp|Ortizesp]] ([[User talk:Ortizesp|talk]]) 17:46, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Seen this point made several times now. The Swazi government changed Swaziland to Eswatini on [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-43821512 19 April 2018]. An [[Talk:Eswatini/Archive_2#Requested_move_19_April_2018|RM was started on the same day]], and closed with consensus ''against'' the move on the grounds that there was no evidence that the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] had changed. A [[Talk:Eswatini/Archive_2#Requested_move_16_June_2018|second RM was started on 16 June 2018]], with the same result. The RM you refer to was started on 12 October 2018, and finished on 22 October, which is a full six months after the name change. The claim that the Eswatini page move {{tq|was done the week after}} the state was renamed is simply not true. Those supporting the move here are advocating that we go much faster than we did with Eswatini. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 18:20, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Turkey is still clearly the common name. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 17:56, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Mostly support (but also) oppose (in part)''' I think that the page should be renamed to "Türkiye" with the [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|trema]], not "Turkiye" without the trema because this is how the name change was structured.[[User:Joesom333|Joesom333]] ([[User talk:Joesom333|talk]]) 18:20, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
**According to what I understand of the Turkish language, it's an umlaut, not a trema. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 19:17, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[User:Aurelius9|Aurelius9]], [[User:Kavas|Kavas]] and [[User:Jeppiz|Jeppiz]]. The Turkey → Türkiye name change is most likely a Public Relations stunt by the Erdoğan government. The [[Ivory Coast]] government also insists that everyone refer to it by its official-language name (in this case, the French "Côte d'Ivoire") and yet the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] in English still remains "Ivory Coast". [[User:Glide08|Glide08]] ([[User talk:Glide08|talk]]) 19:46, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', per [[WP:COMMONNAME]] [[User:Asdfjrjjj|Asdfjrjjj]] ([[User talk:Asdfjrjjj|talk]]) 19:49, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - COMMONNAME is the only relevant issue here, and the new name clearly doesn't qualify (yet). Obviously, if the new name then becomes the most commonly used in English language sources (like eSwatini did), then we can come here again. [[User_talk:Black Kite|Black Kite (talk)]] 20:09, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Not yet [[WP:COMMONNAME]], obviously. There needs to be a move request moratorium for a few months to allow the usage position to become clarified. Otherwise, I foresee these RMs only causing ongoing disruption. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:21, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

:'''Oppose''' This move cannot take place until [[Czech Republic]] is moved to [[Czechia]]. [[User:Piotrek54321|Piotrek54321]] ([[User talk:Piotrek54321|talk]]) 20:29, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''' It should be moved to Türkiye, not to Turkiye. It's not up to us to adapt the spelling to only include English characters. [[User:ImStevan|ImStevan]] ([[User talk:ImStevan|talk]]) 20:42, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:@[[User:ImStevan|ImStevan]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ATurkey&type=revision&diff=1091310564&oldid=1091310477 this response] on your suggested title. [[User:Iggy the Swan|Iggy]] ([[User talk:Iggy the Swan#top|Swan]]) ([[Special:Contribs/Iggy the Swan|Contribs]]) 21:48, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*:I actually agree, now that I have read these comments. Although I must note that most English language speakers will likely not use the dieresis or umlaut when writing the word down. [[User:131552A|131552A]] ([[User talk:131552A|talk]]) 23:47, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''' Too soon. It's worth considering that because we need to disambiguate with [[turkey (bird)]], Türkiye doesn't have to be ''the'' common name, it just has to be ''a'' common name, as changing the name of the page to Türkiye would provide natural disambiguation, which is preferable under [[WP:DAB]]. If Türkiye enters widespread use in English sources, I would support a move, but right now we don't know if it will. [[User:YttriumShrew|YttriumShrew]] ([[User talk:YttriumShrew|talk]]) 21:25, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per Piotrek54321, also earlier on today someone has moved some of the sport articles to "Türkiye" from "Turkey" but, as seen on [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Football#Turkey_national_football_team|this section]], I stated these moves were returned as they have not been discussed and this article has not been retitled itself. It will take some time for the WP:COMMONNAME to change as in the case of [[Port Elizabeth]] and [[Czech Republic]] are titled as they are today. [[User:Iggy the Swan|Iggy]] ([[User talk:Iggy the Swan#top|Swan]]) ([[Special:Contribs/Iggy the Swan|Contribs]]) 21:54, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Also, few people use Türkiye when referring to the country Turkey in English. Actually, it is not an English word, but here is the English Wikipedia. We respect the right of countries to choose their own country name, but this right should not infringe on people's right to use the language they are familiar with. The Wikipedia entry name is not necessarily the official name of its subject. This is very clearly stated in [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Cfls|Cfls]] ([[User talk:Cfls|talk]]) 23:49, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Türkiye is literally the name. It's sad that Wikipedia has become so slow to actually update things in a reasonable time frame. [[User:Elgatoisacat|Elgatoisacat]] ([[User talk:Elgatoisacat|talk]]) 00:35, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Sad? What about the fact that [[WP:COMMONNAME]] is policy? We use what people use. Happy Editing--'''[[User:IAmChaos|IAm]][[User talk:IAmChaos|Chaos]]''' 00:53, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*::that policy has been routinely ignored based on the whims and wishes of the western mainstream that solidly controls this website, just look at Kiev and other Ukrainian cities. The only reason why we are even having this conversation in the first place is because Turkey is not well liked in US+EU which control the narrative. Had it been their golden cow like the Ukraine is right now the name would have already been changed. [[User:DzhungarRabbit|DzhungarRabbit]] ([[User talk:DzhungarRabbit|talk]]) 01:30, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*:::Thank you for your comment. At the same time, you may also refer to the case that the [[ Czech Republic ]] announced its new name Czechia in 2016. However, mainly due to the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] policy, the Wikipedia entry name remains unchanged by community consensus. Your assertion, although welcome in the Wikipedia community, is generally based on opinion rather than precedent or community guidelines. Thank you for letting us see different sides and perspectives. [[User:Cfls|Cfls]] ([[User talk:Cfls|talk]]) 04:41, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as ''TOOSOON''. Once we see how WP:COMMONNAME this is after a few weeks we should reconsider. Happy Editing--'''[[User:IAmChaos|IAm]][[User talk:IAmChaos|Chaos]]''' 00:52, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Too soon to tell if "Türkiye" will become widely-used in the English-language media. [[User:AusLondonder|AusLondonder]] ([[User talk:AusLondonder|talk]]) 01:10, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. So that [[turkey (bird)]] would be the new primary topic. [[User:Showiecz|Showiecz]] ([[User talk:Showiecz|talk]]) 02:32, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per all the reasons given above. - [[User:Therealscorp1an|Therealscorp1an]] ([[User talk:Therealscorp1an|talk]]) 02:36, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' in any case [[Turkey (disambiguation)]] should be located at "Turkey" and not the country. Whether it is renamed to Turkiye or [[Turkey (country)]], the disambiguation page should be primary. In English, the bird is highly prominent -- [[Special:Contributions/64.229.88.43|64.229.88.43]] ([[User talk:64.229.88.43|talk]]) 03:44, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' for reasons listed above - [[User:Bokmanrocks01|Bokmanrocks01]] ([[User talk:Bokmanrocks01|talk]]) 03:57, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per all the reasons given above.--[[User:Ruwaym|Ruwaym]] ([[User talk:Ruwaym|talk]]) 04:02, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Bmf 051|Bmf 051]] ([[User talk:Bmf 051|talk]]) 04:10, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. I always have found [[WP:COMMONNAME]] to be subjective and arbitrary. When is something considered common? Also imho, it should be policy of Wikipedia to actively support name changes, to make the new name more common. Same goes for Czechia. We should respect their preferences. [[User:Randam|Randam]] ([[User talk:Randam|talk]]) 05:10, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' [[WP:COMMONNAME]] has been Turkey for several decades, and it isn't changing anytime soon. Until Turkiye becomes the dominant term, I oppose this change. [[User:FlantasyFlan|FlantasyFlan]] ([[User talk:FlantasyFlan|talk]]) 05:55, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''(Conditional) oppose''' I'm all for renaming the page "Türkiye", but per COMMONNAME & TOOSOON, we'll have to be patient and wait a few months, see if "Türkiye" catches on among the public, media & academia. If it does, then by all means go for the change, but if the Anglophone world continues to call the country Turkey, then we will have to respect that and maintain the status quo. [[User:Yekshemesh|Yekshemesh]] ([[User talk:Yekshemesh|talk]]) 06:05, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]], [[WP:TOOSOON]]. [[User:NoMoreHeroes|NO MORE HEROES]] [[User talk:NoMoreHeroes|⚘ TALK]] 07:03, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. Currently, usage of "T[ü/u]rkiye" in English-language texts is still very limited even in Turkey. Government sites, Anadolu and Turkish Airlines use "Türkiye" (or "Turkiye" with great inconsistency), but – I have to mention it again and again – even the two largest Turkish news media in English (Daily Sabah and Hürriyet Daily News) haven't adopted the change (so much for the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Turkey&diff=1091396997&oldid=1091394794 "US+EU controlled narrative"]). It's not about whether we like this whim of the current Turkish administration or not, but whether this drive will have any impact on usage in reliable sources around the world (cf. Kyiv vs. Czechia). Let's meet again in 6 months or so. –[[User:Austronesier|Austronesier]] ([[User talk:Austronesier|talk]]) 09:19, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*:D'''ü'''sseldorf geographical name. Merriam-Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/D%C3%BCsseldorf [[Special:Contributions/95.70.244.169|95.70.244.169]] ([[User talk:95.70.244.169|talk]]) 23:22, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Weakly oppose''' not [[WP:COMMONNAME]] yet.--[[User:唐吉訶德的侍從|El caballero de los Leones]] ([[User talk:唐吉訶德的侍從|talk]]) 10:23, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Strong support''': [[WP:COMMONNAME]] doesn't apply. The country has just changed their name, of course people are going to (at this present moment) be referring to it as its previous name! [[User:Felixsv7|Felixsv7]] ([[User talk:Felixsv7|talk]]) 11:48, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
:* COMMONNAME absolutely does apply - it's a policy, so it can't be ignored. If the new name becomes the common name, the article should be moved ''then'', not now; exactly as it happened with eSwatini, 6 months after the name changed. This is absolutely too early. [[User_talk:Black Kite|Black Kite (talk)]] 11:55, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
:*:Also, eSwatini was initially bvelieved to be the name, later clarified or changed to Eswatini. Maybe Turkey will adapt Türkyie to Turkiye, or Turkia? :) [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 12:09, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' There is no such letter "ü" in English, so if Erdogan is uncomfortable about Turkey's current naming, he definitely should make up something more creative. But seriously, see [[WP:COMMONNAME]] and I wonder why this name never had been a problem for at least 100 years. --[[User:A.Savin|A.Savin]] ([[User talk:A.Savin|talk]]) 13:11, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
**In my opinion, the issue is not the letter "ü" but that Turkey is pretty much unilaterally trying to change the common name in English. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 01:46, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[[Düsseldorf]] '''ü''' [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 19:16, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:Zsovar3|Zsovar3]] ([[User talk:Zsovar3|talk]]) 13:40, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. [[User:BlackBony|BlackBony]] ([[User talk:BlackBony|talk]]) 21:44, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Turkey''' [[User:Here I am using this website|Here I am using this website]] ([[User talk:Here I am using this website|talk]]) 14:27, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''STRONG SUPPORT''' (Gratuitous abuse redacted) Official names will always stand! [[Special:Contributions/120.17.142.88|120.17.142.88]] ([[User talk:120.17.142.88|talk]]) 16:19, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Wikipedia name forms are neither governed from Ankara or from the UN, but from actual usage in relevant and reliable sources. [[Ivory Coast]] is a similar case, where the government has insisted that the name form 'Côte d'Ivoire' should be used in all languages, a name that was accepted by the UN in 1985. 37 years later there is no doubt that the country still is commonly called 'Ivory Coast' in English. So let us wait and see what really happens in the years towards 2059. --[[User:TU-nor|T*U]] ([[User talk:TU-nor|talk]]) 16:43, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. '''[[User:Peter Ormond| Peter Ormond ]][[User talk:Peter Ormond|💬]]''' 19:14, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' It's the official name of the country, and yes [[WP:COMMONNAME]] exists but the name has literally been changed for less than a few days. [[User:L32007|L32007]] ([[User talk:L32007|talk]]) 21:50, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*:That's the point, wait till it becomes a common name before moving. [[User:Altermetax|Altermetax]] ([[User talk:Altermetax|talk]]) 21:59, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. This is just the Czechia/Czech Republic nonsense reborn. [[User:Iamawesomeautomatic|Iamawesomeautomatic]] ([[User talk:Iamawesomeautomatic|talk]]) 22:59, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' 1. per commonname 2. let's wait if this is even adepted by media and governments 3. i'm not even sure this change will stay after erdogan is out of office [[User:Norschweden|Norschweden]] ([[User talk:Norschweden|talk]]) 22:11, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

:Türkiye
:https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/world-ranking/women
:https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/vnl-2022/news/karakurt-and-erdem-help-turkiye-get-back-on-track [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 02:16, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:'''Strongly support ''' Türkiye [[Düsseldorf]] [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 02:21, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', if you plan to move the page, it should go to [[Türkiye]] if that name does come into more widespread & common usage. "Turkiye" an incorrect spelling of actual official name, "T'''ü'''rkiye". The '''[[Ü]]''' is a distinct letter in this language and not just a modified U, so writing it as "Turkiye" is a spelling error, like writing it as "Tjrkiye" or "Tbrkiye" would be. If you want to change it into a word without the Ü, then I don't know what letters should replace it, in German the Ü can be replaced with UE like in the surname Müller/Mueller, but it is probably different in a different language here. [[User:Folohsor|Folohsor]] ([[User talk:Folohsor|talk]]) 18:12, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[[Düsseldorf]] [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 19:14, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

*'''Support''' [[User:Dhoru 21|Dhoru 21]] ([[User_talk:Dhoru_21|talk]]・[[Special:Contributions/Dhoru_21|contribs]]) 13:19, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

*'''Support''' So I speak as an Italian citizen. I can tell you that in Italy all Turkish products are written "Made in Türkiye". There is no "Made in Turkey". Afterwards it is useless to say that in the English alphabet there is no letter ü because so what are the English pages of Zürich or Düsseldorf written in this way doing ?. The only thing to see is whether in the short term, in English, we will use the common word Turkiye or Türkiye. I believe more Turkiye. [[User:Eraldo100|Eraldo100]] ([[User talk:Eraldo100|talk]]) 23:06, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

Very strong support. Turkey is now Turkiye and to intentionally call it anything else would be to spread misinformation. For those citing WP:COMMONNAME, it’s only been a day. And “Macedonia” is still the common name for the country known as “North Macedonia”, but the wiki article for that country was still renamed. This is literally no different — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2.100.192.236|2.100.192.236]] ([[User talk:2.100.192.236#top|talk]]) 00:38, 5 June 2022 (UTC) 
:'''Weak oppose''': It is possible that in the near future the country will be popularly referred to in the press and elsewhere in the English-speaking world as "Türkiye" (with or without the diaeresis), the same way that Persia is now Iran and Peking is now Beijing. Until and unless that happens, though, the name "Turkey" continues to dominate. '''[[User:FreeMediaKid!|Free]][[User talk:FreeMediaKid!|Media]][[Special:Contributions/FreeMediaKid!|Kid$]]''' 05:17, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per the above arguments. Based on some of the opposing users' arguments I feel like this issue is turning into a political battle against the figure of Erdogan rather than the actual issue of the country's rebranding, even though the move is widely supported by Turks.--[[User:Moester101|Moester101]] ([[User talk:Moester101|talk]]) 06:12, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*:Support by the Turks does not necessarily mean that it must be changed immediately. Sure, this is a strange issue considering the [[Talk:France|French flag]], Eswatini, and North Macedonia had their RFCs implemented very quickly, but it might confuse readers not involved in current events, especially when it involves a majorly established country that has been known as “Turkey” for centuries. [[User:CollectiveSolidarity|CollectiveSolidarity]] ([[User talk:CollectiveSolidarity|talk]]) 06:49, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

*'''Strongly Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. --[[Special:Contributions/173.238.195.247|173.238.195.247]] ([[User talk:173.238.195.247|talk]]) 06:48, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose:''' my issue with this isn't because of [[WP:COMMONNAME]], as Türkiye will undoubtedly become the most common name eventually. My issue is that '''''it is far too early to move it.''''' When Türkiye becomes the most common name, we should move it ''then'', but it isn't the most common name now. For the record, if a proposal to move [[Ivory Coast]] to Cote d'Ivoire ever happens in the future, I'd support that, as '''that ''is'' its most common name'''. Türkiye, however, isn't the most common name for Turkey ''right now'', so we shouldn't move it ''just yet''. [[User:Do-Do-Drop|Do-Droppy]] ([[User talk:Do-Do-Drop|talk]]) 17:06, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

:The official name is "T'''ü'''rkiye" and not "T'''u'''rkiye" - the "'''[[Ü]]'''" is a different letter in this language (and not just a modification of "'''U'''"), so writing it as "Turkiye" is a spelling error. [[User:Folohsor|Folohsor]] ([[User talk:Folohsor|talk]]) 17:23, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::Yes, in Turkish it would be a spelling error. That has nothing to do with how the name is rendered in other languages. 'Turkiet' in Swedish, 'Turquía' in Spanish, 'Turkaland' in Faroese are not spelling errors, neither would 'Turkiye' be in English. But I actually do not expect it to be called that. --[[User:TU-nor|T*U]] ([[User talk:TU-nor|talk]]) 17:42, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:::But "Turkiet" in Swedish, "Turquía" in Spanish, "Turkaland" in Faroese (and "Turkki" in Finnish) are names native to those languages, not names used by Turkey itself. If we want to use a native English name for the country in English, "Turkey" is perfectly fine. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 18:40, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::{{ping|JIP}} I totally agree. My point was just to stress that Turkey cannot dictate what is right or wrong spelling in any other language, including English. --[[User:TU-nor|T*U]] ([[User talk:TU-nor|talk]]) 23:08, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::::Yes. If in the future, ''Turkiye'' ends up being adopted as the English name of the country, then it would not be a spelling error in English - pretty much by definition.

::::But if ''Türkiye'' were adopted, then ''Turkiye'' would not be considered a significant spelling error either. English-speakers have a habit of shearing diacritics off words, even including personal names.

::::But that's what might happen if things change. There's no current reason to assume that English-speakers won't continue to refer to ''Turkey'' for decades and even centuries to come. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 18:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::[[Baden-Württemberg]]
::[[Camagüey]]
::[[Ü-Tsang]]
::[[Kitzbühel]] [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 19:42, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Arialu}}, I appreciate that you're new to this, but in general you will make your point much more effectively if you tell us what it is rather than leaving us to try and guess. Scattering the talk page with random place names is not helpful to anyone. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 20:04, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::::I think their point is that "ü" does, in fact, appear in multiple names used for various places in English (and in the English Wikipedia titles of them). [[User:Paintspot|Paintspot Infez]] ([[User talk:Paintspot|talk]]) 00:24, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

Strongly support: Turkiye or Turkey has the right to choose it's name as a sorveign state. If Myanmar and Eswatini can change their name, so can Turkey. Iran changed its English name from Persia to its local name. So using the same logic Turkey, Türkiye, Türkiye or Turkland can also rightfully change its name. [[User:Here I am using this website|Here I am using this website]] ([[User talk:Here I am using this website|talk]]) 18:51, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

:You already voted once, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Turkey&diff=1091468944&oldid=1091462422 albeit somewhat ambiguously]. I see a lot of people here arguing basically that they want to [[WP:RIGHTGREATWRONGS]], that Turkey somehow has some kind of moral right to have its desires represented on this Wikipedia article. No, it doesn't. If English usage changes, we change. If it does not change, then it is not for us to try and change it. We follow changes that occur on their own. We do not attempt to lead it. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 18:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
::Amen. I would prefer that it be called Türkiye too, but [[WP:COMMONNAME]] applies. Just be patient and wait till it catches on (if it catches on), people. [[User:Yekshemesh|Yekshemesh]] ([[User talk:Yekshemesh|talk]]) 01:20, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Strong Support''' of the rename. I'm aware of the COMMONNAME policy but feel it stands in the way of a site as large as Wikipedia being used as a force-for-good in informing the general public of the rename to Turkiye. The country's new name was adopted for well-argued reasons and stands to be a much more heavily promoted change from Turkiye's part in comparison to the under-the-radar acceptance of Czechia alongside its longform name. Keeping the name Turkey stands directly against the wishes of the country (again in contrast to the more muted impact seen from Czechia) and I feel Wikipedia owes it to Turkiye to not misrepresent them after passing through all official channels to not only adopt the new name and pronunciation of Turkiye for English speakers, but specifically remove Turkey as an accepted name. [[User:ToastUltimatum|ToastUltimatum]] ([[User talk:ToastUltimatum|talk]]) 03:25, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
**With that said however, it seems fairly clear that the vote will again opt in favour of keeping the outdated name, so if this is to be the case, I at least think there is a compromise to be made with the opening line of the paragraph. Even with Turkey retained as the article title, I think it would be fair to reword the introductions to reflect the official name first before integrating the COMMONNAME principle into the text itself:
::The '''Republic of Türkiye''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|links=no}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti||Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg}}), more commonly referred to as '''Turkey''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije|}}), is a [[transcontinental country]]...
::This would be in line with the [[United Kingdom]] article for example, which mentions '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''' in its introduction before using the term '''United Kingdom'''. [[WP:COMMONNAME]] is a policy specific to article ''titles'', but in the factual coverage of the introduction, I believe the new official name of the country must be mentioned before proceeding with the former name that the country wishes to phase out. [[User:ToastUltimatum|ToastUltimatum]] ([[User talk:ToastUltimatum|talk]]) 03:58, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' and suggest '''[[WP:SNOW]] close''' - It's too early to know if Türkiye will ever catch on. Maybe it will, like [[Eswatini]] or [[North Macedonia]]. Or maybe it'll be another [[Czechia]] situation. These actually aren't the best examples - this seems more comparable to how [[Ivory Coast]] is officially Côte d'Ivoire in English, but we don't refer to it as such, or how [[Cape Verde]] is officially Cabo Verde in English, but we don't refer to it as such, either. My best guess is that Türkiye will never catch on, but I don't have a crystal ball. All I know is that as of writing this, the common name is undoubtedly Turkey. Let's revisit this if news outlets start referring to the country as Türkiye. [[User:Vanilla Wizard| Vanilla ]][[User Talk:Vanilla Wizard| Wizard ]] [[Special:Contribs/Vanilla Wizard|💙]] 04:45, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[[São Tomé and Príncipe]] ? [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 18:34, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::São Tomé and Príncipe is different to the other cases because that actually is the country's common English name; nobody calls it Saint Thomas and Prince. [[User:YttriumShrew|YttriumShrew]] ([[User talk:YttriumShrew|talk]]) 21:12, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Although this is purely a politically motivated and populist decision unilaterally taken by Erdogan, it IS what the UN decided to go with and as such we need to respect that decision. [[User:Alexceltare2|Alexceltare2]] ([[User talk:Alexceltare2|talk]]) 13:15, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
* '''Strong Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. This is the English Wikipedia, and the common English name is Turkey. The title of the article for [[Germany]] is not Deutschland, the article for [[Japan]] is not Nippon, the article for [[China]] is not Zhōngguó, and the article for [[India]] is not Bhārat. The title of this article should be Turkey not Türkiye. - [[User:GretLomborg|GretLomborg]] ([[User talk:GretLomborg|talk]]) 14:57, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[[São Tomé and Príncipe]] ? [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 18:33, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
* '''Strong Oppose''' for the same reasons started by user GretLomborg immediately above. Obviously the article can and must address this issue and can surely do so quite effectively and clearly, but that's a completely separate issue from what the name of the article ought to be. Addressing the issue in the article's text would also resolve the purported "spreading misinformation" concern some people above have expressed. [[User:1995hoo|1995hoo]] ([[User talk:1995hoo|talk]]) 15:49, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. We use the country's common English-language name, not its official one. See [[East Timor]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Czech Republic]] and [[Cape Verde]]. [[User talk:Vaulter|'''-- Vaulter''']] 16:06, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[[São Tomé and Príncipe]] ? [[User:Arialu|Arialu]] ([[User talk:Arialu|talk]]) 18:31, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as this is ''en''.wikipedia.org. [[User:ValarianB|ValarianB]] ([[User talk:ValarianB|talk]]) 17:44, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*:[https://unterm.un.org/unterm/display/record/unhq/na/356ac538-feb4-4d8a-a4e9-a9eb5dd40fc5 UNTERM] English: Türkiye. I get that it is not English common name, but it IS designed (pushed) for English. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 17:55, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. It is less ambiguous and more respectful to call the country Türkiye. If not to be moved, the lead sentence should be rephrased as:
:: The '''Republic of Türkiye''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|links=no}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti||Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg}}), commonly known as '''Turkey''',...
just in the same form as the [[United Kingdom]] article:
:: The '''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''', commonly known as the '''United Kingdom''' ('''UK''') or '''Britain''',...
[[User:Gu0427|Gu0427]] ([[User talk:Gu0427|talk]]) 18:06, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' It's ridiculous to suggest this should be moved to 'Turkiye' and not 'Türkiye,' but I'd like to see all the COMMONNAME opposition tell me what's different in this case compared to that of [[eSwatini]], which is definitely still more commonly called 'Swaziland' (14.4 million 'Swaziland' to 12.4 million 'eSwatini' Google results in the past year—and many of the latter undoubtedly influenced by Wikipedia's change). [[Special:Contributions/104.246.222.113|104.246.222.113]] ([[User talk:104.246.222.113|talk]]) 18:36, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*: Who’s to say that was “right” or will stick. See [[WP:OTHERCONTENT]] and [[WP:CONSENSUSCANCHANGE]]. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:00, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Support for Türkiye''', even though it seems that some people don't want to change the name today, I'm sure in the future it will probably be changed through enough usage by news outlets and academic journals. People don't like change but it is what it is. I also think it should retain the two dots on the ü like in [[Zürich]] [[User:YemeniFriend|Amir Abdullah]] ([[User talk:YemeniFriend|talk]]) 22:38, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' If my math is correct, the [[WP:NOTVOTE|!votes]] are as follows: 70 total !votes, 19 supports (including the nom), 51 opposes. Consensus will not develop to move the page. I would [[WP:SNOW]] close it myself if I wasn't involved. [[User:Vanilla Wizard| Vanilla ]][[User Talk:Vanilla Wizard| Wizard ]] [[Special:Contribs/Vanilla Wizard|💙]] 23:39, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''': Per [[User:Arialu]]'s comments, I wish to repeat that the issue is not "accent marks are evil" but that Turkey is unilaterally trying to change the common name in English. I would oppose the propsal regardless of whether Turkey wanted to use Turkiye or Türkiye. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 01:14, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:COMMONNAME]]. There are many countries whose official or native names are different from the ones used commonly by English sources. Some of the examples are Japan (Nippon), Spain (España), Germany (Deutschland), Italy (Italia), etc. [[user:Keivan.f|Keivan.f]][[user_talk:Keivan.f|Talk]] 05:03, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
* '''Support'''. They officially changed their name. Sources will catch on. On Wikipedia changing the article name reduces the confusion between the country and the bird, an issue not present with the Czech Republic or Czhechia situation, there is no poultry involved in that dispute that is a very common word. --[[User:StellarNerd|StellarNerd]] ([[User talk:StellarNerd|talk]]) 19:39, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' Some name changes should defer less overwhelmingly to the [[WP:COMMONNAME]] guideline in cases where the reason for the change is to avoid belittling & possibly pejorative connotation—ostensibly [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/02/world/europe/turkiye-turkey-united-nations.html? part of Turkey/Turkiye's reason]. This type of reason, if genuine, goes above & beyond the circumstances of a country name like [[Cape Verde|Cabo/Cape Verde]], where the word in question is simply a literal translation of a common noun. [[User:Comm.unity|Comm.unity]] ([[User talk:Comm.unity|talk]]) 20:08, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 3 June 2022 (2) ==

{{edit extended-protected|Turkey|answered=yes}}
Just dropping in to say that I saw this sentence in the antiquity section;

"For several centuries prior to the great Persian invasion of Greece, perhaps the very greatest and wealthiest city of the Greek world was Miletus and founded more colonies than any other Greek city.[58] particularly in the Black Sea region."

and I have three issues with it:

*"perhaps the very greatest" is worded like it is speculation, as if it were saying "it might have been the greatest city but we do not know for sure".
*The "and" following "Miletus" makes the sentence awkward, I believe it should be replaced by a comma and a "which" instead.
*The period before the reference divides the sentence in two, making the last part of it sound awkward grammatically.

I believe that's all. [[User:Do-Do-Drop|Do-Droppy]] ([[User talk:Do-Do-Drop|talk]]) 14:30, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

:I have made some of the simple grammar changes. [[User:Rollidan|Rollidan]] ([[User talk:Rollidan|talk]]) 15:24, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
::Come on, Wikipedia cannot ignore the decision of the united nations and say that it is not important for us. [[User:Brkysmskaks|Brkysmskaks]] ([[User talk:Brkysmskaks|talk]]) 16:06, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:::This is not "ignoring" the issue, this is pointing out a grammatical issue on the article and asking for it to be fixed. I don't know what else you'd want me to say. [[User:Do-Do-Drop|Do-Droppy]] ([[User talk:Do-Do-Drop|talk]]) 16:58, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

== Name change of Turkey ==

Hello, in the name Türkiye is the problem that "ü" is not in English alphabet. And my idea is we can use something like Turkia or Turkiye. --[[User:TayfunEt.|TayfunEt.]] ([[User talk:TayfunEt.|talk]]) 16:32, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

:No, Turkey was well aware of the risk but demanded ü anyway. We can't half-satisfy Turkey's wishes. A lot of sources do say "Turkiye" in their coverage about the renaming. It only shows how problematic wish it is. Those who write about Erdogan (not Erdoğan) will also probably strip ¨ from the new name of Turkey. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 16:41, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
:Well, most accentuations in other languages are simply removed when transliterated into English. The same should occur, and will likely occur, here. [[User:131552A|131552A]] ([[User talk:131552A|talk]]) 17:33, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

I disagree, just like with some artists' names, the ü should remain in English aswell, as per Türkish request [[User:ImStevan|ImStevan]] ([[User talk:ImStevan|talk]]) 16:36, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

: The [[Republic of Côte d'Ivoire]] also uses an accent not originally native to English, so if it stays in the [[Côte d'Ivoire]] it should also stay in the word Türkiye. --[[Special:Contributions/2A01:C23:5D03:3E00:21F5:5F06:8DB3:50BD|2A01:C23:5D03:3E00:21F5:5F06:8DB3:50BD]] ([[User talk:2A01:C23:5D03:3E00:21F5:5F06:8DB3:50BD|talk]]) 19:32, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
::D'''ü'''sseldorf geographical name. Merriam-Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/D%C3%BCsseldorf [[Special:Contributions/95.70.244.169|95.70.244.169]] ([[User talk:95.70.244.169|talk]]) 23:26, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

== Strong support changing the article name to Turkiye ==

1. The country is called Turkiye, so why should we call them anything else? Using outdated terminology just because it’s the “common name” isn’t very good for a site calling itself an encyclopaedia

2. Whenever a trans celebrity changes their name, their article is renamed the same day. How is this any different? Turkey is a deadname. [[Special:Contributions/2.100.192.236|2.100.192.236]] ([[User talk:2.100.192.236|talk]]) 00:32, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

== Lead sentence - mention Türkiye as official name ==

Given all the hubbub around the official name change, I would like to propose a mention of the official name being "Türkiye" in the lead, in a somewhat similar fashion to [[Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast / Côte d'Ivoire]]:

: '''Turkey''', officially '''Türkiye''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije|}}) and in long form the '''Republic of Türkiye''' ({{lang-tr|Türkiye Cumhuriyeti|links=no}} {{IPA-tr|ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti||Tur-Türkiye_Cumhuriyeti.ogg}})

Appreciate any good faith feedback, especially in terms of wording and ensuring good prose. [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 11:53, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

:It is "UN official short name". [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:TR ISO] says Turkey. [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/country-names UK] recognizes Turkey as official short name. [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/ USA - CIA] says it's Turkey. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey Britannica] - Turkey... etc. Which source has a privilege to declare "official" names in English language? [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ Check UNGEGN] and you will see dozens of differences between Wikipedia and UN what is considered official name (short and long). [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 12:07, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
::I don't mean to say official as in "the official name decided by a language regulator/external authority", but official as in "officially sanctioned by the Turkish government". Of course, Turkey is still by and far the common name. [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 12:41, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
:::Yes, and I say: In the sentence "Turkey, officially Türkiye", according to who is it official? And is there only one main authority which decides offficial ENGLISH name? Turkish government is able to create official Turkish short name and official Turkish political name. UN lists official names for its intentions and purposes but is it "the official" name to be in the lead? Is there only one official short name in English for this country and who announces it? Also, editors here do not differentiate between official and formal. They think that there's some kind of common (usually very short) name, which is totally unofficial, and then the official name meaning political name for diplomacy. UN and ISO lists up to 2 names for each country and both of them are official, so...
:::Also, "official English name" and "English translation of official name in foreign language" are generally 2 different things and we are looking for the first one. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 12:51, 4 June 2022 (UTC) [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 13:09, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
*It should be mentioned in the lede and infobox, that '''Republic of Türkiye''' is the official name. [[User:Khestwol|Khestwol]] ([[User talk:Khestwol|talk]]) 12:10, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

:Or perhaps, '''Turkey''' or '''Türkiye''', officially '''Republic of Türkiye'''. [[User:Beshogur|Beshogur]] ([[User talk:Beshogur|talk]]) 19:28, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

The name the country uses, Republic of Türkiye, should of course be noted both in infobox and lede. It already is, though, so I assume there's nothing to do in regards to this? [[User:Jeppiz|Jeppiz]] ([[User talk:Jeppiz|talk]]) 22:48, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 
-My ignorant opinion: 
I can understand they wanting to deviate from the English word for turkey/bird.. 
 
Although in a way it should be irrelevant to them, 
if ignorant English speakers mistake the name with whatever animal name/connotation, then it's the english speaker's problem/fault.. 
Turks shouldn't care of what another group of ppl understand, 
and anyway in each and every language the name will be adapted differently.. 
 
However, I think the new orthography is also wrong/misleading to other languages. 
 
For instance, me being Spanish/Catalan will read the word Turkiye just as it's written: Tur-ki-ye 
But when you listen a Turkish person's pronunciation it's just like: Tur-kie 
 
So yeah, now for being nitpicks everyone will start pronouncing it like Tur-ki-ye, 
and then they will complain that it makes it sound more like russian/slav languajes.. 
 
Meanwhile in Spain we will keep calling it Turquia, 
so what's the point? [[User:Quintessence7|Quintessence7]] ([[User talk:Quintessence7|talk]]) 08:31, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

'''Precedent''': Czechia registered in July 2016 -> Wikipedia adds "also known as Czechia" to LEDE in a matter of days. I think Türkiye is entitled to this too. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 14:12, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

:We should only say that it is "also known as Türkiye" if we can demonstrate that that is true, to any significant degree. Nobody has even tried to do that yet. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 17:06, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::Is "known as" is too much? We can drop it to: "also Türkiye". Or add "in diplomatic circles". [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 17:30, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::No, it's too much [[WP:WEIGHT]] to give to this point, based on the actual level of usage. It belongs in the ''Name'' section. '''''[[User:Kahastok|Kahastok]]''''' ''[[User Talk:Kahastok|talk]]'' 18:17, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::It would result in the word ''Türkiye'' appearing '''four''' times in the opening sentence compared to ''Czechia'' appearing once in the first sentence of its article.. ''Overkill'' is another way of conveying [[WP:UNDUE]]. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:05, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::So? 2 of those are Turkish, you can hide them into a note, just like with the Czech Republic article (why are they hidden I don't know, maybe because of Bohemia it is "too much names" or whatever). "Türkiye" and "Republic of Türkiye" are two different proper nouns no matter they look similar. LEDE typically contains both: ''XYZ'' and ''Republic of XYZ'' (when formal political name is in such substantive form). [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 20:45, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::It’s irrelevant that “2 of those are Turkish”. It’s a Turkish word. Why would would you hide them in a note. that makes no sense. Too much of this discussion is about making a ''point'' rather than thinking about conveying information to the reader. There’s already 3 words in the opeing sentence tells the English-speaking reader that ''Türkiye'' is a word for Turkey. We don’t need a fourth. The reader has well and truly got the message already. in the [[Czech Republic]] article the reader is told only once that ''Czechia'' is a word for the country. That’s the difference. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 20:59, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::Your proposal: LEDE will not say that Türkiye is alternative English name of the country. THAT's the difference. It will say that Türkiye is Turkish name for the country and that political name in English is Republic of Türkiye. No word about "just Türkiye" in English, because reader can peel it off / deduce it from that "Republic of Türkiye"? Better just to say it than to create word puzzles for readers. Or hypotetic scenario: Türkiye becomes commonname - you say, do not include it in LEDE, too much Türkiyes. Strange. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 21:10, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::::”Puzzles for readers”. What are you talking about? It says “officially the Republic of Türkiye”. How can “also known as Türkiye“ possibly add anything worthwhile? It doesn’t. it’s just pointless and repetitive - and it’s on top of “(Turkish: Türkiye)” and “(Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti}”. How many times and how many different ways do we have to say that ''Türkiye'' means Turkey? [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]])
:::::::::I let someone else deal with it, someone who cares more. I am fed up with this "my opionion is THE TRUTH so consensus is what I say". "Türkiye" and "Republic of Türkiye" are two different proper nouns, they are both valid, we should list them both in full - that is worth a while. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 21:25, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::::::‘"Türkiye" and "Republic of Türkiye" are two different proper nouns“‘ makes no sense. There’s only one proper noun, Türkiye, repeated twice. Once on its own and once with a modifier. It’s ironic that you complain about "my opionion is THE TRUTH so consensus is what I say" then go on to do exactly that: “they are both valid, we should list them both in full”!! [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 21:46, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::::::Czech Republic precedent - "also known as" in LEDE starts with UN registration. Or was it last straw?
:::::::::::[[Ivory Coast]] precedent - how to list names which are pushed into English but are clearly foreign in nature. "Why would would you hide them in a note. that makes no sense." Hm....
:::::::::::My way - precedents, analogies, custom practice, previous consensuses, bigger truth :P [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 22:00, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::::::::Unfortunately “your way” isn’t Wikipedia’s way, per [[WP:OTHERCONTENT]]. We don’t do “precedent” in in that way because “anyone can edit an article”. [[WP:LOCALCONSENSUS]] is just that. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 22:05, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Yes, let's do the same thing 10 different ways, just for the sake of it. First sentence is typical object of edit wars and then consensuses based on analogies. Examples of previous result help greatly, no need to hustle over the same thing all over. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 22:09, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
::::::::::::::I’ve just realised you don’t have much WP experience. Consensus and approaches being different between articles is the norm and consensus within an article changes over time anyway. “Precedent” just doesn’t work here. Nothing, but nothing, is set in stone. That’s just how it is. [[User:DeCausa|DeCausa]] ([[User talk:DeCausa|talk]]) 22:25, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Turkey, the victim at X-mas in Britain, US etc) is in German: TRUTHAHN. I would suggest :-) to change the present name of the country in: TRÜTHANIYE. By saving the Ü, of course.
:::::::::::::::Best from Germany. :-) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Orientalist|Orientalist]] ([[User talk:Orientalist#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Orientalist|contribs]]) 08:45, 7 June 2022 (UTC) 
:::::::::::::::Unification of the first sentence is pretty common thing. Better resolve the format (formats) once than argue again and again with each and every article. [[User:Chrz|Chrz]] ([[User talk:Chrz|talk]]) 17:59, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

== Request to rename Turkey (the bird) to Türkiye ==

As türkiyes are named after türkiye I feel as though the reason for doing so is self evident. However, additionally it would also bring awareness to the name change itself and put a spotlight on the right of indigenous peoples to be referred to using their own language (such as Kiev and chicken kievs now being Kyiv and chicken kyivs in many butchers). It'd be a trivial way to show that the Wikimedia Foundation's volunteers support Türkiye's name change. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/115.69.4.85|115.69.4.85]] ([[User talk:115.69.4.85#top|talk]]) 13:36, 5 June 2022 (UTC) 

Addendum: "Chicken Kiev (Ukrainian: котлета по-київськи, kotleta po-kyivsky; Russian: котлета по-киевски, kotleta po-kiyevski, literally "cutlet Kyiv-style")[note 1] or Chicken Kyiv" from the chicken kiev page. Can we get something like this for the turkey (bird) page? Just a small addition that says they're also known as türkiyes. I feel as that would be appropriate. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/115.69.4.85|115.69.4.85]] ([[User talk:115.69.4.85#top|talk]]) 13:39, 5 June 2022 (UTC) 
:{{not done}} This is not the page to request a move for [[Turkey (bird)]]. Request it on that article’s talk page. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:CollectiveSolidarity|CollectiveSolidarity]] ([[User talk:CollectiveSolidarity#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/CollectiveSolidarity|contribs]]) 17:38, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

My bad dude. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/115.69.4.85|115.69.4.85]] ([[User talk:115.69.4.85#top|talk]]) 13:38, 7 June 2022 (UTC) 

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 5 June 2022 ==

{{edit extended-protected|Turkey|answered=yes}}
change Turkey to Türkiye [[User:Boțoacă|Boțoacă]] ([[User talk:Boțoacă|talk]]) 14:13, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
:{{notdone}} ..see ongoing talks above[[User:Moxy|Moxy]]-[[File:Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg|15px|link=User talk:Moxy]] 14:15, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

List of wealthiest Americans by net worth

2022-04-19T15:23:40Z

Comm.unity: removed Blue Origin as a ‘source of wealth’ for Bezos

{{Short description|A list of wealthiest Americans by net worth}}
{{about|the contemporary list of wealthiest Americans|a historical list|List of richest Americans in history}}
This is a '''list of wealthy Americans ranked by net worth'''. It is based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets by ''[[Forbes]]'' and by data from the [[Bloomberg Billionaires Index]].

The [[Forbes 400 Richest Americans]] list has been published annually since 1982. The combined net worth of the 2020 class of the 400 richest [[United States|Americans]] was $3.2 [[trillion (short scale)|trillion]], up from $2.7 trillion in 2017.<ref name="Forbes400-2020">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/|title=The Forbes 400|magazine=[[Forbes]]|access-date=2020-10-05|year=2020|archive-date=2019-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007224410/https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of October 2020, there were 614<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Forbes]]|year=2020|quote=The [[U.S.]] remains the country with the most [[billionaire]]s, with 614|title=Forbes Billionaires 2020|url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/|access-date=2020-10-11|archive-date=2019-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104180124/https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/3/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[billionaire]]s in the United States.<ref name="Forbes400-2020"/>

==Top 25 richest Americans==
According to ''Forbes'', as of January 2022, the 25 wealthiest people in the United States are as follows:<ref name="Forbes400-2020"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable zebra" width="70%!important"
|-
!Rank !! '''Name''' !! Net worth in [[billion]] [[US$]] !! Source of wealth !! Age
|-
| 1 || [[Elon Musk]] || {{profit}}263 || [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]], [[SpaceX]] || 50
|-
| 2 || [[Jeff Bezos]] || {{profit}}195.9 || [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|| 57
|-
| 3 || [[Bill Gates]] || {{profit}}135.8 || [[Microsoft]] || 66
|-
| 4 || [[Larry Ellison]] || {{profit}}119.5 || [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] || 77
|-
| 5 || [[Mark Zuckerberg]] || {{profit}}117.5 ||[[Meta Platforms|Meta]] || 37
|-
| 6 || [[Larry Page]] || {{profit}}117.3 ||[[Alphabet Inc.]] || 48
|-
| 7 || [[Warren Buffett]] || {{profit}}115.6 ||[[Berkshire Hathaway]] || 91
|-
| 8 || [[Sergey Brin]] || {{profit}}113.1 || Alphabet Inc. || 48
|-
| 9 || [[Steve Ballmer]] || {{profit}}99.9 || Microsoft || 65
|-
| 10 || [[Michael Bloomberg]] || {{profit}}69 || [[Bloomberg L.P.]] || 79
|-
| 11 || [[Jim Walton]] || {{profit}}67.2 || Walmart || 73
|-
| 12 || [[Alice Walton]] || {{profit}}66.3 ||[[Walmart]] || 72
|-
| 13 || [[S. Robson Walton|Rob Walton]] || {{profit}}66.0 || Walmart || 77
|-
| 14 || [[Michael Dell]] || {{profit}}59.0 ||[[Dell]] || 56
|-
| 15 || [[Phil Knight]] || {{profit}}57.9 ||[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] || 83
|-
| 16 || [[MacKenzie Scott]] || {{profit}}54.7 || Amazon || 50
|-
| 17 || [[Charles Koch]] || {{profit}}54.2 || [[Koch Industries]] || 86
|-
| 18 || [[Julia Koch]] || {{profit}}54.2 || [[Koch Industries]]|| 59
|-
| 19 || [[Len Blavatnik]] || {{profit}}36.8 || [[Access Industries]] || 64
|-
| 20 || [[Stephen A. Schwarzman]] || {{profit}}34.5 ||[[Blackstone Group]] || 74
|-
| 21 || [[John Franklyn Mars]]|| {{profit}}33.9 || [[Mars, Incorporated|Mars]] || 86
|-
| 22 || [[Jacqueline Mars]] || {{profit}}33.9 || Mars || 82
|-
| 23 || [[Leonard Lauder]] || {{profit}}29.8 ||[[Estée Lauder Companies]] || 88
|-
| 24 || [[Miriam Adelson]] || {{profit}}28.1 || [[Las Vegas Sands]] || 76
|-
| 25 || [[Dan Gilbert]] || {{profit}}26.6 || [[Rocket Mortgage]] || 59
|-
|}

== Other wealthy Americans ==
According to the [[Bloomberg Billionaires Index]], each of the following Americans had a net worth of more than $10 billion and less than $40 billion as of March 2018:<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=31 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531225811/https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|tl
| valign="top"; width=50% |
* [[Jack Dorsey]] 44, co-founder of [[Twitter]] and [[Square, Inc.|Square]]
* [[Thomas Peterffy]] 75, founder of [[Interactive Brokers]]
* [[Carl Icahn]] 85, founder of [[Icahn Enterprises]]
* [[Laurene Powell Jobs]] 57, shareholder of [[The Walt Disney Company]]
* [[Ron Perelman]] 77, owner of [[MacAndrews & Forbes]]
* [[Dustin Moskovitz]] 36, co-founder of [[Facebook]]
* [[Donald Bren]] 88, owner of [[Irvine Company]]
* [[Thomas F. Frist Jr.|Thomas Frist]] 82, co-founder of [[HCA Healthcare]]
* [[Elaine Tettemer Marshall|Elaine Marshall]] 78, [[ Koch Industries]]
* [[James Harris Simons|Jim Simons]] 82, founder of [[Renaissance Technologies]]
* [[Lukas Walton]] 34, grandson of [[Sam Walton]], the founder of [[Walmart]].
* [[Rupert Murdoch]] 89, founder of [[News Corp]]
* [[Harold Hamm]] 75, founder of [[Continental Resources]]
* [[Ray Dalio]] 71, founder of [[Bridgewater Associates]]

| valign="top" width="2" |
 
| valign="top" width=50% |

* [[Eric Schmidt]] 65, executive chairman of [[Alphabet Inc.]] until 2017
* [[Charlie Ergen]] 68, co-founder of [[Dish Network]]
* [[John Menard Jr.]] 81, founder of [[Menards]]
* [[George Kaiser]] 78, chairman of [[BOK Financial Corporation]]
* [[Steven A. Cohen|Steve Cohen]] 64, founder of [[Point72 Asset Management]]
* [[Micky Arison]] 71, chairman of [[Carnival Corporation]]
* [[Donald Newhouse]] 92, president of [[Advance Publications]]
* [[Abigail Johnson|Abby Johnson]] 59, CEO of [[Fidelity Investments]]
* [[Phil Anschutz]] 81, energy and real estate
* [[Jan Koum]] 45, co-founder of [[WhatsApp]]
* [[Jim Goodnight]] 78, CEO of [[SAS Institute]]
* [[Charles R. Schwab|Charles Schwab]] 83, founder of [[Charles Schwab Corporation]]
* [[David Tepper]] 63, founder of [[Appaloosa Management]]
|}
According to the [[Bloomberg Billionaires Index]], each of the following Americans had a net worth of more than $4 billion and less than $10 billion as of March 2018:<ref name=":0"/>

{|tl

|
|-
| valign="top"; width=50% |
* [[Jack Dangermond]]
* [[Robert F. Smith (investor)|Robert F. Smith]]
* [[Dave Duffield]]
* [[Andy Beal]]
* [[Carl Cook]]
* [[John Malone]]
* [[Pierre Omidyar]]
* [[Blair Parry-Okeden]]
* [[James C. Kennedy|Jim Kennedy]]
* [[Patrick Soon-Shiong]]
* [[Bernie Marcus]]
* [[Stan Kroenke]]
* [[Kenneth C. Griffin|Ken Griffin]]
* [[Sun Hongbin]]
* [[David Geffen]]
* [[George Soros]]
* [[Jeff Hildebrand]]
* [[Marijke Mars]]
* [[Victoria Mars]]
* [[Pamela Mars-Wright]]
* [[Valerie Mars]]
* [[Richard LeFrak]]
* [[Robert Rowling]]
* [[Diane Hendricks]]
* [[Les Wexner]]
* [[Ned Johnson]]
* [[David Sun (businessman)|David Sun]]
* [[John Tu]]
* [[Eli Broad]]
* [[Ingrid Wu]]
* [[Christy Walton]]
* [[John Albert Sobrato]]
* [[Marian Ilitch]]
* [[John Paulson]]
* [[George Lucas]]
* [[Charles Butt]]
* [[Richard Kinder]]
* [[Gabe Newell]]
* [[Ralph Lauren]]
* [[Reinhold Schmieding]]
* [[Rich Devos]]
* [[Ray Lee Hunt|Ray Hunt]]
* [[Jim Davis (businessman)|Jim Davis]]
* [[Leon Black]]
* [[Steven Spielberg]]
* [[Margaretta Taylor]]
* [[James Cox Chambers|James Chambers]]
* [[Katharine Rayner]]
* [[George R. Roberts|George Roberts]]
* [[Henry Kravis]]
* [[Marc Benioff]]
* [[Jensen Huang]]
* [[Robert E. Rich Jr.]]
* [[Randa Duncan Williams]]
* [[Dannine Avara]]

| valign="top" width="2" |
 
| valign="top" width=50% |

* [[Scott Duncan (businessman)|Scott Duncan]]
* [[Milane Duncan Frantz]]
* [[David Filo]]
* [[Stan Druckenmiller]]
* [[Rupert Johnson Jr.]]
* [[Ira Rennert]]
* [[Lynn Schusterman]]
* [[Mark Cuban]]
* [[Trevor Rees-Jones (businessman)|Trevor Rees-Jones]]
* [[Terry Pegula]]
* [[John Sall]]
* [[Charles B. Johnson|Charles Johnson]]
* [[Ronda Stryker]]
* [[Charles Dolan]]
* [[Jeff Sutton (real estate developer) | Jeff Sutton]]
* [[Nancy Walton Laurie]]
* [[Leonard N. Stern|Leonard Stern]]
* [[Shahid Khan]]
* [[David E. Shaw|David Shaw]]
* [[Dan Friedkin]]
* [[Jerry Jones]]
* [[Dennis Washington]]
* [[Whitney MacMillan]]
* [[Gwendolyn Sontheim Meyer]]
* [[Pauline MacMillan Keinath]]
* [[Stephen Bechtel Jr.|Steve Bechtel]]
* [[Rocco Commisso]]
* [[Jude Reyes]]
* [[Chris Reyes]]
* [[Igor Olenicoff]]
* [[Sam Zell]]
* [[Reed Hastings]]
* [[Edward Roski]]
* [[Kelcy Warren]]
* [[Tom Love]]
* [[Judy Love]]
* [[Judy Faulkner]]
* [[Izzy Englander]]
* [[Tamara Hughes Gustavson]]
* [[Mary Alice Dorrance Malone|Mary Malone]]
* [[Frederick W. Smith|Fred Smith]]
* [[Pat Stryker]]
* [[Dagmar Dolby]]
* [[Clay Mathile]]
* [[Thomas Pritzker]]
* [[Woody Johnson]]
* [[Richard M. Schulze|Dick Schulze]]
* [[Robert Pera]]
* [[Bob Kraft]]
* [[Kenneth Fisher|Ken Fisher]]
* [[B. Wayne Hughes]]
* [[Travis Kalanick]]
* [[Gordon Moore]]
* [[Dan Cathy]]
* [[Bubba Cathy]]
* [[Johnny Morris (businessman)|Johnny Morris]]
|}

==See also==
* [[The World's Billionaires]]
* [[List of countries by the number of billionaires]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ Bloomberg Billionaires Index]
* [https://www.forbes.com/forbes-400/list Forbes 400 - The Richest People in America] - 2018 list

{{Lists of billionaires|state=expanded}}
{{Forbes Magazine Lists|state=collapsed}}
{{Extreme wealth|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Americans by net worth}}
[[Category:Forbes lists|400 (2018)]]
[[Category:Lists of American people|Net worth]]
[[Category:Lists of people by wealth|American]]
[[Category:American billionaires| ]]
[[Category:Economy of the United States-related lists]]

Usage share of operating systems

2022-02-04T04:06:35Z

Comm.unity: /* Smartphones */ punctuation fix

{{Short description|Relative market adoption of operating systems}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|date=November 2019|reason=the article has many confusing and poorly worded sentences.}}
{{Confusing|date=May 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}

The '''usage share of operating systems''' is the percentage of [[computer|computing devices]] that run each [[operating system]] (OS) at any particular time. All such figures are necessarily estimates because data about operating system share is difficult to obtain. There are few reliable primary sources and no agreed methodologies for its collection. Operating systems are used in numerous device types, from embedded devices without a screen through to supercomputers.

Most device types that people interact with access the web, so using web access statistics helps compare the usage share of operating systems across most device types, and also the usage share of operating systems used for the same types.

[[Android (operating system)|Android]], an operating system using the [[Linux kernel]], is the world's most-used operating system when judged by web use. It has 41% of the global market, followed by [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] with 32%, [[Apple iOS]] with 16%, then Chrome OS at 1.1% also using the Linux kernel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide Aug 2020 - Sep 2021|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share#monthly-202009-202109|access-date=2021-10-02|website=statcounter Global Stats}}</ref> These numbers do not include [[embedded device]]s or [[video game console|game console]]s.

* For smartphones and other pocket-sized devices, Android leads with 73% market share, and Apple's iOS has 27%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobile Operating System Market Share Worldwide - Sep 2021|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile/worldwide/#monthly-202109-202109-bar|access-date=2021-10-02|website=statcounter Global Stats}}</ref>
* For desktop and laptop computers, Windows is the most used at 75%, followed by Apple's macOS at 16%, and [[Linux kernel|Linux-based]] operating systems, including Google's [[Chrome OS]], at 5% (thereof "[[desktop Linux]]" at 2.35%).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide - Sep 2021|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/desktop/worldwide/#monthly-202109-202109-bar|access-date=2021-10-02|website=statcounter Global Stats}}</ref>
* With tablets, Apple's iOS has 55% and Android has 45%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tablet Operating System Market Share Worldwide - Aug 2021|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile/worldwide/#monthly-202108-202108-bar|access-date=2021-09-03|website=statcounter Global Stats}}</ref>

For the above devices, smartphones and other pocket-sized devices make up 55%, desktops and laptops 43%, and tablets 2.5%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share Worldwide - Sep 2021|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share#monthly-202109-202109-bar|access-date=2021-10-02|website=statcounter Global Stats}}</ref>

* Linux has completely dominated the [[supercomputer]] field since 2017, with 100% of the [[TOP500|top 500]] most powerful supercomputers in the world running a Linux distribution. Linux is also most used for (web) servers, and then most often [[Ubuntu]] used, the most common [[Linux distribution]].

Embedded devices are the most numerous type of device (with [[real-time operating system|specific]] operating systems made for them), yet a high percentage are standalone or do not have a web browser, which makes their usage share difficult to measure. Hypothetically some specific operating system used in embedded devices is more popular than the ones mentioned above.

==Worldwide device shipments==
{{Update|section|Recent statistics from 2018 is needed for this section.|date=August 2018}}
{{bar box
|float=right
|title=Device shipments, 2015
|titlebar=#DDD
|width=425px
|barwidth=250px
|bars={{bar percent|[[Android (operating system)|Android]]|Green|54.16|54.16%}}
{{bar percent|[[iOS]]/[[macOS]]|Silver|12.37|12.37%}}
{{bar percent|[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]|Blue|11.79|11.79%}}
{{bar percent|Other|Red|21.66|21.66%}}
{{bar gap|height=10}}
|caption=OS Device Shipments, [[Gartner]]<ref name="Sales16"/>
}}

In May 2020, [[Gartner]] predicted a decline in all market segments for 2020 (from already declining market in 2019) due to [[COVID-19]], predicting a decline by 13.6% for all devices, while "Work from Home Trend Saved PC Market from Collapse", with them only predicting to decline by 10.5% for PCs. However, in the end according to Gartner, PC shipments grew "10.7% in Fourth Quarter of 2020 and [...] reached 275 million units in 2020, a 4.8% increase from 2019 and the highest growth in ten years." Apple in 4th place for PCs had the largest growth in shipments ''for a company'' in Q4 of 31.3%, while "the fourth quarter of 2020 was another remarkable period of growth for Chromebooks, with shipments increasing around 200% year over year to reach 11.7 million units. In 2020, Chromebook shipments increased over 80% to total nearly 30 million units, largely due to demand from the North American education market."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Grew 10.7% in Fourth Quarter of 2020 and 4.8% for the Year|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2021-01-11-gartner-says-worldwide-pc-shipments-grew-10-point-7-percent-in-the-fourth-quarter-of-2020-and-4-point-8-percent-for-the-year|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Gartner|language=en}}</ref> Chromebooks sold more than Apple's Macs worldwide.

According to Gartner, the following is the worldwide device shipments (referring to [[wholesale]]) by operating system, which includes smartphones, [[tablet computer|tablets]], [[laptops]] and [[PCs]] together.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Worldwide device shipments by Operating System
|-
!Source
!Year
![[Android (operating system)|Android]]
![[iOS]]/[[macOS]]
![[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]
!Others
|-
| [[Gartner]]<ref name="COVID-prediction">{{Cite web|title=Gartner Forecasts Worldwide Device Shipments to Decline 14% in 2020 Due to Coronavirus Impact|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2020-05-26-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-device-shipments-to-decli|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Gartner|language=en}}</ref>
| 2019 (2.161 bln) || || || ||
|-
| [[Gartner]]<ref name="Sales18">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2018-01-29-gartner-says-worldwide-device-shipments-will-increase-2-point-1-percent-in-2018 |title= Gartner Says Worldwide Device Shipments Will Increase 2.1 Percent in 2018 |date=January 29, 2018 |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
| 2017 (2.278 bln) || || || ||
|-
| [[Gartner]]<ref name="Sales17">{{cite news|url=https://www.mobilescout.com/windows/news/n78495/Gartner-Windows-OS-device-shipments-falter-2017.html |title= Gartner: Windows OS device shipments will falter in 2017 |date=10 January 2017 |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
| 2016 (2.332 bln) || || 10.63% (248 mln)  || 11.2% (260 mln) ||
|-
| [[Gartner]]<ref name="Sales16">{{cite news|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3050931/microsoft-windows/windows-comes-up-third-in-os-clash-two-years-early.html |title= Windows comes up third in OS clash two years early |date=1 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>
| 2015 (2.4 bln) || 54.16% (1.3 bln) || 12.37% (297 mln)
macOS = 1%
| 11.79% (283 mln) || 21.66%
|-
| [[Gartner]]<ref name="Sales14">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2954317 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107160932/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2954317 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2015 |title= Gartner Says Tablet Sales Continue to Be Slow in 2015 |date=5 January 2015 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
| 2014 || 48.61% || 11.04% || 14.0% || 26.34%
|-
| [[Gartner]]<ref name="Sales13">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2791017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711215426/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2791017 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2014 |title= Gartner Says Worldwide Traditional PC, Tablet, Ultramobile and Mobile Phone Shipments to Grow 4.2 Percent in 2014 |date=7 July 2014 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
| 2013 || 38.51% || 10.12% || 13.98% || 37.41%
|-
| [[Gartner]]<ref name="Sales12">{{cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2610015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021094500/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2610015 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2013 |title= Gartner Says Worldwide PC, Tablet and Mobile Phone Shipments to Grow 4.5 Percent in 2013 as Lower-Priced Devices Drive Growth |date=21 October 2013 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
| 2012 || 22.8% || 9.6% || 15.62% || 51.98%
|}

Shipments (to stores) do not mean sales to consumers (not necessarily in the year of shipment), therefore suggesting the numbers indicate popularity and/or usage could be misleading. Not only do smartphones sell in higher numbers than traditional PCs{{snd}} but also as a whole a lot more, by dollar value{{snd}} with the gap only projected to widen, to well over double.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-04-06-gartner-says-worldwide-end-user-spending-on-devices-will-grow-2-percent-in-2017-while-unit-shipments-remain-flat|title=Gartner Says Worldwide End-User Spending on Devices Will Grow 2 Percent in 2017, While Unit Shipments Remain Flat|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en}}</ref>

For 2015 (and earlier), Gartner reports for "the year, worldwide PC shipments declined for the fourth consecutive year, which started in 2012 with the launch of tablets" with an 8% decline in PC sales for 2015 (not including cumulative decline in sales over the previous years).<ref name="Sales15">{{cite press release|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3185224 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Declined 8.3 Percent in Fourth Quarter of 2015: Holiday Sales Provided Little Cheer to PC Vendors in 2015 |date=12 January 2016 |access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> Gartner includes Macs (running [[macOS]]) in PC sales numbers (but not e.g. [[iPad]]s and Androids), and they individually had a slight increase in sales in 2015.

On 28 May 2015, Google announced that there were 1.4 billion Android users and 1 billion Google play users active during that month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/29/9409071/google-android-stats-users-downloads-sales|title=Android is now used by 1.4 billion people|date=29 September 2015|publisher=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://events.google.com/io2015/|title=Google I/O website: Keynote|access-date=20 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618114753/https://events.google.com/io2015/|archive-date=18 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>  This changed to 2 billion monthly active users in May 2017.<ref>{{cite web |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |title=Android passes 2 billion monthly active devices |url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/05/17/android-passes-2-billion-monthly-active-devices/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=17 May 2017 |access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Alfred |last=Ng |title=Google's Android now powers more than 2 billion devices |url=https://www.cnet.com/au/news/google-boasts-2-billion-active-android-devices/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=17 May 2017 |access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

On 27 January 2016, Paul Thurrott summarized the operating system market, the day after Apple announced "one billion devices":
{{blockquote|Apple's "active installed base" is now one billion devices. [..] Granted, some of those Apple devices were probably sold into the market place years ago. But that 1 billion figure can and should be compared to the numbers Microsoft touts for Windows 10 (200 million, most recently) or Windows more generally (1.5 billion active users, a number that hasn’t moved, magically, in years), and that Google touts for Android (over 1.4 billion, as of September).

My understanding of iOS is that the user base was previously thought to be around 800 million strong, and when you factor out Macs and other non-iOS Apple devices, that's probably about right. But as you can see, there are three big personal computing platforms.|source=Paul Thurrott<ref name="big three">{{cite web |title=Apple's active installed base is now over 1 billion strong |url=https://www.thurrott.com/mobile/ios/64193/apples-active-installed-base-in-now-over-1-billion-strong |first=Paul |last=Thurrott |date=27 January 2016 |quote=there are three big personal computing platforms. And only one of them is actually declining. We’ll see how Windows 10 fares over the long term, but even if Microsoft hits the 1 billion figure in 1-2 years as promised, it will by then still be the smallest of those three platforms.|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>}}

Microsoft backed away from their goal of one billion Windows 10 devices in three years (or "by the middle of 2018")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/071816/microsoft-backs-away-windows-10-goal-msft.asp|title=Microsoft Backs Away From Windows 10 Goal (MSFT)|first=Donna|last=Fuscaldo|date=18 July 2016|work=investopedia.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> and reported on 26 September 2016 that Windows 10 was running on over 400 million devices,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-windows-10-now-on-400-million-devices/|title=Microsoft: Windows 10 now on 400 million devices|first=Mary Jo|last=Foley|website=ZDNet}}</ref> and in March 2019 on more than 800 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-says-windows-10-is-now-on-more-than-800-million-devices/|title=Microsoft says Windows 10 is now on more than 800 million devices|last=Foley|first=Mary Jo|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref>

By late 2016, Android had been explained to be "killing" Apple's iOS market share (i.e. its declining sales of smartphones, not just relatively but also by number of units, when the whole market is increasing) with

{{blockquote|the gap between the two is growing ever larger all the time.

According to Gartner, Android now boasts a global market share of 86.2 percent. Apple's iOS is a long way behind with a market share of just 12.9 percent. The rest may as well not even exist [..]

These figures, which cover the second quarter of 2016, show that Android has actually increased its market share by 4 percent over the last year. All other operating systems are down, with iOS losing 1.7 percent [..]

I think it's fair to declare Android the winner in the mobile operating [system] wars at this point.|source=makeuseof.com<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/android-is-killing-ios-uber-launches-self-driving-cars-tech-news-digest/ |title=Android Is Killing iOS, Uber Launches Self-Driving Cars… [Tech News Digest] |first=Dave |last=Parrack |date=18 August 2016}}</ref>}}

As of 9 May 2019, the biggest smartphone companies (by market share) were Samsung, Huawei and Apple, respectively.<ref>Gadgets Now Bureau, [https://www.gadgetsnow.com/slideshows/worlds-5-biggest-smartphone-companies/Second-Huawei/photolist/65227379.cms "World's 5 biggest smartphone companies"], ''Gadgets Now'', 1 Aug 2018, 02.51 PM IST</ref>

Gartner's own press release said, "Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016",<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3415117 |title=Gartner Says Five of Top 10 Worldwide Mobile Phone Vendors Increased Sales in Second Quarter of 2016: Global Sales of Smartphones Grew 4.3 Percent Year on Year |publisher=Gartner |date=19 August 2016}}</ref> which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading "1.7 [[Percentage point|percent [point]]]" decline. That point decline means an 11.6% relative decline (from 14.6% down to 12.9%).

Although in units sold Apple is declining, they are almost the only vendor making any profit in the smartphone sector from hardware sales alone. In Q3 2016 for example, they captured 103.6% of the market profits.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.investors.com/news/technology/click/apple-iphone-grabs-104-of-smartphone-industry-profit-in-q3/ |title=Apple iPhone Grabs 104% Of Smartphone Industry Profit In Q3 |first=Seitz |last=Patrick |newspaper=Investor's Business Daily |date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

There are more mobile phone owners than toothbrush owners,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/really-more-mobile-phone-owners-than-toothbrush-jamie-turner|title=Are there Really More Mobile Phone Owners than Toothbrush Owners?|website=www.linkedin.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> with mobile phones the fastest growing technology in history.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} There are a billion more active mobile phones in the world than people (and many more than 10 billion sold so far with less than half still in use), explained by the fact that some people have more than one, such as an extra for work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/how-many-phones-are-in-the-world|title=1 Billion More Phones Than People In The World! BankMyCell|last=Turner|first=Ash|date=2018-07-10|website=BankMyCell|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> All the phones have an operating system, but only a fraction of them are smartphones with an OS capable of running modern applications. Currently 3.1 billion smartphones and tablets are in use across the world (with tablets, a small fraction of the total, generally running the same operating systems, Android or iOS, the latter being more popular on tablets. In 2019, a variant of iOS called [[iPadOS]] built for iPad tablets was released).

===Tablet computers===
In 2015, [[eMarketer]] estimated at the beginning of the year that the tablet [[installed base]] would hit one billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Tablet-Users-Surpass-1-Billion-Worldwide-2015/1011806|title=Tablet Users to Surpass 1 Billion Worldwide in 2015 - eMarketer|work=emarketer.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> for the first time (with China's use at 328 million, which [[Google Play]] doesn't serve or track, and the USA's use second at 156 million). At the end of the year, because of cheap tablets{{snd}} not counted by all analysts{{snd}} that goal was met (even excluding cumulative sales of previous years) as:
{{blockquote|Sales quintupled to an expected 1 billion units worldwide this year, from 216 million units in 2014, according to projections from the Envisioneering Group.

While that number is far higher than the 200-plus million units globally projected by research firms IDC, Gartner and Forrester, Envisioneering analyst Richard Doherty says the rival estimates miss all the cheap Asian knockoff tablets that have been churning off assembly lines.[..]


Forrester says its definition of tablets "is relatively narrow" while IDC says it includes some tablets by Amazon — but not all.[..]


The top tech purchase of the year continued to be the smartphone, with an expected 1.5 billion sold worldwide, according to projections from researcher IDC. Last year saw some 1.2 billion sold.[..]

Computers didn’t fare as well, despite the introduction of Microsoft's latest software upgrade, Windows 10, and the expected but not realized bump it would provide for consumers looking to skip the upgrade and just get a new computer instead.

Some 281 million PCs were expected to be sold, according to IDC, down from 308 million in 2014. Folks tend to be happy with the older computers and keep them for longer, as more of our daily computing activities have moved to the smartphone.[..]

While Windows 10 got good reviews from tech critics, only 11% of the 1-billion-plus Windows user base opted to do the upgrade, according to Microsoft. This suggests Microsoft has a ways to go before the software gets "hit" status. Apple's new operating system El Capitan has been downloaded by 25% of Apple's user base, according to Apple.
|source=''[[USA Today]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/12/28/tablets-have-banner-2015/77851808/ |title=Tablets have banner 2015 |date=1 January 2016}}</ref>}}

This conflicts with statistics from IDC that say the tablet market contracted by 10% in 2015 with only [[Huawei]], ranked fifth, with big gains, more than doubling their share; for fourth quarter 2015, the five biggest vendors were the same except that [[Amazon Fire]] tablets ranked third worldwide, new on the list, enabled by its not quite tripling of market share to 7.9%, with its [[Fire OS]] Android-derivative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.androidheadlines.com/2016/02/idc-tablet-shipments-decline-fifth-straight-quarter.html|title=IDC: Tablet Shipments Decline For Fifth Straight Quarter - Androidheadlines.com|date=1 February 2016|work=androidheadlines.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

==Web clients==
{{Update|section|Recent statistics from 2018 is needed for this section. |date=August 2018}}
{{bar box
|float=right
|title=Web clients' OS family statistics
|titlebar=#DDD
|width=465px
|barwidth=250px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Android (operating system)|Android]] (or [[List of custom Android firmware|based on]])|Green|40.76|40.76%}}
{{bar percent|[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]|Blue|31.63|31.63%}}
{{bar percent|Apple's [[iOS]]|Orange|16.52|16.52%}}
{{bar percent|Apple's [[macOS]]|Orange|6.8|6.8%}}
{{bar percent|Unknown|Black|2.08|2.08%}}
{{bar percent|Other|Grey|1.25|1.25%}}
{{bar percent|[[Linux]]|Green|0.93|0.93%}}
{{bar gap|height=10}}
|caption=Web clients' OS family market share according to [[StatCounter]] for December 2021.<ref name=current>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share|title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide: December 2020 |last=Statcounter|website=gs.statcounter.com|language=en|access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref>
The information on web clients is obtained from [[user agent]] information obtained through [[JavaScript]] code run by web browsers supplied to web servers. "Unknown" is probably mostly  Windows operating systems.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} These figures have a large margin of error for a variety of reasons. For a discussion on the shortcomings see [[Usage share of web browsers#Accuracy|usage share of web browsers]].
}}
The most recent data from various sources published during the last twelve months is summarized in the table below. All of these sources monitor a substantial number of web sites; statistics related to one web site only are excluded.

Android currently ranks highest,<ref name=AndroWin>{{cite press release | url=https://gs.statcounter.com/press/android-overtakes-windows-for-first-time |title=Android overtakes Windows for first time: "Milestone in technology history and end of an era" as Microsoft no longer owns dominant OS}}</ref> above Windows (incl. Xbox console) systems. [[Windows Phone]] accounted for 0.51% of the web usage, before it was discontinued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-os-ww-monthly-201506-201703|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

Considering all personal computing devices, [[Microsoft Windows]] is well below 50% usage share on every continent, e.g. at 31% in the US and in many countries lower, e.g. China, and in India at 19% and Windows' lowest share globally was 30% in July 2021, and 28% in the US.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operating System Market Share South America|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/south-america/#weekly-202013-202019|access-date=2020-10-01|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref>

On weekends iOS tops Windows in the US (and on some weekends Android is also more popular than Windows),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/|title=Operating System Market Share United States Of America|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#daily-20190125|title=Operating System Market Share United States Of America {{!}} StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> and iOS alone got even with Windows for the month of November 2019, in large part due to the spike in sales for the 5 days around [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]]. That season iOS had a 46% lead over Windows and, along with Android, contributed to a higher market share of mobile devices over desktops for 6 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#weekly-201945-201948-bar|title=Operating System Market Share United States Of America|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#monthly-201911-201911-bar|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share United States Of America|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> Before iOS became the most popular operating system in any independent country, it was most popular in Guam, an [[unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territory of the United States]], for four consecutive quarters in 2017-18,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/guam/#quarterly-201604-201903|title=Operating System Market Share Guam|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/guam/#monthly-201605-201906|title=Operating System Market Share Guam|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref> although Android is now the most popular there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/guam/#monthly-201909-201911|title=Operating System Market Share Guam|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> iOS has been the highest ranked OS in [[Jersey]] (a British [[Crown dependencies|Crown dependency]] in Europe) for years, by a wide margin, and iOS was also highest ranked in Falkland Islands, a [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]], for one quarter in 2019, before being overtaken by Android in the following quarter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/falkland-islands-(malvinas)/#quarterly-201803-201902|title=Operating System Market Share Falkland Islands (malvinas): Q3 2018 - Q2 2019|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/falkland-islands-(malvinas)/#monthly-201701-201906|title=Operating System Market Share Falkland Islands (malvinas)|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref> iOS is competitive with Windows in Sweden, where some days it is more used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/sweden/#daily-20190613-20190712|title=Operating System Market Share Sweden|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>

The designation of an "Unknown" operating system is strangely high in a few countries such as [[Madagascar]] where it was at 32.44% (no longer near as high).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/madagascar/#monthly-201709-201906|title=Operating System Market Share Madagascar|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref> This may be due to the fact that StatCounter uses [[browser detection]] to get OS statistics, and there the most common browsers are not often used. The version breakdown for browsers in Madagascar shows "Other" at 34.9%,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-version-market-share/all/madagascar/|title=Browser Version Market Share Madagascar|website=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref> and Opera Mini 4.4 is the most popular known browser at 22.1% (plus e.g. 3.34% for Opera 7.6). However browser statistics without version-breakdown has Opera at 48.11% with the "Other" category very small.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share/all/madagascar/|title=Browser Market Share Madagascar|website=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=|date=August 2019}}




In China, Android got to be the highest ranked operating system in July 2016 (Windows has occasionally topped it since then, while since April 2016 it or all non-mobile operating systems haven't outranked mobile operating systems, meaning Android plus iOS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/china/#monthly-201509-201909|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref> In the Asian continent as a whole, Android has been ranked highest since February 2016 and Android alone has the majority share,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/asia/#monthly-201407-201909|title=Top 8 Operating Systems in Asia from July 2014 to September 2019|publisher=statcounter.com}}</ref> because of a large majority in all the most populous countries of the continent, up to 84% in Bangladesh, where it has had over 70% share for over four years.<ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/bangladesh/#monthly-201403-201909|title=Operating System Market Share Bangladesh|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> Since August 2015, Android is ranked first, at 48.36% in May 2016, in the African continent{{snd}} when it took a big jump ahead of Windows 7,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-os-af-monthly-201407-201604|title=Top 8 Operating Systems in Africa from July 2014 to Apr 2016|publisher=statcounter.com}}</ref> and thereby Africa joined Asia as a mobile-majority continent. China is no longer a desktop-majority country,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/china/#monthly-201505-201906|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> joining India, which has a mobile-majority of 71%, confirming Asia's significant mobile-majority.

Online usage of [[Linux kernel]] derivatives ([[Android (operating system)|Android]] + [[Chrome OS]] + other [[Linux]]) exceeds that of Windows. This has been true since some time between January and April 2016, according to W3Counter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.w3counter.com/globalstats.php?year=2016&month=01 |title=Global stats |publisher=W3 Counter }}</ref> and StatCounter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-os-ww-monthly-201604-201604-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>
However, even before that, the figure for all Unix-like OSes, including those from Apple, was higher than that for Windows. 

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Source 
! rowspan="2" |Date
! colspan="7" |[[Microsoft Windows]] (kernel): {{Increase}}1.98%
! colspan="2" |[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]]: {{Increase}}2.29%
! colspan="3" |[[Linux kernel]]: {{decrease}}4.01%

! rowspan="2" |Others:<ref group="lower-alpha">The 'Others' column is obtained by summing all percentage data and subtracting from 100%.</ref> {{increase}}3.9%
|-
![[Windows 10|10]]
![[Windows 8|8/8.1]]
![[Windows 7|7]]
![[Windows Vista|Vista]]
![[Windows XP|XP]]
![[Windows Phone|WP]]&[[Windows RT|RT]]
!Other
![[macOS]]
![[iOS]]
![[Linux]]
![[Android (operating system)|Android]]
!Other
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | W3Counter<ref>{{Cite web|title=W3Counter: Global Web Stats - October 2020|url=https://www.w3counter.com/globalstats.php?year=2020&month=10|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.w3counter.com}}</ref>
|Oct

2020
|{{increase}}

20.55%
|N/A
|{{decrease|-1.59}}

6.74%
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|{{Increase}}

8.06%
|{{Increase}}

13.67%
|N/A
|{{decrease}}

37.44%
|N/A
|N/A
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | W3Counter<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.w3counter.com/globalstats.php?year=2018&month=6 |title=Global stats |publisher=W3 Counter }}</ref>
| {{as of|2019|6|alt=Jun 2019}} ||{{increase}}16.23% || N/A || {{increase}}14.32% || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A || {{increase}}3.58% || {{increase}}13.54 || N/A || {{decrease}}38.76% || N/A || N/A
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | W3Counter<ref name="auto1" />
| {{as of|2018|6|alt=Jun 2018}} ||{{decrease|-2.33}}11.14 || N/A || {{decrease|-1.59}}12.29% || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A || {{decrease|-0.70}}2.80% || {{decrease|-1.08}}10.68% || N/A || {{increase|+8.80}}53.21% ||N/A || N/A
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | W3Counter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.w3counter.com/globalstats.php?year=2016&month=12 |title=Global stats |publisher=W3 Counter }}</ref>
| {{as of|2016|12|alt=Dec 2016}} || {{decrease|-1.43}}13.79 || {{decrease|-0.64}}4.54% || {{decrease|-0.31}}18.45% || N/A || N/A ||N/A|| N/A || {{decrease|-0.44}}4.45% || {{decrease|-0.08}}12.60% || {{increase|+0.66}}3.8% ||{{increase|+6.56}}34.37% ||N/A|| {{decrease|-1.07}}8%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |StatCounter Global Stats<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/chart.php?device=Desktop%20%26%20Mobile%20%26%20Tablet%20%26%20Console&device_hidden=desktop%2Bmobile%2Btablet%2Bconsole&multi-device=true&statType_hidden=os&region_hidden=ww&granularity=monthly&statType=Operating%20System&region=Worldwide&fromInt=200812&toInt=201612&fromMonthYear=2008-12&toMonthYear=2016-12&csv=1|title=StatCounter Stats through Dec 2016|website=www.statcounter.com|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>
|Mar 2017
|{{Increase|-0.06}}12.98%
|{{Decrease|-0.17}}4.57%
|{{Decrease|-0.36}}17.84%
|{{Decrease|-0.03}}0.41%
|{{Decrease|-0.06}}2.07%
|0%
|{{Decrease|0}}0.06%
|{{Increase|-0.6}}5.17%
|{{Increase|+0.10}}13.09%
|{{Decrease|-0.02}}0.75%
|{{Increase|+0.51}}37.93%
|{{steady|0}}0.76%
|{{Increase|+0.45}}7.21%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |StatCounter Global Stats<ref name="auto"/>
|Dec 2016
|{{Increase|-0.15}}12.5%
|{{Decrease|-0.25}}4.79%
|{{Decrease|-0.76}}18%
|{{Decrease|-0.06}}0.46%
|{{Decrease|-0.07}}2.24%
|{{Decrease|-0.02}}0.64%
|{{Increase|0}}0.09%
|{{Decrease|-0.3}}4.92%
|{{Increase|+0.43}}12.71%
|{{steady|0}}0.86%
|{{Increase|+1.52}}37.8%
|{{Increase|+0.01}}0.72%
|{{Decrease|-0.37}}4.61%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[StatCounter]] Global Stats<ref name="sc3">{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/chart.php?device=Desktop%20%26%20Mobile%20%26%20Tablet%20%26%20Console&device_hidden=desktop%2Bmobile%2Btablet%2Bconsole&multi-device=true&statType_hidden=os&region_hidden=ww&granularity=monthly&statType=Operating%20System&region=Worldwide&fromInt=200812&toInt=201610&fromMonthYear=2008-12&toMonthYear=2016-10&csv=1|title=Worldwide user OS families in Jul 2016}}</ref>
| {{as of|2016|10|alt=Oct 2016}} ||{{increase|-0.18}}12.08%|| {{decrease|-0.22}}5.21% || {{decrease|-0.82}}18.97% || {{decrease|-0.02}}0.6% || {{decrease|-0.3}}2.44% || {{decrease|-0.16}}0.7% || {{increase|+0.01}}0.05% || {{increase|-0.23}}5.3% || {{increase|+0.17}}12.04% || {{decrease|-0.09}}0.85% ||{{increase|+1.62}}34.46% || {{decrease|-0.01}}0.63% || {{decrease|-0.26}}6.67%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[StatCounter]] Global Stats<ref name="sc1">{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/chart.php?device=Desktop%20%26%20Mobile%20%26%20Tablet%20%26%20Console&device_hidden=desktop%2Bmobile%2Btablet%2Bconsole&multi-device=true&statType_hidden=os&region_hidden=ww&granularity=monthly&statType=Operating%20System&region=Worldwide&fromInt=200812&toInt=201512&fromMonthYear=2008-12&toMonthYear=2015-12&csv=1|title=Worldwide user OS families in Dec 2015}}</ref>
| {{as of|2016|05|alt=May 2016}} ||{{increase|0.69}}10.27%|| {{decrease|-0.64}}6.68% || {{decrease|-1.58}}22.25% || {{decrease|-0.06}}0.73% || {{decrease|-0.55}}3.44% || {{increase|+0.02}}0.83% || {{decrease|-0.02}}0.8% || {{decrease|-0.04}}5.05% || {{increase|+0.26}}11.38% || {{decrease|-0.08}}0.91% ||{{increase|+1.7}}31.6% || {{increase|0.2}}0.64% || {{increase|0.31}}6.15%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[StatCounter]] Global Stats<ref name="sc1"/>
| {{as of|2015|12|alt=Dec 2015}} ||{{increase|0.84}}6.67%|| {{decrease|-0.61}}8.5% || {{decrease|-1.35}}26.66% || {{decrease|-0.91}}1.0% || {{decrease|-0.11}}4.75% || {{increase|+0.03}}0.92% || {{increase|+0.01}}0.2% || {{increase|+0.18}}5.51% || {{increase|+0.12}}10.82% || {{increase|+0.05}}1.03% ||{{increase|+0.67}}27.01% || {{steady|0}}0.36% || {{increase|}}6.57%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]]<ref name="wikimedia">{{Cite web| url = https://analytics.wikimedia.org/dashboards/browsers/#all-sites-by-os/os-family-and-major-hierarchical-view | title = Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report - Operating Systems, 28Nov2016-1Jan2017}}</ref>
| {{as of|2016|12|alt=Dec 2016}} ||14.0% ||4.65% || 18.0% ||0.43% || 1.70% ||0.93%|| 0.50% || 5.4% || 19.0% || 0.80% ||23.0% ||0.30%|| 11.29%
|}
; Notes
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Desktop and laptop computers==
{{Update|section|Recent statistics till 2018 is needed for some parts in this section.|date=October 2018}}
{{bar box
|float=right
|title=Desktop/Laptop operating system browsing statistics
|titlebar=#DDD
|width=425px
|barwidth=250px
|bars={{bar percent|[[Windows]]|Blue|73.72|73.72%}}
{{bar percent|[[macOS]]|Orange|15.33|15.33%}}
{{bar percent|Unknown|Gray|6.67|6.67%}} 
{{bar percent|[[Chrome OS]]|Green|2.18|2.18%}}
{{bar percent|[[Linux]]|Yellow|2.09|2.09%}}
{{bar percent|Other|Green|0.01|0.01%}}
{{bar gap|height=11}}
|caption=Desktop OS market share according to [[StatCounter]] for December 2021.<ref name="pc">{{Cite web|title=Desktop Operating System Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/desktop/worldwide/#monthly-202112-202112-bar|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref> Chrome OS is also based on the [[Linux kernel]].}}


Windows is still the dominant desktop OS, but the dominance varies by region and it has gradually lost market share to other desktop operating systems (not just to mobile) with the slide very noticeable in the US, where macOS usage has more than quadrupled from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2020 to 30.62% (i.e. in Christmas month; and 34.72% in April 2020 in the middle of [[COVID-19]], and iOS was more popular overall that year;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operating System Market Share United States Of America|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#monthly-202001-202012-bar|access-date=2021-01-05|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref> globally Windows lost to Android that year,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share#monthly-202001-202012-bar|access-date=2021-01-05|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref> as for the two years prior), with Windows down to 61.136% and Chrome OS at 5.46%, plus traditional Linux at 1.73%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop Operating System Market Share United States Of America|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/desktop/united-states-of-america/#monthly-200901-202012|access-date=2021-01-05|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref>

There is little openly published information on the device shipments of desktop and laptop computers. Gartner publishes estimates, but the way the estimates are calculated is not openly published. Another source of market share of various operating systems is [[StatCounter]]<ref>https://gs.statcounter.com/#desktop-os-ww-monthly-201508-201508-bar StatCounter</ref> basing its estimate on web use (although this may not be [[Usage share of web browsers#Accuracy|very accurate]]). Also, sales may overstate usage. Most computers are sold with a [[pre-installed software|pre-installed operating system]], with some users replacing that OS with a different one due to personal preference, or installing another OS alongside it and using both. Conversely, sales underestimate usage by not counting unauthorized copies. For example, in 2009, approximately 80% of software sold in China consisted of illegitimate copies.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/19/business/global/19iht-windows.html|title=Software Pirates in China Beat Microsoft to the Punch | work=The New York Times | date=19 October 2009}}</ref> In 2007, the statistics from an automated update of IE7 for registered Windows computers differed with the observed web browser share, leading one writer to estimate that 25–35% of all Windows XP installations were unlicensed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seopher.com/articles/around_25_35_of_windows_xp_systems_are_pirated_calculations_included_|title=Around 25–35% of Windows XP systems are pirated (calculations included)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063513/http://www.seopher.com/articles/around_25_35_of_windows_xp_systems_are_pirated_calculations_included_|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>

The usage share of Microsoft's (then latest operating system) [[Windows 10]] has slowly increased since July/August 2016, reaching around 27.15% (of all Windows versions, not all desktop or all operating systems) in December 2016. It eventually reached 79.79% on 5 October 2021, the same day on which its successor [[Windows 11]] was released.

Web analysis shows significant variation in different parts of the world. For example, macOS use varies a lot by region, in North America claims 16.82%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#desktop-os-na-monthly-201603-201608|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> (17.52%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#desktop-os-US-monthly-201603-201608|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> in the US) whereas in Asia it is only 4.4%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 7 Desktop OSs in Asia on May 2016 |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#desktop-os-as-monthly-201603-201603-bar |publisher=StatCounter|date=May 2016 |access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref> In the United States usage of Windows XP has dropped to 0.38% (of all Windows versions), and its global average to 0.59%, while in Africa it is still at 2.71%, and it still has double-digit share in at least one country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop Windows Version Market Share Armenia|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/windows-version-market-share/desktop/armenia/#monthly-202010-202109|access-date=2021-10-04|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref>
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Since mid-2020, the world uses smartphones more than desktop (including laptop) computers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share#monthly-202009-202109|access-date=2021-10-02|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share#quarterly-201904-202003-bar|access-date=2020-11-16|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share#daily-20200831-20200930|access-date=2020-10-01|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref> For global statistics it's every day of the week. It has also happened for all individual continents (at least for some weeks, and also for the United States<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share United States Of America|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#weekly-202123-202132|access-date=2021-10-04|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share Oceania|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/oceania/#weekly-202048-202105|access-date=2021-10-04|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share Europe|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/europe/#monthly-202010-202109|access-date=2021-10-04|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share North America|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/north-america/#daily-20210709-20210811|access-date=2021-10-04|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref> where the smartphone share has gone up to 54%, both on July 9, 2019, a Sunday,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#daily-20190331-20190630|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share United States Of America|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> and also that high in 2021). The proportions do vary widely by region (more so than by the day), e.g. in Africa the smartphone share is highest at 69%, in Asia at 65% and in South America at 50.19%, while in the United States it's at 46% and desktop at 50%. On some continents, e.g. North America and the US, smartphone use may only go over 50% on weekends, since smartphones usage increases on weekends,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share United States Of America|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#daily-20210523-20210831|access-date=2021-10-18|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share United States Of America|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#monthly-202008-202109|access-date=2021-10-18|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share United States Of America|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#daily-20201218-20210117|access-date=2021-10-18|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share#daily-20190331-20190630|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share Worldwide|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> while the smartphone share has gone up to 54% for a single day ([[Thanksgiving]]), and on average over 50% for full week.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share United States Of America|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#daily-20211112-20211211|access-date=2021-12-13|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share United States Of America|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#weekly-202139-202148|access-date=2021-12-13|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref>

| label1 = Smartphones
| value1 = 54.6
| color1 = Green
| label2 = Desktops/Laptops
| value2 = 42.7
| color2 = Yellow
| label3 = Tablets
| value3 = 2.5
| color3 = Blue

|label4=Console|value4=0.06|color4=red}}
The 2019 [[Stack Overflow]] developer survey provides no detail about particular versions of Windows. The desktop operating system share among those identifying as professional developers was:<ref>{{cite web|title=Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2019, Primary Operating System|url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019#technology-_-developers-primary-operating-systems|website=stackoverflow|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref>
* Windows: 45.3%
* macOS: 29.2%
* Linux: 25.3%
* BSD/Unix: 0.1%


===Microsoft data on Windows usage===
In June 2016, Microsoft claimed Windows 10 had half the market share of all Windows installations in the US and UK, as quoted by BetaNews:

{{blockquote|Microsoft's Windows trends page [shows] Windows 10 hit 50 percent in the US (51 percent in the UK, 39 percent globally), while ... Windows 7 was on 38 percent (36 percent in the UK, 46 percent globally).

A big reason for the difference in numbers comes down to how they are recorded. ... actual OS usage (based on web browsing), while Microsoft records the number of devices Windows 10 is installed on. ... Microsoft also only records Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10, while NetMarketShare includes both XP and Vista.|BetaNews<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://betanews.com/2016/08/29/windows-10-50-percent-of-the-market/|title=Windows 10 has over 50 percent market share, according to Microsoft -- wait, what?|date=29 August 2016|website=BetaNews}}</ref>}}

===Desktop computer games===
The digital video game distribution platform [[Steam (service)|Steam]] publishes a monthly "Hardware & Software Survey", with the statistics below:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Month
![[Microsoft Windows]]
![[Mac OS]]{{ref|steamstats|†}}
![[Linux]]{{ref|steamstats|†}}
!Other
|-
|December 2021
|96.19%
|2.70%
|1.11%
|
|-
|December 2020<ref name="steam2021">{{citation|title=Steam Hardware & Software Survey: December 2020|url=https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116081949/https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey/|archive-date=2021-01-16}}</ref>
|96.41%
|2.82%
|0.78%
|
|-
|December 2019<ref name="steam2020">{{citation|title=Steam Hardware & Software Survey: December 2019|url=https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102165754/https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey/|archive-date=2020-01-02}}</ref>
|96.89%
|2.47%
|0.67%
|
|-
|January 2019<ref name="steam2019">{{citation|title=Steam Hardware & Software Survey: January 2019|url=https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211053207/https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey/|archive-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>
|95.92%
|3.27%
|0.82%
|
|-
|January 2018<ref name="steam2018">{{citation|title=Steam Hardware & Software Survey: December 2018|url=https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301004851/https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey/|archive-date=2018-03-01}}</ref>
|98.38%
|1.31%
|0.25%
|
|-
|January 2017<ref name="steam2017">{{citation|title=Steam Hardware & Software Survey|url=http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212045448/http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-date=2017-02-12}}</ref>
|95.79%
|3.31%
|0.80%
|
|-
|January 2016<ref name="steam2016">{{citation|title=Steam Hardware & Software Survey|url=http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210130349/http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-date=2016-02-10}}</ref>
|95.39%
|3.55%
|0.95%
|
|-
|January 2015<ref name="steam2015">{{citation|title=Steam Hardware & Software Survey|url=http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216021632/http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-date=2015-02-16}}</ref>
|95.48%
|3.32%
|1.09%
|
|-
|January 2014<ref name="steam2014">{{citation|title=Steam Hardware & Software Survey|url=http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215063136/http://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey|archive-date=15 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|94.93%
|3.47%
|0.86%
|0.74%
|}

{{note|steamstats|†}} These figures, as reported by Steam, do not include [[SteamOS]] statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3045249/linux/linux-gaming-is-much-healthier-than-steams-hardware-survey-implies.html|title=Linux gaming is much healthier than Steam's Hardware Survey implies|work=pcworld.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

==Mobile devices==
===Smartphones===
{{See also|Mobile operating system#Market share}}
[[File:Android phone.jpg|thumb|[[Android (operating system)|Android]] is the most popular [[mobile operating system]].]]
By Q1 2018, [[mobile operating system]]s on [[smartphone]]s included [[Google]]'s dominant [[Android (operating system)|Android]] (and variants) and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[iOS]] which combined had an almost 100% market share.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613220451/https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3876865 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2018 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Returned to Growth in First Quarter of 2018 |date=29 May 2018 |website=Gartner, Inc. |publisher=Gartner |access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>

Smartphone penetration vs. desktop use differs substantially by country. Some countries, like Russia, still have smartphone use as low as 22.35% (as a fraction of all web use),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/russian-federation/#monthly-201909-201909-bar|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share Russian Federation {{!}} StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> but in most western countries, smartphone use is close to 50% of all web use. This doesn't mean that only half of the population has a smartphone, could mean almost all have, just that other platforms have about equal use. Smartphone usage share in developing countries is much higher{{snd}} in Bangladesh, for example, Android smartphones had up to 84% and currently 70% share,<ref name="Bangladesh"/> and in Mali smartphones had over 90% (up to 95%) share for almost two years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/mali/#monthly-201403-201909|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share Mali {{!}} StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/mali/#monthly-201403-201906|title=Operating System Market Share Mali|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref> (A section below has more information on regional trends on the move to smartphones.)

There is a clear correlation between the GDP per capita of a country and that country's respective smartphone OS market share, with users in the richest countries being much more likely to choose Apple's iPhone, with Google's Android being predominant elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightportal.io/news/all-news/higher-gdp-per-capita-corresponds-with-more-apple-devices-stats-suggest|title=InsightPortal {{!}} Higher GDP per capita corresponds with more Apple devices, stats suggest|last=Bates|first=Adam|website=www.insightportal.io|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://storage.googleapis.com/201609/how-to-stay-top-of-mind-asias-crowded-apps-marketplace/how-to-stay-top-of-mind-asias-crowded-apps-marketplace-deck1.pdf|title=Google Mobile App Marketing Insights: Asia|website=storage.googleapis.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile/india/|title=Mobile Operating System Market Share India|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>

{{clear}}
{{Update|section|Recent statistics from 2018 is needed for the graph below and the table following the graph.|reason=|date=August 2018}}

[[File:World Wide Smartphone Sales.png|700px|thumb|center]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:90%;"
|+ Mobile OS market share
|-
!Source
!Method
!Quarter/month
![[Android (operating system)|Android]] {{small|(including [[Fork (software development)|forks]])}}
![[iOS]]
![[Windows 10 Mobile|Windows]] {{small|(all versions)}}
![[BlackBerry 10|BlackBerry]] {{small|(all versions)}}
![[Symbian]]
!Others
|-
|[[StatCounter]] Global Stats<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobile Operating System Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile/worldwide|access-date=2020-11-16|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref>
|Browsing (page view)
|2020, Oct
|72.93%
|26.53%
|0.03%
|N/A
|N/A
|0.51%
|-
|StatCounter Global Stats
|Browsing (page view)
|2019, Sep
|76.24%
|22.48%
|0.17%
|0.02%
|0.02%
|1.07%
|-
|[[Gartner]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-05-23-gartner-says-worldwide-sales-of-smartphones-grew-9-percent-in-first-quarter-of-2017|title=Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Grew 9 Percent in First Quarter of 2017|access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref>
|Units sold in quarter
|2017 Q1
|86.1%
|13.7%
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|0.2%
|-
|Gartner<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-02-15-gartner-says-worldwide-sales-of-smartphones-grew-7-percent-in-the-fourth-quarter-of-2016|title=Gartner Says Worldwide Sales of Smartphones Grew 7 Percent in the Fourth Quarter of 2016|access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref>
|Units sold in quarter
|2016 Q4
|81.7%
|17.9%
|0.3%
|0.0%
|N/A
|0.1%
|-
|Gartner<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3516317|title=Gartner Says Chinese Smartphone Vendors Were Only Vendors in the Global Top Five to Increase Sales in the Third Quarter of 2016|access-date=2016-12-09}}</ref>
|Units sold in quarter
|2016 Q3
|87.8%
|11.5%
|0.4%
|0.1%
|N/A
|0.2%
|-
|Gartner<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3415117|title=Gartner Says Five of Top 10 Worldwide Mobile Phone Vendors Increased Sales in Second Quarter of 2016|access-date=2016-12-09}}</ref>
|Units sold in quarter
|2016 Q2
|86.2%
|12.9%
|0.6%
|0.1%
|N/A
|0.2%
|-
|Gartner<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3323017|title=Gartner Says Worldwide Smartphone Sales Grew 3.9 Percent in First Quarter of 2016|access-date=2016-12-09}}</ref>
|Units sold in quarter
|2016 Q1
|84.1%
|14.8%
|0.7%
|0.2%
|N/A
|0.2%
|-
|[[comScore]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Rankings/comScore-Reports-January-2016-US-Smartphone-Subscriber-Market-Share|title=comScore Reports January 2016 U.S. Smartphone Subscriber Market Share|newspaper=comScore, Inc|access-date=2016-12-09}}</ref> (US only)
|US subscribers
|2016, Jan
|52.8%
|43.6%
|2.7%
|0.8%
|N/A
|N/A
|-
|StatCounter Global Stats<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|website=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref>
|Browsing (page view)
|2015, Mar
|61.94%
|22.64%
|2.27%
|NA
|6.00%
|7.09%
|-
| comScore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Reports-January-2015-US-Smartphone-Subscriber-Market-Share |title=comScore Reports January 2015 U.S. Smartphone Subscriber Market Share |publisher=comScore |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref> (US only)|| US subscribers
| 2015, Jan || 53.2% || 41.3% || 3.6% || 1.8% || 0.1% || N/A
|-
|StatCounter Global Stats<ref name="auto4"/>
|Browsing (page view)
|2014, Aug
|54.87%
|23.57%
|2.36%
|1.59%
|9.73%
|7.87%
|-
|Strategy Analytics<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.strategyanalytics.com/WSS/post/2013/10/31/Android-Captures-Record-81-Percent-Share-of-Global-Smartphone-Shipments-in-Q3-2013.aspx|title=Android Captures Record 81 Percent Share of Global Smartphone Shipments in Q3 2013|access-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101042255/http://blogs.strategyanalytics.com/WSS/post/2013/10/31/Android-Captures-Record-81-Percent-Share-of-Global-Smartphone-Shipments-in-Q3-2013.aspx|archive-date=1 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Units shipped in quarter
|2014 Q3
|81.3%
|13.4%
|4.1%
|1.0%
|N/A
|0.2%
|-
|[[International Data Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idc.com/promo/smartphone-market-share|title=IDC - Smartphone Market Share - OS|website=IDC: The premier global market intelligence company}}</ref>|| Units shipped in quarter
| 2014 Q2 || 84.7% || 11.7% || 2.5% || 0.5% || N/A || 0.7%
|-
|StatCounter Global Stats<ref name="auto4"/>
|Browsing (page view)
|2014, Feb
|47.57%
|22.97%
|2.22%
|2.62%
|14.86%
|6.08%
|-
| comScore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2014/3/comScore_Reports_January_2014_US_Smartphone_Subscriber_Market_Share|title=comScore Reports January 2014 U.S. Smartphone Subscriber Market Share - comScore, Inc|date=7 March 2014|publisher=comScore|access-date=30 March 2014}}</ref> (US only)|| US subscribers
| 2014, Jan || 51.7% || 41.6% || 3.2% || 3.1% || 0.2% || N/A
|-
| Gartner<ref name="gartner.com">{{cite press release|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2573415|title=Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users by Operating System in 2Q13}}</ref>|| Units sold in quarter
| 2013 Q2 || 79.0% || 14.2% || 3.3% || 2.7% || 0.3% || 0.6%
|-
|[[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] (includes tablets)|| Browsing (page view)
| 2013, Mar || 25.93% || 66.53% || 1.85% || 2.02% || 3.03% || 1.12%
|-
| Gartner<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2482816|title=Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users by Operating System in 1Q13}}</ref>|| Units sold in quarter
| 2013 Q1 || 74.4% || 18.2% || 2.9% || 3.0% || 0.6% || 1.0%
|-
|International Data Corporation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130516005342/en/Android-iOS-Combine-92.3-Smartphone-Operating-System|title=Android and iOS Combine for 92.3% of All Smartphone Operating System Shipments in the First Quarter While Windows Phone Leapfrogs BlackBerry, According to IDC|date=16 May 2013|website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref>
|Units shipped in quarter
|2013 Q1
|75.0%
|17.3%
|3.2%
|2.9%
|0.6%
|0.0%
|}

; Note

* Table is only showing mobile OS market share{{snd}} not the overall market share. [[Wikimedia Foundation]] statistics consider tablets as part of the mobile OS market share.

===Tablet computers===
{{Update|section|Recent statistics till mid-2018 is needed for some parts in this section.|date=August 2018}}
[[Tablet computer]]s, or simply ''tablets'', became a significant OS market share category starting with Apple's [[iPad]]. In Q1 2018, iOS had 65.03% market share and Android had 34.58% market share.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/tablet/worldwide |title=Tablet Operating System Market Share Worldwide - July 2018 |date=29 May 2018 |website=StatCounter |publisher=StatCounter |access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> Windows tablets may not get classified as such by some analysts, and thus barely register; e.g. [[2-in-1 PC]]s may get classified as "desktops", not tablets.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Global shipments ("shipments refer to sell-in", that is, [[wholesale]])
|-
!Source
!Year
![[Android (operating system)|Android]]
![[iOS]]
![[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]
!Others
|-
|Statista<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global tablet shipments by OS 2010-2020|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/273268/worldwide-tablet-sales-by-operating-system-since-2nd-quarter-2010/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>
|2020
|59.4%
|29.8%
|10.21%
|0.59%
|-
| Strategy Analytics<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.strategyanalytics.com/strategy-analytics/news/strategy-analytics-press-releases/strategy-analytics-press-release/2015/11/23/tablets-windows-fast-becoming-a-premium-os-says-strategy-analytics#.Vv0sOsL2ZaQ|title=Tablets: Windows fast becoming a premium OS, says Strategy Analytics |publisher=Strategy Analytics|author=Eric Smith|date=23 November 2015 |access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref>
| 2015 || 68% || 22% || 10% || <0.1%
|-
| [[Gartner]]<ref name="Android tablets">{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/03/gartner-195m-tablets-sold-in-2013-android-grabs-top-spot-from-ipad-with-62-share/ |title=Gartner: 195M Tablets Sold In 2013, Android Grabs Top Spot From iPad With 62% Share |first=Ingrid |last=Lunden |date=3 March 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref>
| 2013 || 61.9% || 36.0% || 2.1% || <0.1%
|-
| Gartner<ref name="Android tablets"/>
| 2012 || 45.8% || 52.8% || 1.0% || 0.3%
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Global tablet web usage 
|-
!Source
!Month
![[iOS]]
![[Android (operating system)|Android]]
![[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]
!Others
|-
|StatCounter<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tablet Operating System Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/tablet/worldwide|access-date=2020-11-16|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref>
|Oct 2020
|58.86%
|41.02%
|0.08%
|0.04%
|-
|StatCounter<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tablet Operating System Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/tablet/worldwide/2019|access-date=2020-11-16|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref>
|Dec 2019
|63.11%
|36.65%
|0.15%
|0.09%
|-
|StatCounter<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tablet Operating System Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/tablet/worldwide/2018|access-date=2020-11-16|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}</ref>
| Jul 2018 || 65.03% || 34.58% || 0.21% || 0.18%
|-
| StatCounter<ref>[https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201501-201508 Global Stats Top 7 Tablet OSs from Jan to Aug 2015]. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</ref>
| Jul 2015 || 65.51% || 31.36% || 0.78% || 2.93%
|-
| StatCounter<ref>[https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201501-201502 Global Stats Top 7 Tablet OSs from Feb 2015]. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</ref>
| Feb 2015 || 66.47% || 29.6% || 1.16% || 2.73%
|-
| StatCounter<ref>[https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201409-201410 Global Stats Top 7 Tablet OSs from Oct 2014]. Retrieved 7 March 2015.</ref>
| Oct 2014 || 71.67% || 25.62% || 0.08% || 2.63%
|}

Since 2016, in South America (and Cuba<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-CU-monthly-201310-201602|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> in North America), Android tablets have gained majority,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/tablet/south-america/#monthly-201407-201709|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref> and in Asia in 2017 Android was slightly more popular than the iPad, which was at 49.05% usage share in October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/tablet/asia/#monthly-201407-201709|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-as-daily-20140701-20160302|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-as-monthly-201407-201603|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> In Africa, Android tablets are much more popular while elsewhere the iPad has a safe margin.

{{As of|2015|March}}, Android has made steady gains to becoming the most popular tablet operating system:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201208-201509 |title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> that is the trend in many countries, having already gained the majority in large countries (India at 63.25%,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-IN-monthly-201403-201502|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> and in Indonesia at 62.22%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-ID-monthly-201403-201502|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref>) and in the African continent with Android at 62.22% (first to gain Android majority in late 2014),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-af-monthly-201208-201509|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> with steady gains from 20.98% in August 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-af-monthly-201208-201412|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> (Egypt at 62.37%,<ref name="gs.statcounter.com">{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-EG-monthly-201208-201503|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> Zimbabwe at 62.04%<ref name="gs.statcounter.com"/>), and South America at 51.09% in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-sa-monthly-201208-201508 |title=Top 7 Tablet OSes in South America from Aug 2012 to Aug 2015 |work=statcounter.com}}</ref> (Peru at 52.96%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-PE-monthly-201208-201503|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref>). Asia is at 46%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-as-monthly-201208-201509 |title=Top 7 Tablet OSes in South America from Aug 2012 to Sep 2015 |work=statcounter.com}}</ref> In Nepal, Android gained majority lead in November 2014 but lost it down to 41.35% with iOS at 56.51%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-NP-monthly-201403-201502|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> In Taiwan, as of October 2016, Android after having gained a confident majority, has been on a losing streak.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-TW-monthly-201401-201610|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> China is a major exception to Android gaining market share in Asia (there Android [[phablet]]s are much more popular than Android tablets, while similar devices get classified as smartphones) where the iPad/iOS is at 82.84% in March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-CN-monthly-201208-201503|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref>

===Crossover to smartphones having majority share===
{{Update|section|Recent statistics from 2018 is needed for some parts in this section.|date=August 2018}}
{{See also|Usage share of web browsers#Crossover to smartphones having majority share}}

According to [[StatCounter]] web use statistics (a proxy for all use), smartphones are more popular than desktop computers globally (and Android in particular more popular than Windows). Including tablets with mobiles/smartphones, as they also run so-called [[mobile operating systems]], even in the United States (and most countries) are mobiles including tablets more popular than other (older originally made for desktops) operating systems (such as Windows and macOS). Windows in the US (at 33.42%) has only 8% head-start (2.55-percentage points) over iOS only; with Android, that mobile operating system and iOS have 52.14% majority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/united-states-of-america/#monthly-201809-201909|title=Operating System Market Share United States Of America|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> Alternatively, Apple, with iOS plus their non-mobile macOS (9.33%) has 20% more share (6.7-percentage points more) than Microsoft's Windows in the country where both companies were built.

Although desktop computers are still popular in many countries (while overall down to 44.9% in the first quarter of 2017<ref name="Q1 2017">{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share#quarterly-201602-201701|title=Desktop vs mobile vs tablet vs console market share Worldwide - StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref>), smartphones are more popular even in many developed countries. A few countries on all continents are desktop-minority with Android more popular than Windows; many, e.g. Poland in Europe, and about half of the countries in South America, and many in North America, e.g. Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti; up to most countries in Asia and Africa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share#monthly-201803-201803-map|title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide {{!}} StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref> with smartphone-majority because of Android, Poland and Turkey in Europe highest with 57.68% and 62.33%, respectively. In Ireland, smartphone use at 45.55% outnumbers desktop use and mobile as a whole gains majority when including the tablet share at 9.12%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/europe/#monthly-201703-201703-map|title=Desktop vs mobile vs tablet vs console market share in Europe - StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share#monthly-201703-201703-map|title=Desktop vs mobile vs tablet vs console market share Worldwide - StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref> Spain was also slightly desktop-minority. As of July 2019, Sweden had been desktop-minority for eight weeks in a row.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/all/sweden/#weekly-201918-201927|title=Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet vs Console Market Share Sweden|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en|access-date=2019-07-12}}</ref>

The range of measured mobile web use varies a lot by country, and a StatCounter press release recognizes "India amongst world leaders in use of mobile to surf the internet"<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/press/india-amongst-world-leaders-in-use-of-mobile-to-surf-the-internet |title=India amongst world leaders in use of mobile to surf the internet |date=28 March 2017}}</ref> (of the big countries) where the share is around (or over) 80%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/india/#monthly-201503-201703|title=Operating system market share in India - StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref> and desktop is at 19.56%, with Russia trailing with 17.8% mobile use (and desktop the rest).


Smartphones (discounting tablets), first gained majority in December 2016 (desktop-majority was lost the month before),{{Where|date=August 2019}} and it wasn't a Christmas-time fluke, as while close to majority after smartphone majority happened again in March 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share#monthly-201604-201703|title=Desktop vs mobile vs tablet vs console market share Worldwide - StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=|date=August 2019}}

In the week of 7–13 November 2016, smartphones alone (without tablets) overtook desktop for the first time, albeit for a short period.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-weekly-201634-201645 |title=Comparison from W34 to W45 2015 |work=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref> Examples of mobile-majority countries include Paraguay in South America, Poland in Europe and Turkey and most of Asia and Africa. Some of the world is still desktop-majority, with for example the United States at 54.89% (but not on all days).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-weekly-201645-201645-map|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share}}</ref> However, in some [[territories of the United States]], such as [[Puerto Rico]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/all/puerto-rico/#monthly-201508-201909|title=Operating system market share in Puerto Rico - StatCounter Global Stats|website=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref> desktop is significantly under majority, with Windows just under 25%, overtaken by Android.

On 22 October 2016 (and subsequent weekends), mobile showed majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20160628-20161114|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share}}</ref> Since 27 October, the desktop hasn't had a majority, including on weekdays. Smartphones alone have showed majority since 23 December to the end of the year, with the share topping at 58.22% on Christmas Day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20161024-20170430|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> To the "mobile"-majority share of smartphones, tablets could be added giving a  63.22% majority. While an unusually high top, a similar high also occurred on Monday 17 April 2017, with the smartphone share slightly lower and tablet share slightly higher, combining to 62.88%.

Formerly, according to a StatCounter press release, the world has turned desktop-minority;<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/press/mobile-and-tablet-internet-usage-exceeds-desktop-for-first-time-worldwide |title=Mobile and tablet Internet usage exceeds desktop for first time worldwide |work=StatCounter}}</ref> {{as of|2016|10|lc=y}}, at about 49% desktop use for that month, but mobile wasn't ranked higher, tablet share had to be added to it to exceed desktop share.


For the Christmas season (i.e. temporarily, while desktop-minority remains and smartphone-majority on weekends<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share#daily-20161001-20170331|title=Desktop vs mobile vs tablet vs console market share Worldwide - StatCounter Global Stats|work=statcounter.com|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="statcounter.com">{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/comparison-market-share/all/worldwide/#weekly-201641-201703|title=Desktop vs mobile vs tablet vs console market share Worldwide - StatCounter Global Stats|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>), the last two weeks in December 2016, Australia (and Oceania in general)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-AU-weekly-201639-201653|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> was desktop-minority for the first time for an extended period, i.e. every day from 23 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-AU-daily-20161101-20161231|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

In South America, smartphones alone took majority from desktops on Christmas Day,<ref name="statcounter.com"/> but for a full-week-average, desktop is still at least at 58%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-sa-weekly-201553-201653|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

The UK desktop-minority dropped down to 44.02% on Christmas Day and for the eight days to the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-GB-daily-20161024-20161230|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> Ireland joined some other European countries with smartphone-majority, for three days after Christmas, topping that day at 55.39%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-IE-daily-20161024-20161231|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-IE-daily-20151024-20160131|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

In the US, desktop-minority happened for three days on and around Christmas (while a longer four-day stretch happened in November, and happens frequently on weekends).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-US-daily-20161024-20161231|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>


According to StatCounter web use statistics (a proxy for all use), in the week from 7–13 November 2016, "mobile" (meaning smartphones) alone (without tablets) overtook desktop, for the first time, with them highest ranked at 52.13% (on 27 November 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20160701-20161127|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> or up to 49.02% for a full week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20161124-20161130-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-weekly-201634-201647 |title=Comparison from W34 to W47 2016 |work=StatCounter Global Stats}}</ref> Mobile-majority applies to countries such as Paraguay in South America, Poland in Europe and Turkey; and the continents Asia and Africa. Large regions of the rest of the world are still desktop-majority, while on some days, the United States,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-US-daily-20160601-20161127|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> (and North America as a whole)<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-na-daily-20160601-20161127|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> isn't; the US is desktop-minority up to four days in a row,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-US-daily-20161122-20161128-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> and up to a five-day average.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-US-daily-20161123-20161127-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> Other examples, of desktop-minority on some days, include the UK,<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Ireland,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-IE-daily-20160601-20161130|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-AU-daily-20160901-20161130|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> (and [[Oceania]] as a whole); in fact, at least one country on every continent<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-monthly-201610-201610-map|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-HT-weekly-201540-201648|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-PR-weekly-201548-201648|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> has turned desktop-minority (for at least a month). On 22 October 2016 (and subsequent weekends), mobile has shown majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20160628-20161114|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

Previously, according to a StatCounter press release, the world has turned desktop-minority;<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/press/mobile-and-tablet-internet-usage-exceeds-desktop-for-first-time-worldwide |title=Mobile and tablet internet usage exceeds desktop for first time worldwide |work=StatCounter}}</ref> {{as of|2016|10|lc=y}}, at about 49% desktop use for that month,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20161001-20161031-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20161004-20161031-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> with desktop-minority stretching up to an 18-weeks/4-months period from 28 June to 31 October 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20160628-20161031-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-weekly-201626-201643-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> while whole of July, August or September 2016, showed desktop-majority (and many other long sub-periods in the long stretch showed desktop-minority; similarly only Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays are desktop-minority). The biggest continents, Asia and Africa, have shown vast mobile-majority for long time (any day of the week), as well as several individual countries elsewhere have also turned mobile-majority: Poland, Albania (and [[Turkey]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-eu-monthly-201609-201609-map|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> in Europe and Paraguay and Bolivia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-BO-monthly-201509-201609|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> in South America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-monthly-201609-201609-map|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>



According to StatCounter's web use statistics, Saturday 28 May 2016, was the day when smartphones ("mobile" at StatCounter, that now counts tablets separately) became a most used platform, ranking first, at 47.27%, above desktops.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20160528-20160528-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20160325-20160604|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> The next day, desktops slightly outnumbered "mobile" (unless counting tablets: some analysts count tablets with smartphones or separately while others with desktops{{snd}} even when most tablets are iPad or Android, not Windows devices).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20160529-20160529-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>


Since Sunday 27 March 2016, the first day the world dipped to desktop-minority,<ref>https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20150701-20160724 Comparison from 1 July 2015 to 24 July 2016</ref> it has happened almost every week, and by week of 11–17 July 2016, the world was desktop-minority,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-weekly-201623-201630|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> followed by the next week, and thereon also for a three-week period.<ref name="three week period">{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20160705-20160725-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> The trend is still stronger on weekends, with e.g. 17 July 2016 showed desktop at 44.67%, "mobile" at 49.5% plus tablets at 5.7%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20160717-20160717-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-weekly-201408-201630|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-monthly-201507-201607|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

According to StatCounter web use statistics (a proxy for overall use), on weekends desktops worldwide lose about 5 percent points, e.g. down to 51.46% on 15 August 2015, with the loss in (relative) web use going to mobile (and also a minuscule increase for tablets),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-daily-20150701-20160711|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> mostly because [[Windows 7]], ranked 1st on workdays, declines in web use, with it shifting to Android and lesser degree to iOS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-os-ww-daily-20150701-20150929|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref>

Two continents, have already crossed over to mobile-majority (because of Android), based on StatCounters web use statistics. In June 2015, [[Asia]] became the first continent where mobile overtook desktop<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-as-monthly-201407-201509|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> (followed by [[Africa]] in August;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-af-monthly-201407-201509|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> while [[Nigeria]] had mobile majority in October 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-ww-monthly-201110-201110-map|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-NG-monthly-201012-201509|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> because of [[Symbian]]{{snd}} that later had 51% share, then [[Series 40]] dominating, followed by Android as dominating operating system<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-os-NG-monthly-201012-201509|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref>) and as far back as October 2014, they had reported this trend on a large scale in a press release: "Mobile usage has already overtaken desktop in several countries including [[India]], [[South Africa]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]".<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/press/mobile-internet-usage-soars-by-67-perc |title=Mobile internet usage soars by 67% |access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> In India, desktop went from majority, in July 2012, down to 32%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-IN-monthly-201204-201509|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> In Bangladesh desktop went from majority, in May 2013, down to 17%, with Android alone now accounting for majority web use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-BD-monthly-201305-201909|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> Only a few African countries were still desktop-majority<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-af-monthly-201508-201508-map|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> and many have a large mobile majority including [[Ethiopia]] and [[Kenya]], where mobile usage is over 72%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-KE-monthly-201408-201410|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref>

The popularity of mobile use worldwide has been driven by the huge popularity increase of Android in Asian countries, where Android is the highest ranked operating system statistically in virtually every south-east Asian country,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-os-as-monthly-201506-201506-map|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> while it also ranks most popular in almost every African country. Poland has been desktop-minority since April 2015,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-PY-monthly-201405-201601|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> because of Android being vastly more popular there,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-os-PL-daily-20150805-20150903-map|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com}}</ref> and other European countries, such as Albania (and [[Turkey]]), have also crossed over. The South America continent is somewhat far from losing desktop-majority, but Paraguay had lost it {{as of|2015|03|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-PY-monthly-201405-201607|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> Android and mobile browsing in general has also become hugely popular in all other continents where desktop has a large desktop base and the trend to mobile is not as clear as a fraction of the total web use.

While some analysts count tablets with desktops (as some of them run Windows), others count them with mobile phones (as the vast majority of tablets run so-called [[mobile operating system]]s, such as [[Android (operating system)|Android]] or [[iOS]] on the [[iPad]]). iPad has a clear lead globally, but has clearly lost the majority to Android in South America,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-sa-monthly-201412-201611|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> and a number of Eastern European countries such as Poland; lost virtually all African countries and has lost the majority twice in Asia, but gained the majority back (while many individual countries, e.g. India and most of the middle East have clear Android majority on tablets).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-as-monthly-201412-201607|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> Android on tablets is thus second most popular after the iPad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201606-201606-map|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

In March 2015, for the first time in the US the number of mobile-only adult internet users exceeded the number of desktop-only internet users with 11.6% of the digital population only using mobile compared to 10.6% only using desktop; this also means the majority, 78%, use both desktop and mobile to access the internet.<ref name="desktop-to-mobile">[http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/Number-of-Mobile-Only-Internet-Users-Now-Exceeds-Desktop-Only-in-the-U.S Number of Mobile-Only Internet Users Now Exceeds Desktop-Only in the U.S.]. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</ref> A few smaller countries in North America, such as Haiti (because of Android) have gone mobile majority (mobile went to up to 72.35%, and is at 64.43% in February 2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/#all-comparison-HT-monthly-201204-201602|title=StatCounter Global Stats - Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

===Revenue===
The region with the largest Android usage<ref name=AndroWin /> also has the largest mobile revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.appannie.com/en/insights/market-data/app-annie-forecast-2017-mobile-app-store-revenue-exceed-139-billion-2021/|title=Forecast: Mobile App Store Revenue to Exceed $139B in 2021|website=appannie.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mobile app revenue (US$bn)
|-
!
!2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Worldwide mobile app revenues by region 2020|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/631393/worldwide-mobile-app-revenue-region/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!Asia Pacific
|$85.3B
|-
!North and South America
|$74.5B
|-
!Europe, Middle East, and Africa
|$29.1B
|-
|}


==Public servers on the Internet==
[[File:Rack001.jpg|thumb|[[Server (computing)|Servers]] in a [[colocation centre]]|upright|right]]

[[Server (computing)|Internet based servers]]' [[market share]] can be measured with statistical surveys of publicly accessible servers, such as [[web server]]s, [[mail server]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.securityspace.com/s_survey/data/man.201007/mxsurvey.html|title=Mail Server Survey|publisher=Security Space|date=August 2011}}</ref> or [[DNS server]]s on the Internet: the operating systems powering such servers are found by inspecting raw response messages. This method gives insight only into market share of operating systems that are publicly accessible on the Internet.

There will be differences in the result depending on how the sample is done and observations weighted. Usually the surveys are not based on a random sample of all IP addresses, domain names, hosts or organisations, but on servers found by some other method.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} Additionally, many domains and IP addresses may be served by one host and some domains may be served by several hosts or by one host with several IP addresses.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;"
|-
|Source
|Date
|[[Unix]], [[Unix-like]]
|[[Microsoft Windows]]
|References
|-
| W3Techs || 8 September 2021 || 77.4% || 22.7% ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/operating_system/all|title=Usage of operating systems for websites|publisher=W3Techs|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Usage of Unix for websites">{{cite web|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-unix|title=Usage of Unix for websites|publisher=W3Techs|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|- 
| Security Space || Feb 2014 || <79.3% || >20.7% ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secure1.securityspace.com/s_survey/data/201402/index.html|title=Web Server Survey|publisher=Security Space|date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://secure1.securityspace.com/s_survey/data/man.201402/apacheos.html|title=OS/Linux Distributions using Apache|publisher=Security Space|date=1 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|colspan="11"|
; Note: W3Techs checked the top ten million web servers daily from June 2013, but W3Techs's definition of "website" differs a bit from Alexa's definition; the "top 10 million" websites are actually fewer than 10 million. W3Techs claims that these differences "have no statistical significance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://w3techs.com/technologies|title=Web Technologies Statistics and Trends|publisher=W3Techs|date=December 2013}}</ref>
|}
;Note: Revenue comparisons often include "operating system software, other bundled software"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24476413 |publisher=[[International Data Corporation]] |title=Worldwide Server Market Revenues Decline −3.7% in the Third Quarter as Weak Unix Server Demand Weights on the Market, According to IDC |access-date=24 February 2014 |archive-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208235052/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24476413 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and are not appropriate for usage comparison as the Linux operating system costs nothing (including "other bundled software"), except if optionally using commercial distributions such as [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] (in that case, cost of software for all software bundled with hardware has to be known for all operating systems involved, and subtracted). In cases where no-cost Linux is used, such comparisons underestimate Linux server popularity and overestimate other proprietary operating systems such as Unix and Windows.

==Mainframes==
[[File:IBM System z10.jpg|thumb|upright|right|IBM's [[IBM System z10|System z10]] ]]
[[Mainframe]]s are larger and more powerful than servers, but not [[supercomputer]]s. They are used to process large sets of data, for example [[enterprise resource planning]] or [[transaction processing|credit card transactions]].

The most common operating system for [[mainframes]] is IBM's [[z/OS]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Operating systems for [[IBM Z]] generation hardware include IBM's proprietary z/OS,<ref name="IBM-Anti-Trust">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccianet.org/index.asp?sid=5&artid=62&evtflg=False|title=IBM Tightens Stranglehold Over Mainframe Market; Gets Hit with Antitrust Complaint in Europe|publisher=Computer & Communications Industry Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706133546/http://www.ccianet.org/index.asp?sid=5&artid=62&evtflg=False|date=2 July 2008|archive-date=6 July 2010|access-date=27 May 2015}}</ref> [[Linux on IBM Z]], [[Transaction Processing Facility|z/TPF]], [[VSE (operating system)|z/VSE]] and [[z/VM]].

[[Gartner]] reported on 23 December 2008, that Linux on System z was used on approximately 28% of the "customer z base" and that they expected this to increase to over 50% in the following five years.<ref name="gartnovell">{{cite web |url=http://mediaproducts.gartner.com/reprints/novell/vol3/article1/article1.html |title=Vendor Rating: Novell, 2008 |work=Gartner RAS Core Research Note G00162399 |date=23 December 2008 |access-date = 23 November 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Of Linux on IBM Z, [[Red Hat]] and [[Micro Focus]] compete to sell [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux|RHEL]] and [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server|SLES]] respectively:
* Prior to 2006, Novell claimed a market share of 85% or more for [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server]].
* Red Hat has since claimed 18.4% in 2007 and 37% in 2008.<ref name="claybrook1">{{cite news |url=http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid80_gci1366811,00.html |title=Red Hat bolsters Linux for mainframes, tries to catch Novell |first=Bill |last=Claybrook |publisher=SearchDataCenter.com |date=1 September 2009 |access-date = 23 November 2009}}</ref>
* Gartner reported at the end of 2008 that Novell's SUSE Linux Enterprise Server had an 80% share of [[Mainframe computer|mainframe]] Linux.<ref name="gartnovell"/>{{dead link|date=November 2021}}

===Decline===

Like today's trend of mobile devices from personal computers,<ref name="desktop-to-mobile" /> in 1984 for the first time estimated sales of desktop computers ($11.6 billion) exceeded mainframe computers ($11.4 billion). IBM received the vast majority of mainframe revenue.<ref name="sanger19840205">{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/05/business/bailing-out-of-the-mainframe-industry.html |title=Bailing Out of the Mainframe Industry |date=1984-02-05 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2020-03-02 |page=Section 3, Page 1 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

From 1991 to 1996, AT&T Corporation briefly owned NCR, one of the [[BUNCH|major original mainframe producers]]. During the same period, companies found that servers based on microcomputer designs could be deployed at a fraction of the acquisition price and offer local users much greater control over their own systems given the IT policies and practices at that time. Terminals used for interacting with mainframe systems were gradually replaced by personal computers. Consequently, demand plummeted and new mainframe installations were restricted mainly to financial services and government. In the early 1990s, there was a rough consensus among industry analysts that the mainframe was a dying market as mainframe platforms were increasingly replaced by personal computer networks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Also|first=Stewart|title=IBM still has brains to be player in client/server platforms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTwEAAAAMBAJ&q=death+mainframe&pg=PA4|access-date=Dec 26, 2013|newspaper=InfoWorld|date=Mar 8, 1993}}</ref>

In 2012, [[NASA]] powered down its last mainframe, an IBM System z9.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cureton|first=Linda|url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/NASA-CIO-Blog/2012/02/12/post_1329017818806/|title=The End of the Mainframe Era at NASA|publisher=[[NASA]]|date=11 February 2012|access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> However, IBM's successor to the z9, the [[IBM System z10|z10]], led a New York Times reporter to state four years earlier that "mainframe technology—hardware, software and services—remains a large and lucrative business for IBM, and mainframes are still the back-office engines behind the world's financial markets and much of global commerce".<ref>{{cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |title=Why Old Technologies Are Still Kicking |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/technology/23digi.html |access-date=Dec 25, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 23, 2008}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, while mainframe technology represented less than 3% of IBM's revenues, it "continue[d] to play an outsized role in Big Blue's results".<ref>{{cite news|last=Ante|first=Spencer E.|title=IBM Calculates New Mainframes Into Its Future Sales Growth|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703954804575381482738207168|access-date=Dec 25, 2013|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=July 22, 2010}}</ref>

==Supercomputers==
[[File:Sierra Supercomputer (48002385338).jpg|thumb|[[Sierra (supercomputer)|Sierra]] helps to assure the safety, reliability and effectiveness of the United States' nuclear weapons.]]

The [[TOP500]] project lists and ranks the 500 fastest [[supercomputer]]s for which benchmark results are submitted. Since the early 1990s, the field of supercomputers has been dominated by [[Unix]] or [[Unix-like]] operating systems, and starting in 2017, every top 500 fastest supercomputer uses [[Linux]] as its [[Supercomputer operating systems|supercomputer operating system]].

The last supercomputer to rank #1 while using an operating system other than Linux was [[ASCI White]], which ran [[AIX]]. It held the title from November 2000 to November 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top500.org/resources/top-systems/asci-white-lawrence-livermore-national-laboratory/|title=No. 1 system from November 2000 to November 2001|publisher=top500.org|access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> and was decommissioned in 2006. Then in June 2017, two AIX computers held rank 493 and 494,<ref name="TechFAE201706">{{cite web | url = https://www.techfae.com/linux-running-almost-supercomputers/ | title = Linux is Running on Almost all of the Supercomputers | publisher = TechFAE| date = 25 June 2017 }}</ref> the last non-Linux systems before they dropped off the list.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Source
!Date
!Method
![[Linux]]
![[IBM AIX|AIX]] ([[Unix]])
!References
|-
|-
|TOP500
|Nov 2017
|Systems share
|100%
|N/A
|
|-
|TOP500
|Nov 2017
|Performance share
|100%
|N/A
|
|-
|TOP500
|Jun 2017
|Systems share
|99.6%
|0.4%
|
|-
|TOP500
|Jun 2017
|Performance share
|99.88%
|0.12%
|
|}

Historically all kinds of [[Unix]] operating systems dominated, and in the end ultimately Linux remains.

[[File:Operating systems used on top 500 supercomputers.svg|thumb|center|700px|Supercomputer OS family{{snd}} 1993–2019 systems share according to TOP500<ref name="top500osfam201706">{{cite web | url = http://www.top500.org/statistics/overtime | title = Operating system Family - Systems share | publisher = Top 500 project}}</ref>]]

==Market share by category==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Source !! Date !! [[Linux]] !! [[UNIX]] and [[Unix-like]] (not incl. Linux) !! [[Windows]] !! In‑house !! Other
|-
| [[Desktop computer|Desktop]], [[laptop]] || [[Net Applications]]<ref name="NetMarketShare">{{Cite web|title=Operating System Market Share|url=https://www.netmarketshare.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx?options=%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22%24and%22%3A%5B%7B%22deviceType%22%3A%7B%22%24in%22%3A%5B%22Desktop%2Flaptop%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%2C%22dateLabel%22%3A%22Custom%22%2C%22attributes%22%3A%22share%22%2C%22group%22%3A%22platform%22%2C%22sort%22%3A%7B%22share%22%3A-1%7D%2C%22id%22%3A%22platformsDesktop%22%2C%22dateInterval%22%3A%22Monthly%22%2C%22dateStart%22%3A%222020-04%22%2C%22dateEnd%22%3A%222020-04%22%2C%22hiddenSeries%22%3A%7B%7D%2C%22segments%22%3A%22-1000%22%7D|publisher=Net Applications}}</ref>
|| Apr 2020 || 2.87% (excl. Chrome OS) plus 0.4% [[Chrome OS]] || 9.75% ([[macOS]]) || 86.92% (all versions) || || 0.06%
|-
| [[Embedded operating system|Embedded]]{{efn|Embedded is a vast category, which has subcategories that include [[Automotive electronics|automotive]], [[avionics]], [[health informatics|health]], [[Medical electronics|medical equipment]], [[consumer electronics]], [[intelligent home]]s, and [[Telecommunications equipment|telecommunications]]. The aggregated information above may be very different for each subcategory taken separately.}}||[[EE Times]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Embedded Markets Study|url=https://www.embedded.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/EETimes_Embedded_2019_Embedded_Markets_Study.pdf|date=March 2019}}</ref>
|| Mar 2019 ||38.42% ([[Linux on embedded systems|embedded Linux]], [[Ubuntu]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], other) || 2.82% ([[QNX]], [[LynxOS]]) ||10.73% ([[Windows 10]], [[Windows Embedded Compact 7|WCE 7]]) || 10.73% || 37.30%
|-
| [[Mainframe computer|Mainframe]]||[[Gartner]]<ref name="claybrook1" />
|| Dec 2008 || 28% ([[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server|SLES]], [[RHEL]]) || || || 72% ([[z/OS]]){{efn|z/OS's UNIX environment coexists with its native environment, which dates back to [[OS/360]].}} ||
|-
| [[Server (computing)|Server (web)]]|| W3Techs<ref>{{cite web|title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of Operating Systems for Websites, September 20212020|url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/operating_system/all|publisher=W3Techs|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref>
|| Sep 2021 || Likely 77.4% (39.8% confirmed){{efn|name=UNIX server data|"UNIX and Unix-like (including Linux)" represents 77.4% of the total web server/website market share however 48.2% of that market share does not show "more specifically" which operating system.}} ([[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]], [[CentOS]], [[Debian]], [[Gentoo Linux|Gentoo]], [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux|RHEL]], ...)<ref>{{cite web|title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of Linux for Websites, September 2021|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-linux|publisher=W3Techs|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> || Less than 1% is confirmed to be UNIX or Unix-like and non-Linux. The top operating systems in order are: 0.3% [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] (97.8% of which is [[FreeBSD]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of BSD for Websites, September 2021|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-bsd|publisher=W3Techs|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> <0.1% [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of Darwin for Websites, September 2021|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-darwin|publisher=W3Techs|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> <0.1% [[HP-UX]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of HP-UX for Websites, September 2021|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-hpux|publisher=W3Techs|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> <0.1% [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of Solaris for Websites, September 2021|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-solaris|publisher=W3Techs|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> and <0.1% [[Minix]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of Minix for Websites, September 2021|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-minix|publisher=W3Techs|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref>{{efn|name=UNIX server data}} || 22.7% ([[Windows Server 2019]], [[Windows Server 2016|WS2016]], [[Windows Server 2012|WS2012]], [[Windows Server 2008|WS2008]]) Microsoft's own webserver runs 6.6% of websites.<ref>{{cite web|title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of Web Servers, September 2021|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/web_server|publisher=W3Techs|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> || ||
|-
| [[Smartphone]], [[tablet computer|tablet]]|| [[StatCounter]] Global Stats<ref>{{cite web|title=StatCounter Global Stats: Top 8 Mobile Operating Systems on April 2020|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/mobile-tablet/worldwide/#monthly-202004-202004-bar}}</ref>
|| Apr 2020 || 70.80% ([[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[KaiOS]]) || 28.79% ([[iOS]]) || 0.07%
| || 0.34%
|-
| [[Supercomputer]]|| [[TOP500]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Operating system Family (Linux)|url=https://www.top500.org/statistics/details/osfam/1|website=www.top500.org|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>|| Nov 2019 || 100% ([[Supercomputer operating systems|Custom]]) || || || ||
|}

{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Comparison of operating systems]]
* [[List of operating systems]]
* [[Timeline of operating systems]]
* [[Usage share of web browsers]]
* [[Mobile operating system#Market share|Mobile OS market share]]
{{-}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Operating System}}

[[Category:Operating systems|*Usage share of operating systems]]
[[Category:Usage share|Operating systems]]

Femoral artery

2021-11-11T05:57:31Z

Comm.unity: removed parentheses where female anatomy is mentioned

{{Short description|Large artery in the thigh}}
{{Use American English|date = January 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}
{{Infobox artery
| Name = Femoral artery
| Latin = Arteria femoralis
| Image = Sobo_1909_573-574.png
| Caption = Thigh with and without the sartorius muscle, revealing the femoral artery and vein underneath
| Image2 =
| Caption2 =
| BranchFrom = [[External iliac artery]]
| BranchTo = {{nowrap|[[Superficial epigastric artery]],}} {{nowrap|[[Superficial iliac circumflex artery|superficial iliac circumflex]],}} {{nowrap|[[Superficial external pudendal artery|superficial external pudendal]],}} {{nowrap|[[Deep external pudendal artery|deep external pudendal]],}} {{nowrap|[[deep femoral artery]],}} {{nowrap|continues as [[popliteal artery]]}}
| Vein = [[Femoral vein]]
| Supplies = [[Anterior compartment of thigh]]
}}
The '''femoral artery''' is a large [[artery]] in the [[thigh]] and the main arterial supply to the thigh and leg. The femoral artery gives off the deep femoral artery or [[profunda femoris artery]] and descends along the anteromedial part of the thigh in the [[femoral triangle]]. It enters and passes through the [[adductor canal]], and becomes the [[popliteal artery]] as it passes through the [[adductor hiatus]] in the [[Adductor magnus muscle|adductor magnus]] near the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the thigh.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schulte|first1=Erik|title=Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System|last2=Schumacher|first2=Udo|publisher=Thieme|year=2006|isbn=978-3-13-142081-7|editor1-last=Ross|editor1-first=Lawrence M.|page=490|chapter=Arterial Supply to the Thigh|editor2-last=Lamperti|editor2-first=Edward D.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NK9TgTaGt6UC&pg=PA490}}</ref>

==Structure==
The femoral artery enters the thigh from behind the [[inguinal ligament]] as the continuation of the [[external iliac artery]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Jacob|first=S.|title=Chapter 6 - Lower limb|date=2008-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443103735500099|work=Human Anatomy|pages=135–179|editor-last=Jacob|editor-first=S.|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-443-10373-5.50009-9|isbn=978-0-443-10373-5|access-date=2021-01-18}}</ref> Here, it lies midway between the [[anterior superior iliac spine]] and the [[Pubic symphysis|symphysis pubis]].

Its first three or four centimetres are enclosed, with the [[femoral vein]], in the [[femoral sheath]].
In 65% of the cases, common femoral artery lies anterior to the femoral vein in the middle portion of the thigh.<ref name="van den Berg 2013"/>

===Relations===
The ''relations'' of the femoral artery are as follows:
* ''Anteriorly:'' In the upper part of its course, it is superficial and is covered by skin and fascia. In the lower part of its course, it passes behind the [[sartorius muscle]].
* ''Posteriorly:'' The artery lies on the [[psoas minor muscle|psoas]], which separates it from the [[Hip|hip joint]], the [[pectineus]], and the [[adductor longus]]. The femoral vein intervenes between the artery and the adductor longus.
* ''Medially:'' It is related to the femoral vein in the upper part of its course.
* ''Laterally:'' The [[femoral nerve]] and its branches.

===Branches===
[[File:Thigh arteries schema.svg|thumb|240px|Schema of arteries of the thigh, including femoral artery branches.]]
The femoral artery gives off several ''branches'' in the thigh which include;
* The ''[[superficial circumflex iliac artery]]'' is a small branch that runs up to the region of the [[anterior superior iliac spine]].
* The ''[[superficial epigastric artery]]'' is a small branch that crosses the inguinal ligament and runs to the region of the [[navel|umbilicus]].
* The ''[[superficial external pudendal artery]]'' is a small branch that runs medially to supply the skin of the scrotum or labium majus as.
* The ''[[deep external pudendal artery]]'' runs medially and supplies the skin of the scrotum or labium majus.
* The ''[[profunda femoris artery]]'' is a large and important branch that arises from the lateral side of the femoral artery about 1.5 in. (4 cm) below the inguinal ligament. It passes medially behind the femoral vessels and enters the [[Medial compartment of thigh|medial fascial compartment of the thigh]]. It ends by becoming the fourth [[Perforating arteries|perforating artery]]. At its origin, it gives off the medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries, and during its course it gives off three perforating arteries.
* The ''[[descending genicular artery]]'' is a small branch that arises from the femoral artery near its termination within the adductor canal. It assists in supplying the knee joint.

===Segments===
[[File:Common femoral and subsartorial artery and vein.jpg|thumb|240px|Segments of the femoral artery.]]
In clinical parlance, the femoral artery has the following segments:
*The '''common femoral artery''' is the segment of the femoral artery between the inferior margin of the [[inguinal ligament]] and the branching point of the [[deep femoral artery]].
*The '''subsartorial artery'''<ref name=subsartorial>{{cite journal|author=Mikael Häggström|title=Subsartorial Vessels as Replacement Name for Superficial Femoral Vessels|journal=International Journal of Anatomy, Radiology and Surgery|year=2019|pages=AV01–AV02|url=http://www.ijars.net/articles/PDF/2458/40329_CE[Ra1]_F(SHU)_PF1(A_SHU)_PFA(A_SHU)_PF2(AKA_SHU)_PN(SHU).pdf}}</ref> or '''superficial femoral artery'''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SZWRe2OBlgC&q=clinical+anatomy+by+regions+lower+limb+femoral+artery&pg=PA659|title=Clinical Anatomy By Regions|last=Snell|first=Richard S.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7817-6404-9|edition=8|location=Baltimore|pages=581–582}}</ref> are designations for the segment between the branching point of the deep femoral artery and the [[adductor hiatus]], passing through the [[subsartorial canal]]. However, usage of the term ''superficial femoral'' is discouraged by many [[physician]]s because it leads to confusion among general medical practitioners, at least for the [[femoral vein]] that courses next to the femoral artery.<ref name=bundens_7563535>{{cite journal | last1 = Bundens | first1 = WP | last2 = Bergan | first2 = JJ | last3 = Halasz | first3 = NA | last4 = Murray | first4 = J | last5 = Drehobl | first5 = M | year = 1995 | title = The superficial femoral vein. A potentially lethal misnomer | journal = JAMA | volume = 274 | issue = 16| pages = 1296–8 | pmid = 7563535 | doi = 10.1001/jama.1995.03530160048032 }}</ref> In particular, the adjacent femoral vein is clinically a [[deep vein]], where [[deep vein thrombosis]] indicates [[anticoagulant]] or [[thrombolytic therapy]], but the adjective ''"superficial"'' leads many physicians to falsely believe it is a [[superficial vein]], which has resulted in patients with femoral thrombosis being denied proper treatment.<ref name=hammond_14595157>{{cite journal | last1 = Hammond | first1 = I | year = 2003 | title = The superficial femoral vein | journal = Radiology | volume = 229 | issue = 2| pages = 604; discussion 604-6 | pmid = 14595157 | doi = 10.1148/radiol.2292030418 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20980677">{{cite journal| author=Kitchens CS| title=How I treat superficial venous thrombosis. | journal=Blood | year= 2011 | volume= 117 | issue= 1 | pages= 39–44 | pmid=20980677 | doi=10.1182/blood-2010-05-286690 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Thiagarajah R, Venkatanarasimha N, Freeman S |title=Use of the term "superficial femoral vein" in ultrasound.|journal=J Clin Ultrasound|year=2011|volume=39|issue=1|pages=32–34|pmid=20957733|doi=10.1002/jcu.20747|s2cid=23215861}}</ref> Therefore, the terms ''subsartorial artery'' and ''subsartorial vein'' have been suggested for the femoral artery and vein, respectively, distally to the branching points of the deep femoral artery and vein.<ref name=subsartorial/>

==Clinical significance==

===Vascular access===
As the pulsation of the common femoral artery can often be [[palpation|palpated]] through the skin; and the site of maximum pulsation is used as a point of puncture for [[Catheter#Interventional procedures|catheter]] access.<ref name="van den Berg 2013">{{Cite web |last= van den Berg |first=Jos C |date=January 2013 |title=Optimal Technique for Common Femoral Artery Access |url=https://evtoday.com/articles/2013-jan/optimal-technique-for-common-femoral-artery-access |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806141031/https://evtoday.com/articles/2013-jan/optimal-technique-for-common-femoral-artery-access |archive-date=6 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=Endovascular Today |language=en}}</ref> From here, wires and catheters can be directed anywhere in the arterial system for intervention or diagnostics, including the heart, brain, kidneys, arms and legs. The direction of the needle in the femoral artery can be against blood flow (retro-grade), for intervention and diagnostic towards the heart and opposite leg, or with the flow (ante-grade or ipsi-lateral) for diagnostics and intervention on the same leg. Access in either the left or right femoral artery is possible and depends on the type of intervention or diagnostic.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

{{anchor|pulse}}The site for optimally palpating the ''femoral pulse'' is in the inner thigh, at the mid-inguinal point, halfway between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine. Presence of a ''femoral pulse'' has been estimated to indicate a systolic [[blood pressure]] of more than 50 mmHg, as given by the 50% percentile.<ref name="Deakin2000">{{cite journal|last1=Deakin|first1=Charles D.|last2=Low|first2=J. Lorraine|date=September 2000|title=Accuracy of the advanced trauma life support guidelines for predicting systolic blood pressure using carotid, femoral, and radial pulses: observational study|journal=[[BMJ]]|volume=321|issue=7262|pages=673–4|doi=10.1136/bmj.321.7262.673|pmc=27481|pmid=10987771}}</ref>

The femoral artery can be used to draw arterial blood when the blood pressure is so low that the radial or brachial arteries cannot be located.

===Peripheral arterial disease===
The femoral artery is susceptible to [[peripheral arterial disease]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=MacPherson|first1=D. S.|last2=Evans|first2=D. H.|last3=Bell|first3=P. R. F.|date=January 1984|title=Common femoral artery Doppler wave-forms: a comparison of three methods of objective analysis with direct pressure measurements|journal=[[British Journal of Surgery]]|volume=71|issue=1|pages=46–9|doi=10.1002/bjs.1800710114|pmid=6689970|s2cid=30352039}}</ref> When it is blocked through [[atherosclerosis]], [[percutaneous]] intervention with access from the opposite femoral may be needed. [[Endarterectomy]], a surgical cut down and removal of the plaque of the femoral artery is also common. If the femoral artery has to be [[Ligature (medicine)|ligated]] surgically to treat a [[Popliteal artery|popliteal]] [[aneurysm]], blood can still reach the [[popliteal artery]] distal to the ligation via the [[genicular anastomosis]]. However, if flow in the femoral artery of a normal leg is suddenly disrupted, blood flow distally is rarely sufficient. The reason for this is the fact that the [[genicular anastomosis]] is only present in a minority of individuals and is always undeveloped when disease in the femoral artery is absent.<ref name="absence - anastomosis">{{cite journal|last1=Sabalbal|first1=M.|last2=Johnson|first2=M.|last3=McAlister|first3=V.|date=September 2013|title=Absence of the genicular arterial anastomosis as generally depicted in textbooks|journal=[[Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]]|volume=95|issue=6|pages=405–9|doi=10.1308/003588413X13629960046831|pmc=4188287|pmid=24025288}}</ref>

==History==
Textbook illustrations of the [[genicular anastomosis]], such as that shown in the sidebox, all appear to have been derived from the idealized image first produced by [[Gray's Anatomy]] in 1910. Neither the 1910 illustration nor any subsequent version, was made of an anatomical dissection but rather from the writings of [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] and [[Astley Cooper]] which described the [[genicular anastomosis]] many years after ligation of the femoral artery for [[Popliteal aneurysm]].<ref name='absence - anastomosis'/> The genicular anastomosis has not been demonstrated even with modern imaging techniques such as [[X-ray computed tomography]] or [[angiography]].<ref name='absence - anastomosis'/>

==See also==
* [[Brachial artery]], an arm based artery with a similar function
{{Anatomy-terms}}

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==Additional images==
<gallery>
Gray546.png|Structures passing behind the [[inguinal ligament]]. (Femoral artery labeled at upper right.)
File:Gray344.png|Cross-section showing structures surrounding right hip-joint.
File:Gray545.png|Femoral sheath laid open to show its three compartments.
File:Gray550.png|The femoral artery.
File:Gray1146.png|The spermatic cord in the inguinal canal.
File:Gray1245.png|Front of right thigh, showing surface markings for bones, femoral artery and femoral nerve.
File:Gray548.png|Femoral artery and its major branches - right thigh, anterior view.
File:Blausen 0607 LegArteries.png|Illustration depicting main leg arteries (anterior view).
File:Slide2888.JPG|Femoral artery - deep dissection.
File:Slide4888.JPG|Femoral artery - deep dissection.
</gallery>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Femoral artery}}
* {{SUNYAnatomyLabs|12|05|01|01}}
* {{ViennaCrossSection|pelvis/pelvis-e12-15}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061206065258/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/surface/pulses/pulses.html Image at umich.edu - pulse]
* [http://kobiljak.msu.edu/CAI/ANT551/Unit04/Topic07/U4_L7_O1.html Diagram at MSU]
* [https://peripheralarteryanswers.com/quantaflo-vs-abi/ QuantaFlo vs ABI in Peripheral Arterial Disease]

{{Arteries of lower limbs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Femoral Artery}}
[[Category:Arteries of the lower limb]]

Deep external pudendal artery

2021-11-11T05:52:35Z

Comm.unity: took female anatomy out of parenthetical

{{Infobox artery
| Name = Deep external pudendal artery
| Latin = arteria pudenda externa profunda
| Image = Gray549.png
| Caption = The left femoral triangle. (Deep external pudendal vessels labeled at upper left.)
| Image2 = Gray548.png
| Caption2 = Scheme of the femoral artery.
| BranchFrom = [[femoral artery]]
| BranchTo =
| Vein = [[external pudendal vein]]
| Supplies =
}}
The '''deep external pudendal artery''' ('''deep external pudic artery'''), is one of the [[pudendal arteries]] that is more deeply seated than the [[superficial external pudendal artery]], passes medially across the [[pectineus]] and the [[adductor longus muscles]]; it is covered by the [[fascia lata]], which it pierces at the medial side of the [[thigh]], and is distributed, in the male, to the integument of the [[scrotum]] and [[perineum]], in the female to the [[labia majora]]; its branches anastomose with the scrotal or labial branches of the [[perineal artery]].

== Additional Images ==
<gallery>
File:Thigh arteries schema.svg|Schema of the arteries arising from the external iliac and femoral arteries.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Internal pudendal artery]]

==References==
{{Gray's}}

==External links==
* {{NormanAnatomy|antthigh}} ({{NormanAnatomyFig|femoralart}})

{{Arteries of lower limbs}}
{{Portal bar|Anatomy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arteries of the lower limb]]

{{circulatory-stub}}

FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives

2021-10-23T06:55:59Z

Comm.unity: fixed small typo

{{short description|Wikimedia list article}}
{{for multi|the FBI's list of suspected terrorists|FBI Most Wanted Terrorists|the television series|FBI: Most Wanted}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Leslie Ibsen Rogge 1973 from Nish Publishing Company.jpg|thumb|alt=A color photograph of a man with a moustache wearing tinted glasses, a white undershirt, and a yellow overshirt in front of a white wall|On May 19, 1996, [[Leslie Isben Rogge]] (pictured here in 1973) became the first person on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list to be apprehended due to the Internet.]]

The '''FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives''' is a [[most wanted list]] maintained by the [[United States]]'s [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)]]. The list arose from a conversation held in late 1949 between [[J. Edgar Hoover]], [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|Director of the FBI]], and [[William Kinsey Hutchinson]],<ref name="faq">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/ten-most-wanted-fugitives-faq|title=Facts on the Program|publisher=FBI Director|access-date=July 10, 2006}}</ref> [[International News Service]] (the predecessor of the [[United Press International]]) editor-in-chief, who were discussing ways to promote capture of the FBI's "toughest guys". This discussion turned into a published article, which received so much positive publicity that on March 14, 1950, the FBI officially announced the list to increase law enforcement's ability to capture dangerous fugitives.<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-fbi-debuts-10-most-wanted|title=This Day in History 1950: The FBI debuts 10 Most Wanted |publisher=History.com |access-date=June 20, 2008}}</ref> The first person added to the list was Thomas J. Holden, a robber and member of the [[Holden–Keating Gang]] on the day of the list's inception.<ref>https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/topten-history/hires_images/FBI-001-ThomasJamesHolden.jpg/view</ref><ref name="faq" />

Individuals are generally only removed from the list if they are captured, die, or if the charges against them are dropped; they are then replaced by a new entry selected by the FBI. In ten cases, the FBI removed individuals from the list after deciding that they were no longer a "particularly dangerous menace to society". [[Boricua Popular Army|Machetero]] member [[Víctor Manuel Gerena]], added to the list in 1984, was on the list for 32 years, which was longer than anyone else.<ref name="faq"/> [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives by year, 1969#Billie Austin Bryant|Billie Austin Bryant]] spent the shortest amount of time on the list, being listed for two hours in 1969.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/community/chat/2001-03-21-fbi.htm |title=Ask the FBI.: The Ten Most Wanted list |work=USA Today |date=March 21, 2001|access-date=September 6, 2020}}</ref> The oldest person to be added to the list was [[Eugene Palmer (criminal)|Eugene Palmer]] on May 29, 2019, at 80 years old. On rare occasions, the FBI will add a "Number Eleven" if that individual is extremely dangerous but the Bureau does not feel any of the current ten should be removed.<ref>{{cite book|last= Douglas|first= John|author2= Mark Olshaker|title= The Anatomy of Motive: The FBI's Legendary Mindhunter Explores the Key to Understanding and Catching Violent Criminals|publisher= Mindhunters, Inc.|date= July 1999|isbn= 0-671-02393-4|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/anatomyofmotive00doug}}</ref> Despite occasional references in the media, the FBI does ''not'' rank their list; no suspect is considered "#1 on the FBI's Most Wanted List" or "The Most Wanted".<ref name="faq"/>

The list is commonly posted in public places such as [[post office]]s. In many cases, fugitives on the list have turned themselves in on becoming aware of their listing.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} On May 18, 1996, after surrendering at the U.S. embassy in Guatemala City, [[Leslie Isben Rogge]] became the first person on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list to be apprehended due to the Internet.<ref>{{cite news|title=FBI Web Site Helps Snag a Fugitive |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1996/05/20/fbi-web-site-helps-snag-a-fugitive/4a65366c-dd54-42e4-a3b2-caaa8b44afe7/ |work=The Washington Post|url-access=limited|access-date=September 6, 2020|date=May 20, 1996|page=D8|agency=Reuters|via=Proquest}}</ref> The FBI maintains other lists of individuals, including the [[FBI Most Wanted Terrorists]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted_terrorists |title=FBI Most Wanted Terrorists |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=December 28, 2016}}</ref> along with crime alerts, missing persons, and other fugitive lists.

On June 17, 2013, the list reached a cumulative total of 500 fugitives having been listed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alleged rapist, killer added to FBI's 'Most Wanted' list|url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/17/19004556-alleged-rapist-killer-added-to-fbis-most-wanted-list|work=NBC News|access-date=June 18, 2013}}</ref> As of {{date||mdy}}, 2021, 525 fugitives had been listed, ten of them women, and 490 of them were captured or located (94%), 162 (31%) of them due to public assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fbi.gov/audio-repository/wanted-podcast-top-ten-list-69th-anniversary-031419.mp3/ |title=Wanted by the FBI: Another Milestone for the Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List|access-date=March 17, 2019 |date=March 14, 2019 |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation}}</ref>

==New additions==
The [[FBI Criminal Investigative Division|Criminal Investigative Division]] (CID) at [[J. Edgar Hoover Building|FBI Headquarters]] calls upon all 56 Field Offices to submit candidates for the FBI's "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" list.<ref name="FAQ">{{Cite web|title=Ten Most Wanted Fugitives Program |url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/ten-most-wanted-fugitives-faq |publisher=FBI |access-date=February 17, 2013}}</ref> The nominees received are reviewed by special agents in the CID and the Office of Public Affairs.<ref name="FAQ"/> The selection of the "proposed" candidate(s) is forwarded to the Assistant Director of the CID for his/her approval and then to the FBI's Director for final approval.<ref name="FAQ"/> This process takes some time, which is why [[Whitey Bulger|James Joseph "Whitey" Bulger Jr.]], who was arrested in [[Santa Monica, California]] on June 22, 2011,<ref>Melley, Brian and Greg Risling (June 23, 2011). "FBI arrests mob boss Whitey Bulger in Calif." Associated Press.</ref> remained on the list until May 9, 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten|title=FBI Ten Most Wanted |access-date=November 27, 2011}}</ref> despite no longer being at large. [[Osama bin Laden]] similarly remained on the list for almost a year after his [[Death of Osama bin Laden|death at the hands of U.S. forces]] on May 2, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=FBI replaces bin Laden on Ten Most Wanted list |first=Jeremy |last=Pelofsky |agency=Reuters |website=Yahoo! News |date=April 10, 2012}}</ref>

==List {{as of|2021|September|lc=yes}}==


[[Bounty (reward)|Rewards]] are offered for information leading to capture of fugitives on the list; the reward is a minimum of $100,000 for all fugitives, currently exceeded in the cases of [[Jason Derek Brown]] at $200,000, [[Jose Rodolfo Villarreal-Hernandez]] at $1,000,000, and [[Rafael Caro Quintero]] at $20,000,000.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:98%;"
|+
|-
! Photo
! scope="col" style="width:10%;"| Name
! scope="col" style="width:10%;"| Date added
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| Sequence number
! scope="col" | Comments
|-
| [[File:Robert-william-fisher-enhanced.jpg|100px]]
! scope="row" |[[Robert William Fisher]]
| June 29, 2002
| 475
| Fisher is wanted for the April 2001 murder of his wife Mary and their two children, Robert Jr. and Brittney, and then blowing up the [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], house in which they lived. Investigators believe he murdered his family because he felt threatened by his wife's intent to divorce.<ref name="suspect">{{cite news |last1=Zoellner |first1=Tom |first2=Judd |last2=Slivka |url=http://archive.azcentral.com/specials/special22/articles/0807FISHER07.html |title=Report portrays suspect in family killing as cruel, controlling |newspaper=The Arizona Republic |date=August 7, 2002 |access-date=September 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/fugitives/robert-william-fisher |title=Robert William Fisher |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=September 6, 2020}}</ref> He is believed to be the one who rigged the natural gas explosion.
|-
| [[File:ALEXIS FLORES.jpg|left|100px]]
! scope="row" |[[Alexis Flores]]
| June 2, 2007
| 487
| Flores is wanted for the kidnapping, rape and murder of five-year-old Iriana DeJesus in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], in July 2000. He was deported to his native [[Honduras]] in 2005 after serving a prison term for forgery in Arizona. He was added to the list after deportation when his DNA was matched to the DeJesus crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/alexis-flores |title=Alexis Flores |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=September 6, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629202425/http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/fugitives/flores_a.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amw.com/fugitives/brief.cfm?id=44983 |title=AMW Fugitive Data File for Alexis Flores |website=America's Most Wanted |access-date=June 20, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218063023/http://www.amw.com/fugitives/brief.cfm?id=44983 |archive-date=December 18, 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Age accelerated image of Jason Derek Brown.jpg|100px]]
! scope="row" |[[Jason Derek Brown]]
| December 8, 2007
| 489
| Brown is wanted for murder and armed robbery in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]. Authorities allege that in November 2004, he shot and killed an armored car guard outside a movie theatre and fled on a bicycle with $56,000 in a duffel bag. The FBI is offering a reward of up to $200,000 for information leading to his capture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/jason-derek-brown |title=Jason Derek Brown |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=September 6, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211202015/http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/fugitives/brown_jd.htm |archive-date=December 11, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amw.com/fugitives/profile.cfm?id=29538 |title=AMW Fugitive Data File for Jason Derek Brown |website=America's Most Wanted |access-date=June 20, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216093459/http://www.amw.com/fugitives/profile.cfm?id=29538 |archive-date=December 16, 2008 }}</ref> Authorities believe he may have fled the country and could be living in [[France]] or [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web|author=The Nation |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Tarit-Thailand-is-regions-No-1-terror-target-30203344.html |title=Tarit: Thailand is region's No 1 terror target – The Nation |publisher=Nationmultimedia.com |date=April 4, 2013 |access-date=August 7, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel.jpg|100px]]
! scope="row" |[[Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel]]
| April 18, 2017
| 514
| Patel, an Indian national, allegedly stabbed and killed his wife in a doughnut shop in [[Hanover, Maryland]] on April 12, 2015. He was last seen taking a shuttle to [[Pennsylvania Station (Newark)|Pennsylvania Station in Newark]]. According to authorities, he has connections to [[Canada]], [[India]], [[New Jersey]], [[Kentucky]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and [[Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/bhadreshkumar-chetanbhai-patel|title=Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|access-date=April 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bui|first1=Lynh|title=Latest on FBI's most wanted list: Man accused of killing wife in Md. doughnut shop|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/latest-on-fbis-most-wanted-list-man-accused-of-killing-wife-in-md-doughnut-shop/2017/04/18/ae0a9816-2445-11e7-b503-9d616bd5a305_story.html|access-date=April 19, 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=April 18, 2017|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-top-ten-fugitive-bhadreshkumar-chetanbhai-patel|title=New Top Ten Fugitive|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|access-date=September 6, 2020|date=April 18, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Portrait of Alejandro Castillo.jpg|100px]]
! scope="row"|[[Alejandro Castillo (criminal)|Alejandro Castillo]]
| October 24, 2017
| 516
| Castillo is wanted in connection with the August 2016 murder of a 23-year-old woman, Truc Quan “Sandy” Ly Le, whom he had previously dated. The two became acquainted while working together in a [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]] restaurant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-top-ten-fugitive-alejandro-castillo|title=New Top Ten Fugitive|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|date=October 24, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Rafael Caro Quintero - FBI Most Wanted Poster (cropped4).png|100px]]
! scope="row"|[[Rafael Caro Quintero]]
| April 12, 2018
| 518
| Caro Quintero, a former [[Guadalajara Cartel|Mexican cartel]] leader, is wanted for his role in the kidnapping and murder of the U.S. [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) agent [[Enrique Camarena (DEA Agent)|Enrique Camarena Salazar]], his pilot Alfredo Zavala Avelar, American writer [[John Clay Walker]] and dentistry student Alberto Radelat in 1985. He spent 28 years in jail in [[Mexico]] before being released in 2013; a new arrest warrant was issued shortly after his release. A [[Bounty (reward)|reward]] of $20,000,000 is offered for information leading to his capture, the highest such reward currently offered.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-top-ten-fugitive-rafael-caro-quintero-041218|title=New Top Ten Fugitive|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|date=April 12, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Arnoldo Jimenez (cropped).png|100px]]
! scope="row"|[[Arnoldo Jimenez]]
| May 8, 2019
| 522
| Jimenez is wanted for the murder of his wife on May 12, 2012. Jimenez allegedly stabbed his wife to death just hours after their wedding. Her body was found in a bathtub at her apartment in [[Burbank, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-top-ten-fugitive-arnoldo-jimenez-050819|title=Arnoldo Jimenez Added to Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|date=May 8, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Eugene Palmer.jpg|100px]]
! scope="row"|[[Eugene Palmer (criminal)|Eugene Palmer]]
| May 29, 2019
| 523
| Palmer is wanted for the murder of his daughter-in-law on September 24, 2012, in [[Stony Point, New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eugene Palmer Added to Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-top-ten-fugitive-eugene-palmer-052919|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|date=May 28, 2019|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Jose Rodolfo.jpg|100px]]
! scope="row"|[[Jose Rodolfo Villarreal-Hernandez]]
| October 13, 2020
| 524
| Villarreal-Hernandez is wanted for directing individuals to track and murder a man in [[Southlake, Texas]], in May 2013. A reward of up to $1,000,000 is offered for information leading to his capture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jose Rodolfo Villarreal-Hernandez Added to Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-top-ten-fugitive-jose-rodolfo-villarreal-hernandez-101320|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|date=October 13, 2020|access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Octaviano Juarez-Corro.jpg|100px]]
! scope="row"|[[Octaviano Juarez-Corro]]
| September 8, 2021
| 525
| Juarez-Corro is wanted for allegedly killing two people and wounding three others after opening fire at a park in [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]], in May 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Octaviano Juarez-Corro Added to FBI’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-top-ten-fugitive-octaviano-juarez-corro-090821|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|date=September 8, 2021|access-date=September 9, 2021}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|United States|Politics}}
* [[Former FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]]
* [[FBI Most Wanted Terrorists]]
* [[List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords]]
* [[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten }}
* [https://www.fbi.gov/news/news_blog/ten-most-wanted-fugitives-list-is-turning-65-years-old Ten most wanted fugitives list is turning 65 years old]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511195200/http://www.amw.com/fugitives/most_wanted_lists.cfm Additional information from ''America's Most Wanted'']
* {{Twitter|id=|name=}}
{{FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives by year}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fbi Ten Most Wanted Fugitives}}
[[Category:FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives| ]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in the United States]]

Travelling gnome

2021-10-04T09:07:00Z

Comm.unity: Fixed grammar

{{short description|Practical joke}}
{{redirect|Roaming gnome|the Travelocity marketing campaign|Where is my Gnome?}}
[[Image:Woody London.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A travelling gnome with London's [[Big Ben]] in the background]]
The '''travelling gnome''' or '''roaming gnome''' is a [[garden gnome]] lawn ornament brought on a trip and photographed in front of famous landmarks. The practice is called '''gnoming'''. Some instances have become national and international news stories, where people have stolen a garden gnome from a garden, and then sent the owner photos of the gnome for a period of time as a practical joke, before returning it.

The Garden Gnome Liberation Front in France is a community that considers gnoming to be stealing garden gnomes from other people's property, without the intention of returning them, as part of their purported mission to "free" gnomes and "return them to the wild", which has sometimes led to criminal charges, jail time, or fines.

==Origins==
{{OR-section|date=December 2016}}
The concept of the travelling gnome dates back to the 1970s when Henry Sunderland photographed his own garden gnomes, which he named Harry and Charlie, while he was travelling around [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Life-Changing Ice Experience|date=26 November 2007|first=Henry|last=Sunderland|website=Christchurch City Libraries|url=http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Recreation/Travel/HenrySunderland/}}</ref>

The earliest record of a prank involving a traveling gnome is from Australia in 1986 when the ''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' reported that an "[[Eastern Suburbs (Sydney)|Eastern Suburbs]] gnome-owner was distressed when she discovered her gnome had been stolen at the weekend. A note was found in its place: 'Dear mum, couldn't stand the solitude any longer. Gone off to see the world. Don't be worried, I'll be back soon. Love Bilbo xxx.'"<ref>{{Cite news|author=Phil Tibble|journal=Sydney Morning Herald|title=Regular Shorts|date=24 September 1986}}</ref>

==Travelling gnome prank==
A running prank has developed, which has made national news at times, where people steal a garden gnome from an unknowing person's lawn and then send the owner photos of the gnome and sometimes cryptic messages that were supposedly written by the gnome for a time as a practical joke before returning it.<ref>{{cite news|title='Itchy feet' gnome returns home|access-date=17 December 2016|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/gloucestershire/7555918.stm|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 August 2008}}</ref>

The most well-known instance of the travelling gnome prank was arguably in 2005 when a group of college students took a garden gnome, dubbed "Gnome Severson" in news, from a property in [[Redmond, Washington]], U.S. and brought it on a roadtrip to California and Nevada.<ref>{{citation|title=The Strange Practice of 'Gnoming'|first=Jenny|last=Morrill|date=2 September 2015|work=Mental Floss UK|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/68093/strange-practice-gnoming|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Roaming Gnome is Home, Complete with Photo Album and a Name|first=Peter|last=Edwards|date=3 August 2016|newspaper=Toronto Star|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/08/03/roaming-gnome-is-home-complete-with-photo-album-and-a-name.html|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref> Gnome Severson became a national news story after the group ran into socialite [[Paris Hilton]] at a gas station, who posed for a picture with the gnome that was printed in ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine. At the end of the week-long trip, the friends anonymously returned the gnome to its owner's front porch with a photo album titled "Gnome’s Spring Break 2005", which included the issue of ''People'' and other pictures of the gnome around [[Hollywood]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Las Vegas]]. The owner, who had not even noticed the gnome was missing until she found it returned on her porch, was interviewed on ''[[Good Morning America]]''.<ref name="abcnews1">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=1618353|title=Gnome Hits the Road ... Again|newspaper=ABC News|date=14 February 2006|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref>

According to ''ABC News'', the owner decided to auction the gnome on eBay, which sold with the photo album for {{USD|360}} in May 2005,<ref name=Hamsik>{{citation|title=Traveling Gnome Receives Media Attention|first=Lindsay|last=Hamsik|date=6 May 2005|newspaper=The Western Front|url=http://www.westernfrontonline.net/news/article_b8673c62-af34-5468-a0b3-3fdea0667dcd.html|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref> because she became tired of all of the media attention. However, in February 2006, it was reported that the gnome had actually been secretly purchased on eBay by the owner's friends who continued to take photos of it around the world in locations such as Canada, Mexico, Italy, and Thailand. After it was returned for the second time, the original owner, referring to it as "the prodigal gnome", said she had decided to keep it and would not sell it on eBay again.<ref name="abcnews1"/>

In 2016, an [[Asda|ASDA]] Gnome named Gnorman hit was stolen from its owner in [[Luton|Luton, England]]. The perpetrator sent him a letter stating "Goodbyes are not forever, Goodbyes are not the end, They simply mean I‘ll miss you, Until we meet again.", and then continued to taunt him by making a [[Facebook]] profile in the Gnomes name then followed by posting pictures of it in many locations, such as the cinema, pubs, a trampoline park, a bowling alley, and an arcade. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Thomas taunted over gnome thefts|language=en-GB|url=https://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/opinion/thomas-taunted-over-gnome-thefts-1254337|access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref>

==Gnoming as theft==
There have also been a number of criminal incidents in which individuals or groups steal large numbers of garden gnomes without the intention of returning, often with the purported mission of "freeing" gnomes and "returning them to the wild". These crimes can cause distress to the victims of the theft, particularly if the gnomes have sentimental value.<ref name=Plymouth>{{citation|title=Lock up your gnomes - Plymouth region is kidnap capital of the UK|author=Plymouth Herald|date=19 August 2014|newspaper=The Herald|url=http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/Lock-gnomes-Plymouth-region-kidnap-capital-UK/story-22762476-detail/story.html|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>

France's Garden Gnome Liberation Front ({{lang-fr|links=no|[[:fr:Front de libération des nains de jardin|Front de libération des nains de jardin]]}}), which in 2006 claimed 100 active members in France, Canada, Germany, Spain, and the United States, became known to the public in 1990s when they took credit for the theft of hundreds of garden gnomes around France.<ref name=CNN2>{{citation|title=Garden gnomes gather for freedom|date=11 July 2001|newspaper=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/07/11/gnomes.france/index.html|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref> In 1997, their ringleader was sent to prison and fined for stealing over 150 garden gnomes over a period of several years.<ref>{{citation|title=Gnome freedom group strikes again|date=12 July 2001|newspaper=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/07/12/gnomes.return/|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=CNN/><ref>{{cite news|title=Garden gnomes of the world, unite!|newspaper=Salon|date=21 April 2000|first=J.A.|last=Getzlaff|url=http://www.salon.com/2000/04/21/gnomes/|access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>

In 1998, the Garden Gnome Liberation Front made headlines again when they staged a "mass suicide" of gnomes by hanging 11 garden gnomes with nooses around their necks under a bridge at [[Briey]] in northeastern France<ref name=CNN2/> with a note that stated, "When you read these few words we will no longer be part of your selfish world, where we serve merely as pretty decorations."<ref name=CNN>{{cite news|title=Garden Gnome Liberation Front strikes Paris show|newspaper=CNN|agency=Reuters|date=13 April 2000|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/STYLE/arts/04/12/france.gnomes.reut|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116054238/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/STYLE/arts/04/12/france.gnomes.reut|archive-date=16 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Front was in the news again in 2000 when they stole 20 gnomes overnight from a garden exhibition in [[Paris]],<ref name=CNN/> and they were suspected in 2006, when 80 gnomes were stolen in the central Limousin region of France under a banner that said "gnome mistreated, gnome liberated".<ref>{{cite news|title=Nearly 80 stolen garden gnomes discovered in central France|newspaper=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2006-11-03-gnome_x.htm|date=3 November 2006|access-date=3 May 2010|author=Agence France-Presse}}</ref>

In 2008, a 53-year-old man, who law enforcement officials believed acted alone, was arrested on suspicion of stealing as many as 170 garden gnomes in the [[Brittany]] region of France.<ref name=gnomebandit>{{cite news |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/article.html?in_article_id=175369|title=Gnome Bandit Caught|newspaper=Metro|date=13 June 2008|access-date=12 June 2008}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The travelling gnome prank was a subplot on the British serial [[Coronation Street]] in May, 1995 when the Wiltons first noticed their gnome missing (episode 3853) and then received a postcard from Eastbourne purportedly sent by that gnome (episode 3855). The prank was further popularized by the film ''[[Amélie]]'' (2001) in which the main character persuaded her father to follow his dream of touring the world by stealing his garden gnome and having an air hostess friend send pictures of it from all over the world. The traveling gnome theme later became the basis for [[Travelocity]]'s "[[Where is my Gnome?]]" advertising campaign.{{cn|date=December 2016}}

The short fantasy story "The Garden Gnome Freedom Front" (2005) by [[Laura Frankos]], published in ''[[The Enchanter Completed: A Tribute Anthology for L. Sprague de Camp]]'', deals with the supernatural aspect of this custom.

The travelling gnome has appeared in several video games. For example, it has been used as a recurring [[Easter egg (virtual)|Easter egg]] in ''[[The Sims]]'' computer game series, such as ''[[Sim City 3]]'' (1999) and [[The Sims 3]] (2009) where different varieties of garden gnomes appear and move or change position daily and in ''[[Sim City 4]]'' (2004), in which gnomes reveal themselves in the game's buildable landmarks.{{cn|date=December 2016}} In the video game ''[[Half-Life 2: Episode Two]]'' (2007), players receive a special achievement award for launching a garden gnome into outer space in a rocket after carrying it throughout most of the game.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://combineoverwiki.net/wiki/Garden_Gnome|title= Garden Gnome|author= |website= Combine OverWiki|access-date= 2018-06-10|quote=Whilst seeming insignificant at first, it is in fact part of the popular Achievement "Little Rocket Man", which requires the player to carry the gnome to the final location of the game (White Forest) and place it within the rocket.}}</ref> In November 2020, a replica of the garden gnome from ''Half-Life 2: Episode Two'' was launched into low-earth orbit on board a [[Rocket Lab]] [[Electron_(rocket)|Electron]] rocket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/gnome-chompski-is-now-one-with-the-cosmos-and-gabe-newell-donated-dollar200k-to-a-childrens-hospital/ | title=Gnome Chompski is now one with the cosmos, and Gabe Newell donated $200K to a children's hospital |first=Rich|last=Stanton|publisher=PC Gamer|date=25 November 2020|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> ''Gnonstop Gnomes'', a mobile app for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] devices, lets users attach clipart of virtual gnomes to their travel photographs that they can share with friends.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/20/gnonstop-gnomes-iphone-android/|title=Gnonstop Gnomes Appear On iPhone And Android. Don't Try To Stop Them|last=Schonfeld|first=Erick|date=20 June 2011|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=18 July 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gnome Reserve]]
* [[List of practical joke topics]]
* [[ToyVoyagers]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Practical jokes]]
[[Category:Gnomes]]

Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department

2021-08-23T22:17:28Z

Comm.unity: /* Deputy gangs */ Removed extra spaces

{{Redirect|LASD}}
{{For|other law enforcement agencies in Los Angeles County|Law enforcement in Los Angeles County}}
{{Distinguish|Los Angeles Police Department}}
{{Short description|Law enforcement agency in California, United States}}
{{advert|date=May 2019}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = County of Los Angeles Sheriff's Department
| commonname = Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
| abbreviation = LASD
| patch = File:Patch of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.png
| patchcaption = Patch
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge = File:Badge of the Sheriff of Los Angeles County.png
| badgecaption = Badge of the LASD's sheriff
| flag = Flag of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.svg
| flagcaption = Flag
| motto = "A Tradition of Service"
| mottotranslated =
| formed = {{start date and age|1850}}<ref name=LAPDmuseum>{{cite web|url=http://www.laphs.org/history.html|title=The Los Angeles Police Department: Then and Now|publisher=Los Angeles Police Museum|access-date=November 29, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217130309/http://www.laphs.org/history.html|archive-date=December 17, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| preceding1 =
| employees = 20,159 (2015)<ref name="annrep">{{cite web|url=http://lacountyannualreport.com/welcome-lac|title=Los Angeles County Annual Report|access-date=September 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918211658/http://lacountyannualreport.com/welcome-lac/|archive-date=September 18, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{update inline|date=January 2020}}
| volunteers =
| budget = {{US$|3,303,110,000}} (2019)<ref name=LACLASDBUDGET>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.lacounty.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2.-2020-21-Recommended-Budget-Volume-One-Online.pdf|title=Recommended Budget Los Angeles County 2020-2021|publisher=[[Los Angeles County Chief Executive Office]] |access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref>
| country = United States
| divtype = State
| divname = [[California]]
| subdivtype = County (United States){{!}}County
| subdivname = [[Los Angeles County]]
| map = Map of California highlighting Los Angeles County.svg
| mapcaption = Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department's jurisdiction
| sizearea = {{convert|10,575|km2|mi2}}
| sizepopulation = 10,116,705
| legaljuris = opsjuris
| governingbody =
| overviewbody =
| constitution1 =
| police = Yes
| local = Yes
| headquarters = 211 West Temple Street Los Angeles, California, U.S.
| sworntype = Deputies
| sworn = : 10,915 sworn deputies (2015)
| unsworn = : 9,244 unsworn members (2015)
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| chief1name = [[Alex Villanueva]]
| chief1position = Sheriff
| chief2name = Timothy Murakami
| chief2position = Undersheriff
| chief3name = Bruce Chase
| chief3position = Assistant Sheriff
| chief4name = Steven Gross
| chief4position = Assistant Sheriff
| chief5name = Robin Limon
| chief5position = Assistant Sheriff
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| officetype = Operations Divisions
| officename = {{collapsible list|title=4|Administrative Services|Countywide Operations|Custody Operations|Patrol Operations}}
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| stations = {{collapsible list |title=23 |Altadena|Avalon|Carson|Century|Cerritos|Compton|Crescenta Valley|East Los Angeles|Industry|Bellflower/Lakewood|Lancaster|Lomita|Malibu/Lost Hills|Marina Del Rey|Norwalk|Palmdale|Pico Rivera|San Dimas|Santa Clarita Valley|South Los Angeles|Temple|Walnut/Diamond Bar|West Hollywood|
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The '''Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department''' ('''LASD'''), officially the '''County of Los Angeles Sheriff's Department''', is the United States' largest sheriff's department, with approximately 18,000 employees with 10,915 sworn deputies and 9,244 unsworn members.<ref name="aboutUs">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.lasd.org/about_us.html |publisher=Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department |access-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> The department's three main responsibilities entail providing patrol services for 153 unincorporated communities of [[Los Angeles County, California]] and 42 cities,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lasdhq.org/lasd_services/contract_law/municipalsrv1.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-07-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205022855/http://lasdhq.org/lasd_services/contract_law/municipalsrv1.html |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> providing courthouse security for the [[Superior Court of Los Angeles County]], and the housing and transportation of inmates within the [[county jail]] system. In addition, the department contracts with the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority and Metrolink, provides law enforcement services to ten community colleges, patrols over 177 county parks, golf courses, special event venues, two major lakes, 16 hospitals, and over 300 county facilities; and provides services, such as crime laboratories, homicide investigations, and academy training, to smaller law enforcement agencies within the county.

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department's transit division alone is the second largest transit police force in the world, aside from the [[New York City Police Department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shq.lasdnews.net/pages/PageDetail.aspx?id=2184|title=LASD.org - Information Detail|website=Shq.lasdnews.net|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> This is through policing contracts of the Metro trains and buses of the [[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Los Angeles Metro]] and [[Metrolink (California)|Metrolink]]. The department also contracts with nine campuses of the [[Los Angeles Community College District]] and the [[Antelope Valley College|Antelope Valley Community College District]]. The L.A. County Sheriff's Department's headquarters are located in downtown Los Angeles at the [[Hall of Justice (Los Angeles)|Hall of Justice]].

The LASD has a history of racial profiling, police brutality, police corruption, and other misconduct.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-24|title=Must Reads: Sheriff McDonnell inherited a department rotted by corruption. His reform effort is a work in progress|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-jim-mcdonnell-sheriff-20180524-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-22|title=California opens civil rights inquiry into LA county sheriff's department|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/22/california-los-angeles-county-sheriffs-department-civil-rights-investigation|access-date=2021-04-05|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Los Angeles sheriff's department faces a reckoning after another police shooting|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/01/los-angeles-sheriffs-department-reckoning-police-shootings|access-date=2021-04-05|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

==Personnel==
The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department is the largest [[sheriff]]'s department and the fourth largest local policing agency in the [[United States]]. There are approximately 17,926 employees; over 9,972 sworn deputies and 7,954 non sworn members (professional staff). There are an additional 4,200 civilian volunteers, 791 reserve deputies and 400 explorers. On December 3, 2018, Alex Villanueva took the oath of office and was sworn in as the 33rd Los Angeles County Sheriff.

LASD deputies provided law enforcement services to over three million residents in an area of {{convert|3171|sqmi|km2}} of the 4,083 square miles on the county, both in the [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] county land and within the 42 contract cities.

==County jail system==
The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department operates the largest jail system in the world. The Los Angeles County Jail provides short-term incarceration services for all of the county (including cities like [[Los Angeles]], Glendale, Burbank, and Long Beach which have their own police departments). The [[Men's Central Jail]] (MCJ) and [[Twin Towers Correctional Facility]] (TTCF) are located in a dense cluster northeast of [[Los Angeles Union Station|Union Station]] that is next to the station's rail yard. The [[North County Correctional Facility]] (NCCF) is the largest of the four jail facilities located at the [[Pitchess Detention Center]] in [[Castaic, California]]. The L.A. County women's jail, called the [[Century Regional Detention Facility]] or the [[Lynwood Jail]], is located in [[Lynwood, California]].

===Controversies===

The Los Angeles County Jail incarcerates about 200,000 individuals each year, and with such large numbers, the jail has faced numerous problems with its facilities.<ref name=markmaleck>{{cite journal|last=Maleck|first=Mark|author2=Alexander R. Bazazi |author3=Garret Cox |author4=Germaine Rival |author5=Jaques Baillargeon |author6=Armidia Miranda |author7=Josiah D. Rich |title=Implementing Opt-Out Programs at Los Angeles County Jail: A Gateway to Novel Research and Interventions|journal=Journal of Correctional Health Care|year=2011|volume=17|issue=1|pages=69–76 |doi=10.1177/1078345810385916|pmc=3154702 |pmid=21278322}}</ref> In May 2013, the [[Men's Central Jail]] and the [[Twin Towers Correctional Facility]] (taken together) ranked as one of the ten worst jails in the United States, based on reporting in [[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/05/10-worst-prisons-america-la-county-jail-twin-towers|title=America's 10 Worst Prisons: LA County|work=Mother Jones}}</ref>

One of such issues is visitation controversy, exemplified by an event in the Men's Central Jail. 23-year-old male Gabriel Carillo was severely beaten and [[pepper sprayed]] by a deputy in Los Angeles' Men's Central Jail on Saturday, February 26, 2012. Carillo was there with his girlfriend, Grace Torres, to visit his younger brother. Both Torres and Carillo illegally brought their cell phones into the jail and were caught in possession of the phones. Torres hid her cell phone in her boot and snuck it into the visitor's lobby despite signs prohibiting doing so, while Carillo claimed he forgot to remove his cellphone from his pocket. The deputies confiscated both phones shortly after, handcuffed Carillo, and took both Carillo and Torres into the break room. Carillo got into a verbal altercation with officers and claimed he was then assaulted by them.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vogel|first=Chris|title=Men's County Jail Visitor Viciously Beaten by Guards|url=http://www.laweekly.com/content/printVersion/1280958/|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

Following the controversy, Los Angeles County Sheriff, [[Lee Baca]], announced that the Men's Central Jail could be closed. Construction of a new jail has been proposed to replace the Men's Central Jail.<ref>{{cite news|last=Faturechi|first=Robert|title=L.A. County sheriff says that much of troubled jail should be closed|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/10/local/la-me-baca-jail-20120411|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

Another challenge that the Los Angeles County Jail faces is [[violence]] within the jail community.

Related to this issue is Los Angeles County Jail's K6G unit, which is intended to be a separate unit for gay-identified men and [[transgender women]]. Although it has been shown that this unit is successful through its lower rates of sexual violence, the creation and systematics of this unit have sparked controversy. In order to be admitted into the K6G unit, inmates must prove that they are [[gay]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=Russel K.|title=Masculinity as Prison: Sexual Identity, Race and Incarceration|journal=California Law Review|year=2011|volume=99|issue=5|pages=1309–1408}}</ref> However, those who identify inmates as homosexual individuals eligible for the K6G unit rely on stereotypes constructed by society about gay men. This procedure prevents homosexual men who are not open about their sexuality, particularly those of color, from coming out as gay for fear of abuse if they do so.

Finally, serious health concerns have begun to arise with the issue of mass incarceration in the Los Angeles County Jails. Several organizations and scholars have analyzed random samples of prisoners with illnesses and the healthcare that they receive while incarcerated. The American Public Health Association claims that some of these prisoners suffer from a variety of other disorders. They also state that more than 30% of their sample have a severe mental disorder or a substance use disorder. The detainees that were diagnosed with severe mental disorders or substance use were often in jail because they had committed [[nonviolent crimes]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=L A Teplin|title=Psychiatric and substance abuse disorders among male urban jail detainees..|journal=American Journal of Public Health|date=February 1994|pages=290–293|pmid=8296957|volume=84|issue=2|doi=10.2105/ajph.84.2.290|pmc=1614991}}</ref> An issue that arises with the incarceration of individuals with mental disorders is that they must be tested for competency before they can be put on trial, which can leave inmates in jail for longer than necessary.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Finkle|first=Michael J.|author2=Russel Kirth |author3=Christopher Cadle |author4=Jessica Mullan |title=Competency Courts: A Creative Solution for Restoring Competency to the Competency Process|journal=Behavioral Sciences and the Law|year=2009|volume=27|issue=5|pages=767–786|doi=10.1002/bsl.890|pmid=19784943}}</ref>

[[Richard Lamb]] and [[Robert W. Grant]] conducted a similar study of 101 women that are imprisoned in the Los Angeles County Jail system. In this study, they concluded that 70% of them had traumatizing experiences of physical violence, 40% of these women were involved in [[prostitution]], and 84% of the women with children were incapable of taking care of them. In addition, there were more mentally ill men in jail than there were women. In a study of male inmates, there appeared to have been issues of the "criminalization" of those whom were mentally ill.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lamb, MD|first=H. Richard|title=Arch Gen Psychiatry|year=1983|pages=363–368}}</ref>

An issue that resides in these studies is that there is uncertainty when trying to determine if these prisoners receive any beneficial treatment. In response to this issue, Dr. Terry Kupers mentions that when considering the large proportion of prisoners with significant mental illness, few of these Los Angeles County Jail inmates receive adequate mental health treatment.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kupers|first=Terry.|title=Report on Mental Health Issues at Los Angeles County Jail|year=2009|publisher=American Civil Liberties Union|pages=1–79}}</ref> However, mental illnesses have been and are currently being studied in the Los Angeles County Jail. For instance, several researchers studied Bipolar I disorder, and found that a way to decrease the number of inmates with Bipolar 1 disorder is by having them participate in longer psychiatric hospital stays.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Quanbeck|first=Cameron D.|author2=David C. Stone |author3=Barbara E. McDermmot |author4=Kyle Boone |author5=Charles L. Scott |author6=Mark A. Frye |title=Relationship Between Criminal Arrest and Community Treatment History Among Patients With Bipolar Disorder|journal=Psychiatric Services|year=2005|volume=56|issue=7|doi = 10.1176/appi.ps.56.7.847 |pages=847–852|pmid=16020818}}</ref>

One solution to this issue could be opt-out screening and vaccinations for STIs and other infectious diseases, which has the potential to improve health conditions in jail and in surrounding communities. This can be accomplished by providing health care that many inmates, especially impoverished blacks and Latinos, would not receive otherwise. In addition, the implementation of this action would decrease the spreading of diseases from the jail to home communities. Using opt-out screenings and vaccinations can be used as a mechanism to reach out to inner city community health issues as well as provide a new area for research in the effectiveness in vaccinations and screenings.<ref name=markmaleck/>

While health has been one of the primary concerns within the Los Angeles County Jail, the Los Angeles County Jail system also has a bad reputation of targeting [[minorities]] for its prisons. [[Victor Rios]] argues that a new era of mass incarceration has resulted in the development of a youth control complex. This complex resulted from a network of racialized criminalization, and the punishment arrived from institutions of authority that patrolled and incapacitated Black and Latino youth.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rios|first=Victor|title=The Hyper-Criminalization of Black and Latino Male Youth in the Era of Mass Incarceration|journal=Souls|year=2006|volume=8|issue=2|pages=40–54|doi=10.1080/10999940600680457|s2cid=219695079}}</ref> Rios concludes that it's not policing but the harsh policing of inner cities that marks young people from their early years, effectively stigmatizing them through negative credentials before they have an opportunity to acquire the more positive forms demanded for participation in mainstream society.

==Technology==
[[File:MichaelJacksonMemorial 03.jpg|right|thumb|LASD motorcycle detail patrolling the perimeter of the [[Staples Center]] during the [[Michael Jackson memorial service]].]]
The LASD has gained an international reputation for its efforts in developing and integrating the latest law enforcement technologies, especially nonlethal weapons. Because many developers, especially those developing technologies for the U.S. Department of Defense, have little idea of the needs of domestic law enforcement, the LASD provides experts to assist in the development and implementation of technologies that will be of service to law enforcement when fully mature. In the late 1990s, the LASD successfully implemented a county-wide sound recorder/meter system, ShotStopper, to detect loud noises.<ref>Cuza, Bobby. "Gadgets on Patrol Against Crime." ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' 9 June 2000: B2.</ref>

When dispatch has a call from a citizen reporting possible gunfire near their residence, these sound towers can pinpoint within about 25 to {{convert|30|ft|m}} where the shots were coming from and record the sound for investigative purposes, and at the same time, relay the GPS info to HQ and deputies on the street. The system has been up and running for several years and has been responsible for numerous felony arrests.

Currently, the LASD is working with the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] and local government officials to deploy their remote control aerial surveillance drone system. This would allow the Sheriff's Department to have real time imagery from the streets of Los Angeles to combat street violence and record crimes in progress, not to mention searching for missing hikers, "patrolling" behind the surf zones of the beaches and looking for lost children. The drones are not intended to replace police helicopters, but in specific incidents could be better, cheaper and quieter to use.

Starting in 2009, LASD began leasing electric-powered [[Mini Cooper]] cars for $10 a month each. In exchange, Mini Cooper's parent company, [[BMW]], requested feedback about the cars. One of the cars is currently being used at the Sheriff Substation at [[Universal City, California|Universal City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local-beat/Sheriffs-Department-to-Test-Electric-Minis-Might-59174147.html|title=Sheriff's Department to Test Electric Minis' Might|work=NBC Southern California}}</ref>

The LASD hired the first female deputy sheriff in the United States in 1912. [[Margaret Q. Adams]] remained a deputy in the evidence department at the Los Angeles Courthouse for 35 years, until her retirement in 1947.

==Special weapons teams==
The Special Enforcement Bureau (SEB) is the LASD's equivalent of a [[SWAT]] team, which was originally a creation of the nearby [[Los Angeles Police Department]] during the 1960s. Law enforcement agencies from across the nation and around the world often look to the LASD SEB and LAPD SWAT teams for training and advice, often sending experienced officers to train under both departments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://file.lacounty.gov/lasd/cms1_145351.pdf|title=Police Diplomacy : A Global Trust|website=File.lacounty.gov|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

In 1992, after the [[1992 Los Angeles riots|Rodney King riots]] in Los Angeles, both the LAPD SWAT and LASD SEB teams decided to work on tactics that would rescue people from dangerous crowds, and at the same time provide a way to eliminate a threat, such as a gunman, without being noticed by a hostile crowd.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} In the first example, the idea was to have SWAT ride in one of the city's Air Rescue helicopter units with [[LAFD]] and [[LASD]] paramedics to enter a scene, using SWAT as a threat to ground opposition while LAFD paramedics could safely drop in and pick up an injured person.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} In the second example, sharpshooters could be used at high altitudes in LASD air units to look for any potential threats on the ground, and at the same time neutralize any would-be killers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

==Air Rescue program==

[[File:LASD Rescue 5.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma|AS332 Super Puma]] flying a [[Search and rescue|SAR]] mission]]

The [[Los Angeles County Sheriff's Air Rescue 5|LASD Air Rescue]] program is used for many emergencies in L.A. County, most notably the wildfire-prone Angeles National Forest. Persons trapped in inaccessible areas are usually found and rescued by LASD Air Rescue. The LASD has multiple Sea King helicopters for this program.

Towards the middle of 2012, LASD's Air Rescue 5 began replacing Sikorsky H-3 Sea Kings with 3 [[Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma]]s as primary rescue helicopters.

In addition to having a fleet of three [[Sikorsky Sea King]]s, the LASD also utilizes 14 [[Eurocopter]] [[Eurocopter AS350|AS-350 AStar]] helicopters and 3 Hughes/Schweizer 300 series [[Schweizer 300|S-300C]] helicopters.

The [[Sky Knight Helicopter Program]] is an airborne law enforcement program in [[Lakewood, California]] which began in 1966. The unit operates using non-sworn pilots, employed by the city of Lakewood, partnered with a sworn deputy sheriff from the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Lakewood station. The unit currently operates three Schweizer 300C helicopters, based at Long Beach airport and flies about 1,800 hours per year. Today, the Sky Knight program is completely integrated within the sheriff's tactical operations. Five other cities (Artesia, Bellflower, Hawaiian Gardens, Paramount and Cerritos) contract with Lakewood to participate in the Sky Knight program. These five cities also contract with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department for police services.

==Contract law enforcement==

===Cities===
The LASD has entered into contracts with the numerous cities to serve as their police department/law enforcement agency. Forty-two (42) of the eighty-eight (88) cities in Los Angeles County contract with the Sheriff's Department for their complete municipal law enforcement services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lasd.org/lasd_services/contract_law/index.html |title=LASD Website |access-date=January 30, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216105859/http://www.lasd.org/lasd_services/contract_law/index.html |archive-date=February 16, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Some of the newer contract cities like [[Santa Clarita, California|Santa Clarita]] and [[West Hollywood, California|West Hollywood]] have never had police departments. When their city governments were founded, they took over what was formerly unincorporated land, and then contracted their police responsibilities to the county sheriff. Since the department had substations in those areas, the result was to maintain the status quo.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

In contrast, [[Compton, California]], once had a [[Compton Police Department (California)|police department]]. In 2000, the city council voted to dismantle the troubled police department and contract for police services. Compton has been at times notorious for [[gang]] violence, especially during its recent history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/gangcolor/madness.htm|title=Where All the Madness Began: A Look at Gang History|website=Web.stanford.edu|access-date=2018-02-25}}</ref>


===Other agencies===

LASD provides dispatch services by contract to [[California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation|California Department of Corrections]] for state parole agents. The services are provided by LASD County Services Bureau dispatchers.

Sheriff's dispatchers at the Avalon Sheriff's Station on Catalina Island also provide dispatch services for the city of Avalon Fire Department.

By liaison via the Sheriff's Scientific Services Bureau, [[cybercrime]] detection and investigation often operates in conjunction with other agencies.

====Transit Contracts====
*[[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]]
*[[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Los Angeles MTA (Metro)]]
*[[Antelope Valley Transit Authority]]
*[[Foothill Transit]]

====Community Colleges Services Bureau (#87)====
*[[Los Angeles Community College District]]
*[[Antelope Valley College|Antelope Valley Community College District]]

====Court Services Division====
*Prisoner Transport Services with 31 of the 58 counties in California
*Los Angeles County Marshal/Municipal Courts (Merged into LASD Court Services January 1. 1994)

====Contract Custody Services====
*[[California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation|California Department of Corrections]] (Housing Parole Violators)

==Reserve program==
The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department supplements its full-time ranks with over 800 reserve deputies. Reserve deputies are often civic minded people that have other full-time jobs outside of law enforcement. However some reserves may be retired [[peace officer]]s, or former full-time officers that wish to keep their California Peace Officer Standards and Training certification active.

Like full-time deputies, reserve deputies are professionally trained and duly sworn law enforcement personnel. In most cases, reserves are assigned to the same duties as full-time deputies. Since reserve deputies have the same powers of [[arrest]] as full-time deputies they are required by law to meet the same hiring, background, medical and psychological standards as full-time deputies. Reserve deputies must first complete the state mandated training and then work assignments as their regular jobs permit.

Reserve sheriff's deputies are issued a badge, an identification card, uniforms, a [[Smith & Wesson M&P]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smith-wesson.com/wcsstore/SmWesson2/upload/other/LA_SDPR_LA%20Approved.pdf|title=News {{!}} Smith & Wesson|website=Smith-wesson.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-25}}</ref> duty weapon, [[handcuffs]], [[Club (weapon)|baton]], and other equipment. Reserve deputy sheriffs are either Level I Designated, Level I Non Designated or Level II. Level I Designated reserves have the same training and 24-hour peace officer authority as regular full-time deputies. Level I Non Designated and Level II reserve deputies have full peace officer powers when on duty, and may choose to carry a concealed weapon when off duty.

Reserve deputy sheriffs must volunteer 20 hours per month of their time, with the regular compensation being one dollar per year. Reserve deputy sheriffs may also qualify for shooting bonus pay of up to $32.00 per month, and some paid special event assignments are occasionally available, as well as overtime for Level I deputies. Like full-time deputies, reserve deputy sheriffs serve at the will of the Sheriff, must obey all departmental regulations, but do not fall into the framework of the civil service system. Reserve deputies supplement the regular operations of the Sheriff's Department by working in their choice of Uniform Reserve (Patrol), Mounted Posse, Search and Rescue or as a Specialist.

==Demographics==
9,973 sworn officers, as of 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/crime/cr67.php|title=Sheriff’s Department of Los Angeles County, California|website=www.laalmanac.com}}</ref>

'''By sex:'''
* Male: 86%
* Female: 14%

'''By race/ethnicity:'''
* Hispanic: 45%
* White: 39%
* African American/Black: 9%
* Asian: 5%

As of the 2nd quarter of 2018, the Los Angeles County Human Resources Department reported a total of 15,521 employees: 4,586 White, 1,921 Black, 7,130 Hispanic, 45 American Indian/Alaska Native, 1,320 Asian, 537 Filipino, 5 Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, and 40 are two or more races.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.lacounty.gov/d/7wx5-kxft/visualization |title=- LAC Open Data |publisher=Data.lacounty.gov |access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref>

==Service weapons==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
Prior to 1991, the standard sidearm of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department was the Smith & Wesson Model 15 Combat Masterpiece revolver in caliber .38 Special, with blue steel finish, four inch barrel, and adjustable sights. Deputies were permitted to purchase at their own expense, a stainless steel version of the same weapon, the Smith & Wesson Model 67 .38 Caliber revolver. Ammunition evolved during the tenure of the .38 Caliber revolver. For most of the time period 1939–1976, the standard ammunition was a 158 grain lead round nose bullet propelled at 750 feet per second. In 1978, Remington High Velocity +P 125 grain ammunition was used. In 1985, Federal Law Enforcement Only +P+ ultra high velocity 110 grain ammunition was issued.

From 1947 on, patrol cars were issued with the Ithaca Pump Action "Deerslayer" shotgun with 20 inch barrel, loaded with four rounds of "00" (double ought) buckshot. By 1973, the department had switched to a custom ordered short barreled shotgun with a 15-inch barrel, recoil pad, and glow in the dark sights. This custom shotgun was also used by certain police agencies that trained their deputies at the Sheriff's Academy, particularly Palos Verdes Police, Torrance Police and West Covina Police. In 1981, the department switched to a smaller buckshot size, #4 buckshot, to decrease the danger to bystanders.

Until the department switched to semiautomatic sidearms, Sheriff's Deputies were permitted to purchase any Colt or Smith & Wesson revolver with a 4-, 5-, or 6-inch barrel, provided only department-issued ammunition was used in the weapon. Officers were permitted to carry off duty any Colt or Smith and Wesson revolver chambered for .38 Special, typically with a 2-inch barrel. For a short period of time, the Smith & Wesson Model 59 9mm pistol was permitted to be carried off duty, or on duty as a backup weapon. Approved ammunition was Remington 115-grain jacketed hollow point.

Before 2013, the standard issue sidearm of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department was the [[Beretta 92|Beretta 92FS]] in 9mm.<ref name="GunDigestCombat">{{cite book |last1=Ayoob |first1=Massad |title=Gun Digest Book of Combat Handgunnery |date=28 September 2007 |publisher=Gun Digest Books}}</ref> In 2013, the department transitioned to the [[Smith & Wesson M&P]] in 9mm.<ref>{{cite news |title=L.A. Sheriff Selects S&W's M&P9 Duty Pistol |url=http://m.policemag.com/news/10214/l-a-sheriff-selects-s-w-s-m-p9-duty-pistol |access-date=12 September 2018 |agency=POLICE Magazine |date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Shortly after the M&P's adoption, LASD deputies experienced a rash of accidental discharges in the field, later attributed by the Inspector General's office to insufficient weapon transition training for sworn personnel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glover |first1=Scott |title=Report: New gun used by LA deputies put public at risk - CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/16/us/los-angeles-sheriffs-department-guns-report/index.html |access-date=12 September 2018 |work=CNN |agency=CNN |date=16 December 2015}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department}}
The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, which was founded in 1850, was the first professional police force in the Los Angeles area. The all-volunteer, Los Angeles-specific Los Angeles Rangers were formed in 1853 to assist the LASD. They were soon succeeded by the Los Angeles City Guards, another volunteer group. Neither force was particularly efficient and Los Angeles became known for its violence, gambling and "vice".

On December 15, 2009, the [[Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors]] voted 4–1 to merge the [[Los Angeles County Office of Public Safety]] into the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. The merger took place on June 30, 2010.

===List of sheriffs===
{{Main|List of Los Angeles County sheriffs}}

==Rank structure==
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse:collapse;" class="wikitable"
!Title
!Insignia
|-
|Sheriff
|[[File:5 Gold Stars.svg|center|135px]]
|-
|Undersheriff
|[[File:4 Gold Stars.svg|center|108px]]
|-
|Assistant Sheriff
|[[File:3 Gold Stars.svg|center|81px]]
|-
|Division Chief
|[[File:2 Gold Stars.svg|center|54px]]
|-
|Area Commander
|[[File:1 Gold Star.svg|center|27px]]
|-
|Captain
|[[File:Captain insignia gold.svg|center|25px]]
|-
|Lieutenant
|[[File:US-OF1B.svg|center|10px]]
|-
|Sergeant
|[[File:U.S. police sergeant rank (black and yellow).svg|center|35px]]
|-
|Deputy Bonus + II
|[[File:Master FTO Rank LASD.png|Master FTO Rank LASD|center|35px]]
|-
|Deputy Bonus + I
|[[File:U.S. police corporal rank (black and yellow).svg|center|35px]]
|-
|Patrol Deputy Sheriff
|
|-
|Deputy Sheriff Trainee
|
|}
<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 2 - The Rank Structure of the Department - PARS Public Viewer |url=http://pars.lasd.org/Viewer/Manuals/10042?returnContentID=10043#pagePosition_0 |website=pars.lasd.org |access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>

==Members killed on duty==
[[File:Lakewood sherriff monument.jpg|thumb|250px|Memorial to deputies killed on duty. Located outside the LASD [[Lakewood, California|Lakewood]] Station.]]

As of 2016, 129 sheriff's deputies have been killed in the line of duty since the department's founding in 1850.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odmp.org/agency/2220-los-angeles-county-sheriffs-department-california|title=Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, CA|website=The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP)|access-date=2018-02-25}}</ref>

==Awards, commendations, citations and medals==
The department presents a number of medals to its members for meritorious service.<ref name="LASD Official site">[http://www.lasd.org/sites/YIR/2007/visuals/3245.pdf]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The medals that the LASD awards to its officers are as follows:

* '''[[File:Medal of Valor Award.png|100px]] [[List of medals for bravery|Medal of Valor]]''': The Medal of Valor is the highest honor a member of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department can receive. It is awarded to persons who distinguish themselves by displaying great courage, above and beyond the call of duty, in the face of an immediate life-threatening peril, and with full knowledge of the risk involved.<ref name="LASD Official site"/>
* '''[[File:Meritorious Conduct Gold Award.png|100px]] Meritorious Conduct Gold Medal''': This medal is the second highest award a department member can receive. It is awarded to persons who place themselves in immediate peril and perform an act of heroism and/or save the life of another person.<ref name="LASD Official site"/>
* '''[[File:Meritorious Conduct Silver Award.png|100px]] Meritorious Conduct Silver Medal''': This medal is awarded to persons who, when confronted by circumstances beyond the normal course of their duties, place themselves in potential peril while performing an act of heroism or while saving or attempting to save the life of another.<ref name="LASD Official site"/>
* '''[[File:Life Saving Award.png|100px]] Lifesaving Award'''
* '''[[File:Purple Heart Award.png|100px]] Purple Heart Award'''
* '''[[File:Meritorious Service Award.png|100px]] Meritorious Service Award'''
* '''[[File:Exemplary Service Award.png|100px]] Exemplary Service Award'''
* '''[[File:Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department Distinguished Service Award.png|100px]] Distinguished Service Award'''
* '''[[File:Humanitarian Award.png|100px]] Humanitarian Award'''
* '''[[File:Unit Commander Award.png|100px]] Unit Commander Award'''

==Deputy gangs==
There are at least 18 active deputy gangs within the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knock-la.com/tradition-of-violence-lasd-gang-history/|title=A Tradition of Violence: The History of Deputy Gangs in the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department|website=Knock LA}}</ref> The 1992 Kolts Commission report said they were found “particularly at stations in areas heavily populated by minorities--the so-called ‘ghetto stations'--and deputies at those stations recruit persons similar in attitude to themselves.”<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-mar-24-mn-20461-story.html|title=The Secret Society Among Lawmen|date=March 24, 1999|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

Sitting Sheriff [[Alex Villanueva]], who was according to Los Angeles County court documents a member of the "Banditos" deputy gang himself, has announced a "zero tolerance" policy to curb what he refers to as "deputy cliques." Villanueva has never acknowledged membership in the Banditos deputy gang, but has admitted to being a member of the "Cavemen" while stationed in [[East Los Angeles]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=March 22, 2021|title=The Protected Class|url=https://knock-la.com/lasd-gangs-little-devils-wayside-whities-cavemen-vikings/|website=Knock LA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lasd.org/sheriff-announces-zero-tolerance-dep-clique/|title=LA County Sheriff Zero Tolerance Policy On Deputy Cliques|first=S. I. B.|last=Staff|date=August 14, 2020}}</ref>

The first deputy gang acknowledged by the LASD was the "Little Devils" in an internal memo in 1973, although they are believed to have been involved in the death of ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reporter and law enforcement critic [[Ruben Salazar]] during the [[Chicano Moratorium|National Chicano Moratorium March]] against the [[Vietnam War]] on August 29, 1970.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=March 22, 2021|title=The Protected Class|url=https://knock-la.com/lasd-gangs-little-devils-wayside-whities-cavemen-vikings/|website=Knock LA}}</ref> They operated out of the [[East Los Angeles]] station and sported tattooed caricatures of a small, red devil on their left calves. They were known at the time to have at least 47 members.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://knock-la.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Little-Devils-Memo.png|title= Memo |website=knock-la.com|format=PNG|access-date=2021-04-10}}</ref>

The "Wayside Whities" operated out of the [[Peter J. Pitchess Detention Center]] throughout the 1980s, their alleged mission being to "bring to heel" any incarcerated Black men, especially those who fought with white prisoners.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://knock-la.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Wayside-Whities.pdf|title= Letter of Complaint|date=May 21, 1990 |website= knock-la.com|format=PDF|access-date=2021-04-10}}</ref>

Following years of police violence in the city of [[Lynwood, California|Lynwood]], over two dozen civil rights attorneys compiled claims and filed a class action lawsuit in 1990, in which they asked the federal court to take over the Lynwood Station, home of the white supremacist deputy gang known as the [[Lynwood Vikings]].<ref name="auto1"/>

Los Angeles blog outlet Knock LA has published a database of hundreds of LASD employees found in court documents to be associated with deputy gang activity, including names of officers, gang affiliation, case number, deputy/badge/serial number, and department title. The database includes Undersheriff Timothy Murakami, identified in court documents as a member of the Cavemen.<ref>https://knock-la.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Art-Hernandez-Complaint.pdf</ref> Former Undersheriff [[Paul Tanaka]], who also served as the mayor of [[Gardena, California]], is identified as a member of the Lynwood Vikings, and was convicted of federal obstruction charges in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lasdgangs.knock-la.com/|title=LASD Gangs Database - Knock LA|website=Knock LA LASD Gangs Database}}</ref>

In July 2021, U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] called for a [[United States Department of Justice]] investigation into allegations that a violent deputy gang known as the Executioners was running the Compton station of the LASD.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tchekmedyian|first=Alene|date=2021-07-21|title=Rep. Waters, who was accused of providing inside information and support for her husband, a powerful banker, during the economic recovery post the 2008 market crash. Waters seeks federal probe of L.A. County deputies' alleged Executioners gang|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-07-21/maxine-waters-requests-sheriffs-department-compton-executioners-investigation|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-11|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Misconduct==

In October 1969, LASD deputies bungled a drug raid in Whittier along with officers from the California State Bureau of Narcotics and one officer from [[Vernon, California|nearby Vernon]]. The team went to the wrong address. In the confusion, the Vernon officer, Detective Sergeant Frank Sweeny, fired his rifle. The bullet went through the floor of the apartment and killed Heyden Dyer who lived downstairs.<ref>Rise of the Warrior Cop; The Militarization of America's Police Forces, by Radley Balko, Public Affairs, 2013</ref>

On February 11, 1989, sheriffs in riot gear invaded the family home of [[Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling|GLOW]] professional wrestler [[Emily Dole]], also known professionally as Mt. Fiji, in [[Cerritos, California]] during a bridal shower for Dole's sister, Melinda. Much like the [[Rodney King]] incident two years later, the event was videotaped by a neighbor, Doug Botts, showing the sheriffs beating the family. After being a celebrity for three years on national television, the massive Mt. Fiji smartly took a passive stance, arms folded in the middle of the street, where the video showed her being beaten to the ground with police batons and flashlights. All 34 members of the party, all Samoan, were beaten and arrested. The Samoan-American community was angered, contending the incident was racist in nature.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-05-23/news/hl-3308_1_police-brutality |title=Neighborhood Cries Foul Over Police Raid |last=FUETSCH|first=MICHELE|date=1991-05-23|work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2018-02-25|df=mdy-all|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref> The family sued the Sheriff's Department and won a $23 million settlement.<ref name="lat98">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/may/06/local/me-46810|title=Sheriff's Dept. Loses $23-Million Appeal|last1=DAUNT|first1=TINA|date=1998-05-06|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-02-25|last2=MEYER|first2=JOSH|df=mdy-all|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref>

In 2006, an investigation into corruption at the department collapsed due to "the intimidation tactics of the LASD". A summary of the allegations claimed that captains in the department were ordered to collect $10,000 from each towing contractor doing business with the department. The payments were used as contributions to political causes favored by the sheriff.<ref>FBI kept L.A. County jail probe secret from Baca and aides, files show, by Cindy Chang and Jack Leonard, 23 July 2014, LA Times</ref>

In December 2009, the ''L.A. Times'' reported that L.A. County Auditor-Controller Wendy L. Watanabe's office found 348 deputies worked more than 900 hours of overtime between March 2007 and February 2008. This would equal an extra six months of full-time work. The audit found that over the last five years, the department had exceeded its overtime budget by an average of 104 percent for each year.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/12/la-sheriffs-deputies-got-massive-overtime-in-violation-of-rules.html | work=The Los Angeles Times | title=L.A. Now | date=December 22, 2009}}</ref>

In September 2009, [[Death of Mitrice Richardson|Mitrice Richardson]] was observed in a Malibu, California restaurant seemingly experiencing a mental health crisis. She made statements regarding being from Mars and avenging the death of [[Michael Jackson]]. Unable to pay her restaurant bill and out of concern for her mental health, restaurant staff called the sheriffs who arrested her and subsequently released her without her car, phone, money or any means of caring for herself at 12:38am. Her naked skeletal remains were discovered approximately eleven months after her disappearance. The county settled with the family for $900,000.00.<ref>Mitrice Richardson: $900,000 settlement tentatively reached. By Robert Faturechi, 23 August 2011, LA Times</ref>

According to the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', in 2010, the department hired almost 300 new officers. The department later discovered about 100 of the new hires had lied on their applications. Fifteen of the new officers cheated on the department's polygraph test. About 200 of the new deputies and guards had been disqualified by other law enforcement agencies for misconduct or having failed qualification tests. The department launched an investigation of how the media found out about the flawed hiring process.<ref>Sheriff's Department hired officers with histories of misconduct; Despite background investigations that revealed wrongdoing, incompetence, or poor performance, the department still hired dozens of problem applicants in 2010, internal records show. By Robert Faturechi and Ben Poston, 1 December 2013, LA Times</ref>

In September 2010, three deputies (Humberto Magallanes, Kenny Ramirez and Lee Simoes) pleaded no contest to charges related to their beating of a prisoner in 2006. The three men were sentenced to various periods of parole and resigned from the department.<ref>Three ex-L.A. County deputies convicted of inmate assault: They plead no contest to charges in the 2006 beating and resign from the Sheriff's Department, by Robert Faturechi, 30 September 2010, Los Angeles Times</ref>

In December 2010, members of a widely known gang-like group of L.A. County Sheriff's Deputies known as 'The 3,000 Boys' were involved in a violent fight in the parking lot of the Quiet Cannon Restaurant in Montebello. An anonymous call made to the Montebello police department reported three Sheriff's Deputies were holding down a fourth, beating him severely. Montebello Police arrived on the scene and broke up the fight; however, no arrests were made. The '3,000 Boys' is a name referring to a gang of L.A. County Sheriff's Deputies and Jailers who have been involved in the beatings and organized fights of inmates in the 3,000 block of the Men's Central Jail in Downtown Los Angeles. In May 2011, six deputies were suspended without pay (pending termination and criminal prosecution) for the beating of Evans Tutt, an inmate who had been filing complaints about living conditions within the jail.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ktla.com/news/landing/ktla-the-gang-behind-the-badge,0,4021055.story?page=1 | work=KTLA News | title=KTLA Investigation Reveals Details of Gang-Like Clique Within Men's Central Jail | date=May 4, 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In January 2011, Deputy Patricia Margaret Bojorquez was sentenced to a year in custody for making a false police report against her husband and recklessly firing a gun in her home.<ref>Former L.A. County sheriff's deputy convicted of shooting gun, endangering children, 6 January 2011, LA Times Blog</ref>

In April 2011, Deputy Sean Paul Delacerda was convicted of breaking into a woman's home kidnapping, assaulting her with a handgun and falsely imprisoning her.<ref>L.A. County sheriff's deputy convicted of assaulting ex-girlfriend, 15 April 2011, LA Times Blog</ref>

In July 2011, the department agreed to pay a half million dollars to the family of 16-year-old Avery Cody Jr. Cody was shot by Deputy Sergio Reyes in 2009. Reyes made several statements under oath that were disproven by video of the incident. The department then agreed to settle, but admitted no guilt.<ref>Parents of Avery Cody expected to get $500,000 in shooting by sheriff's deputy; Los Angeles County supervisors still must approve the amount. A wrongful death case was halted last spring when video evidence in the shooting was found, by Robert Faturechi, 4 July 2011, Los Angeles Times</ref>

In October 2011, Deputy Mark Fitzpatrick was convicted of an on-duty sexual assault and false imprisonment during a May 2008 traffic stop. Fitzpatrick has a long history of similar complaints against him during his career with the LACSD. The department agreed to pay the woman $245,000.<ref>Former sheriff's deputy convicted of sexual assault October 7, 2011, LA Times Blog</ref>

In January, 2012 Jazmyne Ha Eng was shot and killed by Deputy Brian Vance outside a mental-health center in Rosemead, where she was a patient. Vance said Eng charged him and the other three deputies on the scene, making them fear for their lives. Eng was 40 years old, weighed 93 pounds and stood five feet one inches tall. An internal investigation ruled the killing justifiable, but in February 2014, the county agreed to pay $1.8 million to settle the matter.<ref>County approves $1.8 million settlement in shooting of mentally ill Rosemead woman, by Lauren Gold, 18 February 2014, Pasadena Star-News</ref>

In May 2012, part of the Gang Enforcement Team was accused of being a [[clique]] called "Jump Out Boys" after a pamphlet was discovered indicating that members would receive a tattoo after being involved in a shooting, glorifying the incident. It drew comparisons to the problematic [[Rampart scandal|Rampart Division]] of the LAPD in the 1990s, who had the same tattoo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/05/sheriffs-clique-may-have-celebrated-shootings-with-tattoo-sources-say-.html|title=Sheriff's clique may have celebrated shootings with tattoo, sources say |last=Faturechi|first=Robert|date=10 May 2012|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=11 May 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scpr.org/blogs/news/2012/05/10/6055/jump-out-boys-sheriffs-clique-may-have-glorified-s/|title='Jump Out Boys' sheriff's clique may have glorified shootings with tattoos |last=Brenner|first=Lisa|author2=KPCC|author2-link=KPCC|date=10 May 2012|access-date=11 May 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-sheriff-clique-20120420,0,663420.story|title=L.A. County sheriff's detectives probe secret clique in gang unit|last=Faturechi|first=Robert|date=20 April 2012|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=11 May 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/04/secret-clique-probed-la-county-sheriffs-gang-unit.html|title=Officials probe secret clique in L.A. County sheriff's gang unit |last=Faturechi|first=Robert|date=20 April 2012|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=11 May 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-sheriff-gangs-fbi-inaction-20190714-story.html|title=Deputy gangs have survived decades of lawsuits and probes. Can the FBI stop them?|last=Lau|first=Maya|date=July 14, 2019|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=2019-07-14|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In June 2012, Deputy Rafael Zelaya was sentenced to six months in jail for stealing drugs from someone while on duty.<ref>Sheriff's deputy gets jail time for stealing drugs from suspect, 25 June 2012, LA Times Blog</ref>

In July 2013 Eugene Mallory was fatally shot in his house while the police alleged that he ran a meth lab, no such drugs were found in his house.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2014/01/10/widow-sues-la-sheriff-deputies-in-husbands-fatal-shooting/|title=Widow Sues LA Sheriff, Deputies In Husband's Fatal Shooting|date=January 10, 2014|website=Losangeles.cbslocal.com|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref>

In July 2013, a federal jury awarded $200,000 to a 69-year-old man who had his rib broken by two sheriff's deputies attempting to arrest him in 2009. The jury also ordered Deputy Mark Collins to pay punitive damages of $1,000.<ref>Man awarded more than $200,000 over 2009 encounter with deputies; James Spinks accused L.A. County sheriff's deputies of illegally detaining him and using excessive force at a train station, by Jack Leonard, 19 July 2013, Los Angeles Times</ref>

In October 2013, Deputy Mark Eric Hibner, was convicted by a jury of two counts of domestic violence and three counts of making threats.<ref>LA County sheriff's deputy guilty of domestic violence, threats in Orange County, by Brian Day, 23 October 2013, San Gabriel Valley Tribune</ref>

In December 2013, Deputy Michael Anthony Grundynt was sentenced to three years probation for a fleeing the scene of an accident in 2011. He had been driving while drunk.<ref>Ex-sheriff's deputy gets probation for hit-and-run drunk driving, by James Barragan, 4 December 2013, Los Angeles Times</ref>

In March 2014, Deputy Jose Rigoberto Sanchez pleaded no contest to one count each of rape under color of authority and soliciting a bribe. He was sentenced to eight years and eight months in prison. His rapes happened in 2010 while he was on duty.<ref>Sheriff's deputy pleads no contest to rape, bribery, by Adam Poulisse, 13 March 2014, Pasadena Star-News</ref>

In July 2014, six correctional officers (two deputies, two sergeants and two lieutenants) were convicted by a federal court of interfering with a [[federal grand jury]] investigation of the county jail.<ref name=KimChang>Victoria Kim & Cindy Chang, [https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-deputies-verdict-20140702-story.html 6 L.A. County deputies convicted of impeding FBI's jail probe], ''Los Angeles Times'' (July 1, 2014).</ref> In 2011, the officers obstructed an FBI undercover operation that was using an inmate informant to report on brutality and misconduct by jail deputies.<ref name=KimChang/>

==See also==
* [[List of law enforcement agencies in California]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Leila |title=Brady List Standoff Cost L.A. County |url=https://www.latimes.com/california |work=Los Angeles Times |date=18 Oct 2020}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite magazine|last=Elliot|first=Bryn|title=Bears in the Air: The US Air Police Perspective |magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]]|date=March–April 1997|issue=68|pages=46–51 |issn=0143-5450}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|https://lasd.org/}}

{{County of Los Angeles}}
{{California Sheriff's Offices}}
{{Military and Police Auxiliary Organizations within the United States}}
{{Portal bar|Los Angeles}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department| ]]
[[Category:Sheriffs' departments of California]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Monterey Park, California]]
[[Category:1850 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1850]]

Bar and bat mitzvah

2021-08-08T01:42:14Z

Comm.unity: /* Alternative ceremonies */ included info and citation about earlier usage of 'bark mitzvah'

{{Short description|Jewish coming of age rituals}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Bar and Bat Mitzvah
| image = Michael's Bar Mitzvah 6.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Bar mitzvah ceremony at an Orthodox synagogue
| native_name = {{Script/Hebrew|בַּר מִצְוָה}} {{Script/Hebrew|בַּת מִצְוָה}}
| native_name_lang = Hebrew
| english_name =
| time = Boys (bar mitzvah): 13 years old Girls (bat mitzvah): 12, 13 (Reform)
| duration =
| venue =
| also_known_as =
| type = [[Coming-of-age]] ceremony
| theme = Reaching the age of bar or bat mitzvah signifies becoming a full-fledged member of the Jewish community
| cause =
| notes =
}}
{{Jews and Judaism sidebar|Religion}}

'''Bar Mitzvah''' ({{lang-he|בַּר מִצְוָה}}) and '''Bat Mitzvah''' ({{lang-he|בַּת מִצְוָה}}; [[Ashkenazi pronunciation]]: ''bas mitzveh'') refer to the [[Judaism|Jewish]] coming of age ritual (the word “Bar” is used for a '''boy''', and “Bat” for a '''girl'''). The plural is ''b'nei mitzvah'' for both boys and mixed sex groups, or ''b'not mitzvah'' (Ashkenazi pronunciation: ''b'nos mitzvah'') for girls.

According to [[Halakha|Jewish law]], before children reach a certain age, the parents are responsible for their child's actions. Once [[Jew]]ish children reach that age, they are said to “become” a bar or bat mitzvah, at which point they begin to be held accountable for their own actions. (Traditionally, the father of a bar or bat mitzvah offers thanks to God that he is no longer punished for his child's sins.)

All Jewish boys, and [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jewish]] girls, become bar or bat mitzvahs at age 13, whereas [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative Jewish]] girls become bat mitzvahs at age 12.<ref>{{cite web|title=Origins of the Bar/Bat Mitzvah|url=http://www.reformjudaism.org/origins-barbat-mitzvah|website=ReformJudaism.org|language=en|date=19 October 2012}}</ref> After this point, children are also held responsible for knowing Jewish ritual [[law]], [[tradition]], and [[ethics]], and are able to participate in all areas of Jewish community life to the same extent as adults. (In some Jewish communities, men’s and women’s roles differ in certain respects. For example, in Orthodox Judaism, once a boy turns 13, it is permitted to count him for the purpose of determining whether there is a [[Minyan|prayer quorum]], and he may lead prayer and other religious services in the family and the community.)<ref name=GenesisRabbah63>[[Genesis Rabbah]] 63:10 (commenting upon [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 25:27) [[s:he: בראשית רבה סג י|בראשית רבה סג י]] (in Hebrew)</ref>

Bar mitzvah is mentioned in the [[Mishnah]]<ref>[[Pirkei Avot]], [[s:Translation:Mishnah/Seder Nezikin/Tractate Avot/Chapter 5/21|5:21]]</ref> and the [[Talmud]]. Some classic sources identify the age at which children must begin to participate in the ritual of fasting on [[Yom Kippur]] as 13 for boys and 12 for girls. The age of B'nai mitzvah roughly coincides with the onset of [[puberty]].<ref>[[Niddah (Talmud)|Niddah]] 45b</ref> The bar or bat mitzvah ceremony is usually held on the first [[Shabbat]] after the birthday on which the child reaches the eligible age.

==Etymology==
''Bar'' ({{Script/Hebrew|בַּר}}) is a [[Jewish Babylonian Aramaic]] word meaning "son" ({{Script/Hebrew|בֵּן}}, ''ben'' in Hebrew), while ''bat'' ({{Script/Hebrew|בַּת}}) means "daughter" in Hebrew, and ''mitzvah'' ({{Script/Hebrew|מִצְוָה}}) means "commandment" or "law" (plural: ''mitzvot''). Thus ''bar mitzvah'' and ''bat mitzvah'' literally translate to "son of commandment" and "daughter of commandment". However, in rabbinical usage, the word ''bar'' means "under the category of" or "subject to". ''Bar mitzvah'' therefore translates to "[one] who is subject to the law". Although the term is commonly used to refer to the ritual itself, the phrase originally refers to the person.

== History ==
The modern method of celebrating becoming a bar mitzvah did not exist in the time of the [[Jewish bible|Hebrew Bible]], [[Mishnah]] or [[Talmud]]. Early rabbinic sources specify 13 as the age at which a boy becomes a legal adult; however, the celebration of this occasion is not mentioned until the Middle Ages.

===Age thirteen===
[[File:Oscr Rex - Bar Mitzwa.jpg|thumb|''Bar Mitzvah in a Synagogue'' by [[Oscar Rex]]]]
The Bible does not explicitly specify the age thirteen. Passages in the books of [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] and [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] note the age of majority for army service as twenty.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bazelon |first=Emily |magazine=Slate |date=May 19, 2005 |url=http://slate.com/id/2119069/ |title=Saving the Bar Mitzvah|access-date=2007-10-05| archive-url= https://archive.is/20071013162745/http://slate.com/id/2119069/ | archive-date= October 13, 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Machzor Vitri]] notes that [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 34:25 refers to [[Levi]] as a "man", when a calculation from other verses suggests that Levi was aged thirteen at the time.<ref>[https://www.sefaria.org.il/Machzor_Vitry%2C_Pirkei_Avot.5.20.5?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Machzor Vitri on Pirkei Avot], also found at {{cite book|title= Machzor Vitry|script-title=he:מחזור ויטרי|url= http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=10172&st=&pgnum=153|language=he|page=549|access-date=March 7, 2018}}</ref>

The age of thirteen is mentioned in the [[Mishnah]] as the time one is obligated to observe the Torah's [[613 commandments|commandments]]: "At five years old one should study the [[Scriptures#Judaism|Scriptures]], at ten years for the Mishnah, at 13 for the commandments..."<ref>[[Pirkei Avot]] [https://www.sefaria.org.il/Pirkei_Avot.5.21?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en 5:21]</ref><ref name="Olitsky">Olitsky, Kerry M. ''An Encyclopedia of American Synagogue Ritual'', Greenwood Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-313-30814-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AnLLpbX3XMC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=bava+metzia+96a&source=web&ots=TQ7mMU4Fy3&sig=X5P6qkXTMIqKQ4KRvcnbxhyfMhU p. 7.]</ref>

Elsewhere,<ref name="niddah56">Niddah 5:6</ref> the Mishnah lists the ages (13 for boys and 12 for girls) at which a vow is considered automatically valid; the [[Talmud]] explains this as a result of the 13-year-old being a "man", as required in {{bibleverse-lb||Numbers|6:2|HE}}.<ref>[https://www.sefaria.org.il/Niddah.46a.3?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Niddah 46a]</ref> (For one year before this age, the vows are conditionally valid, depending on whether the boy or girl has signs of physical maturity.<ref name="niddah56"/>)

Other sources also list thirteen as the age of majority with respect to following the commandments of the Torah, including:
* "Why is the [[yetzer hara|evil inclination]] personified as the great king ([[Ecclesiastes]] 9:14)? Because it is thirteen years older than the good inclination." That is to say, one's good inclination begins to act upon reaching the age of majority.<ref>[[Abot de-Rabbi Natan]] A. 16, B. 30; Midrash [[Psalms|Tehillim]] 9:2; [[Ecclesiastes]] Rabbah 9:15</ref>
* According to [[Pirke Rabbi Eli'ezer]] 26, [[Abraham]] rejected the total idolatry of his father and became a worshiper of God when he was thirteen years old.<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>

===The term "bar mitzvah"===
The term "bar mitzvah" appears first in the [[Talmud]], meaning "one who is subject to the law", though it does not refer to age.<ref>[https://www.sefaria.org.il/Bava_Metzia.96a.22?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=he Baba Metzia 96a]</ref> The term "bar mitzvah", in reference to age, cannot be clearly traced earlier than the 14th century, the older [[rabbinical]] term being "gadol" (adult) or "bar 'onshin" (one legally responsible for own misdoings).<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>

===History===
Many sources indicate that the ceremonial observation of a bar mitzvah developed in the Middle Ages.<ref name="Olitsky" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=239&letter=B&search=Bar%20Mitzvah |title=History of the Bar Mizvah |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |access-date=2013-04-13}}</ref>

Some late [[midrash]]ic sources, and some medieval sources refer to a synagogue ceremony performed upon the boy's reaching age thirteen:
* [[Simon Tzemach Duran]] quotes a [[Midrash]] interpreting the Hebrew word ''zo'' ("this") in [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] 43:21 ("These people have I formed for myself, they shall speak my praise") as referring by its [[gematria|numerical value]] to those that have reached the age of 13.<ref>''Magen Avot'' on the Baraita on Avot 5:21</ref> This seems to imply that, at the time of the composition of the Midrash the bar mitzvah publicly pronounced a blessing on the occasion of his entrance upon maturity.
* The [[Midrash Hashkem]]:<ref>[https://www.sefaria.org.il/Otzar_Midrashim%2C_Hashkem%2C_Midrash_Hashkem_('Arise_Early').9?vhe=Otzar_Midrashim,_New_York,_1915&lang=bi Midrash Hashkem on Shemot]; also [[Grünhut]]'s "''Sefer ha'Likkutim''", i. 3a</ref> "The heathen when he begets a son consecrates him to idolatrous practices; the [[Israelite]] has his son circumcised and the rite of '[[pidyon haben]]' performed; and as soon as he becomes of age he brings him into the [[synagogue]] and [[Beth midrash|school]] in order that he may praise the name of God, reciting the [[Barechu]]."
* [[Masseket Soferim]] (18:5) makes matters even more explicit: "In [[Jerusalem]] they are accustomed to initiate their children to fast on the [[Day of Atonement]], a year or two before their maturity; and then, when the age has arrived, to bring the Bar Mitzvah before the [[Jewish priest|priest]] or elder for blessing, encouragement, and prayer, that he may be granted a portion in the [[Jewish Law|Law]] and in the doing of good works. Whosoever is of superiority in the town is expected to pray for him as he bows down to him to receive his blessing."
* [[Genesis Rabbah]]:<ref name=GenesisRabbah63/> "Up to thirteen years [[Esau]] and [[Jacob]] went together to the primary school and back home; after the thirteen years were over, the one went to the [[Beth midrash|beit midrash]] to study [[Jewish Law|Law]], the other to the house of idols. Regarding this, Rabbi Eleazar remarks, 'Until the thirteenth year it is the father's duty to train his boy; after this, he must say: "Blessed be He who has taken from me the responsibility [the punishment] for this boy!"'"
Later on are references to a festive celebration on this occasion:
* "It is a [[mitzvah]] for a person to make a meal on the day his son becomes Bar Mitzvah as on the day he enters the [[Chuppah|wedding canopy]]."<ref>[[Orach Chayim]] 225:2, [[Magen Avraham]] 4</ref>

== Significance ==
Reaching the age of bar or bat mitzvah signifies becoming a full-fledged member of the Jewish community with the responsibilities that come with it. These include [[moral]] responsibility for one's own actions; eligibility to be called to read from the [[Torah]] and lead or participate in a [[minyan]]; the right to possess personal property and to [[Jewish views on marriage|legally marry on one's own according to Jewish law]]; the duty to follow the [[613 Mitzvot|613 laws]] of the Torah and keep the [[halakha]]; and the capacity to testify as a witness in a [[beth din]] (rabbinical court) case.

Many congregations require pre-bar mitzvah children to attend a minimum number of Shabbat prayer services at the synagogue, study at a [[Hebrew school]], take on a charity or community service project and maintain membership in good standing with the synagogue. In addition to study and preparation offered through the synagogue and Hebrew schools, bar mitzvah tutors may be hired to prepare the child through the study of Hebrew, Torah cantillation and basic Jewish concepts.

According to Rabbi Mark Washofsky, "The Reform Movement in North America has struggled over the bar/bat mitzvah. At one time, this ceremony was on the verge of extinction in Reform congregations. Most of them preferred to replace bar/bat mitzvah with confirmation, which they considered a more enlightened and appropriate ceremony for modern Jews. Yet the enduring popularity of bar/bat mitzvah prevailed and today, in our communities, bar/bat mitzvah is 'virtually universally observed' by Reform Jews."<ref>{{cite book|last=Washofsky|first=Mark|title=Jewish Living: A Guide to Contemporary Reform Practice|year=2001|publisher=UAHC Press|isbn=978-0-8074-0702-8}}</ref>

In 2012, concern about the high post-bar/bat mitzvah drop out rate led the [[Union for Reform Judaism]] to launch the B'nai Mitzvah Revolution, an effort to shift Reform congregations away from "the long-held assumption that religious school is about preparing kids for their bar/bat mitzvah" and focus instead on teaching them how to become committed and involved members of the Jewish community.<ref name=reform2012>[http://reformjudaismmag.org ''Reform Judaism'' magazine], Winter 2012.</ref>

== Aliyah to the Torah ==
[[File: Bar Mitzvah Western Wall.jpg|thumb|Bar mitzvah at the [[Western Wall]] in [[Jerusalem]]]]
[[File: Bar Mitzvah in the Western Wall tunnel by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Bar mitzvah at the [[Western Wall]] in [[Jerusalem]]]]
The widespread practice is that on a Sabbath shortly after a boy turns thirteen or a girl turns twelve, they are called up to read from the weekly portion of the Law (Torah),<ref>Calling someone up to say the Torah blessings during a service is called an [[Baal kore|Aliyah]], from the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: עֲלִיָּה, from the verb ''la'alot'', לעלות, meaning, "to rise, to ascend; to go up"</ref> either as one of the first seven men or as the last, in which case he will read the closing verses and the [[Haftarah]] (selections from the books of the Prophets); and if s/he is unable to read, to recite at least the benediction before and after the reading.<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia">{{Jewish Encyclopedia |no-prescript=1 |article=Bar Miẓwah|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2473-bar-mizwah|year=1906|access-date=February 4, 2018|author=Marcus Jastrow|author-link=Marcus Jastrow|author2=Kaufmann Kohler|author-link2=Kaufmann Kohler}}</ref> S/He may also give a [[d'var Torah]] (a discussion of some [[Torah]] issue, such as a discussion of that week's Torah portion) and/or lead part or all of the prayer services. Girls may have an aliyah in Reform, Reconstructionist, and Conservative Jewish synagogues, however in Orthodox synagogues aliyot are restricted to boys.

In Orthodox circles, the occasion is sometimes celebrated during a weekday service that includes reading from the Torah, such as a Monday or Thursday morning service.

Some communities or families may delay the celebration for reasons such as availability of a Shabbat during which no other celebration has been scheduled, or due to the desire to permit the family to travel to the event. However, this does not delay the onset of rights and responsibilities of being a Jewish adult which comes about strictly by virtue of age.

== Tefillin ==
[[File: Jewish boy reads Bar Mitzvah.JPG|thumb|Bar mitzvah boy wearing [[tallit]] and [[tefillin]]]]

The obligation to lay [[tefillin]] begins when a boy reaches bar mitzvah age. The common custom is for the bar mitzvah boy to begin putting on tefillin one to three months before his bar mitzvah. This way, by the time he is obligated in the commandment, he will already know how to fulfill it properly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/81815/jewish/Some-Laws-of-Tefillin.htm |title=Some Laws of Tefillin – The Basic Laws and the order of Putting on the Tefillin|publisher=Chabad.org |access-date=2012-08-13}}</ref>

== Parties ==
As the first mention of a party associated with a synagogue bar mitzvah was in the 13th century, hosting some sort of party is traditional and frequently considered necessary.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.topic.com/the-bar-mitzvah-party-starters|title=The Bar Mitzvah Party Starters|last=Doll|first=Jen|date=9 December 2017|work=Topic|access-date=2017-12-23|language=en}}</ref>

Bar mitzvah festivities typically include a joyous [[seudat mitzvah]], a celebratory meal with family, friends, and members of the community, the Bar Mitzvah boy delivering on this occasion a learned discourse or oration at the table before the invited guests, who offer him presents, while the rabbi or teacher gives him his blessing, accompanying it at times with an address.<ref name="Jewish Encyclopedia"/>
Some Jews celebrate in other ways such as taking the bar or bat mitzvah on a special trip or organizing some special event in the celebrant's honour. In many communities, the celebrant is given a certificate. According to the Orthodox view, the bar mitzvah boy is so happy to be commanded to do [[mitzvot]] and earn a reward in the next world for his efforts, that he throws a party and has a festive meal.{{dubious|date=May 2015|reason=13-year-olds cannot afford to throw parties or pay for festive meals}}

In some times and places, local Jewish leaders have officially limited the size and elaborateness of mitzvahs.<ref name=":0" /> For example, only ten men were permitted to attend the party in 1730 in [[Berlin]], and the music was banned at these parties in 1767 in [[Prague]].<ref name=":0" /> These rules were usually meant to avoid offending non-Jewish neighbours, and to maintain the rule that it be a smaller celebration than a wedding.<ref name=":0" />

Bar and bat mitzvah parties among wealthy Jewish families in North America are often lavish affairs held at hotels and country clubs with hundreds of guests.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen|first=Stefanie |title=$1 Million Parties – Have NYC Bar Mitzvahs Gone Too Far?|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/million_parties_hBAxzzq32OAbhxtVHDYuqL|work=[[New York Post]] |access-date=2010-04-18 |date=April 18, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100420085204/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/million_parties_hBAxzzq32OAbhxtVHDYuqL| archive-date= April 20, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Al |url=http://www.jewishhumorcentral.com/2011/01/saturday-night-live-mocks-over-top-bar.html |title=Saturday Night Live Mocks Over-The-Top Bar Mitzvah |publisher=Jewish Humor Central |date=2011-01-18 |access-date=2012-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Allison Hoffman |title=Big bucks and pink thrones |url=http://www.chicagojewishnews.com/story.htm?sid=3&id=254985 |newspaper=The Chicago Jewish News |date=December 9, 2007 |access-date=2012-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120151630/http://www.chicagojewishnews.com/story.htm?sid=3&id=254985 |archive-date=November 20, 2012}}</ref> The trend has been mocked, most notably in the movie ''[[Keeping Up with the Steins]]''. In the 1950s, Rabbi Harold Saperstein of New York described them as too often being "more bar than mitzvah".<ref name=":0" /> Rabbi [[Shmuley Boteach]] says that over-the-top bar mitzvah parties were already common when he was growing up in [[Miami]] in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news |author=Rabbi [[Shmuley Boteach]] | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rabbi-shmuley-boteach/extravagant-weddings-and-_b_691579.html | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | title=Extravagant Weddings and Bar Mitzvahs Humiliate the Jewish Community | date=August 23, 2010}}</ref>

In 1979, the Responsa Committee of the Central Conference of American Rabbis addressed the Reform attitude toward bar/bat mitzvah: "Every effort should be exerted to maintain the family festivities in the religious mood at the bar/bat mitzvah. Some of the efforts of early Reform in favor of confirmation [and] against bar mitzvah were prompted by the extravagant celebration of bar mitzvah, which had removed its primary religious significance. We vigorously oppose such excesses, as they destroy the meaning of bar/bat mitzvah."<ref name=reform2012 />

In May, 1992, the board of trustees of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now the Union for Reform Judaism), the synagogue arm of the Reform Movement, unanimously passed a resolution decrying "excesses of wasteful consumption...glitzy theme events, sophisticated entertainment...and expensive party favors", calling instead for "family cohesion, authentic friendship, acts of ''[[tzedakah]]'' (righteous giving), and parties suitable for children."<ref name=reform2012 />

The cost of the party depends upon what the family is willing and able to spend. Some families spend tens, or even hundreds, of thousands of dollars on the party.<ref name=":0" /> Generally speaking, these celebrations are less costly and elaborate than a wedding in that family.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to food and drink for the guests, the money at an elaborate party is mostly spent on renting and decorating a venue and hiring staff, from the catering team to [[emcees]], [[Disc jockey|DJs]], entertainers, and dancers (also called "motivators") to encourage the guests to dance or play games.<ref name=":0" />

== Bat Mitzvah customs ==
[[File:Egyptian Alexandria Jewish girls during BatMitzva.jpg|thumb|left|Egyptian Alexandria Jewish girls during bat mitzvah]]
[[File:BatM 1.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] bat mitzvah in Israel]]
[[File:Torah Reading Sephardic custom.jpg|thumb|left|Reading from the [[Torah]] (Sephardi custom)]]
Today many non-Orthodox Jews celebrate a girl's bat mitzvah in the same way as a boy's bar mitzvah. All [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]], and most [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] [[synagogue]]s have egalitarian participation, in which women read from the Torah and lead services. In Orthodox communities, a Bat Mitzvah is celebrated when a girl reaches the age of 12.

The majority of [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and some Conservative Jews reject the idea that a woman can publicly read from the Torah or lead prayer services whenever there is a [[minyan]] ([[quorum]] of 10 males) available to do so. However, the public celebration of a girl becoming bat mitzvah in other ways has made strong inroads into [[Modern Orthodox Judaism]] and also into some elements of [[Haredi Judaism]]. In these congregations, women do not read from the Torah or lead prayer services, but they occasionally lecture on a Jewish topic to mark their coming of age, learn a book of [[Tanakh]], recite verses from the [[Book of Esther]] or the [[Book of Psalms]], or say prayers from the [[siddur]]. In some Modern Orthodox circles, bat mitzvah girls will read from the Torah and lead prayer services in a [[Tefillah#Role of women|women's tefillah]]. Rabbi [[Moshe Feinstein]], a prominent Orthodox ''[[posek]],'' described the bat mitzvah celebration as "meaningless", and of no greater halakhic significance than a birthday party. However, he reluctantly permitted it in homes, but not synagogues,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eleff |first1=Zev |title=Authentically Orthodox: A Tradition-Bound Faith in American Life |date=2020 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-4482-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1-lDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Feinstein+forbade+bat+mitzvah+in+the+synagogue+and+only+with+considerable+reluctance+tolerated+it+in+homes.%22&pg=PT73 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 2: How Bat Mitzvah Became Orthodox}}</ref><ref name=EleffSymp2016 /> as the latter would be construed as imitating Reform and Conservative customs; in any case, they do not have the status of [[seudat mitzvah]].<ref>Iggros Moshe OC 1:104 and OC 2:97</ref> Rabbi [[Ovadiah Yosef]] holds that it is a seudat mitzvah.<ref>Yabia Omer 2:29</ref>

There were occasional attempts to recognize a girl's coming of age in eastern Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, the former in Warsaw (1843) and the latter in Lemberg (1902). The occasion was marked by a party without any ritual in the synagogue.<ref>Marcus, Ivan G. (2004). ''The Jewish Life Cycle: Rites of Passage from Biblical to Modern Times''. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|0-295-98440-6}}, p. 105.</ref>

According to the archivist at the Great Synagogue in Rome, the custom of a young woman being called up in synagogue before the entire community dates back to the early years of the Roman Jewish community approximately 2,300 years ago. The community recognized her as "being of age" and acknowledged her in a public fashion. This would support more modern documents that record an Orthodox Jewish Italian rite for becoming bat mitzvah (which involved an "entrance into the minyan" ceremony, in which boys of thirteen and girls of twelve recited a blessing) since the mid-19th century.<ref>Marcus, p. 106.</ref> There were also bat mitzvah rituals held in the 19th century in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barkat |first=Amiram |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/coming-of-age-a-little-later-than-usual-1.8909 |title=Coming of age a little later than usual |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2003-05-27 |access-date=2013-04-13}}</ref> All this may have influenced the American rabbi [[Mordecai Kaplan|Mordecai M. Kaplan]], who held the first public celebration of a bat mitzvah in the United States, for his daughter Judith, on March 18, 1922, at the [[Society for the Advancement of Judaism]], his synagogue in New York City.<ref name="Jewish Virtual Library: First American Bat Mitvah">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/firstbat.html |title=The First American Bat Mitvah |encyclopedia=Jewish Virtual Library |date=1922-03-18 |access-date=2013-04-13}}</ref><ref>Waskow, Arthur Ocean and Phyllis Ocean Berman. Excerpt from ''A Time for Every Purpose Under Heaven'' Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC at {{cite web |url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/lifecycle/Bar_Bat_Mitzvah/History/HistoryBatMitzvah.htm |title=History of Bat Mizvah |access-date=2007-10-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013163838/http://myjewishlearning.com/lifecycle/Bar_Bat_Mitzvah/History/HistoryBatMitzvah.htm |archive-date= October 13, 2007| url-status= live}}</ref> [[Judith Kaplan Eisenstein|Judith Kaplan]] recited the preliminary blessing, read a portion of that week's Torah portion in Hebrew and English, and then intoned the closing blessing.<ref name="Jewish Virtual Library: First American Bat Mitvah" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/27/style/bat-mitzvahs.html|title=Becoming a Woman Before Their Eyes|last1=Peiser|first1=Jaclyn|date=2019-04-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-27|last2=Lyons|first2=Eve|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Chafetz|first3=Marisa}}</ref> Mordecai Kaplan, an Orthodox rabbi who joined [[Conservative Judaism]] and then became the founder of [[Reconstructionist Judaism]], influenced Jews from all branches of non-Orthodox Judaism, through his position at the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]]. At the time, most Orthodox rabbis strongly rejected the idea of a bat mitzvah ceremony.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eleff |first1=Zev |title=Authentically Orthodox: A Tradition-Bound Faith in American Life |date=2020 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-4482-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1-lDwAAQBAJ&q=%22the+rabbinate+in+the+United+States+had+already+decided+on+the+halakhic+impropriety+of+the+Bat+Mitzvah+ritual%22&pg=PT74 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 2: How Bat Mitzvah Became Orthodox |quote="...the rabbinate in the United States had already decided on the halakhic impropriety of the Bat Mitzvah ritual..."}}</ref><ref name="Eleff2020">{{cite book |last1=Eleff |first1=Zev |last2=Schacter |first2=Jacob J. |title=Modern Orthodox Judaism: A Documentary History |date=2016 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8276-1289-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa05DAAAQBAJ&q=%22Orthodox+leaders+resisted+the+%22innovation%22+and+impulse+to+be+%22with+it.%22+In+fact,+as+late+as+the+1970s,+only+the+most+accommodating+Orthodox+rabbis+permitted+bat+mitzvah+ceremonies,+and+they+allowed+just+the+most+modest+sort+of+occasions.%22&pg=PT225 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 9: The Orthodox Synagogue and Rabbinate. Section 1: Rites of Passage |quote="...Orthodox leaders resisted the "innovation" and impulse to be "with it." In fact, as late as the 1970s, only the most accommodating Orthodox rabbis permitted bat mitzvah ceremonies, and they allowed just the most modest sort of occasions..."}}</ref><ref name = "EleffSymp2016">{{cite web |last1=Eleff |first1=Zev |last2=Butler |first2=Menachem |title=How Bat Mitzvah Became Orthodox," Symposium on Masorah, May 2016 (TorahMusings.com) |url=https://www.academia.edu/25805815 |language=en}}</ref>

As the ceremony became accepted for females as well as males, many women chose to celebrate the ceremony even though they were much older, as a way of formalizing and celebrating their place in the adult Jewish community.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/22/us/22batmitzvah.html |work=The New York Times |title=Having a Bat Mitzvah in Their 90s Because It's a Hoot |first=Christopher |last=Maag |date=March 22, 2009 |access-date=March 31, 2010}}
</ref>

== Alternative ceremonies ==
[[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Bar Mitzvah at the Western Wall.jpg|thumb|Bar mitzvah for 1,000 immigrant boys from Russia at the Western Wall, 1995]]
[[File:Jerusalem Western Wall BW 4.JPG|thumb|Bar Mitzvah at the Western Wall]]

Instead of reading from the Torah, some [[Humanistic Judaism|Humanist Jews]] prefer a research paper on a topic in Jewish history to mark their coming of age.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.shma.com/2000/06/mollys-unforgettable-bat-mitzvah/ |title=Molly's Unforgettable Bat Mitzvah |first=Linda |last=Arking |publisher=Sh'ma, A Journal of Jewish Ideas |date=June 1, 2000 |access-date=August 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bar/Bat Mitzvah Program |publisher=[[City Congregation for Humanistic Judaism]] |url=http://www.citycongregation.org/index.php?pageID=0031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420094118/http://www.citycongregation.org/index.php?pageID=0031 |archive-date=April 20, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 15, 2009 |title=At This Bar Mitzvah, Dylan's The Only Prophet |author=Carolyn Slutsky |work=[[The Jewish Week]] |location=New York |url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c36_a16283/News/New_York.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720071643/http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c36_a16283/News/New_York.html |archive-date=July 20, 2009}}</ref> Secular Jewish Sunday schools and communities—including those affiliated with the Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations and the [[Workman's Circle|Arbeiter Ring (Workmen's Circle)]]—encourage the youngsters to select any topic that interests them and relates to the Jewish part of their identities.

The [[kibbutz]] movement in Israel also encouraged the celebration of the bar mitzvah. All those coming of age in the community for that year would take on a project and research in a topic of Jewish or Zionist interest. Today many kibbutz children are opting for a more traditional bar mitzvah celebration.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Among some Jews, a man who has reached the age of 83 will celebrate a second bar mitzvah, under the logic that in the Hebrew Bible it says that a normal lifespan is 70 years, so that an 83-year-old can be considered 13 in a second lifetime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishanswers.org/ask-the-rabbi-category/lifecycle-events/bar-bat-mitzvah/?p=2891|title=LifeCycle Events: Bar and Bat Mitzvah }}</ref> This ritual is becoming more common as people live longer, healthier lives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forward.com/culture/jewishness/384977/why-83-is-the-new-13-for-bar-mitzvahs/|title=Why 83 Is The New 13 For Bar Mitzvahs|author=Amy Oringel|date=October 19, 2017|website=[[Forward.com]]|access-date=January 31, 2018}}</ref>

A [[Bark Mitzvah]] is a pseudo-traditional observance and celebration of a dog's [[coming of age]],<ref name="BarkMitzvahNYT">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/20/nyregion/20mitzvah.html |title= Today He Is a Dog; Actually He Always Was |author= Lily Koppel |work= [[The New York Times]] |date= December 20, 2004}}</ref><ref name="CohenGindlinBook">Shari Cohen and Marcelo Gindlin. ''Alfie's Bark Mitzvah''. [[Chandler, Arizona]]: Five Star Publications, 2007. Book with audio CD. {{ISBN|1-58985-055-6|978-1589850552}}.</ref> as in the Jewish traditional bar mitzvah and [[bat mitzvah]]. The term has been in use since at least 1958, when Beverly Hills couple Janet and Sonny Salter held a Bark Mitzvah for their 13 year old dog, Windy.<ref name="Salter Bark Mitzvah">{{cite book |last1=Salter |first1=Janet |last2=Salter |first2=Sonny |title=Beverly Hills Gothic |date=2009 |publisher=Salter Lipsky Press |location=Beverly Hills |page=290 |url=https://charlie07.domain.com/ebooks/BHG_I_online/mobile/index.html#p=303 |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="RabbiLetterNYT">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/19/nyregion/l-a-rabbi-s-view-of-a-bark-mitzvah-216160.html |title= A Rabbi's View Of a 'Bark Mitzvah' |author=Rabbi Charles A. Kroloff |work= [[The New York Times]] |date=January 19, 1997}}</ref> Bark Mitzvahs are sometimes held as an adjunct to the festival of [[Purim]].<ref name="SantaMonicaNationalGeog">{{cite news |url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/061006-pet-church.html |title= Pets Gaining Recognition in Places of Worship |author= Maryann Mott |work= [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic News]] |date= October 6, 2006}}</ref>

== Gifts ==
Bar or bat mitzvah celebrations have become an occasion to give the celebrant a commemorative gift. Traditionally, common gifts include books with religious or educational value, religious items, writing implements, savings bonds (to be used for the child's college education), gift certificates, or money.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jewfaq.org/barmitz.htm |title=Judaism 101: Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah and Confirmation |website=jewfaq.org |year=2011 |access-date=August 15, 2011}}</ref> Gifts of cash have become commonplace in recent times.{{when|date=September 2011}} As with charity and all other gifts, it has become common to give in multiples of 18, since the ''[[gematria]]'', or numerical equivalent of the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word for "life", ("[[chai (symbol)|chai]]"), is the number 18. Monetary gifts in multiples of 18 are considered to be particularly auspicious and have become common for the bar and bat mitzvah. Many b'nai mitzvah also receive their first [[tallit]] from their parents to be used for the occasion and [[tefillin]] where this is appropriate. Jewelry is a common gift for girls at a bat mitzvah celebration. Another gift for the bat mitzvah girl are Shabbat candlesticks because it is the duty and honour of the woman to light the candles.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1918218/jewish/Bat-Mitzvah-What-It-Is-and-How-to-Celebrate.htm |title=Bat Mitzvah: What It Is and How to Celebrate |access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref>

== In adults ==
{{Main|Adult bar and bat mitzvah}}
While the traditional age to hold a bar or bat mitzvah is 13 for boys and 12 or 13 for girls, some adults choose to have a bar or bat mitzvah if they did not have them as children. Since the 1970s, [[adult bar and bat mitzvah]] have been growing in popularity.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

== See also ==
* [[Brit milah]]
* [[Confirmation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Goldberg, Harvey E. "Rites of Passage: Jewish Rites". ''Encyclopedia of Religion''. Ed. Lindsay Jones. 2nd ed. Vol. 11. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2005. pp. 7818–7824. [http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3424502652&v=2.1&u=unizur&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w Gale Virtual Reference Library].
* Golding, Nora. ''Bat Mitzvahs in America''. Lulu, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-312-92108-5}}.
* Hilton, Michael. ''Bar Mitzvah: A History''. University of Nebraska Press, 2014.
* Kaplan, Zvi, and Norma Baumel Joseph. "Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah". ''Encyclopaedia Judaica''. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2007. pp. 164–167. [http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2587502057&v=2.1&u=unizur&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w Gale Virtual Reference Library].
* Oppenheimer, Mark. ''Thirteen and a Day: The Bar and Bat Mitzvah across America''. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005.
* Vinick, Barbara and [[Shulamit Reinharz]]. ''Today I Am a Woman: Stories of Bat Mitzvah around the World''. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2011. {{ISBN|978-0253356932}}.

== External links ==
* [http://www.jewfaq.org/barmitz.htm Judaism 101: Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah and Confirmation]

=== Bar mitzvah ===
{{Commons category-inline|Bar Mitzvah}}
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144322/jewish/bar-mitzvah.htm/ Chabad's Becoming a Bar Mitzvah]
* [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/what-does-bar-mitzvah-mean/ My Jewish Learning – What Does Bar Mitzvah Mean?]

=== Bat mitzvah ===
{{Commons category-inline|Bat Mitzvah}}
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1912582/jewish/bat-mitzvah.htm/ Chabad's Becoming a Bat Mitzvah]
* [http://www.batmitzvahclub.com/ Bat Mitzvah Clubs International]
* [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/history-of-bat-mitzvah/ My Jewish Learning – History of Bat Mitzvah]

{{Jewish life|state=expanded}}
{{Women in Judaism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bar And Bat Mitzvah}}
[[Category:Jewish law and rituals]]
[[Category:Judaism and women]]
[[Category:Judaism and children]]
[[Category:Rites of passage]]
[[Category:Commandments]]
[[Category:Jewish life cycle]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law]]

Kid Pix

2021-08-07T08:34:11Z

Comm.unity: added external link to kid pix 1.0 web app

{{short description|Bitmap drawing program designed for children}}
{{Italic title}}
{{multiple issues|
{{one source|date=June 2012}}
{{primary sources|date = June 2014}}
{{original research|date = July 2014}}}}
{{infobox software
| logo = Kidpix-icon.png
| logo size = 32px
| screenshot = Kid Pix 1.0 About.png
| screenshot size = 365px
| caption = Kid Pix 1.0 "about" screen. ''Above:'' the Kid Pix Studio Deluxe icon.
| author = Craig Hickman
| developer =
Craig Hickman (1989-1998) 
[[Broderbund]] (1991-1998, 2000) 
Presage Software (1995-1999) 
ImageBuilder Software (1995-1999) 
[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Learning Technology|Riverdeep]] (2000-2004) 
[[The Learning Company]] (1999, 2004) 
Software MacKiev (2000, 2004-present)
| released = {{Start date and age|1989}}
| latest_release_version = ''Kid Pix 5: The S.T.E.A.M. Edition'' (Mac OS, Windows, iOS)
| latest_release_date =
| operating_system = [[Classic Mac OS]], [[macOS]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[AmigaOS]], [[FM Towns]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Neo_Kobe_Fujitsu_FM_Towns_2016-02-25|title=FM Towns ROM Archive}} KidPix FM Towns ROM.</ref> [[iOS]]
| genre = [[Bitmap graphics editor]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.mackiev.com/kidpix/index.html}}
}}

'''''Kid Pix''''' is a [[bitmap]] drawing program designed for [[children]]. Originally created by Craig Hickman, it was first released for the [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] in 1989 and subsequently published in 1991 by [[Broderbund]]. Hickman was inspired to create ''Kid Pix'' after watching his son Ben struggle with [[MacPaint]], and thus the main idea behind its development was to create a drawing program that would be very simple to use.<ref name="earlyyears">{{cite web |last1=Hickman |first1=Craig |title=Kid Pix - The Early Years |url=http://red-green-blue.com/kid-pix-the-early-years |website=Dry Reading |access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

The application is now developed by Software MacKiev, who had been involved in development of the Macintosh version of ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3'' and has been the sole developer of the ''Kid Pix'' series since the initial release of ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3X'' prior to acquiring the brand from [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] in October 2011.

==History==

Craig Hickman was studying photography at [[Evergreen State College]] in 1972 with the aim of taking a career in fine art photography when he encountered a friend entering code into a [[Teleprinter|teletype]] in the college's terminal room. This impressed upon Hickman a desire to learn how to program.<ref name="earlyyears" /> After leaving college he continued to write programs for his own education, and by 1988 owned an [[Apple Macintosh]] and had begun distributing software in the [[public domain]].<ref name="earlyyears" />

While using [[MacPaint]] that year, his then-3-year-old son expressed a desire to use the application. Hickman noted how quickly he adapted to the use of the mouse and keyboard, but also that he inadvertently activated [[pop-up menu]]s and other user interface elements. It was this experience that encouraged Hickman to write a simple paint program for his son to use; he also decided to make this freely available.<ref name="earlyyears" />

The Color Macintosh was released before Hickman's first launch of his program, which he had named ''Kid Pix''. Encouraged by a friend to sell his software rather than give it away, Hickman began working on a commercial enhanced version of the original [[monochrome]] ''Kid Pix'' freeware release, called ''Kid Pix Professional'', which would retail for {{USD|25}} ({{Inflation|US|25|1990|fmt=eq}}). An [[advertisement]] for ''Kid Pix Professional'' was bundled with ''Kid Pix'' when he released it in November 1989. By June 1990 ''Kid Pix Professional'' had been released, and Hickman estimates that around 100 copies were sold in total.<ref name="earlyyears" />

Hickman sent a copy of the application to [[Broderbund Software]] in the Summer of 1990 on the encouragement of friends, and having been given details for a contact within the company. He did not anticipate the application being adopted, but received a call within a week indicating that Broderbund would like to publish it. Broderbund's release of ''Kid Pix'' was demonstrated during the [[MacWorld]] keynote in 1991 and ''Kid Pix 1.0'' was released in March 1991 to very positive feedback. By this point Broderbund had also begun developing a version of ''Kid Pix'' for [[MS-DOS]]. ''Kid Pix 1.0'' received several industry awards, including the 1991 MacUser Eddi for best Children's Program, the 1991 Software Publishers Association Awards for Best User Interface in a New Program and Best Early Learning Program, and the MacWorld World-Class award for Best Education Program.<ref name="earlyyears" />

The latest Mac and Windows versions of the product were developed by the current owner and publisher of ''Kid Pix'', Software MacKiev, who had been involved in development of the Macintosh version of ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3'' and has been the sole developer of the ''Kid Pix'' series since the initial release of ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3X'' prior to acquiring the brand from [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] in October 2011. Hickman had no involvement with the development of ''Kid Pix'' from 1998 until late 2011 when he began consulting with Software MacKiev on the development of future editions.

==Timeline==

[[File:Kidpix_deluxe_3x_main_area.png|thumb|right|Screenshot of ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3X''.|421px]]

*1989 - ''Kid Pix Public Domain Version'' is released for free in November, 1989
*1990 - ''Kid Pix Professional'' is released at a price of $25 ({{Inflation|US|25|1990|fmt=eq}}) with sound, color, the mixer tool, more stamps and bilingual menus in English and Spanish
*Broderbund offers to publish ''Kid Pix''
*March 1991 - ''Kid Pix 1.0'' is released at a price of $59.95 ({{Inflation|US|59.95|1990|fmt=eq|r=2}}) with impressive sales and reviews<ref name=oppenheim-kp>{{cite book |last=Oppenheim |first=Joanne and Stephanie |author-link= Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award |title = The Best Toys, Books & Videos for Kids |publisher = [[Harper Perennial]] |series = [[Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award|Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Guide Book]] |volume = 1 |edition = 1st |location = New York |date = 1993 |section= Computer Software/CD-ROM - Tools for Creative Expression: 'KidPix' |page = 270 |isbn = 0-06-273196-3 }}</ref>
*1992 - ''Kid Pix Companion'' is released at a price of $39.95 ({{Inflation|US|39.95|1990|fmt=eq|r=2}}) adds new features and [[QuickTime]] videos.<ref name=oppenheim-kpc>{{cite book |last=Oppenheim |first=Joanne and Stephanie |author-link= Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award |title = The Best Toys, Books & Videos for Kids |publisher = [[Harper Perennial]] |series = [[Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award|Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Guide Book]] |volume = 1 |edition = 1st |location = New York |date = 1993 |section= Computer Software/CD-ROM - Tools for Creative Expression: 'KidPix Companion' |page = 270 |isbn = 0-06-273196-3 }}</ref>
*1993 - ''Kid Cuts'', a derivative of ''Kid Pix'' that allows for creation of special projects, is released at a price of $59.95 ({{Inflation|US|59.95|1990|fmt=eq|r=2}})<ref name=oppenheim-kc>{{cite book |last=Oppenheim |first=Joanne and Stephanie |author-link= Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award |title = The Best Toys, Books & Videos for Kids |publisher = [[Harper Perennial]] |series = [[Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award|Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Guide Book]] |volume = 1 |edition = 1st |location = New York |date = 1993 |section= Computer Software/CD-ROM - Tools for Creative Expression: 'KidCuts' |page = 270 |isbn = 0-06-273196-3 }}</ref>
*1994 - ''Kid Pix 2'' distributes both ''Kid Pix'' and the ''Companion'' together
*1994 - ''Kid Pix Fun Pack'' adds new stamps and hidden pictures
*1995 - ''Kid Pix Studio'' is released by Broderbund
*1998 - ''Kid Pix Studio Deluxe'' is released by Broderbund
*1999 - ''Kid Pix Studio Deluxe'' is re-released by The Learning Company a year after its acquisition of Broderbund
*2000 - ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3'' is released by Broderbund/Riverdeep
*2004 - ''Kid Pix Deluxe 4'' is released by The Learning Company/Riverdeep
*2004 - ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3X'' (Mac OS X Edition 1.0) is released by Software MacKiev
*2006 - ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3X'' (Mac OS X Edition 1.1) by Software MacKiev adds iPod movies export and enhanced integration with [[iTunes]], [[iPhoto]], [[iMovie]] and [[GarageBand]], applications from the Apple's [[iLife]] application suite.
*2008 - ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3X'' (Mac OS X Edition 1.2.3) by Software MacKiev fixes compatibility with a new version of [[QuickTime]] and adds compatibility with [[Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard"]]
*2008 - ''Kid Pix Deluxe 4'' is re-released on DVD-ROM by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt two years after Riverdeep's merge with Houghton Mifflin
*2010 - ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3D'' (Mac OS X Edition 2.0) by Software MacKiev is a major upgrade, with path animation, 3D characters, movie backgrounds, and video narration
*2011 - ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3D'' (Windows Edition) is released by Software MacKiev
*2018 - ''Kid Pix 5: The S.T.E.A.M. Edition'' is released by Software MacKiev

===Kid Pix 2===

''Kid Pix 2'' added new features to the original. These features were originally available in an add-on known as ''Kid Pix Companion''.

"SlideShow" is a program allowing the creation of a [[slide show]] of ''Kid Pix'' images with transitions and custom recorded sounds. By setting the time delay between slides to the lowest possible setting [[animations]] can be created using multiple ''Kid Pix'' images acting as each of the [[Frame (film)|frames]] of animation.

The "Wacky TV" allows the user to watch video clips in common media formats such as [[QuickTime|MOV]] or [[Audio Video Interleave|AVI]]. The picture can then be distorted using various buttons. The CD came with various sample clips to watch. If a movie contained sound, there was also an option to speed up the audio by 50%, or play it in reverse.

===Kid Pix Studio===
''Kid Pix Studio'' offered a complement of programs to the original ''Kid Pix''. It opened up the ability for children to create not only static images but animated creations as well.

SlideShow was extended to allow the use of any ''Kid Pix'', Moopie, Stampimator and Digital Puppet files in the slide show.

"Moopies" is very similar to the standard ''Kid Pix'' program except with a reduced canvas size and the ability to add several animated rubber stamps and wacky brush items. Music and sounds can also be chosen to play in the background of the "moopie."

"Stampimator" is again similar to the standard ''Kid Pix'' program and "Moopies", except the animated rubber stamps can be dragged across the canvas recording a path which they would then repetitively follow.

Several pre-made computer puppets are provided in this program. The user can animate them like a real puppet including choosing facial expressions by hitting various keys on the keyboard. Sound and music, and a background can be added to go along with the movement of the puppet.

The "Moopies," "Digital Puppets," "Stampimator" and "Slideshow" creations can be saved as a standalone [[executable]] that enables them to be viewed by others regardless of them owning a copy of ''Kid Pix Studio''. "Slideshows" also have the added possibility of being exported to a video file, although this functionality is limited to slide shows that contain only ''Kid Pix'' drawings.

The "Wacky TV" feature allowed users to watch movies and animations made in Moopies, and Slideshow, and even any movies the user may have on their computer. Several buttons are available for use in this feature, which allows users to watch the movies in several different ways, like in reverse or flipped screen. This was also available on the previous version of ''Kid Pix''.

====Kid Pix Studio Deluxe====
A later version, titled ''Kid Pix Studio Deluxe'', featured an updated picker screen and allowed editing text items after they have been placed down, which was not possible in prior versions of ''Kid Pix''. It was also possible in this version to have the computer read the text aloud, and, exclusive to the [[Macintosh]] version, add some music to play in the background during a SlideShow.

===Kid Pix Deluxe 3===

''Kid Pix'' received a significant makeover with ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3''. It was updated with a new [[3-D computer graphics|3D]] looking interface and new sound effects which makes it almost unrecognizable from the older versions. The only surviving new feature inherited from ''Kid Pix Studio'' was the SlideShow. This is possibly because the others were rendered unnecessary with the addition of [[clip art]] pictures and animations to the basic ''Kid Pix'' program.

Added tools include:

*''Background'', to select a premade background from a large library.
*''Static Clip Art'', a large library of premade static [[clip art]].
*''Animated Clip Art''.
*''Sound Tool'', used to select sounds for the image from the provided library or to record your own.
*''Play Button'', upon being clicked, the animated [[clip art]] on the page would animate, the selected sound (if any) would begin to play and text typed would be spoken by the selected voice.

===Kid Pix Deluxe 4===

''Kid Pix Deluxe 4'' was released in 2004 and saw several improvements over ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3'', including an updated interface whose layout is more faithful to the original ''Kid Pix'' (thus causing the canvas to be larger), the Text tool having a [[WYSIWYG]] font menu, the Idea Machine being accessible from the user interface instead of simply from the program's menu, a leaner and more organized Background library, a bilingual Undo Guy that can yap out both English and Spanish phrases, and video tutorials on how to use the program and each of its individual tools. For Macintosh users, this was the first version of ''Kid Pix'' to be compatible with Mac OS X, the last version to be compatible with the "Classic" Mac OS (in this case, [[Mac OS 8]] and [[Mac OS 9|9]]), and the only version to utilize Apple's [[Carbon (API)|Carbon]] [[application programming interface|API]].

===Kid Pix Deluxe 3X===

A new version of ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3'', which was initially released in 2004, featured Mac OS X compatibility, increased canvas size and integration with applications from the Apple's iLife application suite, such as [[iMovie]], [[iTunes]], [[iPhoto]] and [[GarageBand]]. Also, it features export of ''Kid Pix'' projects to [[iPod]] video format, giving kids a head start in creating their own [[podcasts]]. Further, the exploding screen eraser from the previous ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3'' Edition was replaced with a fire hose, which was less destructive and noisy.

===Kid Pix Deluxe 3D===

A significant upgrade from ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3X'', the 3D edition was published for the Mac by Software MacKiev in October 2010 and for Windows in October 2011. While retaining the features of the previous "3X" edition, ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3D'' emphasizes digital storytelling with video narration and export to [[YouTube]]. The "3D" part of the name comes from the newly added 3D animations and backgrounds, and an export to 3D feature that creates anaglyph video images that can be viewed using red/blue 3D glasses (included in the package).

===Kid Pix 5: The S.T.E.A.M. Edition===

''Kid Pix 5: The S.T.E.A.M. Edition'' is the newest version of Kid Pix by Software MacKiev, available for Mac, Windows, and iPad. It is the first version to have iPad support and 64-bit compatibility, and has a new [[Industrial Revolution|Steam age]] interface. Currently, it is only available as an upgrade or for educational institutions.<ref>https://www.mackiev.com/offers/kp5/upgrade_offer.html</ref>

==Features==
[[File:Kidpix_3d_paint_studio.jpg|thumb|left|Screenshot of ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3D''.|400px]]

The [[canvas]] occupies most of the available screen face, and the entire canvas is visible at all times. The drawing tools available to the user are placed in a column of buttons down the left edge of the screen. Instead of using [[Menu (computing)|menus]] to access the different options that each tool has, they are displayed in a row of [[Icon (computing)|icons]] along the bottom of the screen. Selecting a new tool presents a new set of options, such as different styles for the ''Wacky Brush''. The color palette is situated below the list of tools and consists of a collection of colored squares for each of the available colors. Files with the KPX extension can be converted to the more accessible PCX format by renaming the extension.

Here are the drawing tools used in ''Kid Pix'':

*''Pencil Tool'', the tool that draws free lines onto the picture. Six line thicknesses are provided.
*''Line Tool'', used to create perfectly straight lines. Like the Pencil Tool, six line thicknesses are provided.
*''Paint Bucket'', used to fill an area with a solid color or pattern.
*''Square Tool'', used to create perfect square or rectangular shapes. By changing the line thickness in the line tool you could change the thickness of the square.
*''Circle Tool'', similar to the Square Tool. It is used to create perfect circles, and the thickness can be changed using the line tool.

''Kid Pix'' includes a selection of tools that go beyond drawing simple lines and shapes. These include:

*''Wacky Brush'', contains an array of options to paint various effects onto the image, such as a line of dripping paint, a line of shapes or a random leafless [[tree]].
*''Mixer Tool'', provides various options to affect the entire image with distortion, blurring and fading effects. Starting from ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3'', an example of the effects would be shown on a butterfly.
*''Rubber Stamps'', a collection of small icons that can be added to the picture in a way similar to the use of [[clip art]]. The original stamps were taken from the [[Apple Computer]] font [[Cairo (dingbat font)|Cairo]]. From ''Kid Pix Professional'' onwards the size of the stamp on the canvas could be enlarged. Eventually transformed into 8-Bit like images that could be edited by the user.

Selection and erasing tools include:

*''Erasing Tools'', these provide several different ways to erase various parts, or all, of your drawing. For example, the popular stick of dynamite would cause the entire image to [[explode]] in alternating black and white [[concentric circles]].
*''Moving Truck'', allows various parts of the image to be selected and moved around the canvas. There are different shapes and sizes that the selections can be, such as circles or rectangles.
*''Dye Tool'', used to pick out colors already used somewhere in the canvas.

Text tools include:

*''Text tool'', includes "rubber stamps" of the letters of the [[alphabet]] which speak the name of the letter when selected.
*''Typing tool'', includes basic abilities to add [[writing|text]] to the image in different [[fonts]] and various sizes.

Other tools include:

*''Sound tool'', allows you to record your own sounds to add to your pictures (e.g. little pug noises, with a bark at the end).
*The "Undo Guy" acts as a standard undo button, undoing the last change made to the image. When clicked, the Undo Guy says comical phrases in different voices. Starting with ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3D'', the Undo Guy could undo and redo several times, but in all versions of ''Kid Pix'' prior to that version, the Undo Guy could only undo and redo once.
*The "Pick a Draw Me" addition (located under the 'Goodies' Section) gives you three random phrases for a drawing idea. Each phrase is said by a different person to inspire the user to draw something unconventional. This feature was absent in ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3'' and all versions that succeeded it.

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews

| award1Pub = [[Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award]]
| award1 = Blue Chip Award<ref name=oppenheim-kp/>
}}

''KidPix'' was given a blue chip award at the 1994 [[Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Award]]s. The judges described it as "a fun-filled multimedia art exploration program with a sense of humor" and "chockful of clever goodies that invite computer and artistic exploration", however they noted that the DOS and Mac versions were superior to the Windows version.<ref name=oppenheim-kp/> ''KidPix Companion'' was reviewed in the Oppenheim Guide Book where it was described as a program that "make[s] a good thing better",<ref name=oppenheim-kpc/> alongside a review for ''KidCuts'' which was described as "a 21st-century evolution of an old kids' favorite" and "a springboard for off-line creative play".<ref name=oppenheim-kc/>

==See also==

* [[Tux Paint]]
* [[Mario Paint]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.learningelectric.com/kidpix.htm ''Kid Pix Deluxe 3'' Online Training Videos]
* [http://www.mackiev.com/kidpix/index.html Official ''Kid Pix'' Site at Software MacKiev]
* [https://kidpix.app/ ''Kid Pix 1.0'' web app]

[[Category:Software for children]]
[[Category:Raster graphics editors]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 software]]

Al-Qaeda

2021-08-03T22:34:17Z

Comm.unity: /* Alleged CIA involvement */ Added info from Coll reference; Added citation needed, attribution needed, and failed verification tags; Added wikilink; Revised for impartiality (removed editorial & potentially biased language)

{{Short description|Salafi jihadist organization}}
{{Redirect|Al-Qaidah|the Iraqi newspaper|Al-Qaidah (newspaper)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move-indef}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}}{{Infobox war faction
|name = Al-Qaeda
|native_name = القاعدة
|native_name_lang = ar
|war = {{Plain list|
* the [[War on Terror]]
* [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|Afghanistan conflict]]
* [[War in North-West Pakistan]]
* [[Somali Civil War]]
* [[Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)|Insurgency in the Maghreb]]
* [[Iraq War]]
* [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)|Iraqi insurgency]]
* [[al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen]]
* [[Syrian Civil War]]
* [[Arab Spring]]
* [[List of wars and battles involving al-Qaeda|other conflicts]]
}}
|image = Flag of al-Qaeda.svg
|caption = Flag used by various al-Qaeda factions
|active = 1988–present
|ideology = {{Plain list|
* [[Pan-Islamism]]<ref name=Atwan/>
* [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremist]]<ref name="Stephen E. Atkins">{{cite book|last1=E. Atkins|first1=Stephen|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313324857|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki/page/173 173]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atki|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=dalacoura40/>
* [[Salafi movement|Salafist Islamism]]<ref name="SalafistJidadism">{{cite web|title=Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html|last1=Livesey|first1=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Livesey (journalist)|work=PBS Frontline|publisher=WGBH |date=January 25, 2005|access-date=October 18, 2011 }} {{cite book|last1=Geltzer|first1=Joshua A.|title=US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415664523|page=83|edition=Reprint}}</ref><ref name="spiegel1">{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,369448,00.html |title=The Future of Terrorism: What al-Qaida Really Wants |work=Der Spiegel |date=August 12, 2005 |access-date=October 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307084609/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C369448%2C00.html |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="PanIslamism">{{cite news|url=http://my.telegraph.co.uk/riteman/riteway/16309030/al-qaeda-seeks-global-dominance/|title=Al-Qaeda seeks global dominance|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112142751/http://my.telegraph.co.uk/riteman/riteway/16309030/al-qaeda-seeks-global-dominance/|archive-date=January 12, 2012}} {{cite web|url=http://www.thepolitic.com/archives/2005/07/27/jihadists-want-global-caliphate/|title=Jihadists Want Global Caliphate|publisher=ThePolitic.com|date=July 27, 2005|access-date=October 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930020925/http://www.thepolitic.com/archives/2005/07/27/jihadists-want-global-caliphate/|archive-date=September 30, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}} {{cite web|author=Pike, John|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/al-qaida.htm|title=Al-Qaida|publisher=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=October 18, 2011}} {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/mar/21/alqaida.terrorism|location=London|work=The Guardian|first1=Jason|last1=Burke|title=What exactly does al-Qaeda want?|date=March 21, 2004}}</ref>
* [[Salafist jihadism]]<ref name="Moghadam">{{cite book|last1=Moghadam|first1=Assaf|title=The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks|year=2008|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9055-0|page=48}}</ref><ref name="SalafistJidadism">{{cite web|title=Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html|last1=Livesey|first1=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Livesey (journalist)|work=PBS Frontline|publisher=WGBH |date=January 25, 2005|access-date=October 18, 2011 }} {{cite book|last1=Geltzer|first1=Joshua A.|title=US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415664523|page=83|edition=Reprint}}</ref>
* [[Qutbism]]<ref>{{harvnb|Wright|2006|p=79}}</ref><ref name=gallagher14>{{harvnb|Gallagher|Willsky-Ciollo|2021|p=14}}</ref>
* [[Anti-American]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm|title=Text of Fatwah Urging Jihad Against Americans|access-date=May 15, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422210853/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm|archive-date=April 22, 2006}}</ref>
* [[Anti-communism]]<ref name="AntiSoviet"/>
* [[Anti-Zionism]]<ref name=Time1999>{{cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,17676,00.html|title=Conversation with Terror|work=Time|date=January 1999|access-date=March 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Letter2002>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826184301/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 26, 2013|title=Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America' | World news |work=The Observer |date=August 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm|title=Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders|access-date=June 16, 2010|date=February 23, 1998}}</ref>
* [[Antisemitism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm|title=Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders|access-date=June 16, 2010|date=February 23, 1998}}</ref><ref name=Time1999 /><ref name=Letter2002 /><ref name=May1998>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/interview.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990508145341/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/interview.html|title=frontline: the terrorist and the superpower: who is bin laden?: interview with osama bin laden (in may 1998)|archive-date=May 8, 1999|publisher=pbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/new-isis-and-al-qaeda-propaganda-prioritize-the-us-and-jews-as-targets|title=New ISIS and Al-Qaeda propaganda prioritize the US and Jews as targets|website=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/blog/isis-augments-its-threats-against-israel|title=ISIS Augments Its Threats Against Israel|website=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref>
* [[Anti-Shi'ism]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/al-qaeda-v-isis-ideology-strategy|title=Al Qaeda v ISIS: Ideology & Strategy | Wilson Center|website=www.wilsoncenter.org}}</ref>
}}
|clans = {{Plain list|
* Al-Qaeda Central (1988–present)
* [[Al-Qaeda in Iraq]] (2004–2013, became [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Council]] in January 2006)
* [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Council]] (January 2006 – October 2006, became [[Islamic State of Iraq]] in October 2006)
* [[Islamic State of Iraq]] (2006–2013)
* [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (2013–2014)
* [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] (2007–present)
* [[Tawhid al-Jihad (Gaza Strip)|Tawhid al-Jihad]] (2008–present)
* [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] (2009–present)
* [[Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)|Ansar al-Sharia]]
* [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] (2010–present)
* [[Al-Nusra Front]] (2012–2017, became [[Tahrir al-Sham]] in January 2017)
* [[Tahrir al-Sham]] (alleged, 2017–present)
* [[Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)|Al-Mourabitoun]] (2013–2015, joined [[AQIM]] in December 2015)
* [[Jund al-Aqsa]] (2014–2017)
* [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent]] (2014–present)
* [[Khorasan Group]]
* [[Al-Qaeda in Sinai Peninsula]]
* [[Imam Shamil Battalion]]
* [[Guardians of Religion Organization]] (2018–present)
* [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]] (2011-2014)
* [[Al-Qaeda Kurdish Battalions]]
* [[Ansaru]]
* [[Al-Qaeda in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin]]
* [[Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades]]
* [[Tanzim Qaedat al-Jihad]]
}}
|leaders = [[Osama bin Laden]]{{KIA}} (1988–2011) [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] (2011–present)
|headquarters =
|area = {{Plain list|
* Worldwide
* Predominantly in the Middle East
* [[List of rebel groups that control territory|Rebel group with current territorial control in:]]
** [[Mali]]
** [[Somalia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polgeonow.com/2013/05/somalia-war-map-al-shabaab-2013.html|title=War in Somalia: Map of Al Shabaab Control (June 2013)|date=May 31, 2013|access-date=August 18, 2014|publisher=Political Geography Now|first1=Evan|last1=Centanni}}</ref>
** [[Syria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plenglish.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3847431&Itemid=1|title=Prensa Latina News Agency|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>
** [[Yemen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/yemen/aden-intellgence-service-building-targeted-1.1570990|title=Aden intelligence service building targeted|date=August 22, 2015|access-date=August 22, 2015|publisher=Gulf News|work=AFP}}</ref>
}}
|size = {{unbulleted list
| In the Afghan region: <100 (2011)<ref>{{cite web |first1=Bill |last1=Roggio |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2011/04/how_many_al_qaeda_operatives_a.php |title=How many al Qaeda operatives are now left in Afghanistan? |publisher=Longwarjournal.org |date=April 26, 2011 |access-date=April 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706151045/http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2011/04/how_many_al_qaeda_operatives_a.php |archive-date=July 6, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 300–3,000 (2012–2014)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/21/al-qaeda-afghanistan-comeback_n_1997994.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023084738/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/21/al-qaeda-afghanistan-comeback_n_1997994.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2012 |title=Al Qaeda in Afghanistan Is Attempting A Comeback |work=The Huffington Post |date=October 21, 2012 |access-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/10893889/Al-Qaeda-map-Isis-Boko-Haram-and-other-affiliates-strongholds-across-Africa-and-Asia.html |title=Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia |date=June 12, 2014 |access-date=August 29, 2014|last1=Freeman |first1=Colin }}</ref> 800 (2018)<ref name="cfr.org"/>
| [[al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb|In Libya]]: 5,000<ref name="cfr.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/al-qaedas-resurrection|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurrection|first1=Bruce|last1=Hoffman|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|date=March 6, 2018}}</ref>
| [[al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb|In the Maghreb]]: 800–1,000+ (2015)<ref>{{cite web| title =Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)| url =http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/al-qaeda-islamic-maghreb-aqim/p12717| website =Council on Foreign Relations| date =March 27, 2015| access-date =July 2, 2015| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122144/http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/al-qaeda-islamic-maghreb-aqim/p12717| archive-date =May 11, 2015| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Profile: Al-Qaeda in North Africa| url =https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17308138| publisher =BBC| date = January 17, 2013|access-date = July 2, 2015}}</ref>
| [[Al-Mourabitoun (jihadist group)|In West Africa]]: 100+ (2015)<ref>{{cite web| title =Mali: qui sont les nouveaux chefs des katibas jihadistes?| url =http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140514-mali-etat-jihadistes-apres-mort-emir-al-mourabitoune-aqmi-al-qaida-mujao-belmokhtar/| website =Radio France internationale| date = May 14, 2014| access-date =August 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Notorious Extremist Said to Head Al-Qaida West Africa Branch| url =https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/notorious-extremist-head-al-qaida-west-africa-branch-33108136| website =abc| date =August 15, 2015| access-date =August 19, 2015| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150816054023/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/notorious-extremist-head-al-qaida-west-africa-branch-33108136| archive-date =August 16, 2015| url-status =dead}}</ref>
| [[al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula|In the Arabian Peninsula]]: 6,000–8,000 (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/f38788a561d74ca78c77cb43612d50da/Yemen:-US-allies-don%27t-defeat-al-Qaida-but-pay-it-to-go-away|title=AP Investigation: US allies, al-Qaida battle rebels in Yemen|publisher=AP News|date=August 7, 2018}}</ref>
| [[Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin|In Mali]]: 800–5,400
| [[Imam Shamil Battalion|In Russia]]: 100<ref name="cfr.org"/>
| [[al-Shabaab (militant group)|In Somalia]]: 7,000–9,000<ref name="Jgagvfts">{{cite news|title=Jihadist groups across globe vying for terror spotlight|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/07/10/world-worst-jihadist-groups-across-globe-vie-for-terror-spotlight/|access-date=January 7, 2015|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=July 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15336689|title=Who are Somalia's al-Shabab?|publisher=BBC News|date=December 22, 2017}}</ref>
| [[Tahrir al-Sham|In Syria]]: [[Tahrir al-Sham]] 7,000–11,000 (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/syria-s-civil-war-has-been-raging-7-years-what-n849851|title=Bombs are falling on a rebel enclave in Syria every minute|publisher=NBC News|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Reality Check team 2018">{{cite web | author=Reality Check team | title=Syria: Who's in control of Idlib? | publisher=BBC News | date=7 September 2018 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45401474 | access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> [[Guardians of Religion Organization|Hurras al-Din]] 2,000–3,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kyleorton1991.wordpress.com/2018/03/01/a-new-branch-of-al-qaeda-emerges-in-syria/|first1=Kyle|last1=Orton|title=A New Branch of Al-Qaeda Emerges in Syria|date=March 1, 2018|publisher=Kyle Orton's Blog}}</ref>
| [[Al-Qaeda in Sinai Peninsula|In the Sinai Peninsula]]: 1,000<ref name="cfr.org"/>
| [[Ansaru|In Nigeria]]: 2,000–3,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2013/11/18/01003-20131118ARTFIG00218-l-intervention-francaise-au-mali-a-deplace-la-menace-djihadiste-vers-le-sud.php|title=L'intervention française au Mali a déplacé la menace djihadiste vers le sud|date=November 18, 2013}}</ref>
| Total: 31,400+ – 57,600+~
}}
|predecessor =
|allies =
'''State allies:'''
* {{flag|Iran}} (alleged, denied)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-alqaeda-idUSKCN1LN2LE|title=Study questions Iran-al Qaeda ties, despite U.S. allegations|publisher=Reuters|date=September 7, 2018|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/pages/hp1360.aspx|title=Treasury Targets Al Qaida Operatives in Iran|website=treasury.gov}}</ref>
* {{flag|Pakistan}} (alleged, denied)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/23/magazine/what-pakistan-knew-about-bin-laden.html?_r=1 |title=What Pakistan Knew About Bin Laden|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 19, 2014|last1=Gall|first1=Carlotta}}</ref>
* {{flag|Qatar}} (alleged, denied)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/1.795628|title=Fact Check: Is Qatar Supporting Terrorism? A Look at Its Ties to Iran, ISIS and the Muslim Brotherhood|last1=Haaretz|first2=The Associated|last2=Press|date=July 11, 2017|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} (alleged, denied)<ref name="WT">{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Carls|title=The Saudis channel the mafia: Fears of Saudi retaliation deter truth about 9/11|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/apr/18/cal-thomas-fears-of-saudi-retaliation-deter-truth-/|access-date=April 28, 2016|work=The Washington Times}}</ref>

'''Non-state allies:'''
* [[File:Flag of Taliban.svg|border|23px]] [[Taliban]]
* [[File:Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg|border|23px]] [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]]
* [[File:AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg|border|23px]] [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]]
* [[File:Flag of Turkistan Islamic Party.svg|border|23px]] [[Turkistan Islamic Party]]
* [[File:Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg|border|23px]] [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]
* [[File:Flag of Caucasian Emirate.svg|border|23px]] [[Caucasus Emirate]]
* [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|border|23px]] [[Haqqani network]]
* [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|border|23px]] [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]]
* [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]
* [[Jemaah Islamiyah]]
|opponents =
'''State opponents:'''
* {{IRQ}}
* {{flag|NATO}}
** {{Flagicon image|Flag of the International Security Assistance Force.svg}} [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]] (2001–14)
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Resolute Support Mission.svg}} [[Resolute Support Mission|Resolute Support]]
* {{flag|United States}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flag|France}}
* {{flag|Israel}}
* {{flag|India}}
* {{flag|Russia}}
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Byman |first1=Daniel L. |title=The U.S.-Saudi Arabia counterterrorism relationship |url=https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/the-u-s-saudi-arabia-counterterrorism-relationship/ |website=Brookings |publisher=Brookings |access-date=8 June 2021 |quote=Saudi Arabia considers Al Qaeda to be a mortal enemy}}</ref>
* {{flag|Soviet Union}} (1988–1991)
* {{flag|China}}<ref name="uyg1">[http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/648#tocto1n10 "The Chinese regime and the Uyghur dilemma"] Summary of {{cite journal|url=http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/648|title=The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows|last1=Castets|first1=Rémi|year=2003|journal=China Perspectives|volume=2003|issue=5|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.648|access-date=10 June 2012|doi-access=free}}</ref>
'''Non-state opponents:'''
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]
* {{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} [[Hezbollah]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Hamas]]
* {{flagicon image|Ansarullah Flag Vector.svg}} [[Houthis]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of South Yemen.svg}} [[Southern Movement]]
|battles =
[[War on Terror]] 
In Afghanistan
* [[Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)]]
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]]
In Tajikistan
* [[Civil war in Tajikistan]]
In Chechnya
* [[Second Chechen War]]
In Yemen
* [[al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen]]
* [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)]]
In the Maghreb
* [[Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)|Maghreb insurgency]]
* [[Northern Mali conflict]]
In Iraq
* [[Iraq War]]
* [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)|Iraqi insurgency]]
In Pakistan
* [[War in North-West Pakistan]]
* [[Balochistan conflict]]
In Somalia
* [[Somalia War (2006–2009)]]
* [[Somali Civil War (2009–present)]]
In Syria
* [[Syrian Civil War]]
* [[Military intervention against ISIL]]
* [[American-led intervention in Syria]]
In Egypt
* [[Sinai insurgency]]
* [[Egyptian Crisis (2011–14)|Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]]
|status =
|designated_as_terror_group_by = [[#Designation as a terrorist group|See below]]
}}

'''Al-Qaeda''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|k|aɪ|d|ə|,_|ˌ|æ|l|k|ɑː|ˈ|iː|d|ə}}; {{lang-ar|القاعدة}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|al-Qāʿidah}}'', {{IPA-ar|ælqɑːʕɪdɐ|IPA}}, translation: "The Base", "The Foundation", alternatively spelled '''al-Qaida''' and '''al-Qa'ida''') is a [[Islamism|militant Sunni Islamist]]<ref name=gallagher14/> multi-national organization,<ref name=dalacoura40>{{harvnb|Dalacoura|2012|pp=40-48}}</ref> widely regarded as terrorist,<ref name=dalacoura40/> founded in 1988<ref name=bergen75>{{harvnb|Bergen|2006|p=75}}.</ref> by [[Osama bin Laden]], [[Abdullah Azzam]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/07272007/alqaeda.html|title=Bill Moyers Journal. A Brief History of Al Qaeda|publisher=PBS.com|date=July 27, 2007|access-date=March 31, 2012}}</ref> and several other Arab volunteers during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref name="AntiSoviet">{{cite court|litigants=United States v. Usama bin Laden et al.|volume=S (7) 98|reporter=Cr.|opinion=1023|pinpoint=Testimony of Jamal Ahmed Mohamed al-Fadl|court=[[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|SDNY]]|date=February 6, 2001|url=http://cryptome.org/usa-v-ubl-02.htm}} {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1670089.stm|title=Al-Qaeda's origins and links|work=BBC News|date=July 20, 2004|access-date=June 3, 2014}} {{Cite book|last1=Cooley |first1=John K. |author-link=John K. Cooley |title=Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism |date=Spring 2003 }}</ref>

Al-Qaeda operates as a network of [[Islamic extremist]]s and [[Salafi jihadism|Salafist jihadists]]. The organization has been designated as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] by the [[United Nations Security Council]], the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), the [[European Union]], the United States, China, the United Kingdom, Russia, India, and various other countries (see [[#Designation as a terrorist group|below]]). Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on non-military and military targets in various countries, including the [[1998 United States embassy bombings]], the [[September 11 attacks]], and the [[2002 Bali bombings]].<ref name=dalacoura40/>

The United States government responded to the September 11 attacks by launching the "[[War on Terror]]", which sought to undermine al-Qaeda and its allies. The deaths of key leaders, including [[death of Osama bin Laden|that of Osama bin Laden]], have led al-Qaeda's operations to shift from top-down organization and planning of attacks, to the planning of attacks which are carried out by a loose network of associated groups and [[Lone wolf (terrorism)|lone-wolf]] operators. Al-Qaeda characteristically organises attacks which include [[suicide attack]]s and the simultaneous bombing of several [[Target of opportunity|targets]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|2006|pp=107–108, 185, 270–271}}</ref> Al-Qaeda ideologues envision the removal of all foreign influences in [[Muslim world|Muslim countries]].<ref name="spiegel1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/al-qaidas-ideology.html|title=al Qaida's Ideology|publisher=MI5|access-date=May 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228214557/http://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/al-qaidas-ideology.html |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21525400|title=Dreaming of a caliphate|date=August 6, 2011|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=May 19, 2012}}</ref>

Al-Qaeda members believe a [[Christianity and Judaism|Christian–Jewish]] alliance is [[Conspiracy (civil)|conspiring]] to destroy [[Islam]].<ref>Fu'ad Husayn 'Al-Zarqawi, "The Second Generation of al-Qa'ida, Part Fourteen," ''Al-Quds al-Arabi'', July 13, 2005</ref> As Salafist jihadists, members of al-Qaeda believe that killing [[non-combatants]] is [[Social control|religiously sanctioned]]. Al-Qaeda also opposes what it regards as [[man-made law]]s, and wants to replace them with a strict form of [[sharia law]].<ref name="LT246">{{harvnb|Wright|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/246 246]}}</ref>

Al-Qaeda has carried out many attacks on people whom it considers ''[[kafir]]''.<ref>Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: p.219, Rik Coolsaet{{snd}}2011</ref> It is also responsible for instigating [[sectarian violence among Muslims]].<ref>Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia{{snd}}(2011){{snd}}Barbara A. Weightman</ref> Al-Qaeda regards [[Liberal movements within Islam|liberal Muslims]], [[Shia Islam|Shias]], [[Sufism|Sufis]] and other sects as heretical and its members and sympathizers have attacked their mosques and gatherings.<ref>Security strategy and transatlantic relations (2006) Roland Dannreuther</ref> Examples of sectarian attacks include the [[2007 Yazidi communities bombings|Yazidi community bombings]], the [[23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings|Sadr City bombings]], the [[Ashoura massacre]] and the [[18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings|April 2007 Baghdad bombings]].<ref>Jihad and Just War in the War on Terror (2011) Alia Brahimi</ref>

Following the [[Killing of Osama bin Laden|death]] of [[Osama bin Laden]] in 2011, the group has been led by Egyptian [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], and as of 2021 has reportedly suffered from a deterioration of central command over its regional operations.<ref name="Zakaria-10-years-29-4-21">{{cite news |last1=Zakaria |first1=Fareed |title=Opinion: Ten years later, Islamist terrorism isn't the threat it used to be |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/ten-years-later-islamist-terrorism-isnt-the-threat-it-used-to-be/2021/04/29/deb88256-a91c-11eb-bca5-048b2759a489_story.html |access-date=4 May 2021 |agency=Washington Post |date=29 April 2021}}</ref>

==Organization==
Al-Qaeda only indirectly controls its day-to-day operations. Its philosophy calls for the [[centralization]] of decision making, while allowing for the [[decentralization]] of execution.<ref>al-Hammadi, Khalid, "The Inside Story of al-Qa'ida", part 4, ''Al-Quds al-Arabi'', March 22, 2005</ref> Al-Qaeda's top leaders have defined the organization's ideology and guiding strategy, and they have also articulated simple and easy-to-receive messages. At the same time, mid-level organizations were given autonomy, but they had to consult with top management before large-scale attacks and assassinations. Top management included the shura council as well as committees on military operations, finance, and information sharing. Through al-Qaeda's information committees, he placed special emphasis on communicating with his groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al Qaeda v ISIS: Leaders & Structure {{!}} Wilson Center|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/al-qaeda-v-isis-leaders-structure|access-date=2021-03-03|website=www.wilsoncenter.org|language=en}}</ref> However, after the [[War on Terror]], al-Qaeda's leadership has become isolated. As a result, the leadership has become decentralized, and the organization has become regionalized into several al-Qaeda groups.<ref>J. Feiser – {{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FH13Ak05.html |title=Evolution of the al-Qaeda brand name |work=Asia Times |date=August 13, 2004 |access-date=March 22, 2010 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050423141837/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FH13Ak05.html |archive-date=April 23, 2005 |url-status=unfit }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf|title=The Moral Logic and Growth of Suicide Terrorism – Spring 2006|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623022648/http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/satran/files/twq06spring_atran.pdf|archive-date=June 23, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Many terrorism experts do not believe that the global jihadist movement is driven at every level by al-Qaeda's leadership. However, bin Laden held considerable ideological sway over some [[Muslim extremists]] before his death. Experts argue that al-Qaeda has fragmented into a number of disparate regional movements, and that these groups bear little connection with one another.<ref name="FT Threat">{{Cite news|last1=Blitz|first1=James|journal=Financial Times|title=A threat transformed|date=January 19, 2010|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/af31e344-0499-11df-8603-00144feabdc0.html|access-date=January 23, 2010}}</ref>

This view mirrors the account given by Osama bin Laden in his October 2001 interview with [[Tayseer Allouni]]:

{{quote| this matter isn't about any specific person and{{nbs}}... is not about the al-Qa'idah Organization. We are the children of an Islamic Nation, with Prophet Muhammad as its leader, our Lord is one{{nbs}}... and all the true believers [mu'mineen] are brothers. So the situation isn't like the West portrays it, that there is an 'organization' with a specific name (such as 'al-Qa'idah') and so on. That particular name is very old. It was born without any intention from us. Brother Abu Ubaida{{nbs}}... created a military base to train the young men to fight against the vicious, arrogant, brutal, terrorizing Soviet empire{{nbs}}... So this place was called 'The Base' ['Al-Qa'idah'], as in a training base, so this name grew and became. We aren't separated from this nation. We are the children of a nation, and we are an inseparable part of it, and from those public demonstrations which spread from the far east, from the Philippines to Indonesia, to Malaysia, to India, to Pakistan, reaching Mauritania{{nbs}}... and so we discuss the conscience of this nation.<ref name=islamicawakening>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=977&pageID=64 |title=A Discussion on the New Crusader Wars: Tayseer Allouni with Usamah bin Laden |publisher=IslamicAwakening.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621142756/http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=977&pageID=64 |archive-date=June 21, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref>}}

[[Bruce Hoffman]], however, sees al-Qaeda as a cohesive network that is strongly led from the Pakistani tribal areas.<ref name="FT Threat"/>

[[File:Al-Qaida crée une brigade dirigée par des Touaregs (8246938011).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Al-Qaeda militant in [[Sahel]] armed with a [[Type 56 assault rifle]], 2012]]

===Affiliates===
Al-Qaeda has the following direct affiliates:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] (AQAP)
* [[Al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent]] (AQIS)
* [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] (AQIM)
* [[al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]]
* [[Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin]] (JNIM)
* [[Al-Qaeda in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/med/summary/v016/16.4pena.html|title=Al Qaeda: The Balkans Connection|journal=Mediterranean Quarterly|date=November 28, 2005|volume=16|issue=4|pages=65–76|publisher=Project MUSE|access-date=April 12, 2016|last1=Pena|first1=Charles V.|doi=10.1215/10474552-16-4-65|s2cid=154570948}}</ref>
* [[Imam Shamil Battalion|Al-Qaeda in Caucasus and Russia]]
* [[Tawhid al-Jihad (Gaza Strip)|Al-Qaeda in Gaza]]
* [[Al-Qaeda Kurdish Battalions|Al-Qaeda in Kurdistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/395|title=Al Qaeda Kurdish Battalions|first1=Daniel|last1=Cassman|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313161800/http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/395|archive-date=March 13, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Abdullah Azzam Brigades|Al-Qaeda in Lebanon]]
* [[Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades|Al Qaeda in Spain]]
* [[Tanzim Qaedat al-Jihad|Al-Qaeda in the Malay Archipelago]]
* [[Al-Qaeda in the Sinai Peninsula]]
* [[Guardians of Religion Organization]]
{{div col end}}

The following are presently believed to be indirect affiliates of al-Qaeda:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Caucasus Emirate]] (factions)
* [[Fatah al-Islam]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-lebanon/u-s-designates-fatah-al-islam-terrorist-group-idUSN1334969020070813|date=13 August 2007|title=U.S. designates Fatah al-Islam "terrorist" group|work=Reuters|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Islamic Jihad Union]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/04/islamic-jihad-union-conducts-joint-raid-with-the-taliban.php|last1=Roggio|first1=Bill|last2=Weiss|first2=Caleb|date=10 April 2018|title=Islamic Jihad Union conducts joint raid with the Taliban|website=Long War Journal|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]]
* [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/jaish-e-mohammed|title=Jaish-e-Mohammed|date=July 2018|publisher=Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717001529/https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/jaish-e-mohammed|archive-date=July 17, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Jemaah Islamiyah]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gordon|first=David|date=2011|title=Jemaah Islamiyah|url=http://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/111101_Gordon_JemaahIslamiyah_WEB.pdf|journal=Homeland Security & Counterterrorism Program Transnational Threats Project|via=Center for Strategic & International Studies}}</ref>
* [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2019/07/pakistan-charges-13-lashkar-e-taiba-leaders-under-anti-terrorism-act.php|last1=Roggio|first1=Bill|date=12 July 2019|title=Pakistan charges 13 Lashkar-e-Taiba leaders under Anti-Terrorism Act|website=Long War Journal|access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jesus|first1=Carlos Echeverria|date=March 2009|title=The Current State of the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group|url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-current-state-of-the-moroccan-islamic-combatant-group/|journal=CTC Sentinel|volume=2|issue=3|access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

Al-Qaeda's former affiliates include the following:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Abu Sayyaf]] (pledged allegiance to [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/375074/news/nation/biff-abu-sayyaf-pledge-allegiance-t-islamic-state-jihadists|title=BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists|work=GMA News Online|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>)
* [[Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)|Al-Mourabitoun]] (joined [[Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin|JNIM]] in 2017<ref name="JNIM">{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/03/analysis-al-qaeda-groups-reorganize-in-west-africa.php|last1=Joscelyn|first1=Thomas|date=13 March 2017|title=Analysis: Al Qaeda groups reorganize in West Africa|website=Long War Journal|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref>)
* [[Al-Qaeda in Iraq]] (became the [[Islamic State of Iraq]], which later seceded from al-Qaeda and became [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]])
* [[Ansaru|Al-Qaeda in the Lands Beyond the Sahel]] (inactive since 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jamestown.org/program/electronic-jihad-nigeria-boko-haram-using-social-media/ |title=Electronic Jihad in Nigeria: How Boko Haram Is Using Social Media |first1=Jacob |last1=Zenn |work=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |date=9 December 2017 |access-date=16 July 2018 }}</ref>)
* [[Ansar al-Islam]] (majority merged with [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] in 2014)
* [[Ansar Dine]] (joined [[Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin|JNIM]] in 2017<ref name="JNIM"/>)
* [[Islamic Jihad of Yemen]] (became [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula|AQAP]])
* [[Jund al-Aqsa]] (defunct)
* [[Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa]] (merged with [[Al-Mulathameen]] to form [[Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)|Al-Mourabitoun]] in 2013)
* [[Rajah Sulaiman movement]] {{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} (defunct)
* [[Al-Nusra Front]] (became [[Hayat Tahrir al-Sham]] and split ties in 2017, disputed)
* [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]] (pledged alliance to ISIL and adopted the name Sinai Province)
{{div col end}}

===Leadership===
====Osama bin Laden (1988 – May 2011)====
[[File:Hamid Mir interviewing Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri 2001.jpg|thumb|Osama bin Laden (left) and Ayman al-Zawahiri (right) photographed in 2001|alt=Bin Laden and Al-Zawahiri photographed in 2001]]

[[Osama bin Laden]] served as the emir of al-Qaeda from the organization's founding in 1988 until his assassination by US forces on May 1, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/05/al_qaeda_emir_osama.php|last1=Ardolino|first1=Bill|last2=Roggio|first2=Bill|date=1 May 2011|title=Al Qaeda emir Osama bin Laden confirmed killed by US forces in Pakistan|website=Long War Journal|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> [[Atiyah Abd al-Rahman]] was alleged to be second in command prior to his death on August 22, 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/us-official-al-qaidas-no-2-leader-atiyah-abd-al-rahman-killed-in-pakistan/2011/08/27/gIQABVppiJ_story.html|title=Al Qaidas No. 2 leader Atiyah Abd al-Rahman killed in Pakistan|work=The Washington Post|first1=Dan|last1=Balz|date=August 27, 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Bin Laden was advised by a [[shura|Shura Council]], which consists of senior al-Qaeda members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/al-qaeda-v-isis-leaders-structure|last1=Glenn|first1=Cameron|date=28 September 2015|title=Al Qaeda v ISIS: Leaders & Structure|publisher=Wilson Center|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref> The group was estimated to consist of 20–30 people.

====After May 2011====
[[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] had been al-Qaeda's deputy emir and assumed the role of emir following bin Laden's death. Al-Zawahiri replaced [[Saif al-Adel]], who had served as interim commander.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/06/16/world/middleeast/AP-ML-Al-Qaida-Zawahri.html|title=Al-Qaida Says Al-Zawahri Has Succeeded Bin Laden|agency=Associated Press|work=The New York Times |date=June 16, 2011|access-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref>

On June 5, 2012, Pakistani intelligence officials announced that al-Rahman's alleged successor as second in command, [[Abu Yahya al-Libi]], had been killed in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/06/world/asia/qaeda-deputy-killed-in-drone-strike-in-pakistan.html|title=Drone Strike Killed No. 2 in Al Qaeda, U.S. Officials Say|date=June 5, 2012|work=The New York Times|first1=Declan|last1=Walsh|first2=Eric|last2=Schmitt}}</ref>

[[Nasir al-Wuhayshi]] was alleged to have become al-Qaeda's overall second in command and general manager in 2013. He was concurrently the leader of [[al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] (AQAP) until he was killed by a US airstrike in Yemen in June 2015.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/world/middleeast/al-qaeda-arabian-peninsula-yemen-nasser-al-wuhayshi-killed.html Al Qaeda Confirms U.S. Strike Killed Nasser al-Wuhayshi, Its Leader in Yemen], ''The New York Times'', Kareem Fahim, June 16, 2015</ref>

[[Abu Khayr al-Masri]], Wuhayshi's alleged successor as the deputy to Ayman al-Zawahiri, was killed by a US airstrike in Syria in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/03/zawahiris-deputy-sought-to-unify-syrian-rebels.php|last1=Joscelyn|first1=Thomas|date=3 March 2017|title=Zawahiri's deputy sought to 'unify' Syrian rebels|website=Long War Journal|access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

{{anchor|Committees}}Al-Qaeda's network was built from scratch as a conspiratorial network which drew upon the leadership of a number of regional nodes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=54}}.</ref> The organization divided itself into several committees, which include:
* The Military Committee, which is responsible for training operatives, acquiring weapons, and planning attacks.
* The Money/Business Committee, which funds the recruitment and training of operatives through the ''[[hawala]]'' banking system. US-led efforts to eradicate the sources of "[[terrorist financing]]"<ref>{{Harvnb|State 2003}}.</ref> were most successful in the year immediately following the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{Harvnb|Basile|2004|p=177}}.</ref> Al-Qaeda continues to operate through unregulated banks, such as the 1,000 or so ''hawaladars'' in Pakistan, some of which can handle deals of up to {{US$|10}}{{nbs}}million.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wechsler|2001|p=135}}; cited in {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=63}}.</ref> The committee also procures false passports, pays al-Qaeda members, and oversees profit-driven businesses.<ref>Businesses are run from below, with the council only being consulted on new proposals and collecting funds. See:
* {{Harvnb|Hoffman|2002}}.</ref> In the ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]'', it was estimated that al-Qaeda required $30{{nbs}}million per year to conduct its operations.
* The Law Committee reviews [[Sharia law]], and decides upon courses of action conform to it.
* The Islamic Study/''[[Fatwā|Fatwah]]'' Committee issues religious edicts, such as an edict in 1998 telling Muslims to kill Americans.
* The Media Committee ran the now-defunct newspaper ''Nashrat al Akhbar'' ({{lang-en|Newscast}}) and handled [[public relations]].
* In 2005, al-Qaeda formed [[As-Sahab]], a media production house, to supply its video and audio materials.

===Command structure===
Most of Al Qaeda's top leaders and operational directors were veterans who fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s. Osama bin Laden and his deputy, Ayman al-Zawahiri, were the leaders who were considered the operational commanders of the organization.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al Qaeda|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profiles/al-qaeda|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, Al-Qaeda is not [[Military operation|operationally]] managed by Ayman al-Zawahiri. Several operational groups exist, which consult with the leadership in situations where attacks are in preparation.<ref>C. Glenn – [https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/al-qaeda-v-isis-leaders-structure ''The Islamists'']. [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|The Wilson Centre]] September 28, 2015. Accessed June 15, 2017. "...{{nbs}}Zawahiri does not claim to have direct hierarchical control over al Qaeda's vast, networked structure. Al Qaeda's core leadership seeks to centralize the organization's messaging and strategy rather than to manage the daily operations of its franchises. But formal affiliates are required to consult with al Qaeda's core leadership before carrying out large-scale attacks."</ref>

When asked in 2005 about the possibility of al-Qaeda's connection to the [[July 7, 2005 London bombings]], [[Metropolitan Police Commissioner]] [[Sir Ian Blair]] said: "Al-Qaeda is not an organization. Al-Qaeda is a way of working{{nbs}}... but this has the hallmark of that approach{{nbs}}... al-Qaeda clearly has the ability to provide training{{nbs}}... to provide expertise{{nbs}}... and I think that is what has occurred here."<ref name="foxnewsblair">{{Cite news|title=Cops: London Attacks Were Homicide Blasts|date=July 15, 2005|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,162476,00.html|publisher=Fox News Channel|access-date=June 15, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420155421/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,162476,00.html|archive-date=April 20, 2008|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On August 13, 2005, ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper, reported that the July{{nbs}}7 bombers had acted independently of an al-Qaeda mastermind.<ref>{{Cite news|title=London bombings: the truth emerges|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article305547.ece|first1=Jason|last1=Bennetto|first2=Ian|last2=Herbert|work=The Independent|location=UK|date=August 13, 2005|access-date=December 3, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026100045/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article305547.ece|archive-date=October 26, 2006|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Nasser al-Bahri, who was Osama bin Laden's bodyguard for four years in the run-up to 9/11 wrote in his memoir a highly detailed description of how the group functioned at that time. Al-Bahri described al-Qaeda's formal administrative structure and vast arsenal.<ref>Al-Bahri, Nasser, ''Guarding bin Laden: My Life in al-Qaeda''. p. 185. Thin Man Press. London. {{ISBN|9780956247360}}</ref> However, the author [[Adam Curtis]] argued that the idea of al-Qaeda as a formal organization is primarily an American invention. Curtis contended the name "al-Qaeda" was first brought to the attention of the public in the 2001 trial of bin Laden and the four men accused of the [[1998 US embassy bombings]] in East Africa. Curtis wrote:

{{quote|The reality was that bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri had become the focus of a loose association of disillusioned Islamist militants who were attracted by the new strategy. But there was no organization. These were militants who mostly planned their own operations and looked to bin Laden for funding and assistance. He was not their commander. There is also no evidence that bin Laden used the term "al-Qaeda" to refer to the name of a group until after September 11 attacks, when he realized that this was the term the Americans had given it.<ref name="The Power of Nightmares">[https://archive.org/details/ThePowerOfNightmares ''The Power of Nightmares''], BBC Documentary.</ref>}}

During the 2001 trial, the [[United States Department of Justice|US Department of Justice]] needed to show that bin Laden was the leader of a criminal organization in order to charge him [[trial in absentia|''in absentia'']] under the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]]. The name of the organization and details of its structure were provided in the testimony of [[Jamal al-Fadl]], who said he was a founding member of the group and a former employee of bin Laden.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McCloud|first1=Kimberly|title=WMD Terrorism and Usama bin Laden|url=http://cns.miis.edu/reports/binladen.htm|work=CNS Reports|publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies|access-date=May 4, 2011|author2=Osborne, Matthew|date=March 7, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506145417/http://cns.miis.edu/reports/binladen.htm|archive-date=May 6, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Questions about the reliability of al-Fadl's testimony have been raised by a number of sources because of his history of dishonesty, and because he was delivering it as part of a [[plea bargain]] agreement after being convicted of conspiring to attack US military establishments.<ref name="first informant">{{Harvnb|McGeary|2001}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/13/Embassy.bombings.trial/ |title=Witness: Bin Laden planned attack on U.S. embassy in Saudi Arabia
|publisher=CNN|date=February 13, 2001|access-date=June 12, 2007}}</ref> Sam Schmidt, a defense attorney who defended al-Fadl said:

{{quote|There were selective portions of al-Fadl's testimony that I believe was false, to help support the picture that he helped the Americans join together. I think he lied in a number of specific testimony about a unified image of what this organization was. It made al-Qaeda the new Mafia or the new Communists. It made them identifiable as a group and therefore made it easier to prosecute any person associated with al-Qaeda for any acts or statements made by bin Laden.<ref name="The Power of Nightmares"/>}}

===Field operatives===
[[File:Hamid Mir interviewing Osama bin Laden.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Pakistani journalist [[Hamid Mir]] interviewing [[Osama bin Laden]] in Afghanistan, 1997]]

The number of individuals in the group who have undergone proper military training, and are capable of commanding insurgent forces, is largely unknown. Documents captured in the raid on bin Laden's compound in 2011 show that the core al-Qaeda membership in 2002 was 170.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/9243503/Secret-Osama-bin-Laden-files-reveal-al-Qaeda-membership.html Secret Osama bin Laden files reveal al Qaeda membership], ''The Telegraph'' accessed July 26, 2013</ref> In 2006, it was estimated that al-Qaeda had several thousand commanders embedded in 40 different countries.<ref name="Cassidy">{{Harvnb|Cassidy|2006|p=9}}.</ref> {{as of|2009}}, it was believed that no more than 200–300 members were still active commanders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2211994/|title=The Terrorists-Are-Dumb Theory: Don't mistake these guys for criminal masterminds|first1=Timothy|last1=Noah|author-link=Timothy Noah|work=Slate|date=February 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227091408/http://www.slate.com/id/2211994/|archive-date=February 27, 2009}}</ref>

According to the 2004 BBC documentary ''[[The Power of Nightmares]]'', al-Qaeda was so weakly linked together that it was hard to say it existed apart from bin Laden and a small clique of close associates. The lack of any significant numbers of convicted al-Qaeda members, despite a large number of arrests on terrorism charges, was cited by the documentary as a reason to doubt whether a widespread entity that met the description of al-Qaeda existed.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gerges|first1=Fawaz A|title=The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=September 5, 2005|isbn=0-521-79140-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/farenemywhyjihad0000gerg}}</ref> Al-Qaeda's commanders, as well as its sleeping agents, are hiding in different parts of the world to this day. They are mainly hunted by the American and Israeli secret services. Al Qaeda's number two leader, Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah, was killed by Israeli agents. His pseudonym was Abu Muhammad al-Masri, who was killed in November 2020 in Iran. He was involved in the 1988 assassination attempt on the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-15|title=Report: Israeli agents assassinated Al-Qaeda's No. 2 in Iran|url=https://www.jns.org/report-israeli-agents-assassinated-al-qaedas-no-2-in-iran/|access-date=2021-03-03|website=JNS.org|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Insurgent forces===
According to author Robert Cassidy, al-Qaeda maintains two separate forces which are deployed alongside insurgents in Iraq and Pakistan. The first, numbering in the tens of thousands, was "organized, trained, and equipped as insurgent combat forces" in the Soviet–Afghan war.<ref name="Cassidy"/> The force was composed primarily of foreign ''mujahideen'' from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Many of these fighters went on to fight in Bosnia and Somalia for global ''jihad''. Another group, which numbered 10,000 in 2006, live in the West and have received rudimentary combat training.<ref name="Cassidy"/>

Other analysts have described al-Qaeda's rank and file as being "predominantly Arab" in its first years of operation, but that the organization also includes "other peoples" {{as of|2007|lc=y}}.<ref>[http://www.meforum.org/article/1710 Jihad's New Leaders] by Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Kyle Dabruzzi, ''Middle East Quarterly'', Summer 2007</ref> It has been estimated that 62 percent of al-Qaeda members have a university education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=c841b52c-b2e7-4e41-b27e-33d10245b935&k=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120758/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=c841b52c-b2e7-4e41-b27e-33d10245b935&k=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 29, 2007|title=Today's jihadists: educated, wealthy and bent on killing?|publisher=Canada.com|date=July 3, 2007|access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref> In 2011 and the following year, the Americans successfully settled accounts with Osama bin Laden, Anwar al-Awlaki, the organization's chief propagandist, and Abu Yahya al-Libi's deputy commander. The optimistic voices were already saying it was over for al-Qaeda. Nevertheless, it was around this time that the Arab Spring greeted the region, the turmoil of which came great to al-Qaeda's regional forces. Seven years later, Ayman al-Zawahiri became arguably the number one leader in the organization, implementing his strategy with systematic consistency. Tens of thousands loyal to al-Qaeda and related organizations were able to challenge local and regional stability and ruthlessly attack their enemies in the Middle East, Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe and Russia alike. In fact, from Northwest Africa to South Asia, al-Qaeda had more than two dozen “franchise-based” allies. The number of al-Qaeda militants was set at 20,000 in Syria alone, and they had 4,000 members in Yemen and about 7,000 in Somalia. The war was not over.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurrection|url=https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/al-qaedas-resurrection|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en}}</ref>

===Financing===

Al-Qaeda usually does not disburse funds for attacks, and very rarely makes wire transfers.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eichenwald|first1=Kurt|author-link=Kurt Eichenwald|title=A Nation Challenged: The Money; Terror Money Hard to Block, Officials Find|work=The New York Times|date=December 10, 2001|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/10/world/a-nation-challenged-the-money-terror-money-hard-to-block-officials-find.html|access-date=May 4, 2011}}</ref> In the 1990s, financing came partly from the personal wealth of Osama bin Laden.<ref name="Forbes_May_5_2011">[https://www.forbes.com/2001/09/14/0914whoisobl.html Who is Bin Laden?]. Retrieved May 5, 2011</ref> Other sources of income included the [[heroin trade]] and donations from supporters in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other Islamic [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]].<ref name="Forbes_May_5_2011"/> A [[WikiLeaks]]-released 2009 internal US government cable stated that "terrorist funding emanating from Saudi Arabia remains a serious concern."<ref>Eric Lichtbau and Eric Schmitt [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/06/world/middleeast/06wikileaks-financing.html Cash Flow to Terrorists Evades U.S. Efforts] ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 5, 2010</ref>

Among the first pieces of evidence regarding Saudi Arabia's support for al-Qaeda was the so-called "[[The Golden Chain|Golden Chain]]", a list of early al-Qaeda funders seized during a 2002 raid in Sarajevo by Bosnian police.<ref name="history commons">{{cite web|url=http://www.historycommons.org/searchResults.jsp?searchtext=al-qaeda%20saudi%20arabia&events=on&entities=on&articles=on&topics=on&timelines=on&projects=on&titles=on&descriptions=on&dosearch=on&search=Go|title=History Commons|access-date=June 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805191322/http://www.historycommons.org/searchResults.jsp?searchtext=al-qaeda%20saudi%20arabia&events=on&entities=on&articles=on&topics=on&timelines=on&projects=on&titles=on&descriptions=on&dosearch=on&search=Go|archive-date=August 5, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The hand-written list was validated by al-Qaeda defector Jamal al-Fadl, and included the names of both donors and beneficiaries.<ref name="history commons" /><ref name="auto">[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_of_America_v._Usama_bin_Laden/Day_2_6_February_2001 United States of America v. Usama bin Laden]. Wikisource. Retrieved June 10, 2016.</ref> Osama bin-Laden's name appeared seven times among the beneficiaries, while 20 Saudi and Gulf-based businessmen and politicians were listed among the donors.<ref name="history commons" /> Notable donors included Adel Batterjee, and [[Wael Hamza Julaidan]]. Batterjee was designated as a terror financier by the US Department of the Treasury in 2004, and Julaidan is recognized as one of al-Qaeda's founders.<ref name="history commons" />

Documents seized during the 2002 Bosnia raid showed that al-Qaeda widely exploited charities to channel financial and material support to its operatives across the globe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB104794563734573400|title=List of Early al Qaeda Donors Points to Saudi Elite, Charities|first1=Glenn R. |last1=Simpson|date=March 19, 2003|access-date=June 21, 2016|newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Notably, this activity exploited the International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO) and the Muslim World League (MWL). The IIRO had ties with al-Qaeda associates worldwide, including al-Qaeda's deputy Ayman al Zawahiri. Zawahiri's brother worked for the IIRO in Albania and had actively recruited on behalf of al-Qaeda.<ref name="steve emerson">Emerson, Steve (2006). ''Jihad Incorporated: A Guide to Militant Islam in the US''. Prometheus Books. p. 382.</ref> The MWL was openly identified by al-Qaeda's leader as one of the three charities al-Qaeda primarily relied upon for funding sources.<ref name="steve emerson" />

====Allegations of Qatari support====

{{See also|Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism|2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis}}
Several Qatari citizens have been accused of funding al-Qaeda. This includes [[Abd Al-Rahman al-Nuaimi]], a Qatari citizen and a human-rights activist who founded the Swiss-based [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) [[Alkarama]]. On December 18, 2013, the [[US Treasury]] designated Nuaimi as a terrorist for his activities supporting al-Qaeda.<ref name="treasury press">{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2249.aspx|title=Treasury Designates Al-Qa'ida Supporters in Qatar and Yemen|access-date=June 21, 2016}}</ref> The US Treasury has said Nuaimi "has facilitated significant financial support to al-Qaeda in Iraq, and served as an interlocutor between al-Qaeda in [[Iraq]] and Qatar-based donors".<ref name="treasury press" />

Nuaimi was accused of overseeing a $2{{nbs}}million monthly transfer to al-Qaeda in Iraq as part of his role as [[mediation|mediator]] between Iraq-based al-Qaeda senior officers and Qatari citizens.<ref name="treasury press" /><ref name="fiscal times qatar">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2015/12/29/How-Qatar-Funding-al-Qaeda-and-Why-Could-Help-US|title=How Qatar Is Funding al-Qaeda – and Why That Could Help the US|access-date=June 21, 2016}}</ref> Nuaimi allegedly entertained relationships with Abu-Khalid al-Suri, al-Qaeda's top envoy in Syria, who processed a $600,000 transfer to al-Qaeda in 2013.<ref name="treasury press" /><ref name="fiscal times qatar" /> Nuaimi is also known to be associated with Abd al-Wahhab Muhammad 'Abd al-Rahman al-Humayqani, a [[Yemen]]i politician and founding member of [[Alkarama]], who was listed as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) by the US Treasury in 2013.<ref name="bin ki moon">{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/06/ban-ki-moon-shakes-hands-with-alleged-al-qaeda-emir.php|title=Ban Ki-Moon shakes hands with alleged al Qaeda emir|website=The Long War Journal|date=June 23, 2015|access-date=June 21, 2016}}</ref> The US authorities claimed that Humayqani exploited his role in Alkarama to fundraise on behalf of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).<ref name="treasury press" /><ref name="bin ki moon"/> A prominent figure in AQAP, Nuaimi was also reported to have facilitated the flow of funding to AQAP affiliates based in Yemen. Nuaimi was also accused of investing funds in the charity directed by Humayqani to ultimately fund AQAP.<ref name="treasury press" /> About ten months after being sanctioned by the US Treasury, Nuaimi was also restrained from doing business in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11172244/Terrorist-paymaster-targeted-by-Britain.html|title=Terrorist paymaster targeted by Britain|access-date=June 21, 2016}}</ref>

Another Qatari citizen, Kalifa Mohammed Turki Subayi, was sanctioned by the US Treasury on June 5, 2008, for his activities as a "Gulf-based al-Qaeda financier". Subayi's name was added to the [[UN Security Council]]'s Sanctions List in 2008 on charges of providing financial and material support to al-Qaeda senior leadership.<ref name="fiscal times qatar"/><ref name="un press">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc11790.doc.htm|title=Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee Amends One Entry on Its Sanctions List – Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|access-date=June 21, 2016}}</ref> Subayi allegedly moved al-Qaeda recruits to South Asia-based training camps.<ref name="fiscal times qatar"/><ref name="un press" /> He also financially supported Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a Pakistani national and senior al-Qaeda officer who is believed to be the mastermind behind the September 11 attack according to the [[September 11 Commission]] report.<ref name="9-11commission.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf|title=The 9/11 Commission Report}}</ref>

Qataris provided support to al-Qaeda through the country's largest NGO, the [[Qatar Charity]]. Al-Qaeda defector al-Fadl, who was a former member of Qatar Charity, testified in court that Abdullah Mohammed Yusef, who served as Qatar Charity's director, was affiliated to al-Qaeda and simultaneously to the [[National Islamic Front]], a political group that gave al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden harbor in [[Sudan]] in the early 1990s.<ref name="auto" />

Legal proceedings from the trial ''United States vs. Enaam M. Arnaout'' revealed that [[Qatar]] Charity was cited by [[Bin Laden]] in 1993 as one of the charities used to channel financial support to al-Qaeda operatives overseas. The same documents also report Bin Laden's complaint that the failed assassination attempt of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak had compromised the ability of al-Qaeda to exploit charities to support its operatives to the extent it was capable of before 1995.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

It is alleged{{who|date=January 2019}} that the Qatar Charity gave financial support to members of al-Qaeda in Chechnya. This accusation was publicly denied by Hamad bin Nasser al-Thani.<ref name="qatar star">{{cite web|url=http://www.qatardailystar.com/ipt-exclusive-qatars-insidious-influence-on-the-brookings-institution/|title=IPT Exclusive: Qatar's Insidious Influence on the Brookings Institution|publisher=Qatar Daily Star|access-date=June 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515000653/http://www.qatardailystar.com/ipt-exclusive-qatars-insidious-influence-on-the-brookings-institution/|archive-date=May 15, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Qatar Charity is among the NGOs allegedly channelling funds to Ansar Dine in North Mali, according to [[French military intelligence]] reports from France's intervention in the country in early 2013.<ref name="qatar star" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/blog/510634062-qatar-charity-pioneer-and-master-of-terror-finance|title=Qatar Charity, Pioneer and Master of Terror Finance|first1=CATF|last1=Reports|website=stopterrorfinance.org|access-date=June 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424155607/http://stopterrorfinance.org/blog/510634062-qatar-charity-pioneer-and-master-of-terror-finance|archive-date=April 24, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Qatar financed al-Qaeda's enterprises through al-Qaeda's former affiliate in Syria, Jabhat al-Nusra. The funding was primarily channeled through [[kidnapping]] for ransom.<ref name="funding al nusra">{{cite web|url=http://stopterrorfinance.org/blog/510652383-funding-al-nusra-through-ransom-qatar-and-the-myth-of-humanitarian-principle|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171009203031/http://stopterrorfinance.org/stories/510652383-funding-al-nusra-through-ransom-qatar-and-the-myth-of-humanitarian-principle|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 9, 2017|title=Funding Al Nusra Through Ransom: Qatar and the Myth of "Humanitarian Principle"|first1=CATF|last1=Reports|website=stopterrorfinance.org|access-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref> The Consortium Against Terrorist Finance (CATF) reported that the Gulf country has funded al-Nusra since 2013.<ref name="funding al nusra" /> In 2017, ''[[Asharq Al-Awsat]]'' estimated that Qatar had disbursed $25{{nbs}}million in support of al-Nusra through kidnapping for ransom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/home/article/510121/%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-25-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%80%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84|title=صفقة العسكريين: 25 مليون دولار لـ"النصرة"... وهامش تحرك في عرسال|website=الشرق الأوسط}}</ref> In addition, Qatar has launched fundraising campaigns on behalf of al-Nusra. Al-Nusra acknowledged a Qatar-sponsored campaign "as one of the preferred conduits for donations intended for the group".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/syrian-conflict-said-to-fuel-sectarian-tensions-in-persian-gulf/2013/12/18/e160ad82-6831-11e3-8b5b-a77187b716a3_story.html|title=Syrian conflict said to fuel sectarian tensions in Persian Gulf|access-date=June 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/08/analysis-qatar-still-negligent-on-terror-finance.php|title=Analysis: Qatar still negligent on terror finance – The Long War Journal|access-date=June 21, 2016}}</ref>

==Strategy==
{{Update section|date=August 2016}}

In the disagreement over whether Al-Qaeda's objectives are religious or political, Mark Sedgwick describes Al-Qaeda's strategy as political in the immediate term but with ultimate aims that are religious.<ref name="SEDGWICK">{{cite journal |last1=SEDGWICK |first1=MARK |title=Al-Qaeda and the Nature of Religious Terrorism |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |date=10 Aug 2010 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=795–814 |doi=10.1080/09546550590906098 |s2cid=143323639 }}</ref>
On March 11, 2005, ''[[Al-Quds Al-Arabi]]'' published extracts from [[Saif al-Adel]]'s document "Al Qaeda's Strategy to the Year 2020".<ref name=Atwan>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofa0000atwa |url-access=registration |first1=Abdel Bari |last1=Atwan |title=The Secret History of Al Qaeda |page=[https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofa0000atwa/page/221 221] |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-24974-7 |via=Internet Archive |date=March 11, 2005 |access-date=May 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnewstt_news]=181&tx_ttnewsbackPid]=238&no_cache=1|title=single – The Jamestown Foundation|access-date=April 12, 2016}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Abdel Bari Atwan]] summarizes this strategy as comprising five stages to rid the [[Ummah]] from all forms of oppression:
# Provoke the United States and the West into invading a Muslim country by staging a massive attack or string of attacks on US soil that results in massive civilian casualties.
# Incite local resistance to occupying forces.
# Expand the conflict to neighboring countries and engage the US and its allies in a long war of attrition.
# Convert al-Qaeda into an ideology and set of operating principles that can be loosely franchised in other countries without requiring direct command and control, and via these franchises incite attacks against the US and countries allied with the US until they withdraw from the conflict, as happened with the [[2004 Madrid train bombings]], but which did not have the same effect with the [[July 7, 2005 London bombings]].
# The US economy will finally collapse by the year 2020, under the strain of multiple engagements in numerous places. This will lead to a collapse in the worldwide economic system, and lead to global political instability. This will lead to a global jihad led by al-Qaeda, and a [[Wahhabi]] [[Caliphate]] will then be installed across the world.

Atwan noted that, while the plan is unrealistic, "it is sobering to consider that this virtually describes the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|downfall of the Soviet Union]]."<ref name=Atwan/>

According to [[Fouad Hussein]], a Jordanian journalist and author who has spent time in prison with Al-Zarqawi, Al Qaeda's strategy consists of seven phases and is similar to the plan described in Al Qaeda's Strategy to the year 2020. These phases include:<ref>{{cite news|last1=Musharbash|first1=Yassir|title=The Future of Terrorism: What al-Qaida Really Wants|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/the-future-of-terrorism-what-al-qaida-really-wants-a-369448.html|access-date=January 15, 2015|work=Der Spiegel|date=August 12, 2005}}</ref>
# "The Awakening." This phase was supposed to last from 2001 to 2003. The goal of the phase is to provoke the United States to attack a Muslim country by executing an attack that kills many civilians on US soil.
# "Opening Eyes." This phase was supposed to last from 2003 to 2006. The goal of this phase was to recruit young men to the cause and to transform the al-Qaeda group into a movement. Iraq was supposed to become the center of all operations with financial and military support for bases in other states.
# "Arising and Standing up", was supposed to last from 2007 to 2010. In this phase, al-Qaeda wanted to execute additional attacks and focus their attention on Syria. Hussein believed other countries in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] were also in danger.
# Al-Qaeda expected a steady growth among their ranks and territories due to the declining power of the regimes in the Arabian Peninsula. The main focus of attack in this phase was supposed to be on oil suppliers and [[cyberterrorism]], targeting the US economy and military infrastructure.
# The declaration of an Islamic Caliphate, which was projected between 2013 and 2016. In this phase, al-Qaeda expected the resistance from Israel to be heavily reduced.
# The declaration of an "Islamic Army" and a "fight between believers and non-believers", also called "total confrontation".
# "Definitive Victory", projected to be completed by 2020.

According to the seven-phase strategy, the war is projected to last less than two years.

According to Charles Lister of the [[Middle East Institute]] and Katherine Zimmerman of the [[American Enterprise Institute]], the new model of al-Qaeda is to "socialize communities" and build a broad territorial base of operations with the support of local communities, also gaining income independent of the funding of sheiks.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-35967409 BBC] April 6, 2016</ref>

==Name==
The English name of the organization is a simplified [[Romanization of Arabic|transliteration]] of the Arabic noun ''{{transl|ar|DIN|al-qāʿidah}}'' ({{wikt-lang|ar|القاعدة}}), which means "the foundation" or "the base". The initial ''al-'' is the Arabic [[definite article]] "the", hence "the base".<ref>Arabic Computer Dictionary: English-Arabic, Arabic-English By Ernest Kay, Multi-lingual International Publishers, 1986.</ref>

In Arabic, ''al-Qaeda'' has four syllables ({{IPA|/alˈqaː.ʕi.da/}}). However, since two of the Arabic consonants in the name are not [[phone (phonetics)|phones]] found in the English language, the common naturalized [[English phonology|English pronunciations]] include {{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|k|aɪ|d|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|k|eɪ|d|ə}} and {{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|l|k|ɑː|ˈ|iː|d|ə}}. Al-Qaeda's name can also be [[transliteration|transliterated]] as ''al-Qaida'', ''al-Qa'ida'', or ''el-Qaida''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibb7.ibb.gov/pronunciations/sounds/2930.ra |title=Listen to the U.S. pronunciation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211020849/http://ibb7.ibb.gov/pronunciations/sounds/2930.ra |archive-date=December 11, 2005 |format=[[RealPlayer]]}}</ref>

Bin Laden explained the origin of the term in a videotaped interview with [[Al Jazeera]] journalist [[Tayseer Alouni]] in October 2001:
{{quote|The name 'al-Qaeda' was established a long time ago by mere chance. The late [[Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri|Abu Ebeida El-Banashiri]] established the training camps for our ''mujahedeen'' against Russia's terrorism. We used to call the training camp al-Qaeda. The name stayed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/05/binladen.transcript/index.html|title=Transcript of Bin Laden's October interview|publisher=CNN|date=February 5, 2002|access-date=October 22, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206081331/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/05/binladen.transcript/index.html|archive-date=December 6, 2006|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>}}

It has been argued that two documents seized from the [[Sarajevo]] office of the [[Benevolence International Foundation]] prove the name was not simply adopted by the ''mujahideen'' movement and that a group called al-Qaeda was established in August 1988. Both of these documents contain minutes of meetings held to establish a new military group, and contain the term "al-Qaeda".<ref>{{Harvnb|Bergen|2006|p=75}}. Wright indirectly quotes one of the documents, based on an exhibit from the "Tareek Osama" document presented in [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/bif/usarnaout10603prof.pdf ''United States v. Enaam M. Arnaout''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203110416/http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/bif/usarnaout10603prof.pdf |date=February 3, 2016 }}.</ref>

Former British Foreign Secretary [[Robin Cook]] wrote that the word al-Qaeda should be translated as "the database", because it originally referred to the computer file of the thousands of ''mujahideen'' militants who were recruited and trained with CIA help to defeat the Russians.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Robin|last1=Cook|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/08/july7.development|title=Robin Cook: The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=July 8, 2005|access-date=May 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514051125/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jul/08/july7.development|archive-date=May 14, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2002, the group assumed the name ''Qa'idat al-Jihad'' ({{lang|ar|قاعدة الجهاد}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|qāʿidat al-jihād}}''), which means "the base of Jihad". According to [[Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies|Diaa Rashwan]], this was "apparently as a result of the merger of the overseas branch of Egypt's [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad|al-Jihad]], which was led by [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], with the groups Bin Laden brought under his control after his return to Afghanistan in the mid-1990s."<ref>"[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/619/op13.htm After Mombassa] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514233523/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/619/op13.htm |date=May 14, 2013 }}", ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly|Al-Ahram Weekly Online]]'', January 2–8, 2003 (Issue No. 619). Retrieved September 3, 2006.</ref>

==Ideology==
{{See also|Qutbism}}
{{Islamism sidebar}}
[[File:Sayyid Qutb.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Sayyid Qutb]], the Egyptian Islamist who inspired al-Qaeda]]

The radical [[Islamism|Islamist]] movement developed during the [[Islamic revival]] and the rise of the [[Islamism|Islamist movement]] after the [[Iranian Revolution]] (1978-1979).

Some have argued that the writings of Islamic author and thinker [[Sayyid Qutb]] inspired the al-Qaeda organization.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=332}}.</ref> In the 1950s and 1960s, Qutb preached that because of the lack of ''[[sharia]]'' law, the [[Muslim world]] was no longer [[Muslim]], and had reverted to the pre-Islamic ignorance known as ''[[jahiliyyah]]''. To restore Islam, Qutb argued that a vanguard of righteous Muslims was needed in order to establish "true [[Islamic state (government)|Islamic states]]", implement ''sharia'', and rid the Muslim world of any non-Muslim influences. In Qutb's view, the enemies of Islam included "[[Jews|world Jewry]]", which "plotted [[List of conspiracy theories#Antisemitism|conspiracies]]" and opposed Islam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Qutb|2003|pp=63, 69}}.</ref>

In the words of [[Mohammed Jamal Khalifa]], a close college friend of bin Laden: {{quote|Islam is different from any other [[religion]]; it's a way of life. We [Khalifa and bin Laden] were trying to understand what Islam has to say about how we eat, who we marry, how we talk. We read Sayyid Qutb. He was the one who most affected our generation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=79}}.</ref>}}

Qutb also influenced bin Laden's mentor, Ayman al-Zawahiri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html|title=How Did Sayyid Qutb Influence Osama bin Laden?|publisher=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017060150/http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html|archive-date=October 17, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zawahiri's uncle and maternal family patriarch, Mafouz Azzam, was Qutb's student, protégé, personal lawyer, and an executor of his estate. Azzam was one of the last people to see Qutb alive before his execution.<ref>Mafouz Azzam; cited in {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=36}}.</ref> Zawahiri paid homage to Qutb in his work ''Knights under the Prophet's Banner''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html#footnote_24|title=Sayyid Qutb's Milestones (footnote 24)|publisher=Gemsofislamism.tripod.com|access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref>

Qutb argued that many Muslims were not true Muslims. Some Muslims, Qutb argued, were [[Apostasy in Islam|apostates]]. These alleged apostates included leaders of Muslim countries, since they failed to enforce ''sharia'' law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm |title=Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism |first1=DALE C. |last1=EIKMEIER |work=Parameters |date=Spring 2007 |pages=85–98 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm |archive-date=June 9, 2007}}</ref>

The [[Afghan Arabs|Afghan jihad]] against the pro-Soviet government further developed the [[Salafi jihadism|Salafist Jihadist]] movement which inspired Al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/jihad00gill_0 |url-access=registration|date=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press.|ref=GKJTPI2002|isbn=9780674010901}}</ref>

==Religious compatibility==
[[Abdel Bari Atwan]] wrote that:
{{quote|While the leadership's own theological platform is essentially Salafi, the organization's umbrella is sufficiently wide to encompass various schools of thought and political leanings. Al-Qaeda counts among its members and supporters people associated with [[Wahhabism]], [[Shafi'i]]sm, [[Maliki]]sm, and [[Hanafi]]sm. There are even some Al-Qaeda members whose beliefs and practices are directly at odds with Salafism, such as [[Mohammad Yunus Khalis|Yunis Khalis]], one of the leaders of the Afghan mujahedin. He was a mystic who visited the tombs of saints and sought their blessings{{snd}}practices inimical to bin Laden's Wahhabi-Salafi school of thought. The only exception to this pan-Islamic policy is [[Shia Islam|Shi'ism]]. Al-Qaeda seems implacably opposed to it, as it holds Shi'ism to be heresy. In Iraq it has openly declared war on the Badr Brigades, who have fully cooperated with the US, and now considers even Shi'i civilians to be legitimate targets for acts of violence.<ref name=AbdelBariAtwan>Abdel Bari Atwan. ''The Secret History of Al Qaeda'', p. 233. University of California Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-520-24974-7}}</ref>}}

===Attacks on civilians===
Following its 9/11 attack and in response to its condemnation by Islamic scholars, Al-Qaeda provided a justification for the killing of non-combatants/civilians, entitled, "A Statement from Qaidat al-Jihad Regarding the Mandates of the Heroes and the Legality of the Operations in New York and Washington". According to a couple of critics, Quintan Wiktorowicz and John Kaltner, it provides "ample theological justification for killing civilians in almost any imaginable situation."<ref name="Wiktorowicz-2003-86">{{cite journal |last1=Wiktorowicz |first1=Quintan |last2=Kaltner |first2=John |title=KILLING IN THE NAME OF ISLAM: AL-QAEDA'S JUSTIFICATION FOR SEPTEMBER 11 |journal=Middle East Policy |date=Summer 2003 |volume=X |issue=2 |pages=86|url=https://www.aclu.org/files/fbimappingfoia/20111110/ACLURM001177.pdf |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref>

Among these justifications are that America is leading the west in waging a [[War against Islam conspiracy theory|War on Islam]] so that attacks on America are a defense of Islam and any treaties and agreements between Muslim majority states and Western countries that would be violated by attacks are null and void. According to the tract, several conditions allow for the killing of civilians including:
* retaliation for the American war on Islam which al-Qaeda alleges has targeted "Muslim women, children and elderly";
* when it is too difficult to distinguish between non-combatants and combatants when attacking an enemy "stronghold" (''hist'') and/or non-combatants remain in enemy territory, killing them is allowed;
* those who assist the enemy "in deed, word, mind" are eligible for killing, and this includes the general population in democratic countries because civilians can vote in elections that bring enemies of Islam to power;
* the necessity of killing in the war to protect Islam and Muslims;
* the prophet Muhammad, when asked whether the Muslim fighters could use the catapult against the village of [[Ta'if#7th century: Era of Muhammad|Taif]], replied affirmatively, even though the enemy fighters were mixed with a civilian population;
* if the women, children and other protected groups serve as human shields for the enemy;
* if the enemy has broken a treaty, killing of civilians is permitted.<ref name="Wiktorowicz-2003-86"/>

==History==
''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2009 described five distinct phases in the development of al-Qaeda: its beginnings in the late 1980s, a "wilderness" period in 1990–1996, its "heyday" in 1996–2001, a network period from 2001 to 2005, and a period of fragmentation from 2005 to 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Jason|last1=Burke|first2=Paddy|last2=Allen|name-list-style=amp|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2009/sep/10/al-qaida-five-ages-terror-attacks|title=The five ages of al-Qaida|work=The Guardian|location=UK|access-date=March 22, 2010|date=September 10, 2009}}</ref>

===Jihad in Afghanistan===
{{Main|Soviet–Afghan War|Jihadism}}
[[File:Afghan Muja crossing from Saohol Sar pass in Durand border region of Pakistan, August 1985.png|thumb|[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-funded and [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]]-trained Afghan [[mujahideen]] fighters crossing the [[Durand Line]] border to fight Soviet forces and the Soviet-backed [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghan government]] in 1985]]

The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet War in Afghanistan]] (December 1979{{snd}}February 1989).<ref name="AntiSoviet"/> The [[United States]] viewed the conflict in Afghanistan in terms of the [[Cold War]], with [[Marxist]]s on one side and the native Afghan ''mujahideen'' on the other. This view led to a [[CIA]] program called [[Operation Cyclone]], which channeled funds through Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] agency to the Afghan Mujahideen.<ref name="1986-1992-CIA-AND-BRITISH-RECRUIT-AND-TRAIN-MILITANTS-WORLDWIDE-TO-HELP-FIGHT-AFGHAN-WAR">{{cite web|title=1986–1992: CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War|url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone|publisher=Cooperative Research History Commons|access-date=January 9, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818210324/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone|archive-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> The US government provided substantial financial support to the Afghan Islamic militants. Aid to [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]], an Afghan ''mujahideen'' leader and founder of the [[Hezb-e Islami]], amounted to more than $600{{nbs}}million. In addition to American aid, Hekmatyar was the recipient of Saudi aid.<ref>Bergen, Peter L., ''Holy war, Inc.: inside the secret world of Osama bin Laden'', New York: Free Press, 2001. pp. 68–x69</ref> In the early 1990s, after the US had withdrawn support, Hekmatyar "worked closely" with bin Laden.<ref>Bergen, Peter L., ''Holy war, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden'', New York: Free Press, 2001., pp. 70–71</ref>

At the same time, a growing number of Arab ''mujahideen'' joined the ''jihad'' against the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghan Marxist regime]], which was facilitated by international Muslim organizations, particularly the [[Maktab al-Khidamat]] (MAK).<ref name="MAKTAB-AL-KHIDAMAT-GLOBALSECURITY">{{cite web|title=Maktab al-Khidamat|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/maktab_al-khidamat.htm|date=January 11, 2006|access-date=February 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214205625/http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/maktab_al-khidamat.htm|archive-date=February 14, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 1984, MAK was established in [[Peshawar]], Pakistan, by bin Laden and [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam]], a Palestinian Islamic scholar and member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. MAK organized [[al-Qaeda safe house|guest houses]] in Peshawar, near the Afghan border, and gathered supplies for the construction of paramilitary training camps to prepare foreign recruits for the Afghan war front. MAK was funded by the Saudi government as well as by individual Muslims including Saudi businessmen.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|2006}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2010}} Bin Laden also became a major financier of the ''mujahideen'', spending his own money and using his connections to influence public opinion about the war.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=19}}. Quotes taken from {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=42}} and {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=103}}.</ref>

[[File:Omar Abdel-Rahman.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Omar Abdel-Rahman]]]]

From 1986, MAK began to set up a network of recruiting offices in the US, the hub of which was the [[Al Kifah Refugee Center]] at the Farouq Mosque on [[Brooklyn]]'s Atlantic Avenue. Among notable figures at the Brooklyn center were "double agent" [[Ali Mohamed]], whom FBI special agent Jack Cloonan called "bin Laden's first trainer",<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline//////torture/interviews/cloonan.html Cloonan ''Frontline'' interview], PBS, July 13, 2005.</ref> and "Blind Sheikh" [[Omar Abdel-Rahman]], a leading recruiter of ''mujahideen'' for Afghanistan. Azzam and bin Laden began to establish camps in Afghanistan in 1987.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sageman|2004|p=35}}.</ref>

MAK and foreign ''mujahideen'' volunteers, or "Afghan Arabs", did not play a major role in the war. While over 250,000 Afghan ''mujahideen'' fought the Soviets and [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|the communist Afghan government]], it is estimated that there were never more than two thousand foreign ''mujahideen'' on the field at any one time.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=137}}.</ref> Nonetheless, foreign ''mujahideen'' volunteers came from 43 countries, and the total number who participated in the Afghan movement between 1982 and 1992 is reported to have been 35,000.<ref name="THE-WAR-ON-TERROR-AND-THE-POLITICS-OF-VIOLENCE-IN-PAKISTAN">{{cite web
|title=The War on Terror and the Politics of Violence in Pakistan|url=http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id=54|date=July 2, 2004|publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]]|access-date=January 9, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208102951/http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id=54|archive-date=December 8, 2006}}</ref> Bin Laden played a central role in organizing training camps for the foreign Muslim volunteers.<ref>"[https://www.forbes.com/2001/09/14/0914whoisobl.html Who Is Osama Bin Laden?]". ''Forbes''. September 14, 2001.</ref><ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/jan/17/yemen.islam Frankenstein the CIA created]". January 17, 1999. ''The Guardian''.</ref>

The Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989. [[Mohammad Najibullah]]'s Communist Afghan government lasted for three more years, before it was overrun by elements of the ''mujahideen''.

===Expanding operations===
Toward the end of the [[Red Army|Soviet military]] mission in Afghanistan, some foreign ''mujahideen'' wanted to expand their operations to include Islamist struggles in other parts of the world, such as Palestine and [[Kashmir]]. A number of overlapping and interrelated organizations were formed, to further those aspirations. One of these was the organization that would eventually be called al-Qaeda.

Research suggests that al-Qaeda was formed on August 11, 1988, when a meeting in Afghanistan between leaders of [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]], [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam|Abdullah Azzam]], and bin Laden took place.<ref>Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Chapter on Terrorist Financing, [https://www.9-11commission.gov/staff_statements/911_TerrFin_Ch6.pdf 9/11 Commission Report] p. 104</ref> An agreement was reached to link bin Laden's money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organization and take up the jihadist cause elsewhere after the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan.<ref name="RebellionWright">{{Harvnb|Wright|2008}}.</ref>

Notes indicate al-Qaeda was a formal group by August 20, 1988. A list of requirements for membership itemized the following: listening ability, good manners, obedience, and making a pledge (''[[Bay'at|bayat]]'' ) to follow one's superiors.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|2006|pp=133–34}}.</ref> In his memoir, bin Laden's former bodyguard, [[Nasser al-Bahri]], gives the only publicly available description of the ritual of giving ''bayat'' when he swore his allegiance to the al-Qaeda chief.<ref>Al-Bahri, Nasser, ''Guarding bin Laden: My Life in al-Qaeda''. p. 123. Thin Man Press. London. {{ISBN|9780956247360}}</ref> According to Wright, the group's real name was not used in public pronouncements because "its existence was still a closely held secret."<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=260}}.</ref>

After Azzam was assassinated in 1989 and MAK broke up, significant numbers of MAK followers joined bin Laden's new organization.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

In November 1989, [[Ali Mohamed]], a former special forces sergeant stationed at [[Fort Bragg]], North Carolina, left military service and moved to California. He traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan and became "deeply involved with bin Laden's plans."<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=181}}.</ref> In 1991, Ali Mohammed is said to have helped orchestrate bin Laden's relocation to Sudan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Osama bin Laden: The Past|url=http://www.iacsp.com/itobli3.html|access-date=January 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218211532/http://www.iacsp.com/itobli3.html|archive-date=February 18, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Gulf War and the start of US enmity===
{{Main|Gulf War}}

Following the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan in February 1989, bin Laden returned to Saudi Arabia. The [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]] in August 1990 had put the Kingdom and its ruling [[House of Saud]] at risk. The world's most valuable oil fields were within striking distance of Iraqi forces in Kuwait, and Saddam's call to pan-Arab/Islamism could potentially rally internal dissent.

In the face of a seemingly massive Iraqi military presence, Saudi Arabia's own forces were outnumbered. Bin Laden offered the services of his ''mujahideen'' to [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]] to protect Saudi Arabia from the Iraqi army. The Saudi monarch refused bin Laden's offer, opting instead to allow US and allied forces to deploy troops into Saudi territory.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jehl|first1=Douglas|title=A Nation Challenged: Holy war lured Saudis as rulers looked away|work=The New York Times|date=December 27, 2001|pages=A1, B4|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/27/world/a-nation-challenged-saudi-arabia-holy-war-lured-saudis-as-rulers-looked-away.html|access-date=September 5, 2009}}</ref>

The deployment angered bin Laden, as he believed the presence of foreign troops in the "land of the two mosques" ([[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]) profaned sacred soil. After speaking publicly against the Saudi government for harboring American troops, he was banished and forced to live in exile in Sudan.

===Sudan===
From around 1992 to 1996, al-Qaeda and bin Laden based themselves in Sudan at the invitation of Islamist theoretician [[Hassan al-Turabi]]. The move followed an Islamist coup d'état in Sudan, led by Colonel [[Omar al-Bashir]], who professed a commitment to reordering Muslim political values. During this time, bin Laden assisted the Sudanese government, bought or set up various business enterprises, and established training camps.

A key turning point for bin Laden occurred in 1993 when Saudi Arabia gave support for the [[Oslo Accords]], which set a path for peace between Israel and [[Palestinians]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=52}}.</ref> Due to bin Laden's continuous verbal assault on King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, Fahd sent an emissary to Sudan on March 5, 1994 demanding bin Laden's passport. Bin Laden's Saudi citizenship was also revoked. His family was persuaded to cut off his stipend, $7{{nbs}}million a year, and his Saudi assets were frozen.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=195}}.</ref><ref name="OSAMA-BIN-LADEN-A-CHRONOLOGY-OF-HIS-POLITICAL-LIFE">{{cite web|title=Osama bin Laden: A Chronology of His Political Life|publisher=[[PBS]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline///shows/binladen/etc/cron.html|access-date=January 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205100703/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/etc/cron.html|archive-date=December 5, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> His family publicly disowned him. There is controversy as to what extent bin Laden continued to garner support from members afterwards.<ref name="CONTEXT-OF-SHORTLLY-AFTER-APRIL-1994">{{cite web|title=Context of 'Shortly After April 1994'|url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a94familydisown|publisher=Cooperative Research History Commons|access-date=January 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819013249/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a94familydisown |archive-date=August 19, 2013}}</ref>

In 1993, a young schoolgirl was killed in an unsuccessful attempt on the life of the Egyptian prime minister, [[Atef Sedki]]. Egyptian public opinion turned against Islamist bombings, and the police arrested 280 of al-Jihad's members and executed 6.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=186}}.</ref> In June 1995, an [[Attempted assassination of President Hosni Mubarak|attempt to assassinate Egyptian president Mubarak]] led to the expulsion of [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] (EIJ), and in May 1996, of bin Laden from Sudan.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

According to [[Pakistani-American]] businessman [[Mansoor Ijaz]], the Sudanese government offered the [[Clinton Administration]] numerous opportunities to arrest bin Laden. Ijaz's claims appeared in numerous [[op-ed]] pieces, including one in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/05/opinion/oe-ijaz05|title=Clinton Let Bin Laden Slip Away and Metastasize|work=Los Angeles Times |date=December 5, 2001|access-date=March 22, 2010|first1=Mansoor|last1=Ijaz}}</ref> and one in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' co-written with former Ambassador to Sudan [[Timothy M. Carney]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/06/30/intelligence-failure-lets-go-back-to-sudan/1b8e47a7-a603-4657-aef9-ffb4c4b83276/ |title=Intelligence Failure? Let's Go Back to Sudan |last1=Carney|first1=Timothy |first2=Mansoor |last2=Ijaz |date=June 30, 2002 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=March 13, 2016}}</ref> Similar allegations have been made by ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' contributing editor David Rose,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2002/01/osama200201?currentPage=1|title=The Osama Files|last1=Rose|first1=David|date=January 2002|work=Vanity Fair|access-date=December 1, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205155110/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2002/01/osama200201?currentPage=1|archive-date=December 5, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Richard Miniter]], author of ''Losing bin Laden'', in a November 2003 interview with ''[[World (magazine)|World]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.worldmag.com/articles/8206|title=Clinton did not have the will to respond|last1=Belz|first1=Mindy|date=November 1, 2003|work=[[World (magazine)|World]]|access-date=December 1, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206014541/http://www.worldmag.com/articles/8206|archive-date=December 6, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

Several sources dispute Ijaz's claim, including the [[9/11 Commission]], which concluded in part: {{quote|Sudan's minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, has claimed that Sudan offered to hand Bin Ladin over to the US. The Commission has found no credible evidence that this was so. Ambassador Carney had instructions only to push the Sudanese to expel Bin Ladin. Ambassador Carney had no legal basis to ask for more from the Sudanese since, at the time, there was no indictment out-standing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch4.htm|title=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|publisher=Govinfo.library.unt.edu|access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref>}}

===Refuge in Afghanistan===
{{Main|Taliban's rise to power|Afghan training camp}}

After the fall of the Afghan communist regime in 1992, Afghanistan was effectively ungoverned for four years and plagued by constant infighting between various ''mujahideen'' groups.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}} This situation allowed the Taliban to organize. The Taliban also garnered support from graduates of Islamic schools, which are called ''madrassa''. According to [[Ahmed Rashid]], five leaders of the Taliban were graduates of [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]], a madrassa in the small town of Akora Khattak.<ref name="Harvnb|Rashid|2002">{{Harvnb|Rashid|2002}}.</ref> The town is situated near Peshawar in Pakistan, but the school is largely attended by [[Afghan refugees]].<ref name="Harvnb|Rashid|2002" /> This institution reflected [[Salafi]] beliefs in its teachings, and much of its funding came from private donations from wealthy Arabs. Four of the Taliban's leaders attended a similarly funded and influenced madrassa in Kandahar. Bin Laden's contacts were laundering donations to these schools, and Islamic banks were used to transfer money to an "array" of charities which served as front groups for al-Qaeda.<ref>{{Harvnb|Napoleoni|2003|pp=121–23}}; {{Harvnb|Akacem|2005}} "Napoleoni does a decent job of covering al-Qaida and presents some numbers and estimates that are of value to terrorism scholars."</ref>

Many of the ''mujahideen'' who later joined the Taliban fought alongside Afghan warlord [[Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi]]'s Harkat i Inqilabi group at the time of the Russian invasion. This group also enjoyed the loyalty of most Afghan Arab fighters.

The continuing lawlessness enabled the growing and well-disciplined Taliban to expand their control over territory in Afghanistan, and it came to establish an enclave which it called the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]. In 1994, it captured the regional center of Kandahar, and after making rapid territorial gains thereafter, the Taliban captured the capital city [[Kabul]] in September 1996.

In 1996, Taliban-controlled Afghanistan provided a perfect staging ground for al-Qaeda.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kronstadt|Katzman|2008}}.</ref> While not officially working together, Al-Qaeda enjoyed the Taliban's protection and supported the regime in such a strong symbiotic relationship that many Western observers dubbed the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan as, "the world's first terrorist-sponsored state."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/DIM-2017-U-016117-2Rev.pdf|title=Al-Qaeda Core: A Case Study, p. 11|website=cna.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011216/https://www.cna.org/cna_files/pdf/DIM-2017-U-016117-2Rev.pdf|archive-date=2018-10-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, at this time, only Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan.

While in Afghanistan, the Taliban government tasked al-Qaeda with the training of [[055 Brigade|Brigade 055]], an elite element of the Taliban's army. The Brigade mostly consisted of foreign fighters, veterans from the Soviet Invasion, and adherents to the ideology of the mujahideen. In November 2001, as [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Operation Enduring Freedom]] had toppled the Taliban government, many Brigade 055 fighters were captured or killed, and those who survived were thought to have escaped into Pakistan along with bin Laden.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101011105-181591,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011103091516/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101011105-181591,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 3, 2001|work=Time|first1=Daniel|last1=Eisenberg|title=Secrets of Brigade 055|date=October 28, 2001}}</ref>

By the end of 2008, some sources reported that the Taliban had severed any remaining ties with al-Qaeda,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Robertson, Nic|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/10/06/afghan.saudi.talks/?iref=mpstoryview|title=Sources: Taliban split with al Qaeda, seek peace|publisher=CNN|access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref> however, there is reason to doubt this.<ref>Roggio, Bill [http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/10/taliban_have_not_spl.php Taliban have not split from al Qaeda: sources] October 7, 2008 ''The Long War Journal''</ref> According to senior US military intelligence officials, there were fewer than 100 members of al-Qaeda remaining in Afghanistan in 2009.<ref>Partlow, Joshua. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/10/AR2009111019644.html In Afghanistan, Taliban surpasses al-Qaeda"] November 11, 2009</ref>

Al Qaeda chief, Asim Omar was killed in Afghanistan's Musa Qala district after a joint US–Afghanistan commando airstrike on September 23, Afghan's National Directorate of Security (NDS) confirmed in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/newsletters/daily-news-roundup/2019/10/08/major-al-qaida-leader-killed-in-joint-us-afghan-raid/|title=Major al-Qaida leader killed in joint US-Afghan raid|last1=Snow|first1=Shawn|date=2019-10-08|website=Military Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-13}}</ref>

In a report released May 27, 2020, the United Nations' Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team stated that the Taliban-Al Qaeda relations remain strong to this day and additionally, Al Qaeda itself has admitted that it operates inside Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eleventh report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team submitted pursuant to resolution 2501 (2019) concerning the Taliban and other associated individuals and entities constituting a threat to the peace, stability and security of Afghanistan|work= United Nations Security Council|date= May 27, 2020|access-date=January 16, 2021|url= https://www.undocs.org/S/2020/415}}</ref>

On July 26, 2020, a [[United Nations]] report stated that the Al Qaeda group is still active in twelve provinces in Afghanistan and its leader al-Zawahiri is still based in the country.<ref name="https://www.daijiworld.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=734350|title=Al Qaeda active in 12 Afghan provinces: UN|publisher=daijiworld.com|website=daijiworld.com|date=July 26, 2020|access-date=July 26, 2020}}</ref> and that the UN Monitoring Team estimated that the total number of Al Qaeda fighters in Afghanistan were "between 400 and 600".<ref name="https://www.daijiworld.com"/>

===Call for global Salafi jihadism===
{{Expand section|date=September 2009}}

In 1994, the Salafi groups waging [[Salafi jihadism]] in Bosnia entered into decline, and groups such as the [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] began to drift away from the Salafi cause in Europe. Al-Qaeda stepped in and assumed control of around 80% of [[non-state armed groups|non-state armed]] [[Clandestine cell system|cells]] in Bosnia in late 1995. At the same time, al-Qaeda ideologues instructed the network's recruiters to look for ''[[Jihadi international]]'' Muslims who believed that extremist-''jihad'' must be fought on a global level. Al-Qaeda also sought to open the "offensive phase" of the global Salafi ''jihad''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sageman|2004|pp=48, 51}}.</ref> Bosnian Islamists in 2006 called for "solidarity with Islamic causes around the world", supporting the insurgents in Kashmir and Iraq as well as the groups fighting for a Palestinian state.<ref>{{Harvnb|Trofimov|2006|p=282}}.</ref>

===Fatwas===
In 1996, al-Qaeda announced its ''jihad'' to expel foreign troops and interests from what they considered Islamic lands. Bin Laden issued a ''fatwa'',<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bin Laden's Fatwa|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html|publisher=[[Al-Quds Al-Arabi|Al Quds Al Arabi]]|date=August 1996|access-date=January 9, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108175653/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html|archive-date=January 8, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> which amounted to a public declaration of war against the US and its allies, and began to refocus al-Qaeda's resources on large-scale, propagandist strikes.

On February 23, 1998, bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri, a leader of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, along with three other Islamist leaders, co-signed and issued a ''fatwa'' calling on Muslims to kill Americans and their allies.<ref>Summary taken from bin Laden's May 26, 1998, interview with American journalist [[John Miller (journalist)|John Miller]]. Most recently broadcast in the documentary ''Age of Terror'', part 4, with translations checked by Barry Purkis (archive researcher).</ref> Under the banner of the World Islamic Front for Combat Against the Jews and Crusaders, they declared:

{{quote|[T]he ruling to kill the Americans and their allies{{snd}}civilians and military{{snd}}is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque [in Jerusalem] and the holy mosque [in Mecca] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, 'and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together [and] fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah.'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm|title=Text of Fatwah Urging Jihad Against Americans|access-date=May 15, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422210853/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm|archive-date=April 22, 2006}}</ref>}}

Neither bin Laden nor al-Zawahiri possessed the traditional Islamic scholarly qualifications to issue a ''fatwa''. However, they rejected the authority of the contemporary ''[[ulema]]'' (which they saw as the paid servants of ''[[jahiliyya]]'' rulers), and took it upon themselves.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benjamin|Simon|2002|p=117}}. "By issuing fatwas, bin Laden and his followers are acting out a kind of self-appointment as alim: they are asserting their rights as interpreters of Islamic law."</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=questionable statement as at least one of the other signers of the fatwa may have indeed been able to issue such an edict; bin Laden and al-Zawahiri were co-signers|date=May 2009}}

===Iraq===
{{Main|Al-Qaeda in Iraq}}

Al-Qaeda has launched attacks against the Iraqi [[Shia]] majority in an attempt to incite [[sectarian violence]].<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0320/p09s01-coop.html Al Qaeda's hand in tipping Iraq toward civil war], ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''/''[[Al-Quds Al-Arabi]]'', March 20, 2006</ref> Al-Zarqawi purportedly declared an all-out war on Shiites<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/09/15/africa/web.0915iraq.php |title=Another wave of bombings hit Iraq |agency=Associated Press |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |date=September 15, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212174453/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/09/15/africa/web.0915iraq.php |archive-date=February 12, 2009}}</ref> while claiming responsibility for Shiite mosque bombings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/09/16/news/iraq.php |title=20 die as insurgents in Iraq target Shiites |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |date=September 17, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212175616/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/09/16/news/iraq.php |archive-date=February 12, 2009}}</ref> The same month, a statement claiming to be from Al-Qaeda in Iraq was rejected as a "fake".<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4339912.stm Al-Qaeda disowns 'fake letter']", [[CNN]], October 13, 2005</ref> In a December 2007 video, al-Zawahiri defended the Islamic State in Iraq, but distanced himself from the attacks against civilians, which he deemed to be perpetrated by "hypocrites and traitors existing among the ranks".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=1.0.1678520501|title=British 'fleeing' claims al-Qaeda|publisher=Adnkronos.com|date=April 7, 2003|access-date=May 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512042036/http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=1.0.1678520501|archive-date=May 12, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

US and Iraqi officials accused Al-Qaeda in Iraq of trying to slide Iraq into a full-scale civil war between Iraq's Shiite population and Sunni Arabs. This was done through an orchestrated campaign of civilian massacres and a number of provocative attacks against high-profile religious targets.<ref name="Insurgents">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200705/s1911670.htm |title=Al Qaeda leader in Iraq 'killed by insurgents' |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=May 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512042016/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200705/s1911670.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2011}}</ref> With attacks including the 2003 [[Imam Ali Mosque]] bombing, the 2004 Day of Ashura and Karbala and Najaf bombings, the 2006 [[2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing|first al-Askari Mosque bombing]] in [[Samarra]], the deadly single-day [[November 23, 2006 Sadr City bombings|series of bombings in which at least 215 people were killed]] in Baghdad's Shiite district of [[Sadr City]], and the [[2007 al-Askari Mosque bombing|second al-Askari bombing]] in 2007, Al-Qaeda in Iraq provoked Shiite militias to unleash a wave of retaliatory attacks, resulting in [[death squad]]-style killings and further sectarian violence which escalated in 2006.<ref name="Threat">DeYoung, Karen/Pincus, Walter. "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/17/AR2007031701373.html Al-Qaeda in Iraq May Not Be Threat Here]", ''[[The Washington Post]]'', March 18, 2007</ref> In 2008, sectarian bombings blamed on al-Qaeda in Iraq killed [[2008 Karbala bombing|at least 42 people]] at the [[Imam Husayn Shrine]] in Karbala in March, and [[17 June 2008 Baghdad bombing|at least 51 people]] at a bus stop in Baghdad in June.

In February 2014, after a prolonged dispute with al-Qaeda in Iraq's successor organisation, the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIS), al-Qaeda publicly announced it was cutting all ties with the group, reportedly for its brutality and "notorious intractability".<ref name="AlQaedaTiesEnd">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/al-qaeda-disavows-any-ties-with-radical-islamist-isis-group-in-syria-iraq/2014/02/03/2c9afc3a-8cef-11e3-98ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html|title=Al-Qaeda disavows any ties with radical Islamist ISIS group in Syria, Iraq|work=The Washington Post|first1=Liz|last1=Sly|date=February 3, 2014|access-date=August 6, 2014|author-link=Liz Sly}}</ref>

===Somalia and Yemen===
{{Main|Al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula}}
[[File:Somali Civil War (2009-present).svg|thumb|Current military situation in Somalia: {{legend|#b4b2ae|Controlled by [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] and [[Hizbul Islam|Allies]]}} ]]
[[File:Yemeni Civil War.svg|thumb|Current military situation in Yemen: {{legend|#ffffff|Controlled by [[al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula|al-Qaeda]] and [[Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)|Ansar al-Sharia]]}}]]

In Somalia, al-Qaeda agents had been collaborating closely with its Somali wing, which was created from the al-Shabaab group. In February 2012, al-Shabaab officially joined al-Qaeda, declaring loyalty in a video.<ref name="Join AQ">{{cite news|title=Somalia's al-Shabab join al-Qaeda|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16979440|publisher=BBC|date=February 10, 2012}}</ref> Somalian al-Qaeda recruited children for suicide-bomber training and recruited young people to participate in militant actions against Americans.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/09/world/africa/somalia-shabaab-qaeda/|title=Al-Shabaab joining al Qaeda, monitor group says|date=February 9, 2012|access-date=February 9, 2012|publisher=CNN }}</ref>

The percentage of attacks in the [[First World]] originating from the Afghanistan–Pakistan ([[AfPak]]) border declined starting in 2007, as al-Qaeda shifted to Somalia and Yemen.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8009819/Anwar-al-Awlaki-the-new-Osama-bin-Laden.html|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first1=Philip|last1=Johnston|title=Anwar al Awlaki: the new Osama bin Laden?|date=September 17, 2010}}</ref> While al-Qaeda leaders were hiding in the tribal areas along the AfPak border, middle-tier leaders heightened activity in Somalia and Yemen.

In January 2009, al-Qaeda's division in Saudi Arabia merged with its Yemeni wing to form [[al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] (AQAP).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8437724.stm|title=NEWS.BBC.co.uk|publisher=BBC|date=January 3, 2010|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323005536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8437724.stm|archive-date=March 23, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Centered in Yemen, the group takes advantage of the country's poor economy, demography and domestic security. In August 2009, the group made an assassination attempt against a member of the Saudi royal family. President Obama asked [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] to ensure closer cooperation with the US in the struggle against the growing activity of al-Qaeda in Yemen, and promised to send additional aid. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan drew US attention from Somalia and Yemen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/hotspots/terror/109278-0/|title=Al-Qaeda Slowly Makes Its Way to Somalia and Yemen|date=September 15, 2009|access-date=September 23, 2009|publisher=Pravda.ru}}</ref> In December 2011, US Secretary of Defense [[Leon Panetta]] said the US operations against al-Qaeda "are now concentrating on key groups in Yemen, Somalia and North Africa."<ref name="Panetta">{{cite web |url=http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/13/9410244-hunt-for-terrorists-shifts-to-dangerous-north-africa-panetta-says |title=Hunt for terrorists shifts to 'dangerous' North Africa, Panetta says |work=NBC News |access-date=August 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508233801/http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/13/9410244-hunt-for-terrorists-shifts-to-dangerous-north-africa-panetta-says |archive-date=May 8, 2012}}</ref> Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed responsibility for the 2009 bombing attack on [[Northwest Airlines Flight 253]] by [[Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/12/28/cbsnews_investigates/main6031295.shtml|title=Al Qaeda: We Planned Flight 253 Bombing Terrorist Group Says It Was In Retaliation for U.S. Operation in Yemen; Obama Orders Reviews of Watchlist and Air Safety|work=CBS News|date=December 28, 2009|access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref> The AQAP declared the Al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen on March 31, 2011, after capturing the most of the [[Abyan Governorate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/al-qaeda-declares-southern-yemeni-province-an-islamic-emirate-2011-3|title=AQAP: Abyan province an "Islamic Emirate." |first1=Grace|last1=Wyler|date=March 31, 2011|work=Business Insider|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>

As the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen]] escalated in July 2015, fifty civilians had been killed and twenty million needed aid.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/07/jihadis-likely-winners-of-saudi-arabias-futile-war-on-yemens-houthi-rebels |title=Jihadis likely winners of Saudi Arabia's futile war on Yemen's Houthi rebels |date=July 7, 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In February 2016, al-Qaeda forces and [[Saudi Arabia]]n-led coalition forces were both seen fighting Houthi rebels in the same battle.<ref name=bbc-20160222>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-35630194 |title=Yemen conflict: Al-Qaeda joins coalition battle for Taiz |publisher=BBC |date=February 22, 2016 }}</ref> In August 2018, ''Al Jazeera'' reported that "A military coalition battling Houthi rebels secured secret deals with al-Qaeda in Yemen and recruited hundreds of the group's fighters.{{nbs}}... Key figures in the deal-making said the United States was aware of the arrangements and held off on drone attacks against the armed group, which was created by Osama bin Laden in 1988."<ref name="al-Qaeda"/>

===United States operations===
In December 1998, the Director of the CIA [[Counterterrorism Center]] reported to President [[Bill Clinton]] that al-Qaeda was preparing to launch attacks in the United States, and the group was training personnel to hijack aircraft.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Bin Laden Preparing to Hijack US Aircraft and Other Attacks|date=December 4, 1998|access-date=April 18, 2010|publisher=[[Director of Central Intelligence]]|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0001110635/0001110635_0001.gif|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182609/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0001110635/0001110635_0001.gif|archive-date=October 15, 2012}}</ref> On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda [[September 11 attacks|attacked the United States]], hijacking four airliners within the country and deliberately crashing two into the twin towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973-2001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]]. The third plane crashed into the western side of [[the Pentagon]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]]. The fourth plane was crashed into a field in [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks |title=The 9/11 Commission Report |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |date=July 22, 2004 |edition=first |url=https://archive.org/details/911commissionrep00nati |isbn=0-393-32671-3 }}</ref> In total, the attackers killed 2,977 victims and injured more than 6,000 others.<ref name="Flags">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theonlinerocket.com/news/lost-lives-remembered-during-9-11-ceremony-1.2333384|title=Lost lives remembered during 9/11 ceremony|publisher=The Online Rocket|access-date=April 4, 2012|date=September 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629111119/http://www.theonlinerocket.com/news/lost-lives-remembered-during-9-11-ceremony-1.2333384 |archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Anwar al-Awlaki sitting on couch, lightened.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Anwar al-Awlaki]]]]

US officials noted that [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] had considerable reach within the US. A former FBI agent identified Awlaki as a known "senior recruiter for al-Qaeda", and a spiritual motivator.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/al-qaeda-recruiter-focus-fort-hood-killings-investigation/story?id=9045492 Chucmach, Megan, and Ross, Brian, "Al Qaeda Recruiter New Focus in Fort Hood Killings Investigation Army Major Nidal Hasan Was In Contact With Imam Anwar Awlaki, Officials Say,"] ''[[ABC News]]'', November 10, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2009</ref> Awlaki's sermons in the US were attended by three of the 9/11 hijackers, and accused [[2009 Fort Hood shooting|Fort Hood shooter]] [[Nidal Hasan]]. US intelligence intercepted emails from Hasan to Awlaki between December 2008 and early 2009. On his website, Awlaki has praised Hasan's actions in the Fort Hood shooting.<ref name="abcnews.go.com">Esposito, Richard, Cole, Matthew, and Ross, Brian, [https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/fort-hood-shooter-contact-al-qaeda-terrorists-officials/story?id=9030873 "Officials: US Army Told of Hasan's Contacts with al Qaeda; Army Major in Fort Hood Massacre Used 'Electronic Means' to Connect with Terrorists,"] ''[[ABC News]]'', November 9, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2009</ref>

An unnamed official claimed there was good reason to believe Awlaki "has been involved in very serious terrorist activities since leaving the US [in 2002], including plotting attacks against America and our allies."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/26/AR2008022603267.html|title=Imam From Va. Mosque Now Thought to Have Aided Al-Qaeda|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> US President [[Barack Obama]] approved the [[targeted killing]] of al-Awlaki by April 2010, making al-Awlaki the first US citizen ever placed on the CIA target list. That required the consent of the [[US National Security Council]], and officials argued that the attack was appropriate because the individual posed an imminent danger to national security.<ref name="washingtonpost2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/06/AR2010040604121.html|title=Muslim cleric Aulaqi is 1st U.S. citizen on list of those CIA is allowed to kill|last1=Miller|first1=Greg|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=April 6, 2010|access-date=April 9, 2010}}</ref><ref name="nytimes1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/world/middleeast/07yemen.html|title=U.S. Approves Targeted Killing of American Cleric|last1=Shane|first1=Scott|date=April 6, 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408031248/http://www.nytimes.com//2010//04//07//world//middleeast//07yemen.html|archive-date=April 8, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/7564581/Barack-Obama-orders-killing-of-US-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html|title=Barack Obama orders killing of US cleric Anwar al-Awlaki|first1=Tom|last1=Leonard|date=April 7, 2010|newspaper=Telegraph (UK)|access-date=April 8, 2010|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411042550/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/7564581/Barack-Obama-orders-killing-of-US-cleric-Anwar-al-Awlaki.html|archive-date=April 11, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2010, [[Faisal Shahzad]], who pleaded guilty to the [[2010 Times Square car bombing attempt]], told interrogators he was "inspired by" al-Awlaki, and sources said Shahzad had made contact with al-Awlaki over the Internet.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704370704575228150116907566 |title=Suspect Cites Radical Imam's Writings |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |first1=Yochi J. |last1=Dreazen |author-link1=Yochi Dreazen |first2=Evan |last2=Perez |date=May 6, 2010 |access-date=May 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509120618/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704370704575228150116907566.html |archive-date=May 9, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="herridge1">{{Cite news|last1=Herridge|first1=Catherine|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/05/06/times-square-bomb-suspect-fan-prominent-radical-cleric-sources-say/|title=Times Square Bomb Suspect a 'Fan' of Prominent Radical Cleric, Sources Say|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=May 6, 2010|access-date=May 7, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507101825/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/05/06/times-square-bomb-suspect-fan-prominent-radical-cleric-sources-say/|archive-date=May 7, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="abcnews1">{{Cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/faisal-shahzad-contact-awlaki-taliban-mumbai-massacre-mastermind/story?id=10575061|title=Faisal Shahzad Had Contact With Anwar Awlaki, Taliban, and Mumbai Massacre Mastermind, Officials Say|last1=Esposito|first1=Richard|first2=Chris|last2=Vlasto|first3=Chris|last3=Cuomo|work=The Blotter from Brian Ross|publisher=ABC News|date=May 6, 2010|access-date=May 7, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100509013338/https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/faisal-shahzad-contact-awlaki-taliban-mumbai-massacre-mastermind/story?id=10575061|archive-date=May 9, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Representative [[Jane Harman]] called him "terrorist number one", and ''[[Investor's Business Daily]]'' called him "the world's most dangerous man".<ref>{{cite web|first1=Max|last1=Fisher|access-date=2020-09-18|title=Anwar Who?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/anwar-who/245953/|date=30 September 2011|website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>May 10, 2010, editorial in the Investor's Business Daily</ref> In July 2010, the [[U.S. Treasury Department|US Treasury Department]] added him to its list of [[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]]s, and the UN added him to its list of individuals associated with al-Qaeda.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/07/21/Awlaki-lands-on-al-Qaida-suspect-list/UPI-55521279731808/|title=Awlaki lands on al-Qaida suspect list|work=United Press International|access-date=October 30, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023142601/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/07/21/Awlaki-lands-on-al-Qaida-suspect-list/UPI-55521279731808/|archive-date=October 23, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2010, al-Awlaki's father initiated a lawsuit against the US government with the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], challenging its order to kill al-Awlaki.<ref name="seerpress_lawsuit">{{Cite news|url=http://www.offiziere.ch/wp-content/uploads/seerpress.com-CIA_on_the_verge_of_lawsuit.pdf|title=CIA on the verge of lawsuit|publisher=Seer Press News|date=August 5, 2010|first1=Mark|last1=Wilson}}</ref> In October 2010, US and UK officials linked al-Awlaki to the [[2010 cargo plane bomb plot]].<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8099345/Yemen-cargo-bomb-plot-may-have-been-targeted-at-Britain.html|title=Yemen cargo bomb plot may have been targeted at Britain|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=October 30, 2010|access-date=October 31, 2010|location=London|first1=Sean|last1=Rayment|first2=Patrick|last2=Hennessy|first3=David|last3=Barrett|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101031903/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8099345/Yemen-cargo-bomb-plot-may-have-been-targeted-at-Britain.html|archive-date=November 1, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2011, al-Awlaki was killed in a targeted killing drone attack in Yemen.<ref>[[Micah Zenko|Zenko, Micah]]. (September 30, 2011) [http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2011/09/30/targeted-killings-the-death-of-anwar-al-awlaki/ Targeted Killings: The Death of Anwar al-Awlaki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407013416/http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2011/09/30/targeted-killings-the-death-of-anwar-al-awlaki/ |date=April 7, 2014 }}. ''Council on Foreign Relations''. Retrieved August 4, 2013</ref> On March 16, 2012, it was reported that [[Osama bin Laden]] plotted to kill US President Barack Obama.<ref name="BBC-2012-03-07">{{cite news|work=BBC News |date=March 17, 2012|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17413055|title=Osama Bin Laden 'plotted to kill Obama' before death}}</ref>

===Death of Osama bin Laden===
{{Main|Death of Osama bin Laden}}
[[File:Osama bin Laden compound1.jpg|thumb|View of Osama bin Laden's compound in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, where he was killed on May 1, 2011]]
On May 1, 2011, US President Barack Obama announced that Osama bin Laden had been killed by "a small team of Americans" acting under direct orders, [[Osama bin Laden's hideout compound|in a covert operation]] in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan.<ref name="guardian1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama|work=The Guardian|location=London |date=May 1, 2011|title=Osama bin Laden is dead, Obama announces |first1=Richard|last1=Adams|first2=Declan|last2=Walsh|first3=Ewen|last3=MacAskill}}</ref><ref name="abc death"/> The action took place {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Islamabad.<ref name="CNN-raid"/> According to US officials, a team of 20–25 [[US Navy SEALs]] under the command of the [[Joint Special Operations Command]] stormed bin Laden's compound with two helicopters. Bin Laden and those with him were killed during a firefight in which US forces experienced no casualties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed-navy-seals-firefight/story?id=13505792|title=Osama Bin Laden Killed By Navy Seals in Firefight |work=ABC News|access-date=May 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604035658/https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed-navy-seals-firefight/story?id=13505792|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> According to one US official the attack was carried out without the knowledge or consent of the Pakistani authorities.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/osama-bin-laden-is-killed-by-us-forces-in-pakistan/2011/05/01/AFXMZyVF_story.html|title=Osama bin Laden is killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan|work=The Washington Post|date=May 2, 2011|first1=Dan|last1=Balz}}</ref> In Pakistan some people were reported to be shocked at the unauthorized incursion by US armed forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitralnews.com/News-%20AweStruckt-02-Mayr-11.htm|title=Chitralis bewildered at OBL episode|publisher=Chitralnews.com|date=May 2, 2011|access-date=May 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505081231/http://www.chitralnews.com/News-%20AweStruckt-02-Mayr-11.htm|archive-date=May 5, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The site is a few miles from the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in [[Kakul]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Osama bin Laden, the face of terror, killed in Pakistan|publisher=CNN|date=May 2, 2011|access-date=May 2, 2011|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/01/bin.laden.obit/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506084553/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/01/bin.laden.obit/index.html|archive-date=May 6, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In his broadcast announcement President Obama said that US forces "took care to avoid civilian casualties".<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama-speech-video-transcript_n_856122.html "Osama Bin Laden Dead: Obama Speech Video And Transcript"] ''The Huffington Post'', May 2, 2011</ref>
Details soon emerged that three men and a woman were killed along with bin Laden, the woman being killed when she was "used as a shield by a male combatant".<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> [[DNA]] from bin Laden's body, compared with DNA samples on record from his dead sister,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/27739824/detail.html|title=Report: DNA At Mass. General Confirms bin Laden's Death|publisher=Thebostonchannel.com|date=February 5, 2011|access-date=May 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518182150/http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/27739824/detail.html|archive-date=May 18, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> confirmed bin Laden's identity.<ref name="Osama bin Laden Killed; ID Confirmed by DNA Testing">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703|title=Osama bin Laden Killed; ID Confirmed by DNA Testing|work=[[ABC News]]|date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> The body was recovered by the US military and was in its custody<ref name="abc death">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703|title=Osama Bin Laden Killed by US Strike|work=[[ABC News]]|date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> until, according to one US official, his body was [[Burial at sea|buried at sea]] according to Islamic traditions.<ref name="CNN-raid">{{cite news|title=How U.S. forces killed Osama bin Laden|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/02/bin.laden.raid/|publisher=Cable News Network|access-date=May 2, 2011|author=the CNN Wire|date=May 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42852700|title=US forces kill Osama bin Laden in Pakistan|publisher=MSN}}</ref> One US official said that "finding a country willing to accept the remains of the world's most wanted terrorist would have been difficult."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/us_bin_laden_burial|title=Official: Bin Laden buried at sea|work=Yahoo! News|date=May 2, 2011|access-date=May 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504024833/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/us_bin_laden_burial |archive-date=May 4, 2011}}</ref> US State Department issued a "Worldwide caution" for Americans following bin Laden's death and US diplomatic facilities everywhere were placed on high alert, a senior US official said.<ref name="Elusive terror figure killed">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/02/bin.laden.dead/index.html|title=U.S. forces kill elusive terror figure Osama Bin Laden in Pakistan|publisher=CNN|date=May 2, 2011}}</ref> Crowds gathered outside the [[White House]] and in New York City's [[Times Square]] to celebrate bin Laden's death.<ref name="Bin Laden's death celebration">{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.net/2011/05/02/crowds-celebrate-bin-laden-s-death/|title=Crowds celebrate Bin Laden's death|publisher=[[Euronews]]|date=May 2, 2011}}</ref>

===Syria===
{{Update section|date=June 2020}}
{{Main|Syrian Civil War}}
{{See also|Al-Nusra Front|Tahrir al-Sham|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}
[[File:Syrian Civil War map.svg|thumb|Military situation in the Syrian Civil War as of {{#invoke:Iraq Syria map date|syriadate}}. {{legend|#fff7fd|Controlled by [[al-Nusra Front]]}}]]
[[File:Saadallah al-Jabiri square, Aleppo, after the explosion of October 2012.jpg|thumb|The scene of the [[October 2012 Aleppo bombings]], for which al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility<ref>{{Cite news|title=With wary eye, Syrian rebels welcome Islamists into their ranks|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/with-wary-eye-syrian-rebels-welcome-islamists-into-their-ranks/|work=The Times of Israel|date=October 25, 2012}}</ref>]]

In 2003, President [[Bashar al-Assad]] revealed in an interview with a Kuwaiti newspaper that he doubted al-Qaeda even existed. He was quoted as saying, "Is there really an entity called al-Qaeda? Was it in Afghanistan? Does it exist now?" He went on further to remark about bin Laden, commenting "[he] cannot talk on the phone or use the Internet, but he can direct communications to the four corners of the world? This is illogical."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-05-25-assad_x.htm|title=Assad doubts existence of al-Qaeda|work=USA Today|access-date=May 15, 2014}}</ref>

Following the mass protests that took place in 2011, which demanded the resignation of al-Assad, al-Qaeda-affiliated groups and Sunni sympathizers soon began to constitute an effective fighting force against al-Assad.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Berezow|first1=Alex|url=http://www.realclearworld.com/blog/2013/09/alqaeda_goes_global.html|title=Al-Qaeda Goes Global|publisher=RealClearWorld|date=September 30, 2013|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> Before the [[Syrian Civil War]], al-Qaeda's presence in Syria was negligible, but its growth thereafter was rapid.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neumann|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter R. Neumann |year=2014|title=Suspects into Collaborators|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n07/peter-neumann/suspects-into-collaborators|journal=[[London Review of Books]]|volume=36|number=7|pages=19–21|access-date=April 6, 2014 }}</ref> Groups such as the [[al-Nusra Front]] and the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] have recruited many foreign [[Mujahideen]] to train and fight in what has gradually become a highly sectarian war.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/04/opinion/bergen-sectarian-war-syria/index.html|publisher=CNN|title=Opinion: Syria plunging Mideast into sectarian war? |date=September 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cowell|first1=Alan|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/syria/index.html|title=Syria – Uprising and Civil War|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> Ideologically, the [[Syrian Civil War]] has served the interests of al-Qaeda as it pits a mainly Sunni opposition against a secular government. Al-Qaeda and other fundamentalist Sunni militant groups have invested heavily in the civil conflict, at times actively backing and supporting the mainstream [[Syrian Opposition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20131001-reporters-syria-in-aleppo-with-free-syrian-army-fighters-civil-war-weapons-assad-civil-war|title=Syria: On the frontline with the Free Syrian Army in Aleppo|date=October 4, 2013|publisher=FRANCE 24|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/sep/30/al-nusra-front-free-syrian-army-seize-border-cross/|title=Al Nusra Front, an al Qaeda branch, and the Free Syrian Army jointly seize border crossing|work=The Washington Times|date=September 30, 2013|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>

On February 2, 2014, al-Qaeda distanced itself from ISIS and its actions in Syria;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26016318|title=Al-Qaeda disavows ISIS militants in Syria|work=BBC News|date=February 3, 2014}}</ref> however, during 2014–15, ISIS and the al-Qaeda-linked [[al-Nusra Front]]<ref name="weekly"/> were still able to occasionally cooperate in their fight against the Syrian government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/jabhat-al-nusra-isis-alliance-could-spread-beyond-damascus-1877819 |title=Jabhat Al-Nusra And ISIS Alliance Could Spread Beyond Damascus |first1=Erin |last1=Banco |newspaper=International Business Times |date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20141114170317/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11230622/How-would-a-deal-between-al-Qaeda-and-Isil-change-Syrias-civil-war.html How would a deal between al-Qaeda and Isil change Syria's civil war?]". ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. November 14, 2014</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sacbee.com/2014/03/04/6207631/isis-joins-other-rebels-to-thwart.html|title=ISIS joins other rebels to thwart Syria regime push near Lebanon|newspaper=The Sacramento Bee|publisher=McClatchy DC|date=March 4, 2014|access-date=October 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094834/http://www.sacbee.com/2014/03/04/6207631/isis-joins-other-rebels-to-thwart.html|archive-date=October 6, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Al-Nusra (backed by Saudi Arabia and Turkey as part of the [[Army of Conquest]] during 2015–2017<ref name="independent"/>) launched many attacks and [[List of bombings during the Syrian Civil War|bombings]], mostly against targets affiliated with or supportive of the Syrian government.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-aleppo-idUSKCN0PG2EI20150706 Syria's al-Qaeda offshoot Nusra stages suicide bombing in Aleppo: monitor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031033527/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/06/us-mideast-crisis-aleppo-idUSKCN0PG2EI20150706 |date=October 31, 2015 }}". Reuters. July 6, 2015.</ref> From October 2015, [[Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War|Russian air strikes]] targeted positions held by al-Nusra Front, as well as other Islamist and non-Islamist rebels,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34411653 |title=Russia launches media offensive on Syria bombing |newspaper=BBC News |date=October 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/15/russia-begins-major-offensive-in-syria-with-airstrikes-on-idlib/|title=Russia launches major offensive in Syria with airstrikes on Idlib and Homs, as rebel-held east Aleppo bombarded for first time in weeks |newspaper=The Telegraph|first1=Raf|last1=Pantucci|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="As US bombs rebels">[https://www.newsweek.com/syria-war-us-rebels-russia-isis-israel-569812 Syria at War: As U.S. Bombs Rebels, Russia Strikes ISIS and Israel Targets Assad] ''Newsweek'' 17 March 2017</ref> while the US also targeted al-Nusra with airstrikes.<ref name="As US bombs rebels"/><ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/04/03/bomb-first-ask-questions-later-syria-al-qaeda/ The United States Is Bombing First, Asking Questions Later], ''Foreign Policy'' 3{{nbs}}April 2017</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/world/middleeast/us-airstrike-al-qaeda-syria.html U.S. Airstrike Kills More Than 100 Qaeda Fighters in Syria] ''New York Times'' 20 January 2017</ref> In early 2016, a leading ISIL ideologue described al-Qaeda as the "Jews of jihad".<ref>{{cite web |last1= Moore |first1= Jack |date= January 25, 2016 |title= ISIS ideologue calls al-Qaeda the 'Jews of jihad' as rivalry continues |url= http://europe.newsweek.com/isis-ideologue-calls-al-qaeda-jews-jihad-rivalry-continues-419320 |website= Newsweek |access-date= March 2, 2016 }}</ref>

===India===
{{Main|al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent}}

In September 2014 al-Zawahiri announced al-Qaeda was establishing a front in India to "wage jihad against its enemies, to liberate its land, to restore its sovereignty, and to revive its Caliphate." Al-Zawahiri nominated India as a beachhead for regional jihad taking in neighboring countries such as Myanmar and Bangladesh. The motivation for the video was questioned, as it appeared the militant group was struggling to remain relevant in light of the emerging prominence of ISIS.<ref name="IndiaAlQaeda">{{cite news|title=India security alert after Al Qaeda calls for jihad in subcontinent|url=http://www.indiagazette.com/index.php/sid/225407619|date=September 4, 2014|access-date=September 8, 2014|work=India Gazette}}</ref> The new wing was to be known as "Qaedat al-Jihad fi'shibhi al-qarrat al-Hindiya" or al-Qaida in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS). Leaders of several Indian Muslim organizations rejected al-Zawahiri's pronouncement, saying they could see no good coming from it, and viewed it as a threat to Muslim youth in the country.<ref name="IndiaGazette">{{cite news|title=Indian Muslims Reject al-Qaida call for Jihad|url=http://www.indiagazette.com/index.php/sid/225460583|date=September 6, 2014|access-date=September 8, 2014|work=India Gazette}}</ref>

In 2014 ''[[Zee News]]'' reported that [[Bruce Riedel]], a former CIA analyst and National Security Council official for South Asia, had accused the Pakistani military intelligence and [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) of organising and assisting Al-Qaeda to organise in India, that Pakistan ought to be warned that it will be placed on the list of [[State Sponsors of Terrorism]], and that "Zawahiri made the tape in his hideout in Pakistan, no doubt, and many Indians suspect the ISI is helping to protect him."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/al-qaeda-launches-india-wing-pakistan-army-isi-targeting-india-to-hit-nawaz-sharif_1465727.html|title=Al Qaeda launches India wing: 'Pakistan Army, ISI targeting India to hit Nawaz Sharif'|work=Zee News|date=September 6, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/india/al-qaeda-wing-in-india-threatening-video-pakistan-isi-exposed-indian-ib-report-1515097.html|title=al-Qaeda's wing in India: Pakistan's ISI exposed over threatening video|work=news.oneindia.in|date=September 4, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/feature/danger-from-isis-al-qaeda-what-india-should-do-1516217.html|title=Danger from ISIS and Al Qaeda: What India should do|work=news.oneindia.in|date=September 5, 2014|access-date=October 25, 2014}}</ref>

==Attacks==
{{Main|Timeline of al-Qaeda attacks}}
[[File:RecentAlQaedaAttacks.svg|thumb|upright=1.65|
[[1998 United States embassy bombings|Nairobi, Kenya]]: August 7, 1998 
[[1998 United States embassy bombings|Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]]: August 7, 1998 
[[USS Cole bombing|Aden, Yemen]]: October 12, 2000 
[[September 11 attacks|World Trade Center, US]]: September 11, 2001 
[[September 11 attacks|The Pentagon, US]]: September 11, 2001 
[[2003 Istanbul bombings|Istanbul, Turkey]]: November 15 and 20, 2003]]

Al-Qaeda has carried out a total of six major attacks, four of them in its jihad against America. In each case the leadership planned the attack years in advance, arranging for the shipment of weapons and explosives and using its businesses to provide operatives with safehouses and false identities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/08/twenty-years-war/496736/|title=Al-Qaeda Has Been at War With the United States for 20 Years|first=Dominic|last=Tierney|date=August 23, 2016|website=The Atlantic}}</ref>

===1992===
On December 29, 1992, al-Qaeda launched its first attack, the [[1992 Yemen hotel bombings]]. Two bombs were detonated in [[Aden]], Yemen. The first target was the Movenpick Hotel and the second was the parking lot of the Goldmohur Hotel.<ref name="wright174">{{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=174}}.</ref>

The bombings were an attempt to eliminate American soldiers on their way to Somalia to take part in the international famine relief effort, [[Operation Restore Hope]]. Internally, al-Qaeda considered the bombing a victory that frightened the Americans away, but in the US, the attack was barely noticed. No American soldiers were killed because no soldiers were staying in the hotel which was bombed. However, an Australian tourist and a Yemeni hotel worker were killed in the bombing. Seven others, mostly Yemenis, were severely injured.<ref name="wright174"/> Two fatwas are said to have been appointed by al-Qaeda's members, [[Mamdouh Mahmud Salim]], to justify the killings according to Islamic law. Salim referred to a famous fatwa appointed by [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], a 13th-century scholar much admired by Wahhabis, which sanctioned resistance by any means during the Mongol invasions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jansen|1997}}.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2009}}

===Late 1990s===
[[File:Kenya bombing 1.jpg|left|thumb|upright|1998 [[1998 United States embassy bombings|Nairobi embassy bombing]]]]
{{Main|1998 United States embassy bombings|2000 millennium attack plots|USS Cole bombing}}
In 1996, bin Laden personally engineered a plot to assassinate United States President [[Bill Clinton]] while the president was in [[Manila]] for the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]]. However, intelligence agents intercepted a message before the motorcade was to leave, and alerted the [[U.S. Secret Service|US Secret Service]]. Agents later discovered a bomb planted under a bridge.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Osama bin Laden came within minutes of killing Bill Clinton |first1=Tom|last1=Leonard|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=December 25, 2009|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/philippines/6867331/Osama-bin-Laden-came-within-minutes-of-killing-Bill-Clinton.html|access-date=December 25, 2009|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225150252/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/philippines/6867331/Osama-bin-Laden-came-within-minutes-of-killing-Bill-Clinton.html|archive-date=December 25, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 7, 1998, al-Qaeda [[1998 U.S. embassy bombings|bombed the US embassies in East Africa]], killing 224 people, including 12 Americans. In retaliation, a barrage of [[cruise missile]]s launched by the US military devastated an al-Qaeda base in [[Khost]], Afghanistan. The network's capacity was unharmed. In late 1999 and 2000, Al-Qaeda planned [[2000 millennium attack plots|attacks to coincide with the millennium]], masterminded by [[Abu Zubaydah]] and involving [[Abu Qatada]], which would include the bombing of Christian holy sites in Jordan, the bombing of [[Los Angeles International Airport]] by [[Ahmed Ressam]], and the bombing of the {{USS|The Sullivans|DDG-68}}.

On October 12, 2000, al-Qaeda militants in Yemen [[USS Cole bombing|bombed]] the [[Guided missile destroyer|missile destroyer]] ''[[USS Cole (DDG-67)|USS Cole]]'' in a suicide attack, killing 17 US servicemen and damaging the vessel while it lay offshore. Inspired by the success of such a brazen attack, al-Qaeda's command core began to prepare for an attack on the US itself.

===September 11 attacks===
{{Main|September 11 attacks}}
{{See also|Responsibility for the September 11 attacks}}
[[File:FEMA - 4235 - Photograph by Andrea Booher taken on 09-28-2001 in New York.jpg|thumb|upright|Aftermath of the September 11 attacks]]

The September 11 attacks on America by al-Qaeda killed 2,977 people{{snd}}2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, and 55 military personnel. Two commercial airliners were deliberately flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, a third into the Pentagon, and a fourth, originally intended to target either the [[United States Capitol]] or the [[White House]], crashed in a field in Stonycreek Township near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]]. It was also the deadliest foreign attack on American soil since the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941.

The attacks were conducted by al-Qaeda, acting in accord with the [[Fatawā of Osama bin Laden#1998 Fatwa|1998 ''fatwa'']] issued against the US and its allies by persons under the command of bin Laden, al-Zawahiri, and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm|title=Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders|access-date=June 16, 2010|date=February 23, 1998}}</ref> Evidence points to suicide squads led by al-Qaeda military commander [[Mohamed Atta]] as the culprits of the attacks, with bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], and [[Hambali]] as the key planners and part of the political and military command.

Messages issued by bin Laden after September 11, 2001 praised the attacks, and explained their motivation while denying any involvement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/|title=Bin Laden says he wasn't behind attacks|publisher=CNN|access-date=July 6, 2006|date=September 17, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705161654/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/|archive-date=July 5, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> Bin Laden legitimized the attacks by identifying grievances felt by both mainstream and Islamist Muslims, such as the general perception that the US was actively oppressing Muslims.<ref>{{Harvnb|Esposito|2002|p=22}}.</ref>

Bin Laden asserted that America was massacring Muslims in "[[Palestinian National Authority|Palestine]], [[Chechnya]], [[Kashmir]] and Iraq" and Muslims should retain the "right to attack in reprisal". He also claimed the 9/11 attacks were not targeted at people, but "America's icons of military and economic power", despite the fact he planned to attack in the morning when most of the people in the intended targets were present and thus generating the maximum number of human casualties.<ref>Hamid Miir 'Osama claims he has nukes: If U.S. uses N-arms it will get the same response' "Dawn: the Internet Edition" November 10, 2001</ref>

Evidence has since come to light that the original targets for the attack may have been nuclear power stations on the US East Coast. The targets were later altered by al-Qaeda, as it was feared that such an attack "might get out of hand".<ref name="AL-QAIDA-LEADERS-SAY-NUCLEAR-POWER-STATIONS-WERE-ORIGINAL-TARGETS">{{Cite news|title=Al-Qaida leaders say nuclear power stations were original targets|url=https://www.theguardian.com/afghanistan/story/0,1284,788431,00.html|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=September 9, 2002|access-date=January 11, 2007 |first1=Giles|last1=Tremlett|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122160702/http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0%2C1284%2C788431%2C00.html|archive-date=January 22, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Al-Qaeda-SCALED-BACK-10-PLANE-PLOT">{{Cite news|title=Al Qaeda Scaled Back 10-Plane Plot|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45853-2004Jun16_2.html|work=The Washington Post|date=June 17, 2004|access-date=January 11, 2007 }}</ref>

==Designation as a terrorist group==
Al-Qaeda is deemed a [[List of designated terrorist groups|designated terrorist group]] by the following countries and international organizations:
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* {{flag|Australia}}<ref name="Australia">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/95FB057CA3DECF30CA256FAB001F7FBD?OpenDocument|title=Listing of Terrorist Organisations|access-date=July 3, 2006|publisher=Australian Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204040731/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/95FB057CA3DECF30CA256FAB001F7FBD?OpenDocument |archive-date=February 4, 2014}}</ref>
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<ref name=terrorlist>{{cite web|title=Armed group neutralized in Azerbaijan linked to Al-Qaeda|url=http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2016022.html|website=en.trend.az|access-date=21 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201073423/http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2016022.html|archive-date=December 1, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{BHR}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=12342&language=en-US|title=Bahrain Terrorist List (individuals – entities)|website=www.mofa.gov.bh}}</ref>
* {{flag|Belarus}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://belarusdigest.com/story/is-radical-islam-a-threat-for-belarus/|title=Is Radical Islam a Threat for Belarus? – BelarusDigest|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|Brazil}}<ref name="Brazil">{{cite web|url=http://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/opiniao/colunistas/o-brasil-e-o-terrorismo-internacional/|title=O Brasil e o terrorismo internacional|access-date=February 22, 2014|first1=Alfredo|last1=Sirkis}}</ref>
* {{flag|Canada}}<ref name="Canada">{{cite web|url=http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp|title=Entities list|access-date=July 3, 2006|author1=Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp |archive-date=November 19, 2006}}</ref>
* {{flag|China}}<ref name="uyg1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t819914.shtml|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Remarks on the Killing of Al-Qaeda Leader Bin Laden in Pakistan|website=fmprc.gov.cn}}</ref>
* {{flag|European Union}}<ref name="EU">{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2004/com2004_0700en01.doc |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070614032134/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2004/com2004_0700en01.doc |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 14, 2007 |title=Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament |author=Commission of the European Communities |date=October 20, 2004 |access-date=June 11, 2007 |format=DOC |author-link=Commission of the European Communities }}</ref>
* {{flag|France}}<ref name="fr-report">{{cite web|url=http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/cgi-bin/brp/telestats.cgi?brp_ref=064000275&brp_file=0000.pdf|title=La France face au terrorisme|publisher=Secrétariat général de la défense nationale (France)|language=fr|access-date=August 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807105500/http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/064000275/0000.pdf |archive-date=August 7, 2011}}</ref>
* {{flag|India}}<ref name="The Hindu : Centre bans Al-Qaeda">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm|title=The Hindu : Centre bans Al-Qaeda|publisher=Hinduonnet.com|date=April 9, 2002|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427232058/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm|archive-date=April 27, 2009|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* {{flag|Indonesia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/4181557/jakarta-terrorist-attacks-indonesia-isis/|title=Indonesia's Long Battle With Islamic Extremism|website=Time|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iran}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/06/12/iran-wants-to-talk-with-us-just-not-about-nukes/|title=Iran Wants to Talk With U.S.; Just Not About Nukes|last1=Moody|first1=John|date=June 12, 2007|newspaper=[[Fox News]]|access-date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225195502/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/06/12/iran-wants-to-talk-with-us-just-not-about-nukes/|archive-date=December 25, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ireland}}<ref name="Department of Justice Ireland">{{cite web|title=Criminal Justice (Terrorist Offences) Act 2005 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2005/en/act/pub/0002/ |work=2005 |publisher=Department of Justice Ireland |access-date=May 26, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215313/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2005/en/act/pub/0002/ |archive-date=May 27, 2014 |df=mdy }}</ref>
* {{flag|Israel}}<ref name="Israel">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+and+Islamic+Fundamentalism-/Summary+of+indictments+against+Al-Qaeda+terrorists+in+Samaria+21-Mar-2006.htm|title=Summary of indictments against Al-Qaeda terrorists in Samaria|date=March 21, 2006|access-date=May 4, 2011|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref><ref name="justice.gov.il">{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9C960928-70AB-428A-BCCC-2E6091F2BDE3/40880/impa_terror_eng_17012013.doc |title= List of Declaration and Orders – Unofficial Translation |access-date=August 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810135338/http://www.justice.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9C960928-70AB-428A-BCCC-2E6091F2BDE3/40880/impa_terror_eng_17012013.doc |archive-date=August 10, 2014 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Japan}}<ref name="Japan">{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2002/chap1-b.pdf|title=B. Terrorist Attacks in the United States and the Fight Against Terrorism|author=Diplomatic Bluebook|year=2002|access-date=June 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614032134/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2002/chap1-b.pdf|archive-date=June 14, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<ref name="Mfa-kazakhstan">{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.kz/index.php/en/foreign-policy/current-issues-of-kazakhstan-s-foreign-policy/counteraction-to-new-challenges/fight-against-terrorism-and-extremism-in-kazakhstan|title=Fight against terrorism and extremism in Kazakhstan|publisher=Mfa.gov.kz|access-date=November 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114002653/http://mfa.gov.kz/index.php/en/foreign-policy/current-issues-of-kazakhstan-s-foreign-policy/counteraction-to-new-challenges/fight-against-terrorism-and-extremism-in-kazakhstan|archive-date=November 14, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2017/04/12/feature-01|title=Kyrgyzstan to publicise list of banned terrorist groups|last=Caravanserai|website=Caravanserai|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|NATO}}<ref name="NATOQaeda">{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2001/s011122b.htm|title=Press Conference with NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson|access-date=October 23, 2006|author=NATO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026040125/http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2001/s011122b.htm|archive-date=October 26, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/structur/library/bibref/them0305.pdf|title=AL QAEDA|author=NATO Library|year=2005|access-date=June 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614032137/http://www.nato.int/structur/library/bibref/them0305.pdf|archive-date=June 14, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{MYS}}<ref>http://www.moha.gov.my/images/maklumat_bahagian/KK/kdndomestic.pdf</ref>
* {{flag|Netherlands}}<ref name="Netherlands">{{cite web|url=http://ftp.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf |title=Annual Report 2004 |access-date=June 11, 2007 |author=General Intelligence and Security Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614032136/http://ftp.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf |archive-date=June 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |author-link=General Intelligence and Security Service }}</ref>
* {{flag|New Zealand}}<ref name="New Zealand">{{cite web|url=http://www.police.govt.nz/service/counterterrorism/designated-terrorists.html|title=New Zealand's designated terrorist individuals and organisations|access-date=October 7, 2008|author=New Zealand Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007014045/http://www.police.govt.nz/service/counterterrorism/designated-terrorists.html |archive-date=October 7, 2008}}</ref>
* {{flag|Pakistan}}<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121026232240/http://tribune.com.pk/story/456294/list-of-banned-organisations-in-pakistan/</ref>
* {{flag|Philippines}}<ref name = "newsflashabus">{{cite news
| title = ABUS, AL-QAEDA TAGGED IN WEDNESDAY NIGHT ZAMBOANGA BOMBING
| url = http://www.newsflash.org/2002/09/hl/hl016645.htm
| work = newsflash
| date = 4 October 2002
| access-date = 22 March 2010}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russia|name=Russian Federation}}<ref name="Russia">{{Cite news|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/07/28/russiaterrorlist.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20061114154904/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/07/28/russiaterrorlist.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 14, 2006|title=Russia Outlaws 17 Terror Groups; Hamas, Hezbollah Not Included}}</ref>
* {{KSA}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewstory.php?newsid=1206711|title=سياسي / وزارة الداخلية: بيان بالمحظورات الأمنية والفكرية على المواطن والمقيم ، وإمهال المشاركين بالقتال خارج المملكة 15 يوما إضافية لمراجعة النفس والعودة إلى وطنهم / إضافة أولى وكالة الأنباء السعودية|website=www.spa.gov.sa|access-date=August 21, 2020|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022233244/https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewstory.php?newsid=1206711|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Korea}}<ref name="Korea">{{Cite news|url=http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070813015&part=102|title=Seoul confirms release of two Korean hostages in Afghanistan|date=August 14, 2007|access-date=September 16, 2007|author=Korean Foreign Ministry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215153000/http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070813015&part=102|archive-date=December 15, 2007}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sweden}}<ref name="Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden">{{cite web|url=http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/06/12/67/01b99143.pdf|title=Radical Islamist Movements in the Middle East|author=Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden|date=March–June 2006|access-date=June 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614032136/http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/06/12/67/01b99143.pdf|archive-date=June 14, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Switzerland}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efv.admin.ch/d/dokumentation/downloads/themen/finanzkrimi/CH_UNTerror_1201_e.pdf|title=Report on counter-terrorism submitted by Switzerland to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001)|date=December 20, 2001|access-date=June 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609153811/http://www.efv.admin.ch/d/dokumentation/downloads/themen/finanzkrimi/CH_UNTerror_1201_e.pdf|archive-date=June 9, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* {{flag|Tajikistan}}<ref>''Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia'', page 8</ref><ref name=ENDDATE>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/tajikistan.htm Tajikistan Civil War] Global Security</ref>
* {{flag|Turkey}} designated Al-Qaeda's Turkish branch<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114042731/http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html|title=Terörle Mücadele ve Harekat Dairesi Başkanlığı|archive-date=January 14, 2013|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wam.ae/ar/news/emirates-arab-international/1395272465559.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117230142/http://www.wam.ae/ar/news/emirates-arab-international/1395272465559.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 17, 2014|title=مجلس الوزراء يعتمد قائمة التنظيمات الإرهابية. – WAM|date=November 17, 2014}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{cite act |title=[[Terrorism Act 2000]] |number=11 |year=2000 |article=2 |articletype=Schedule |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|United Nations}} [[United Nations Security Council]]<ref name="UNSC-WORK-RELATED-TO-RESOLUTION-1267">{{cite web|title=Security Council Resolutions Related to the Work of the Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1267 (1999) Concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and Associated Individuals and Entities |publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]] |url=https://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ResEng.htm |access-date=January 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112115326/http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ResEng.htm |archive-date=January 12, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flag|United States}}<ref name="US">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)|access-date=July 3, 2006|author=United States Department of State|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117015042/https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm|archive-date=November 17, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<ref name=CRISIS>[http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=236626 Terrorism in Uzbekistan: A self-made crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016211249/http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=236626 |date=October 16, 2006 }} Jamestown Foundation</ref><ref name=CORNELL>[http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/8147-18.cfm Uzbekistan: Who's Behind The Violence?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404040430/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/8147-18.cfm |date=2004-04-04 }} Center for Defense Information</ref>
* {{flag|Vietnam}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/1957304/vietnamese-born-al-qaeda-recruit-sentenced-40-years|title=Vietnamese-born al-Qaeda recruit sentenced to 40 years in US over plot to bomb Heathrow|date=May 28, 2016|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=January 11, 2019}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==War on Terror==
{{Main|War on Terror|List of wars and battles involving al-Qaeda}}
[[File:US 10th Mountain Division soldiers in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|US troops in Afghanistan]]

In the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the US government [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists|responded]], and began to prepare its [[Military of the United States|armed forces]] to overthrow the Taliban, which it believed was harboring al-Qaeda. The US offered Taliban leader [[Mohammed Omar|Mullah Omar]] a chance to surrender bin Laden and his top associates. The first forces to be inserted into Afghanistan were paramilitary officers from the CIA's elite [[Special Activities Division]] (SAD).

The [[Taliban]] offered to turn over bin Laden to a [[neutral country]] for trial if the US would provide evidence of bin Laden's complicity in the attacks. US President [[George W. Bush]] responded by saying: "We know he's guilty. Turn him over",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20011015-NEWS-310159983|title=US Jets Pound Targets Around Kabul|work=[[The Portsmouth Herald]]|date=October 15, 2001|access-date=July 25, 2012}}</ref> and British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] warned the Taliban regime: "Surrender bin Laden, or surrender power."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/blair-to-taliban-surrender-bin-laden-or-surrender-power-1.295241|title=Blair to Taliban: Surrender bin Laden or surrender power|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=October 3, 2001|access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref>

Soon thereafter the US and its allies invaded Afghanistan, and together with the [[Northern Alliance|Afghan Northern Alliance]] removed the Taliban government as part of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]]. As a result of the US [[special forces]] and [[close air support|air support]] for the Northern Alliance ground forces, a number of Taliban and [[Derunta training camp|al-Qaeda training camps]] were destroyed, and much of the operating structure of al-Qaeda is believed to have been disrupted. After being driven from their key positions in the [[Tora Bora]] area of Afghanistan, many al-Qaeda fighters tried to regroup in the rugged [[Gardez]] region of the nation.

[[File:Khalid Shaikh Mohammed after capture.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] after his arrest in [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan, in March 2003]]

By early 2002, al-Qaeda had been dealt a serious blow to its operational capacity, and the Afghan invasion appeared to be a success. Nevertheless, a significant [[Taliban insurgency]] remained in Afghanistan.

Debate continued regarding the nature of al-Qaeda's role in the 9/11 attacks. The [[United States State Department|US State Department]] released a [[Videos of Osama bin Laden#December 13, 2001|videotape]] showing bin Laden speaking with a small group of associates somewhere in Afghanistan shortly before the Taliban was removed from power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2001/b12132001_bt630-01.html|title=U.S. Releases Videotape of Osama Bin Laden|access-date=July 4, 2006|date=December 13, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625223529/http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2001/b12132001_bt630-01.html|archive-date=June 25, 2006}}</ref> Although its authenticity has been questioned by a couple of people,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/september11/story/0,11209,619188,00.html|author=Morris, Steven|title=US urged to detail origin of tape|work=The Guardian|location=UK|access-date=July 11, 2006|date=December 15, 2001 }}</ref> the tape definitively implicates bin Laden and al-Qaeda in the September 11 attacks. The tape was aired on many [[television channels]], with an accompanying English translation provided by the [[US Defense Department]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/tape.transcript/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202084109/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/tape.transcript/ |archive-date=February 2, 2007 |title=Transcript of Osama bin Laden videotape}}</ref>

In September 2004, the [[9/11 Commission]] officially concluded that the attacks were conceived and implemented by al-Qaeda operatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/|title=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|access-date=April 27, 2006|date=September 20, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427220632/http://www.9-11commission.gov/|archive-date=April 27, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2004, bin Laden appeared to claim responsibility for the attacks in a [[2004 Osama bin Laden video|videotape]] released through Al Jazeera, saying he was inspired by Israeli attacks on high-rises in the 1982 [[1982 Lebanon War|invasion of Lebanon]]: "As I looked at those demolished towers in Lebanon, it entered my mind that we should punish the oppressor in kind and that we should destroy towers in America in order that they taste some of what we tasted and so that they be deterred from killing our women and children."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79C6AF22-98FB-4A1C-B21F-2BC36E87F61F.htm|title=Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=July 12, 2006|date=November 1, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711055450/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79C6AF22-98FB-4A1C-B21F-2BC36E87F61F.htm|archive-date=July 11, 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>

By the end of 2004, the US government proclaimed that two-thirds of the most senior al-Qaeda figures from 2001 had been captured and interrogated by the CIA: [[Abu Zubaydah]], [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]] and [[Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri]] in 2002;<ref name="martinez interrogations">{{Cite news|last1=Shane|first1=Scott|title=Inside the interrogation of a 9/11 mastermind|work=The New York Times|date=June 22, 2008|pages=A1, A12–A13|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/washington/22ksm.html|access-date=September 5, 2009}}</ref> [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] in 2003;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/guantanamo/article209722184.html|title=Lawyers: Scan suggests alleged 9/11 plotter suffered head injury in CIA custody|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Carol|date=April 30, 2018|newspaper=[[Miami Herald]]|access-date=February 2, 2019}}</ref> and [[Saif al Islam el Masry]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/insidealqaedaglo00guna|url-access=registration|access-date=February 2, 2019|title=Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror
|last1=Gunaratna|first1=Rohan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/insidealqaedaglo00guna/page/147 147]|year=2002|publisher=Columbia University Press|quote=The Al Qaeda team included Abu Talha al-Sudani, Saif al-Islam el-Masry, Salem el-Masry, Saif al-Adel and other trainers, including Abu Jaffer el-Masry, the explosives expert who ran the Jihad Wal camp Afghanistan. In addition to developing this capability with Iranian assistance, Al Qaeda also received a large amount of explosives from Iran that were used in the bombing of the East African targets. The training team brought Hezbollah training and propaganda videos with the intention of passing on their knowledge to other Al Qaeda members and Islamist groups.|isbn=9780231126922|ref=none}}</ref> [[Mohammed Atef]] and several others were killed. The West was criticized for not being able to handle Al-Qaida despite a decade of the war.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Paul|last1=Rogers|url=http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/articles_multimedia/al_qaida_multiform_idea|title=Al-Qaida – A Multiform Idea|publisher=Oxford Research Group|date=August 8, 2013|access-date=November 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110090613/http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/articles_multimedia/al_qaida_multiform_idea|archive-date=November 10, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Activities==
{{wide image|Main countries of activity of Al-Qaeda.png|400px|Main countries of activity of Al-Qaeda}}

===Africa===
{{Main|Al-Qaeda involvement in Africa}}

[[File:GSPC map.png|thumb|[[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] (formerly [[Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat|GSPC]]) area of operations]]
[[File:The Guardian al-Qaeda recruitment.jpg|thumb|Front page of ''[[The Guardian Weekly]]'' on the eighth anniversary of the September 11 attacks. The article claimed that al-Qaeda's activity is "increasingly dispersed to 'affiliates' or 'franchises' in Yemen and North Africa."<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Black|first1=Ian|author-link=Ian Black (journalist)|last2=Norton-Taylor|first2=Richard|author-link2=Richard Norton-Taylor|title=Al-Qaida weakened by global recruitment woes|work=The Guardian Weekly|volume=181|issue=14|date=September 18, 2009|pages=1–2|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/10/al-qaida-recruitment-crisis|access-date=September 19, 2009|location=London}}</ref>]]

[[Al-Qaeda involvement in Africa]] has included a number of bombing attacks in North Africa, while supporting parties in civil wars in Eritrea and Somalia. From 1991 to 1996, bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders were based in Sudan.

Islamist rebels in the [[Sahara]] calling themselves [[al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]] have stepped up their violence in recent years.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Trofimov|first1=Yaroslav|title=Islamic rebels gain strength in the Sahara|work=The Wall Street Journal|volume=254|issue=39|date=August 15, 2009|page=A9|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125030117348933737|access-date=September 15, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Trofimov|first1=Yaroslav|title=Islamic rebels gain strength in the Sahara|work=The Wall Street Journal Europe|volume=27|issue=136|date=August 17, 2009|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Trofimov|first1=Yaroslav|title=Islamic rebels gain in the Sahara|work=The Wall Street Journal Asia|volume=33|issue=245|date=August 18, 2009|page=12}}</ref> French officials say the rebels have no real links to the al-Qaeda leadership, but this has been disputed. It seems likely that bin Laden approved the group's name in late 2006, and the rebels "took on the al Qaeda franchise label", almost a year before the violence began to escalate.<ref>{{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=126}}.</ref>

In Mali, the [[Ansar Dine]] faction was also reported as an ally of al-Qaeda in 2013.<ref>Baba Ahmed and Jamey Keaten, Associated Press (January 12, 2013) [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/11/french-action-against-mali/1828181/ Hundreds of French troops drive back Mali rebels]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved August 4, 2013</ref> The Ansar al Dine faction aligned themselves with the [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb|AQIM]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=a_Xhxv5YDjkC&pg=PA137 Ansar al Dine]. Google Books. Retrieved August 4, 2013</ref>

In 2011, Al-Qaeda's North African wing condemned Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] and declared support for the [[Anti-Gaddafi forces|Anti-Gaddafi rebels]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-libya-alqaeda-idUKTRE71N12X20110224|title=Al Qaeda backs Libyan protesters, condemns Gaddafi|author=Reuters Staff|date=February 24, 2011|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8344417/Libya-al-Qaeda-backs-protesters.html|title=Libya: al-Qaeda backs protesters|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

Following the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], the removal of [[Gaddafi]] and the ensuing period of [[post-civil war violence in Libya]], various [[Islamist]] militant groups affiliated with al-Qaeda were able to expand their operations in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8860684/Libya-revolutionaries-turn-on-each-other-as-fears-grow-for-law-and-order.html|title=Libya: revolutionaries turn on each other as fears grow for law and order|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=October 31, 2011|access-date=November 10, 2013|location=London|first1=Nick|last1=Meo}}</ref> The [[2012 Benghazi attack]], which resulted in the death of [[US Ambassador]] [[J. Christopher Stevens]] and three other Americans, is suspected of having been carried out by various [[Jihadist]] networks, such as [[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]], [[Ansar al-Sharia]] and several other Al-Qaeda affiliated groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/09/21/libyans-storm-ansar-al-sharia-compound-in-backlash-attack-on-us-consulate/|title=Libyans storm Ansar Al-Shariah compound in backlash after attack on US Consulate|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=September 21, 2012|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/02/world/africa/us-libya-benghazi-suspects|title=Sources: 3 al Qaeda operatives took part in Benghazi attack|publisher=CNN|date=May 4, 2013|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> The capture of [[Nazih Abdul-Hamed al-Ruqai]], a senior al-Qaeda operative wanted by the United States for his involvement in the [[1998 United States embassy bombings]], on October 5, 2013, by [[U.S. Navy Seals|US Navy Seals]], [[FBI]] and [[CIA]] agents illustrates the importance the US and other Western allies have placed on North Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/05/world/africa/us-forces-africa-terrorist-raids/index.html|title=U.S. forces raid terror targets in Libya, Somalia|publisher=CNN|date=October 6, 2013|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>

===Europe===
{{Main|Al-Qaeda involvement in Europe}}

Prior to the [[September 11 attacks]], [[Al Qaeda in Bosnia and Herzegovina|al-Qaeda]] was present in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its members were mostly veterans of the [[Bosnian mujahideen|El Mudžahid]] detachment of the Bosnian Muslim [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Three al-Qaeda operatives carried out the [[Mostar car bombing]] in 1997. The operatives were closely linked to and financed by the [[Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] founded by then-prince King [[Salman of Saudi Arabia]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019|reason=for the whole paragraph}}

Before the 9/11 attacks and the US invasion of Afghanistan, westerners who had been recruits at al-Qaeda training camps were sought after by al-Qaeda's military wing. Language skills and knowledge of Western culture were generally found among recruits from Europe, such was the case with [[Mohamed Atta]], an Egyptian national studying in Germany at the time of his training, and other members of the [[Hamburg Cell]]. [[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Mohammed Atef]] would later designate Atta as the ringleader of the [[9/11 hijackers]]. Following the attacks, Western intelligence agencies determined that al-Qaeda cells operating in Europe had aided the hijackers with financing and communications with the central leadership based in Afghanistan.<ref name="9-11commission.gov"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/30/terrorism.september113|title=Last words of a terrorist | The Observer|work=The Guardian|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>

In 2003, Islamists carried out a series of bombings in [[Istanbul]] killing fifty-seven people and injuring seven hundred. Seventy-four people were charged by the Turkish authorities. Some had previously met bin Laden, and though they specifically declined to pledge allegiance to al-Qaeda they asked for its blessing and help.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021201715_pf.html|title=Washington Post – Al-Qaeda's Hand in Istanbul Plot|work=The Washington Post |access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3735645|title=Msn News – Bin Laden allegedly planned attack in Turkey – Stymied by tight security at U.S. bases, militants switched targets|work=NBC News|date=December 17, 2003|access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref>

In 2009, three Londoners, Tanvir Hussain, Assad Sarwar and Ahmed Abdullah Ali, were convicted of [[2006 transatlantic aircraft plot|conspiring to detonate bombs disguised as soft drinks on seven airplanes bound for Canada and the US]] The [[MI5]] investigation regarding the plot involved more than a year of surveillance work conducted by over two hundred officers.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gardham|first1=Duncan|title=Gang is brought to justice by most complex operation since the war|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London |date=September 8, 2009|page=2|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/6152185/Airline-bomb-plot-investigation-one-of-biggest-since-WW2.html|access-date=September 15, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gardham|first1=Duncan|title=Complex operation brings gang to justice|work=The Weekly Telegraph|edition=Australian |issue=947|date=September 16, 2009|page=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Milmo|first1=Cahal|title=Police watched the plot unfold, then pounced|work=The Independent|location=London |date=September 8, 2009|pages=2–4|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-watched-the-plot-unfold-then-pounced-1783388.html|access-date=September 15, 2009 }}</ref> British and US officials said the plot{{snd}}unlike many similar homegrown European Islamic militant plots{{snd}}was directly linked to al-Qaeda and guided by senior al-Qaeda members in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1251804512098&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512043550/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1251804512098&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |title=UK court convicts 3 of plot to blow up airliners |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=September 7, 2009 |access-date=May 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandford|first1=Daniel|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8221375.stm|title=UK | Airline plot: Al-Qaeda connection|work=BBC News|date=September 7, 2009|access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref>

In 2012, Russian Intelligence indicated that al-Qaeda had given a call for "forest jihad" and has been starting massive forest fires as part of a strategy of "thousand cuts".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Elder|first1=Miriam|title=Russia accuses al-Qaida of 'forest jihad' in Europe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/03/russia-al-qaida-forest-jihad|access-date=November 6, 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=October 3, 2012|location=London}}</ref>

===Arab world===
{{Main|Al-Qaeda involvement in the Middle East|Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb|Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula|USS Cole bombing}}

[[File:INTEL-COGNITIVE-Cole.jpg|thumb|[[USS Cole bombing|USS ''Cole'']] after the October 2000 attack]]

Following [[Yemeni unification]] in 1990, Wahhabi networks began moving missionaries into the country. Although it is unlikely bin Laden or Saudi al-Qaeda were directly involved, the personal connections they made would be established over the next decade and used in the [[USS Cole bombing|USS ''Cole'' bombing]].<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1 = Weir
|first1 = Shelagh
|date = July–September 1997
|title = A Clash of Fundamentalisms: Wahhabism in Yemen
|series = Middle East Report
|publisher = [[Middle East Research and Information Project]]
|issue = 204
|url = http://www.merip.org/mer/mer204/weir.htm
|access-date = January 19, 2009
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081003091516/http://www.merip.org/mer/mer204/weir.htm
|archive-date = October 3, 2008
|url-status = dead
|df = mdy-all
}}; cited in {{Cite book|last1=Burke
|first1=Jason
|author-link=Jason Burke
|title=Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/alqaedacastingsh00burk/page/128 128–29]
|publisher=I.B. Tauris
|year=2003
|location=New York
|isbn=1-85043-396-8
|url=https://archive.org/details/alqaedacastingsh00burk/page/128
}}</ref> Concerns grew over Al Qaeda's group in [[Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown|Yemen]].<ref>"[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/10/30/earlyshow/saturday/main7006282.shtml Yemen: The Next Front Line Against al Qaeda]". CBS News. October 30, 2010</ref>

In Iraq, al-Qaeda forces loosely associated with the leadership were embedded in the [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]] group commanded by [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]. Specializing in suicide operations, they have been a "key driver" of the [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Sunni insurgency]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=100}}.</ref> Although they played a small part in the overall insurgency, between 30% and 42% of all suicide bombings which took place in the early years were claimed by Zarqawi's group.<ref>See the works cited in {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=101}} {{Harvnb|Hafez|2007|pp=97–98}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Al-Shishani|first1=Murad Batal|title=Al-Zarqawi's Rise to Power: Analyzing Tactics and Targets|work=Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor|volume=3|issue=22|date=November 17, 2005}}</ref> Reports have indicated that oversights such as the failure to control access to the Qa'qaa munitions factory in [[Yusufiyah]] have allowed large quantities of munitions to fall into the hands of al-Qaida.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/07/iraq-weapons-factory-al-qaida-us-failure|title=How the US let al-Qaida get its hands on an Iraqi weapons factory|work=The Guardian|location=UK|access-date=January 7, 2011 |first1=Dominic|last1=Streatfeild|date=January 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107134826/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/07/iraq-weapons-factory-al-qaida-us-failure|archive-date=January 7, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2010, the militant group [[Islamic State of Iraq]], which is linked to al-Qaeda in Iraq, threatened to "exterminate all [[Iraqi Christians]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/csi-urges-obama-to-protect-iraqs-endangered-christian-community-106490518.html|title=CSI Urges Obama to Protect Iraq's Endangered Christian Community|date=November 1, 2010|agency=PR Newswire|access-date=July 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/11/01/world/main7011759.shtml Iraqi Christians Mourn 58 Dead in Church Siege]". CBS News. November 1, 2010.</ref>

Al-Qaeda did not begin training [[Palestinians]] until the late 1990s.<ref name="palestinian operatives">{{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=150}}.</ref> Large groups such as [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] have rejected an alliance with al-Qaeda, fearing that al-Qaeda will co-opt their cells. This may have changed recently. The Israeli security and intelligence services believe al-Qaeda has managed to infiltrate operatives from the Occupied Territories into Israel, and is waiting for an opportunity to attack.<ref name="palestinian operatives"/>

{{as of|2015}}, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey are openly supporting the [[Army of Conquest]],<ref name="weekly">"[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/12392/21/Gulf-allies-and-%E2%80%98Army-of-Conquest%E2%80%99.aspx Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest']". ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]''. May 28, 2015.</ref><ref>"[https://news.yahoo.com/army-conquest-rebel-alliance-pressures-syria-regime-090529121.html 'Army of Conquest' rebel alliance pressures Syria regime]". Yahoo News. April 28, 2015.</ref> an umbrella rebel group fighting in the [[Syrian Civil War]] against the Syrian government that reportedly includes an al-Qaeda linked [[al-Nusra Front]] and another [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi]] coalition known as [[Ahrar al-Sham]].<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-antiassad-jihadists-10242747.html |title=Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria |first1=Kim |last1=Sengupta |newspaper=The Independent |date=May 12, 2015}}</ref>

===Kashmir===
{{Main|Kashmir conflict}}

Bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri consider India to be a part of an alleged Crusader-Zionist-Hindu conspiracy against the Islamic world.<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2008/1130_india_terrorism_riedel.aspx Terrorism in India and the Global Jihad] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111191820/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2008/1130_india_terrorism_riedel.aspx |date=November 11, 2011 }}, [[Brookings Institution]], November 30, 2008</ref> According to a 2005 report by the [[Congressional Research Service]], bin Laden was involved in training militants for Jihad in Kashmir while living in Sudan in the early 1990s. By 2001, Kashmiri militant group [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] had become a part of the al-Qaeda coalition.<ref>[https://fas.org/irp/crs/RS22049.pdf Al Qaeda: Profile and Threat Assessment], [[Congressional Research Service]], February 10, 2005</ref> According to the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR), al-Qaeda was thought to have established bases in [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]] (in [[Azad Kashmir]], and to some extent in [[Gilgit–Baltistan]]) during the 1999 [[Kargil War]] and continued to operate there with tacit approval of Pakistan's Intelligence services.<ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21a2a,0.html |title=Freedom in the World 2008 – Kashmir Pakistan, 2 July 2008 |publisher=Unhcr.org |date=July 2, 2008 |access-date=May 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172350/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic%2C463af2212%2C469f2dcf2%2C487ca21a2a%2C0.html |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many of the militants active in Kashmir were trained in the same [[madrasa]]hs as [[Taliban]] and al-Qaeda. [[Fazlur Rehman Khalil]] of Kashmiri militant group [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] was a signatory of al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of [[Jihad]] against America and its allies.<ref name=CFRKashmir>[http://www.cfr.org/publication/9135/ Kashmir Militant Extremists] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214103922/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9135/ |date=February 14, 2007 }}, [[Council on Foreign Relations]], July 9, 2009</ref> In a 'Letter to American People' (2002), bin Laden wrote that one of the reasons he was fighting America was because of its support to India on the Kashmir issue.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/report/2002/021120-ubl.htm Osama bin Laden "letter to the American people"], GlobalSecurity.org, November 20, 2002</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'], ''[[The Guardian]]'', November 24, 2002</ref> In November 2001, [[Kathmandu]] airport went on high alert after threats that bin Laden planned to hijack a plane and crash it into a target in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2001/11/10/int3.htm |title=Osama men plan to target Delhi: Kathmandu receives threat] |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=November 10, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020418160409/http://www.dawn.com/2001/11/10/int3.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2002}}</ref> In 2002, US Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]], on a trip to Delhi, suggested that al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir though he did not have any evidence.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2043800.stm Analysis: Is al-Qaeda in Kashmir?], [[BBC]], June 13, 2002</ref><ref name=SMH>[https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/06/13/1023864326179.html Rumsfeld offers US technology to guard Kashmir border], [[The Sydney Morning Herald]], June 14, 2002</ref> Rumsfeld proposed hi-tech ground sensors along the [[Line of Control]] to prevent militants from infiltrating into Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref name=SMH/>
An investigation in 2002 found evidence that al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]].<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0702/p01s02-wosc.html Al Qaeda thriving in Pakistani Kashmir], [[The Christian Science Monitor]], July 2, 2002</ref> In 2002, a special team of [[Special Air Service]] and [[Delta Force]] was sent into [[Indian-Administered Kashmir]] to hunt for bin Laden after receiving reports that he was being sheltered by Kashmiri militant group [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]], which had been responsible for [[1995 Kidnapping of western tourists in Kashmir|kidnapping western tourists in Kashmir in 1995]].<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1385795/SAS-joins-Kashmir-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html SAS joins Kashmir hunt for bin Laden], [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]], February 23, 2002</ref> Britain's highest-ranking al-Qaeda operative [[Rangzieb Ahmed]] had previously fought in Kashmir with the group [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] and spent time in Indian prison after being captured in Kashmir.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/3832366/Al-Qaeda-terror-trial-Rangzieb-Ahmed-was-highest-ranking-al-Qaeda-operative-in-Britain.html Al-Qaeda terror trial: Rangzieb Ahmed was highest ranking al-Qaeda operative in Britain], ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''. December 18, 2008</ref>

US officials believe al-Qaeda was helping organize attacks in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/06/12/kashmir.qaeda/ Bin Laden's finger on Kashmir trigger?], [[CNN]], June 12, 2002</ref> Their strategy was to force Pakistan to move its troops to the border with India, thereby relieving pressure on al-Qaeda elements hiding in northwestern Pakistan.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/05/29/taliban-kashmir.htm Taliban, al-Qaeda linked to Kashmir], [[USA Today]], May 29, 2002</ref> In 2006 al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir.<ref name="CFRKashmir"/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/13/world/asia/13iht-india.2194572.html Al Qaeda claim of Kashmir link worries India], ''[[The New York Times]]'',2006-07-13</ref> However Indian Army General [[H. S. Panag]] argued that the army had ruled out the presence of al-Qaeda in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Panag also said al-Qaeda had strong ties with Kashmiri militant groups [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] based in Pakistan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070823034704/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/18/stories/2007061801191400.htm No Al Qaeda presence in Kashmir: Army], ''[[The Hindu]]'',2007-06-18</ref> It has been noted that [[Waziristan]] has become a battlefield for Kashmiri militants fighting [[NATO]] in support of al-Qaeda and Taliban.<ref>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=199076 Ilyas Kashmiri had planned to attack COAS], ''[[The News International]]'', September 18, 2009 {{Dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=148529 Waziristan new battlefield for Kashmiri militants] {{dead link|date=November 2017}}{{cbignore}}, [[The News International]], November 24, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kashmiri-militants-move-to-waziristan-open/390569/ Kashmiri militants move to Waziristan, open training camps] [[The Indian Express]], November 26, 2008</ref> [[Dhiren Barot]], who wrote the ''Army of Madinah in Kashmir''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/Barot/ArmyMadinahinKashmir.pdf|title=Army of Madinah in Kashmir|publisher=[[Nine Eleven Finding Answers Foundation]]|website=nefafoundation.org|access-date=June 6, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503125705/http://www.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/Barot/ArmyMadinahinKashmir.pdf|archive-date=May 3, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and was an al-Qaeda operative convicted for involvement in the [[2004 financial buildings plot]], had received training in weapons and explosives at a militant training camp in Kashmir.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article628497.ece How radical Islam turned a schoolboy into a terrorist], ''[[The Times]]'', November 7, 2006</ref>


[[Maulana Masood Azhar]], the founder of Kashmiri group [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], is believed to have met bin Laden several times and received funding from him.<ref name=CFRKashmir/> In 2002, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] organized the kidnapping and murder of [[Daniel Pearl]] in an operation run in conjunction with al-Qaeda and funded by bin Laden.<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200410/bergen The Long Hunt for Osama], ''[[The Atlantic]]'', October 2004</ref> According to American [[counter-terrorism]] expert [[Bruce Riedel]], al-Qaeda and Taliban were closely involved in the 1999 hijacking of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] to [[Kandahar]] which led to the release of [[Maulana Masood Azhar]] and [[Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh]] from an Indian prison. This hijacking, Riedel said, was rightly described by then Indian Foreign Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] as a 'dress rehearsal' for September 11 attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2007/05terrorism_riedel.aspx |title=Al Qaeda Strikes Back |first1=Bruce |last1=Riedel |work=The Brookings Institution |access-date=April 12, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605132922/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2007/05terrorism_riedel.aspx |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> Bin Laden personally welcomed Azhar and threw a lavish party in his honor after his release.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100411010821/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/18/stories/2006091814740100.htm Al-Qaeda involved in Indian plane hijack plot], ''[[The Hindu]]'', September 18, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/osama-threw-lavish-party-for-azhar-after-hi/12921/ Osama threw lavish party for Azhar after hijack], ''[[The Indian Express]]'', September 18, 2006</ref> Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, who had been in prison for his role in the [[1994 kidnappings of Western tourists in India]], went on to murder [[Daniel Pearl]] and was sentenced to death in Pakistan. Al-Qaeda operative [[Rashid Rauf]], who was one of the accused in [[2006 transatlantic aircraft plot]], was related to Maulana Masood Azhar by marriage.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/3500661/Rashid-Rauf-profile-of-a-terror-mastermind.html Rashid Rauf: profile of a terror mastermind], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', November 22, 2008</ref>

[[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a Kashmiri militant group which is thought to be behind [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], is also known to have strong ties to senior al-Qaeda leaders living in Pakistan.<ref>LeT, which is based at Muridke, near Lahore in Pakistan, has networks throughout India and its leadership has close links with core al-Qaeda figures living in Pakistan [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5248563.ece Focus on Westerners suggests al-Qaeda was pulling strings], ''[[The Times]]'', November 28, 2008</ref> In late 2002, top al-Qaeda operative [[Abu Zubaydah]] was arrested while being sheltered by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] in a safe house in [[Faisalabad]].<ref name=WSJ20081204>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122834970727777709 Lashkar-e-Taiba Served as Gateway for Western Converts Turning to Jihad], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', December 4, 2008</ref> The FBI believes al-Qaeda and Lashkar have been 'intertwined' for a long time while the CIA has said that al-Qaeda funds Lashkar-e-Taiba.<ref name=WSJ20081204/> [[Jean-Louis Bruguière]] told Reuters in 2009 that "Lashkar-e-Taiba is no longer a Pakistani movement with only a Kashmir political or military agenda. Lashkar-e-Taiba is a member of al-Qaeda."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/03-lashkar-e-taiba-threat-revived-after-chicago-arrest-ss-09 |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba threat revived after Chicago arrest |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=November 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123124223/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/03-lashkar-e-taiba-threat-revived-after-chicago-arrest-ss-09 |archive-date=November 23, 2009}}</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLC383495 INTERVIEW-French magistrate details Lashkar's global role], [[Reuters]], November 13, 2009</ref>

In a video released in 2008, American-born senior al-Qaeda operative [[Adam Yahiye Gadahn]] said that "victory in Kashmir has been delayed for years; it is the liberation of the jihad there from this interference which, Allah willing, will be the first step towards victory over the Hindu occupiers of that Islam land."<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/10/04/gadahn.video/index.html 'Azzam the American' releases video focusing on Pakistan], [[CNN]], October 4, 2008</ref>

In September 2009, a US [[Drone attacks in Pakistan|drone strike]] reportedly killed [[Ilyas Kashmiri]] who was the chief of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]], a Kashmiri militant group associated with al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/12-us+drones+killed+two+terrorist+leaders+in+pak--bi-10 |title=US drones killed two terrorist leaders in Pak |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=September 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923225021/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/12-us%2Bdrones%2Bkilled%2Btwo%2Bterrorist%2Bleaders%2Bin%2Bpak--bi-10 |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kashmiri was described by [[Bruce Riedel]] as a 'prominent' al-Qaeda member<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/1215_terrorism_riedel.aspx Al Qaeda's American Mole] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924002003/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/1215_terrorism_riedel.aspx |date=September 24, 2011 }}, [[Brookings Institution]], December 15, 2009</ref> while others have described him as head of military operations for al-Qaeda.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091019084848/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C10%5C15%5Cstory_15-10-2009_pg1_11 Ilyas Kashmiri alive, lays out future terror strategy], ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]'', October 15, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-102709-rana-headley,0,5879769.htmlpage United States of America vs Tahawwur Hussain Rana], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107012334/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-102709-rana-headley%2C0%2C5879769.htmlpage |date=January 7, 2014 }}</ref> Kashmiri was also charged by the US in a plot against [[Jyllands-Posten]], the Danish newspaper which was at the center of [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/04-ilyas-kashmiri-danish-plot-qs-04 |title=US charges Ilyas Kashmiri in Danish newspaper plot |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=January 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118131229/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/04-ilyas-kashmiri-danish-plot-qs-04 |archive-date=January 18, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> US officials also believe that Kashmiri was involved in the [[Camp Chapman attack]] against the CIA.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100109051225/http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id%3D217152 US seeks Harkat chief for Khost CIA attack]{{cbignore}}, ''[[The News International]]'', January 6, 2010</ref> In January 2010, Indian authorities notified Britain of an al-Qaeda plot to hijack an Indian airlines or Air India plane and crash it into a British city. This information was uncovered from interrogation of Amjad Khwaja, an operative of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]], who had been arrested in India.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6999959.ece Indian hijack plot caused new UK terror alert], ''[[The Times]]'', January 24, 2010</ref>

In January 2010, US Defense secretary [[Robert Gates]], while on a visit to Pakistan, said that al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/03-al-qaeda-could-provoke-new-india-pakistan-war-gates-ss-02 |title=Al Qaeda could provoke new India-Pakistan war: Gates |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=January 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123140217/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/03-al-qaeda-could-provoke-new-india-pakistan-war-gates-ss-02 |archive-date=January 23, 2010}}</ref>

===Internet===
Al-Qaeda and its successors have migrated online to escape detection in an atmosphere of increased international vigilance. The group's use of the Internet has grown more sophisticated, with online activities that include financing, recruitment, networking, mobilization, publicity, and information dissemination, gathering and sharing.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Timothy |last1=Thomas |url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/03spring/thomas.pdf |title=Al Qaeda and the Internet: The Danger of Cyberplanning |date=February 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030326120423/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/03spring/thomas.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2003}}</ref>

[[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]]'s al-Qaeda movement in Iraq regularly releases short videos glorifying the activity of jihadist suicide bombers. In addition, both before and after the death of [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] (the former leader of [[al-Qaeda in Iraq]]), the umbrella organization to which al-Qaeda in Iraq belongs, the [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Council]], has a regular [[web presence|presence on the Web]].

The range of multimedia content includes guerrilla training clips, stills of victims about to be murdered, testimonials of suicide bombers, and videos that show participation in jihad through stylized portraits of mosques and musical scores. A website associated with al-Qaeda posted a video of captured American entrepreneur [[Nick Berg]] being decapitated in Iraq. Other decapitation videos and pictures, including those of [[Paul Johnson (hostage)|Paul Johnson]], [[Kim Sun-il]], and [[Daniel Pearl]], were first posted on jihadist websites.{{citation needed|date=January 2019|reason=The whole paragraph}}

In December 2004 an audio message claiming to be from bin Laden was posted directly to a website, rather than sending a copy to [[Aljazeera|al Jazeera]] as he had done in the past. Al-Qaeda turned to the Internet for release of its videos in order to be certain they would be available unedited, rather than risk the possibility of al Jazeera editing out anything critical of the [[Saudi royal family]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373884|title=Bin Laden Identifies Saudi Arabia as the Enemy of Mujahideen Unity|author=Scheuer, Michael|date=January 2008|work=Terrorism Focus|publisher=Jamestown Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625152714/http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373884 |archive-date=June 25, 2007}}</ref>

[[Alneda]].com and Jehad.net were perhaps the most significant al-Qaeda websites. Alneda was initially taken down by American Jon Messner, but the operators resisted by shifting the site to various servers and strategically shifting content.{{citation needed|date=January 2019|reason=The whole paragraph}}

The US government charged a British information technology specialist, [[Babar Ahmad]], with terrorist offences related to his operating a network of English-language al-Qaeda websites, such as Azzam.com. He was convicted and sentenced to 12-and-a-half years in prison.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Whitlock|first1=Craig|author-link=Craig Whitlock|title=Briton Used Internet As His Bully Pulpit|work=The Washington Post|date=August 8, 2005|page=A1|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/07/AR2005080700890.html|access-date=September 4, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Babar Ahmad Indicted on Terrorism Charges|publisher=United States Attorney's Office District of Connecticut|date=October 6, 2004|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/ct/Press2004/20041006.html|access-date=May 29, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526115318/http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/ct/Press2004/20041006.html|archive-date=May 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28335976|title=British cyber-jihadist Babar Ahmad jailed in US|work=BBC News|access-date=July 6, 2015}}</ref>

====Online communications====
In 2007, al-Qaeda released ''[[Mujahedeen Secrets]]'', encryption software used for online and cellular communications. A later version, ''[[Mujahideen Secrets 2]]'', was released in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nytimes.com/2013/09/30/us/qaeda-plot-leak-has-undermined-us-intelligence.html|work=The New York Times|first1=Eric|last1=Schmitt|first2=Michael S.|last2=Schmidt|title=Qaeda Plot Leak Has Undermined U.S. Intelligence|date=September 29, 2013}}</ref>

===Aviation network===
Al-Qaeda is believed to be operating a clandestine aviation network including "several [[Boeing 727]] aircraft", [[turboprops]] and [[executive jet]]s, according to a 2010 [[Reuters]] story. Based on a US [[Department of Homeland Security]] report, the story said al-Qaeda is possibly using aircraft to transport drugs and weapons from South America to various unstable countries in West Africa. A Boeing 727 can carry up to ten tons of cargo. The drugs eventually are smuggled to Europe for distribution and sale, and the weapons are used in conflicts in Africa and possibly elsewhere. Gunmen with links to al-Qaeda have been increasingly [[kidnapping]] Europeans for ransom. The profits from the drug and weapon sales, and kidnappings can, in turn, fund more militant activities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gaynor|first1=Tim|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60C3E820100113?type=politicsNews|title=Al Qaeda linked to rogue aviation network|work=Reuters|date=January 13, 2010|access-date=May 8, 2011}}</ref>

===Involvement in military conflicts===
{{Multiple issues|{{Original research|date=August 2013}}
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2021}}}}
The following is a list of military conflicts in which Al-Qaeda and its direct affiliates have taken part militarily.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Start of conflict
! End of conflict
! Conflict
! Continent
! Location
! Branches involved
|-
|align=center|1991
|align=center|ongoing
|[[Somali Civil War]]
|Africa
|Somalia
|[[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]]
|-
|align=center|1992
|align=center|1996
|[[Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–96)|Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–1996)]]
|Asia
|[[Islamic State of Afghanistan]]
|Al-Qaeda Central
|-
|align=center|1992
|align=center|ongoing
|[[Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen]]
|Asia
|Yemen
|[[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]]
|-
|align=center|1996
|align=center|2001
|[[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)]]
|Asia
|[[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]
|Al-Qaeda Central
|-
|align=center|2001
|align=center|ongoing
|[[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]]
|Asia
|Afghanistan
|Al-Qaeda Central
|-
|align=center|2002
|align=center|ongoing
|[[Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)]]
|Africa
|Algeria Chad Mali Mauritania Morocco Niger Tunisia
|[[Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]]
|-
|align=center|2003
|align=center|2011
|[[Iraq War]]
|Asia
|Iraq
|[[Al-Qaeda in Iraq]]
[[Islamic State of Iraq]]
|-
|align=center|2004
|align=center|ongoing
|[[War in North-West Pakistan]]
|Asia
|Pakistan
|Al-Qaeda Central
|-
|align=center|2009
|align=center|ongoing
|[[Insurgency in the North Caucasus]]
|Asia
|Russia
|[[Caucasus Emirate]]
|-
|align=center|2011
|align=center|ongoing
|[[Syrian Civil War]]
|Asia
|Syria
|[[al-Nusra Front]]
|-
|align=center|2015
|align=center|ongoing
|[[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]
|Asia
|Yemen
|[[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]]<ref name="al-Qaeda">{{cite news |title=Report: Saudi-UAE coalition 'cut deals' with al-Qaeda in Yemen |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/08/report-saudi-uae-coalition-cut-deals-al-qaeda-yemen-180806074659521.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=6 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US allies, Al Qaeda battle rebels in Yemen |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/08/07/unite-with-devil-yemen-war-binds-us-allies-al-qaida.html |work=Fox News |date=7 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Allies cut deals with al Qaeda in Yemen to serve larger fight with Iran |url=https://www.sfgate.com/world/article/Allies-cut-deals-with-al-Qaeda-in-Yemen-to-serve-13135822.php |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=6 August 2018}}</ref>
|}

==Alleged CIA involvement==
{{Main|Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden}} Experts debate the notion al-Qaeda attacks were an indirect result from the American CIA's [[Operation Cyclone]] program to help the Afghan [[Islamic mujahid movement|mujahideen]]. [[Robin Cook]], British Foreign Secretary from 1997 to 2001, has written that al-Qaeda and bin Laden were "a product of a monumental miscalculation by western security agencies", and that "Al-Qaida, literally 'the database', was originally the computer file of the thousands of mujahideen who were recruited and trained with help from the CIA to defeat the Russians."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/terrorism/story/0,12780,1523838,00.html |title=The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means |author=Cook, Robin |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=July 8, 2005 |date=July 8, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050710025703/http://www.guardian.co.uk/terrorism/story/0%2C12780%2C1523838%2C00.html |archive-date=July 10, 2005 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Munir Akram]], [[Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations]] from 2002 to 2008, wrote in a letter published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on January 19, 2008:
{{quote|The strategy to support the Afghans against Soviet military intervention was evolved by several intelligence agencies, including the C.I.A. and Inter-Services Intelligence, or ISI. After the Soviet withdrawal, the Western powers walked away from the region, leaving behind 40,000 militants imported from several countries to wage the anti-Soviet jihad. Pakistan was left to face the blowback of extremism, drugs and guns.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/19/opinion/lweb22pakistan.html|access-date=October 17, 2009|title=Pakistan, Terrorism and Drugs|department=Opinion|work=The New York Times|first1=Munir|last1=Akram|date=January 19, 2008}}</ref>}}

[[CNN]] journalist [[Peter Bergen]], [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Pakistani ISI]] Brigadier Mohammad Yousaf, and CIA operatives involved in the Afghan program, such as [[Vincent Cannistraro]],{{Citation needed|date=August 2021|reason=Citation needed for denial by Mohammad Yousaf and Vinvent Cannistraro/any other involved CIA operatives.}} deny that the CIA or other American officials had contact with the [[Afghan Arabs|foreign ''mujahideen'']] or bin Laden, or that the they armed, trained, coached or indoctrinated them. In his 2004 book ''[[Ghost Wars]]'', [[Steve Coll]] writes that the CIA had contemplated providing direct support to the foreign ''mujahideen'', but that the idea never moved beyond discussions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Coll|2005|pp=145-46, 155-56}}</ref>

Bergen and others{{who else|date=August 2021}} argue that there was no need to recruit foreigners unfamiliar with the local language, customs or lay of the land since there were a quarter of a million local Afghans willing to fight.<ref>{{Harvnb|Coll|2005|pp=145–46, 155–56}}.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=August 2021|reason=Referenced pages do not mention Bergen, this argument, or the quarter million figure. The pages actually state that bin Laden & others were recruiting Arabs "from across the Arab world" including from the US.}} Bergen further argues that foreign ''mujahideen'' had no need for American funds since they received several million dollars per year from internal sources. Lastly, he argues that Americans could not have trained the foreign ''mujahideen'' because Pakistani officials would not allow more than a handful of them to operate in Pakistan and none in Afghanistan, and the Afghan Arabs were almost invariably militant Islamists reflexively hostile to Westerners whether or not the Westerners were helping the Muslim Afghans.

According to Bergen, who conducted the first television interview with bin Laden in 1997: the idea that "the CIA funded bin Laden or trained bin Laden{{nbs}}... [is] a folk myth. There's no evidence of this{{nbs}}... Bin Laden had his own money, he was anti-American and he was operating secretly and independently{{nbs}}... The real story here is the CIA didn't really have a clue about who this guy was until 1996 when they set up a unit to really start tracking him."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/bergen.answers/index.html|title=Bergen: Bin Laden, CIA links hogwash|author=Bergen, Peter|publisher=CNN|access-date=August 15, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821221916/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/bergen.answers/index.html|archive-date=August 21, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jason Burke also wrote:{{quote|Some of the $500 million the CIA poured into Afghanistan reached [Al-Zawahiri's] group. Al-Zawahiri has become a close aide of bin Laden{{nbs}}... Bin Laden was only loosely connected with the [Hezb-i-Islami faction of the mujahideen led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar], serving under another Hezb-i-Islami commander known as Engineer Machmud. However, bin Laden's Office of Services, set up to recruit overseas for the war, received some US cash.<ref>{{cite news |title=Frankenstein the CIA created |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/jan/17/yemen.islam |work=The Guardian |date=17 January 1999}}</ref> }}

==Alleged Saudi and Emirati involvement==
{{See also|Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen|Al-Qaeda in Syria}}
A CNN report has revealed that [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) have been handing out sophisticated American-made weapons to al-Qaeda-linked fighters in [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia, UAE gave US arms to al-Qaeda-linked groups: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/saudi-arabia-uae-gave-weapons-al-qaeda-linked-groups-cnn-190205055102300.html |work=al-Jazeera |date=5 February 2019}}</ref>

In October 2014, US Vice President [[Joe Biden]] said Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had "poured hundreds of millions of dollars and tens of thousands of tons of weapons into anyone who would fight against Al-Assad, except that the people who were being supplied were [[Al-Nusra Front|al-Nusra]], and al Qaeda, and the extremist elements of [[Jihadism|jihadis]] coming from other parts of the world."<ref>{{cite news |title=Joe Biden Is the Only Honest Man in Washington |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/10/07/joe-biden-is-the-only-honest-man-in-washington/ |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=October 7, 2014}}</ref>

==Broader influence==
[[Anders Behring Breivik]], the perpetrator of the [[2011 Norway attacks]], was inspired by Al-Qaeda, calling it "the most successful revolutionary movement in the world." While admitting different aims, he sought to "create a European version of Al-Qaida."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2112701,00.html |title=Breivik Studied al-Qaeda Attacks |newspaper=Time |date=April 20, 2012 |access-date=May 8, 2012 |last1=Ritter |first1=Karl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525123005/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C2112701%2C00.html |archive-date=May 25, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/21/world/europe/norway-anders-breivik-studied-al-qaeda.html|title=Norway: Militant Studied Al Qaeda|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 20, 2012|access-date=May 8, 2012}}</ref>

The appropriate response to offshoots is a subject of debate. A journalist reported in 2012 that a senior US military planner had asked: "Should we resort to drones and Special Operations raids every time some group raises the black banner of al Qaeda? How long can we continue to chase offshoots of offshoots around the world?"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/will-obama-end-war-terror-63627|title=Will Obama End the War on Terror?|last1=Klaidman|first1=Daniel|date=2012-12-17|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>

==Criticism==
{{Main|Khawarij}}

[[Islamic extremism]] dates back to the [[Kharijites]] of the 7th century. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to [[Takfir]], whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/|title=Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf |title=The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism |access-date=November 17, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802045255/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/fruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism|title=Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism|first1=Mohamad|last1=Jebara|work=Ottawa Citizen}}</ref>

According to a number of sources, a "wave of revulsion" has been expressed against al-Qaeda and its affiliates by "religious scholars, former fighters and militants" who are alarmed by al-Qaeda's takfir and its killing of Muslims in Muslim countries, especially in Iraq.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}}; {{Harvnb|Wright|2008}}. Quotes taken from {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|pp=106–07}} and {{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}}.</ref>

[[Noman Benotman]], a former militant member of the [[Libyan Islamic Fighting Group]] (LIFG), went public with an open letter of criticism to Ayman al-Zawahiri in November 2007, after persuading the imprisoned senior leaders of his former group to enter into peace negotiations with the Libyan regime. While Ayman al-Zawahiri announced the affiliation of the group with al-Qaeda in November 2007, the Libyan government released 90 members of the group from prison several months after "they were said to have renounced violence."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AA64F530-BCA8-40B0-8226-22154CCD1032.htm|title=Libya releases scores of prisoners |publisher=English.aljazeera.net|date=April 9, 2008|access-date=March 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718232829/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AA64F530-BCA8-40B0-8226-22154CCD1032.htm |archive-date=July 18, 2008}}</ref>

In 2007, on the anniversary of the September 11 attacks,<ref name="RebellionWright"/> the Saudi sheikh [[Salman al-Ouda]] delivered a personal rebuke to bin Laden. Al-Ouda, a religious scholar and one of the fathers of the Sahwa, the fundamentalist awakening movement that swept through Saudi Arabia in the 1980s, is a widely respected critic of jihadism.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} Al-Ouda addressed al-Qaeda's leader on television asking him:
{{quote|My brother Osama, how much blood has been spilt? How many innocent people, children, elderly, and women have been killed{{nbs}}... in the name of al-Qaeda? Will you be happy to meet God Almighty carrying the burden of these hundreds of thousands or millions [of victims] on your back?<ref name=theunraveling>{{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}}.</ref>}}

According to Pew polls, support for al-Qaeda had dropped in the Muslim world in the years before 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/05/taking_stock_in_the_war_on_ter.html|title=Taking Stock of the War on Terror|publisher=Realclearpolitics.com|date=May 22, 2008|access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref> Support of suicide bombings in Indonesia, Lebanon, and Bangladesh, dropped by half or more in the last five years.{{when|date=August 2018}} In Saudi Arabia, only ten percent had a favorable view of al-Qaeda, according to a December 2017 poll by Terror Free Tomorrow, a Washington-based [[think tank]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/12/17/saudi.poll/index.html|title=December 18, 2007 Poll: Most Saudis oppose al Qaeda|publisher=CNN |date=December 18, 2007|access-date=March 22, 2010}}</ref>

In 2007, the imprisoned [[Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif]], an influential Afghan Arab, "ideological godfather of al-Qaeda", and former supporter of takfir, withdrew his support from al-Qaeda with a book ''[[Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif#Rationalizing Jihad in Egypt and the World|Wathiqat Tarshid Al-'Aml Al-Jihadi fi Misr w'Al-'Alam]]'' ({{lang-en|Rationalizing Jihad in Egypt and the World}}).

Although once associated with al-Qaeda, in September 2009 [[Libyan Islamic Fighting Group|LIFG]] completed a new "code" for jihad, a 417-page religious document entitled "Corrective Studies". Given its credibility and the fact that several other prominent Jihadists in the Middle East have turned against al-Qaeda, the LIFG's reversal may be an important step toward staunching al-Qaeda's recruitment.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/11/09/libya.jihadi.code/ "New jihad code threatens al Qaeda"], Nic Robertson and Paul Cruickshank, [[CNN]], November 10, 2009</ref>

===Other criticisms===
Bilal Abdul Kareem, an American journalist based in Syria created a documentary about [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabab]], al-Qaeda's affiliate in Somalia. The documentary included interviews with former members of the group who stated their reasons for leaving al-Shabab. The members made accusations of segregation, lack of religious awareness and internal corruption and favoritism. In response to Kareem, the [[Global Islamic Media Front]] condemned Kareem, called him a liar, and denied the accusations from the former fighters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jihadology.net/2017/06/06/new-release-from-the-global-islamic-media-front-lies-in-disguise-a-response-from-the-deep-heart-of-a-mujahid-of-the-lions-of-islam-in-somalia/|title=New release from the Global Islamic Media Front: "Lies in Disguise: A Response From the Deep Heart of a Mujāhid of the Lions of Islām in Somalia"|date=June 6, 2017}}</ref>

In mid-2014 after the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] declared that they had restored the [[Caliphate]], an audio statement was released by the then-spokesman of the group [[Abu Muhammad al-Adnani]] claiming that "the legality of all emirates, groups, states, and organizations, becomes null by the expansion of the Caliphate's authority." The speech included a religious refutation of Al-Qaeda for being too lenient regarding [[Shiites]] and their refusal to recognize the authority [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], al-Adnani specifically noting: "It is not suitable for a state to give allegiance to an organization." He also recalled a past instance in which [[Osama bin Laden]] called on al-Qaeda members and supporters to give allegiance to [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]] when the group was still solely operating in Iraq, as the [[Islamic State of Iraq]], and condemned [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] for not making this same claim for Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Zawahiri was encouraging factionalism and division between former allies of ISIL such as the [[al-Nusra Front]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/isis-spokesman-declares-caliphate-rebrands-group-as-islamic-state.html|title=ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as "Islamic State"|last=SITE|website=news.siteintelgroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jihadology.net/2014/06/29/al-furqan-media-presents-a-new-audio-message-from-the-islamic-states-shaykh-abu-mu%E1%B8%A5ammad-al-adnani-al-shami-this-is-the-promise-of-god/|title=al-Furqān Media presents a new audio message from the Islamic State's Shaykh Abū Muḥammad al 'Adnānī al-Shāmī: "This Is the Promise Of God"|date=June 29, 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Al-Qaeda involvement in Asia]]
* [[Al Qaeda Network Exord]]
* [[Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden]]
* [[Bin Laden Issue Station]] (former CIA unit for tracking bin Laden)
* [[Steven Emerson]]
* [[Fatawā of Osama bin Laden]]
* [[Iran and state-sponsored terrorism#Alleged Al-Qaeda ties|Iran - Alleged Al-Qaeda ties]]
* [[Islamic Military Alliance]]
* [[List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War]]
* [[Operation Cannonball]]
* [[Psychological warfare]]
* [[Religious terrorism]]
* [[Takfir wal-Hijra]]
* [[Videos of Osama bin Laden]]
* [[Violent extremism]]
{{div col end}}

===Publications===
* ''[[Al Qaeda Handbook]]''
* ''[[Management of Savagery]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Main|List of books about al-Qaeda}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mura |first1=Andrea |url=https://www.routledge.com/products/9781472443892 |title=The Symbolic Scenarios of Islamism: A Study in Islamic Political Thought |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Al-Bahri |first1=Nasser |title=Guarding bin Laden: My Life in Al-Qaeda |publisher=Thin Man Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-9562473-6-0 |location=London |author-link=Nasser al-Bahri}}
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* {{Cite book |last1=Benjamin |first1=Daniel |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj |title=The Age of Sacred Terror |last2=Simon |first2=Steven |publisher=Random House |year=2002 |isbn=0-375-50859-7 |edition=1st |location=New York |author-link=Daniel Benjamin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bergen |first1=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/holywarincinside00berg_0 |title=Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden |publisher=Free Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-7432-3495-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |author-link=Peter Bergen}}
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* {{Cite news |last1=Bergen |first1=Peter |last2=Cruickshank |first2=Paul |date=June 11, 2008 |title=The Unraveling: The jihadist revolt against bin Laden |volume=238 |pages=16–21 |work=[[The New Republic]] |issue=10 |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/the-unraveling |access-date=May 4, 2011}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bergen |first1=Peter |title=The Longest War: The Enduring Conflict between America and al-Qaeda |publisher=Free Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7432-7893-5 |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bin Laden |first1=Osama |url=https://archive.org/details/messagestoworlds00binl |title=Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden |publisher=Verso |year=2005 |isbn=1-84467-045-7 |editor-last=Lawrence |editor-first=Bruce |editor-link=Bruce Lawrence |location=London |author-link=Osama bin Laden}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=Robert M. |title=Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror: Military Culture and Irregular War |publisher=Praeger Security International |year=2006 |isbn=0-275-98990-9 |location=Westport, CT}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Coll |first1=Steve |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141020808 |title=Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2005 |isbn=0-14-303466-9 |edition=2nd |location=New York |author-link=Steve Coll}}
* {{Cite book |author-last=Dalacoura |author-first=Katerina |year=2012 |chapter=Transnational Islamist Terrorism: Al Qaeda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlTKrMFyawoC&pg=PA40 |title=Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=40–65 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977367.003 |isbn=9780511977367 |lccn=2010047275 |s2cid=128049972}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John L. |title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-515435-5 |location=New York |author-link=John L. Esposito}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Willsky-Ciollo |editor2-first=Lydia |editor1-link=Eugene V. Gallagher |year=2021 |chapter=Al-Qaeda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Id4aEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |volume=1 |pages=13–15 |isbn=978-1-4408-6235-9}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gunaratna |first1=Rohan |title=Inside Al Qaeda |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |year=2002 |isbn=1-85065-671-1 |edition=1st |location=London |author-link=Rohan Gunaratna}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Hafez |first1=Mohammed M. |author-link=Mohammed Hafez |date=March 2007 |title=Martyrdom Mythology in Iraq: How Jihadists Frame Suicide Terrorism in Videos and Biographies |journal=[[Terrorism and Political Violence]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=95–115 |doi=10.1080/09546550601054873|s2cid=145808052 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hoffman |first1=Bruce |title=The New Terrorism: Anatomy, Trends, and Counter-Strategies |publisher=Eastern Universities Press |year=2002 |isbn=981-210-210-8 |editor-last=Tan |editor-first=Andrew |location=Singapore |pages=30–49 |chapter=The Emergence of the New Terrorism |author-link=Bruce Hoffman |editor-last2=Ramakrishna |editor-first2=Kumar}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jansen |first1=Johannes J.G. |url=https://archive.org/details/dualnatureofisla00jans |title=The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-8014-3338-X |location=Ithaca, NY |author-link=Johannes J.G. Jansen}}
* {{Cite news |last1=McGeary |first1=Johanna |date=February 19, 2001 |title=A Traitor's Tale |volume=157 |pages=36–37 |work=Time |issue=7 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121221657/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |access-date=September 15, 2009}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Napoleoni |first1=Loretta |url=https://archive.org/details/modernjihadtraci0000napo |title=Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars Behind the Terror Networks |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-7453-2117-8 |location=London |author-link=Loretta Napoleoni |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Qutb |first1=Sayyid |title=Milestones |title-link=Ma'alim fi al-Tariq |publisher=Kazi Publications |year=2003 |isbn=0-911119-42-6 |location=Chicago |author-link=Sayyid Qutb}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Ahmed |title=Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |isbn=1-86064-830-4 |location=New Haven |author-link=Ahmed Rashid |orig-year=2000}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Reeve |first1=Simon |url=https://archive.org/details/newjackalsramziy00reev |title=The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism |publisher=Northeastern University Press |year=1999 |isbn=1-55553-407-4 |location=Boston |author-link=Simon Reeve (UK television presenter)}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Riedel |first1=Bruce |url=https://archive.org/details/searchforalqaeda00ried |title=The Search for al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, and Future |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8157-7414-3 |location=Washington, D.C. |author-link=Bruce Riedel}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sageman |first1=Marc |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingter00sage |title=Understanding Terror Networks |journal=International Journal of Emergency Mental Health |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-8122-3808-7 |volume=7 |location=Philadelphia |pages=5–8 |pmid=15869076 |author-link=Marc Sageman |issue=1}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Schmid|first1=Alex|date=2014|title=Al Qaeda's "Single Narrative" and Attempts to Develop Counter-Narratives|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|doi=10.19165/2014.1.01|issn=2468-0664|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Trofimov |first1=Yaroslav |url=https://archive.org/details/faithatwarjourne00trof |title=Faith at War: A Journey On the Frontlines of Islam, From Baghdad to Timbuktu |publisher=Picador |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8050-7754-4 |location=New York |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wechsler |first1=William F. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/howdidthishappen00hoge/page/129 |title=How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2001 |isbn=1-58648-130-4 |editor-last=Hoge |editor-first=James |editor-link=James F. Hoge, Jr. |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/howdidthishappen00hoge/page/129 129–143] |chapter=Strangling The Hydra: Targeting Al Qaeda's Finances |editor-last2=Rose |editor-first2=Gideon |editor-link2=Gideon Rose}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Lawrence |url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig |title=The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 |publisher=Knopf |year=2006 |isbn=0-375-41486-X |location=New York |author-link=Lawrence Wright}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Lawrence |date=June 2, 2008 |title=The Rebellion Within |volume=84 |pages=36–53 |work=The New Yorker |issue=16 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all |access-date=September 15, 2009}}
{{Refend}}

===Reviews===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Akacem |first1=Mohammed |date=August 2005 |title=Review: Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars behind the Terror Networks |journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=444–445 |doi=10.1017/S0020743805362143|s2cid=162390565 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bale |first1=Jeffrey M. |date=October 2006 |title=Deciphering Islamism and Terrorism |journal=[[Middle East Journal]] |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=777–788}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Shaffer |first1=R |date=2015 |title=The Terrorism, Ideology, and Transformations of Al-Qaeda |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=581–590 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2015.1055968|s2cid=147008765 }}
{{Refend}}

===Government reports===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |title=Islamist Militancy in the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Region and U.S. Policy |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/113202.pdf |last1=Kronstadt |first1=K. Allen |last2=Katzman |first2=Kenneth |date=November 2008 |publisher=[[U.S. Congressional Research Service]]}}
* {{Cite web |title=Global Al-Qaeda: Affiliates, Objectives, and Future Challenges |url=https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41268 |date=July 18, 2013 |publisher=Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233951/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg81977/pdf/CHRG-113hhrg81977.pdf |archive-date=December 2, 2013}} [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg81977/pdf/CHRG-113hhrg81977.pdf Alt URL]
* {{Cite web |title=Progress Report on the Global War on Terrorism |url=https://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/24087.htm |date=September 2003 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030922090723/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/24087.htm |archive-date=September 22, 2003 |ref={{harvid|State 2003}}}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=1}}
* {{cite web |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Justice |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/trainingmanual.htm|title=Al Qaeda Training Manual |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050331091340/http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/trainingmanual.htm |archive-date=March 31, 2005}}
* [http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1909?_hi=27&_pos=4 Al-Qaeda in Oxford Islamic Studies Online]
* [http://www.counterextremism.com/threat/al-qaeda Al-Qaeda], [[Counter Extremism Project]] profile
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120505212905/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/letters-from-abbottabad-bin-ladin-sidelined 17 de-classified documents captured during the Abbottabad raid and released to the Combating Terrorism Center]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501704_162-57427765/bin-laden-documents-at-a-glance/ |title=Bin Laden documents at a glance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511070217/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501704_162-57427765/bin-laden-documents-at-a-glance |archive-date=May 11, 2012 }}
;Media
* [[Peter Taylor (journalist)|Peter Taylor]]. (2007). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/age_of_terror/7306413.stm War on the West]". ''Age of Terror'', No. 4, series 1. BBC.
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/world/2001/war_on_terror/default.stm Investigating Al-Qaeda], [[BBC News]]
* {{Cite video|people=[[Adam Curtis]]|year=2004|title=[[The Power of Nightmares]]|publisher=BBC }}
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front "Al Qaeda's New Front"] from ''[[PBS Frontline]]'', January 2005
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=zUUUS_wRKLo "Inside al Qaeda"]{{snd}}video report by [[National Geographic Channel|National Geographic]]
* {{Guardian topic|2=Al-Qaida}}
* {{NYTtopic|organizations/a/al_qaeda|al-Qaeda}}

{{Osama bin Laden}}
{{al-Qaeda}}
{{Islamism}}
{{US War on Terror}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qaeda, Al-}}
[[Category:Al-Qaeda| ]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations]]
[[Category:Anti-communist terrorism]]
[[Category:Anti-Shi'ism]]
[[Category:Islam and antisemitism]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in the Arab world]]
[[Category:Anti-Zionism in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Anti-Zionism in the Arab world]]
[[Category:Anti-government factions of the Syrian civil war]]
[[Category:Islamic fundamentalism in the United States]]
[[Category:Islamic fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Islamist groups]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies]]
[[Category:Jihadist groups]]
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[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada]]
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[[Category:Rebel groups that actively control territory|Al-Qaeda]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Malaysia]]

Hysteria

2021-08-02T15:30:36Z

Comm.unity: added wikilink to 'Female hysteria'

{{short description|Excess, ungovernable emotion}}
[[File:Drawings of a woman in catalepsy by Albert Londe.jpg|thumb|300x300px|An 1893 picture depicting a woman with hysteria|alt=]]
{{other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{emotion}}
'''Hysteria''' is a pejorative term used colloquially to mean ungovernable [[Emotion|emotional]] excess and can refer to a temporary state of mind or emotion.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Basavarajappa|first1=Chethan|last2=Dahale|first2=Ajit Bhalchandra|last3=Desai|first3=Geetha|title=Evolution of bodily distress disorders|journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|volume=Publish Ahead of Print|year=2020|issn=0951-7367|doi=10.1097/YCO.0000000000000630}}</ref> In the 19th century, hysteria was considered a diagnosable physical [[Female hysteria|illness in women]]. It is assumed that the basis for diagnosis operated under the belief that women are predisposed to mental and behavioral conditions; a misinterpretation of sex-related differences in stress responses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chaplin TM, Hong K, Bergquist K, Sinha R | title = Gender differences in response to emotional stress: an assessment across subjective, behavioral, and physiological domains and relations to alcohol craving | journal = Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 1242–50 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18482163 | pmc = 2575018 | doi = 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00679.x }}</ref> In the 20th century, it shifted to being considered a mental illness.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Beattie M, Lenihan P |title=Counselling Skills for Working with Gender Diversity and Identity |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|year=2018|isbn=9781785927416|location=London|pages=83}}</ref> Many influential persons such as [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] dedicated research to hysteria patients.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = North CS | title = The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations | journal = Behavioral Sciences | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 496–517 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26561836 | pmc = 4695775 | doi = 10.3390/bs5040496 }}</ref> Currently, most doctors practicing medicine do not accept hysteria as a medical diagnosis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book| vauthors = Micale MS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SX96DwAAQBAJ&q=Approaching+hysteria:+Disease+and+its+interpretations&pg=PA3 |title=Approaching Hysteria: Disease and Its Interpretations|date=2019-01-15|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-60561-6 }}</ref> The blanket diagnosis of hysteria has been fragmented into myriad medical categories such as [[epilepsy]], [[histrionic personality disorder]], [[conversion disorder]]s, [[dissociative disorder]]s, or other medical conditions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Slater E | title = Diagnosis of "Hysteria" | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 1 | issue = 5447 | pages = 1395–9 | date = May 1965 | pmid = 14286998 | pmc = 2166300 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.5447.1395 }}</ref> Furthermore, lifestyle choices, such as deciding not to wed, are no longer considered symptoms of psychological disorders such as hysteria.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The word hysteria originates from the Greek word for [[uterus]], ''hystera''.<ref name=":0" /> The oldest record of hysteria dates back to 1900 B.C. when Egyptians recorded behavioral abnormalities in adult women on medical papyrus.<ref name=":0" /> The Egyptians attributed the behavioral disturbances to a wandering uterus—thus later dubbing the condition hysteria.<ref name=":0" /> To treat hysteria Egyptian doctors prescribed various medications.<ref name=":0" /> For example, doctors put strong smelling substances on the patients’ vulvas to encourage the uterus to return to its proper position.<ref name=":0" /> Another tactic was to smell or swallow unsavory herbs to encourage the uterus to flee back to the lower part of the female’s abdomen.<ref name=":0" />

The ancient Greeks accepted the ancient Egyptians’ explanation for hysteria; however, they included in their definition of hysteria the inability to bear children or the failure to marry.<ref name=":0" /> Ancient Romans also attributed hysteria to an abnormality in the womb; however, discarded the traditional explanation of a wandering uterus.<ref name=":0" /> Instead, the ancient Romans credited hysteria to a disease of the womb or a disruption in reproduction (i.e., a miscarriage, menopause, etc.).<ref name=":0" /> Hysteria theories from the ancient Egyptians, ancient Greeks, and ancient Romans were the basis of the Western understanding of hysteria.<ref name=":0" />

Between the fifth and thirteenth centuries, however, the increasing influence of Christianity in the Latin West altered medical and public understanding of hysteria.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book | vauthors = Abse DW |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYFGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders: An Approach to Psychological Medicine |date=2013-09-24 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-1-4832-2166-3 |language=en}}</ref> St. Augustine's writings suggested that human suffering resulted from sin, and thus, hysteria became perceived as satanic possession.<ref name=":9" /> With the shift in perception of hysteria came a shift in treatment options.<ref name=":9" /> Instead of admitting patients to a hospital, the church began treating patients through prayers, amulets, and [[exorcism]]s.<ref name=":9" /> Furthermore, during the Renaissance period many patients of hysteria were prosecuted as witches and underwent interrogations, torture, and execution.<ref name=":9" />

However, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries activists and scholars worked to change the perception of hysteria back to a medical condition.<ref name=":4" /> Particularly, French physician Charles Lepois insisted that hysteria was a malady of the brain.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book | vauthors = Gilman SL, King H, Porter R, Rousseau GS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdxmV5J0pPkC&q=hysteria+beyond+freud&pg=PA3 |title=Hysteria Beyond Freud |date=1993-01-01 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08064-5 |language=en}}</ref> In addition, in 1697, English physician [[Thomas Sydenham]] theorized that hysteria was an emotional condition, instead of a physical condition.<ref name=":4" /> Many physicians followed Lepois and Sydenham's lead and hysteria became disassociated with the soul and the womb.<ref name=":10" /> During this time period, science started to focalize hysteria in the central nervous system.<ref name=":10" /> As doctors developed a greater understanding of the human nervous system, the neurological model of hysteria was created, which further propelled the conception of hysteria as a mental disorder.<ref name=":10" />

In 1859, [[Paul Briquet]] defined hysteria as a chronic syndrome manifesting in many unexplained symptoms throughout the body's organ systems.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mai FM, Merskey H | title = Briquet's concept of hysteria: an historical perspective | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–63 | date = February 1981 | pmid = 7008930 | doi = 10.1177/070674378102600112 | s2cid = 45207808 }}</ref> What Briquet described became known as Briquet's syndrome, or [[Somatization disorder]]s, in 1971.<ref name=":6">{{cite book | vauthors = Winstead BA |chapter=Hysteria |date=1984 |title=Sex Roles and Psychopathology |pages=73–100 | veditors = Widom CS |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-4562-6_4 |isbn=978-1-4684-4562-6}}</ref> Over a ten year period, Briquet conducted 430 case studies of patients with hysteria.<ref name=":5" /> Following Briquet, [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] studied women in an asylum in France and used hypnosis as treatment.<ref name=":4" /> He also mentored [[Pierre Janet]], another French psychologist, who studied five of hysteria's symptoms (anesthesia, amnesia, abulia, motor control diseases, and character change) in depth and proposed that hysteria symptoms occurred due to a lapse in consciousness.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book | vauthors = Janet P |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQ6AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR7 |title=The Major Symptoms of Hysteria: Fifteen Lectures Given in the Medical School of Harvard University |date=1920 |publisher=Macmillan Company |language=en}}</ref> Both Charcot and Janet inspired [[Sigmund Freud]]'s work.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tasca C, Rapetti M, Carta MG, Fadda B | title = Women and hysteria in the history of mental health | journal = Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health | volume = 8 | pages = 110–9 | date = 2012-10-19 | pmid = 23115576 | pmc = 3480686 | doi = 10.2174/1745017901208010110 }}</ref> Freud theorized hysteria stemmed from childhood sexual abuse or repression, and was also one of the first to apply hysteria to men.<ref name=":2" />

During the 20th century, as psychiatry advanced in the West, anxiety and depression diagnoses began to replace hysteria diagnoses in Western countries.<ref name=":4" /> For example, from 1949 to 1978, annual admissions of hysteria patients in England and Wales decreased by roughly two thirds.<ref name=":4" /> With the decrease of hysteria patients in Western cultures came an increase in anxiety and depression patients.<ref name=":4" /> Although declining in the West, in Eastern countries such as Sudan, Egypt, and Lebanon hysteria diagnoses remained consistent.<ref name=":4" /> Theories for why hysteria diagnoses began to decline vary, but many historians infer that World War II, westernization, and migration shifted Western mental health expectations.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> Twentieth century western societies expected depression and anxiety manifest itself more in post World War II generations and displaced individuals; and thus, individuals reported or were diagnosed accordingly.<ref name=":4" /> In addition, medical advancements explained ailments that were previously attributed to hysteria such as epilepsy or infertility.<ref name=":6" /> In 1980, after a gradual decline in diagnoses and reports, hysteria was removed from the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM), which had included hysteria as a mental disorder from its second publication in 1968.<ref name=":6" />

== Historical symptoms ==
Historically, the symptoms of hysteria have a large range.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book| vauthors = Charcot JM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Db5lAgAAQBAJ&q=jean+martin+charcot+hysteria&pg=PP1|title=Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System (Psychology Revivals)|date=2013-12-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-91001-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book| vauthors = King H |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQaGAgAAQBAJ&q=A+brief+history+of+hysteria:+From+ancient+to+modern&pg=PP1|title=Hippocrates' Woman: Reading the Female Body in Ancient Greece|date=2002-01-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-77221-6|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" />[[File:Pr Charcot DSC09405.jpg|thumb|341x341px|Hysteria patient]]
For example:

* Shortness of breath
* Anxiety
* Insomnia
* Fainting
* Amnesia
* Paralysis
* Pain
* Spasms
* Convulsive fits
* Vomiting
* Deafness
* Bizarre movements
* Seizures
* Hallucinations
* Inability to speak<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":7" />
* Infertility<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-13|title=Female hysteria: The history of a controversial 'condition'|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/the-controversy-of-female-hysteria|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Historical treatment ==
* Regular marital sex
* Pregnancy
* Childbirth
* Proximal convulsions / orgasms<ref>{{Cite web|title=The History of Hysteria|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/history-quackery/history-hysteria|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Office for Science and Society|language=en}}</ref>
* Rest cure<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-13|title=Female hysteria: The history of a controversial 'condition'|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/the-controversy-of-female-hysteria|access-date=2021-04-06|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable figures ==

=== Jean-Martin Charcot ===
In the late nineteenth century, French neurologist [[Jean-Martin Charcot]], attempted to tackle what he referred to as, "the great neurosis" or hysteria.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mota Gomes M, Engelhardt E | title = A neurological bias in the history of hysteria: from the womb to the nervous system and Charcot | journal = Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria | volume = 72 | issue = 12 | pages = 972–5 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25517645 | doi = 10.1590/0004-282X20140149 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Charcot theorized that hysteria was a hereditary, physiological disorder.<ref name=":8" /> He believed hysteria impaired areas of the brain which provoked the physical symptoms displayed in each patient.<ref name=":8" /> While Charcot believed hysteria was hereditary, he also thought that environmental factors such as stress could trigger hysteria in an individual.<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Evans M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-GZDwAAQBAJ&q=A+brief+history+of+hysteria:+From+ancient+to+modern&pg=PP12|title=Fits and Starts: A Genealogy of Hysteria in Modern France|date=2019-01-24|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-3431-1|language=en}}</ref>

Charcot published over 120 case studies of patients who he diagnosed with hysteria, including Marie "Blanche" Whittman.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book| vauthors = Hustvedt A |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9NOnuPQpeQC&q=marie+blanche+wittmann&pg=PR9|title=Medical Muses: Hysteria in Nineteenth-Century Paris|date=2011-05-23|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-08217-3|language=en}}</ref> Whittman was referred to as the "Queen of Hysterics," and remains the most famous patient of hysteria.<ref name=":3" /> To treat his patients, Charcot used hypnosis, which he determined was only successful when used on hysterics.<ref name=":3" /> Using patients as props, Charcot executed dramatic public demonstrations of hysterical patients and his cures for hysteria, which many suggest produced the hysterical phenomenon.<ref name=":3" /> Furthermore, Charcot noted similarities between demon possession and hysteria, and thus, he concluded "demonomania" was a form of hysteria.<ref name=":4" />

=== Sigmund Freud ===
In 1896, [[Sigmund Freud]], who was an Austrian psychiatrist, published "[[The Aetiology of Hysteria]]".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book | vauthors = Eisen J |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=caMNee9ybUQC&q=Suppressed+inventions+and+other+discoveries&pg=PP13 |title=Suppressed Inventions |date=2001-01-01 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-399-52735-7 |language=en}}</ref> The paper explains how Freud believes his female patients' neurosis, which he labels hysteria, resulted from [[sexual abuse]] as children.<ref name=":1" /> Freud named the concept of physical symptoms resulting from childhood trauma: hysterical conversion.<ref name=":1" /> Freud hypothesized that in order to cure hysteria the patient must relive the experiences through imagination in the most vivid form while under light [[hypnosis]].<ref name=":1" /> However, Freud later changed his theory.<ref name=":1" /> His new theory claimed that his patients imagined the instances of sexual abuse, which were instead repressed childhood fantasies.<ref name=":1" /> By 1905, Freud retracted the theory of hysteria resulting from repressed childhood fantasies. Freud was also one of the first noted psychiatrist to attribute hysteria to men.<ref name=":2" /> He diagnosed himself with hysteria--writing he feared his work exacerbated his condition.<ref name=":2" />

== Modern perceptions ==
For the most part, hysteria does not exist as a medical diagnosis in Western culture and has been replaced by other diagnoses such as conversion or functional disorders.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reynolds EH | title = Hysteria, conversion and functional disorders: a neurological contribution to classification issues | journal = The British Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 201 | issue = 4 | pages = 253–4 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 23028080 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107219 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The effects of hysteria as a diagnosable illness in the 18th and 19th centuries has had a lasting effect on the medical treatment of womens health.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tasca C, Rapetti M, Carta MG, Fadda B | title = Women and hysteria in the history of mental health | journal = Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health | volume = 8 | pages = 110–9 | date = 2012-10-19 | pmid = 23115576 | pmc = 3480686 | doi = 10.2174/1745017901208010110 }}</ref>The term ''hysterical'', applied to an individual, can mean that they are emotional, irrationally upset, or frenzied.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=hysterical adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/hysterical|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref> When applied to a situation that does not involve panic, hysteria means that situation is uncontrollably amusing (the connotation being that it invokes hysterical laughter).<ref name=":11" /> Hysteria can also impact groups, medically and colloquially referred to as [[Mass psychogenic illness|mass hysteria]] or [[mass psychogenic illness]].<ref name=":0" /> Instances of [[Mass psychogenic illness|mass hysteria]] have been recorded throughout history and continue to occur today.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
{{Columns-list|
* [[Borderline personality disorder]]
* [[Histrionic personality disorder]]
* [[Hysterical contagion]]
* [[Body-centred countertransference]]
* [[Scotomization]]
* [[Somatization disorder]]
* [[Female hysteria]]
* [[Male hysteria]]
* [[Wandering womb]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Briquet P | author-link = Paul Briquet | date = 1859 | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10251330 | title = Traité clinique et thérapeutique de l'Hystérie | via = [[Gallica]] | publisher = JB Baillière }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chodoff P | title = Hysteria and women | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 139 | issue = 5 | pages = 545–51 | date = May 1982 | pmid = 7041658 | doi = 10.1176/ajp.139.5.545 }}
* {{cite book | veditors = Halligan PW, Bass C, Marshall JC | title = Contemporary Approach to the Study of Hysteria: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-263254-8}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hennefeld M | title = Death from Laughter, Female Hysteria, and Early Cinema | journal = [[Differences (journal)|differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies]] | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 45–92 | publisher = [[Duke University Press]] | doi = 10.1215/10407391-3696631 | date = December 2016 }}
* {{cite book | veditors = Rousseau GS, Gilman SL, King H, Porter R, Showalter E |title=Hysteria beyond Freud |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-08064-5 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Scull A | author-link = Andrew Scull |title=Hysteria : the biography |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-956096-7}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Hysteria}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/science/26hysteria.html Is Hysteria Real? Brain Images Say Yes] at the ''[[New York Times]]''.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/weekend/story/0,3605,782338,00.html The H-Word], Guardian Unlimited, 2002-09-02
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y27w Hysteria], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Juliet Mitchell, Rachel Bowlby & Brett Kahr (''In Our Time'', Apr. 22, 2004)
*[https://www.nytimes.com/video/opinion/100000007026836/hysterical-girl.html?smid=fb-share&fbclid=IwAR0o7YmUWmukJYiPd1DlYSPUiLR521_wxncUUBQtTP8U2LdquR9b4yq1aLQ New York Times VIDEO: Opinion | Hysterical Girl]

[[Category:Symptoms and signs: Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour]]
[[Category:Fear]]
[[Category:History of psychology]]
[[Category:Historical and obsolete mental and behavioural disorders]]
[[Category:Emotions]]
[[Category:Uterus]]

{{emotion-footer}}

{{Authority control}}

Voting in Switzerland

2021-07-29T15:07:40Z

Comm.unity: added ref for proportion of postal voters; removed cite needed tag

{{See also|Elections in Switzerland}}
{{Politics of Switzerland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}

'''Voting in Switzerland''' (called '''votation''') is the process by which Swiss citizens make decisions about [[governance]] and [[election|elect]] [[official]]s. The history of '''voting rights in [[Switzerland]]''' mirrors the [[Women's suffrage in Switzerland|complexity of the nation]] itself. The polling stations are opened on Saturdays and Sunday mornings but most<ref name="Wellig 2015"></ref> people vote by post in advance. At noon on Sunday (''Abstimmungssonntag'' in German, ''Dimanche de votation'' in French), voting ends and the results are usually known during the afternoon.

[[Switzerland]]'s voting system is unique among modern [[democracy|democratic]] nations in that [[Switzerland]] practices [[direct democracy]] in parallel with representative democracy, which is why the Swiss system is known as a [[semi-direct democracy]].{{sfnp|Cormon|2015|p=22}} Direct democracy allows any citizen to challenge any law approved by the parliament or, at any time, propose a modification of the federal Constitution. In addition, in most [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]] all votes are cast using paper ballots that are manually counted. At the federal level, voting can be organised for:
* [[Elections in Switzerland|Elections]] (election of the [[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Federal Assembly]])
* [[Mandatory referendum]]s (votation on a modification of the [[Swiss Federal Constitution|constitution]] made by the [[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Federal Assembly]])
* [[Optional referendum]]s (referendum on a law accepted by the [[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Federal Assembly]] and that collected 50,000 signatures of opponents)
* [[Federal popular initiative]]s (votation on a modification of the [[Swiss Federal Constitution|constitution]] made by citizens and that collected 100,000 signatures of supporters)

Approximately four times a year, voting occurs over various issues; these include both [[initiatives]] and [[referendum]]s, where policies are directly voted on by people, and [[election]]s, where the populace votes for officials. Federal, cantonal and municipal issues are polled simultaneously, and a majority of votes are cast by mail. Between January 1995 and June 2005, Swiss citizens voted 31 times, to answer 103 federal questions, besides many more cantonal and municipal questions (during the same period, French citizens participated in only two referendums).<ref name=Golay>Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix, ''Swiss political institutions'', Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008. {{ISBN|978-2-606-01295-3}}.</ref>

The most frequent themes are social issues (e.g. welfare, healthcare, and drug policy), public infrastructure (e.g. public transport and construction projects) and environmental issues (e.g. environment and nature protection), economics, public finances (including taxes), immigration, asylum, and education, but also about culture and media, state system, foreign affairs, and military issues – again on any of the three political levels.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/politik/abstimmungen.assetdetail.7146057.html |title=Themen der eidgenössischen Volksabstimmungen |publisher=Federal Statistical Office FSO |location=Neuchâtel, Switzerland |type=official site |format=XSL |date=31 December 2018 |access-date=2019-04-28}}</ref>

Voter turnout in parliamentary elections saw a continuous decline since the 1970s, down to an all-time low of 42.2% in 1995.<ref name="bfs.admin.ch">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/key/national_rat/wahlbeteiligung.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116080733/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/key/national_rat/wahlbeteiligung.html |archive-date=16 November 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In recent years however, voter participation has been slowly growing again and was at 48.5% in 2011.<ref name="bfs.admin.ch"/>

The average turnout for referendums was at 49.2% in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/03/blank/key/stimmbeteiligung.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210071708/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/03/blank/key/stimmbeteiligung.html |archive-date=10 December 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[Federal popular initiative]]s of little public appeal sometimes cause participation of less than 30% of the electorate, but controversial issues such as a proposed abolition of the [[Swiss army]] or a possible accession of [[Switzerland]] into the [[European Union]] have seen turnouts over 60%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/19891126/|title=Votation results for Swiss army abolition, 64.4% No|publisher=Admin.ch }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/19970608/|title=Votation for UE adhesion process in 1997 : 74.1% No|publisher=Admin.ch }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/va/20010304/|title=Votation for UE adhesion process in 2001 : 76.8% No|publisher=Admin.ch }}</ref>

== Voting procedures ==
[[Image:Swiss voting material.jpg|200px|thumb|The ballots and other voting documents mailed to each citizen of [[Berne]] for the elections and referendums of 30 November 2008; here about 5 national, 2 cantonal, 4 municipal referendums, and 2 elections (government and parliament of the City of Berne) to take care of at the same time. (click the picture for further descriptions)]]

Voting can be done through hand counts, mail-in [[ballot]]s, visits to polling booths, or, more recently, [[Internet]] votes.<ref name="evoteswiss2012">{{Cite web|url=https://www.post.ch/de/geschaeftlich/themen-a-z/branchenloesungen/e-voting-loesung-der-post|title=Elektronisches Abstimmen und Wählen für die Schweiz}}</ref>

Until 1971<ref name=mandatory>{{Cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/dam/gov/fr/Bundesrecht/VBP/2014/2014.1.pdf.download.pdf/2014.1.pdf|title=Abolition du vote obligatoire entre 1948 et 1971 dans les cantons de ZH, de SG, d’AG, de TG et de VD|publisher=Admin.ch}}</ref> some cantons punished citizens for not voting (with a fine equivalent to [[USD|$]]3). In the canton of [[Canton of Schaffhausen|Schaffhausen]], voting is still compulsory. This is one reason for the turnout there being usually a little higher than in the rest of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/directdemocracy/schaffhausen_democratic--the-canton-where-voting-is-compulsory/38299724|title=Democratic? The canton where voting is compulsory|last=Leybold-Johnson|first=Isobel|website=swissinfo.ch|access-date=2016-05-09}}</ref>

There are no voting machines in Switzerland; all votes are counted by hand. Every municipality [[sortition|randomly recruits]] a number of citizens who have the duty of counting the ballots, but penalties for disobeying this duty have become rare. However, after people sort the ballots (e.g. "yes" and "no"), then the total number of "yes" and "no" votes are counted either manually or, in bigger cities, by an automatic counter (like [[Banknote counter|the ones used in banks]] to count banknotes); or the ballots are weighed by a [[precision balance]]. Vote counting is usually accomplished within five or six hours, but in large cities, such as [[Zurich]] or [[Geneva]], counting the votes in parliamentary elections may take much longer.

===Mail-in ballots===
[[Image:Ballot federal referendum.PNG|thumb|200px|Referendum ballot where one can answer either "yes" or "no" in the box. For the English translation, click on the image. As Switzerland has four official languages, the ballots are distributed in four versions.]]
Voters are not required to [[voter registration|register]] before [[elections]] in Switzerland. Since every person living in the country (both Swiss nationals and foreigners) must register with the municipality within two weeks of moving to a new place, the municipalities know the addresses of their citizens. Approximately two months before the polling date they send voters a letter containing an [[envelope]] (with the word "Ballots" on it), the ballot itself and a small booklet informing them about the proposed changes in the law. The booklet on the referendums also includes texts by both the [[Swiss Federal Council|federal council]] and the proponents of each referendum, allowing them to promote their position.

Once the voter has filled out his/her ballot these are put into an anonymous return envelope provided in the package. This first anonymous envelope and a signed transmission card that identify the voter is then put into the return envelope then sent back to the municipality. The return envelope is in fact the shipping envelope with a special opening strip that allow it to be reused to send back the vote. Many voters, especially in villages and small cities, put the return envelope directly into the municipality mailbox. Others return it by post, although not having to pay the postage in some cantons.

Once received at the municipality, the transmission card is checked to verify the right of the voter, then the anonymous return envelope is put into the polling booths with all the other votes.

=== Polling booths ===

Voters also have an option to cast their vote directly in polling booths. At polling booths voters take the ballots that they have previously received in the mail and drop them off at the booth. However, after the introduction of postal voting most Swiss citizens do not utilise this service. Polling stations have traditionally been frequented by organisations collecting signatures for [[federal popular initiative]]s.

=== Internet voting ===

In 2003, in the Swiss canton of Geneva, some residents in the commune of Anières voted over the internet in a trial, marking the first time e-voting was used in Switzerland for a binding referendum.<ref name="Wellig 2015">{{Cite journal|last=Wellig|first=Christoph|last2=Portenier|first2=Alicia|last3=Mendez|first3=Fernando|last4=Germann|first4=Micha|last5=Serdult|first5=Uwe|title=Fifteen years of internet voting in Switzerland [History, Governance and Use]|url=https://www.academia.edu/12773850/Fifteen_Years_of_Internet_Voting_in_Switzerland_History_Governance_and_Use|journal=2015 Second International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG)|language=en |year=2015}}</ref>

The government has allowed cantons to gradually expand the use of e-voting over the years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/direct-democracy-online_e-voting-to-be-introduced-permanently/44219770|title=E-voting to be introduced permanently|last=Fenazzi|first=Urs Geiser, swissinfo ch/urs with additional input Sonia|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|language=en|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>

In 2015, the Federal Council allowed the following cantons to offer electronic voting (called e-voting there) to Swiss persons living abroad who are registered in these cantons: Geneva, Lucerne, Basel-Stadt and Neuchâtel. This means about 34,000 registered Swiss abroad could vote electronically.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ch.ch/en/elections2015/electronic-voting/electronic-voting-from-abroad/|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081626/https://www.ch.ch/en/elections2015/electronic-voting/electronic-voting-from-abroad/|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=16 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

For voters living in Switzerland, the Federal Council offered the opportunity to vote over the Internet only to voters in the cantons of Geneva and Neuchâtel. About 90,000 persons living in Switzerland were able to vote online.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ch.ch/en/elections2015/electronic-voting/electronic-voting-in-switzerland/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081853/https://www.ch.ch/en/elections2015/electronic-voting/electronic-voting-in-switzerland/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

As of 2019, two e-voting systems are in use in Switzerland. CHVote, from Geneva, is in use in cantons Vaud, Bern, Lucerne, Basel City, St Gallen and Aargau. The system is [[open-source software]]<ref>{{Citation|title=GitHub - republique-et-canton-de-geneve/chvote-1-0: Electronic vote system, version 1.0.|date=2019-02-05|url=https://github.com/republique-et-canton-de-geneve/chvote-1-0|publisher=République et canton de Genève|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> licensed under the [[GNU Affero General Public License|AGPL]] But in 2018, Geneva decided to start to phase it out for cost reasons.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/digital-voting_geneva-shelves-e-voting-platform-on-cost-grounds/44577490|title=Geneva shelves e-voting platform on cost grounds|last=swissinfo.ch|first=S. W. I.|last2=Corporation|first2=a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|language=en|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>

The other system is sVote from [[Swiss Post]], proprietary but disclosed software developed by [[Scytl]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.post.ch/en/business/a-z-of-subjects/industry-solutions/swiss-post-e-voting|title=Swiss Post e-voting|last=Post|first=Die Schweizerische|website=Swiss Post|language=en|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> As of 2018 It was used in Fribourg, Neuchâtel and Thurgau.<ref name=":0" />

In 2019, politicians and computer experts launched a people's initiative to ban the use of e-voting for security reasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/online-democracy_opposition-against-e-voting-project-gathers-pace/44708930|title=Opposition against e-voting project gathers pace|last=swissinfo.ch|first=S. W. I.|last2=Corporation|first2=a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|language=en|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref>

== Types of votes ==

=== Elections ===
{{main|Elections in Switzerland}}

There are three primary election types. The first two, parliamentary elections and executive elections, allow Swiss citizens to vote for candidates to represent them in the government. Parliamentary elections are organised around a proportional multi-party voting system and executive elections are organized around a popular vote directly for individuals, where the individual with the most votes wins.{{sfnp|Cormon|2015|p=28-29}} The third type of election, referendums, concern policy issues.

====National Council====
Rules for the [[National Council of Switzerland|National Council]] are made federally. If a canton has two or more seats in the National Council, a so-called [[proportional representation]] takes place. The ballot has as many lists as candidates are running. A number of citizens which is depending on the number of seats to be elected can propose a list. Most of these lists are proposed by parties, but any citizens can run for election.
Voters can either use a ready-made party ballot or a clear ballot. On both they can write in every candidate up to two times, and they can write in candidates of other lists. If they choose to leave some lines empty, they can give all the empty lines to one party, which constitutes a so-called party vote. For example, a voter can use the Social Democratic ballot with the candidates A, B and C but choose to strike B and C and write-in D from the Greens. A will get a candidate vote as well as D, and the Social Democrats will gain 2 votes over all and the Green 1.
Party votes and votes given to a single candidate (so-called candidate votes) are added and compose the number of votes for the list. If a list wins one or more seats, the candidates with the highest number of candidate votes wins.
Lists can join each other in an [[apparentment]] and sub-apparentments. For example, if the Social Democratic Party chooses to run with two lists, they can form a sub-apparentment. This sub-apparentment can then join an apparentment with the Green Party. In the voting outcome, they are first treated as one list - seats are given to the apparentment depending on how many votes it has got as a whole. As the voting outcome is calculated based on the [[Hagenbach-Bischoff system]], the last seat in every canton goes to the list or apparentment with the highest number of not regarded votes for the ordinarily given seats, which leads to the possible outcome, that an apparentment has a higher number of not-regarded votes.
For example, on the National Council elections 2007 in the [[Canton of Jura]], the parties received the following percentage of votes (sub-apparentments are already calculated):<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://w3.jura.ch/elections/ |title=jura.ch: Élections fédérales |access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831064148/http://w3.jura.ch/elections/ |archive-date=31 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*[[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland]]: 36.9%
*[[Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland]]: 25.0%
*[[Swiss People's Party]]: 13.7%
*[[FDP.The Liberals]]: 13.4%

Two seats were to be elected. Prior to the election, they were held by the Social Democrats and the Christian Democratic Party. The Liberals and the People's Party had made an apparentment. Together, they gained 27.1% which was 2.1% more than the Christian Democratic Party. The second seat went to the People's Party although they received fewer votes than the Christian Democratic Party.
Cantons with only one representative such as [[Nidwalden]] elect them via majority vote.

====Council of States====
Members of the [[Swiss Council of States|Council of States]] are elected through different systems as decided by the cantons, because the body represents Switzerland's cantons (member states). However, there is a uniform mode of election taking place on the same date as the nationwide [[National Council of Switzerland|National Council]] elections. This procedure is the [[plurality voting system]] ("Majorzwahl" in German). In the [[canton of Zug]] and the canton of [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], the elections take place before the other cantons according to Majorzwahl. The only exception to Majorzwahl is the [[canton of Jura]], where the two councillors are elected according to Proporzwahl.

====Cantonal elections====
The voters can also vote for the government of each canton. The ballot has only one line where the voter can place the full name of ''any'' mature citizen that lives in the said canton, i.e. a write-in candidate. There are no party votes, only candidate votes; so this procedure is called ("Majorzwahl") where the candidate with the most votes wins. However, cantons use a [[two-round system]], during the first ballot only candidates which win an absolute majority are elected. If not all officers are elected during the first round as second round takes place where a [[majority|simple majority]] is sufficient to be elected (known as [[Plurality voting system|plurality]] in the US).
All Cantons have a single chamber parliament mostly elected by proportional representation. Most of them have several [[electoral districts]] of different size and some varieties in the formulas to calculate the seats per party. Graubünden and both Appenzells elect their parliament in majority system.

===Legislative referendums===
{{See also|Optional referendum}}

Citizens can call constitutional and legislative referendums. ''Legislative'' referendums are only possible on laws passed by the legislature. Citizens cannot initiate legislation of their own crafting through legislative referendums.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ch.ch/abstimmungen_und_wahlen/01277/01285/index.html?lang=en |title=Right to request a referendum |author=Swiss Federal Chancellery |work=Swiss Portal | access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref> The electorate, however, has the right to initiate ''constitutional'' legislation with a [[federal popular initiative]] (see below).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ch.ch/abstimmungen_und_wahlen/01277/01283/index.html?lang=en |title=Right to a popular initiative |author=Swiss Federal Chancellery |work=Swiss Portal | access-date=7 March 2013|quote=Popular initiatives do not originate in Parliament or in the government but come directly from the citizens. }}</ref>

For each proposal there is a box on the ballot which the voter has to fill with either a "Yes" or a "No". If there are proposals that contradict each other, there is also a tie-break question: "If both proposals are adopted by the people, which proposal do you favor? (the so-called "subsidiary question" introduced in 1987)
To challenge a law, citizens must collect 50,000 signatures within 100 days of the official publication of a new law. If they manage to do it, a nationwide referendum is held. And if the majority of the voters reject the law, it is canceled.{{sfnp|Cormon|2015|p=22}}

====Influence of the legislative referendums on the political system====

The possibility for the citizens to challenge any law influences the whole political system.{{sfnp|Cormon|2015|pp=25-26}} It encourages parties to form coalition governments, to minimize the risk that an important party tries to block the action of the government by systematically launching referendums. It gives legitimacy to political decisions. It forces the authorities to listen to all sectors of the population, to minimize the risk that they reject new laws in referendums. Before presenting a new bill to the parliament, the federal government usually makes a wide consultation to ensure that no significant group is frontally opposed to it, and willing to launch a referendum.{{sfnp|Cormon|2015|pp=25-26}}

===Constitutional referendums (Popular initiatives)===
{{See also|Federal popular initiative}}

Modifications to the constitution are subject to obligatory vote and require a double majority both of all voters nationally and of the cantons. Such votes are called when the parliament proposes a constitutional modification, or when 100,000 citizens sign in eighteen months a [[federal popular initiative]] that clearly states a proposed constitutional change. And the minimum participation has to be higher than 40% (as cantonal referendum procedure).{{sfnp|Cormon|2015|p=23}}{{clarify |date=July 2017 |reason=40% in which cantons, exactly?}} If the appropriate amount of citizens sign onto the popular initiative within the eighteen month timeframe, the Federal Council and Parliament will deliberate whether or not to recommend the initiative for official legislation. Once approved, new constitutional provisions will be made based upon the already existing legislation the new initiative affects.<ref>Swiss Federal Chancellery. (2019, February 28). The Swiss Confederation – a brief guide. Retrieved November 6, 2019, from <nowiki>https://www.bk.admin.ch/bk/en/home/dokumentation/the-swiss-confederation--a-brief-guide.html</nowiki>.</ref>

With respect to the cantonal vote, 20 of the 26 cantons have each one vote, but the 6 so-called [[half-canton]]s (because they were so historically split centuries ago) only have a half vote each.{{sfnp|Cormon|2015|p=24}} The cantonal vote is determined by a popular vote among the people of that canton; if the majority supports a proposal then the canton as a whole is regarded as supporting the proposal.

This cantonal vote means that small cantons are represented equally with the larger ones. For example, [[Canton of Basel-Country|Basel-Country]] as a canton has about 256,000 inhabitants, but has only half a cantonal vote (the other "half canton" being [[Canton of Basel-City|Basel-City]]). On the other hand, the [[canton of Uri]] has a full cantonal vote, but only 35,000 inhabitants.

More than 550 referendums have occurred since the constitution of 1848 (legislative or constitutional).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swissvotes.ch/votes/?listmod=list |title=Swissvotes: Abstimmungsverzeichnis |publisher=Swissvotes.ch |access-date=2010-12-12}}</ref>

==Municipal voting==
Every [[village]], town or city has a deliberative assembly — in some villages, it is the [[town meeting]], where all adult citizens may vote by [[Voting methods in deliberative assemblies#Show of hands|show of hands]]. At such meetings the citizen can also present oral or written proposals which are voted on at the next meeting. In larger towns, elected assemblies take the place of the town meetings which are usually elected by [[proportional representation]] in one or more districts.

Municipal government is always elected by the citizens, mostly in a majority voting with some exceptions. Those municipal councils have about five to nine members. Loosely one can say, the smaller the town, the fewer party members are in the council. The leader of the council is mostly also voted by the citizens in a majority voting.

The municipal assemblies vote on changes to the "town statutes" (Gemeindereglement), governing such matters as the use of public space, on financial commitments exceeding the competence of the executive branch, and on naturalisations.

== Competences at different levels ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Distribution of powers and responsibilities<ref>[http://www.wolf-linder.ch/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Swiss-political-system.pdf Swiss political system, Wolf linder, 2011]</ref>
|-
! scope="col" |Federal powers (Swiss Constitution)
! scope="col" |Cantonal powers (cantonal constitutions)
! scope="col" |Municipal powers (cantonal legislation)
|-
|Organisation of federal authorities||Organisation of cantonal authorities (own constitution, own anthem, own flag)||Education (kindergarten and primary schools)
|-
|Foreign affairs||Cross-border cooperation||Municipal taxes
|-
|Army and civil protection||Police||Waste management
|-
|National roads (highways)||Relations between religion and state||Municipal streets
|-
|Nuclear energy||Culture||Local infrastructure
|-
|Postal services and telecommunication||Public health||Local police
|-
|Monetary policy||Cantonal streets||Zoning
|-
|Social security (pensions, invalids)||Forests, water, natural resources||Citizenship
|-
|Federal taxes||Education (secondary schools and universities)||
|-
|Civil law, criminal law||Protection of the environment||
|-
|Civil and criminal procedure||Protection of nature and heritage||
|-
|Customs||Citizenship||
|-
|Education (technical universities)||Cantonal taxes||
|-
|Energy policy|| ||
|-
|Principles for zoning|| ||
|-
|Protection of the environment|| ||
|-
|Citizenship|| ||
|-
|}

==Voting qualifications==
The country as of 2018 has about 8.5 million inhabitants, 6.25 million of which are [[Swiss citizen]]s who have the right to vote once 18 years old. Some [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]]s and municipalities have granted foreigners the right to vote in certain elections if they have lived a certain number of years in Switzerland.

All Swiss citizens aged 18 years or older have been allowed to vote at the federal level since women were granted suffrage on 7 February 1971. All adult citizens have been able to vote at the canton level since 27 November 1990, when [[Appenzell Innerrhoden]], the last canton to deny universal suffrage, was compelled by a federal court decision.

In addition, Swiss citizens living outside of the country who are older than 18 are also allowed to vote on federal matters and, in some cantons, on cantonal matters. For these voters, registration through the local or nearest Swiss consulate is compulsory (as they are not already registered in the municipality in which they live). They can choose to register at the most recent Swiss municipality in which they were registered previously, or at their [[place of origin]] otherwise.

===Votes on citizenship===
{{main|Swiss citizenship}}

The municipal parliament, administration or a naturalisation committee decides about naturalisations. However, in some towns, naturalisations were subject to a popular vote. The [[Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland|Supreme Court]] decided in 2003 that naturalisations were an administrative act and thus must obey the prohibition of arbitrariness, which rules out rejections by anonymous popular vote without an explanatory statement.

There are ongoing discussions about changing the rules: one proposal consists of automatically naturalising foreigners if they fulfill the formal criteria, and citizens can propose non-naturalisation if they give a reason for the proposal. The proposal would be voted on, and if the foreigner doesn't accept the outcome of the vote, he can order the court to verify the objectivity of the reasons. Some politicians have started a [[federal popular initiative]] to change the Swiss Constitution in order to make votes on naturalizations legal,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/vi/vi320.html |title=Initiative populaire fédérale 'pour des naturalisations démocratiques' |publisher=Admin.ch |access-date=2010-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606060047/http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/vi/vi320.html |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> but it reached [[June 2008 Swiss referendum|a referendum in June 2008]] and was soundly rejected.

==See also==
[[File:Swiss-Political-System.pdf|thumb|200px|"Swiss political system", document about Swiss democracy, inside of a CD_ROM made by the [[Federal Department of Foreign Affairs|Swiss Department of Foreign Affairs]]]]

* [[Women's suffrage in Switzerland]]
*[[List of Swiss federal referendums]]
* [[Right of foreigners to vote in Switzerland]]
* [[Direct democracy]]
* [[Landsgemeinde]]
* [[Panachage]]
* [[Politics of Switzerland]]

==Bibliography==

*{{Citation |first=Pierre |last=Cormon |title=Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners |publisher=Slatkine |date=2015 |edition=2 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8321-0607-5}}
*Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix, ''Swiss political institutions'', Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008. {{ISBN|978-2-606-01295-3}}.
*{{Citation |last=Hirschbühl |first=Tina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUXkX4U1Ir8 |title=The Swiss Government Report 1 |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland |date=2011a |via=YouTube}}
*{{Citation |last=Hirschbühl |first=Tina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QJORezLAaw |title=The Swiss Government Report 2 |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland |date=2011b |via=YouTube}}
*{{Citation |last=Hirschbühl |first=Tina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9Ei50c2c1I |title=How Direct Democracy Works In Switzerland - Report 3 |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland |date=2011c |via=YouTube}}
*{{Citation |last=Hirschbühl |first=Tina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp48yJT4Cy4 |title=How People in Switzerland Vote - Report 4 |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland |date=2011d |via=YouTube}}
*{{Citation |last=Hirschbühl |first=Tina |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp66RSP8gAQ |title=Switzerland & the EU: The Bilateral Agreements - Report 5 |publisher=Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland |date=2011e |via=YouTube}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Voting in Switzerland}}
* [http://www.admin.ch Swiss government website]
* [http://www.parliament.ch Swiss parliament website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131020115834/https://www.ch.ch/en/political-rights/ Political rights in Switzerland]
* [http://www.swissworld.org/dvd_rom/eng/direct_democracy_2004/content/fedrights/factsheet.pdf Political rights at the federal level]

{{Swiss votations}}
{{Switzerland topics}}
{{Referendums in Europe}}
{{Portal bar|Politics|Switzerland}}

[[Category:Politics of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Referendums in Switzerland|*]]
[[Category:Elections in Switzerland|*]]

[[it:Votazioni in Svizzera]]

Puerto Rico

2021-07-28T02:05:07Z

Comm.unity: added Spanish translation of 'Puerto Rican'; added 'Boricua' as demonym

{{short description|Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States}}
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{{redirect-multi|2|Porto Rico|Borinquen|other uses|Porto Rico (disambiguation)|and|Borinquen (disambiguation)|and|Puerto Rico (disambiguation)}}
{{Very long|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = Puerto Rico
| settlement_type = [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|Unincorporated and organized]] [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|U.S. commonwealth]]
| official_name = {{raise|0.2em|Commonwealth of Puerto Rico}}{{efn|The definition of ''[[Commonwealth]]'' according to [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] policy (as codified in the department's ''[[Foreign Affairs Manual]]'') reads: "The term 'Commonwealth' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html#M1121_2_1
| title = 7 fam 1120 acquisition of u.s. nationality in u.s. territories and possessions
| access-date = 13 December 2015
| date = 3 January 2013
| work = U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7- Consular Affairs
| publisher = U.S. Department of State
| format = PDF
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081013/https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html#M1121_2_1
| archive-date = 22 December 2015
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>|name=commonwealth}} {{nobold|Free Associated State of Puerto Rico}} {{nobold|''Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico'' {{small|([[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish]])}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Puerto Rico.svg
| flag_size = 125px
| flag_link = Flag of Puerto Rico
| image_seal = Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.svg
| seal_size = 85px
| seal_type = Coat of arms
| seal_link = Coat of arms of Puerto Rico
| nickname = {{native phrase|es|"Isla del Encanto"|italics=off}} ('Island of Enchantment')
| nickname_link = List of U.S. state and territory nicknames
| motto_link = List of U.S. state and territory mottos
| motto = {{native phrase|la|"[[Coat of arms of Puerto Rico#History|Joannes est nomen ejus]]"|italics=off}} ('[[Saint John the Baptist|John]] is his name')
| anthem_link = List of U.S. state songs
| anthem = {{native phrase|es|"[[La Borinqueña]]"|italics=off}} ({{Lang-en|"The Borinquenian"}})<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - La Borinqueña.ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = Puerto_Rico_(orthographic_projection).svg
| map_alt = Location of Puerto Rico
| map_caption = Location of Puerto Rico
| mapsize = 290px
| image_map2 =
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = [[United States]]
| established_title = Before annexation
| established_date = [[Captaincy General of Puerto Rico]]
| established_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Cession from Spain]]}}
| established_date2 = 11 April 1899
| established_title3 = [[Puerto Rican constitutional referendum, 1952|Current constitution]]
| established_date3 = 25 July 1952
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish]]|[[English language in Puerto Rico|English]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/p-rico-senate-declares-spanish-over-english-as-first-official-language/50000263-2704154 |title=P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language |work=News Report |date=4 September 2015 |agency=Agencia EFE |access-date=7 February 2016 |location=San Juan, Puerto Rico}}</ref>}}
| common_languages = 94.3% Spanish 5.5% English 0.2% other<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP02PR&g=0400000US72&hidePreview=true |title=Puerto Rico 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |author= |date=2019 |website=US Census |publisher=Department of Commerce |access-date=7 July 2021 }}</ref>
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] (Spanish: ''Puertorriqueño'')|Boricua|}}
| capital = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
| largest_city = capital
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|27|N|66|6|W|type:city}}
| ethnic_groups = {{Plainlist|
* 75.8% [[White Puerto Ricans|White]]
* 12.4% [[Afro-Puerto Ricans|Black]]
* 11.1% [[Multiracial Americans|Multiracial/Other]]
* 0.5% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
* 0.2% [[Asian Puerto Ricans|Asian]]
* 0.1% [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2010profile">{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10_thematic/2010_Profile/2010_Profile_Map_Puerto_Rico.pdf |title=2010 Census: Puerto Rico Profile |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2010
| government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitution]]al [[Dependent territory|dependency]]
| leader_title1 = [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]]
| leader_name1 = [[Pedro Pierluisi Urrutia]] ([[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|PNP]]/[[Democratic Party of Puerto Rico|D]])
| national_representation = [[United States Congress]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|Resident Commissioner]]
| national_representation1 = [[Jenniffer González]] ([[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|PNP]]/[[Republican Party of Puerto Rico|R]])
| legislature = [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Puerto Rico|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|House of Representatives]]
| area_km2 = 9,104
| area_rank =
| area_sq_mi = 3,515
| percent_water = 1.6
| elevation_max_ft = 4,390
| elevation_max_m = 1,340
| population_census = 3,285,874<ref name="Census2020-Tab2">{{cite web |date=April 26, 2021 |title=Table 2. Resident Population for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_estimate_rank = 135th
| population_density_km2 = 350.8
| population_density_sq_mi = 908.6
| population_density_rank = 39th
| GDP_PPP = $112.273 billion<ref name="IMFWEOPR">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=359,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook database: April 2021 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2021
| GDP_PPP_rank = 88th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $35,943<ref name="IMFWEOPR"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 40th
| GDP_nominal = $100.684 billion<ref name="IMFWEOPR"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2021
| GDP_nominal_rank = 61st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $32,233<ref name="IMFWEOPR"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 28th
| Gini = 53.1
| Gini_year = 2011
| Gini_ref =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acsbr11-02.pdf |title=Household Income for States: 2010 and 2011 |author= |date=September 2012 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528184959/http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acsbr11-02.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| HDI = 0.845
| HDI_year = 2015
| HDI_ref =<ref>{{cite journal |format=PDF |first=Ricardo R. |last=Fuentes-Ramírez |url=https://ceterisparibusuprm.org/volumen-actual/human-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez/ |title=Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010–2015 |journal=Ceteris Paribus: Journal of Socio-Economic Research |volume=7 |year=2017 |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013711/https://ceterisparibusuprm.org/volumen-actual/human-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez/ |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 40th
| currency = [[United States dollar]] (US$)
| currency_code = USD
| timezone = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset = -04:00
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Puerto Rico|+1 (787), +1 (939)]]
| postal_code_type = {{nowrap|[[USPS abbreviation]]}}
| postal_code = PR
| iso_code = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:PR|PR]]|[[ISO 3166-2:US|US-PR]]}}
| cctld = [[.pr]]
}}
'''Puerto Rico'''{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|p|ɔr|t|ə|_|ˈ|r|iː|k|oʊ|,_|-|t|oʊ|_|ˈ|-}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|w|ɛər|t|ə|_|ˈ|r|iː|k|oʊ|,_|-|t|oʊ|_|ˈ|-}}; {{IPA-es|ˈpweɾto ˈriko|lang}}, {{IPA-all|ˈpwelto ˈχiko, – ˈʀ̥iko|local rural:}}.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9jLBAAAQBAJ&q=pwelto&pg=PT113 |title=Portuguese-Spanish Interfaces: Diachrony, synchrony, and contact |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |author1=Amaral, Patrícia |author2=Ana Maria Carvalho |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |location=Philadelphia |page=130 |isbn=9789027258007}}</ref>}} ({{langnf||Spanish|Rich Port}}; abbreviated '''PR'''; {{lang-tnq|Boriken}}, ''Borinquen''),<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ |title=CIA World Factbook – Puerto Rico|access-date= 5 August 2019}}</ref> officially the '''Commonwealth of Puerto Rico'''{{efn|name=commonwealth}} ({{lang-es|link=yes|Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico|lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico}}){{efn|The Spanish word for commonwealth is typically ''[[mancomunidad]]''.}} is a [[Caribbean]] island and [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]]. It is located in the northeast [[Caribbean Sea]], approximately {{convert|1000|mi}} southeast of [[Miami]], [[Florida]].

The Commonwealth is an [[archipelago]] among the [[Greater Antilles]] located between the [[Dominican Republic]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]; it includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands, such as [[Isla de Mona|Mona]], [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], and [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]]. The [[Capital city|capital]] and [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|most populous city]] is [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico"/> Puerto Rico has roughly 3.2 million residents, exceeding over [[List of states and territories of the United States by population|20 U.S. states.]] [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[English language|English]] are the [[official languages]] of the executive branch of government,<ref>Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), pp. 588–89. See also López-Baralt Negrón, ''Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Español: Idioma del proceso judicial'', 36, Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and Vientós-Gastón, ''Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma'', 36 Revista del Colegio de Abogados de PuertO Rico. (P.R.) 843 (1975).</ref> though Spanish predominates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prfaa.pr.gov/puertoricond2.asp |title=Puerto Rico |access-date=21 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912144331/http://prfaa.pr.gov/puertoricond2.asp |archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

Originally populated by the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] [[Taíno]] people, Puerto Rico was colonized by [[Spain]] following the arrival of [[Christopher Columbus]] in 1493.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico"/> It was contested by other European [[Regional power|powers]], but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries. Spanish rule led to the displacement and assimilation of the native population, the forced migration of [[Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies|African slaves]], and settlement primarily from the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Andalusia]]. Within the [[Spanish Empire]], Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]] and [[New Spain]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Constructing A Colonial People: Puerto Rico And The United States, 1898–1932 |last=Caban |first=Pedro A. |publisher=Westview Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0786748174 |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb2PmghQ-DsC |title=Subject People and Colonial Discourses: Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico, 1898–1947 |last=Santiago-Valles |first=Kelvin A. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0791415894 |page=ix}}</ref> By the late 19th century, a distinct Puerto Rican identity began to emerge, centered around a fusion of indigenous, African, and European elements.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjkhAwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents |last=Lipski |first=John M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1107320376 |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/puerto-rico-books-and-pamphlets/articles-and-essays/nineteenth-century-puerto-rico/documenting-puerto-rican-identity/|title=Documenting a Puerto Rican Identity {{!}} In Search of a National Identity: Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico {{!}} Articles and Essays {{!}} Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Perspectives {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> In 1898, following the [[Spanish–American War]], the United States [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|acquired Puerto Rico]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico"/><ref>José Trías Monge. ''Puerto Rico : the trials of the oldest colony in the world.'' New Haven, CT; London, England : Yale University Press, 1999. p. 4.</ref>

[[Puerto Ricans]] have been [[United States nationality law|U.S. citizens]] since 1917, and can move freely between the island and the mainland.<ref>[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1402 8 U.S. Code § 1402 – Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11, 1899] (1941) Retrieved: 14 January 2015.</ref> However, as residents of an [[Territories of the United States|unincorporated territory]], American citizens of Puerto Rico are [[Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico#Disenfranchisement in Puerto Rico|disenfranchised at the national level]], do not [[United States presidential election|vote for the president or vice president]],<ref>[http://puertoricoadvancement.org/Documents/Igartua%20de%20la%20Rosa_V_United%20States.pdf Igartúa–de la Rosa v. United States (Igartúa III)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316075619/http://puertoricoadvancement.org/Documents/Igartua%20de%20la%20Rosa_V_United%20States.pdf|date=16 March 2012}}, 417 F.3d 145 (1st Cir. 2005) (en banc), [https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1545899.html GREGORIO IGARTÚA, ET AL., Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ET AL., Defendants, Appellees. No. 09-2186] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905103026/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1545899.html|date=5 September 2018}} (24 November 2010)</ref> and generally do not pay federal income tax.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/Health/trauma-puerto-ricos-maria-generation/story?id=60980466 ''The trauma of Puerto Rico's 'Maria Generation' ''.] Robin Ortiz. ABC News. 17 February 2019. Accessed 24 September 2019.</ref><ref>[http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-541 ''PUERTO RICO: Fiscal Relations with the Federal Government and Economic Trends during the Phaseout of the Possessions Tax Credit.''] General Accounting Office publication number GAO-06-541. US Gen. Acctg. Office, Washington, DC. 19 May 2006. Public Release: 23 June 2006. (Note: All residents of Puerto Rico pay federal taxes, with the exception of federal '''income''' taxes which only '''some''' residents of Puerto Rico must still pay).</ref><ref group="Note">Contrary to common misconception, residents of Puerto Rico do pay U.S. federal taxes: customs taxes (which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury) (see [http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/prpage.htm Dept of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. DOI.gov] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610225702/http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/prpage.htm |date=10 June 2012 }}), import/export taxes (see [http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 Stanford.wellsphere.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401034052/http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |date=1 April 2010 }}), federal commodity taxes (see [http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 Stanford.wellsphere.com] ), social security taxes (see [https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html IRS.gov]), etc. Residents pay federal [[payroll tax]]es, such as [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] (see [https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html IRS.gov]) and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] (see [https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE58N5X320090924 Reuters.com]), as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes (see [http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n19/USNotInnocent-en.html Puertorico-herald.org] and [http://www.htrcpa.com/businessinpr1.html HTRCPA.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429222842/http://www.htrcpa.com/businessinpr1.html |date=29 April 2011 }}). All federal employees (see [http://www.heritage.org/research/taxes/wm2338.cfm Heritage.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210124900/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Taxes/wm2338.cfm |date=10 February 2010 }}), those who do business with the federal government (see [http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf MCVPR.com] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mp67ZoSs?url=http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf |date=16 January 2010 }}), Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. (see [http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf p. 9, line 1.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903121058/http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf |date=3 September 2009 }}), and some others (For example, Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military, see [http://www.heritage.org/research/taxes/wm2338.cfm Heritage.org]; and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20090903121058/http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf pp 14–15.] also pay federal '''income''' taxes). In addition, because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code, and because the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income on the mainland, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. This occurs because "the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments" (see [http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-541 GAO.gov]).
{{Break|2}}
As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement, but are excluded from the [[Supplemental Security Income]] (SSI) (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents, unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States, do not receive the SSI; see [http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OP_Home/handbook/handbook.21/handbook-2114.html Socialsecurity.gov]), and the island actually receives less than 15% of the [[Medicaid]] funding it would normally receive if it were a U.S. state. Additionally, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico, even though the latter paid fully into the system (see [http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 p 252.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511054048/http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 |date=11 May 2011 }}). In general, "many federal social welfare programs have been extended to Puerto Rico residents, although usually with caps inferior to those allocated to the states." ('''The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898'''. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Page 167. For a comprehensive coverage of federal programs made extensive to Puerto Rico, see Richard Cappalli's '''Federal Aid to Puerto Rico''' (1970).)
{{break|2}}
It has also been estimated (see [http://www.eagleforum.org/column/2007/mar07/07-03-28.html Egleforum.org]) that, because the population of the Island is greater than that of 50% of the States, if it were a state, Puerto Rico would have six to eight seats in the House, in addition to the two seats in the Senate. (See [http://www.eagleforum.org/column/2007/mar07/07-03-28.html Eagleforum.org], [http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html# CRF-USA.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610210536/http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html |date=10 June 2009 }} and [http://www.thomas.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&sid=cp1109rs5H&refer=&r_n=hr597.110 Thomas.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201165347/http://www.thomas.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&sid=cp1109rs5H&refer=&r_n=hr597.110 |date=1 February 2016 }}. For the later, the official U.S. Congress database website, a query must be resubmitted. The document in question is called "House Report 110-597 – [[Puerto Rico Democracy Act#Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007|Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007]]." These are the steps to follow to submit a query: > Committee Reports > 110 > drop down "Word/Phrase" and pick "Report Number" > type "597" next to Report Number. This will provide the document "House Report 110-597 – 2007". Then, from the Table of Contents choose "Background and need for legislation".) Another misconception is that the import/export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury. This is not the case. Such import/export taxes are returned ''only'' for rum products and, even then, the US Treasury keeps a portion of those taxes (see the "House Report 110-597 – [[Puerto Rico Democracy Act#Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007|Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007]]" mentioned above).</ref> However, in addition to the other 4 territories which send non-voting representatives to Congress, they do participate in [[2016 United States presidential primaries in Puerto Rico|presidential primaries]]. As it is not a [[U.S. state|state]], Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], which governs it under the [[Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950]]. Puerto Rico is represented federally solely by one [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|non-voting member of the House]] called a "Resident Commissioner." Congress approved [[Constitution of Puerto Rico|a local constitution]] in 1952, allowing U.S. citizens residing on the Island to elect [[Governor of Puerto Rico|a governor]]. Puerto Rico's [[Puerto Rican status|future political status]] has consistently been a matter of significant debate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42765.pdf |title=Puerto Rico's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite: Background and Key Questions |date=25 June 2013|access-date = 17 January 2016 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/politica/nota/elsenadoapruebaenmiendasalaleydelplebiscito-2312006/ |title=El Nuevo Día |website=Elnuevodia.com|date=18 April 2017 }}</ref>

Beginning in the mid 20th century, the [[federal government of the United States|U.S. government]], together with the [[Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company]], launched a series of economic projects to develop Puerto Rico into an industrial high-income economy. It is classified by the [[International Monetary Fund]] as a [[developed country|developed jurisdiction]] with an advanced, [[high-income economy]];<ref name="Advanced economies">{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=110&sg=All+countries+%2f+Advanced+economies |title=Advanced economies |publisher=IMF|access-date= 1 August 2019}}</ref> it ranks 40th on the [[Human Development Index]]. The main drivers of Puerto Rico's economy are [[manufacturing in Puerto Rico|manufacturing]] (primarily [[Pharmaceutical industry in Puerto Rico|pharmaceuticals]], [[petrochemical]]s, and electronics) followed by the service industry (namely tourism and hospitality).<ref name="manufacturing-by-pr.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www2.pr.gov/GobiernoEmpresas/SectoresInversion/Pages/Manufactura.aspx |title=Manufactura |language=es |publisher=[[Government of Puerto Rico]] |access-date=7 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002150143/http://www2.pr.gov/GobiernoEmpresas/SectoresInversion/Pages/Manufactura.aspx |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
Puerto Rico is Spanish for "rich port".<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico"/> [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]] often call the island {{lang|es|Borinquén}}, a derivation of {{lang|tnq|Borikén}}, its [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Taíno]] name, which means "Land of the Valiant Lord".<ref>{{cite book |last=Allatson |first=Paul |title=Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies |page=47 |location=Malden, Mass. |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4051-0250-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm#anchor250018 |title=Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013032642/http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 |encyclopedia=Clásicos de Puerto Rico |edition=2nd |editor=Cayetano Coll y Toste |publisher=Ediciones Latinoamericanas, S.A. |year=1972}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/advanceinantill00grosgoog |title=H. B. Grose, Advance in the Antilles: the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico, Presbyterian Home Missions, 1910 |publisher=Literature Dept., Presbyterian Home Missions |year=1910 |access-date=6 February 2011 |last1=Grose |first1=Howard Benjamin}}</ref> The terms {{lang|es|boricua}} and {{lang|es|borincano}} derive from {{lang|tnq|Borikén}} and {{lang|tnq|Borinquen}} respectively, and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} The island is also popularly known in Spanish as {{lang|es|la isla del encanto}}, meaning "the island of enchantment".<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rc7FAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |chapter=¡Adelante Hermanas de la Raza!, Josefina Silva de Cintron and Puerto Rican Women's Feminismo. – The New York's World Fair: 1939–1940 |title=Exploring the Decolonial Imaginary: Four Transnational Lives |first=Patricia A. |last=Schechter |location=New York |publisher=MacMillan |year=2012 |postscript=. Note: The phase "The Island of Enchantment" has been traced back to a travel guide by that title that [[Theodore Roosevelt, Jr]]. offered in ''[[House & Garden (magazine)|House & Garden]]'' magazine in 1938 |isbn=9781137012845}}</ref>

Columbus named the island {{lang|es|San Juan Bautista}}, in honor of Saint [[John the Baptist]], while the capital city was named {{lang|es|Ciudad de Puerto Rico}} ("Rich Port City").<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico"/> Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, while San Juan became the name used for the main trading/shipping port and the capital city.{{efn|Proyecto Salón Hogar (in Spanish) "{{lang|es|Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista y a la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico. Con los años, Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan, y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico.}}"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/enciclopedia_ilustrada/HistoriaPR1.htm |title=Historia de Puerto Rico |publisher=Proyectosalonhogar.com |access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref>}}

The island's name was changed to ''Porto Rico'' by the United States after the [[Treaty of Paris of 1898]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp |website=The Avalon Project |publisher=[[Yale Law School]] |access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises. The name was changed back to Puerto Rico in 1931 by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by [[Félix Córdova Dávila]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Crafting an Identity |url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/HAIC/Historical-Essays/Foreign-Domestic/Crafting-Identity/ |website=History, Art & Archives |publisher=Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House's Office of Art and Archives |access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref>{{efn|In 1932, the [[U.S. Congress]] officially back-corrected the former [[Anglicization]] of ''Porto Rico'' into the Spanish name ''Puerto Rico''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pedro A. Malavet |title=America's colony: the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC |year=2004 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5680-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&pg=PA43 43], [https://books.google.com/?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&pg=PA181 181 note 76]}}</ref><ref>To change the name of the island of ''Porto Rico'' to ''Puerto Rico'', S.J. Res 36, 72nd Congress, enacted 1932. ({{USStat|47|158}})</ref> It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the archipelago. Patricia Gherovici states that both ''Porto Rico'' and ''Puerto Rico'' were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before, during, and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898. The ''Porto'' spelling, for instance, was used in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], but ''Puerto'' was used by ''[[The New York Times]]'' that same year. Nancy Morris clarifies that "a curious oversight in the drafting of the [[Foraker Act]] caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled".<ref>{{cite book |author=Patricia Gherovici |title=The Puerto Rican syndrome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC |year=2003 |publisher=Other Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-892746-75-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC&pg=PA140 140–141]}}</ref> However, Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' article from 1899, after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English-speaking citizens of the American mainland.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw2ZjkgjchkC |title=Hispanic Americans in Congress, 1822–2012 |last=Historian |first=Office of the |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=9780160920684 |language=en}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/registerportori03ricogoog |title=Register of Porto Rico |last1=Secretary's |first1=Puerto Rico |last2=Office |first2=Puerto Rico Secretary's |date=1 January 1903 |publisher=Office of the Secretary |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWczAQAAIAAJ |title=Porto Rico: A Caribbean Isle |last1=Deusen |first1=Richard James Van |last2=Deusen |first2=Elizabeth Kneipple Van |date=1931 |publisher=Henry Holt |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGhNAAAAYAAJ |title=Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands |last=Sciences |first=New York Academy of |date=1922 |publisher=New York Academy of Sciences |language=en}}</ref>

The official name of the entity in Spanish is {{lang|es|[[Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico]]}} ("Free [[Associated State]] of Puerto Rico"), while its official English name is [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)#Commonwealth of Puerto Rico|Commonwealth of Puerto Rico]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico"/>

==History==
{{Main|History of Puerto Rico}}

===Pre-Columbian era===
[[File:Taino Village.JPG|thumb|A 20th-century reconstruction of an 8th-century [[Taíno]] village, located at the [[Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center|spot]] where their ballpark and remains were discovered in 1975, in the aftermath of [[Hurricane Eloise]].<ref>Carmelo Rosario Natal. ''Ponce En Su Historia Moderna: 1945–2002.'' Secretaría de Cultura y Turismo. Gobierno Municipal de Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 2003. p. 141.</ref>]]

The ancient history of the archipelago which is now Puerto Rico is not well known. Unlike other indigenous cultures in the New World ([[Aztec]], [[Mayan civilization|Maya]] and [[Inca]]) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies, scant artifacts and evidence remain of the Puerto Rico's indigenous population. Scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish accounts from the colonial era constitute all that is known about them. The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by [[Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra]] in 1786, nearly three centuries after the first Spaniards landed on the island.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abbad y Lasierra |first=Iñigo |title=Historia Geográfica, Civil y Natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico|url=https://archive.org/details/historiageografi00abba |year=1866 }}</ref>

The first known settlers were the [[Ortoiroid people]], an [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic Period]] culture of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland. Some scholars suggest their settlement dates back about 4,000 years.<ref name="Rouse">Rouse, Irving. ''The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus'' {{ISBN|0-300-05696-6}}.</ref> An archeological dig in 1990 on the island of [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]] found the remains of a man, designated as the "Puerto Ferro Man", which was dated to around 2000 BC.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mahaffy, Cheryl |title=Vieques Island – What lies beneath |date=28 January 2006 |newspaper=Edmonton Journal |url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |access-date=11 February 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011092855/http://canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> The [[Ortoiroid people|Ortoiroid]] were displaced by the [[Saladoid]], a culture from the same region that arrived on the island between 430 and 250 BCE.<ref name=Rouse/>

The [[Igneri]] tribe migrated to Puerto Rico between 120 and 400 AD from the region of the [[Orinoco]] river in northern South America. The Arcaico and Igneri co-existed on the island between the 4th and 10th centuries.

Between the 7th and 11th centuries, the [[Taíno]] culture developed on the island. By approximately 1000 AD, it had become dominant. At the time of Columbus' arrival, an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 Taíno Amerindians, led by the ''[[cacique]]'' (chief) [[Agüeybaná (The Great Sun)|Agüeybaná]], inhabited the island. They called it ''Boriken'', meaning "the great land of the valiant and noble Lord".<ref>{{cite web |author=Pedro Torres |work=Taíno Inter-Tribal Council Inc. |title=The Dictionary of the Taíno Language |url=http://members.dandy.net/~orocobix/tedict.html |access-date=11 February 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213164808/http://members.dandy.net/~orocobix/tedict.html |archive-date=13 February 2006 }}</ref> The natives lived in small villages, each led by a cacique. They subsisted by hunting and fishing, done generally by men, as well as by the women's gathering and processing of indigenous [[cassava]] root and fruit. This lasted until Columbus arrived in 1493.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |title=Vieques Island: What lies beneath |author=Cheryl Mahaffy |date=30 January 2006 |newspaper=Edmonton Journal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011092855/http://canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newberry.org/exhibits/PuertoRico.html |title=500 Years of Puerto Rican History through the Eyes of Others |publisher=The Newberry Library |website=Newberry.org |date=12 July 2008 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>

===Spanish colony (1493–1898)===
{{Further|Columbian Viceroyalty|New Spain|Captaincy General of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:RUIDIAZ(1893) 1.083 JUAN PONCE DE LEÓN.jpg|thumb|upright| Artist's depiction of [[Juan Ponce de León]], Puerto Rico's first governor]]

====Conquest and early settlement====
When Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on 19 November 1493, the island was inhabited by the Taíno. They called it ''Borikén'', spelled in a variety of ways by different writers of the day.<ref name=Brau1>{{cite book|last=Brau|first=Salvador|title={{lang|es|cat=no|Puerto Rico y su historia: investigaciones críticas}}|year=1894|publisher=Francisco Vives Moras|location=Valencia, Spain|pages=[https://archive.org/details/puertoricoysuhi00braugoog/page/n33/mode/2up 27]–40|url=https://archive.org/details/puertoricoysuhi00braugoog|language=es}}</ref> Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of St [[John the Baptist]].{{efn|Today, Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas, or people from Borinquen.}} Having reported the findings of his first travel, Columbus brought with him this time a letter from King Ferdinand<ref>{{cite web |title=King Ferdinand's letter to the Taino-Arawak Indians |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/before-1600/king-ferdinands-letter-to-the-taino-arawak-indians.php |publisher=University of Groningen}}</ref> empowered by a [[Inter caetera|papal bull]] that authorized any course of action necessary for the expansion of the [[Spanish Empire]] and the Christian faith. [[Juan Ponce de León]], a [[lieutenant]] under Columbus, founded the first Spanish settlement, [[Caparra Archaeological Site|Caparra]], on 8 August 1508. He later served as the first [[List of Governors of Puerto Rico|governor]] of the island.{{efn|[[Vicente Yañez Pinzón]] is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico, but he never arrived from Spain.}} Eventually, traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, and San Juan became the name of the main trading/shipping port.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Spanish people began to colonize the island. Despite the [[Laws of Burgos]] of 1512 and other decrees for the protection of the indigenous population, some Taíno Indians were forced into an [[encomienda]] system of [[Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies|forced labor]] in the early years of colonization. The population suffered extremely high fatalities from epidemics of European [[infectious]] diseases.{{efn|[[PBS]], to which they had no natural [[immunity (medical)|immunity]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Arthur C. Aufderheide |author2=Conrado Rodríguez-Martín |author3=Odin Langsjoen |title=The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55203-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&pg=PA204 204]}}</ref> For example, a [[smallpox]] outbreak in 1518–1519 killed much of the Island's indigenous population.<ref>{{cite book |first=George C. |last=Kohn |title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA160 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2008 |page=160 |isbn=978-0-8160-6935-4}}</ref> "The first ''repartimiento'' in Puerto Rico is established, allowing colonists fixed numbers of Tainos for wage-free and forced labor in the gold mines. When several priests protest, the crown requires Spaniards to pay native laborers and to teach them the Christian religion; the colonists continue to treat the natives as slaves."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/americancollection/woman/timeline.html |title=Masterpiece Theatre – American Collection – Almost a Woman – Puerto Rico: A Timeline |publisher=Pbs.org |access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref>}}{{efn|Poole (2011) "[The Taíno] began to starve; many thousands fell prey to smallpox, measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity [...]"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/What-Became-of-the-Taino.html |title=History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places – Smithsonian |publisher=Smithsonianmag.com |access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref>}}{{efn|[[PBS]] "[The Taíno] eventually succumbed to the Spanish soldiers and European diseases that followed Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/spirits/html/body_taino.html |title=taino |website=PBS |access-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208073734/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/spirits/html/body_taino.html |archive-date=8 February 2013}}</ref>}}{{efn|[[Yale University]] "[...] the high death rate among the Taíno due to enslavement and European diseases (smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus) persisted."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/ |title=Puerto Rico – Colonial Genocides – Genocide Studies Program – Yale University |publisher=Yale.edu |access-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520120915/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/ |archive-date=20 May 2013}}</ref>}}

====Colonization under the Habsburgs====
In 1520, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles I of Spain]] issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population. By that time, the Taíno people were few in number.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/index.html |title=Puerto Rico – Colonial Genocides – Genocide Studies Program |publisher=Yale University |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908234849/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2011}}</ref> [[slavery in the Spanish Empire|Enslaved Africans had already begun to be imported]] to compensate for the native labor loss, but their numbers were proportionate to the diminished commercial interest Spain soon began to demonstrate for the island colony. Other nearby islands, like [[Cuba]], Hispaniola, and [[Guadeloupe|Guadalupe]], attracted more of the slave trade than Puerto Rico, probably because of greater agricultural interests in those islands, on which colonists had developed large sugar plantations and had the capital to invest in the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref name="Stark">{{cite journal |title=A New Look at the African Slave Trade in Puerto Rico Through the Use of Parish Registers: 1660–1815 |last=Stark |first=David M. |journal=Slavery & Abolition a Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies |year=2009 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=491–520 |doi=10.1080/01440390903245083|s2cid=144704852 }}</ref>

From the beginning of the country, the colonial administration relied heavily on the industry of enslaved Africans and creole blacks for public works and defenses, primarily in coastal ports and cities, where the tiny colonial population had hunkered down. With no significant industries or large-scale agricultural production as yet, enslaved and free communities lodged around the few littoral settlements, particularly around San Juan, also forming lasting [[Afro-creole]] communities. Meanwhile, in the island's interior, there developed a mixed and independent peasantry that relied on a subsistence economy. This mostly unsupervised population supplied villages and settlements with foodstuffs and, in relative isolation, set the pattern for what later would be known as the [[Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)|Puerto Rican Jíbaro culture]]. By the end of the 16th century, the Spanish Empire was diminishing and, in the face of increasing raids from European competitors, the colonial administration throughout [[the Americas]] fell into a "bunker mentality". Imperial strategists and urban planners redesigned port settlements into military posts with the objective of protecting Spanish territorial claims and ensuring the safe passing of the king's silver-laden [[Spanish treasure fleet|Atlantic Fleet]] to the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. San Juan served as an important port-of-call for ships driven across the Atlantic by its powerful [[Atlantic Ocean#Climate|trade winds]]. West Indies convoys linked Spain to the island, sailing between [[Cádiz]] and the Spanish West Indies. The colony's seat of government was on the forested [[Isleta de San Juan|Islet of San Juan]] and for a time became one of the most heavily fortified settlements in the [[Spanish West Indies|Spanish Caribbean]] earning the name of the "Walled City". The islet is still dotted with the various forts and walls, such as [[La Fortaleza]], [[Castillo San Felipe del Morro]], and [[Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)|Castillo San Cristóbal]], designed to protect the population and the strategic [[Port of San Juan]] from the raids of the Spanish European competitors.

[[File:Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan, Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan, Puerto Rico]]

In 1625, in the [[Battle of San Juan (1625)|Battle of San Juan]], the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] commander [[Boudewijn Hendricksz]] tested the defenses' limits like no one else before. Learning from [[Francis Drake]]'s previous [[Battle of San Juan (1595)|failures here]], he circumvented the cannons of the castle of San Felipe del Morro and quickly brought his 17 ships into the [[San Juan Bay]]. He then occupied the port and attacked the city while the population hurried for shelter behind the Morro's moat and high battlements. Historians consider this event the worst attack on San Juan. Though the Dutch set the village on fire, they failed to conquer the Morro, and its batteries pounded their troops and ships until Hendricksz deemed the cause lost. Hendricksz's expedition eventually helped propel a fortification frenzy. Constructions of defenses for the San Cristóbal Hill were soon ordered so as to prevent the landing of invaders out of reach of the Morro's artillery. Urban planning responded to the needs of keeping the colony in Spanish hands.

====Late colonial period====
[[File:Hacienda La Fortuna Francisco Oller 1885 Brooklyn Museum.jpg|thumb|Sugar [[hacienda]]s, like the one portrayed above, ran a significant portion of the Puerto Rican economy in the late 19th century |alt=|left]]

During the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Spain concentrated its colonial efforts on the more prosperous mainland North, Central, and South American colonies. With the advent of the lively Bourbon Dynasty in Spain in the 1700s, the island of Puerto Rico began a gradual shift to more imperial attention. More roads began connecting previously isolated inland settlements to coastal cities, and coastal settlements like Arecibo, Mayaguez, and Ponce began acquiring importance of their own, separate from San Juan. By the end of the 18th century, merchant ships from an array of nationalities threatened the tight regulations of the Mercantilist system, which turned each colony solely toward the European metropole and limited contact with other nations. U.S. ships came to surpass Spanish trade and with this also came the exploitation of the island's natural resources. Slavers, which had made but few stops on the island before, began selling more enslaved Africans to growing sugar and coffee plantations. The increasing number of Atlantic wars in which the Caribbean islands played major roles, like the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]], the [[Seven Years' War]] and the [[Atlantic Revolutions]], ensured Puerto Rico's growing esteem in Madrid's eyes. On 17 April 1797, Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]]'s fleet invaded the island with a force of 6,000–13,000 men,<ref>Confirmation of troop count is unattainable, only Spanish and Puerto Rican sources are available regarding troop count.</ref> which included German soldiers and Royal Marines and 60 to 64 ships. Fierce fighting continued for the next days with Spanish troops. Both sides suffered heavy losses. On Sunday 30 April the British ceased their attack and began their retreat from San Juan. By the time independence movements in the larger Spanish colonies gained success, new waves of loyal creole immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico, helping to tilt the island's political balance toward the Crown.

[[File:EAGLE Old San Juan 2014.jpg|thumb|The 16th-century Spanish colonial-era fort, [[Castillo San Felipe del Morro]] (background), in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]]]

In 1809, to secure its political bond with the island and in the midst of the European [[Peninsular War]], the [[Junta (Peninsular War)|Supreme Central Junta]] based in [[Cádiz]] recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain. This gave the island residents the right to elect representatives to the recently convened [[Cortes of Cádiz]] (effectively the Spanish government during a portion of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]), with equal representation to mainland Iberian, Mediterranean (Balearic Islands) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces (Canary Islands).{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

[[Ramón Power y Giralt]], the first Spanish parliamentary representative from the island of Puerto Rico, died after serving a three-year term in the Cortes. These [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|parliamentary and constitutional reforms]] were in force from 1810 to 1814, and again from 1820 to 1823. They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]]. Immigration and commercial trade reforms in the 19th century increased the island's ethnic European population and economy and expanded the Spanish cultural and social imprint on the local character of the island.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Minor slave revolts had occurred on the island throughout the years, with the revolt planned and organized by [[Marcos Xiorro]] in 1821 being the most important. Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful, Xiorro achieved legendary status and is part of Puerto Rico's folklore.<ref name="GB">[[Guillermo A. Baralt]], ''Slave revolts in Puerto Rico: conspiracies and uprisings, 1795–1873''; Markus Wiener Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-55876-463-7}}</ref>

====Politics of liberalism====
[[File:Intentona de Yauco.jpg|thumb|left|The flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the "Intentona de Yauco" revolt]]

In the early 19th century, Puerto Rico spawned an independence movement that, due to harsh persecution by the Spanish authorities, convened in the island of St. Thomas. The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of [[Simón Bolívar]] in establishing a [[United Provinces of New Granada]] and [[Venezuela]], that included Puerto Rico and Cuba. Among the influential members of this movement were Brigadier General [[Antonio Valero de Bernabé]] and [[María de las Mercedes Barbudo]]. The movement was discovered, and Governor [[Miguel de la Torre]] had its members imprisoned or exiled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raquelrosario.net/Historias%20Claridad%20Mercedes%20Bar.pdf |title=María de las Mercedes Barbudo; Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico; ''CLARIDAD''; December 1994; p. 19 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>

With the increasingly rapid growth of independent former Spanish colonies in the South and Central American states in the first part of the 19th century, the Spanish Crown considered Puerto Rico and Cuba of strategic importance. To increase its hold on its last two New World colonies, the Spanish Crown revived the [[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]] as a result of which 450,000 immigrants, mainly Spaniards, settled on the island in the period up until the American conquest. Printed in three languages—Spanish, English, and French—it was intended to also attract non-Spanish Europeans, with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity if new settlers had stronger ties to the Crown. Hundreds of non-Spanish families, mainly from [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Corsica]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|France]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germany]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Ireland]], Italy and Scotland, also immigrated to the island.<ref name="Graces"/>

Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands, on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church.<ref name="Graces">{{cite web |url=http://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXE/castelar/esclavitud/cedula.htm |title=Real Cédula de 1789 "para el comercio de Negros" |language=es |publisher=Ensayistas.org |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> The offer was very successful, and European immigration continued even after 1898. Puerto Rico still receives Spanish and European immigration.

[[File:1868 Lares Revolutionay Flag.svg|thumb|The Lares revolutionary flag of 1868, also known as the "First Puerto Rican Flag" in Puerto Rico]]

Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as ''[[Grito de Lares]].'' It began in the rural town of Lares, but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián.

Leaders of this independence movement included [[Ramón Emeterio Betances]], considered the "father" of the Puerto Rican independence movement, and other political figures such as [[Segundo Ruiz Belvis]]. Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873, "with provisions for periods of apprenticeship".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |title=Ways of ending slavery |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=29 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309101044/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |archive-date=9 March 2013}}</ref>

[[File:IMG 2972 - Abolition Park in Ponce, Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Monument commemorating the [[Slavery in colonial Spanish America|1873 abolition of slavery]] in Puerto Rico, located in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]]]]

Leaders of "El Grito de Lares" went into exile in New York City. Many joined the [[Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee]], founded on 8 December 1895, and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence. In 1897, [[Antonio Mattei Lluberas]] and the local leaders of the independence movement in Yauco organized another uprising, which became known as the ''[[Intentona de Yauco]]''. They raised what they called the Puerto Rican flag, which was adopted as the national flag. The local conservative political factions opposed independence. Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule.<ref name="HMPR">{{Cite book |title=Historia militar de Puerto Rico |first=Héctor Andrés |last=Negroni |author-link=Hector Andres Negroni |publisher=Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario |year=1992 |language=es |isbn=978-84-7844-138-9 }}</ref>

In 1897, [[Luis Muñoz Rivera]] and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to grant limited self-government to the island by [[Decree|royal decree]] in the Autonomic Charter, including a [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]].<ref>[http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/enciclopedia_ilustrada/Carta_Autonomica.htm] Retrieved: 8 January 2015. Carta Autonómica de Puerto Rico, 1897.</ref> In 1898, Puerto Rico's first, but short-lived, quasi-autonomous government was organized as an "overseas province" of Spain. This bilaterally agreed-upon charter maintained a governor appointed by the [[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]] – who held the power to annul any legislative decision – and a partially elected parliamentary structure. In February, Governor-General [[Manuel Macías y Casado|Manuel Macías]] inaugurated the new government under the Autonomic Charter. General elections were held in March and the new government began to function on 17 July 1898.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.solboricua.com/history2.htm#usa |title=USA Seizes Puerto Rico |year=2000 |work=History of Puerto Rico |publisher=solboricua.com |access-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515120148/http://www.solboricua.com/history2.htm#usa |archive-date=15 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history4.shtml |title=History |access-date=1 October 2007 |author=Magaly Rivera |publisher=topuertorico.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html |title=Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish–American War |work=The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War |publisher=Hispanic Division, Library of Congress}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

====Spanish–American War====
{{Main|Spanish–American War|Puerto Rican Campaign|Treaty of Paris (1898)}}
[[File:Bombardment of San Juan, Porto (sic) Rico LCCN2001695573.jpg|thumb|Artistic rendering of the 1898 [[Bombardment of San Juan]] by American forces during the [[Spanish–American War]]]]

In 1890, Captain [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker, published a book titled ''[[The Influence of Sea Power upon History]]'' in which he argued for the establishment of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British [[Royal Navy]]. Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean, which would serve as coaling and naval stations. They would serve as strategic points of defense with the construction of a canal through the [[Isthmus of Panama]], to allow easier passage of ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.<ref name="SP">Jorge Rodriguez Beruff, ''Strategy as Politics'', Universidad de Puerto Rico: La Editorial; p. 7; {{ISBN|978-0-8477-0160-5}}</ref>

[[File:First Company of native Puerto Ricans in the American Army.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The first company of Puerto Ricans enlisted in the U.S. Army, within a year of the U.S. invasion]]

[[William H. Seward]], the Secretary of State under presidents [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Andrew Johnson]], had also stressed the importance of building a canal in [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]] or [[Panama]]. He suggested that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba. The U.S. Senate did not approve his annexation proposal, and Spain rejected the U.S. offer of {{Nowrap|160 million}} dollars for Puerto Rico and Cuba.<ref name="SP"/>

Since 1894, the United States [[Naval War College]] had been developing [[contingency plan]]s for a war with Spain. By 1896, the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan that included military operations in Puerto Rican waters. Plans generally centered on attacks on Spanish territories were intended as support operations against Spain's forces in and around Cuba.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC&pg=PA72 |author=David F. Trask |title=The War with Spain in 1898 |pages=72–78 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |access-date=6 February 2011 |isbn=978-0-8032-9429-5 |year=1996}}</ref> Recent research suggests that the U.S. did consider Puerto Rico valuable as a naval station, and recognized that it and Cuba generated lucrative crops of sugar – a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked, before the development of the [[sugar beet]] industry in the United States.<ref>Jorge Rodriguez Beruff, ''Strategy as Politics'', La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; p. 13; {{ISBN|978-0-8477-0160-5}}</ref>

On 25 July 1898, during the [[Spanish–American War]], the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at [[Guánica, Puerto Rico|Guánica]]. After the U.S. prevailed in the war, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, along with the [[Philippines]] and [[Guam]], to the U.S. under the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], which went into effect on 11 April 1899; Spain relinquished sovereignty over [[Cuba]], but did not cede it to the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp |title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain |date=10 December 1898 |work=The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School |publisher=Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library}}</ref>

===American territory (1898–present)===
====U.S. unincorporated organized territory====
The United States and Puerto Rico began a long-standing relationship.<ref>Truman R. Clark. ''Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917–1933.'' 1975. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 129.</ref> This relationship has been documented by numerous scholars, including U.S. Federal Appeals Judge [[Juan Torruella]],<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/28/us/juan-torruella-groundbreaking-us-appeals-judge-dies-at-87.html ''Juan Torruella, Groundbreaking U.S. Appeals Judge, Dies at 87: He was the only Hispanic to serve on the First Circuit court in Boston. In July he moved to overturn a death sentence in the Boston Marathon bombing.''] Sam Roberts. The New York Times. 28 October 2020. Accessed 15 December 2020.</ref> U.S. Congresswoman [[Nydia Velázquez]],<ref>[https://thehill.com/latino/517921-hopes-for-dc-puerto-rico-statehood-rise ''Hopes for DC, Puerto Rico statehood rise.''] Marty Johnson and Rafael Bernal. The Hill. 24 September 2020. Accessed 15 December 2020.</ref> Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court [[José Trías Monge]],<ref>José Trías Monge. ''Puerto Rico: The trials of the oldest colony in the world.'' Yale University Press. 1997. p.3. {{ISBN|9780300076189}}</ref> and former [[Albizu University]] president Ángel Collado-Schwarz.<ref>Angel Collado-Schwarz. ''Decolonization Models for America's Last Colony: Puerto Rico.'' Syracuse University Press. 2012. {{ISBN|0815651082}}</ref>{{efn|For additional references to Puerto Rico's current (2020) colonial status under U.S. rule, see Nicole Narea,<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/live-results-for-puerto-ricos-statehood-referendum/ar-BB1aF94A ''Live results for Puerto Rico's statehood referendum.''] Nicole Narea. MSN Microsoft News. 5 November 2020. Accessed 15 December 2020.</ref> Amy Goodman and Ana Irma Rivera Lassén,<ref>[https://www.democracynow.org/2020/11/6/puerto_rico_ana_irma_rivera_lassen ''Puerto Ricans Vote to Narrowly Approve Controversial Statehood Referendum & Elect 4 LGBTQ Candidates.''] Amy Goodman and Ana Irma Rivera Lassén. Democracy Now! 6 November 2020. Accessed 15 December 2020.</ref> and David S. Cohen.<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/the-political-travesty-of-puerto-rico-196852/ ''The Political Travesty of Puerto Rico: Like all U.S. territories, Puerto Rico has no real representation in its own national government.''] David S. Cohen. RollingStone. 26 September 2017. Accessed 15 December 2020.</ref> Additional sources are available.}}

In the early 20th century, Puerto Rico was ruled by the U.S. military, with officials including the governor appointed by the [[president of the United States]]. The [[Foraker Act]] of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government, including a popularly elected House of Representatives. The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States.

[[File:First Supreme Court PR.JPG|thumb|The first [[Supreme Court of Puerto Rico]], appointed pursuant to the [[Foraker Act]]|alt=|left]]

Its judicial system was reformed{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} to bring it into conformity with the [[Law of the United States|American federal courts system]]; a [[Supreme Court of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico Supreme Court]]{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} and a [[United States territorial court|United States District Court]] for the unincorporated territory were established. It was authorized a non-voting member of Congress, by the title of "Resident Commissioner", who was appointed. In addition, this Act extended all U.S. laws "not locally inapplicable" to Puerto Rico, specifying, in particular, exemption from U.S. Internal Revenue laws.<ref name=status>{{cite web |url=http://charma.uprm.edu/~angel/Puerto_Rico/reporte_status.pdf |title=Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status |date=December 2005 |access-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925184244/http://charma.uprm.edu/~angel/Puerto_Rico/reporte_status.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2007 }}</ref>

The Act empowered the civil government to legislate on "all matters of legislative character not locally inapplicable", including the power to modify and repeal any laws then in existence in Puerto Rico, though the U.S. Congress retained the power to annul acts of the Puerto Rico legislature.<ref name="status"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Efrén Rivera Ramos |title=American Colonialism in Puerto Rico: The Judicial and Social Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5l55R3_mPoC |year=2007 |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |isbn=978-1-55876-410-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/?id=J5l55R3_mPoC&pg=PA54 54–55]}}</ref> During an address to the Puerto Rican legislature in 1906, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] recommended that Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens.<ref name="status"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Porto Rico En Fete: President's Auto Tour Amid Shower of Roses: He Promises Citizenship |work=The Washington Post |page=1 |date=22 November 1906 |id={{ProQuest|144628701}} }}</ref>

In 1914, the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States, but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as "unconstitutional", and in violation of the 1900 [[Foraker Act]].<ref name="Gonzalez" />

====U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship====
{{Main|Puerto Rican citizenship}}
In 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the [[Jones–Shafroth Act]] (popularly known as the Jones Act), which granted Puerto Ricans born on or after 25 April 1898 U.S. citizenship.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898 |first1=Sanford |last1=Levinson |first2=Bartholomew H. |last2=Sparrow |location=New York |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |year=2005 |pages=166, 178 |quote=U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)) }}</ref> Opponents, including all the Puerto Rican House of Delegates (who voted unanimously against it), claimed the U.S. imposed citizenship to draft Puerto Rican men for [[American entry into World War I|America's entry into World War I]] the same year.<ref name="Gonzalez">Juan Gonzalez; ''Harvest of Empire'', pp. 60–63; Penguin Press, 2001; {{ISBN|978-0-14-311928-9}}</ref>

The Jones Act also provided for a popularly elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly, as well as a [[bill of rights]]. It authorized the popular election of the Resident Commissioner to a four-year term.

[[File:Puerto Ricans in WWII.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the [[65th Infantry Regiment (United States)|65th Infantry]] training at [[Camp Santiago]], Salinas, Puerto Rico (August 1941)]]

Natural disasters, including a major [[1918 San Fermín earthquake|earthquake]] and [[tsunami]] in 1918 and several [[hurricane]]s, as well as the Great Depression, impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. rule.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://redsismica.uprm.edu/spanish/tsunami/index.php |title=Sistema de Alerta de Tsunamis de Puerto Rico y el Caribe |publisher=Red Sísmica de Puerto Rico |language=es |access-date=6 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123161343/http://redsismica.uprm.edu/Spanish/tsunami/index.php |archive-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> Some political leaders, such as [[Pedro Albizu Campos]], who led the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]], demanded a change in relations with the United States. He organized a protest at the [[University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus|University of Puerto Rico]] in 1935, in which [[Río Piedras massacre|four were killed]] by police.

In 1936, U.S. senator [[Millard Tydings]] introduced a bill supporting independence for Puerto Rico; he had previously co-sponsored the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]], which provided independence to the [[Philippines]] following a 10-year transition period of limited autonomy. While virtually all Puerto Rican political parties supported the bill, it was opposed by [[Luis Muñoz Marín]] of the [[Liberal Party of Puerto Rico]],<ref name="Gatell"/> leading to its defeat<ref name="Gatell">{{Cite journal |jstor = 2510353|title = Independence Rejected: Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936|journal = The Hispanic American Historical Review|volume = 38|issue = 1|pages = 25–44|last1 = Gatell|first1 = Frank Otto|year = 1958|doi = 10.2307/2510353}}</ref>

In 1937, Albizu Campos' party organized a protest in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]]. The Insular Police, similar to the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]], opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike.<ref name=1937inquiry /> The attack on unarmed protesters was reported by U.S. Congressman [[Vito Marcantonio]] and confirmed by a report from the Hays Commission, which investigated the events, led by [[Arthur Garfield Hays]], counsel to the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].<ref name=1937inquiry>{{cite web |url=http://www.llmc.com/TitleLLMC.asp?ColID=3&Cat=136&TID=7037&TName=Ponce%20Massacre,%20Com.%20of%20Inquiry,%201937 |title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission, 70p, np, May 22, 1937 |publisher=Llmc.com |access-date=14 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214194610/http://llmc.com/TitleLLMC.asp?ColID=3&Cat=136&TID=7037&TName=Ponce%20Massacre%2C%20Com.%20of%20Inquiry%2C%201937 |archive-date=14 December 2010 }}</ref> Nineteen people were killed and over 200 were badly wounded, many shot in the back while running away.<ref name="5yrs">[http://www.cheverote.com/reviews/marcantonio.html "Five Years of Tyranny", Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112031601/http://www.cheverote.com/reviews/marcantonio.html |date=12 January 2012 }} The entire speech is contained in the ''Congressional Record'' of {{Nowrap|14 August}}, 1939. It is reported in the Congressional record, and various other publications elsewhere, that among those shot in the back was a 7-year-old girl, Georgina Maldonado, who "was killed through the back while running to a nearby church"</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Antonio de la Cova |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/ponce-1937.htm |title=Photos of police shooting with rifles (from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders) at bystanders running away |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> The Hays Commission declared it a [[List of events named massacres|massacre]] and police mob action,<ref name="5yrs" /> and it has since become known as the [[Ponce massacre]]. In the aftermath, on 2 April 1943, Tydings introduced another bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico, though it was again defeated.<ref name="status" />

During the latter years of the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]–[[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] administrations, the internal governance of the island was changed in a compromise reached with Luis Muñoz Marín and other Puerto Rican leaders. In 1946, President Truman appointed the first Puerto Rican-born governor, [[Jesús T. Piñero]].

Since 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of [[Puerto Rican citizenship]] to Puerto Ricans. In order to be eligible, applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico, born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican-born parent, or be an American citizen with at least one year of residence in Puerto Rico.

====U.S. unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution====
In 1947, the U.S. Congress passed the Elective Governor Act, signed by President Truman, allowing Puerto Ricans to vote for their own [[governor of Puerto Rico|governor]]. The first elections under this act were held the following year, on 2 November 1948.

On 21 May 1948, a bill was introduced before the [[Puerto Rican Senate]] which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements on the island. The Senate, controlled by the ''Partido Popular Democrático'' ([[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|PPD]]) and presided by [[Luis Muñoz Marín]], approved the bill that day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://academiajurisprudenciapr.org/en/revistas/volumen-vii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327121629/http://academiajurisprudenciapr.org/en/revistas/volumen-vii/ |url-status=dead |title=La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008) |first=Dr. Carmelo |last=Delgado Cintron |archive-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> This bill, which resembled the anti-communist [[Smith Act]] passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the ''Ley de la Mordaza'' ([[Gag Law (Puerto Rico)|Gag Law]]) when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, [[Jesús T. Piñero]], signed it into law on 10 June 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history5.shtml |title=Puerto Rican History |publisher=Topuertorico.org |date=13 January 1941 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>

Under this new law, it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the [[flag of Puerto Rico]], with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$10,000 ({{Inflation|US|10000|1948|r=-3|fmt=eq}}), or both.{{efn|Cockcroft (2001; in Spanish) "[La Ley 53] fué llamada la 'pequeña ley Smith', debido a la semejanza con la Ley Smith de Estados Unidos [...]"<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Cockcroft |title=América Latina y Estados Unidos: historia y política país por país |publisher=Siglo XXI Editores |language=es |year=2001 |access-date=24 September 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUGFqxW_zHQC&q=peque%C3%B1a%20ley%20smith%20puerto%20rico&pg=PA383 |isbn=978-9682323324}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history5.shtml |title=Puerto Rican History |publisher=Topuertorico.org |date=13 January 1941 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>

According to Dr. [[Leopoldo Figueroa]], the only non-PPD member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the [[U.S. Constitution]], which guarantees [[Freedom of Speech]]. He asserted that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. The law was repealed in 1957.<ref name="LG">{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/jaimepartsch/docs/jes_s_t._pi_ero_y_la_guerra_fria?mode=a_p |title=La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría |publisher=Issuu.com |access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref>

In the November 1948 election, Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico, replacing U.S.-appointed Piñero on 2 January 1949.

[[File:US 65th Infantry Regiment.Painting.Korean War.Bayonet charge against Chinese division.jpg|thumb|Painting of a bayonet charge by the [[U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment]], made up of Puerto Rican troops, against a Chinese division during the [[Korean War]]]]

====''Estado Libre Asociado''====

In 1950, the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] via a referendum; voters could either accept or reject a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a "commonwealth" under continued U.S. sovereignty. The [[Constitution of Puerto Rico]] was approved by the constitutional convention on 6 February 1952, and by 82% of voters in a March referendum. It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on 3 July of that year, and proclaimed by Governor Muñoz Marín on 25 July 1952—the anniversary of the landing of U.S. troops in the [[Puerto Rican Campaign]] of the [[Spanish–American War]], until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday.

Puerto Rico adopted the name of ''[[Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico]]'' (literally "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"<ref>[https://books.google.com/?id=DcMh3sI0daAC&pg=PA56 ''Responses from Hon. Luis G. Fortuño to questions from Senator Domenici.''] Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on the Report by the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status. United States Senate. One Hundredth Ninth Congress. Second Session. U.S. Senate 109–796. 15 November 2006. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 56.) Retrieved 13 December 2012.</ref>), officially translated into English as [[Commonwealth (United States insular area)|Commonwealth]], for its [[body politic]].{{efn|However, as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book "Party Politics in Puerto Rico" (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1965.), ''No one disputes the ambiguous status of the current Commonwealth. It is illustrated in the very different images conjured up by the English term "commonwealth" and the Spanish version, Estado Libre Asociado (literally, free associated state). The issue seems to be whether this ambiguity is a purposeful virtue or a disguised colonial vice.''}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – in Spanish|url=http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003340/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm|archive-date=14 November 2011|access-date=30 October 2011|publisher=Lexjuris.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – (English translation)|url=http://topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml|access-date=30 October 2011|publisher=Topuertorico.org}}</ref> Congress would continue governing fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican society, including citizenship, currency, the postal service, [[foreign policy]], military defense, commerce and finance, and other matters.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|last1=Levinson|first1=Sanford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayINMX_RtkEC&pg=PA166|title=The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898. Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Cloth, ISBN 0-7425-4983-6. Paper, ISBN 0-7425-4984-4.) pp. 166–67|last2=Sparrow|first2=Bartholomew H|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7425-4984-5|access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref>

In 1967 Puerto Rico's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a [[plebiscite]] act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico. This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options (commonwealth, statehood, and independence). In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 (without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. government to honor the results), the current political status failed to receive majority support. In 1993, Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes (48.6% versus 46.3% for statehood), while the "none of the above" option, which was the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico|Popular Democratic Party]]-sponsored choice, won in 1998 with 50.3% of the votes (versus 46.5% for statehood). Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives, and Commonwealth advocates, among others, reportedly urged a vote for "none of the above".<ref>[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf ''Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress.'' Report RL32933. By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett, Congressional Research Service. Dated {{Nowrap|June 19}}, 2009. p. 29. Table B-1: Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda, 1967–1998. p. 29.]. Retrieved 5 December 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://electionspuertorico.org/1993/summary.html |title=1993 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary |publisher=Electionspuertorico.org |date=14 November 1993 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://electionspuertorico.org/1998/summary.html |title=1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary |publisher=Electionspuertorico.org |date=13 December 1998 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>


In 1950, the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600 (P.L. 81-600), which allowed for a democratic [[referendum]] in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution.<ref>Act of {{Nowrap|3 July}}, 1950, Ch. 446, 64 Stat. 319.</ref> This Act was meant to be adopted in the "nature of a compact". It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect, and repealed certain sections of the Organic Act of 1917. The sections of this statute left in force were entitled the ''Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act''.<ref name="View">{{cite web |url=http://www.puertoricousa.com/english/views.htm |title=View of Congress, the Courts and the Federal Government |publisher=Puertoricousa.com |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2004/vol8n42/CBOnNatureV.html |title=On The Nature of Commonwealth V |publisher=Puertorico-herald.org |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of the Interior [[Oscar L. Chapman]], under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs, clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner:{{quote|The bill (to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government...The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico's political, social, and economic relationship to the United States.<ref>[http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/LetPRDecideHow2End-en.html "Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status: True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence"]. Rosalinda de Jesus. ''The Allentown Morning Call''. Republished by the ''Puerto Rico Herald''. July 21, 2002. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved June 21, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.independencia.net/ingles/let_pr_decide "Let Puerto Rico Decide How To End Its Colony Status"] {{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Rosalinda De Jesus. ''The Morning Call''. 21 July 2002. Retrieved 21 June 2012.</ref>}}

{{External media
| align = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_71hkXrTTf8 Puerto Rico], U.S. Embassy in Vienna, 24 October 2014
| video2 = View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the {{YouTube|RfOJj0nmGEU|''Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s''}}
}}

On 30 October 1950, [[Pedro Albizu Campos]] and other nationalists led a three-day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico, in what is known as the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s]]. The most notable occurred in [[Jayuya]] and [[Utuado]]. In the Jayuya revolt, known as the "[[Jayuya Uprising]]", the Puerto Rican governor declared [[martial law]], and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with infantry, artillery and bombers under control of the Puerto Rican commander. The "[[Utuado Uprising]]" culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre. Albizu Campos served many years in a federal prison in [[Atlanta]], for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web|last=García|first=Marvin|title=Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos|url=http://www.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/campos.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224214401/http://www3.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/campos.cfm|archive-date=24 December 2005|access-date=28 April 2006|publisher=National-Louis University}}</ref>

On 1 November 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists from New York City, [[Griselio Torresola]] and [[Oscar Collazo]], [[Truman assassination attempt|attempted to assassinate]] President [[Harry S. Truman]] at his temporary residence of Blair House. Torresola was killed during the attack, but Collazo was wounded and captured. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death, but President Truman commuted his sentence to life. After Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison, President Jimmy Carter commuted his sentence to time served and he was released in 1979.[[File:Salaried-employees-in-puerto-rico-during-operation-bootstrap.png|thumb|Chart demonstrating how the [[economy of Puerto Rico]] shifted from [[agriculture in Puerto Rico|agriculture]] to [[manufacturing in Puerto Rico|manufacturing]] by showing how the salaried employees during Operation Bootstrap significantly increased manufacturing jobs (green line) while decreasing agricultural jobs (blue line).]]

During the 1950s and 1960s, Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization, due in large part to ''Operación Manos a la Obra'' ("[[Operation Bootstrap]]"), an offshoot of FDR's New Deal. It was intended to transform Puerto Rico's economy from agriculture-based to manufacturing-based to provide more jobs. Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination, as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing.<ref name="pharma">{{cite web |url=http://www.pharmaceuticalonline.com/article.mvc/Puerto-Ricos-Pharmaceutical-Industry-40-Years-0003 |title=Puerto Rico's Pharmaceutical Industry |date=20 September 2006 |access-date=18 November 2010}}</ref>

====21st century====
{{further|Proposed political status for Puerto Rico|2012 Puerto Rican status referendum|President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status|2020 Puerto Rican status referendum}}

On 15 July 2009, the [[Special Committee on Decolonization|United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization]] approved a draft resolution calling on the government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self-determination and independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gacol3193.doc.htm |title=Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association |publisher=General Assembly of the United Nations |date=15 June 2009 }}</ref>

On 6 November 2012, a two-question referendum took place, simultaneous with the general elections.<ref name="oslpr1">[http://www.oslpr.org/2009-2012/leyes/pdf/ley-283-28-Dic-2011.pdf ''Ley Numero 283 del 28 de diciembre de 2011.''] Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&ct_id=1 ''Fortuño calls for status vote next August.''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013232/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&ct_id=1 |date=24 November 2011 }} John Marino. Caribbean Business. Released on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011.</ref> The first question, voted on in August, asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution. 54% voted against the status quo, effectively approving the second question to be voted on in November. The second question posed three alternate status options: statehood, independence, or [[Compact of Free Association|free association]].<ref>{{cite web |author=casiano communications |url=http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&ct_id=1 |title=Fortuño calls for status, legislative reform votes on 12 August 2012 |publisher=Caribbeanbusinesspr.com |date=4 October 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013232/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&ct_id=1 |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}</ref> 61.16% voted for statehood, 33.34% for a sovereign free associated state, and 5.49% for independence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Puerto Rico votes on whether to change relationship with US, elects governor and legislators |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/puerto-rico-votes-on-whether-to-change-relationship-with-us-elects-governor-and-legislators/2012/11/06/d87278ae-288b-11e2-aaa5-ac786110c486_story.html |agency=Associated Press |access-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114122818/http://www.hispanicmarketinfo.com/2011/12/23/census-2010-puerto-rico-dominicans-and-other-immigrants-a-growing-population/ |archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2021}}

On 30 June 2016, President Obama signed into law H.R. 5278: PROMESA, establishing a Control Board over the Puerto Rican government. This board will have a significant degree of federal control involved in its establishment and operations. In particular, the authority to establish the control board derives from the federal government's constitutional power to "make all needful rules and regulations" regarding U.S. territories; The president would appoint all seven voting members of the board; and the board would have broad sovereign powers to effectively overrule decisions by Puerto Rico's legislature, governor, and other public authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://policy.house.gov/legislative/bills/hr-5278-puerto-rico-oversight-management-and-economic-stability-act-2016-promesa |title=H.R. 5278, Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act of 2016 (PROMESA) |date=6 June 2016 |website=Policy.house.gov |access-date=14 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125905/https://policy.house.gov/legislative/bills/hr-5278-puerto-rico-oversight-management-and-economic-stability-act-2016-promesa |archive-date=19 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Puerto Rico held its [[2020 Puerto Rican status referendum|statehood referendum]] during the 3 November 2020 general elections; the ballot asked one question: "Should Puerto Rico be admitted immediately into the Union [[51st state|as a State]]?" The results showed that 52 percent of Puerto Rico voters answered yes.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://elecciones2020.ceepur.org/Noche_del_Evento_92/index.html#en/default/PLEBISCITO_Resumen.xml |title= 2020 Puerto Rican status referendum |publisher= elecciones2020.ceepur.org |date=5 November 2020 }}</ref>

==Environment==
{{Main|Geography of Puerto Rico|Geology of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Patillas Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|Beach and coastline at [[Patillas, Puerto Rico|Patillas]], in southeast Puerto Rico|alt=|left]]
Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands, including [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]], [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], [[Mona, Puerto Rico|Mona]], [[Desecheo Island|Desecheo]], and [[Caja de Muertos, Puerto Rico|Caja de Muertos]]. Of these five, only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year-round. Mona, which has played a key role in maritime history, is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the [[Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (Puerto Rico)|Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ciencia y economía del guano: La isla mona en puerto rico, siglo XIX |author1=Cortés Zavala |author2=María Teresa |author3=José Alfredo Uribe Salas |name-list-style=amp |journal=Memorias: Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología Desde el Caribe |year=2014 |volume=11 |issue=22 |pages=81–106 |doi=10.14482/memor.22.5948|doi-access=free }}</ref> There are many other even smaller [[islets]], like [[Monito Island|Monito]], which is near to Mona,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_q6VhhkczIYV3NTbkNYMmpIWk0 |title=Marine Managed Areas and Associated Fisheries in the US Caribbean |author=Schärer-Umpierre, Michelle T. |journal=Marine Managed Areas and Fisheries |year=2014 |page=140|display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[Isla de Cabras]] and [[Isleta de San Juan|La Isleta de San Juan]], both located on the [[San Juan Bay]]. The latter is the only inhabited islet with communities like [[Old San Juan]] and [[Puerta de Tierra]], and connected to the main island by bridges.<ref>{{cite journal |title=La ciudad contemporanea, una polis sin politica? |author=Helmer, Etienne |journal=Boletin Cientifico Sapiens Research |year=2011 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Edenes insostenibles: El campo de la ciudad en la intentona cultural de los cincuenta |author=Esterrich, Carmelo |journal=CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies |year=2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=180}}</ref>
[[File:NOAA Bathymetry Image of Puerto Rico (2020).png|thumb|NOAA Bathymetry Image of Puerto Rico (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bathymetric Data Viewer|url=https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/bathymetry/|access-date=23 February 2021|website=maps.ngdc.noaa.gov}}</ref>]]
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of {{convert|5320|sqmi|km2|sp=us}}, of which {{convert|3420|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} is land and {{convert|1900|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} is water.<ref name=ciafactbook>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ |title=The World Factbook – Puerto Rico#Geography |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> Puerto Rico is larger than Delaware and Rhode Island. The maximum length of the main island from east to west is {{convert|110|mi|km|abbr=on}}, and the maximum width from north to south is {{convert|40|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name=topuertorico.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/descrip.shtml |title=Welcome to Puerto Rico! |publisher=topuertorico.org |access-date=30 December 2007 }}</ref> Puerto Rico is the smallest of the Greater Antilles. It is 80% of the size of [[Jamaica]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/ |title=The World Factbook – Jamaica |publisher=[[CIA]] |access-date=24 April 2008}}</ref> just over 18% of the size of [[Hispaniola]] and 8% of the size of Cuba, the largest of the Greater Antilles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ |title=The World Factbook – Cuba |publisher=CIA |access-date=24 April 2008}}</ref>

The island is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south.{{clarify|As Puerto Rico is an island, it will be encircled by "coastal areas", so what is this referring to?|date=October 2020}} The main mountain range is called "[[Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico)|La Cordillera Central]]" (The Central Range). The highest elevation in Puerto Rico, [[Cerro de Punta]] {{convert|4390|ft|m}},<ref name="ciafactbook"/> is located in this range.

Another important peak is [[El Yunque, Puerto Rico|El Yunque]], one of the highest in the ''Sierra de Luquillo'' at the [[El Yunque National Forest]], with an elevation of {{convert|3494|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-caribbean-national-forest-hiking-fishing-puerto-rico-sidwcmdev_066593.html |title=Caribbean National Forest – El Yunque Trail # 15 |publisher=GORP.com |access-date=14 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818050917/http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-caribbean-national-forest-hiking-fishing-puerto-rico-sidwcmdev_066593.html |archive-date=18 August 2010 }}</ref>
[[File:PuertoRico2021OSM.png|thumb|Enlargeable, detailed map of Puerto Rico]]
Puerto Rico has 17 lakes, all man-made, and more than [[List of Puerto Rico rivers|50 rivers]], most originating in the Cordillera Central.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gobierno.pr/DRNA/ReservasNaturales/LagosRiosLagunas/Lagos/Lagos_I.htm |title=Los Lagos de Puerto Rico |access-date=29 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225032628/http://www.gobierno.pr/DRNA/ReservasNaturales/LagosRiosLagunas/Lagos/Lagos_I.htm |archive-date=25 December 2004 }} (archived from on 29 June 2007). {{in lang|es}}</ref> Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher [[Volumetric flow rate|water flow rates]] than those of the south, since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions.

Puerto Rico is composed of [[Cretaceous]] to [[Eocene]] [[volcanic]] and [[plutonic]] rocks, overlain by younger [[Oligocene]] and more recent [[carbonate]]s and other [[sedimentary rocks]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200605/ai_n17177064 |title=Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation, Puerto Rico |author1=Andrzej Pisera |author2=Michael Martínez |author3=Hernan Santos |publisher=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |date=May 2006 |access-date=6 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105065534/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200605/ai_n17177064 |archive-date=5 January 2009 }}</ref> Most of the [[caverns]] and [[karst]] topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates. The oldest rocks are approximately {{Nowrap|190 million}} years old ([[Jurassic]]) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island. They may represent part of the [[oceanic crust]] and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm.

Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American [[plate tectonics|plates]] and is being deformed by the [[tectonics|tectonic]] stresses caused by their interaction. These stresses may cause [[earthquakes]] and [[tsunami]]s. These [[seismic]] events, along with [[landslide]]s, represent some of the most dangerous [[geologic hazards]] in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean.

The [[1918 San Fermín earthquake]] occurred on {{Nowrap|11 October}}, 1918, and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]].<ref name="1918 quake">{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php |title=Earthquake History of Puerto Rico |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714105156/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php |archive-date=14 July 2007}}</ref> It originated off the coast of [[Aguadilla]], several kilometers off the northern coast, and was accompanied by a [[tsunami]]. It caused extensive property damage and widespread losses, damaging infrastructure, especially bridges. It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4 million in property damage. The failure of the government to move rapidly to provide for the general welfare contributed to political activism by opponents and eventually to the rise of the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]].

On 7 January 2020, the country experienced [[2019–20 Puerto Rico earthquakes|its second largest earthquake]], estimated at magnitude 6.4. Its estimated economic loss is more than $100 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/puerto-rico-earthquake-01-07-2020/index.html |title=Live updates: Puerto Rico earthquake |publisher=Cnn.com |date=7 January 2020 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/06/us/puerto-rico-earthquake.html|title=Earthquake Strikes Puerto Rico, Toppling a Well-Known Natural Wonder|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

The [[Puerto Rico Trench]], the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic, is located about {{convert|71|mi|km|abbr=on}} north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates.<ref name="trench">{{cite web |author=Uri ten Brink |url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html |title=Explorations: Puerto Rico Trench 2003 – Cruise Summary and Results |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date=20 November 2009}}</ref> It is {{convert|170|mi|km|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html |title=NOAA Ocean Explorer: Puerto Rico Trench |publisher=Oceanexplorer.noaa.gov |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref> At its deepest point, named the [[Milwaukee Deep]], it is almost {{convert|27600|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep.<ref name="trench"/>

===Climate===
[[File:STS034-76-88.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Puerto Rico as seen from [[Outer space|space]] ([[STS-34]] mission)]]
{{Main|Climate of Puerto Rico}}
The climate of Puerto Rico in the Köppen climate classification is [[tropical rainforest]]. Temperatures are warm to hot year round, averaging near 85 °F (29 °C) in lower elevations and 70 °F (21 °C) in the mountains. Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round. Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November. The mountains of the Cordillera Central are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances. The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects adding to the climatic variation.

The island has an average temperature of {{convert|82.4|°F|°C|sigfig=2}} throughout the year, with an average minimum temperature of {{convert|66.9|°F|°C|sigfig=2}} and maximum of {{convert|85.4|°F|°C|sigfig=2}}. Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas. The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than those in the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than those on the rest of the island.

Between the dry and wet season, there is a temperature change of around {{convert|6|F-change|1}}. This change is due mainly to the warm waters of the tropical [[Atlantic Ocean]], which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest. Coastal waters temperatures around the years are about {{convert|75|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in February to {{convert|85|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in August. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|99|F}} at [[Arecibo, Puerto Rico|Arecibo]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?pr0410 |title=ARECIBO 3 ESE, PUERTO RICO – Climate Summary |publisher=Sercc.com |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612145715/http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?pr0410 |url-status=dead }}</ref> while the lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|40|F}} in the mountains at [[Adjuntas, Puerto Rico|Adjuntas]], [[Aibonito, Puerto Rico|Aibonito]], and [[Corozal, Puerto Rico|Corozal]].<ref name="NOAA-PR">{{cite web |url=http://nowdata.rcc-acis.org/SJU/pubACIS_results |title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=27 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009161414/http://nowdata.rcc-acis.org/SJU/pubACIS_results |archive-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> The average yearly precipitation is {{convert|66|in|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Daly2003">{{cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Christopher |last2=Helmer |first2=Eileen H. |last3=Quiñonez |first3=Maya |year=2003 |title=Mapping the Climate of Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra |journal=International Journal of Climatology |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=1359–81 |doi=10.1002/joc.937 |bibcode=2003IJCli..23.1359D|doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{clear}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
| single line= yes

|Jan high F= 83
|Feb high F= 84
|Mar high F= 85
|Apr high F= 86
|May high F= 88
|Jun high F= 89
|Jul high F= 89
|Aug high F=89
|Sep high F=89
|Oct high F=89
|Nov high F=86
|Dec high F=84
|year high F=87

|Jan low F=72
|Feb low F=72
|Mar low F=73
|Apr low F=74
|May low F=76
|Jun low F=78
|Jul low F=78
|Aug low F=78
|Sep low F=78
|Oct low F=77
|Nov low F=75
|Dec low F=73
|year low F=75

|rain colour = green
|Jan rain inch =3.76
|Feb rain inch =2.47
|Mar rain inch =1.95
|Apr rain inch =4.68
|May rain inch =5.90
|Jun rain inch =4.41
|Jul rain inch =5.07
|Aug rain inch =5.46
|Sep rain inch =5.77
|Oct rain inch =5.59
|Nov rain inch =6.35
|Dec rain inch =5.02

|Jan rain days=17
|Feb rain days=13
|Mar rain days=12
|Apr rain days=13
|May rain days=17
|Jun rain days=15
|Jul rain days=19
|Aug rain days=18
|Sep rain days=17
|Oct rain days=17
|Nov rain days=18
|Dec rain days=19
|year rain days=196

|Jan humidity=78.0
|Feb humidity=75.5
|Mar humidity=73.9
|Apr humidity=75.0
|May humidity=77.2
|Jun humidity=77.0
|Jul humidity=78.0
|Aug humidity=77.6
|Sep humidity=77.7
|Oct humidity=78.2
|Nov humidity=78.6
|Dec humidity=78.3
|year humidity=77.1

|Jand sun=8
|Febd sun= 8
|Mard sun=9
|Aprd sun=9
|Mayd sun=8
|Jund sun=9
|Juld sun=9
|Augd sun=9
|Sepd sun=9
|Octd sun=9
|Novd sun=8
|Decd sun=8
|yeard sun=8.6
| source = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPR0087 |title=Average Weather for San Juan, PR |publisher=[[The Weather Channel]] |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{clear}}

==== Hurricanes ====
Puerto Rico experiences the [[Atlantic hurricane season]], similar to the remainder of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic oceans. On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than [[El Niño]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodgers |first1=Edward B. |last2=Adler |first2=Robert F. |last3=Pierce |first3=Harold F. |title=Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to the North Atlantic Climatological Rainfall as Observed from Satellites |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |date=November 2001 |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1785–1800 |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1785:COTCTT>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2001JApMe..40.1785R |doi-access=free }}</ref> A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico, on average, every five years. A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island, on average, every seven years. Since 1851, the [[1928 Okeechobee Hurricane|Lake Okeechobee Hurricane]] (also known as the San Felipe Segundo hurricane in Puerto Rico) of September 1928 is the only hurricane to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane.<ref>Aurelio Mercado and Harry Justiniano. [http://coastalhazards.uprm.edu/ Coastal Hazards of Puerto Rico.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006134919/http://coastalhazards.uprm.edu/ |date=6 October 2011 }} Retrieved on 23 January 2008.</ref>

In the busy [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]], Puerto Rico avoided a direct hit by the Category 5 [[Hurricane Irma]] on 6 September 2017, as it passed about {{cvt|60|mi}} north of Puerto Rico, but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents. Almost 50% of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/damage-hurricane-irma-caribbean-49703893 |title=A look at the damage from Hurricane Irma in the Caribbean |work=ABC News |language=en |access-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910132716/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/damage-hurricane-irma-caribbean-49703893 |archive-date=10 September 2017 }}</ref> The Category 4 [[Hurricane Jose (2017)|Hurricane Jose]], as expected, veered away from Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ketv.com/article/katia-strengthens-jose-maintains-wind-speed-in-the-atlantic/12197516 |title=Jose remains dangerous Category 4 hurricane |date=9 September 2017 |website=KETV |language=en |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> A short time later, the devastating [[Hurricane Maria]] made landfall on Puerto Rico on Wednesday, 20 September, near the [[Yabucoa]] municipality at 10:15 UTC (6:15 am local time) as a high-end Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction, including the electrical grid, which would remain out for 4–6 months in many portions of the island.<ref name="MariaDisc18">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.018.shtml |title=Hurricane Maria |last=Berg |first=Robbie |date=20 September 2017 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/hurricane-maria-makes-landfall-puerto-rico-category-4-storm-n802911|title=Hurricane Maria cuts all electricity as it crushes Puerto Rico|website=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/9/23/16354564/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-electricity-relief-dam-breaking |title=The entire island of Puerto Rico may be without electricity for months |date=23 September 2017 }}</ref>

[[Hurricane Dorian]] was the third hurricane in three years to hit Puerto Rico. The recovering infrastructure from the 2017 hurricanes, as well as new governor [[Wanda Vázquez Garced]], were put to the test against a potential humanitarian crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/pittsburgh-army-corps-teams-in-puerto-rico-florida-ahead-of-dorian-arrival/|title=Pittsburgh Army Corps teams in Puerto Rico, Florida ahead of Dorian's mainland arrival | TribLIVE.com|website=triblive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/puerto-rico-dorian-s-bullseye-three-things-know-island-braces-n1047196|title=Puerto Rico is in Dorian's bull's-eye: Three things to know as island braces for the storm|website=NBC News}}</ref> [[Tropical Storm Karen (2019)|Tropical Storm Karen]] also caused impacts to Puerto Rico during 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/09/24/763750825/tropical-storm-karen-bears-down-on-puerto-rico-virgin-islands|title=Tropical Storm Karen's Squalls Hit Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands|author=Barbara Campbell, Paolo Ziaclita|website=National Public Radio|date=24 September 2019|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref>

==== Climate change ====
{{Excerpt|Climate change in Puerto Rico}}

===Biodiversity===
{{main|Fauna of Puerto Rico|Flora of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Common Coquí.jpg|thumb|right|alt=In this image there is a brown coquí. The species resembles a small frog.|[[Eleutherodactylus coqui|Common Coquí]]]]

Puerto Rico is home to three terrestrial ecoregions: [[Puerto Rican moist forests]], [[Puerto Rican dry forests]], and [[Greater Antilles mangroves]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Species [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the archipelago number 239 plants, 16 birds and 39 [[amphibian]]s/[[reptile]]s, recognized as of 1998. Most of these (234, 12 and 33 respectively) are found on the main island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://islands.unep.ch/ISV.htm#459 |title=Island Directory |publisher=Islands.unep.ch |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the ''[[coquí]]'', a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call, from which it gets its name. Most ''coquí'' species (13 of 17) live in the [[El Yunque National Forest]],{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} a [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical rainforest]] in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest. El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants, 26 of which are endemic to the island. It is also home to 50 bird species, including the critically endangered [[Puerto Rican amazon]].

Across the island in the southwest, the {{convert|15|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} of dry land at the Guánica Commonwealth Forest Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals, including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=5146 |title=Puerto Rico |publisher=Scholastic.com |access-date=14 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601022607/http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=5146 |archive-date=1 June 2010 }}</ref>

Puerto Rico has three bioluminescent bays: rare bodies of water occupied by microscopic marine organisms that glow when touched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/bioluminescent-bay-puerto-rico-unique-places-around-the-world.html|title=Bioluminescent Bay, Puerto Rico - Unique Places around the World|website=WorldAtlas}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2020}} However, tourism, pollution, and hurricanes have threatened the organisms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yancey-Bragg|first=N'dea|title=After Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico's rare bioluminescent bays may go dark|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/22/after-hurricane-maria-puerto-ricos-rare-bioluminescent-bays-may-go-dark/694833001/|access-date=29 June 2020|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1765=44883
|1775=70250
|1800=155426
|1815=220892
|1832=350051
|1846=447914
|1860=583308
|1877=731648
|1887=798565
|1899=953243
|1910=1118012
|1920=1299809
|1930=1543913
|1940=1869255
|1950=2210703
|1960=2349544
|1970=2712033
|1980=3196520
|1990=3522037
|2000=3808610
|2010=3725789
|2020=3285874
|estyear=
|estimate=

|align-fn=center
|footnote=1765–2020<ref>{{cite web |url=http://welcome.topuertorico.org/reference/pophistory.shtml |title=Population History, 1765–2010 |publisher=Welcome to Puerto Rico! |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Census2020-Tab2"/>}}
{{Main|Demographics of Puerto Rico|Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico}}
The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by initial [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian settlement]], [[Spanish Empire|European colonization]], [[slavery]], economic migration, and Puerto Rico's status as unincorporated territory of the United States.

===Population makeup===
{{main|Puerto Ricans}}
{{bar box
|title=Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico (2010 Census)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/BZA010212/72/embed/accessible |title=Quick Facts |author= |date=2016 |website=US Census |publisher=Department of Commerce |access-date=21 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206171312/http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/BZA010212/72/embed/accessible |archive-date=6 February 2017 }}</ref>
|title bar=#fff
|left1=Ethnicity
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[European Puerto Ricans|White]]|Blue|75.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Afro-Puerto Ricans|Black]]|Black|12.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Asian Puerto Ricans|Asian]]|yellow|0.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]]|green|3.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]|red|0.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]]|orange|0.1}}
{{bar percent|Other races|#9999FF|7.8}}
}}
The population of Puerto Rico according to the 2020 census is 3,285,874, an 11.8% decrease since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name="Census2020-Tab2"/> From 2000 to 2010, the population declined for the first time in census history for Puerto Rico, from 3,808,610 to 3,725,789.<ref name="Wall">[http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/wall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html "Wall Street eyes PR population loss"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105165520/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/wall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html |date=5 November 2013 }}, ''Caribbean Business'', 14 December 2012, accessed 14 December 2012</ref>

Continuous European immigration and high [[natural increase]] helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 to almost a million by the close of the 19th century. A census conducted by royal decree on 30 September 1858, gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time: 341,015 were [[free people of color|free colored]]; 300,430 identified as [[White people|Whites]]; and 41,736 were [[slaves]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Middeldyk |first=R.A |title=The History of Puerto Rico |url=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico.html |access-date=29 May 2008 |chapter=Part 4 |chapter-url=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico4.html |isbn=978-0-405-06241-4|year=1975 }}</ref> A census in 1887 found a population of around 800,000, of which 320,000 were black.<ref name="Trove">{{cite news| title=PUERTO RICO |newspaper= Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916)|date= 28 April 1898 | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32192140 | access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref>

During the 19th century, hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico, primarily from the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Andalusia]], but also from other parts of Spain such as [[Catalonia]], [[Asturias]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and the [[Balearic Islands]] and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America. Settlers from outside Spain also arrived in the islands, including from [[Corsica]], [[France]], [[Lebanon]], [[Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico|China]], [[Portugal]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germany]] and [[Italian people|Italy]]. This immigration from non-Hispanic countries was the result of the ''Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815'' ("[[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]]"), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island, provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church.

Between 1960 and 1990 the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity. The [[2000 United States Census]] included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico. According to the census, most Puerto Ricans identified as White and Latino; few identified as Black or some other race.

====Population genetics====
[[File:Population Density, PR, 2000 (sample).jpg|thumb|Population density, Census 2000]]
A group of researchers from Puerto Rican universities conducted a study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] that revealed that the modern population of Puerto Rico has a high genetic component of Taíno and [[Guanches|Guanche]] (especially of the island of Tenerife).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206133647/http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2010|title=La Comunidad » DOCUMENTALES GRATIS » UN ESTUDIO DEL GENOMA TAINO Y GUANCHE. ADN o DNA. Primera parte|date=6 February 2010}}</ref>
Other studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno.<ref name="native">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2001.0056 |last1=Martínez-Cruzado |first1=J. C. |last2=Toro-Labrador |first2=G. |last3=Ho-Fung |first3=V. |last4=Estévez-Montero |first4=M. A. |last5=Lobaina-Manzanet |first5=A. |last6=Padovani-Claudio |first6=D. A. |last7=Sánchez-Cruz |first7=H. |last8=Ortiz-Bermúdez |first8=P. |last9=Sánchez-Crespo |first9=A. |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals substantial Native American ancestry in Puerto Rico |journal=Human Biology |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=491–511 |year=2001 |pmid=11512677|s2cid=29125467 }}</ref><ref name="Madrigal">{{cite book |last=Lorena Madrigal |first=Madrigal |title=Human biology of Afro-Caribbean populations |publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2006 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddnkIaZRHxEC&pg=PA121 |isbn=978-0-521-81931-2 |year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonilla |year=2004 |title=Ancestral proportions and their association with skin pigmentation and bone mineral density in Puerto Rican women from New York City |journal=Hum Genet |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=57–58 |doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1125-7|display-authors=etal |pmid=15118905|title-link=New York City |s2cid=13708800 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martinez-Cruzado |year=2005 |title=Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis |journal=Am J Phys Anthropol |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=131–55 |pmid=15693025 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20108|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans (including all races) found them to be roughly around 61% [[West Eurasian]]/[[North Africa]]n (overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance), 27% [[Sub-Saharan African]] and 11% [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations/ |journal=The Genographic Project |title=Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations}}</ref> Another genetic study from 2007, claimed that "the average genomewide individual (i.e., Puerto Rican) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66%, 18%, and 16%, for European, West African, and Native American, respectively."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Hua |last2=Choudhry |first2=Shweta |last3=Mei |first3=Rui |last4=Morgan |first4=Martin |last5=Rodríguez-Clintron |first5=William |last6=González Burchard |first6=Esteban |last7=Risch |first7=Neil |title=Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=1 August 2007 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=626–633 |doi=10.1086/520769 |pmid=17701908 |pmc=1950843}}</ref> Another study estimates 63.7% European, 21.2% (Sub-Saharan) African, and 15.2% Native American; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico, African in Eastern Puerto Rico, and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Via |first1=Mark |last2=Gignoux |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Roth |first3=Lindsey |last4=Fejerman |first4=Laura |last5=Galander |first5=Joshua |last6=Choudhry |first6=Shweta |last7=Toro-Labrador |first7=Gladys |last8=Viera-Vera |first8=Jorge |last9=Oleksyk |first9=Taras K.|last10=Beckman|first10=Kenneth |last11=Ziv |first11=Elad |last12=Risch |first12=Neil |last13=González Burchard |first13=Esteban |last14=Nartínez-Cruzado |first14=Juan Carlos |title=History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e16513 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016513 |pmid=21304981 |pmc=3031579 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...616513V}}</ref>

====Literacy====
A Pew Research survey indicated an adult literacy rate of 90.4% in 2012 based on data from the [[United Nations]].<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/puerto-rico#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 |title=Demography – Puerto Rico |author= |date=January 2017 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research, DC |access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref>

====Life expectancy====
Puerto Rico has a life expectancy of approximately 81.0 years according to the CIA World Factbook, an improvement from 78.7 years in 2010. This means Puerto Rico has the second highest life expectancy in the United States, if territories are taken into account.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/|title=Central America :: Puerto Rico — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

===Immigration and emigration===
{| style="float:center;" class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | Racial groups
|-
! Year !! Population !! White !! Mixed (mainly biracial white European and black African) !! Black !! Asian !! Other
|-
| 2000
| 3,808,610
| 80.5% (3,064,862)
| 11.0% (418,426)
| 8.0% (302,933)
| 0.2% (7,960)
| 0.4% (14,429)
|-
| 2010
| 3,725,789
| 75.8% (2,824,148)
| 11.1% (413,563)
| 12.4% (461,998)
| 0.2% (7,452)
| 0.6% (22,355)
|-
| 2016
| 3,195,153
| 68.9% (2,201,460)
| n/a (n/a)
| 9.8% (313,125)
| 0.2% (6,390)
| 0.8% (25,561)
|}

As of 2019, Puerto Rico was home to 100,000 permanent legal residents.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corpus|first=Elizabeth|title=Migrants rebuild their lives in Puerto Rico despite challenges|url=http://www.uscannenbergmedia.com/2019/09/30/migrants-rebuild-their-lives-in-puerto-rico-despite-challenges/|date=30 September 2019|access-date=29 June 2020|website=Arc Publishing|language=en-US}}</ref> The vast majority of recent immigrants, both legal and illegal, come from the [[Dominican Republic immigration to Puerto Rico|Dominican Republic]] and [[Haitian diaspora|Haiti]].<ref name="refworld.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cc7c.html |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Puerto Rico : Dominicans |publisher=[[Minority Rights Group International]] |year=2008 |access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://latinousa.org/2014/03/28/border-puerto-ricos-seas/ |title=The Other Border: Puerto Rico's Seas |work=Latino USA|date=28 March 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hispanicmarketinfo.com/2011/12/23/census-2010-puerto-rico-dominicans-and-other-immigrants-a-growing-population/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114122818/http://www.hispanicmarketinfo.com/2011/12/23/census-2010-puerto-rico-dominicans-and-other-immigrants-a-growing-population/|date=14 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |title=Portadilla de Revista |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013730/http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/06/haitian-immigrants-puerto-rico-_n_3225298.html |title=Haiti Immigrants Using Puerto Rico As Gateway To U.S. In New Migrant Route |date=6 May 2013 |work=The Huffington Post |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724054450/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/06/haitian-immigrants-puerto-rico-_n_3225298.html |archive-date=24 July 2015}}</ref> Other major sources of recent immigrants include [[Cuba]], [[Mexico]], [[Colombia]], [[Panama]], [[Jamaica]], [[Venezuela]], [[Spain]], and [[Nigeria]].<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&prodType=table PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN PUERTO RICO] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200214061315/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&prodType=table |date=14 February 2020}} Universe: Foreign-born population in Puerto Rico excluding population born at sea. 2010–2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/dominican-people-smugglers-trafficked-cubans-to-puerto-rico |title=Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico |author=James Bargent |date=27 March 2017}}</ref> Additionally, there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico from the mainland United States and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], as well as [[Nuyorican]]s (stateside Puerto Ricans) coming back.<ref>{{cite news |title=Puerto Rico's population swap: The middle class for millionaires |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32344131 |access-date=3 June 2015 |work=BBC |date=5 May 2015}}</ref> Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan.

[[Emigration]] is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history. Starting soon after [[World War II]], poverty, cheap airfares, and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States mainland, particularly to the [[Northeastern United States|northeastern states]] and nearby [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150227055528/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2015 |title=American FactFinder – Results |author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) }}</ref> This trend continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined. Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of "[[circular migration]]", with some migrants returning to the island. In recent years, the population has declined markedly, falling nearly 1% in 2012 and an additional 1% (36,000 people) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html |title=Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus |date=9 February 2014 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The impact of hurricanes [[Hurricane Maria|Maria]] and [[Hurricane Irma|Irma]] in 2017, combined with the unincorporated territory's worsening economy, led to its greatest population decline since the U.S. acquired the archipelago.

According to the 2010 Census, the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico. Emigration exceeds immigration. As those who leave tend to be better educated than those who remain, this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico's economy.

Based on 1 July 2019 estimate by the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 532,095 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pr|title=QuickFacts Puerto Rico
|work=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref>

===Population distribution===
{{Main|List of cities in Puerto Rico}}
The most populous city is the capital, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], with 318,441 people based on a 2019 estimate by the Census Bureau.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Quick Facts – San Juan |author= |date=2015 |website=US Census |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |access-date=18 February 2017 |quote=2015 ACS 5-Year Population Estimate }}</ref> Other major cities include [[Bayamón, Puerto Rico|Bayamón]], [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]], [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]], and [[Caguas, Puerto Rico|Caguas]]. Of the ten most populous cities on the island, eight are located within what is considered [[San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo metropolitan area|San Juan's metropolitan area]], while the other two are located in the south ([[Ponce metropolitan area|Ponce]]) and west ([[Mayagüez metropolitan area|Mayagüez]]) of the island.
{{clear}}

{{Largest cities
|name = :Puerto Rico
|country = Puerto Rico
|stat_ref = 2010 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://electionspuertorico.org/referencia/censo2010/|title=Población de Puerto Rico por Municipios 2010 y 2000|work=Elections Puerto Rico|access-date=14 October 2012}}</ref>
|list_by_pop = List of cities in Puerto Rico
|div_name = Metropolitan Statistical Area
|div_link = Metropolitan Statistical Area
|city_1 = San Juan, Puerto Rico{{!}}San Juan | div_1 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_1 = 395,326 | img_1 = Puerto Rico 07.jpg
|city_2 = Bayamón | div_2 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_2 = 208,116 | img_2 = Bayamon Puerto Rico aerial view.jpg
| city_3 = Carolina, Puerto Rico{{!}}Carolina | div_3 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_3 = 176,762 | img_3 = Islaverdeskyline.jpg
| city_4 = Ponce, Puerto Rico{{!}}Ponce | div_4 = Ponce metropolitan area{{!}}Ponce | pop_4 = 166,327 | img_4 = Partial view of the City of Ponce, looking SSW from Cerro El Vigía, Barrio Portugués Urbano, Ponce, Puerto Rico.jpg
| city_5 = Caguas | div_5 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_5 = 142,893
| city_6 = Guaynabo | div_6 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_6 = 97,924
| city_7 = Arecibo | div_7 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_7 = 96,440
| city_8 = Toa Baja | div_8 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_8 = 89,609
| city_9 = Mayagüez | div_9 = Mayagüez metropolitan area{{!}}Mayagüez | pop_9 = 89,080
| city_10 = Trujillo Alto | div_10 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_10 = 74,842
}}
{{clear}}

===Languages===
{{Main|Puerto Rican Spanish|English language in Puerto Rico}}

The [[official language]]s<ref>"Official Language", ''Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language'', Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998.</ref> of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico<ref>Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), pp. 588–89. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, "Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Espanol: Idioma del proceso judicial", 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and VIENTOS-GASTON, "Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma", 36 Rev. Col. Ab. (P.R.) 843 (1975).</ref> are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. Spanish is, and has been, the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system, despite a 1902 English-only language law.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041859/http://muniz-arguelles.com/resources/The%2Bstatus%2Bof%2Blanguages%2Bin%2BPuerto%2BRico.pdf ''The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico.''] Muniz-Arguelles, Luis. University of Puerto Rico. c. 1988. Page 466. Retrieved 4 December 2012.</ref> However, all official business of the [[U.S. District Court]] for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English. English is the primary language of less than 10% of the population. Spanish is the dominant language of business, education and daily life on the island, spoken by nearly 95% of the population.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov2">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US72&-context=adp&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=307&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format= |title=U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=18 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170524214928/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t |archive-date=24 May 2017 }}</ref>

Out of people age five and older, 94.3% speak only Spanish at home, 5.5% speak English, and 0.2% speak other languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDP5Y2019.DP02PR&g=0400000US72&hidePreview=true |title=Puerto Rico 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |author= |date=2019 |website=US Census |publisher=Department of Commerce |access-date=7 July 2021 }}</ref> Around 76.6% of people age five and older do not speak English "very well," which is lower than any [[County (United States)|county]] or county-equivalent in the rest of the United States, where no county has more than 50% not speak english "very well.".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/people-that-speak-english-less-than-very-well.html |title=Puerto Rico 2014-2018 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |author= |date=2018 |website=US Census |publisher=Department of Commerce |access-date=7 July 2021 }}</ref>

In Puerto Rico, public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish. There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only. Objections from teaching staff are common, perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English.<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno-bilingual_n_1501225.html ''Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish.''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831055841/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno-bilingual_n_1501225.html |date=31 August 2012 }} Danica Coto. Huffington Latino Voices. 05/08/12 (8 May 2012). Retrieved 4 December 2012.</ref> English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school. The languages of the deaf community are [[American Sign Language]] and its local variant, [[Puerto Rican Sign Language]].

The [[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish of Puerto Rico]] has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere. As a product of Puerto Rican history, the island possesses a unique Spanish dialect. Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many [[Taíno language|Taíno]] words, as well as English words. The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is that of the Canary Islands. Taíno [[loanword]]s are most often used in the context of vegetation, natural phenomena, and native musical instruments. Similarly, words attributed to primarily West [[African languages]] were adopted in the contexts of foods, music, and dances, particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.languageeducationpolicy.org/lepbyworldregion/caribbeanpuertorico.html |title=Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico |author= |date=2013 |website=Language Education Policy Studies |publisher=International Association for Language Education Policy Studies|access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious affiliation in Puerto Rico (2014)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/29/key-findings-about-puerto-rico/ |title=Key findings about Puerto Rico |date=29 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/#religious-affiliations-of-latin-americans-and-u-s-hispanics |title=Religion in Latin America |date=13 November 2014 }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Roman Catholicism]]
|value1 = 56
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 = 33
|color2 = DeepSkyBlue
|label3 = Other
|value3 = 3
|color3 = Red
|label4 = [[Irreligious]]
|value4 = 8
|color4 = Black
}}
The Catholic faith was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico. The first [[dioceses]] in the Americas, including [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan de Puerto Rico|that of Puerto Rico]], were authorized by [[Pope Julius II]] in 1511.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Porto Rico}}</ref> In 1512, priests were established for the parochial churches. By 1759, there was a priest for each church.<ref name="Puerto Rico Office of Historian 1949">{{cite book | author=Puerto Rico. Office of Historian | title=Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos | publisher=Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico|issue=v. 2 | year=1949 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVRnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306 | language=es | access-date=4 January 2020 | page=306}}</ref> One Pope, [[John Paul II]], visited Puerto Rico in October 1984. All [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|municipalities]] in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church, most of which are located at the town center, or [[plaza]].

[[Protestantism in Puerto Rico|Protestantism]], which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime, has reemerged under United States rule, making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries, although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion. The first Protestant church, [[Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad]], was established in Ponce by the [[Anglican]] [[Diocese of Antigua]] in 1872.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html |title=Sobre Nosotros |publisher=Episcopalpr.org |access-date=6 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317153425/http://www.episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html |archive-date=17 March 2010}}</ref> It was the first non-Catholic church in the entire [[Spanish Empire]] in [[the Americas]].<ref>Luis Fortuño Janeiro. ''Album Histórico de Ponce (1692–1963).'' Page 165. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.preb.com/articulos/aleman2.htm |title=La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico |publisher=Preb.com |access-date=6 February 2011}}</ref>

Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38% Roman Catholic, 28% Pentecostal, and 18% were members of independent churches, which would give a Protestant percentage of 46% if the last two populations are combined. Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people. Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants:
<blockquote>Puerto Rico, by virtue of its long political association with the United States, is the most Protestant of Latin American countries, with a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent, the majority of whom are [[Pentecostal]]. David Stoll calculates that if we extrapolate the growth rates of evangelical churches from 1960 to 1985 for another twenty-five years Puerto Rico will become 75 percent evangelical. (Ana Adams: "Brincando el Charco..." in ''Power, Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America'', Edward Cleary, ed., 1997. p. 164).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.english.turkcebilgi.com/Protestants+in+Puerto+Rico |title=Protestants in Puerto Rico |publisher=english.turkcebilgi.com |access-date=April 21, 2013}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></blockquote>

An [[Associated Press]] article in March 2014 stated that "more than 70 percent of whom identify themselves as Catholic" but provided no source for this information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/12/catholic-church-and-puerto-rico-officials-at-odds-in-widening-sex-abuse.html |title=Catholic Church and Puerto Rico officials at odds in widening sex abuse investigation |author=Associated Press |date=12 March 2014 |website=FOX News |publisher=FOX News |access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref>

The [[CIA World Factbook]] reports that 85% of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic, while 15% identify as Protestant and Other. Neither a date or a source for that information is provided and may not be recent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ |title=Puerto Rico People and Society |author= |date=2015 |website=CIA Library |publisher=CIA |access-date=17 February 2017 |quote=Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15%}}</ref> A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45% of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic, 29% as Protestant and 20% as unaffiliated with a religion. The people surveyed by Pew consisted of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and DC and may not be indicative of those living in the Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/15/hispanics-of-puerto-rican-origin-in-the-united-states-2013/ |title=Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States, 2013 |last=LÓPEZ |first=Gustavo |date=15 September 2015 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research Center, DC |access-date=17 February 2017 |quote=Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia or elsewhere, but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico.}}</ref>
[[File:Sunday services, Stella Maris Parish, San Juan, Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|Sunday [[Mass in the Catholic Church|mass]], Stella Maris Parish, San Juan, Puerto Rico|alt=]]
By 2014, a Pew Research report, with the sub-title ''Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region'', indicated that only 56% of Puerto Ricans were Catholic and that 33% were Protestant; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/ |title=Religion in Latin America |author= |date=13 November 2014 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto3" />

An [[Eastern Orthodox]] community, the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos / St. Spyridon's Church is located in Trujillo Alto, and serves the small Orthodox community.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orthodoxchurchpr.org/|title=Orthodox Church PR|website=www.orthodoxchurchpr.org}}</ref><ref>
[https://parma.org/news/puerto-rico-welcomes-first-ever-eastern-catholic-parish ''PUERTO RICO WELCOMES FIRST-EVER EASTERN CATHOLIC PARISH''] Martin Barillas. As published in Horizons, 10 September 2017. Accessed 1 November 2020.</ref> This affiliation accounted for under 1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html |title=Welcome |publisher=Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org |access-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304223521/http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html |archive-date=4 March 2011 }}</ref> In 1940, [[Juanita García Peraza]] founded the [[Mita Congregation]], the first religion of Puerto Rican origin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html |title=Latin American issues Vol. 3 |publisher=Webpub.allegheny.edu |access-date=6 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202221418/http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html |archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> [[Taíno people|Taíno religious practices]] have been rediscovered/reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates.<ref>[https://globalpressjournal.com/americas/puerto-rico/puerto-rican-indigenous-communities-seek-recognition-return-ancestral-lands/en/ ''Puerto Rican Indigenous Communities Seek Recognition, Return of Their Ancestral Lands: The Jíbaro and Taíno indigenous communities are not recognized by the Puerto Rican government. But two organizations dedicated to preserving their respective history and traditions are working to gain recognition as indigenous groups, as well as unrestricted access to their ancestral lands.''] Coraly Cruz Mejias. Global Press Journal. Washington, DC. 14 October 2019. Accessed 23 October 2020.</ref> Similarly, some aspects of African religious traditions have been kept by some adherents. African slaves brought and maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples; in particular, the [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]] beliefs of [[Santería]] and/or [[Ifá]], and the [[Kongo people|Kongo]]-derived [[Palo Mayombe]]. Some aspects were absorbed into syncretic Christianity. In 1952, a handful of [[American Jews]] established the island's first [[synagogue]]; this religion accounts for under 1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report.<ref name="EG">''Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo: La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo''; by [[Delma S. Arrigoitia]]; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto; {{ISBN|978-0-942347-52-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prairieschooltraveler.com/html/world/pr/Korber.html |title=Korber House |publisher=Prairieschooltraveler.com |access-date=6 February 2011}}</ref> The synagogue, called ''Sha'are Zedeck'', hired its first rabbi in 1954.<ref name="JVL"/> Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean, numbering 3000 people,<ref>{{cite news |title=The Jewish Palate: The Jews of Puerto Rico |url=http://www.jpost.com/Food-Index/The-Jewish-Palate-The-Jews-of-Puerto-Rico |author=Dennis Wasko|date=11 July 2011|access-date=18 February 2017 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> and is the only Caribbean island in which the [[Conservative Jews|Conservative]], [[Reform Jews|Reform]] and [[Orthodox Jews|Orthodox Jewish]] movements all are represented.<ref name="JVL">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Puerto_Rico.html |title=The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=6 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="LN">{{cite web |url=http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237 |title=Luxner News |publisher=Luxner.com |date=3 August 2004 |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107203700/http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237 |archive-date=7 November 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2007, there were about 5,000 [[Muslims]] in Puerto Rico, representing about 0.13% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iiie.net/index.php?q=node/65 |title=Number of Muslims and Percentage in Puero Rico |publisher=Institute of Islamic Information and Education |date= 8 February 2006|access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=29 |title=Percent Puerto Rican population that are Muslims |access-date=14 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194154/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=29 |archive-date=27 September 2007 }} Retrieved {{Nowrap|8 June}}, 2009.</ref> Eight [[mosques]] are located throughout the island, with most Muslims living in [[Río Piedras]] and [[Caguas]]; most Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805220625/http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 August 2012 |title=Muslim mosques in Pto. Rico |publisher=Pupr.edu |access-date=30 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm |title=Muslims concentrated in Rio Piedras |publisher=Saudiaramcoworld.com |access-date=6 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505090834/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is also a [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bahaipr.org/index.php/en/|title=Home|website=Bahá'ís of Puerto Rico}}</ref> In 2015, the 25,832 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] represented about 0.70% of the population, with 324 congregations.<ref>''2016 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses'', pp. 184–85</ref> The [[Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico|Padmasambhava Buddhist Center]], whose followers practice [[Tibetan Buddhism]], as well as [[Nichiren Buddhism]] have branches in Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/l_tibet.htm |title=Budda Net |publisher=Buddhanet.net |access-date=6 February 2011}}</ref> There are several atheist activist and educational organizations, and an atheistic parody religion called the [[Pastafarian]] Church of Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/IglesiaPastafarianaPuertoRico |title=Iglesia Pastafariana de Puerto Rico |publisher=Facebook |access-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> An [[ISKCON]] temple in Gurabo is devoted to [[Krishna]] Consciousness, with two preaching centers in the metropolitan area.

==Government==
{{Main|Government of Puerto Rico|Politics of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico has [[Puerto Rico senatorial districts|8 senatorial districts]], [[Puerto Rico representative districts|40 representative districts]] and [[municipalities of Puerto Rico|78 municipalities]]. It has a republican form of government with [[separation of powers]] subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Article I, Section 2 |access-date=14 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229150849/http://www.oslpr.org/english/pdf/the%20constitution%20of%20the%20commonwealth%20of%20puerto%20rico.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009}}</ref><ref name=ussd>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm |title=U.S. Department of State. Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty |publisher=State.gov |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref> Its current powers are all delegated by the [[United States Congress]] and lack full protection under the [[United States Constitution]].<ref name="U.S. Department of State">{{cite web |url=https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html |title=U.S. Department of State. Foreign Affairs Manual: Volume 7 – Consular Affairs (7 FAM 1120), 'Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions', pp. 1–3. |format=PDF |access-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081013/https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Puerto Rico's head of state is the [[president of the United States]].

The government of Puerto Rico, based on [[Republicanism in the United States|the formal republican system]], is composed of three branches: the [[executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico|executive]], [[legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico|legislative]], and [[judiciary of Puerto Rico|judicial branch]]. The executive branch is headed by the [[governor of Puerto Rico|governor]], currently [[Pedro Pierluisi Urrutia]]. The [[legislative branch]] consists of a [[bicameral]] legislature called the [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]], made up of a [[Senate of Puerto Rico|Senate]] as its upper chamber and a [[House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|House of Representatives]] as its lower chamber. The Senate is headed by the [[President of the Senate of Puerto Rico|president of the Senate]], currently [[José Luis Dalmau]], while the House of Representatives is headed by the [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|speaker of the House]], currently [[Tatito Hernández]]. The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years with [[Puerto Rican general election, 2020|the last election held in November 2020]].

The [[judiciary of Puerto Rico|judicial branch]] is headed by the [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico|chief justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico]], currently [[Maite Oronoz Rodríguez]]. Members of the judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the [[advice and consent]] of the Senate.

Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate, the [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|resident commissioner]], currently [[Jenniffer González]]. Current congressional rules have removed the commissioner's power to vote in the [[Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)|Committee of the Whole]], but the commissioner can vote in committee.<ref name="rhg">[http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/house-rules.pdf Rules of the House of Representatives. Rule III] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005220012/http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/house-rules.pdf/ |date=5 October 2015 }}.</ref>

Puerto Rican elections are governed by the [[Federal Election Commission]] and the [[State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fec.gov/pages/report_notices/State_Notices/prprim.shtml |title=Puerto Rico Primary Election Report Notice |publisher=Fec.gov |date=2 February 2008 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2008pdates.pdf |title=2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}} While residing in Puerto Rico, Puerto Ricans (and other U.S. citizens) cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections, but they can vote in [[United States presidential primary|primaries]]. Puerto Ricans who become residents of a [[U.S. state]] or the [[District of Columbia]] can vote in presidential elections.

Puerto Rico hosts [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] from 41 countries, mainly from the [[Americas]] and Europe, with most located in San Juan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linktopr.com/consulados.html |title=Consulados. ''Link to Puerto Rico'' |access-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040411192635/http://www.linktopr.com/consulados.html |archive-date=11 April 2004 }}</ref> Puerto Rico does not have any first-order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government, but has 78 [[municipalities]] at the second level. [[Mona Island]] is not a municipality, but part of the municipality of [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico|Mayagüez]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=08021702 |title=Mayagüez. Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico |publisher=Enciclopediapr.org |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005223516/http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=08021702 |archive-date=5 October 2011 }}</ref>

Municipalities are subdivided into wards or [[barrio]]s, and those into sectors. Each municipality has a [[Mayors of Puerto Rico|mayor]] and a municipal legislature elected for a four-year term. The municipality of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] (previously called "town"), was founded first, in 1521, [[San Germán]] in 1570, [[Coamo]] in 1579, [[Arecibo]] in 1614, [[Aguada, Puerto Rico|Aguada]] in 1692 and [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] in 1692. An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th. Six were founded in the 20th century; the last was [[Florida, Puerto Rico|Florida]] in 1971.<ref name='fundacion'>{{cite web |url=http://www.linktopr.com/fundacion.html |title=LinktoPR.com – Fundación de los Pueblos |access-date=21 April 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421093959/http://www.linktopr.com/fundacion.html |archive-date=21 April 2004 }}</ref>

===Political parties and elections===
{{main|Political party strength in Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Political-party-strength-in-puerto-rico-2012.png|thumb|right|The difference between the incumbent party, the PPD, and its opponent, the PNP, was a mere 0.6% in the last election. This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties, with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years. The PNP, on the other hand, has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years. The other 12 years experienced a [[Divided government in the United States|divided government]].]]
Since 1952, Puerto Rico has had three main political parties: the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico|Popular Democratic Party]] (PPD in Spanish), the [[New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico|New Progressive Party]] (PNP in Spanish) and the [[Puerto Rican Independence Party]] (PIP). The three parties stand for different political status. The PPD, for example, seeks [[status quo movement in Puerto Rico|to maintain the island's status with the U.S. as a commonwealth]], while the PNP, on the other hand, seeks [[statehood movement in Puerto Rico|to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States]]. The PIP, in contrast, seeks a complete separation from the United States by seeking [[independence movement in Puerto Rico|to make Puerto Rico a sovereign nation]]. In terms of party strength, the PPD and PNP usually hold about 47% of the vote each while the PIP holds only about 5%.

After 2007, other parties emerged on the island. The first, the [[Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party]] (PPR in Spanish) was registered that same year. The party claims that it seeks to address the islands' problems from a status-neutral platform. But it ceased to remain as a registered party when it failed to obtain the required number of votes in the 2008 general election. Four years later, the 2012 election saw the emergence of the [[Movimiento Unión Soberanista]] (MUS; English: ''Sovereign Union Movement'') and the [[Partido del Pueblo Trabajador]] (PPT; English: ''Working People's Party'') but none obtained more than 1% of the vote.

Other non-registered parties include the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]], the [[Socialist Workers Movement (Puerto Rico)|Socialist Workers Movement]], and the [[Hostosian National Independence Movement]].

===Law===
{{main|Constitution of Puerto Rico|Law of Puerto Rico}}
The insular legal system is a blend of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and the [[common law]] systems.

Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. jurisdiction whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English: namely, [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. Because the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] operates primarily in English, all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in [[United States federal courts|U.S. federal courts]], and litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}{{Original research inline|date=March 2021}}

[[Title 48 of the United States Code]] outlines the role of the United States Code to United States territories and insular areas such as Puerto Rico. After the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico in 1901, it initiated legal reforms resulting in the adoption of codes of criminal law, criminal procedure, and civil procedure modeled after those then in effect in [[California]]. Although Puerto Rico has since followed the federal example of transferring criminal and civil procedure from [[statutory law]] to rules promulgated by the judiciary, several portions of its criminal law still reflect the influence of the [[California Penal Code]].

The judicial branch is headed by the [[Chief Justice|chief justice]] of the [[Puerto Rico Supreme Court]], which is the only appellate court required by the Constitution. All other courts are created by the [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} There is also a [[United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico|Federal District Court for Puerto Rico]], and someone accused of a criminal act at the federal level may not be accused for the same act in a Commonwealth court, and vice versa, since Puerto Rico as an unincorporated territory lacks sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does.<ref name="Martínez Torres">{{cite web |url=http://www.ramajudicial.pr/ts/2015/2015tspr25.pdf |title=Opinión del Tribunal emitida por el Juez Asociado señor Martínez Torres |publisher=El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico |work=Legal Document |date=20 March 2015 |access-date=7 February 2016 |author=Martínez Torres, Juez (Judge)}}</ref> Such a parallel accusation would constitute [[double jeopardy]].

===Political status===
{{Main|Political status of Puerto Rico|Proposed political status for Puerto Rico}}
The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of [[Political status of Puerto Rico#Controversies|ongoing debate]] in Puerto Rico, the [[United States Congress]], and the [[United Nations]].<ref name="sdc">{{cite press release |title=Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self-determination process |date=13 June 2006 |publisher=Department of Public Information, United Nations General Assembly |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3138.doc.htm |access-date=1 October 2007}}</ref> Specifically, the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain an [[Territories of the United States|unincorporated territory of the U.S.]], become a [[U.S. state]], or become an independent country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf |title=Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress |date=25 May 2005 |author=Keith Bea |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=1 October 2007 }}</ref>

====Within the United States====
[[File:PR Capitol, south side.JPG|thumb|The [[Capitol of Puerto Rico]], home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico|alt=|left]]

Constitutionally, Puerto Rico is subject to the [[plenary powers]] of the [[United States Congress]] under the [[territorial clause]] of [[Article Four of the United States Constitution|Article IV of the U.S. Constitution]].<ref>U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3, cl. 2 ("The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States ...").</ref> [[U.S. federal law|Laws enacted at the federal level in the United States]] apply to Puerto Rico as well, regardless of its political status. Their residents [[Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico|do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress]]. Like the different states of the United States, Puerto Rico lacks "the full sovereignty of an independent nation", for example, the power to manage its "external relations with other nations", which is held by the U.S. federal government. The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that once the U.S. Constitution has been extended to an area (by Congress or the courts), its coverage is irrevocable. To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they, not this Court, say "what the law is".<ref>[[Downes v. Bidwell]], 182 U.S. 244, 261 (1901), commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision, Loughborough v. Blake, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 317 (1820); Rasmussen v. United States, 197 U.S. 516, 529–530, 536 (1905)(concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown), that once the Constitution has been extended to an area, its coverage is irrevocable; [[Boumediene v. Bush]] – That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories, neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith. The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire, dispose of, and govern territory, not the power to decide when and where its terms apply.</ref>

Puerto Ricans "were collectively made [[U.S. citizenship#Birthright citizenship|U.S. citizens]]" in 1917 as a result of the [[Jones-Shafroth Act]].<ref>''The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898''. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2005. pp. 166, 178. "U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)")</ref> U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections, though both major parties, Republican and Democratic, hold primary elections in Puerto Rico to choose delegates to vote on the parties' presidential candidates. Since Puerto Rico is an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territory]] (see above) and not a U.S. state, the [[United States Constitution]] does not fully [[enfranchise]] [[U.S. citizen]]s residing in Puerto Rico.<ref name="U.S. Department of State"/><ref name="Constitutional Topic: Citizenship">{{cite web |url=http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_citi.html |title=Constitutional Topic: Citizenship |publisher=U.S. Constitution Online |access-date=6 June 2009 }}</ref>

Only [[fundamental right]]s under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans. Various other U.S. Supreme Court decisions have held which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not. Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and, since 1917, they have been included in the U.S. [[compulsory draft]] whensoever it has been in effect.

Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws, Puerto Ricans are also required to pay many kinds of U.S. federal taxes, not including the federal personal income tax for Puerto Rico-sourced income, but under only certain circumstances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401034052/http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2010 |title=Puerto Ricans pay import/export taxes |publisher=Stanford.wellsphere.com |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401034052/http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2010 |title=Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes |publisher=Stanford.wellsphere.com |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html |title=Internal Revenue Service. ', Topic 903 – Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico' |publisher=Irs.gov |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=reuters2009-09-24>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE58N5X320090924 |title=Reuters, 'Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform', 24 September 2009 |work=Reuters |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Schaefer |first=Brett |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/03/dc-voting-rights-no-representation-no-taxation |title=The Heritage Foundation, 11 March 2009. "D.C. Voting Rights: No Representation? No Taxation!", By Robert A. Book, PhD |publisher=Heritage.org |access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515142411/http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2011 |title=Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association, CEO Summit, Federal and Local Incentives: Where we are, Where We Want to be. Amaya Iraolagoitia, Partner, Tax Dept. |access-date=14 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=jct>{{cite web |url=http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf |title=Joint Committee on Taxation. ''An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options'' |access-date=14 August 2010 |archive-date=3 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903121058/http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{#Tag:Ref|Members of the military must pay federal income tax<ref name=reuters2009-09-24 /><ref name=jct />}} In 2009, Puerto Rico paid {{Nowrap|$3.742 billion}} into the [[U.S. Treasury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/09db05co.xls |title=Table 5. Internal Revenue Gross Collections, by Type of Tax and State, Fiscal year 2009 |publisher=[[Internal Revenue Service]] |format=XLS}}</ref> Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement. They are excluded from the [[Supplemental Security Income]] (SSI), and the island actually receives a smaller fraction of the [[Medicaid]] funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-healthcare-puertorico-idUSTRE58N5X320090924 ''Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022450/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/24/us-healthcare-puertorico-idUSTRE58N5X320090924 |date=16 October 2015 }} Reuters. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2012.</ref> Also, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico, even though the latter paid fully into the system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 |title=News & Media |publisher=PRFAA |date=6 July 2009 |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511054048/http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref>

While a state may try an individual for the same crime for which he/she was tried in federal court, this is not the case in Puerto Rico. Being an unincorporated territory of the U.S., Puerto Rico's authority to enact a criminal code derives from Congress and not from local sovereignty as with the states. Thus, such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy and is constitutionally impermissible.<ref name="Martínez Torres" />

In 1992, President [[George H. W. Bush]] issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This memorandum directs all federal departments, agencies, and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state, insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations.

Many federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico, just as in any state, including the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]], [[Transportation Security Administration]], [[Social Security Administration]], and others. While Puerto Rico has its own [[judiciary of Puerto Rico|Commonwealth judicial system]] similar to that of a U.S. state, there is also a U.S. federal district court in Puerto Rico, and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment. [[Sonia Sotomayor]], a [[Nuyorican|New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent]], serves as an [[Associate Justice|associate justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. Puerto Ricans have also been frequently appointed to high-level federal positions, including serving as [[Ambassadors of the United States|United States ambassadors]] to other nations.

===Foreign and intergovernmental relations===
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2017}}
{{main|Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico is subject to the [[Commerce Clause|Commerce]] and [[Territorial Clause]] of the Constitution of the United States and, therefore, is restricted on how it can engage with other nations, sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one. As is the case with state governments, it has established several trade agreements with other nations, particularly with Latin American countries such as Colombia and Panamá.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/colombiaypuertoricosedanlamano-1556164.html |title=Colombia y Puerto Rico se dan la mano |date=20 July 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |language=es |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icesi.edu.co/blogs/paises/2013/07/23/puerto-rico/ |title=Relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Puerto Rico |date=23 July 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |language=es |publisher=[[Universidad ICESI]]}}</ref>

It has also established trade promotion offices in many foreign countries, all Spanish-speaking, and within the United States itself, which now include Spain, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Colombia, Washington, D.C., New York City and Florida, and has included in the past offices in Chile, Costa Rica, and Mexico. Such agreements require permission from the U.S. Department of State; most are simply allowed by existing laws or trade treaties between the United States and other nations which supersede trade agreements pursued by Puerto Rico and different U.S. states.

At the local level, Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the [[Department of State of Puerto Rico]], an [[executive departments of the government of Puerto Rico|executive department]], headed by the [[Secretary of State of Puerto Rico|secretary of state of Puerto Rico]], who also serves as the unincorporated territory's lieutenant governor. It is also charged to liaise with general [[consul (representative)|consuls]] and [[honorary consul]]s based in Puerto Rico. The [[Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration]], along with the [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|Office of the Resident Commissioner]], manages all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the United States (including the federal government of the United States, local and state governments of the United States, and public or private entities in the United States).

Both entities frequently assist the Department of State of Puerto Rico in engaging with Washington, D.C.-based ambassadors and federal agencies that handle Puerto Rico's foreign affairs, such as the U.S. Department of State, the [[Agency for International Development]], and others. The current secretary of state is [[Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez]] from the [[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|New Progressive Party]], while the current [[List of Directors of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration|director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration]] is [[Jennifer M. Stopiran]] also from the NPP and a member of the Republican Party of the United States.

The [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|resident commissioner of Puerto Rico]], the [[delegate (United States Congress)|delegate]] elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government, including the U.S. Congress, sits in the United States House of Representatives, serves and votes on congressional committees, and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. The current resident commissioner is [[Jenniffer González|Jenniffer González-Colón]], a Republican, elected in 2016. She received more votes than any other official elected in Puerto Rico that year.<ref name="wines19">{{cite news |last=Wines |first=Michael |title=She's Puerto Rico's Only Link to Washington. She Could Be Its Future Governor. |newspaper=New York Times |date=26 July 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/26/us/Jenniffer-Gonzalez-Colon-puerto-rico.html |quote=She noted that her campaign to become resident commissioner garnered more votes in 2016 than any other candidate for office in the unincorporated territory.}}</ref>

Many Puerto Ricans have served as United States ambassadors to different nations and international organizations, such as the Organization of American States, mostly but not exclusively in Latin America. For example, Maricarmen Aponte, a Puerto Rican and now an acting assistant secretary of state, previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/148343.htm |title=Mari Carmen Aponte |website=State.gov }}</ref>

===Military===
{{main|Military of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Federal lands in Puerto Rico and VI.JPG|upright=2.00|thumb|U.S. military installations and other federal lands in Puerto Rico (including the United States Virgin Islands) throughout the 20th century|alt=]]
As it is an unincorporated territory of the United States, the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] with the president of the United States as its [[commander-in-chief]]. Puerto Rico has its own [[Puerto Rico National Guard]], and its own [[state defense force]], the [[Puerto Rico State Guard]], which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard.

The [[commander-in-chief]] of both local forces is the [[governor of Puerto Rico]] who delegates his authority to the [[Puerto Rico Adjutant General|Puerto Rico adjutant general]], currently [[Major General]] [[José J. Reyes]]. The Adjutant General, in turn, delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole.
U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the [[United States Atlantic Command|U.S. Atlantic Command]] (LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM), which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic. Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM's mission until 1999, when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as [[United States Joint Forces Command]]. Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of [[United States Northern Command]].

Both the Naval Forces Caribbean (NFC) and the Fleet Air Caribbean (FAIR) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. The NFC had authority over all U.S. Naval activity in the waters of the Caribbean while FAIR had authority over all U.S. military flights and air operations over the Caribbean. With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities, the U.S. Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico, except for the ships that steam by, and the only significant military presence in the island is the [[U.S. Army]] at [[Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico|Ft Buchanan]], the [[Puerto Rican Army]] and Air National Guards, and the [[U.S. Coast Guard]]. Protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of the naval base. This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in local income of $300 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/national/after-closing-of-navy-base-hard-times-in-puerto-rico.html |title=After Closing of Navy Base, Hard Times in Puerto Rico |date=3 April 2005 |work=The New York Times| access-date=31 October 2017}}</ref>

A branch of the [[United States Army National Guard|U.S. Army National Guard]] is stationed in Puerto Rico – known as the [[Puerto Rico Army National Guard]] – which performs missions equivalent to those of the Army National Guards of the different [[states of the United States]], including ground defense, disaster relief, and control of civil unrest. The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the [[United States Air National Guard|U.S. Air National Guard]] – known as the [[Puerto Rico Air National Guard]] – which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states.

[[File:USS Maryland (SSBN-738) 1997.jpg|thumb|{{sclass|Ohio|submarine|0}} [[ballistic missile submarine]] USS ''Maryland'', [[Roosevelt Roads Naval Station]], 1997|alt=]]

At different times in the 20th century, the U.S. had about 25 military or naval installations in Puerto Rico, some very small ones,<ref name="WQS">OSD, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (DIOR); "Atlas/Data Abstract for the United States and Selected Areas – Fiscal Year 1997;" Department of Defense; 1998. Note: The count of 25 military installations included the branch component of the Roosevelt Roads Naval facility on the island of Vieques, as distinct from the Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Cieba</ref> as well as large installations. The largest of these installations were the former [[Roosevelt Roads Naval Station]] in [[Ceiba, Puerto Rico|Ceiba]], the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility (AFWTF) on [[Vieques]], the National Guard training facility at [[Camp Santiago]] in [[Salinas, Puerto Rico|Salinas]], [[Fort Allen, Puerto Rico|Fort Allen]] in [[Juana Diaz]], the Army's [[Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico|Fort Buchanan]] in San Juan, the former U.S. Air Force's Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla, and the Puerto Rico Air National Guard's [[Muñiz Air National Guard Base]] in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]].<ref name="CD">Meléndez, Edwin; Meléndez, Edgardo; Colonial Dilemma; [[South End Press]]; Boston; 1993</ref>

The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads, Vieques, and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government. Other than [[U.S. Coast Guard]] and Puerto Rico National Guard facilities, there are only two remaining military installations in Puerto Rico: the U.S. Army's small Ft. Buchanan (supporting local veterans and reserve units) and the PRANG (Puerto Rico Air National Guard) Muñiz Air Base (the C-130 Fleet). In recent years, the [[U.S. Congress]] has considered their deactivations, but these have been opposed by diverse public and private entities in Puerto Rico – such as retired military who rely on Ft. Buchanan for the services available there.

Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved. For example, they participated in the [[American Revolution]], when volunteers from Puerto Rico, [[Cuba]], and [[Mexico]] fought the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] in 1779 under the command of General [[Bernardo de Gálvez]] (1746–1786),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mlis.state.md.us/1997rs/billfile/sj0002.htm |title=Participation of Hispanics in the American Revolution |work=SJR2 |author=Maryland General Assembly |date=8 April 1997 |access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref> and have continued to participate up to the present-day conflicts in [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Danny Nieves |url=http://www.valerosos.com/anouncements.html |title=Special Announcements |publisher=Valerosos.com |access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref>

A significant number of Puerto Ricans participate as members and work for the U.S. Armed Services, largely as [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] members and civilian employees. The size of the overall military-related community in Puerto Rico is estimated to be 100,000 individuals. This includes retired personnel.<ref name="CD"/> Fort Buchanan has about 4,000 military and civilian personnel. In addition, approximately 17,000 people are members of the Puerto Rico Army and Air National Guards, or the U.S. Reserve forces.<ref name="OSD">Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Reserve Affairs; "Official Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths and Statistics – Summary End Fiscal Year 1996;" 1996</ref> Puerto Rican soldiers have served in every U.S. military conflict from [[World War I]] to the current military engagement known by the United States and its allies as the [[War on Terror|War against Terrorism]].

The [[65th Infantry Regiment]], nicknamed "''The Borinqueneers''" from the original Taíno name of the island (Borinquen), is a [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] regiment of the [[United States Army]]. The regiment's motto is ''Honor et Fidelitas'', Latin for ''Honor and Fidelity''. The 65th Infantry Regiment participated in [[World War I]], [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]], and the [[War on Terror]] and in 2014 was awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]], presented by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]], for its heroism during the Korean War.

===Administrative divisions===
[[File:USA Puerto Rico labeled.svg|thumb|A map of Puerto Rico showing its 78 municipalities; the islands of Vieques and Culebra have their own municipal governments|alt=]]
{{Main|Municipalities of Puerto Rico}}
There are no counties, as there are in 48 of the 50 United States. There are 78 [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|municipalities]]. Municipalities are subdivided into ''[[barrio]]s'', and those into sectors. Each municipality has a [[mayor]] and a municipal legislature elected for four-year terms, per the [[Autonomous Municipalities Act of 1991]].

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico government-debt crisis}}
The economy of Puerto Rico is classified as a [[high income economy]] by the [[World Bank]] and as the most competitive economy in [[Latin America]] by the [[World Economic Forum]]. It is classified by the [[International Monetary Fund]] as a [[developed country|developed jurisdiction]] with an advanced, [[high-income economy]];<ref name="Advanced economies"/> it ranks highly on the [[Human Development Index]]. Puerto Rico currently has a public debt of $72.204 billion (equivalent to 103% of GNP), and a government deficit of $2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/puerto-rico |title=World Bank Indicators 2012: Puerto Rico |access-date=5 February 2012 |author1=World Bank Indicators |author2=World Bank}}</ref><ref name="wef-gcr-2013">{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf |title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 |publisher=[[World Economic Forum]] |year=2013 |access-date=7 September 2013 |first=Klaus |last=Schwab}}</ref> According to [[World Bank]], [[gross national income]] per capita in Puerto Rico in 2013 was $23,830 (PPP, International Dollars); it ranked 63rd among all sovereign and dependent territories in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GNIPC.pdf |title=Gross national income per capita 2013 |access-date=22 September 2014 |author1=World Bank Indicators |author2=World Bank}}</ref> Its economy is mainly driven by [[Manufacturing in Puerto Rico|manufacturing]] (primarily pharmaceuticals, textiles, petrochemicals and electronics) followed by the service industry (primarily finance, insurance, [[real estate in Puerto Rico|real estate]] and [[tourism in Puerto Rico|tourism]]).{{efn|pr.gov (in Spanish) "La manufactura es el sector principal de la economía de Puerto Rico."<ref name="manufacturing-by-pr.gov"/>}}{{efn|pr.gov (in Spanish) "Algunas de las industrias más destacadas dentro del sector de la manufactura son: las farmacéuticas, los textiles, los petroquímicos, las computadoras, la electrónica y las compañías dedicadas a la manufactura de instrumentos médicos y científicos, entre otros."<ref name="manufacturing-by-pr.gov" />}} In recent years, the unincorporated territory has also become a popular destination for MICE ([[meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions]]), with a modern convention centre district overlooking the [[Port of San Juan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessdestinations.com/destinations/puerto-ricos-tourism-industry-continues-to-expand/ |title=Puerto Rico's tourism industry continues to expand |work=Business Destinations |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref>

The [[geography of Puerto Rico]] and [[political status of Puerto Rico|its political status]] are both determining factors on its economic prosperity, primarily due to its relatively small size as an island; [[Natural resource economics|its lack of natural resources]] used to produce [[raw material]]s{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}}, and, consequently, its dependence on [[import]]s; as well as its territorial status with the United States, which controls its [[foreign policy]] while exerting trading restrictions, particularly in [[transportation in Puerto Rico|its shipping industry]].

Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011, interrupted by 4 quarters of economic growth, and entered into recession again in 2013, following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the [[Internal Revenue Code|U.S. Internal Revenue Code]] had applied to Puerto Rico. This IRS section was critical to the economy, as it established [[tax exemption]]s for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico, and allowed their insular subsidiaries to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time, without paying federal tax on corporate income. Puerto Rico has surprisingly been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade while maintaining a [[purchasing power parity]] per capita higher than 80% of the rest of the world.<ref>[[Alan Heston]], [[Robert Summers]] and Bettina Aten, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120822040945/http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt71/pwt71_form.php Penn World Table Version 7.1], Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], July 2012. Accessed on 19 August 2012. Note: GDP per capita data are "PPP Converted GDP Per Capita, average GEKS-CPDW, at current prices (in I$)", labeled as variable "cgdp2".</ref>
[[File:Puerto-rico-gdp-by-sector.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Puerto Rico's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) by [[economic sector]]]]
Academically, most of Puerto Rico's economic woes stem from federal regulations that expired, have been repealed, or no longer apply to Puerto Rico; its inability to become self-sufficient and self-sustainable throughout history;{{efn|Torrech San Inocencio (2011; in Spanish) "Con los más de $1,500 millones anuales que recibimos en asistencia federal para alimentos podríamos desarrollar una industria alimentaria autosuficiente en Puerto Rico."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/voz-titulo-1137663.html |title=La autosuficiencia alimentaria |first=Rafael |last=Torrcech San Inocencio |date=7 December 2011 |access-date=19 September 2013 |language=es |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106153646/http://www.elnuevodia.com/voz-titulo-1137663.html |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref>}} its highly politicized public policy which tends to change [[political party strength in Puerto Rico|whenever a political party gains power]];{{efn|Millán Rodriguez (2013; in Spanish) "Los representantes del Pueblo en la Junta de Gobierno de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica [...] denunciaron ayer que la propuesta del Gobernador para hacer cambios en la composición del organismo institucionaliza la intervención político partidista en la corporación pública y la convierte en una agencia del Ejecutivo.."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vocero.com/denuncian-politizacion-de-junta-aee/ |title=Denuncian politización de Junta AEE |first=Yamilet |last=Millán Rodríguez |newspaper=[[El Vocero]] |date=4 April 2013 |access-date=19 September 2013 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002045/http://www.vocero.com/denuncian-politizacion-de-junta-aee/ |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref>}} as well as [[government of Puerto Rico|its highly inefficient local government]]{{efn|Vera Rosa (2013; in Spanish) "Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud, las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo."<ref name="el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013">{{cite news |url=http://www.vocero.com/ineficiencia-arropa-a-los-recursos-economicos-de-salud/ |title=Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud |date=17 May 2013 |access-date=19 September 2013 |language=es |newspaper=[[El Vocero]] |first=Ileanexis |last=Vera Rosado |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104000540/http://www.vocero.com/ineficiencia-arropa-a-los-recursos-economicos-de-salud/ |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref>}}{{efn|Vera Rosado (2013; in Spanish) "Para mejorar la calidad de servicio, que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero[...]"<ref name="el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013" />}} which has accrued a [[public debt of Puerto Rico|public debt]] equal to 68% of its [[gross domestic product]] throughout time.{{efn|González (2012; in Spanish) "[...] al analizarse la deuda pública de la Isla contra el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), se ubicaría en una relación deuda/PIB de 68% aproximadamente."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/debemosmasdeloqueproducimos-1278143.html |title=Debemos más de lo que producimos |first=Jenisabel |last=González |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=19 September 2013 |language=es |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106153626/http://www.elnuevodia.com/debemosmasdeloqueproducimos-1278143.html |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref>}}{{efn|Bauzá (2013; in Spanish) "La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción. Al Gobierno le faltó creatividad, innovación y rapidez en la creación de un nuevo modelo económico que sustentara nuestra economía. Tras la eliminación de la Sección 936, debimos ser proactivos, y no lo fuimos."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/garciapadillainsisteenqueheredounpaisencantos-1657317.html |title=García Padilla insiste en que heredó un país "en cantos" |first=Nydia |last=Bauzá |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |date=2 December 2013 |access-date=2 December 2013 |language=es}}</ref>}}

In comparison to [[U.S. state|the different states of the United States]], Puerto Rico is poorer than Mississippi (the poorest state of the U.S.) with 41% of its population below the [[poverty threshold|poverty line]].{{efn|Quintero (2013; in Spanish) "Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos, y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada, según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo (13.5%), los altos niveles de pobreza (41.7%), los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.noticel.com/noticia/148055/las-estadisticas-hablan-puerto-rico-camino-a-ser-el-detroit-del-caribe.html |title=Las estadísticas hablan: Puerto Rico camino a ser el "Detroit del Caribe" |first=Laura |last=Quintero |date=14 September 2013 |access-date=22 January 2014 |language=es |newspaper=[[NotiCel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201150906/http://www.noticel.com/noticia/148055/las-estadisticas-hablan-puerto-rico-camino-a-ser-el-detroit-del-caribe.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} When compared to Latin America, Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region. Its main trading partners are the [[United States]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], and [[Japan]], with most products coming from [[East Asia]], mainly from [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Taiwan]]. At a global scale, Puerto Rico's dependency on oil for [[transportation in Puerto Rico|transportation]] and electricity generation, as well as its dependency on food imports and raw materials, makes Puerto Rico volatile and highly reactive to changes in [[global economy|the world economy]] and [[climate]]. Puerto Rico's agricultural sector represents less than 1% of GNP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/PREconomicFactSheet-March2016.pdf |title=PUERTO RICO FACT SHEET |website=Gdb-pur.com |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013719/http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/PREconomicFactSheet-March2016.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
[[Tourism in Puerto Rico]] is also an important part of the economy. In 2017, [[Hurricane Maria]] caused severe damage to the island and its infrastructure, disrupting tourism for many months. The damage was estimated at $100 billion. An April 2019 report indicated that by that time, only a few hotels were still closed, that life for tourists in and around the capital had, for the most part, returned to normal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2019/04/02/puerto-rico-breaks-tourism-record-while-rebuilding-hurricane-maria/3346139002/ |title=Nearly two years after Hurricane Maria devastation, Puerto Rico welcomes record number of tourists |date=2 April 2019 |publisher=USA Today |access-date=27 November 2019 |quote=Brief power outages still hit occasionally as the government prepares to privatize an aging and poorly maintained grid that was destroyed by the hurricane, and water shortages have hit parts of Puerto Rico's north coast since 30 percent of the island is experiencing a moderate drought that is affecting 791,000 of its 3.2 million inhabitants.}}</ref> By October 2019, nearly all of the popular amenities for tourists, in the major destinations such as San Juan, Ponce and Arecibo, were in operation on the island and tourism was rebounding. This was important for the economy, since tourism provides up to 10% of Puerto Rico's GDP, according to Discover Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.viahero.com/travel-to-puerto-rico/puerto-rico-tourism-update |title=Nearly two years after Hurricane Maria devastation, Puerto Rico welcomes record number of tourists |date=2 April 2019 |publisher=ViaHero |access-date=16 October 2019 |quote=Almost all of Puerto Rico's hotels are open for business. The beaches are ready for swimming and sunbathing, and even remote places to visit like El Yunque rainforest are receiving visitors. }}</ref>

The latest Discover Puerto Rico campaign started in July 2018. An April 2019 report stated that the tourism team "after hitting the one-year anniversary of the storm in September [2018], the organization began to shift towards more optimistic messaging. The "Have We Met Yet?" campaign was intended to highlight the island's culture and history, making it distinct, different from other Caribbean destinations. In 2019, Discover Puerto Rico planned to continue that campaign, including "streaming options for branded content".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://skift.com/2019/04/24/culture-is-central-in-puerto-ricos-new-marketing-campaign/ |title=Culture Is Central in Puerto Rico's New Marketing Campaign |date=24 April 2019 |publisher=Skift |access-date=27 November 2019 |quote=In creating the site, the team added photos, videos and information about all of the 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico, in an effort to draw people away from San Juan, and into lesser-known areas.}}</ref>

In late November 2019, reports indicated that 90 calls to San Juan by [[Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.|Royal Caribbean]] ships would be cancelled during 2020 and 2021. This step would mean 360,000 fewer visitors, with a loss to the island's economy of 44 million. As well, 30 ship departures from San Juan were being canceled. The rationale for this decision was discussed in a news report:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cruisehive.com/cruise-ship-visits-to-san-juan-puerto-rico-are-being-canceled/35941 |title=Cruise Ship Visits to San Juan, Puerto Rico Are Being Canceled |date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Cruise Hive |access-date=27 November 2019 |quote=Cruise ship visits to San Juan, Puerto Rico are being canceled for the 2020–21 season due to the privatization of the cruise port.}}</ref><blockquote>The reason for the cancellations is the privatization of the cruise docks in San Juan due to much-needed maintenance that is needed. Around $250 million investment is needed to make sure cruise ships can continue to dock there in the years to come. There is an urge for governor Wanda Vazquez to not go ahead with the privatization so this news is fluid.</blockquote>

===Heavy fiscal debt load===
In early 2017, the [[Puerto Rican government-debt crisis]] posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2017/01/18/Puerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks |title=Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks |author=Nick Brown, Reuters |date=18 January 2017 |website=Fiscal Times |publisher=The Fiscal Times |access-date=16 February 2017}}</ref> The debt had been increasing during a decade-long recession.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.starherald.com/news/nation_world/puerto-rico-gets-more-time-to-propose-fiscal-plan/article_b805f0e6-f333-5d33-8d94-d29a610d820a.html|title=Puerto Rico Gets More Time|date=29 January 2017|newspaper=Star Herald|access-date=16 February 2017|agency=Associated Press|location=Scottsbluff, ME}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts, including bonds, since 2015. With debt payments due, the governor was facing the risk of a government shutdown and failure to fund the managed health care system.<ref>{{cite news |last=Platt |first=Eric |date=19 January 2017 |title=New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d9551584-de66-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6 |newspaper=Financial Times |location=New York |access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Watson">{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Secretary-Lew-Sends-Letter-to-115th-Congress-on-Puerto-Rico.aspx |title=Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico |last=Watson |first=Dan |date=17 January 2017 |website=Department of the Treasury |publisher=Department of the Treasury |access-date=16 February 2017}}</ref> "Without action before April, Puerto Rico's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened, thereby putting at risk beginning July 1, 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico", according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. They also said that "Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth."<ref name="Watson"/>

Initially, the oversight board created under [[PROMESA]] called for Puerto Rico's governor [[Ricardo Rosselló]] to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by 28 January. Just before that deadline, the control board gave the Commonwealth government until 28 February to present a fiscal plan (including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt) to solve the problems. A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to 31 May.<ref name="auto"/> It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy-like process under [[PROMESA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2017/01/18/Puerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks |title=Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks |author=Nick Brown, Reuters |date=18 January 2017 |website=Fiscal Times |publisher=The Fiscal Times |access-date=16 February 2017 |quote=The bipartisan, seven-member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA, passed by the U.S. Congress last year. It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam, including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors.}}</ref> An internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government, with more than 80% of economists arguing in favor of auditing the debt.<ref>{{cite news |title="Economistas se Oponen a las Reformas para "estimular la economía" |agency=El Nuevo Día. |date=20 February 2017}}</ref>

In early August 2017, the island's financial oversight board (created by PROMESA) planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees, down from the original plan of four days per month; the latter had been expected to achieve $218 million in savings. Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary. Pension reforms were also discussed including a proposal for a 10% reduction in benefits to begin addressing the $50 billion in unfunded pension liabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/04/reuters-america-puerto-rico-to-furlough-workers-proposes-pension-plan-reform.html |title=Puerto Rico to furlough workers, proposes pension plan reform |first=Daniel |last=Bases |date=4 August 2017 |website=Cnbc.com |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222116/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/04/reuters-america-puerto-rico-to-furlough-workers-proposes-pension-plan-reform.html |archive-date=6 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Public finances===
{{main|Puerto Rico government-debt crisis|Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico|public debt of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico has an [[operating budget]] of about U.S.$9.8 billion with expenses at about $10.4 billion, creating a structural deficit of $775 million (about 7.9% of the budget).<ref name="el-vocero-la-estadidad-es-uniforme">{{cite news |url=http://elvocero.com/la-estadidad-es-una-unica-uniforme-e-irreversible/ |title=La Estadidad es una, única, uniforme e irreversible |first=José |last=Castrodad |newspaper=[[El Vocero]] |date=7 April 2014 |access-date=8 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409052840/http://elvocero.com/la-estadidad-es-una-unica-uniforme-e-irreversible/ |archive-date=9 April 2014 }}</ref> The practice of approving budgets with a structural deficit has been done for {{years ago|2000}} consecutive years starting in 2000. Throughout those years, including present time, all budgets contemplated issuing bonds to cover these projected deficits rather than making structural adjustments. This practice increased Puerto Rico's cumulative debt, as the government had already been issuing bonds [[Puerto Rico government budget balance|to balance its actual budget]] for four decades beginning in 1973.{{efn|Walsh (2013) "In each of the last six years, Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older, outstanding bonds – a red flag. It also sold $2.5 billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system – a risky practice – and it sold still more long-term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/10/07/worsening-debt-crisis-threatens-puerto-rico/ |title=Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico |first=Mary |last=Walsh |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 October 2013 |access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/comopuertoricollegoatenercreditochatarra-1704621.html |title=¿Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra? |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |date=4 February 2014 |access-date=2 March 2014 |language=es}}</ref>

[[File:Budget-of-the-government-of-puerto-rico-2012-percentage.png|thumb|upright=1.8|The 2012 Budget of the government of Puerto Rico]]

Projected deficits added substantial burdens to an already indebted nation which accrued [[Public debt of Puerto Rico|a public debt]] of $71B or about 70% of Puerto Rico's gross domestic product. This sparked [[Puerto Rico government-debt crisis|an ongoing government-debt crisis]] after Puerto Rico's general obligation bonds were downgraded to speculative non-investment grade ("junk status") by three credit-rating agencies. In terms of financial control, almost 9.6%—or about $1.5 billion—of Puerto Rico's central government budget expenses for FY2014 is expected to be spent on debt service.{{efn|PRGDB "Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18, 2013" p. 142<ref name="gdb-report-2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.gdb-pur.com/spa/documents/commonwealthreport.pdf |title=Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18, 2013 |publisher=[[Puerto Rico Government Development Bank]] |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=4 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422202646/http://www.gdb-pur.com/spa/documents/commonwealthreport.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} Harsher budget cuts are expected as Puerto Rico must now repay larger chunks of debts in the coming years.{{update inline|date=July 2016}}

For practical reasons the budget is divided into two aspects: a "general budget" which comprises the assignments funded exclusively by the [[Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico]], and the "consolidated budget" which comprises the assignments funded by the general budget, by [[List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico's government-owned corporations]], by revenue expected from loans, by the sale of government bonds, by subsidies extended by the [[federal government of the United States]], and by other funds.

Both budgets contrast each other drastically, with the consolidated budget being usually thrice the size of the general budget; currently $29B and $9.0B respectively. Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government-owned corporations compose more than 31% of the consolidated budget.

The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds, which comprise 7% of the consolidated budget – a ratio that increased annually due to the government's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses. In particular, the government-owned corporations add a heavy burden to the overall budget and public debt, as none is self-sufficient. For example, in FY2011 the government-owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3B with the [[Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority]] (PRHTA) reporting losses of $409M, the [[Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority]] (PREPA; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island) reporting losses of $272M, while the [[Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority]] (PRASA; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island) reported losses of $112M.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grupocne.org/2013/01/31/san-juan-2023-o-la-decadencia-de-un-pais/ |title=San Juan 2023 o la decadencia de un País |work=Centro Para Una Nueva Economía |publisher=Center for a New Economy|date=31 January 2013 }}</ref>

Losses by government-owned corporations have been defrayed through the issuance of bonds compounding more than 40% of Puerto Rico's entire public debt today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/presupuesto2011-2012/Resumen%20del%20Presupuesto/Servicio%20de%20la%20Deuda.pdf |title=SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA |website=".pr.gov |access-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014050/http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/presupuesto2011-2012/Resumen%20del%20Presupuesto/Servicio%20de%20la%20Deuda.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Holistically, from FY2000–FY2010 Puerto Rico's debt grew at a [[compound annual growth rate]] (CAGR) of 9% while GDP remained stagnant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gdbpr.com/spa/investors_resources/documents/2011-07-12-DeudaPublicaDic2010-GS.pdf |title=Reporte General sobre Deuda Pública |website=".pr.gov |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013905/http://gdbpr.com/spa/investors_resources/documents/2011-07-12-DeudaPublicaDic2010-GS.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This has not always provided a long-term solution. In early July 2017 for example, the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9 billion in bond debt; the agency planned to seek Court protection.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/02/business/puerto-ricos-electric-power-authority-effectively-files-for-bankruptcy.html |title=Puerto Rico's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy |first=Mary Williams |last=Walsh |date=2 July 2017 |access-date=26 August 2017 |website=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

In terms of protocol, the governor, together with the [[Puerto Rico Office of Management and Budget]] (OGP in Spanish), formulates the budget he believes is required to operate all government branches for the ensuing fiscal year. He then submits this formulation as a budget request to the Puerto Rican legislature before 1 July, the date established by law as the beginning of Puerto Rico's fiscal year. While the constitution establishes that the request must be submitted "at the beginning of each regular session", the request is typically submitted during the first week of May as the regular sessions of the legislature begin in January and it would be impractical to submit a request so far in advance. Once submitted, the budget is then approved by the legislature, typically with amendments, through a [[joint resolution]] and is referred back to the governor for his approval. The governor then either approves it or vetoes it. If vetoed, the legislature can then either refer it back with amendments for the governor's approval, or approve it without the governor's consent by two-thirds of the bodies of each chamber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/PresupuestoAprobado2013-2014/Informacin%20General/Proceso%20Presupuestario.pdf |title=PROCESO PRESUPUESTARIO |website=2.pr.gov |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014054/http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/PresupuestoAprobado2013-2014/Informacin%20General/Proceso%20Presupuestario.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Once the budget is approved, the Department of Treasury disburses funds to the Office of Management and Budget which in turn disburses the funds to the respective agencies, while the [[Puerto Rico Government Development Bank]] (the government's intergovernmental bank) manages all related banking affairs including those related to the government-owned corporations.

===Cost of living===
[[File:Map-of-jones-act-carrier-routes-for-puerto-rico.png|thumb|upright=1.6|A map of the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]] merchant marine shipping routes for Puerto Rico|alt=|left]]
The cost of living in Puerto Rico is high and has increased over the past decade.{{efn|MRGI (2008) "Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico."<ref name="refworld.org"/>}}<ref>[https://archive.today/20140618035840/http://www.militaryinstallations.dod.mil/pls/psgprod/f?p=132:CONTENT:618940367579001::NO::P4_INST_ID,P4_INST_TYPE:4150,INSTALLATION "Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico"]. ''Military Installations''. Department of Defense. Retrieved 17 June 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/29/puerto-ricos-cost-of-livi_n_4013350.html |title=Puerto Rico's Cost of Living Skyrockets |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=29 September 2013 |access-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313113741/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/29/puerto-ricos-cost-of-livi_n_4013350.html |archive-date=13 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html?_r=0 |work=The New York Times |first=Lizette |last=Alvarez |title=Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus |date=8 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/sigueenaumentoelcostodevidaenpuertorico-1585599.html |title=Home – El Nuevo Día |publisher=Elnuevodia.com |date=31 August 2013 |access-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208121032/http://www.elnuevodia.com/sigueenaumentoelcostodevidaenpuertorico-1585599.html |archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/nota/midaconcluyealtocostodevidaeslapreocupacionmayordelboricua-399279/ |title=MIDA concluye alto costo de vida es la preocupación mayor del boricua |publisher=Primerahora.com |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Conor |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB118705864479596908 |title=Puerto Rico's Economic Slump Weighs Hard on Consumers |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=14 August 2007 |access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Coto |first=Danica |url=http://nbclatino.com/2013/09/29/life-in-puerto-rico-becomes-costlier-amid-crisis/ |title=Life in Puerto Rico becomes costlier amid crisis |publisher=Nbclatino.com |date=29 September 2013 |access-date=14 April 2014 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413160122/http://nbclatino.com/2013/09/29/life-in-puerto-rico-becomes-costlier-amid-crisis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> San Juan's in particular is higher than [[Atlanta]], [[Dallas]], and [[Seattle]] but lower than [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], and [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1420615 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living Survey 2011 |publisher=Mercer.com |access-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410174442/http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1420615 |archive-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> One factor is housing prices which are comparable to [[Miami]] and [[Los Angeles]], although property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the United States.{{efn|Rivera. "Housing prices in Puerto Rico are comparable to Miami or Los Angeles, but property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the US."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/moving.shtml |title=Moving to Puerto Rico |first=Magaly |last=Rivera |publisher=Welcome to Puerto Rico! |access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref>}}

Statistics used for cost of living sometimes do not take into account certain costs, such as the high cost of electricity, which has hovered in the 24¢ to 30¢ range per kilowatt/hour, two to three times the national average, increased travel costs for longer flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers "outside the continental United States". While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Puerto Rico, many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and other United States territories.

The household median income is stated as $19,350 and the mean income as $30,463 in the U.S. Census Bureau's 2015 update. The report also indicates that 45.5% of individuals are below the poverty level.<ref name="census1"/> The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S.$100,000 to U.S.$214,000, while the national median home value sits at $119,600.{{efn|FRBNY (2011) "...home values vary considerably across municipios: for the metro area overall, the median value of owner-occupied homes was estimated at $126,000 (based on data for 2007–09), but these medians ranged from $214,000 in Guaynabo to around $100,000 in some of the outlying municipios. The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorkfed.org/regional/profile_puertorico.html |title=Puerto Rico |publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]] |date=August 2011 |access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref>}}

[[File:Flying into San Juan-Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|Flying into San Juan]]

One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920]], also known as the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]], which prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports, a practice known as [[cabotage]].<ref name="erg-trade">{{cite web |url=http://graduados.uprrp.edu/planificacion/facultad/elias-gutierrez/ERGTRADE.pdf |title=Impact of the Coastwise Trade Laws on the Transportation System of the United States of America |first=Elías |last=Gutierrez |access-date=6 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002122312/http://graduados.uprrp.edu/planificacion/facultad/elias-gutierrez/ERGTRADE.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013 }}</ref> Because of the Jones Act, foreign ships inbound with goods from [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], [[Western Europe]], and [[Africa]] cannot stop in Puerto Rico, offload Puerto Rico-bound goods, load mainland-bound Puerto Rico-manufactured goods, and continue to U.S. ports. Instead, they must proceed directly to U.S. ports, where distributors [[break bulk cargo|break bulk]] and send Puerto Rico-bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S.-flagged ships.<ref name="erg-trade" />

The [[government of Puerto Rico|local government of Puerto Rico]] has requested several times to the [[U.S. Congress]] to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success.{{efn|Santiago (2021) "Local detractors of the Jones Act [...] for many years have unsuccessfully tried to have Puerto Rico excluded from the law's provisions[...]"<ref>{{cite news |title=Jones Act requirement comes under new light |first=Jaime |last=Santiago |newspaper=[[Caribbean Business]] |url=http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/news02.php?nw_id=7877&ct_id=0 |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=6 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308221156/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/news02.php?nw_id=7877&ct_id=0 |archive-date=8 March 2014 }}</ref>}} The most recent measure has been taken by the [[17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico]] through R. Conc. del S. 21.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oslpr.org/files/docs/{A8F2DF0C-A03D-40C7-A198-ED9C945F81C4}.doc |title=R. Conc. del S. 21 |format=[[Microsoft Word]] |publisher=[[Puerto Rico Office of Legislative Services]] |date=6 May 2013 |access-date=6 September 2013 |language=es }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.noticel.com/noticia/141423/senado-aprueba-proyecto-para-pedir-trato-preferencial-en-leyes-de-cabotaje.html |title=Senado aprueba proyecto para pedir trato preferencial en leyes de cabotaje |newspaper=[[NotiCel]] |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=6 September 2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113112757/http://www.noticel.com/noticia/141423/senado-aprueba-proyecto-para-pedir-trato-preferencial-en-leyes-de-cabotaje.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These measures have always received support from all the [[Political party strength in Puerto Rico|major local political parties]].

In 2013 the [[Government Accountability Office]] published a report which concluded that "repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs" and that "shippers believed that opening the trade to non-U.S.-flag competition could lower costs".{{efn|name=joc-gao-report-repeal-quote|JOC (2013) "Repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs"<ref name="joc-gao-report"/>}}{{efn|name=joc-gao-report-lower-costs-quote|JOC (2013) "The GAO report said its interviews with shippers indicated they [...] believed that opening the trade to non-U.S.-flag competition could lower costs."<ref name="joc-gao-report" />}} The same GAO report also found that "[shippers] doing business in Puerto Rico that GAO contacted reported that the freight rates are often—although not always—lower for foreign carriers going to and from Puerto Rico and foreign locations than the rates shippers pay to ship similar cargo to and from the United States, despite longer distances. Data were not available to allow us to validate the examples given or verify the extent to which this difference occurred."<ref name="gao-report-pdf">{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/653046.pdf |title=GAO-13-260, Puerto Rico: Characteristics of the Island's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act |publisher=[[Government Accountability Office|United States Government Accountability Office]] |date=March 2013}}</ref> Ultimately, the report concluded that "[the] effects of modifying the application of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico are highly uncertain" for both Puerto Rico and the United States, particularly for the [[United States Merchant Marine|U.S. shipping industry]] and the military preparedness of the United States.<ref name="joc-gao-report">{{cite news |url=http://www.joc.com/regulation-policy/transportation-regulations/united-states/gao%27s-jones-act-report-inconclusive_20130320.html |title=GAO's Jones Act Report Is Inconclusive |newspaper=[[The Journal of Commerce]] |date=20 March 2013 |access-date=6 September 2013}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="gao-report-pdf" />

A 2018 study by economists at Boston-based Reeve & Associates and Puerto Rico-based Estudios Tecnicos has concluded that the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|1920 Jones Act]] has no impact on either retail prices or the cost of livings on Puerto Rico. The study found that Puerto Rico received very similar or lower shipping freight rates when compared to neighboring islands, and that the transportation costs have no impact on retail prices on the island. The study was based in part on actual comparison of consumer goods at retail stores in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Jacksonville, Florida, finding: no significant difference in the prices of either grocery items or durable goods between the two locations.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://3snn221qaymolkgbj4a0vpey-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Report_Impact-of-the-Jones-Act-on-Puerto-Rico_FINAL2.pdf|title=Impact of the U.S. Jones Act on Puerto Rico|date=June 2018|author1=Reeve & Associates |author2=Estudios Técnicos, Inc.}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Puerto Rico}}
The first school in Puerto Rico was the ''Escuela de Gramática'' (Grammar School). It was established by Bishop [[Alonso Manso]] in 1513, in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed. The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language, literature, history, science, art, philosophy and theology.<ref>Nicolas Kanellos, "Hispanic Firsts", Visible Ink Press ({{ISBN|0-7876-0519-0}}), p. 40.</ref>

Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels—Primary (elementary school grades 1–6), Secondary (intermediate and high school grades 7–12), and Higher Level (undergraduate and graduate studies). As of 2002, the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1%; by gender, it was 93.9% for males and 94.4% for females.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ |title=CIA FactBook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=6 February 2011}}</ref> According to the 2000 Census, 60.0% of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education, and 18.3% has a bachelor's degree or higher.

Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18. {{As of|2010}}, there are 1539 public schools and 806 private schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Perfil del Sistema Educativo – Año Escolar 2010–2011 |url=http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JmyeNRFU1ZI%3d&tabid=186 |website=estadisticas.gobierno.pr |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091542/http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JmyeNRFU1ZI%3D&tabid=186 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The largest and oldest university system is the public [[University of Puerto Rico]] (UPR) with 11 campuses. The largest private university systems on the island are the [[Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez]] which operates the [[University of Turabo|Universidad del Turabo]], [[Metropolitan University (Puerto Rico)|Metropolitan University]] and [[Universidad del Este]]. Other private universities include the multi-campus [[Inter American University of Puerto Rico|Inter American University]], the [[Catholic University of Puerto Rico|Pontifical Catholic University]], [[Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico|Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico]], and the [[University of the Sacred Heart (Puerto Rico)|Universidad del Sagrado Corazón]]. Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three ABA-approved Law Schools.

==Public health and safety==
{{As of|2015}}, medical care in Puerto Rico had been heavily impacted by emigration of doctors to the mainland and underfunding of the [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] programs which serve 60% of the island's population. The municipality of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] has a system of preventive care health services and hospital [[triage]]. The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled.

In 2017, there were 69 hospitals in Puerto Rico.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Oren |last=Dorell |title=Puerto Rico's health system 'on life support' after blow |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/10/05/puerto-rico-health-system-life-support-two-weeks-after-hurricane-maria/734130001/ |newspaper=USA Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |pages=1B, 2B |date=6 October 2017 |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref>

''Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico'' ([[Puerto Rico Health Reform]]) – locally referred to as ''La Reforma'' (The Reform) – is a government-run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and [[impoverished]], by means of contracting private [[health insurance]] companies, rather than employing government-owned hospitals and emergency centers. The Reform is administered by the Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration.<ref name="Form_10K">[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1171662/000095014406002885/g00487e10vk.htm Triple-S Management Corporation Annual Report (Form 10-K)] for the fiscal year ended on 31 December 2005, pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, accessed on 4 November 2006.</ref>

===Crime===
{{see also|Crime in Puerto Rico|Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico}}
The unincorporated territory has a high firearm homicide rate. The homicide rate of 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants was significantly higher than any U.S. state in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/tables/table-5/table_5_crime_in_the_united_states_by_state_2014.xls|title=Table 5|website=FBI}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jul/22/gun-homicides-ownership-world-list |title=Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country |first=Mona |last=Chalabi |date=22 July 2012 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80% of homicides in Puerto Rico being drug related.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=345039&CategoryId=14092 |title=Latin American Herald Tribune – 80% of Puerto Rico Murders Called Drug-Related |website=Laht.com}}</ref>

[[Carjackings]] happen often in many areas of Puerto Rico. In 1992, the FBI made it a Federal crime and rates decreased per statistics,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/31/us/after-carjacking-surge-puerto-rico-is-wary-behind-the-wheel.html|title=After Carjacking Surge, Puerto Rico Is Wary Behind the Wheel|first=Mireya|last=Navarro|date=31 July 1994|access-date=23 June 2019|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> but as of 2019, the problem continued in municipalities like Guaynabo and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metro.pr/pr/noticias/2018/02/08/sacan-familia-auto-carjacking-guaynabo.html|title=Sacan familia de auto para hacer carjacking en Guaynabo|first=Metro Puerto|last=Rico|website=Metro|language=es|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telemundopr.com/noticias/destacados/Video-Carjacking-en-centro-comercial-de-Guaynabo-415767433.html|title=Video: Carjacking en centro comercial de Guaynabo|website=Telemundo PR|language=es|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/ley-y-orden/investigan-carjacking-en-guaynabo/article_10c65766-3100-11e8-a045-d7c8b1099ad8.html|title=Investigan carjacking en Guaynabo|first=Nicole Candelaria, Especial para EL|last=VOCERO|website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico|language=es|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/policia-tribunales/nota/mujervictimadecarjackingapuntadepistolaenguaynabo-1322156/|title=Mujer víctima de carjacking a punta de pistola en Guaynabo|date=19 January 2019|website=Primera Hora|language=es|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/sanjuan/press-releases/2014/arrests-of-elvin-manuel-otero-tarzia-sebastian-angelo-saldana-kevin-rivera-ruiz-and-a-male-juvenile|title=Arrests of Elvin Manuel Otero Tarzia, Sebastian Angelo Saldana, Kevin Rivera Ruiz, and a Male Juvenile|website=FBI|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> From 1 January 2019, to 14 March 2019, thirty carjackings had occurred on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.notiuno.com/noticias/seguridad-y-justicia/alarmante-la-cifra-de-carjackings-en-la-isla/article_8aca3e14-4604-11e9-abb1-83bb825a5e77.html|title=Alarmante la cifra de "carjackings" en la Isla|publisher=Redacción Digital|website=UNO Radio Group|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Puerto Rico}}
Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents: including European (predominantly Spanish, [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Italian]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|French]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|German]] and [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Irish]]), African, and, more recently, some North American and many South Americans. Many Cubans and Dominicans have relocated to the island in the past few decades.

From the Spanish, Puerto Rico received the Spanish language, the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions. The United States added English-language influence, the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices. On 12 March 1903, the [[University of Puerto Rico]] was officially founded, branching out from the "Escuela Normal Industrial", a smaller organization that was founded in Fajardo three years earlier.

Much of Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music and has been shaped by other cultures combining with local and traditional rhythms. Early in the history of Puerto Rican music, the influences of Spanish and African traditions were most noticeable. The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico.<ref>Giovannetti, Jorge L. "Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols", in ''Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas'', ed. Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez, 81–98.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puertoricanmusictv.com/ |title=Puerto Rican Music TV |publisher=Puerto Rican Music TV |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref>

Puerto Rico has many national symbols, but only the [[Thespesia grandiflora|Flor de Maga]] has been made official by the Government of Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web | title= Entre leyes y múltiples indultos |author-last=López Maldonado | author-first=Cesiach | publisher=Primera Hora | url=https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/notas/entre-leyes-y-multiples-indultos/ | date=21 August 2019 | access-date=16 March 2021 | language=es |trans-title=Between laws and multiple pardons}}</ref> Other popular, traditional, or unofficial symbols of Puerto Rico are the [[Puerto Rican spindalis|reina mora bird]], the [[Ceiba pentandra|kapok tree]], the [[Coquí|coquí frog]], the [[Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)|jíbaro]], the [[Taíno|Taíno indian]], and the [[Carite, Guayama, Puerto Rico|carite]] landmark.<ref>{{cite web | title= Debate por el Ave Nacional (primera parte) |author-last=Pérez Rivera | author-first=Raúl | publisher=CienciaPR | url=https://www.cienciapr.org/es/external-news/debate-por-el-ave-nacional-primera-parte | date=2 December 2015 | access-date=16 March 2021 | language=es |trans-title=Debate for the National Bird (first part)}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= ¿Tenemos o no un ave nacional? |author-last=Sánchez Martínez | author-first=Héctor | publisher=La Perla del Sur | url=https://www.periodicolaperla.com/tenemos-no-ave-nacional/ | date=20 January 2017 | access-date=16 March 2021 | language=es |trans-title=Do we or do we not have a national bird?}}</ref>

===Architecture===
{{main|Architecture of Puerto Rico}}
The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions, styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule, and a century of American rule. [[Spanish colonial architecture]], [[Islamic architecture|Ibero-Islamic]], [[art deco]], [[Post-modern architecture|post-modern]], and many other architectural forms are visible throughout the island. From town to town, there are also many regional distinctions.

[[File:The Colors of Old San Juan (28488284470).jpg|thumb|Street-lined homes in [[Old San Juan]]]]

Old San Juan is one of the two ''barrios'', in addition to [[Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico|Santurce]], that made up the [[municipality]] of San Juan from 1864 to 1951, at which time the former independent municipality of [[Río Piedras]] was annexed. With its abundance of shops, historic places, museums, open air cafés, restaurants, gracious homes, tree-shaded plazas, and its old beauty and architectonical peculiarity, Old San Juan is a main spot for local and internal tourism. The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including [[San José Church]] and the [[Catedral Metropolitana Basílica de San Juan Bautista (San Juan, Puerto Rico)|Cathedral of San Juan Bautista]], which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer [[Juan Ponce de León]]. It also houses the oldest Catholic school for elementary education in Puerto Rico, the Colegio de Párvulos, built in 1865.

The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls. Several defensive structures and notable [[fort]]s, such as the emblematic [[Fort San Felipe del Morro]], [[Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)|Fort San Cristóbal]], and [[El Palacio de Santa Catalina]], also known as [[La Fortaleza]], acted as the primary defenses of the settlement which was subjected to numerous attacks. [[La Fortaleza]] continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the [[governor of Puerto Rico]]. Many of the historic fortifications are part of [[San Juan National Historic Site]].

During the 1940s, sections of Old San Juan fell into disrepair, and many renovation plans were suggested. There was even a strong push to develop Old San Juan as a "small [[Manhattan]]". Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city. When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel, the Institute had the building declared as a historic building, and then asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility. This was what became the ''Hotel El Convento'' in Old San Juan. The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in the Americas, particularly [[Havana]], [[Lima]] and [[Cartagena de Indias]].

Ponce Creole is an [[architectural style]] created in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]], in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This style of Puerto Rican buildings is found predominantly in residential homes in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] that developed between 1895 and 1920. Ponce Creole architecture borrows heavily from the traditions of the French, the Spaniards, and the Caribbean to create houses that were especially built to withstand the hot and dry climate of the region, and to take advantage of the sun and sea breezes characteristic of the southern Puerto Rico's [[Caribbean Sea]] coast.<ref>{{cite book|author=Randall Peffer|title=Puerto Rico, a Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjXG2vg5YFsC&pg=PA225|year=2002|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-274-1|page=225}}</ref> It is a blend of wood and masonry, incorporating architectural elements of other styles, from [[Classical revival]] and [[Spanish Revival]] to [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1056puerto_rico.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302194306/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1056puerto_rico.html|url-status=dead|title=National Geographic Traveler Article: Puerto Rico|archive-date=2 March 2010|website=www.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref>

===Arts===
{{main|Puerto Rican art}}
Puerto Rican art reflects many influences, much from its ethnically diverse background. A form of [[folk art]], called ''santos'' evolved from the Catholic Church's use of [[sculpture]]s to convert indigenous Puerto Ricans to [[Christianity]]. ''Santos'' depict figures of saints and other religious icons and are made from native wood, clay, and stone. After shaping simple, they are often finished by painting them in vivid colors. ''Santos'' vary in size, with the smallest examples around eight inches tall and the largest about twenty inches tall. Traditionally, santos were seen as messengers between the earth and Heaven. As such, they occupied a special place on household [[altar]]s, where people prayed to them, asked for help, or tried to summon their protection.

Also popular, ''caretas'' or ''vejigantes'' are masks worn during [[carnival]]s. Similar masks signifying evil spirits were used in both Spain and Africa, though for different purposes. The Spanish used their masks to frighten lapsed [[Christians]] into returning to the church, while tribal Africans used them as protection from the evil spirits they represented. True to their historic origins, Puerto Rican ''caretas'' always bear at least several horns and fangs. While usually constructed of [[papier-mâché]], coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well. Red and black were the typical colors for ''caretas'' but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns.

===Literature===
{{main|Puerto Rican literature}}
[[File:Retrato de EMdeHostos por Francisco Oller.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Eugenio María de Hostos]]]]

Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of [[oral literature|oral story telling]] to its present-day status. Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government. Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write.

[[Diego de Torres Vargas]] was allowed to circumvent this strict prohibition for three reasons: he was a priest, he came from a prosperous Spanish family, and his father was a Sergeant Major in the Spanish Army, who died while defending Puerto Rico from an invasion by the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] armada. In 1647, Torres Vargas wrote {{lang|es|Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico}} ("Description of the Island and City of Puerto Rico"). This historical book was the first to make a detailed geographic description of the island.<ref name="DT">{{cite web |url=http://newdeal.feri.org/pr/pr03.htm |title=Puerto Rico in the Great Depression |publisher=Newdeal.feri.org |access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref>

The book described all the fruits and commercial establishments of the time, mostly centered in the towns of San Juan and Ponce. The book also listed and described every mine, church, and hospital in the island at the time. The book contained notices on the State and Capital, plus an extensive and erudite bibliography. {{lang|es|Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico}} was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico.<ref name="DT"/>

Some of Puerto Rico's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of [[Rafael Cordero (educator)|Rafael Cordero]]. Among these was Dr. [[Manuel A. Alonso]], the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance. In 1849 he published {{lang|es|El Gíbaro}}, a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer. [[Eugenio María de Hostos]] wrote {{lang|es|La peregrinación de Bayoán}} in 1863, which used [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity. After this first novel, Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change.

In the late 19th century, with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters, Puerto Rican literature began to flourish. The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists. After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War and the island was ceded to the Americans as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, writers and poets began to express their opposition to the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes.

[[Alejandro Tapia y Rivera]], also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature, ushered in a new age of [[historiography]] with the publication of ''The Historical Library of Puerto Rico''. [[Cayetano Coll y Toste]] was another Puerto Rican historian and writer. His work ''The Indo-Antillano Vocabulary'' is valuable in understanding the way the [[Taínos]] lived. [[Manuel Zeno Gandía]] in 1894 wrote {{lang|es|La Charca}} and told about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico. [[Antonio S. Pedreira]], described in his work {{lang|es|Insularismo}} the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion.

With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s, Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the [[Nuyorican Movement]]. Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish and many Puerto Ricans have since distinguished themselves as authors, journalists, poets, novelists, playwrights, essayists, and screenwriters. The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the United States and the rest of the world. Over the past fifty years, significant writers include [[Ed Vega]] ([[The Lamentable Journey of Omaha Bigelow into the Impenetrable Loisaida Jungle|Omaha Bigelow]]), [[Miguel Piñero]] ([[Short Eyes (play)|Short Eyes]]), [[Piri Thomas]] ([[Down These Mean Streets]]), [[Giannina Braschi]] ([[Yo-Yo Boing!]]), [[Rosario Ferré|Rosario Ferrer]] (Eccentric Neighborhoods). and [[Esmeralda Santiago]] (''[[When I was Puerto Rican]]).''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acosta Cruz|first=María|title=Dream Nation: Puerto Rican Culture and the Fictions of Independence|agency=American Literatures Initiative|isbn=978-1-4619-5820-8|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|oclc=871424250}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Zimmerman|first=Marc|title=Defending Their Own in the Cold: The Cultural Turns of U.S. Puerto Ricans|date=2020|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-08558-1|oclc=1142708953}}</ref>

===Media===
{{main|Media in Puerto Rico}}
The [[mass media]] in Puerto Rico includes local [[radio stations]], [[television stations]] and [[newspapers]], the majority of which are conducted in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. There are also three stations of the [[American Forces Network|U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service]]. Newspapers with daily distribution are {{lang|es|[[El Nuevo Día]]}}, {{lang|es|[[El Vocero]]}} and {{lang|es|[[Índice (newspaper)|Índice]]}}, {{lang|es|[[Metro (Puerto Rico)|Metro]]}}, and {{lang|es|[[Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)|Primera Hora]]}}. {{lang|es|El Vocero}} is distributed free of charge, as are {{lang|es|Índice}} and {{lang|es|Metro}}.

Newspapers distributed on a weekly or regional basis include {{lang|es|[[Claridad]]}}, {{lang|es|[[La Perla del Sur]]}}, {{lang|es|[[La Opinión]]}}, {{lang|es|[[Visión (Puerto Rico)|Visión]]}}, and {{lang|es|[[La Estrella del Norte]]}}, among others. Several television channels provide local content in the island. These include [[WIPR-TV]], {{lang|es|[[Telemundo Puerto Rico (TV channel)|Telemundo]]}}, Univision affiliate [[WLII-DT]] ({{lang|es|Teleonce}}), [[WAPA-TV]], and [[WKAQ-TV]].

===Music===
{{main|Music of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Bomba-1.ogv|thumb|A dancer performs typical ''[[bomba (Puerto Rico)|bomba]]'' choreography]]

The music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources. The most conspicuous musical sources have been Spain and West Africa, although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in Europe and the Caribbean and, over the last century, from the U.S. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres, ranging from indigenous genres like [[Bomba (Puerto Rico)|bomba]], [[plena]], [[aguinaldo (music)|aguinaldo]], [[danza]] and [[Salsa music|salsa]] to recent hybrids like [[reggaeton]].

Puerto Rico has some national instruments, like the [[Puerto Rican cuatro|cuatro]] (Spanish for "four"). The cuatro is a local instrument that was made by the "Jibaro" or people from the mountains. Originally, the Cuatro consisted of four steel strings, hence its name, but currently the Cuatro consists of five double steel strings. It is easily confused with a guitar, even by locals. When held upright, from right to left, the strings are G, D, A, E, B.

In the realm of [[classical music]], the island hosts two main orchestras, the [[Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico]] and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico. The [[Casals Festival]] takes place annually in San Juan, drawing in classical musicians from around the world.

With respect to [[opera]], the legendary Puerto Rican tenor [[Antonio Paoli]] was so celebrated, that he performed private recitals for [[Pope Pius X]] and the [[Czar Nicholas II of Russia]]. In 1907, Paoli was the first operatic artist in world history to record an entire opera – when he participated in a performance of ''[[Pagliacci]]'' by [[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]] in [[Milan, Italy]].

Over the past fifty years, Puerto Rican artists such as Jorge Emmanuelli, [[Yomo Toro]], [[Ramito]], [[Jose Feliciano]], [[Bobby Capo]], [[Rafael Cortijo]], [[Ismael Rivera]], [[Chayanne]], [[Tito Puente]], [[Eddie Palmieri]], [[Ray Barreto]], [[Dave Valentin]], [[Omar Rodríguez-López]], [[Hector Lavoe]], [[Ricky Martin]], [[Marc Anthony]] and [[Luis Fonsi]] have gained fame internationally.
{{clear}}

===Cuisine===
{{main|Puerto Rican cuisine}}
[[File:Cuchifritos.jpg|thumb|''[[Cuchifritos]]'' (''Carnitas'') in New York]]
[[File:Aranitas tostones.jpg|thumb|Plantain "arañitas" and "tostones rellenos"]]

Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe (Spain), Africa and the native [[Taíno]]s. In the latter part of the 19th century, the cuisine of Puerto Rico was greatly influenced by the [[Cuisine of the United States|United States]] in the ingredients used in its preparation. Puerto Rican cuisine has transcended the boundaries of the island, and can be found in several countries outside the [[archipelago]]. Basic ingredients include [[grain]]s and [[legume]]s, [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s, starchy tropical [[tuber]]s, vegetables, meat and poultry, seafood and shellfish, and fruits. Main dishes include ''[[mofongo]]'', ''[[arroz con gandules]]'', ''[[pasteles]]'', ''[[alcapurrias]]'' and [[pig roast]] (or lechón). Beverages include ''[[mauby|maví]]'' and ''[[piña colada]]''. Desserts include flan, ''arroz con dulce'' (sweet [[rice pudding]]), ''[[Piragua (food)|piraguas]]'', ''[[brazo gitano]]s'', ''[[tembleque]]'', ''[[Polvorón|polvorones]]'', and ''[[dulce de leche]]''.

Locals call their cuisine '''''cocina criolla'''''. The traditional Puerto Rican cuisine was well established by the end of the 19th century. By 1848 the first restaurant, [[La Mallorquina]], opened in [[Old San Juan]]. ''El Cocinero Puertorriqueño'', the island's first cookbook was published in 1849.<ref>Ortiz, Yvonne. A Taste of Puerto Rico: Traditional and New Dishes from the Puerto Rican Community. Penguin group, 1997. p. 3</ref>

From the diet of the [[Taíno]] people come many tropical roots and tubers like ''[[taro|yautía]]'' (taro) and especially ''Yuca'' (cassava), from which thin cracker-like ''[[casabe]]'' bread is made. Ajicito or cachucha pepper, a slightly hot habanero pepper, ''[[culantro|recao/culantro]]'' (spiny leaf), ''[[annatto|achiote]]'' (annatto), ''[[Capsicum|peppers]]'', [[allspice]], ''[[ají caballero]]'' (the hottest pepper native to Puerto Rico), peanuts, [[guava]]s, [[pineapple]]s, ''[[cocoplum|jicacos]]'' (cocoplum), ''[[mamoncillo|quenepas]]'' (mamoncillo), ''[[Calathea allouia|lerenes]]'' (Guinea arrowroot), ''[[calabaza]]s'' (tropical pumpkins), and ''[[soursop|guanabanas]]'' (soursops) are all Taíno foods. The Taínos also grew varieties of [[bean]]s and some maize/corn, but maize was not as dominant in their cooking as it was for the peoples living on the mainland of [[Mesoamerica]]. This is due to the frequent hurricanes that Puerto Rico experiences, which destroy crops of maize, leaving more safeguarded plants like ''conucos'' (hills of ''yuca'' grown together).

Spanish / European influence is also seen in Puerto Rican cuisine. Wheat, [[chickpea]]s, [[caper]]s, [[olive]]s, onions, garlic, rice, [[cilantro]], [[oregano]], [[basil]], [[sugarcane]], [[citrus]], [[eggplant]], [[Chicken (food)|chicken]], salted cod, beef, pork, lamb, dairy and a verity of other fruits, herbs and spices all came to Puerto Rico from Spain. The tradition of cooking complex stews and rice dishes in pots such as rice and beans are also thought to be originally European (much like Italians, Spaniards, and the British). Early [[Dutch people|Dutch]], French, Italian, and Chinese immigrants influenced not only the culture but Puerto Rican cooking as well. This great variety of traditions came together to form La Cocina Criolla.

Coconuts, coffee (brought by the Arabs and Corsos to Yauco from [[Kaffa Province, Ethiopia|Kafa]], Ethiopia), [[okra]], [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]], [[Coleus amboinicus|orégano brujo]], [[sesame seeds]], ''gandules'' ([[pigeon pea]]s in English), bananas, plantains, Guinea hen,
other root vegetables and fruit, all come to Puerto Rico from Africa.

===Philately===
{{main|Puerto Rico on stamps}}
[[File:San Juan 1971 U.S. stamp.1.jpg|thumb|upright|San Juan 450th 1971 issue, depicting one of the [[:File:Lookout Station.JPG|garitas]] of El Morro]]

Puerto Rico has been commemorated on four U.S. postal stamps and four personalities have been featured. Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937, the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring '[[La Fortaleza]]', the Spanish Governor's Palace.<ref>[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&img=&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2033211 3-cent Puerto Rico Issue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317194928/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&img=&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2033211 |date=17 March 2014 }} Arago: people, postage & the post. Viewed 4 March 2014.</ref> The first free election for governor of the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico was honored on 27 April 1949, at San Juan, Puerto Rico. 'Inauguration' on the 3-cent stamp refers to the election of [[Luis Muñoz Marín]], the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico.<ref name="Puerto Rico Election Issue">Rod, Steven J. [http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&img=&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2028823 Puerto Rico Election Issue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728043302/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/search-the-collection |date=28 July 2020 }} Arago: people, postage & the post. Viewed 4 March 2014.</ref> San Juan, Puerto Rico was commemorated with an 8-cent stamp on its 450th anniversary issued 12 September 1971, featuring a sentry box from [[Castillo San Felipe del Morro]].<ref>[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2038993 San Juan Issue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317211951/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2038993 |date=17 March 2014 }} Arago: people, postage & the post. Viewed 17 March 2014.</ref> In the "Flags of our nation series" 2008–2012, of the fifty-five, five territorial flags were featured. Forever stamps included the [[Flags of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico Flag]] illustrated by a bird issued 2011.<ref>"Flags of our nation series 2008–2012, Arago: people, postage & the post", National Postal Museum. Viewed 7 March 2014.</ref>

Four Puerto Rican personalities have been featured on U.S. postage stamps. These include [[Roberto Clemente]] in 1984 as an individual and in the Legends of Baseball series issued in 2000.<ref>"Roberto Clemente (1934–1972)" p. 178, "Legends of Baseball" p. 254, Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}</ref> [[Luis Muñoz Marín]] in the Great Americans series,<ref>"Great Americans Issue" Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}, p. 183</ref> on 18 February 1990,<ref name="Puerto Rico Election Issue"/> [[Julia de Burgos]] in the Literary Arts series, issued 2010,<ref>"Literary Arts" Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}, p. 308</ref> and [[José Ferrer]] in the Distinguished American series, issued 2012.<ref>"Distinguished Americans" Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}, p. 317</ref>

===Sports===
{{Main|Sports in Puerto Rico}}
[[Baseball]] was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico. The [[Puerto Rico Baseball League]] serves as the only active professional league, operating as a winter league. No [[Major League Baseball]] franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico, however, San Juan hosted the [[Montreal Expos]] for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington, D.C. and became the [[Washington Nationals]].

The [[Puerto Rico national baseball team]] has participated in the [[World Cup of Baseball]] winning one gold (1951), four silver and four bronze medals, the [[Caribbean Series]] (winning fourteen times) and the [[World Baseball Classic]]. On {{Nowrap|March 2006}}, San Juan's [[Hiram Bithorn Stadium]] hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed [[World Baseball Classic]]. Puerto Rican baseball players include [[Hall of Fame]]rs [[Roberto Clemente]], [[Orlando Cepeda]] and [[Roberto Alomar]], enshrined in 1973, 1999, and 2011 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://baseballhall.org/hof/clemente-roberto |title=Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente |publisher=Baseballhall.org |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://baseballhall.org/hof/cepeda-orlando |title=Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda |publisher=Baseballhall.org |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://baseballhall.org/hof/alomar-roberto |title=Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar |publisher=Baseballhall.org |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref>

[[Boxing]], [[basketball]], and [[volleyball]] are considered popular sports as well. [[Wilfredo Gómez]] and [[McWilliams Arroyo]] have won their respective divisions at the [[World Amateur Boxing Championships]]. Other medalists include [[José Pedraza (boxer)|José Pedraza]], who holds a silver medal, and three boxers who finished in third place, José Luis Vellón, [[Nelson Dieppa]] and [[McJoe Arroyo]]. In the professional circuit, Puerto Rico has the third-most [[List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions|boxing world champions]] and it is the global leader in champions per capita. These include [[Miguel Cotto]], [[Félix Trinidad]], [[Wilfred Benítez]] and Gómez among others.

The [[Puerto Rico national basketball team]] joined the [[International Basketball Federation]] in 1957. Since then, it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions, including gold in three [[FIBA Americas Championship]]s and the 1994 [[Goodwill Games]] 8 August 2004, became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the [[United States men's national basketball team|United States]] in an Olympic tournament since the integration of [[National Basketball Association]] players. Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92–73 as part of the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] organized in [[Athens]], Greece.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/basketball/3567344.stm |title=Olympics 2004 – Basketball – Shock defeat for USA |work=BBC News |date=15 August 2004 |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> [[Baloncesto Superior Nacional]] acts as the top-level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico, and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930.

[[File:Orangestarsultra.jpg|thumb|[[Puerto Rico Islanders]] fans at a soccer game|alt=|left]]

[[Puerto Rico national football team|Puerto Rico]] is also a member of [[FIFA]] and [[CONCACAF]]. In 2008, the archipelago's first unified league, the [[Puerto Rico Soccer League]], was established.

Other sports include [[professional wrestling]] and [[road running]]. The [[World Wrestling Council]] and [[International Wrestling Association (Puerto Rico)|International Wrestling Association]] are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island. The [[World's Best 10K]], held annually in San Juan, has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally. The "Puerto Rico All Stars" team, which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.primerahora.com/boricuasluciosenunarueda-boricuazo-especial-nota-243205.html |title=Boricuas lucíos en una rueda |author=Jesús Omar Rivera |newspaper=Primera Hora |language=es |date=29 October 2008 |access-date=16 October 2010}}</ref>

Organized [[Streetball]] has gathered some exposition, with teams like "Puerto Rico Street Ball" competing against established organizations including the [[Arecibo Captains|Capitanes de Arecibo]] and [[AND1]]'s [[AND1 Mixtape Tour|Mixtape Tour Team]]. Six years after the first visit, AND1 returned as part of their renamed Live Tour, losing to the Puerto Rico Streetballers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boricuasballers.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=2542:and1-and-pr-streetball-put-on-a-show |title=AND1 & PR Streetball Put on a Show! |author=Raul Sosa |publisher=BoricuaBallers.com |date=27 July 2012 |access-date=31 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022449/http://www.boricuasballers.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=2542%3Aand1-and-pr-streetball-put-on-a-show |archive-date=16 October 2015 }}</ref> Consequently, practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams, including [[Orlando Melendez|Orlando "El Gato" Meléndez]], who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the [[Harlem Globetrotters]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/hispanicheritage2008/news/story?id=3641638 |title=Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters' resume |author=Joshua Hammann |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=14 October 2008 |access-date=7 November 2008}}</ref> [[Orlando Antigua]], whose mother is Puerto Rican, in 1995 became the first Latino and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900E3DD1239F93BA15751C1A963958260 |title=A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters |location=Antigua & Barbuda |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 December 1995 |access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref>

Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the [[Summer Olympics|Summer]] and [[Winter Olympics]], the [[Pan American Games]], the [[Caribbean World Series]], and the [[Central American and Caribbean Games]]. Puerto Rico hosted the Pan Am Games in 1979 (officially in San Juan), and The [[Central American and Caribbean Games]] were hosted in [[1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|1993]] in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] and in [[2010 Central American and Caribbean Games|2010]] in [[Mayagüez]].

Puerto Rican athletes have won nine medals in Olympic competition (one gold, two silver, six bronze), the first one in 1948 by boxer [[Juan Evangelista Venegas]]. [[Monica Puig]] won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics#Medal events|Women's Tennis singles title in Rio 2016]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/who-is-monica-puig-the-puerto-rico-puerto-rican-tennis-player-at-rio-2016-olympic-games |title=Who is Mónica Puig the Puerto Rico player who won the gold medal in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games women's tennis final? |date=14 August 2016 |publisher=Rio2016.com |access-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826095633/https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/who-is-monica-puig-the-puerto-rico-puerto-rican-tennis-player-at-rio-2016-olympic-games |archive-date=26 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/sports/tennis/monica-puig-puerto-rico-olympics-gold-medalist.html |title=Monica Puig, Puerto Rico's Favorite Daughter (and Only Gold Medalist) |first=David |last=Waldstein |date=25 August 2016 |website=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

===Folklore===
In her poem ''The Messenger-Bird'', [[Felicia Hemans]] refers to a Puerto Rican legend concerning ''The Fountain of Youth'', supposedly to be found in the [[Lucayan Archipelago]]. She sourced this from [[William Robertson (historian)|Robertson]]'s History of America. Some books that talk about folklore/myths in Puerto Rico are ''Stories from Puerto Rico'' written by Robert L. Muckley and Adela Martínez-Santiago and ''Cuentos: An Anthology of Short Stories from Puerto Rico'' written by Kal Wagenheim.
{{wikisource|The Forest Sanctuary, and Other Poems/The Messenger Bird|'The Messenger-Bird', a poem by Felicia Hemans}}

==Infrastructure==
{{Main|Transportation in Puerto Rico|Communications in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority|Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority}}

=== Transportation ===
[[File:Puerto Rico Interstates.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|left|[[List of highways in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico interstate highways]]]]
Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads, [[freeway]]s, [[limited-access road|expressways]], and [[highway]]s maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and patrolled by the [[Puerto Rico Police Department]]. The island's [[metropolitan area]] is served by a [[Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses|public bus transit system]] and a [[rapid transit|metro system]] called ''[[Tren Urbano]]'' (in English: Urban Train). Other forms of public transportation include seaborne ferries (that serve Puerto Rico's archipelago) as well as ''Carros Públicos'' ([[Share taxi|private mini buses]]).

Puerto Rico has three [[international airport]]s, the [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]] in [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]], [[Mercedita Airport]] in Ponce, and the [[Rafael Hernández Airport]] in Aguadilla, and 27 local airports. The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean.<ref name=PRPA2008-07-28>{{cite web |url=http://www.prpa.gobierno.pr/APMain.aspx |title=Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales (Spanish) |publisher=Puerto Rico Ports Authority |access-date=6 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007181239/http://www.prpa.gobierno.pr/apmain.aspx |archive-date=7 October 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Tren Urbano in Bayamón (Puerto Rico).jpg|thumb|The [[Tren Urbano]] system at Bayamón Station]]

Puerto Rico has nine [[port]]s in different cities across the main island. The [[San Juan Port]] is the largest in Puerto Rico, and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement, respectively.<ref name=PRPA2008-07-28 /> The second largest port is the [[Port of the Americas]] in Ponce, currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to {{Nowrap|1.5 million}} twenty-foot containers ([[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]]) per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portoftheamericas.com/about.project/overview.htm |title=About the Project – Overview |publisher=Port of the Americas Authority |access-date=28 July 2008}}</ref>

=== Utilities ===

==== Electricity ====
The '''[[Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority]]''' ('''PREPA''')—Spanish: ''Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica'' ('''AEE''')—is an [[electric power company]] and the [[List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico|government-owned corporation of Puerto Rico]] responsible for [[electricity generation]], [[electric power transmission|power transmission]], and [[electric power distribution|power distribution]] in Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presupuesto.gobierno.pr/PresupuestosAnteriores/af2008_2009/Tomo_II/suppdocs/baselegal/169/169.pdf |title=Ley de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico |website=Presupuesto.gobierno.pr |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924081627/http://www.presupuesto.gobierno.pr/PresupuestosAnteriores/af2008_2009/Tomo_II/suppdocs/baselegal/169/169.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> PREPA was, by law, the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico, effectively making it a [[government monopoly]] until 2018. The Authority is ruled by a governing board appointed by the governor with the [[advice and consent]] of the [[Senate of Puerto Rico]], and is run by an executive director.

On July 20, 2018, Puerto Rico Law 120-2018 (''Ley para Transformar el Sistema Eléctrico de Puerto Rico'') was signed. This law authorized PREPA to sell infrastructure and services to other providers. As a result, a contract was signed on June 22, 2020, making [[LUMA Energy]] the new operator of the energy distribution and transmission infrastructure, as well as other areas of PREPA's operations, in effect partially privatizing the Puerto Rican power grid. The takeover was set for June 1, 2021, amidst protests and uncertainty from the point of view of the general public and the former-PREPA workers and [[Trade union|union members]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pagán|first=José Karlo|date=2021-05-18|title=Empleados de la AEE se manifiestan contra LUMA en el Tribunal federal y en la sede de la Junta|trans-title=AEE Employees Protest Against LUMA at the Federal Courthouse and Fiscal Oversight Management Board Headquarters|url=https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/notas/empleados-de-la-aee-se-manifiestan-contra-luma-en-el-tribunal-federal-y-en-la-sede-de-la-junta/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610184853/https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/puerto-rico/notas/empleados-de-la-aee-se-manifiestan-contra-luma-en-el-tribunal-federal-y-en-la-sede-de-la-junta/|archive-date=2021-06-10|access-date=2021-06-10|website=[[Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)|Primera Hora]]|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rivera Clemente|first=Yaritza|date=2021-06-04|title=Se organizan más protestas para exigir la salida de LUMA|trans-title=More Protests Are Organized to Demand LUMA's Departure|url=https://www.elvocero.com/gobierno/se-organizan-m-s-protestas-para-exigir-la-salida-de-luma/article_c3fa4e7c-c4f1-11eb-84b5-838499c5c700.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610185832/https://www.elvocero.com/gobierno/se-organizan-m-s-protestas-para-exigir-la-salida-de-luma/article_c3fa4e7c-c4f1-11eb-84b5-838499c5c700.html|archive-date=2021-06-10|access-date=2021-06-10|website=[[El Vocero]]|language=es}}</ref>

==== Water and Sewage ====
Similarly, the '''[[Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority]] (PRASA)''' —Spanish: ''Autoridad de Acueductos y Alcantarillados'' ('''AAA''')—is a water company and the govenrment-owned corporation responsible for [[water quality]], [[Water resource management|management]], and [[Water supply|supply]] in Puerto Rico.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inicio - Acueductospr|url=https://acueductospr.com/web/guest|access-date=2021-05-17|website=acueductospr.com}}</ref> It is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico, effectively making it a government monopoly. Its existence is designated by Law No. 40 of the 1st of May 1945, including the corresponding ammendments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Asamblea Legislativa de Puerto Rico|author-link=Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly|date=2020-10-02|title=Ley de Acueductos y Alcantarillados de Puerto Rico|url=https://bvirtualogp.pr.gov/ogp/Bvirtual/leyesreferencia/PDF/Agua/40-1945.pdf|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Biblioteca Virtual del Gobierno de Puerto Rico}}</ref>

=== Telecommunications ===
Telecommunications in Puerto Rico includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the [[Federal Communications Commission|U.S. Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17140680 "Puerto Rico profile"], ''BBC News'', 23 May 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014.</ref> {{As of|2007}}, there were 30 TV stations, 125 radio stations and roughly 1 million TV sets on the island. Cable TV subscription services are available and the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service also broadcast on the island.<ref name="CIAWFB-PuertoRico-2013">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ "Communications: Puerto Rico"], ''World Factbook'', U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 9 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014.</ref> Puerto Rico also has its own [[Amateur radio|amateur radio prefixes]], which differ from those of the contiguous United States in that there are two letter before the number. The most well-known prefix is KP4, but others separated for use on the [[archipelago]] (including Desecheo and Mona) are: KP3/KP4/NP3/NP4/WP3/WP4 (Puerto Rico, [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]] and [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]]) and KP5/NP5/WP5 ([[Desecheo Island]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-28|title=Amateur Call Sign Systems|url=https://www.fcc.gov/wireless/bureau-divisions/mobility-division/amateur-radio-service/amateur-call-sign-systems|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Federal Communications Commission|language=en}}</ref> Amateur radio operators (also known as ham radio operators) are a well-known group in the island and can obtain special vehicle license plates with their callsign on them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ley de Vehículos y Tránsito de Puerto Rico del 2000|url=https://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/lextransito/lextransitocap02.htm|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.lexjuris.com}}</ref> They have been a key element in disaster relief.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Murphy|first=Paul P.|last2=Krupa|first2=Michelle|date=2017-09-27|title=Ham radio operators are saving Puerto Rico one transmission at a time|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/27/us/puerto-rico-maria-ham-radio-operators-trnd/index.html|access-date=2021-05-17|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Puerto Rico|United States|Caribbean|Islands}}
* [[Index of Puerto Rico-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Puerto Rico]]{{clear}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Isar P. Godreau, ''Scripts of Blackness: Race, Cultural nationalism, and U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico.'' Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Puerto Rico|n=Category:Puerto Rico|s=Category:Puerto Rico|d=Q1183|b=no|v=no}}


* {{official website|http://www2.pr.gov/}} {{in lang|es}}
** {{official website|http://www.businessinpuertorico.com/|Investment}}
** {{official website|http://www.seepuertorico.com/|Tourism}}
** [http://www.ddec.pr.gov/ Department Of Economic Development and Commerce]
* {{gnis|1848460}}
* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/3593469.stm |title=Puerto Rico |publisher=BBC |work=Country profiles}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482879/Puerto-Rico |title=Puerto Rico |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.tendenciaspr.com/ |title=Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios |trans-title= Data and Statistics about Puerto Rico and Its Municipalities |language=es |website=Tendencias PR}}
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/ Puerto Rico]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* {{curlie|Regional/Caribbean/Puerto_Rico}}

===Geography===
* {{wikiatlas|Puerto Rico}}
* {{osmrelation|4422604}}

===United States government===
* {{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas |date=November 1997}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/puertorico/index.html |title=Puerto Rico State Guide |publisher=[[Library of Congress|LOC]]}}

===United Nations (U.N.) Declaration on Puerto Rico===
* {{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/gacol3160.doc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date= 26 December 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071226070939/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/gacol3160.doc.htm |title=Special Committee on Decolonization Calls Upon United States to Expedite Puerto Rico's Self-Determination Process |publisher=U.N. General Assembly |work=Special Committee on Decolonization |series=Press release |date=14 June 2007}}

{{Puerto Rican topics}}
{{Puerto Rico subdivisions}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{United States political divisions}}
{{Territories of the United States}}

{{Authority control}}
{{coord|18.2223|-66.4303|dim:300000_region:US-PR_type:adm1st|name=Commonwealth of Puerto Rico|display=title}}

[[Category:Puerto Rico| ]]
[[Category:Caribbean islands of the United States]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Dependent territories in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Greater Antilles]]
[[Category:Former colonies in North America]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:Insular areas of the United States]]
[[Category:Islands of Puerto Rico|*]]
[[Category:New Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish Caribbean]]
[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Spanish West Indies]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1898]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1493 establishments in the Spanish West Indies]]
[[Category:1898 disestablishments in the Spanish West Indies]]
[[Category:Small Island Developing States]]
[[Category:Associated states of the United States]]

Pachuco

2021-07-24T00:03:17Z

Comm.unity: deleted out-of-place and uncited first sentence

{{About|the Mexican American subculture|the Mexican city|Pachuca}}
{{More footnotes|date=June 2011}}
[[File:PachucoStyle.jpg|alt=|thumb|323x323px|Pachuco culture is associated with the [[zoot suit]] and the idea of making flamboyant appearances in public.]]{{Chicano and Mexican American topics sidebar|state=collapsed}}'''Pachucos''' are male members of a [[counterculture]] associated with [[zoot suit]] fashion, [[jazz]] and [[swing music]], and a distinct [[dialect]] known as ''[[Caló (Chicano)|caló]]'', that emerged in [[Los Angeles]] in the late 1930s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Chàvez Candelaria|first=Cordelia|title=Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture: Volume 2|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2004|isbn=9780313332111|pages=610–11|chapter=Pachucos}}</ref> The pachuco counterculture flourished among [[Chicano]] boys and men in the 1940s as a symbol of rebellion, especially in [[Los Angeles]]. Some pachucos adopted strong attitudes of social defiance, engaging in ''la vida loca'', a lifestyle that included activities such as [[marijuana]] smoking, [[gang]] activity, and a turbulent [[Nightlife|night life]].<ref name=":0" /> Although concentrated among a relatively small group of [[Mexican Americans]], the pachuco counterculture became iconic among Chicanos<ref name=":38">{{Cite book|last=López|first=Ian Haney|title=Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780674038264|pages=1–3}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite book|last=Macías|first=Anthony|title=Mexican American Mojo: Popular Music, Dance, and Urban Culture in Los Angeles, 1935–1968|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780822389385|pages=9}}</ref> and a predecessor for the [[Cholo (subculture)|cholo subculture]] which emerged among Chicano youth in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramirez|first=Catherine S.|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society: Volume 1|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2008|pages=1005–006}}</ref>

Pachucos emerged in Los Angeles, [[California]], among a group of Chicano youth who were influenced by [[African Americans|African American]] culture and urban '[[Hep Cat|hep cats]],'<ref>{{Cite book|last=Avant-Mier|first=Roberto|title=Rock the Nation: Latin/o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2010|isbn=9781441167972|pages=56–58}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hernández|first=Guillermo|title=Chicano Satire: A Study in Literary Culture|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2014|isbn=9780292746114|pages=21}}</ref> although it may have roots in [[Pachuca, Hidalgo]], [[Mexico]], where loose-fitting clothing was popular among men.<ref name="Diego Vigil 2010">{{Cite book|last=Diego Vigil|first=James|title=Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2010|isbn=9780292786776|pages=40}}</ref> It later spread throughout the Southwest into Los Angeles, where it developed further. In the border areas of [[California]] and [[Texas]], a distinct youth culture known as ''pachuquismo'' developed in the 1940s and has been credited as an influence to ''[[Chicanismo]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bojórquez|first=Charles "Chaz"|title=Chicano and Chicana Art: A Critical Anthology|publisher=Duke University Press Books|year=2019|isbn=9781478003007|chapter=Graffiti is Art: Any Drawn Line That Speaks About Identity, Dignity, and Unity... That Line Is Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Francisco Jackson|first=Carlos|title=Chicana and Chicano Art: ProtestArte|publisher=University of Arizona Press|year=2009|isbn=9780816526475|pages=135}}</ref> Pachuco zoot suiters were influenced by [[Black people|Black]] zoot suiters in the [[jazz]] and [[swing music]] scene on the [[East Coast of the United States|east coast]]. In LA, Chicano zoot suiters developed their own cultural identity, "with their hair done in big [[Pompadour (hairstyle)|pompadours]], and 'draped' in tailor-made suits ... They spoke [[Caló (Chicano)|cálo]], their own language, a cool jive of half-English, half-Spanish rhythms ... Out of the zoot-suiter experience came [[lowrider]] cars and culture, clothes, music, tag names, and, again, its own graffiti language."<ref name=":1" />

==Etymology==
The word "pachuco" is uncertain, but one theory connects it to the city of El Paso, Texas, which was sometimes referred to as "Chuco Town" or "El Chuco." People migrating to El Paso from Ciudad Juarez would say, in Spanish, that they were going "''pa' El Chuco.''" Some say "pa El Chuco" comes from the words ''Shoe Co.'', a shoe company that was located in El Paso in the 1940s during the war. The majority of Mexican migrants would cross the border in order to work for this famous shoe company in El Paso. Throughout the years the term "pa El Chuco" was used when Mexican immigrants were heading to El Paso looking for a job. In order to cross the American border with success the migrants would have to dress nice and look nice other wise they would get rejected at the border. These migrants became known as pachucos.<ref>Zoot Suit Discovery Guide. [http://research.pomona.edu/zootsuit/en/zoot-suit-la/ L.A. in the Zoot Suit Era.] Retrieved 2 June 2013.</ref>

"Pachuco" could also have derived from the name of the city of [[Pachuca]], [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]], Mexico,<ref name="Diego Vigil 2010"></ref> as the majority of Mexican migration to the United States came from the [[Mexican Plateau|Central Plateau]] region, of which Hidalgo is a part.<ref name="Cardoso 1980">{{cite book |last1=Cardoso |first1=Lawrence A. |title=Mexican Emigration to the United States, 1897-1931: Socio-Economic Patterns |date=2019 |orig-date=first published 1980 |edition=open-access e-book |publisher=University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson |doi=10.2307/j.ctvss3xzr |isbn=978-0-8165-4029-7 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvss3xzr.5?refreqid=excelsior%3Ae6ec96be3712f20e67a87e72285b5b98&seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents |page=2 |access-date=23 July 2021 |quote=The central plateau area includes the country's most populous states, with population density ranging from twenty to sixty people per kilometer. Mexico, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, Hidalgo, Jalisco, and Aguascalientes are some of the states in this region. . . . These areas provided two-thirds of the emigrants to the United States.}}</ref>

Another theory says that the “word” derives from ''[[pocho]]'', a derogatory term for a Mexican born in the United States who has lost touch with the [[Culture of Mexico|Mexican culture]]. The word is also said to mean "punk" or "troublemaker." Yet another theory is put forth by author Laura L. Cummings who postulates a possible [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] origin of the term.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

Connections have also been found between "Pachucos" and mixed civilians who lived near the Mexican–American border during the turn of the century, and between "Pachucos" and the poor soldiers who fought in the [[Mexican Revolution]] in the armies of [[Pancho Villa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pqp01|title=PACHUCOS|last=ARNOLDO|first=DE LEON|date=2010-06-15|website=tshaonline.org|language=en}}</ref>

Pachucos called their slang [[Caló (Chicano)|Caló]] (sometimes called "pachuquismo"), a unique [[argot]] that drew on the original Spanish Gypsy Caló, [[Mexican Spanish]], the [[New Mexican Spanish|New Mexican dialect of Spanish]], and [[American English]], employing words and phrases creatively applied. To a large extent, Caló went mainstream and is one of the last surviving vestige of the Pachuco, often used in the lexicon of some urban [[Latin Americans]] in the United States to this day. The influence of Valdés is responsible for the assimilation of several Caló terms into Mexican slang.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

== Style ==
Pachuco style was a dominating trend among Mexican-American youth in the 1930s-40s. Pachucos became known for their distinguished look, dialogue, and actions. Pachucos dressed in recognizable [[Zoot suit]]s, and often styled their hair into ducktails. Things like decorative chains and tattoos were also sometimes part of the pachuco look. The unique speech of pachucos was a very important element of their defined style. Consisting of creative phrases and some English words, [[Caló (Chicano)|Caló]] was a very popular form of speech among pachucos. Pachucos were seen as gangsters in the eyes of conservative Americans with ethnic prejudices.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

==Culture==
[[File:TinTanStatueDF.JPG|thumb|Statue of the Mexican actor [[Germán Valdés]] better known as Tin Tan]]The Mexican [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[Octavio Paz]] writes in the essay, "The ''Pachuco'' and Other Extremes" that the Pachuco phenomenon paralleled the [[zazou]] subculture in [[World War II]]-era Paris in style of clothing, music favored ([[jazz]], [[Swing (genre)|swing]], and [[jump blues]]), and attitudes. Although there was no known link between the two subcultures, they both are most certainly derivative localized blends of [[American pop culture]] in the United States.

While he was not the first Mexican comedian to perform as a Mexican American zoot suiter, Mexican comedian and film actor [[German Valdés]] better-known by his artistic name "Tin-Tan" is Mexico's most famous and celebrated pachuco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/mexicos-most-celebrated-pachuco-tin-tan|title=Mexico's Most Celebrated Pachuco: Tin Tan|last=Guzmán|first=Romeo|work=KCET|date=23 February 2017|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref>

Pachuco culture in America was at its height during [[World War II]]. The Wartime Productions Board in 1942 thought it necessary to cut back on fabric consumption, so they enacted regulations on the amount of fabric used for suits. This enactment targeted Pachucos in particular because of the excess fabric used in their zoot suits. Pachucos boldly chose not to follow these regulations, demonstrating rebellious attitudes and pride in their culture. Pachucos continued to flaunt zoot suits, now attained through bootleg tailors. As a result, these flashy zoot suits were seen as unpatriotic by other Americans. This controversial series of events helped shape Pachuco culture, and zoot suits became a symbol of cultural pride among Mexican-Americans. It didn't all end well, however, as this also led to rising tension between Pachucos and other Americans, playing a part in the start of the 1944 [[Zoot Suit Riots]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://research.pomona.edu/zootsuit/en/zoot-suit-la/|title=L.A. in the Zoot Suit Era: Zoot Suit Discovery Guide|website=research.pomona.edu|language=en-US}}</ref>

The pachuco subculture declined in the 1960s, evolving into the [[Chicano]] style. This style preserved some of the pachuco slang while adding a strong political element characteristic of the late 1960s American life.

In the early 1970s, a recession and the increasingly violent nature of gang life resulted in an abandonment of anything that suggested [[dandyism]]. Accordingly, Mexican-American gangs adopted a uniform of [[T-shirt]]s and [[khaki]]s derived from prison uniforms, and the pachuco style died out. However, the zoot suit remains a popular choice of formal wear for urban and rural Latino youths in heavily ethnic Mexican neighborhoods. It is typically worn at a prom, in [[wedding]]s, parties or in some cases, at informal Latino university commencement ceremonies.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

==La Pachuca==
{{main|Pachucas}}
The "Pachuca," the female counterpart of the Pachuco, had an aesthetic sensibility as strong as the male zoot suiter. The Pachuca's hairstyle tended to be a high "coif" or [[bouffant]], with the hair put up in some way (a more pronounced version of the typical hair style of the time) by [[Backcombing|ratting]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Escobedo|first=Elizabeth R.|date=2007|title=The Pachuca Panic: Sexual and Cultural Battlegrounds in World War II Los Angeles|journal=Western Historical Quarterly|volume=38|issue=2|pages=133–156|doi=10.2307/25443504|jstor=25443504|issn=0043-3810}}</ref> their hair or affixing hair rats. Their makeup was heavy, particularly using a red colored lipstick. The preferred colors of clothing were black and gray. Some pachucas wore the traditionally male zoot suit, albeit with modifications to fit the female form. Sometimes, she donned the standard heavy gold pocket chain. Another variation involved a [[sweater]] or [[Coat (clothing)|coat]] - often a variant on the male zoot-suit finger-tip jacket - over knee-length [[skirts]], plus [[fishnet stockings]] or [[bobby socks]] and [[platform shoes]].<ref>Ramírez, Catherine S., ''The Woman in the Zoot Suit: Gender, Nationalism, and the Cultural Politics of Memory.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. p. xii [http://www.dukeupress.edu/Catalog/ViewProduct.php?productid=10934] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804191449/http://www.dukeupress.edu/Catalog/ViewProduct.php?productid=10934 |date=2012-08-04 }}</ref> Extravagant dresses were and are also common among pachucas. Like the entire culture, the fashion aesthetic revolved around the concept of "see and be seen."{{fact|date=July 2021}}

== Costa Rica ==
The term "{{wiktspa|pachuco}}" is used in [[Costa Rica]] to define Costa Rican slang. It nevertheless differs from the Mexican slang.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

In Costa Rica the term "pachuco" refers to someone who has common habits and who is often very rude.<ref>{{cite web|last=Green Energy Network|title=Pachuco|url=http://www.ruralcostarica.com/costa-rican-spanish-word.asp?word=Pachuco|work=Costa Rican Spanish Dictionary|access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> In Costa Rica the word pachuco refers to a person who has manners that are socially unacceptable and often uses shocking language when speaking. Pachuco is also a pejorative name given to certain [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] words and expressions. Some consider pachuco and its pachuquismos to be Costa Rica's second language.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hispanic and Latino Americans}}
* [[Zoot Suit Riots]] – a confrontation between pachucos and U.S. servicemen in Los Angeles during World War II in which unarmed pachucos were brutally beaten and jailed
* The opening scenes of the film ''[[American Me]]'' depict confrontations between pachucos and white American soldiers during the Zoot Suit Riots.
* The [[Sleepy Lagoon murder]] was a confrontation between two Los Angeles pachuco gangs that resulted in a crackdown on the culture.
* [[Cholo]] and [[wikt:vato|Vato]] are terms for modern-day Chicano street gangsters, though the association with the zoot suit is no longer present.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Barker, George Carpenter. ''Pachuco: an American-Spanish argot and its social functions in Tucson, Arizona''. University of Arizona Press, 1950.
*{{cite journal |first1=Laura L. |last1=Cummings |year=2003 |title=Cloth-Wrapped People, Trouble, and Power: Pachuco Culture in the Greater Southwest |journal=Journal of the Southwest |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=329–348 |jstor=40170329}}
*Cummings, Laura L. ''Pachucas and Pachucos in Tucson: Situated Border Lives.'' University of Arizona Press, 2009.
*Fuentes, Dagoberto and José A. López. ''Barrio Language Dictionary''. [[La Puente, California|La Puente]]: El Barrio Publications, 1974.
*Madrid Barela, A. In Search of the Authentic Pachuco. An Interpretive Essay, Part I. Aztlan, Spring, 4(1), 31 60. 1973.
*[[Octavio Paz|Paz, Octavio]], translated by Lysander Kemp. "The ''Pachuco'' and Other Extremes" in ''The Labyrinth of Solitude''. Grove Press, Inc., 1961; originally published in Spanish by Cuadernos Americanos, Mexico, 1950.
*Ramirez, Catherine Sue ''Crimes of Fashion: The Pachuca and Chicana Style Politics''. Meridians Vol. 2, No. 2 (2002): 1–35.
*Ramirez, Catherine S. ''The Woman in the Zoot Suit''. London: Duke University Press, 2009. Print.
*[[raúlrsalinas]], Un Trip Through the Mind Jail y Otras Excursiones. San Francisco: Pocho Ché, 1980.[http://www.raulrsalinas.com]
*Sánchez-Tranquilino, M. "The Pachuco's Flayed Hide: Mobility, Identity, and Buenas Garras" In J. Tagg – Cultural Studies, New York: Routledge, 1992
* Serrano, Rodolfo G. "Dictionary Of Pachuco Terms". California State University, 1979.
* Manuel Cantú – Pachuco Dictionary, {{ISBN|978-0-615-15944-7}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161022150440/http://pachucodictionary.com/ Pachuco Dictionary Home Page]

{{Mexican-American}}
{{Spanish variants by continent}}
{{Stock characters}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mexican culture]]
[[Category:Chicano]]
[[Category:History of subcultures]]
[[Category:Youth culture in the United States]]
[[Category:Mexican youth culture]]
[[Category:Subcultures]]
[[Category:Spanish language in the United States]]

Pachuco

2021-07-24T00:00:54Z

Comm.unity: Added citation, fixed fact

{{About|the Mexican American subculture|the Mexican city|Pachuca}} The word 'pachuco' originated as the local Mexican Spanish slang term for a resident of the city of Los Angeles, probably early in the 20th century. ... The word is also said to mean 'punk' or 'troublemaker'
{{More footnotes|date=June 2011}}
[[File:PachucoStyle.jpg|alt=|thumb|323x323px|Pachuco culture is associated with the [[zoot suit]] and the idea of making flamboyant appearances in public.]]{{Chicano and Mexican American topics sidebar|state=collapsed}}'''Pachucos''' are male members of a [[counterculture]] associated with [[zoot suit]] fashion, [[jazz]] and [[swing music]], and a distinct [[dialect]] known as ''[[Caló (Chicano)|caló]]'', that emerged in [[Los Angeles]] in the late 1930s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Chàvez Candelaria|first=Cordelia|title=Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture: Volume 2|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2004|isbn=9780313332111|pages=610–11|chapter=Pachucos}}</ref> The pachuco counterculture flourished among [[Chicano]] boys and men in the 1940s as a symbol of rebellion, especially in [[Los Angeles]]. Some pachucos adopted strong attitudes of social defiance, engaging in ''la vida loca'', a lifestyle that included activities such as [[marijuana]] smoking, [[gang]] activity, and a turbulent [[Nightlife|night life]].<ref name=":0" /> Although concentrated among a relatively small group of [[Mexican Americans]], the pachuco counterculture became iconic among Chicanos<ref name=":38">{{Cite book|last=López|first=Ian Haney|title=Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780674038264|pages=1–3}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite book|last=Macías|first=Anthony|title=Mexican American Mojo: Popular Music, Dance, and Urban Culture in Los Angeles, 1935–1968|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780822389385|pages=9}}</ref> and a predecessor for the [[Cholo (subculture)|cholo subculture]] which emerged among Chicano youth in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramirez|first=Catherine S.|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society: Volume 1|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2008|pages=1005–006}}</ref>

Pachucos emerged in Los Angeles, [[California]], among a group of Chicano youth who were influenced by [[African Americans|African American]] culture and urban '[[Hep Cat|hep cats]],'<ref>{{Cite book|last=Avant-Mier|first=Roberto|title=Rock the Nation: Latin/o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2010|isbn=9781441167972|pages=56–58}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hernández|first=Guillermo|title=Chicano Satire: A Study in Literary Culture|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2014|isbn=9780292746114|pages=21}}</ref> although it may have roots in [[Pachuca, Hidalgo]], [[Mexico]], where loose-fitting clothing was popular among men.<ref name="Diego Vigil 2010">{{Cite book|last=Diego Vigil|first=James|title=Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2010|isbn=9780292786776|pages=40}}</ref> It later spread throughout the Southwest into Los Angeles, where it developed further. In the border areas of [[California]] and [[Texas]], a distinct youth culture known as ''pachuquismo'' developed in the 1940s and has been credited as an influence to ''[[Chicanismo]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bojórquez|first=Charles "Chaz"|title=Chicano and Chicana Art: A Critical Anthology|publisher=Duke University Press Books|year=2019|isbn=9781478003007|chapter=Graffiti is Art: Any Drawn Line That Speaks About Identity, Dignity, and Unity... That Line Is Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Francisco Jackson|first=Carlos|title=Chicana and Chicano Art: ProtestArte|publisher=University of Arizona Press|year=2009|isbn=9780816526475|pages=135}}</ref> Pachuco zoot suiters were influenced by [[Black people|Black]] zoot suiters in the [[jazz]] and [[swing music]] scene on the [[East Coast of the United States|east coast]]. In LA, Chicano zoot suiters developed their own cultural identity, "with their hair done in big [[Pompadour (hairstyle)|pompadours]], and 'draped' in tailor-made suits ... They spoke [[Caló (Chicano)|cálo]], their own language, a cool jive of half-English, half-Spanish rhythms ... Out of the zoot-suiter experience came [[lowrider]] cars and culture, clothes, music, tag names, and, again, its own graffiti language."<ref name=":1" />

==Etymology==
The word "pachuco" is uncertain, but one theory connects it to the city of El Paso, Texas, which was sometimes referred to as "Chuco Town" or "El Chuco." People migrating to El Paso from Ciudad Juarez would say, in Spanish, that they were going "''pa' El Chuco.''" Some say "pa El Chuco" comes from the words ''Shoe Co.'', a shoe company that was located in El Paso in the 1940s during the war. The majority of Mexican migrants would cross the border in order to work for this famous shoe company in El Paso. Throughout the years the term "pa El Chuco" was used when Mexican immigrants were heading to El Paso looking for a job. In order to cross the American border with success the migrants would have to dress nice and look nice other wise they would get rejected at the border. These migrants became known as pachucos.<ref>Zoot Suit Discovery Guide. [http://research.pomona.edu/zootsuit/en/zoot-suit-la/ L.A. in the Zoot Suit Era.] Retrieved 2 June 2013.</ref>

"Pachuco" could also have derived from the name of the city of [[Pachuca]], [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]], Mexico,<ref name="Diego Vigil 2010"></ref> as the majority of Mexican migration to the United States came from the [[Mexican Plateau|Central Plateau]] region, of which Hidalgo is a part.<ref name="Cardoso 1980">{{cite book |last1=Cardoso |first1=Lawrence A. |title=Mexican Emigration to the United States, 1897-1931: Socio-Economic Patterns |date=2019 |orig-date=first published 1980 |edition=open-access e-book |publisher=University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson |doi=10.2307/j.ctvss3xzr |isbn=978-0-8165-4029-7 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvss3xzr.5?refreqid=excelsior%3Ae6ec96be3712f20e67a87e72285b5b98&seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents |page=2 |access-date=23 July 2021 |quote=The central plateau area includes the country's most populous states, with population density ranging from twenty to sixty people per kilometer. Mexico, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, Hidalgo, Jalisco, and Aguascalientes are some of the states in this region. . . . These areas provided two-thirds of the emigrants to the United States.}}</ref>

Another theory says that the “word” derives from ''[[pocho]]'', a derogatory term for a Mexican born in the United States who has lost touch with the [[Culture of Mexico|Mexican culture]]. The word is also said to mean "punk" or "troublemaker." Yet another theory is put forth by author Laura L. Cummings who postulates a possible [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] origin of the term.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

Connections have also been found between "Pachucos" and mixed civilians who lived near the Mexican–American border during the turn of the century, and between "Pachucos" and the poor soldiers who fought in the [[Mexican Revolution]] in the armies of [[Pancho Villa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pqp01|title=PACHUCOS|last=ARNOLDO|first=DE LEON|date=2010-06-15|website=tshaonline.org|language=en}}</ref>

Pachucos called their slang [[Caló (Chicano)|Caló]] (sometimes called "pachuquismo"), a unique [[argot]] that drew on the original Spanish Gypsy Caló, [[Mexican Spanish]], the [[New Mexican Spanish|New Mexican dialect of Spanish]], and [[American English]], employing words and phrases creatively applied. To a large extent, Caló went mainstream and is one of the last surviving vestige of the Pachuco, often used in the lexicon of some urban [[Latin Americans]] in the United States to this day. The influence of Valdés is responsible for the assimilation of several Caló terms into Mexican slang.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

== Style ==
Pachuco style was a dominating trend among Mexican-American youth in the 1930s-40s. Pachucos became known for their distinguished look, dialogue, and actions. Pachucos dressed in recognizable [[Zoot suit]]s, and often styled their hair into ducktails. Things like decorative chains and tattoos were also sometimes part of the pachuco look. The unique speech of pachucos was a very important element of their defined style. Consisting of creative phrases and some English words, [[Caló (Chicano)|Caló]] was a very popular form of speech among pachucos. Pachucos were seen as gangsters in the eyes of conservative Americans with ethnic prejudices.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

==Culture==
[[File:TinTanStatueDF.JPG|thumb|Statue of the Mexican actor [[Germán Valdés]] better known as Tin Tan]]The Mexican [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[Octavio Paz]] writes in the essay, "The ''Pachuco'' and Other Extremes" that the Pachuco phenomenon paralleled the [[zazou]] subculture in [[World War II]]-era Paris in style of clothing, music favored ([[jazz]], [[Swing (genre)|swing]], and [[jump blues]]), and attitudes. Although there was no known link between the two subcultures, they both are most certainly derivative localized blends of [[American pop culture]] in the United States.

While he was not the first Mexican comedian to perform as a Mexican American zoot suiter, Mexican comedian and film actor [[German Valdés]] better-known by his artistic name "Tin-Tan" is Mexico's most famous and celebrated pachuco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/mexicos-most-celebrated-pachuco-tin-tan|title=Mexico's Most Celebrated Pachuco: Tin Tan|last=Guzmán|first=Romeo|work=KCET|date=23 February 2017|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref>

Pachuco culture in America was at its height during [[World War II]]. The Wartime Productions Board in 1942 thought it necessary to cut back on fabric consumption, so they enacted regulations on the amount of fabric used for suits. This enactment targeted Pachucos in particular because of the excess fabric used in their zoot suits. Pachucos boldly chose not to follow these regulations, demonstrating rebellious attitudes and pride in their culture. Pachucos continued to flaunt zoot suits, now attained through bootleg tailors. As a result, these flashy zoot suits were seen as unpatriotic by other Americans. This controversial series of events helped shape Pachuco culture, and zoot suits became a symbol of cultural pride among Mexican-Americans. It didn't all end well, however, as this also led to rising tension between Pachucos and other Americans, playing a part in the start of the 1944 [[Zoot Suit Riots]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://research.pomona.edu/zootsuit/en/zoot-suit-la/|title=L.A. in the Zoot Suit Era: Zoot Suit Discovery Guide|website=research.pomona.edu|language=en-US}}</ref>

The pachuco subculture declined in the 1960s, evolving into the [[Chicano]] style. This style preserved some of the pachuco slang while adding a strong political element characteristic of the late 1960s American life.

In the early 1970s, a recession and the increasingly violent nature of gang life resulted in an abandonment of anything that suggested [[dandyism]]. Accordingly, Mexican-American gangs adopted a uniform of [[T-shirt]]s and [[khaki]]s derived from prison uniforms, and the pachuco style died out. However, the zoot suit remains a popular choice of formal wear for urban and rural Latino youths in heavily ethnic Mexican neighborhoods. It is typically worn at a prom, in [[wedding]]s, parties or in some cases, at informal Latino university commencement ceremonies.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

==La Pachuca==
{{main|Pachucas}}
The "Pachuca," the female counterpart of the Pachuco, had an aesthetic sensibility as strong as the male zoot suiter. The Pachuca's hairstyle tended to be a high "coif" or [[bouffant]], with the hair put up in some way (a more pronounced version of the typical hair style of the time) by [[Backcombing|ratting]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Escobedo|first=Elizabeth R.|date=2007|title=The Pachuca Panic: Sexual and Cultural Battlegrounds in World War II Los Angeles|journal=Western Historical Quarterly|volume=38|issue=2|pages=133–156|doi=10.2307/25443504|jstor=25443504|issn=0043-3810}}</ref> their hair or affixing hair rats. Their makeup was heavy, particularly using a red colored lipstick. The preferred colors of clothing were black and gray. Some pachucas wore the traditionally male zoot suit, albeit with modifications to fit the female form. Sometimes, she donned the standard heavy gold pocket chain. Another variation involved a [[sweater]] or [[Coat (clothing)|coat]] - often a variant on the male zoot-suit finger-tip jacket - over knee-length [[skirts]], plus [[fishnet stockings]] or [[bobby socks]] and [[platform shoes]].<ref>Ramírez, Catherine S., ''The Woman in the Zoot Suit: Gender, Nationalism, and the Cultural Politics of Memory.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. p. xii [http://www.dukeupress.edu/Catalog/ViewProduct.php?productid=10934] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804191449/http://www.dukeupress.edu/Catalog/ViewProduct.php?productid=10934 |date=2012-08-04 }}</ref> Extravagant dresses were and are also common among pachucas. Like the entire culture, the fashion aesthetic revolved around the concept of "see and be seen."{{fact|date=July 2021}}

== Costa Rica ==
The term "{{wiktspa|pachuco}}" is used in [[Costa Rica]] to define Costa Rican slang. It nevertheless differs from the Mexican slang.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

In Costa Rica the term "pachuco" refers to someone who has common habits and who is often very rude.<ref>{{cite web|last=Green Energy Network|title=Pachuco|url=http://www.ruralcostarica.com/costa-rican-spanish-word.asp?word=Pachuco|work=Costa Rican Spanish Dictionary|access-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> In Costa Rica the word pachuco refers to a person who has manners that are socially unacceptable and often uses shocking language when speaking. Pachuco is also a pejorative name given to certain [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] words and expressions. Some consider pachuco and its pachuquismos to be Costa Rica's second language.{{fact|date=July 2021}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hispanic and Latino Americans}}
* [[Zoot Suit Riots]] – a confrontation between pachucos and U.S. servicemen in Los Angeles during World War II in which unarmed pachucos were brutally beaten and jailed
* The opening scenes of the film ''[[American Me]]'' depict confrontations between pachucos and white American soldiers during the Zoot Suit Riots.
* The [[Sleepy Lagoon murder]] was a confrontation between two Los Angeles pachuco gangs that resulted in a crackdown on the culture.
* [[Cholo]] and [[wikt:vato|Vato]] are terms for modern-day Chicano street gangsters, though the association with the zoot suit is no longer present.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Barker, George Carpenter. ''Pachuco: an American-Spanish argot and its social functions in Tucson, Arizona''. University of Arizona Press, 1950.
*{{cite journal |first1=Laura L. |last1=Cummings |year=2003 |title=Cloth-Wrapped People, Trouble, and Power: Pachuco Culture in the Greater Southwest |journal=Journal of the Southwest |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=329–348 |jstor=40170329}}
*Cummings, Laura L. ''Pachucas and Pachucos in Tucson: Situated Border Lives.'' University of Arizona Press, 2009.
*Fuentes, Dagoberto and José A. López. ''Barrio Language Dictionary''. [[La Puente, California|La Puente]]: El Barrio Publications, 1974.
*Madrid Barela, A. In Search of the Authentic Pachuco. An Interpretive Essay, Part I. Aztlan, Spring, 4(1), 31 60. 1973.
*[[Octavio Paz|Paz, Octavio]], translated by Lysander Kemp. "The ''Pachuco'' and Other Extremes" in ''The Labyrinth of Solitude''. Grove Press, Inc., 1961; originally published in Spanish by Cuadernos Americanos, Mexico, 1950.
*Ramirez, Catherine Sue ''Crimes of Fashion: The Pachuca and Chicana Style Politics''. Meridians Vol. 2, No. 2 (2002): 1–35.
*Ramirez, Catherine S. ''The Woman in the Zoot Suit''. London: Duke University Press, 2009. Print.
*[[raúlrsalinas]], Un Trip Through the Mind Jail y Otras Excursiones. San Francisco: Pocho Ché, 1980.[http://www.raulrsalinas.com]
*Sánchez-Tranquilino, M. "The Pachuco's Flayed Hide: Mobility, Identity, and Buenas Garras" In J. Tagg – Cultural Studies, New York: Routledge, 1992
* Serrano, Rodolfo G. "Dictionary Of Pachuco Terms". California State University, 1979.
* Manuel Cantú – Pachuco Dictionary, {{ISBN|978-0-615-15944-7}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161022150440/http://pachucodictionary.com/ Pachuco Dictionary Home Page]

{{Mexican-American}}
{{Spanish variants by continent}}
{{Stock characters}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mexican culture]]
[[Category:Chicano]]
[[Category:History of subcultures]]
[[Category:Youth culture in the United States]]
[[Category:Mexican youth culture]]
[[Category:Subcultures]]
[[Category:Spanish language in the United States]]

Minimum wage in the United States

2021-07-11T04:01:18Z

Comm.unity: /* List by jurisdiction */ Added Hawaii to list of states where the 'disability subminimum wage' is illegal + citation

{{Short description|USA minimum wages by national, state, territory and other subdivision levels}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
[[File:US minimum wage map.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Minimum wage by [[U.S. state]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Territories of the United States|territory]] versus the federal rate of $7.25 per hour {{As of|2019|July|1|df=US|lc=y}}:<ref name="minwage">{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage Laws in the States |url=https://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/america.htm |access-date=April 19, 2019 |website=Wage and Hour Division (WHD) |publisher=[[United States Department of Labor]]}} Scroll over states on that map to see exact minimum wage by state. See: '''[https://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/mw-consolidated.htm table].'''</ref> 
{{Legend inline |#008001|Higher}}
{{Legend inline |#0000FE|Same}}
{{Legend inline |#FE0000|Lower<ref name="overrides" group=lower-greek />}}
{{Legend|#FFFF00|No state minimum wage law<ref name="overrides" group=lower-greek" group="lower-greek">The federal minimum wage applies to states with no set minimum wage and to most workers in states with lower minimum wages.</ref>}}]]
{{Economy of the United States}}

The '''minimum wage in the United States''' is set by [[U.S. labor law]] and a range of state and local laws.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first=David H. |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43792.pdf |title=State Minimum Wages: An Overview |date=February 3, 2016 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref> The first federal [[minimum wage]] was created as part of the [[National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933]], signed into law by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], but declared unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage {{!}} U.S. Department of Labor |url=https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/flsa1938 |access-date=2021-01-19 |website=www.dol.gov}}</ref> In 1938 the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]] established it at $0.25 an hour (${{format price|{{Inflation|US|0.25|1938|r=2}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{Inflation-fn|US}}). Its purchasing power peaked in 1968 at $1.60 (${{format price|{{Inflation|US|1.6|1968|r=2}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars).{{Inflation-fn|US}}<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |others=Wenger, Jeffrey B. |title=Working for $7.25 an Hour: Exploring the Minimum Wage Debate |url=https://www.rand.org/blog/2016/09/working-for-725-an-hour-exploring-the-minimum-wage.html |access-date=2017-12-14 |website=www.rand.org |date=September 2016 |quote=By 1968, the minimum wage had reached its peak purchasing power of $1.60 per hour ($11.08 in 2016 dollars).}}</ref> Since 2009, it has been $7.25 per hour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage |url=https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage |access-date=November 20, 2017 |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref>

Employers generally have to pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by [[Federal government of the United States|federal]], state or local laws. {{As of|2020|January|post=,}} there were 29 states and [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum.{{ r | NPR_1 | p=1 | q=[4:10-4:44 into the podcast, 29 states plus D.C have higher minimum wages than the federal] }}<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |title=State Minimum Wages, 2020 Minimum Wage by State |work=National Conference of State Legislatures |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/state-minimum-wage-chart.aspx |access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> This results in almost 90% of U.S. minimum wage workers earning more than $7.25.<ref name="NPR_1 ">{{Cite web |last1=Vanek-Smith |first1=Stacey |last2=Garcia |first2=Cardiff |date=2019-05-16 |title=The Real Minimum Wage |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/05/16/723947780/the-real-minimum-wage |access-date=2020-01-09 |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref> The effective nationwide minimum wage (the wage that the average minimum wage worker earns) is $11.80 as of May 2019. This is the highest it has been since at least 1994, the earliest year effective minimum wage data was available.{{ r | NPR_1 | p=1 | q=[6:44 to 7:45 in the podcast] Ernie [Economist Erin Tedeschi] added up all the hours worked by these minimum wage workers. And he applied the relevant minimum wage depending on where those workers lived. And then finally, he just took the average pay of all the hours worked. That average was $11.80 an hour. }}

In 2021, the [[Congressional Budget Office]] released a report which estimated that incrementally raising the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2025 would benefit 17 million workers, but would also reduce employment by 1.4 million people.{{ r | CBO_2021_Min_wage | NPR_2021_CBO }} It would also lift 0.9 million people out of poverty, possibly raise wages for an additional 10 million workers, cause prices to rise, overall economic output to decrease slightly, and increase the federal budget deficit by $54 billion over the next 10 years.<ref name="CBO_2021_Min_wage ">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=The Budgetary Effects of the Raise the Wage Act of 2021 |url=https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2021-02/56975-Minimum-Wage.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208225338/https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2021-02/56975-Minimum-Wage.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=[[Congressional Budget Office]] |quote=The cumulative budget deficit over the 2021–2031 period would increase by $54 billion. Increases in annual deficits would be smaller before 2025, as the minimum-wage increases were being phased in, than in later years. Higher prices for goods and services—stemming from the higher wages of workers paid at or near the minimum wage, such as those providing long-term health care—would contribute to increases in federal spending.}}</ref><ref name="NPR_2021_CBO">{{Cite news |last=Selyukh |first=Alina |date=2021-02-08 |title=$15 Minimum Wage Would Reduce Poverty But Cost Jobs, CBO Says |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/08/965483266/-15-minimum-wage-would-reduce-poverty-but-cost-jobs-cbo-says |quote=Raising the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2025 would increase wages for at least 17 million people, but also put 1.4 million Americans out of work, according to a study by the Congressional Budget Office released on Monday. A phase-in of a $15 minimum wage would also lift some 900,000 out of poverty, according to the nonpartisan CBO. This higher federal minimum could raise wages for an additional 10 million workers who would otherwise make sightly above that wage rate, the study found.}}</ref><ref name=WSJ_1>{{ cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/15-minimum-wage-would-cost-1-4-million-workers-jobs-lift-900-000-from-poverty-cbo-study-finds-11612800875 | title=$15 Minimum Wage Would Cut Employment, Reduce Poverty, CBO Study Finds – Nonpartisan study says raising minimum wage would cost 1.4 million jobs but lift 900,000 people above the poverty line | last1=Morath | first1=Eric | last2=Duehren | first2=Andrew | newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]] | date=2021-02-08 | quote=While many Americans would see raises, the analysis showed a minimum-wage increase would cause prices to rise, the federal budget deficit to widen and overall economic output to slightly decrease over the next decade. ... Higher wages would increase the cost of producing goods and services, and businesses would pass some of those increased costs on to consumers in the form of higher prices, resulting in reduced demand, the CBO said. “Employers would consequently produce fewer goods and services, and as a result, they would tend to reduce their employment of workers at all wage levels,” the report said. “Young, less educated people would account for a disproportionate share of those reductions in employment.” }}</ref><ref>See the section on [[#Employment|Employment]] for more detailed findings from this study, including employment estimates on raising the wage to $10 or $12 per hour.</ref> An [[Ipsos]] survey in August 2020 revealed that support for a raise in the federal minimum wage had grown substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic, with 72% of Americans in favor, including 62% of Republicans and 87% of Democrats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=America's Hidden Common Ground on Economic Opportunity and Inequality – Public Agenda |url=https://www.publicagenda.org/reports/americas-hidden-common-ground-on-economic-opportunity-and-inequality/ |access-date=2021-01-25 |publisher=Public Agenda |language=en-US}}</ref> However, a March 2021 poll by [[Monmouth University Polling Institute]] conducted as a minimum wage increase was being considered in Congress, found 53% of respondents supporting an increase to $15 an hour with 45% opposed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BranchNJ07764732.571.3400 |first=Monmouth University 400 Cedar AvenueWest Long |title=Public Wants Stimulus Checks More Than GOP Support for Plan |url=https://www.monmouth.edu/polling-institute/reports/monmouthpoll_us_030321/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Monmouth University Polling Institute |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, 1.6 million Americans made at or below the federal minimum wage—about 1% of workers, and less than 2% of those paid by the hour. Less than half worked full-time, almost half were aged 16–25; and more than 60% worked in the leisure and hospitality industry, with many of those receiving tips in addition to their hourly wage. No significant differences existed between ethnic or racial groups, but women were about twice as likely to earn minimum wage or less.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers, 2019 |url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/minimum-wage/2019/home.htm |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=BLS Reports |publisher=[[United States Bureau of Labor Statistics]]}}</ref>

== History ==
{{quote box
| quote="It seems to me to be equally plain that no business which depends for existence on paying less than [[living wage]]s to its workers has any right to continue in this country."
| source = — [[President Franklin D. Roosevelt]], 1933<ref name="NYT-20140307">{{Cite news |last=Tritch |first=Teresa |date=March 7, 2014 |title=F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/07/f-d-r-makes-the-case-for-the-minimum-wage/ |access-date=March 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 1933 |title=Franklin Roosevelt's Statement on the National Industrial Recovery Act |url=http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odnirast.html |access-date=2018-03-17 |website=Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum Our Documents}}</ref>
| width = 260px
}}

Minimum wage legislation emerged at the [[Gilded Age|end of the nineteenth century]] from the desire to end [[Sweatshop|sweated labor]] which had developed in the [[Second Industrial Revolution|wake of industrialization]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Broda |first1=Rudolf |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/4055 |title=Minimum Wage Legislation in Various Countries: Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 467 |last2=United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=December 1928 |publisher=G.P.O. |series=Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics |pages=8}}</ref> [[Sweatshop]]s employed large numbers of women and young workers, paying them what were considered [[Living wage|nonliving wages]] that did not allow workers to afford the necessaries of life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willis J. |first=Nordlund |title=The Quest for a Living Wage: The History of the Federal Minimum Wage Program |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-313-26412-2 |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=2 |oclc=33983425}}</ref> Besides substandard wages, sweating was also associated with long work hours and unsanitary and unsafe work conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammond |first=Matthew B. |date=1913 |title=The Minimum Wage in Great Britain and Australia |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2106850 |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=48 |pages=26 |doi=10.1177/000271621304800103 |jstor=1012009 |s2cid=153688147}}</ref> From the 1890s to the 1920s, during the [[Progressive Era]], a time of social activists and political reform across the United States, progressive reformers, women's organizations, religious figures, academics, and politicians all played an important role in getting state minimum wage laws passed throughout the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vivien. |first=Hart |title=Bound by Our Constitution : Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage. |date=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2156-3 |location=Princeton |pages=67 |oclc=700688619}}</ref>

The first successful attempts at using minimum wage laws to ameliorate the problem of nonliving wages occurred in the [[Victoria (Australia)|Australian state of Victoria]] in 1896.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Sidney |date=1912 |title=The Economic Theory of a Legal Minimum Wage |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=973–998 |doi=10.1086/252125 |jstor=1820545 |s2cid=154687152|hdl=2027/uiuo.ark:/13960/t64521b8x |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Starr">{{Cite book |last=Starr |first=Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzurqlZpyfcC&q=the+history+of+%22minimum+wage%22+law&pg=PA1 |title=Minimum Wage Fixing: An International Review of Practices and Problems |publisher=International Labour Office |year=1993 |isbn=9789221025115 |edition=2nd impression (with corrections) |location=Geneva |page=1}}</ref> Factory inspector reports and newspaper reporting on the conditions of sweated labor in [[Melbourne]], Victoria led in 1895 to the formation of the [[National Anti-Sweating League]] which pushed the government aggressively to deal legislatively with the problem of substandard wages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammond |first=Matthew B. |date=1913 |title=The Minimum Wage in Great Britain and Australia |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2106850 |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=48 |pages=27 |doi=10.1177/000271621304800103 |jstor=1012009 |s2cid=153688147}}</ref> The government, following the recommendation of the Victorian [[Chief Secretary (British Empire)|Chief Secretary]] [[Alexander Peacock]], established wage boards which were tasked with establishing minimum wages in the labor trades which suffered from unlivable wages. During the same time period, campaigns against sweated labor were occurring in the United States and England.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Broda |first1=Rudolf |url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/4055 |title=Minimum Wage Legislation in Various Countries: Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 467 |last2=United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=December 1928 |publisher=G.P.O. |series=Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics |pages=11}}</ref>

In the United States, the earliest minimum wage laws were state laws focused on women and children.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Fishback |first1=Price V. |last2=Seltzer |first2=Andrew J. |date=2021 |title=The Rise of American Minimum Wages, 1912–1968 |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.35.1.73 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |language=en |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=73–96 |doi=10.1257/jep.35.1.73 |issn=0895-3309 |doi-access=free}}</ref> These laws were struck down by the Supreme Court between 1923 and 1937.<ref name=":12" /> The first federal minimum wage law, which exempted large parts of the workforce, was enacted in 1938 and set rates that had become obsolete during World War II.<ref name=":12" />

=== Progressive Era ===

As in Australia, [[Civic engagement|civic concern]] for sweated labor developed in the United States towards the end of the [[Gilded Age]]. In New York state in 1890, a group of female reformers who were worried about the harsh conditions of sweated labor in the country formed the Consumer's League of the City of New York. The consumer group sought to improve working conditions by boycotting products which were made under sweated conditions and did not conform to a code of "fair house" standards drawn up by them. Similar, consumer leagues formed throughout the United States, and in 1899, they united under the [[National Consumers League|National Consumer League]] (NCL) parent organization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jerold L. |first=Waltman |title=The Politics of the Minimum Wage |date=2000 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-02545-7 |location=Urbana |pages=11 |oclc=42072067}}</ref> Consumer advocacy, however, was extremely slow at changing conditions in the sweated industries. When NCL leaders in 1908 went to an international [[anti-sweatshop movement|anti-sweatshop]] conference in [[Geneva]], Switzerland and were introduced to [[Australian labour movement|Australian minimum wage legislation]], which had successfully dealt with sweated labor, they came home believers and made minimum wage legislation part of their national platform.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vivien |first=Hart |title=Bound by Our Constitution: Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage |date=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2156-3 |location=Princeton |pages=63 |oclc=700688619}}</ref>[[File:1912 Lawrence Textile Strike 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Massachusetts militiamen with fixed bayonets surround a group of peaceful strikers during the [[Lawrence textile strike]] which proved pivotal in the passage of the first U.S. minimum wage legislation (1912)]]
In 1910, in conjunction with advocacy work led by [[Florence Kelley]] of the National Consumer League, the [[Women's Trade Union League]] (WTLU) of Massachusetts under the leadership of Elizabeth Evans took up the cause of minimum wage legislation in [[Massachusetts]]. Over the next two years, a coalition of social reform groups and labor advocates in Boston pushed for minimum wage legislation in the state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vivien |first=Hart |title=Bound by Our Constitution : Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage |date=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2156-3 |location=Princeton |pages=68 |oclc=700688619}}</ref> On June 4, 1912, Massachusetts passed the first minimum wage legislation in the United States, which established a state commission for recommending non-compulsory minimum wages for women and children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelley |first=Florence |date=1912 |title=Minimum-Wage Laws |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=999–1010 |doi=10.1086/252126 |jstor=1820546 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/actsResolves/1912/1912acts0706.pdf</ref> The passage of the bill was significantly assisted by the [[1912 Lawrence textile strike|Lawrence textile strike]] which had raged for ten weeks at the beginning of 1912. The strike brought national attention to the plight of the low wage textile workers, and pushed the state legislatures, who feared the magnitude of the strike, to enact progressive labor legislation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vivien |first=Hart |title=Bound by Our Constitution : Women, Workers, and the Minimum Wage |date=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2156-3 |location=Princeton |pages=70–71 |oclc=700688619}}</ref>

By 1923, fifteen [[U.S. state]]s and the [[District of Columbia]] had passed [[minimum wage law]]s, with pressure being placed on state legislatures by the National Consumers League in a coalition with other women's voluntary associations and organized labor.<ref name="quigley">William P. Quigley, "'A Fair Day's Pay For A Fair Day's Work': Time to Raise and Index the Minimum Wage", 27 ''St. Mary's L. J.'' 513, 516 (1996)</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Skocpol |first=Theda |url=https://archive.org/details/protect_sko_1992_00_9219 |title=Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States |date=1992 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-71765-7 |chapter=Chapter 7: Safeguarding the "Mothers of the Race": Protective Legislation for Women Workers |url-access=registration}}</ref> The [[United States Supreme Court]] of the [[Lochner era|''Lochner'' era]] (1897–1937), however, consistently invalidated labor regulation laws. Advocates for state minimum wage laws hoped that they would be upheld under the precedent of ''[[Muller v. Oregon]]'' (1908), which upheld maximum working hours laws for women on the grounds that women required special protection that men did not.<ref name=":1" /> The Supreme Court, however, did not extend this principle to minimum wage laws.<ref name="quigley" />{{rp|518}} The court ruled in ''[[Adkins v. Children's Hospital]]'' (1923) that the District of Columbia's minimum wage law was unconstitutional, because the law interfered with the ability of employers to [[Freedom of contract|freely negotiate wage contracts]] with employees. The court also noted that women did not require any more special protection by the law, following the passage in 1920 of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment]], which gave women the right to vote and equal legal status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Theda |first=Skocpol |title=Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States |date=1992 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-71765-1 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |pages=423 |oclc=25409018}}</ref>

However, at the same time, in the United States, the late 19th century ideas for favoring a minimum wage (rather than wage subsidies) coincided with the eugenist movement. As a consequence, many prominent Progressive economists at the time, including [[Royal Meeker]], [[Henry Rogers Seager]], and [[Edward Cummings]], argued for adoption of a minimum wage for the explicit purpose of supporting the "right" sort of semi- and unskilled laborers while forcing the "wrong" sort (including immigrants, racial minorities, women, and the disabled) out of the labor market and, over the longer term, impeding their ability to thrive and have families, or, in the case of women, push them out of the labor pool and back towards the home. The recognized result of a minimum wage, a contraction in a firm's labor force and societal elimination of the "wrong" sort of people, was the specific stated outcome, with a view to applying it across the entirety of the American body politic.<ref>Thomas C. Leonard, ''Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics & American Economics in the Progressive Era,'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016): 158-167.</ref>

=== New Deal ===
In 1933, the [[Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt administration]] during the [[New Deal]] made the first attempt at establishing a national minimum wage regiment with the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]], which set minimum wage and maximum hours on an industry and regional basis. The Supreme Court, however, in ''[[Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States]]'' (1935) ruled the act unconstitutional, and the minimum wage regulations were abolished.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levin-Waldman |first=Oren M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_lCgAAQBAJ |title=The Minimum Wage: A Reference Handbook |date=2015-12-01 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3395-3 |pages=12–13}}</ref> Two years later after President Roosevelt's overwhelming [[1936 United States presidential election|reelection in 1936]] and [[Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937|discussion of judicial reform]], the Supreme Court took up the issue of labor legislation again in ''[[West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish]]'' (1937) and upheld the constitutionality of minimum wage legislation enacted by [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] state and overturned the ''Adkins'' decision which marked the end of the ''Lochner'' era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waltman |first=Jerold L. |url=https://archive.org/details/caseforlivingwag0000walt |title=The Case for the Living Wage |date=2004 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-302-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/caseforlivingwag0000walt/page/184 184] |url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1938, the minimum wage was re-established pursuant to the [[Fair Labor Standards Act]], this time at a uniform rate of $0.25 per hour ({{Inflation|US|.25|1938|fmt=eq|r=2}}). The Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act in ''[[United States v. Darby Lumber Co.]]'' (1941), holding that Congress had the power under the [[Commerce Clause]] to regulate employment conditions.<ref>{{caselaw source |case=''U.S. v. Darby Lumber Co.'', 312 U.S. 100 (1941) |findlaw=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=312&page=100 |justia=http://supreme.justia.com/us/312/100/case.html}}</ref>

The 1938 minimum wage law only applied to "employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce," but in amendments in 1961 and 1966, the federal minimum wage was extended (with slightly different rates) to employees in large retail and service enterprises, local transportation and construction, state and local government employees, as well as other smaller expansions; a grandfather clause in 1990 drew most employees into the purview of federal minimum wage policy, which by then set the wage at $3.80.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage |url=https://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/chart.htm |access-date=2017-04-16 |website=Wage and Hour Division (WHD) |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref>

== Legislation ==
{{Update|part=section|date=January 2021|reason=Most information ends at 2017. Many dates for future events have already passed, and those sentences have not been updated to past tense, with new references}}

=== Federal laws ===
The federal minimum wage in the United States has been $7.25 per hour since July 2009, the last time Congress raised it.<ref name=":2" /> Some types of labor are exempt: Employers may pay [[tip (gratuity)|tipped labor]] a minimum of $2.13 per hour, as long as the hour wage plus tip income equals at least the minimum wage. Persons under the age of 20 may be paid $4.25 an hour for the first 90 calendar days of employment (sometimes known as a youth, teen, or training wage) unless a higher state minimum exists.<ref name="YouthWage">{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet #32: Youth Minimum Wage – Fair Labor Standards Act |url=http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs32.pdf |access-date=2013-09-25 |website=Wage and Hour Division (WHD) |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref> The 2009 increase was the last of three steps of the [[Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007]], which increased the wage from $5.15 per hour in 2007 to $7.25 per hour in 2009.

=== State laws ===
[[File:US Minimum Wage 2021.jpg|thumb|Minimum wage by state (January 2021)]]
In the United States, different states are able to set their own minimum wages independent of the federal government. When the state and federal minimum wage differ the higher wage prevails. {{As of|2018|January|post=,}} there were 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum.<ref name=":8" /> [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[New York City]] have the highest minimum wage at $15.00 per hour. As of January 1, 2021, California has the highest state minimum wage at $14.00 per hour, which will be raised to $15 per hour starting January 1, 2022. The minimum wage in New Jersey is $12.00 an hour as of January 1, 2021, but will be raised a dollar a year until 2024 when it will be $15. Massachusetts's minimum wage is $13.50 per hour.<ref name="minwage" /> A number of states have also in recent years enacted state preemption laws, which bar local governments from setting their own minimum wage amounts.<ref>{{Cite news |title=City Governments Are Raising Standards for Working People—and State Legislators Are Lowering Them Back Down |work=Economic Policy Institute |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/city-governments-are-raising-standards-for-working-people-and-state-legislators-are-lowering-them-back-down/ |access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> {{As of|2017|post=,}} state preemption laws for local minimum wages have passed in 25 states.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Worker Rights Preemption in the US: A Map of the Campaign to Suppress Worker Rights in the States |work=Economic Policy Institute |url=https://www.epi.org/preemption-map/ |access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>

Legislation has passed recently in multiple states that significantly raises the minimum wage. California, Illinois, and Massachusetts are all set to raise their minimum wages to $15.00 per hour by January 1, 2023, for California and Massachusetts and by 2025 for Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Enforcement |first=Division of Labor Standards |title=Minimum Wage |url=https://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/faq_minimumwage.htm |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Dir.ca.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Illinois Hourly Minimum Wage Rates by Year – Fair Labor Standards Division |url=https://www2.illinois.gov/idol/Laws-Rules/FLS/Pages/minimum-wage-rates-by-year.aspx |access-date=24 March 2019 |website=www2.illinois.gov}}</ref> Colorado raised its minimum wage from $9.30 per hour to $12 per hour by January 1, 2020, rising $0.90 per year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2014 |title=Minimum Wage |url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdle/minimumwage |access-date=18 October 2017 |publisher=Colorado Department of Labor and Employment}}</ref> New York has also passed legislation to increase its minimum wage to $15.00 per hour over time, with certain counties and larger companies set on faster schedules than others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=Governor Cuomo Signs $15 Minimum Wage Plan and 12 Week Paid Family Leave Policy into Law |url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-signs-15-minimum-wage-plan-and-12-week-paid-family-leave-policy-law |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Governor.ny.gov}}</ref>

=== Local ordinances ===
Some smaller government entities, such as counties and cities, observe minimum wages that are higher than the state as a whole. In 2003 [[San Francisco]], California, and [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]], were the first two cities to introduce [[Local ordinance|local minimum wage ordinances]].<ref name="NELP cities" /> There has been an increase in county and city level minimum wages. In 2010, only three cities had minimum wages that exceeded state or federal minimum wages, but by 2020, there were 42.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dube |first1=Arindrajit |last2=Lindner |first2=Attila |date=2021 |title=City Limits: What Do Local-Area Minimum Wages Do? |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.35.1.27 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |language=en |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=27–50 |doi=10.1257/jep.35.1.27 |issn=0895-3309 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the current wave of minimum wage legislative action, [[Seattle]], Washington, was the first city to pass on June 2, 2014, a local ordinance to increase the minimum wage for all workers to $15.00 per hour,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheridan |first=Robert |date=3 June 2014 |title=Minimum Wage Groundswell? Seattle, Others Raise Their Statutory Minimum Wage Rates |work=The [[National Law Review]] |publisher=Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C. |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/minimum-wage-groundswell-seattle-others-raise-their-statutory-minimum-wage-rates |access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> which phases in over seven years.<ref name="SeattleWage">{{Cite news |title=Seattle City Takes Lead to Raise Minimum Wage to $15 Per Hour |publisher=Seattle News.Net |url=http://www.seattlenews.net/index.php/sid/222576235/scat/a69648530d514cd5/ht/Seattle-City-takes-lead-to-raise-minimum-wage-to-15-per-hour |url-status=dead |access-date=June 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607005414/http://www.seattlenews.net/index.php/sid/222576235/scat/a69648530d514cd5/ht/Seattle-City-takes-lead-to-raise-minimum-wage-to-15-per-hour |archive-date=June 7, 2014}}</ref> This ordinance followed the referendum in [[SeaTac, Washington]], in November 2013, which raised on a more limited scale the local minimum wage to $15.00 for transportation and hospitality workers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Kirk |date=2013-11-26 |title=Voters in SeaTac, Wash., Back $15 Minimum Wage |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/27/us/voters-in-seatac-wash-back-15-minimum-wage.html |access-date=2018-03-31 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fox |first=Emily Jane |title=Washington City Votes to Raise Minimum Wage to $15 |work=CNNMoney |url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/11/06/news/economy/minimum-wage-seatac-new-jersey/index.html |access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref> Numerous other cities have followed Seattle's example since. San Francisco became the first major city in the U.S. to reach a minimum wage of $15.00 per hour on July 1, 2018.<ref name="Minimum Wage Ordinance (MWO)">{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage Ordinance (MWO) – Office of Labor Standards Enforcement |url=http://www.sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=411 |access-date=2 July 2018 |website=Sfgsa.org}}</ref> New York City's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legislatures |first=National Conference of State |title=State Minimum Wages {{!}} 2017 Minimum Wage by State |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/state-minimum-wage-chart.aspx |access-date=2017-10-01 |website=Ncsl.org}}</ref> The minimum wage in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., will be $15.00 per hour in 2020.<ref name="D.C. gives final approval to $15 minimum wage">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Aaron C. |date=21 June 2016 |title=D.C. Gives Final Approval to $15 Minimum Wage |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-gives-final-approval-to-15-minimum-wage/2016/06/21/920ae156-372f-11e6-8f7c-d4c723a2becb_story.html |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Washingtonpost.com}}</ref><ref name="Los Angeles City Council approves landmark minimum wage increase">{{Cite news |date=June 3, 2015 |title=Los Angeles City Council Approves Landmark Minimum Wage Increase |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-minimum-wage-vote-20150602-story.html |access-date=August 14, 2015}}</ref> By July 1, 2021 the minimum wage in [[Chicago]] will reach $15, with [[Illinois]] eventually matching the rate statewide by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malagón |first=Elvia |date=26 June 2020 |title=Chicago's Minimum Wage Rising Wednesday to $14 Amid Pandemic. For Some, It Won't Be Enough. |language=en |work=Chicago Sun-Times |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/politics/2020/6/26/21303052/chicago-minimum-wage-fight-for-15-increase#:~:text=Another%20%241%2Dan%2Dhour%20bump,19%20pandemic%20drastically%20affected%20business. |access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> Similarly, the minimum wage in [[Minneapolis]], Minnesota will be $15.00 per hour by 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage |url=http://minimumwage.minneapolismn.gov/ |access-date=2018-03-27 |website=Minimumwage.minneapolismn.gov}}</ref> A growing number of other California cities have also enacted local minimum wage ordinances to increase the minimum wage to $15.00 per hour or higher, including [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[El Cerrito, California|El Cerrito]], [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]], [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[Richmond, California|Richmond]], and [[San Jose, California|San Jose]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Minimum Wage Tracker |work=Economic Policy Institute |url=https://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-tracker/#/min_wage/California |access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref>

=== Puerto Rico ===
In contrast, the relatively high minimum wage in [[Puerto Rico]] has been blamed by various politicians and commentators as a highly significant factor in the [[Puerto Rican government-debt crisis]].<ref name="NBER">{{Cite journal |last1=Castillo-Freeman |first1=Alida |last2=Freeman |first2=Richard B. |date=January 1992 |title=When the Minimum Wage Really Bites: The Effect of the U.S.-Level Minimum on Puerto Rico |url=https://www.nber.org/chapters/c6909.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607034457/https://www.nber.org/chapters/c6909.pdf |archive-date=2016-06-07 |journal=Immigration and the Workforce: Economic Consequences for the United States and Source Areas}}</ref><ref name="WashingtonPost">{{Cite news |last=Lane |first=C. |date=8 July 2015 |title=Puerto Rico's Crisis Illustrates the Risks of Minimum Wage Hikes |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/puerto-ricos-lesson-for-the-mainland/2015/07/08/24e63970-25ad-11e5-b77f-eb13a215f593_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318203321/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/puerto-ricos-lesson-for-the-mainland/2015/07/08/24e63970-25ad-11e5-b77f-eb13a215f593_story.html |archive-date=18 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |last=Worstall |first=Tim |date=3 July 2015 |title=Memo to the Fight for $15: Puerto Rico Happens with a Too High Minimum Wage |work=Forbes.com |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/07/03/memo-to-the-fight-for-15-puerto-rico-happens-with-a-too-high-minimum-wage/#2f4e1cb412da |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107225245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/07/03/memo-to-the-fight-for-15-puerto-rico-happens-with-a-too-high-minimum-wage/ |archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> One study concluded that "Employers are disinclined to hire workers because the US federal minimum wage is very high relative to the local average".<ref name="BGPFR">{{Cite journal |last1=Krueger |first1=A. |last2=Teja |first2=R. |last3=Wolfe |first3=A. |date=29 June 2015 |title=Puerto Rico – A Way Forward |url=http://www.bgfpr.com/documents/PuertoRicoAWayForward.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405191811/http://www.bgfpr.com/documents/puertoricoawayforward.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Inflation indexing ===
Some politicians in the United States advocate linking the minimum wage to the [[consumer price index]], thereby increasing the wage automatically each year based on increases to the consumer price index. Linking the minimum wage to the consumer price index avoids the erosion of the [[purchasing power]] of the minimum wage with time because of [[inflation]]. In 1998 [[Washington (state)|Washington]] state became the first state to approve consumer price indexing for its minimum wage.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |title=Indexing the Minimum Wage for Inflation |work=Economic Policy Institute |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/webfeatures_snapshots_20051221/ |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref> In 2003 [[San Francisco]], California and [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]] were the first cities to approve consumer price indexing for their minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=San Francisco Historical Minimum Wage Rates {{!}} Office of Labor Standards Enforcement |url=https://sfgov.org/olse/san-francisco-historical-minimum-wage-rates |access-date=2018-03-19 |website=sfgov.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Minimum Wage Tracker |work=Economic Policy Institute |url=https://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-tracker/#/min_wage/New%20Mexico/Santa%20Fe%20City |access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref><ref name="NELP cities">{{Cite web |date=April 2016 |title=City Minimum Wage Laws: Recent Trends and Economic Evidence |url=https://www.nelp.org/wp-content/uploads/City-Minimum-Wage-Laws-Recent-Trends-Economic-Evidence.pdf |access-date=April 13, 2019 |website=www.nelp.org |publisher=National Employment Law Project}}</ref> [[Oregon]] and [[Florida]] were the next states to link their minimum wages to the consumer price index.<ref name=":52" /> Later in 2006, voters in six states ([[Arizona]], [[Colorado]], [[Missouri]], [[Montana]], [[Nevada]], and [[Ohio]]) approved statewide increases in the state minimum wage. The amounts of these increases ranged from $1 to $1.70 per hour, and all increases were designed to annually index to inflation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-11 |title=ACORN and Unions Increase Working Wages Across the Country |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views06/1111-24.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618163414/http://www.commondreams.org/views06/1111-24.htm |archive-date=2013-06-18 |publisher=Common Dreams}}</ref> As of 2018, the minimum wage is indexed to inflation in 17 states.<ref name=":42" />

=== Union exemptions ===
Some minimum wage ordinances have an exemption for unionized workers. For instance, the [[Los Angeles City Council]] approved a minimum salary in 2014 for hotel workers of $15.37 per hour which has such an exemption. This led in some cases to longtime workers at unionized hotels such as the Sheraton Universal making $10.00 per hour, whereas non-union employees at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away making at least $15.37 as mandated by law for non-unionized employees.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peter |first=Jamison |date=9 April 2016 |title=Outrage After Big Labor Crafts Law Paying Their Members Less Than Non-union Workers |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/cityhall/la-me-union-minimum-wage-20160410-story.html |access-date=11 April 2016 |quote=At the Sheraton Universal Hotel, a longtime union property, bellhops, waiters and banquet servers make California's current minimum wage: $10 an hour. (When the hotel ordinance first went into effect, the state minimum was $9.) Those doing the same jobs at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away make at least $15.37 under the city's hotel wage law. Neither amount includes tips.}}</ref> Similar exemptions have been adopted in other cities. As of December 2014, unions were exempt from minimum wage ordinances in [[Chicago]], Illinois, [[SeaTac, Washington]], and [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]], as well as the California cities of [[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]], [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[Richmond, California|Richmond]], and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]].<ref name="Wash Exam Dec 24, 2014">[http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/minimum-wage-loophole-written-to-help-unions/article/2557806 Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions], ''[[Washington Examiner]]'', December 24, 2014</ref> In 2016, the [[Council of the District of Columbia|District of Columbia Council]] passed a minimum wage ordinance that included a union waiver, but Mayor Vincent Gray vetoed it. Later that year, the council approved an increase without the union waiver.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Higgins |first=Sean |title=Minimum Wage Loophole Written to Help Labor Unions |work=Washington Examiner |url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/minimum-wage-loophole-written-to-help-unions/article/2557806 |access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref>

== Historical trend ==
[[File:Timeline of federal minimum hourly wage for nonfarm workers for the United States. And inflation-adjusted.gif|thumb|upright=1.4|History of the federal minimum wage. Lower line is [[nominal dollars]]. Top line is inflation-adjusted to 2020 dollars.<ref name="FRED-graph">[https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?graph_id=529071 FRED Graph]. [[U.S. Department of Labor]], [https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FEDMINNFRWG Federal Minimum Hourly Wage for Nonfarm Workers for the United States]. Inflation adjusted (by [[Federal Reserve Economic Data|FRED]]) via the [https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average (CPIAUCSL)]. Graph retrieved February 8, 2020.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938–2009 |url=https://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/chart.htm |access-date=2020-02-09 |website=US Department of Labor |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref>]]
The federal minimum wage was introduced in 1938 at the rate of $0.25 per hour ({{Inflation|US|.25|1938|fmt=eq|r=2}}).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage |url=https://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/chart.htm |access-date=2017-12-14 |website=Wage and Hour Division (WHD) |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref> By 1950 the minimum wage had risen to $0.75 per hour.<ref name="calc">{{Cite web |title=CPI Inflation Calculator |url=http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm |access-date=21 August 2017 |website=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The [[purchasing power]] of the federal minimum wage has fluctuated; it was highest in 1968, when it was $1.60 per hour ({{Inflation|US|1.60|1968|fmt=eq|r=2}}).<ref name="calc" /><ref name="nyt15">{{Cite news |last=Abrams |first=Rachel |date=December 31, 2014 |title=States' Minimum Wages Rise, Helping Millions of Workers |work=NYT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/01/business/hourly-minimum-wage-is-going-up-for-millions.html |access-date=January 1, 2015}}</ref> The real value of the Federal minimum wage in 2016 dollars has decreased by one-third since 1968. The minimum wage would be $11 in 2016 if its real value had remained at the 1968 level;<ref name="St. Louis 1">{{Cite web |title=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Series STTMINWGFG |date=January 1968 |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/STTMINWGFG |access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref><ref name="St. Louis 2">{{Cite web |title=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Series CPALTT01 |date=January 1955 |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPALTT01USA661S |access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=What Every Economics Student Needs to Know and Doesn't Get in the Usual Principles Text |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |pages=153}}</ref> it has instead generally tracked the 1960 real minimum wage. From January 1981 to April 1990, the minimum wage was frozen at $3.35 per hour, then a record-setting minimum wage freeze. From September 1, 1997 through July 23, 2007, the federal minimum wage remained constant at $5.15 per hour, breaking the old record. In 2009 the minimum wage was adjusted to $7.25 where it has remained fixed for the past eleven years.<ref name=":5" />

== Economic effects ==
{{quote box
| quote = The owner, the employees, and the buying public are all one and the same, and unless an industry can so manage itself as to keep wages high and prices low it destroys itself, for otherwise it limits the number of its customers. One's own employees ought to be one's own best customers.
| source = — [[Henry Ford#Labor philosophy|Henry Ford]], 1926<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-21 |title=The U.S. Economy Is Suffering from Low Demand. Higher Wages Would Help |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2018/02/the-u-s-economy-is-suffering-from-low-demand-higher-wages-would-help |access-date=2018-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hsu |first1=Chang Samuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgxEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552 |title=Springer Handbook of Petroleum Technology |last2=Robinson |first2=Paul R. |date=2017-12-20 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-49347-3 |pages=552}}</ref>
| width = 260px
}}

The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are unclear. Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment, prices of goods and services, economic growth, income inequality, and poverty. The interconnection of price levels, central bank policy, wage agreements, and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter.<ref>For a review article that analyzes the classical, Keynesian, and underconsumptionist approaches to wages, see {{Cite journal |last=Weintraub |first=Sidney |date=December 1956 |title=A Macroeconomic Approach to the Theory of Wages |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=835–56 |jstor=1811907}}</ref>

=== Employment ===

In [[neoclassical economics]], the [[law of demand]] states that—all else being equal—raising the price of any particular good or service reduces the quantity demanded.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=Walter |title=Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions |last2=Snyder |first2=Christopher |publisher=South-Western |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-111-52553-8 |edition=11 |location=Mason, OH |pages=27,154}}</ref> Therefore, neoclassical economists argue that—all else being equal—raising the minimum wage will have adverse effects on employment. Conceptually, if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage, they do not hire or retain that worker.<ref name="Hazlitt 1979">{{Cite book |last=Hazlitt |first=Henry |title=Economics in One Lesson |title-link=Economics in One Lesson |publisher=Three Rivers Press |year=1979 |isbn=0-517-54823-2 |author-link=Henry Hazlitt}}</ref>

Other economists of different schools of thought argue that a limited increase in the minimum wage does not affect or increases the number of jobs available. Economist David Cooper for instance estimates that a higher minimum wage would support the creation of at least 85,000 new jobs in the United States.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Konczal |first1=Mike |last2=Covert |first2=Bryce |date=2014-10-08 |title=The Score: Does the Minimum Wage Kill Jobs? |work=The Nation |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/score-does-minimum-wage-kill-jobs/ |access-date=2017-12-12 |issn=0027-8378}}</ref> This divergence of thought began with empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s which challenged the neoclassical model. In 1994, economists [[David Card]] and [[Alan Krueger]] studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey's minimum wage hike (from $4.25 to $5.05) in April 1992. They found "no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania |url=http://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin-aer.pdf |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Davidcard.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Similarly, a Morgan Study concluded that a national $15 minimum wage would have minimal to no positive or negative effect on employment levels.<ref name="businessinsider.com">12 Mar. 2021 [https://www.businessinsider.com/15-minimum-wage-lift-millions-out-of-poverty-morgan-stanley-2021-3 "A $15 Minimum Wage Would Lift Millions out of Poverty with 'Limited Negative Effects' on Aggregate Income, Morgan Stanley Says"]</ref> In contrast, a 1995 analysis of the evidence by [[David Neumark]] found that the increase in New Jersey's minimum wage resulted in a 4.6% decrease in employment. Neumark's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast-food restaurant chains, whereas the Card-Krueger study relied on business surveys.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neumark |first1=David |last2=Wascher |first2=William |year=2000 |title=Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Comment |journal=American Economic Review |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=1362–1396 |doi=10.1257/aer.90.5.1362}}</ref>

A [[literature review]] conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher in 2007 (which surveyed 101 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages) found that about two-thirds of peer-reviewed economic research showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment—especially for young and unskilled workers. Neumark's review further found that, when looking at only the most credible research, 85% of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment.<ref name="Minimum Wages and Employment">Neumark, Wascher (2007). [http://www.nowpublishers.com/article/Details/MIC-015 Minimum Wages and Employment.] ''Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics''.</ref>

[[Meta-analysis|Statistical meta-analysis]] conducted by Tom Stanley in 2005 in contrast found that there is evidence of [[publication bias]] in minimum wage literature, and that correction of this bias shows no relationship between the minimum wage and unemployment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanley |first=T. D. |year=2005 |title=Beyond Publication Bias |journal=Journal of Economic Surveys |volume=19 |issue=3 |page=309 |doi=10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00250.x |s2cid=153607754}}</ref> In 2008 Hristos Doucouliagos and Tom Stanley conducted a similar meta-analysis of 64 U.S. studies on disemployment effects and concluded that Card and Krueger's initial claim of publication bias was correct. Moreover, they concluded, "Once this publication selection is corrected, little or no evidence of a negative association between minimum wages and employment remains."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Doucouliagos |first1=Hristos |last2=Stanley |first2=T. D. |year=2009 |title=Publication Selection Bias in Minimum-Wage Research? A Meta-Regression Analysis |journal=British Journal of Industrial Relations |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=406–28 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009.00723.x |s2cid=153464294}}</ref>

[[File:Funnel Graph of Estimated Minimum Wage Effects.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Estimated minimum wage effects on employment from a meta-study of 64 other studies showed insignificant employment effect (both practically and statistically) from minimum-wage raises. The most precise estimates were heavily clustered at or near zero employment effects (elasticity = 0).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmitt |first=John |date=February 2013 |title=Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Employment? |url=http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/min-wage-2013-02.pdf |access-date=December 5, 2013 |publisher=Center for Economic and Policy Research |lay-url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/02/14/why-economists-are-so-puzzled-by-the-minimum-wage/ |lay-source=The Washington Post |lay-date=February 14, 2013}}</ref>]]

A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia estimated that the 2004-6 New York State minimum wage increase (from $5.15 to $6.75) resulted in a 20.2% to 21.8% reduction in employment for less-skilled, less-educated workers.<ref>Sabia, Burkhauser, Hansen (2012). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24368388 Are the Effects of Minimum Wage Increases Always Small? New Evidence From a Case Study of New York State]. ''Industrial and Labor Relations Review''.</ref> Similarly, a study led by Richard Burkhauser in 2000 concluded that minimum wage increases "significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working-age population—young adults without a high school degree (aged 20-24), young black adults and teenagers (aged 16-24), and teenagers (aged 16-19)."<ref>Burkhauser, Couch, Wittenburg (2000). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061611 Who Minimum Wage Increases Bite: An Analysis Using Monthly Data from the SIPP and the CPS.] ''South Economic Journal''</ref>

''[[The Economist]]'' wrote in December 2013 in sum that: "A minimum wage, providing it is not set too high, could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs...Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages, others see a small one, but none finds any serious damage...High minimum wages, however, particularly in rigid labour markets, do appear to hit employment. France has the rich world's highest wage floor, at more than 60% of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young. This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment: 26% for 15- to 24-year-olds."<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 14, 2013 |title=The Logical Floor |work=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21591593-moderate-minimum-wages-do-more-good-harm-they-should-be-set-technocrats-not}}</ref>

In 2014 the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation, Washington, exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stilwell |first=Victoria |date=March 8, 2014 |title=Highest Minimum-Wage State Washington Beats U.S. in Job Creation |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-05/washington-shows-highest-minimum-wage-state-beats-u-s-with-jobs.html}}</ref> Washington had a job growth rate 0.3% faster than the national average job growth rate.<ref name=":3" />

A 2018 [[University of Washington]] study which investigated the effects of [[Seattle]]'s minimum wage increases (from $9.50 to $11 in 2015 and then to $13 in 2016) found that while the second wage increase caused hourly wages to grow by 3%, it also caused employers to cut employee hours by 6%, yielding an average decrease of $74 earned per month per job in 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jardim |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Long |first2=Mark C. |last3=Plotnick |first3=Robert |date=May 2018 |title=Minimum Wage Increases, Wages, and Low-Wage Employment: Evidence from Seattle |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w23532.pdf |journal=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]] |doi=10.3386/w23532 |access-date=2020-05-04 |quote=This paper evaluates the wage, employment, and hours effects of the first and second phase-in of the Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance, which raised the minimum wage from $9.47 to as much as $11 in 2015 and to as much as $13 in 2016. Using a variety of methods to analyze employment in all sectors paying below a specified real hourly wage rate, we conclude that the second wage increase to $13 reduced hours worked in low-wage jobs by 6-7 percent, while hourly wages in such jobs increased by 3 percent. Consequently, total payroll for such jobs decreased, implying that the Ordinance lowered the amount paid to workers in low-wage jobs by an average of $74 per month per job in 2016. |s2cid=22245787|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="WP_2016-07 ">{{Cite news |last=Ehrenfreund |first=Max |date=2016-07-29 |title=Why raising the minimum wage in Seattle did little to help workers, according to a new study |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/29/study-raising-the-minimum-wage-did-little-for-workers-earnings-in-seattle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917102928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/07/29/study-raising-the-minimum-wage-did-little-for-workers-earnings-in-seattle/ |archive-date=2016-09-17 |quote=The average hourly wage for workers affected by the increase jumped from $9.96 to $11.14, but wages likely would have increased some anyway due to Seattle's overall economy. Meanwhile, although workers were earning more, fewer of them had a job than would have without an increase. Those who did work had fewer hours than they would have without the wage hike.}}</ref> In a follow-up study, the researchers found that workers already employed at the time of the wage increase and with above-median experience saw their earnings go up by an average of $8–$12 per week, (with one-quarter of the earnings gains attributed to experienced workers making up for lost hours in Seattle with work outside the city limits) while the earnings of less-experienced workers saw no significant change. Additionally, the study associated the minimum wage increase with an 8% reduction in employee turnover, and a significant reduction of new workers joining the workforce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jardim |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Long |first2=Mark C. |last3=Plotnick |first3=Robert |date=October 2018 |title=Minimum Wage Increases And Individual Employment Trajectories |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w25182.pdf |journal=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]] |doi=10.3386/w25182 |s2cid=158881066 |access-date=2020-05-05 |quote=Using administrative employment data from the state of Washington, we use short-duration longitudinal panels to study the impact of Seattle’s minimum wage ordinance on individuals employed in low-wage jobs immediately before a wage increase. We draw counterfactual observations using nearest-neighbor matching and derive effect estimates by comparing the “treated” cohort to a placebo cohort drawn from earlier data. We attribute significant hourly wage increases and hours reductions to the policy. On net, the minimum wage increase from $9.47 to as much as $13 per hour raised earnings by an average of $8-$12 per week. The entirety of these gains accrued to workers with above-median experience at baseline; less-experienced workers saw no significant change to weekly pay. Approximately one-quarter of the earnings gains can be attributed to experienced workers making up for lost hours in Seattle with work outside the city limits. We associate the minimum wage ordinance with an 8% reduction in job turnover rates as well as a significant reduction in the rate of new entries into the workforce.|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitlin |first=Matthew |date=2019-07-22 |title=Laboratories of Democracy: What Seattle Learned from Having the Highest Minimum Wage in the Nation |url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/7/13/20690266/seattle-minimum-wage-15-dollars |access-date=2020-05-05 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref>

A 2019 study in the ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'' on state changes in minimum wage levels between 1979 and 2016 had no impact on the overall number of low-wage jobs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cengiz |first1=Doruk |last2=Dube |first2=Arindrajit |last3=Lindner |first3=Attila |last4=Zipperer |first4=Ben |date=2019 |title=The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs: Evidence from the United States Using a Bunching Estimator |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |doi=10.3386/w25434 |doi-access=free |s2cid=158942640}}</ref> A 2021 study on the effects in the late 1960s and early 1970s of the 1966 extension of the [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938|Fair Labor Standards Act]], which extended the minimum wage to cover several economic sectors where nearly a third of all black workers were employed, found that the new minimum wages led to a sharp increase in earnings for the newly covered workers without any adverse aggregate effects on employment and also substantially reduced the racial wage gap.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Derenoncourt |first1=Ellora |last2=Montialoux |first2=Claire |date=2020-12-22 |title=Minimum Wages and Racial Inequality |url=https://academic.oup.com/qje/article/136/1/169/5905427 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |language=en |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=169–228 |doi=10.1093/qje/qjaa031 |issn=0033-5533 |quote=The earnings difference between white and black workers fell dramatically in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This article shows that the expansion of the minimum wage played a critical role in this decline. The 1966 Fair Labor Standards Act extended federal minimum wage coverage to agriculture, restaurants, nursing homes, and other services that were previously uncovered and where nearly a third of black workers were employed. We digitize over 1,000 hourly wage distributions from Bureau of Labor Statistics industry wage reports and use CPS microdata to investigate the effects of this reform on wages, employment, and racial inequality. Using a cross-industry difference-in-differences design, we show that earnings rose sharply for workers in the newly covered industries. The impact was nearly twice as large for black workers as for white workers. Within treated industries, the racial gap adjusted for observables fell from 25 log points prereform to 0 afterward. We can rule out significant disemployment effects for black workers. Using a bunching design, we find no aggregate effect of the reform on employment. The 1967 extension of the minimum wage can explain more than 20% of the reduction in the racial earnings and income gap during the civil rights era. Our findings shed new light on the dynamics of labor market inequality in the United States and suggest that minimum wage policy can play a critical role in reducing racial economic disparities.}}</ref>

One reason why the minimum wage may increase employment or have no impact on employment is that if [[monopsony]] power is present within a labour market.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stigler|first=George J.|date=1946|title=The Economics of Minimum Wage Legislation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801842|journal=The American Economic Review|volume=36|issue=3|pages=358–365|issn=0002-8282|jstor=1801842}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Strobl|first1=Eric|last2=Walsh|first2=Frank|date=2016-10-01|title=Monopsony, minimum wages and migration|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537116301178|journal=Labour Economics|language=en|volume=42|pages=221–237|doi=10.1016/j.labeco.2016.09.004|issn=0927-5371}}</ref>

==== Congressional Budget Office's estimates of federal minimum wage increases ====

The [[Congressional Budget Office]] (CBO) in 2014 estimated the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios: an increase to $9.00 and an increase to $10.10. According to the report, approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9.00 option, whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10.10 option (with a wide range of possible outcomes).<ref name="CBOMinWage1">{{Cite news |last=CBO |date=February 2014 |title=The Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income |url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/44995 |access-date=November 16, 2014}}</ref>

The CBO in 2019 estimated the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under three scenarios: increases per hour to $10, $12 and $15 by 2025. Under the $15 scenario, in 2025 up to 27 million workers could see increases to their average weekly earnings while 3.7 million workers could lose employment. The latter statistic, in CBO's estimation would rise over time in any wage increase scenario as capital allocation replaces some workers. Wage increases would be heavily skewed (40%) towards those already earning above the minimum wage with more than 80% of benefits accruing to more educated workers living above the poverty line (Table 5). The number of persons in poverty would be reduced by 1.3 million (assuming no tax implications from increased income). The CBO notes that it does not consider the inflationary effects of these policies when estimating the change in poverty level as these estimates, while increasing inflation, are uncertain. Additionally, the CBO assumed that the weight of benefits would accrue to those below the poverty level based on historical wage increase levels. They noted that data on the minimum wage tends to assume the opposite (that benefits accrue to those above the poverty level), but that that data was not definitive enough to allow for estimation in their work. Some aspects of the CBO study are summarized in the table below.<ref name="CBO_2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-07-08 |title=The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage |url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55410 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=[[Congressional Budget Office]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Policy
! $10
! $12
! $15
|-
| Workers below new Minimum Wage that could see wage increase (millions)
| 1.5
| 5
| 17
|-
| Workers above new Minimum Wage that could see wage increase (millions)
| 2
| 6
| 10
|-
| Change in employment in an average week (millions)
| -0.05
| -0.3 Median / 0 - -0.8 range
| -1.3 Median / 0 - -3.7 range
|-
| Change in the number of people in poverty (millions)
| -0.05
| -0.4
| -1.3
|-
| Change in Real Annual Income: Families below poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars)
| 0.4
| 2.3
| 7.7
|-
| Change in Real Annual Income: Families between one and three times the poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars)
| 0.3
| 2.3
| 14.2
|-
| Change in Real Annual Income: Families between three and six times the poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars)
| -0.05
| -0.3
| -2.1
|-
| Change in Real Annual Income: Families with more than six times the poverty threshold (billions of 2018 dollars)
| -0.6
| -5.1
| -28.4
|-
| Change in Real Annual Income: All families (billions of 2018 dollars)
| -0.1
| -0.8
| -8.7
|-
|}

=== Prices ===
Conceptually, raising the minimum wage increases the cost of labor, with all other things being equal. Thus, employers may accept some combination of lower profits, higher prices, or increased automation. If prices increase, consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product, [[Substitute good|substitute other products]], or switch to imported products, due to the effects of [[price elasticity of demand]]. Marginal producers (those who are barely profitable enough to survive) may be forced out of business if they cannot raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2007 |title=Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago |url=http://www.chicagofed.org/digital_assets/publications/working_papers/2004/wp2004_21.pdf |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=The Minimum Wage, Restaurant Prices, and Labor Market Structure}}</ref> However, there are studies that show that higher prices for products due to increased labor cost are usually only by about 0.4% of the original price.<ref name=":3" />

According to a 2020 study, a 10% minimum wage increase for grocery store workers translates into 0.36% higher grocery prices which is consistent with full cost pass-through.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Renkin |first1=Tobias |last2=Montialoux |first2=Claire |last3=Siegenthaler |first3=Michael |date=2020-10-30 |title=The Pass-Through of Minimum Wages into US Retail Prices: Evidence from Supermarket Scanner Data |url=https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00981 |journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics |pages=1–99 |doi=10.1162/rest_a_00981 |issn=0034-6535 |quote=This paper estimates the pass-through of minimum wage increases into the prices of US grocery and drug stores. We use high-frequency scanner data and leverage a large number of state-level increases in minimum wages between 2001 and 2012. We find that a 10% minimum wage hike translates into a 0.36% increase in the prices of grocery products. This magnitude is consistent with a full pass-through of cost increases into consumer prices. We show that price adjustments occur mostly in the three months following the passage of minimum wage legislation rather than after implementation, suggesting that pricing of groceries is forward-looking. |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/448658 |s2cid=202621766}}</ref> Similarly, a 2021 study which covered 10,000 [[McDonald's]] restaurants in the US found that between 2016 and 2020, the cost of 10% minimum wage increases for McDonald's workers were passed through to customers as 1.4% increases in the price of a Big Mac.<ref name="Princeton ">{{Cite web |last1=Ashenfelter |first1=Orley |last2=Jurajda |first2=Štěpán |date=2021-01-01 |title=Wages, Minimum Wages, and Price Pass-Through: The Case of McDonald's Restaurants |url=https://dataspace.princeton.edu/bitstream/88435/dsp01sb397c318/4/646.pdf |access-date=2021-02-03 |quote=We use highly consistent national-coverage price and wage data to provide evidence on wage increases, labor-saving technology introduction, and price pass-through by a large low-wage employer facing minimum wage hikes. Based on 2016–2020 hourly wage rates of McDonald’s Basic Crew and prices of the Big Mac sandwich collected simultaneously from almost all US McDonald’s restaurants, we find that in about 25% of instances of minimum wage increases, restaurants display a tendency to keep constant their wage 'premium’ above the increasing minimum wage. Higher minimum wages are not associated with faster adoption of touch-screen ordering, and there is near-full price pass-through of minimum wages, with little heterogeneity related to how binding minimum wage increases are for restaurants. Minimum wage hikes lead to increases in real wages (expressed in Big Macs an hour of Basic Crew work can buy) that are one fifth lower than the corresponding increases in nominal wages.}}</ref><ref name="MW_1 ">{{Cite news |last=Buchwald |first=Elisabeth |date=2021-01-30 |title=What minimum-wage increases did to McDonald's restaurants — and their employees |work=[[MarketWatch]] |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/what-minimum-wage-increases-did-to-mcdonalds-restaurants-and-their-employees-11611862080 |quote=They found that the higher cost of labor that results from increasing minimum wages gets passed on to consumers in the form of more expensive Big Macs. More specifically, they estimated that a 10% minimum-wage increase leads to a 1.4% increase in the price of a Big Mac.}}</ref> This results in minimum wage workers getting a lesser increase in their "real wage" than in their nominal wage, because any goods and services they purchase made with minimum-wage labor have now increased in cost, analogous to an increase in the sales tax.<ref name=NPR_2021-02-16>{{ cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2021/02/16/967333964/what-mcdonalds-shows-about-the-minimum-wage | title=What McDonald's Shows About The Minimum Wage | last=Rosalsky | first=Greg | newspaper=[[NPR]] | date=2021-02-16 | quote=Ashenfelter says the evidence from increased food prices suggests that basically all of the "increase of labor costs gets passed right on to the customers." But because low-wage workers are also usually customers at low-wage establishments, this suggests that any pay raise resulting from a minimum wage increase might not be as great in reality as it looks on paper. In econospeak, the increase in their "real wage" — that is, their wage after accounting for the price of the stuff they buy — is not as high, because the cost of some of the stuff they buy, such as fast food, goes up too. ... "They still get a raise. They just don't get as big a raise as it may seem," he says. In effect, a minimum wage increase appears to be a redistribution of wealth from customers to low-wage workers. Ashenfelter says he thinks of it like a kind of sales tax. }}</ref>

=== Effect on suicides ===
Researchers found in 2019 that, "Between 1990 and 2015, raising the minimum wage by $1 in each state might have saved more than 27,000 lives, according to a report published this week in the ''Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.'' An increase of $2 in each state's minimum wage could have prevented more than 57,000 suicides."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raising the Minimum Wage by $1 May Prevent Thousands of Suicides, Study Shows |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/01/08/794568118/raising-the-minimum-wage-by-1-may-prevent-thousands-of-suicides-study-shows |access-date=2020-01-10 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> The researchers stated, "The effect of a US$1 increase in the minimum wage ranged from a 3.4% decrease (95% CI 0.4 to 6.4) to a 5.9% decrease (95% CI 1.4 to 10.2) in the suicide rate among adults aged 18–64 years with a high school education or less. We detected significant effect modification by unemployment rate, with the largest effects of minimum wage on reducing suicides observed at higher unemployment levels."<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaufman |first1=John A. |last2=Salas-Hernández |first2=Leslie K. |last3=Komro |first3=Kelli A. |last4=Livingston |first4=Melvin D. |date=2020-01-03 |title=Effects of Increased Minimum Wages by Unemployment Rate on Suicide in the USA |url= |journal=J Epidemiol Community Health |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=219–224 |doi=10.1136/jech-2019-212981 |issn=0143-005X |pmc=7549077 |pmid=31911542 |s2cid=210087516 }}</ref> They concluded, "Minimum wage increases appear to reduce the suicide rate among those with a high school education or less, and may reduce disparities between socioeconomic groups. Effects appear greatest during periods of high unemployment."<ref name=":10" />

=== Effects on crime ===
A 2016 White House report argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime.<ref name="theatlantic_2017">{{Citation |title=Raise the Minimum Wage, Reduce Crime? A New White House Report Links Higher Hourly Incomes to Lower Rates of Law-breaking. |date=March 3, 2017 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160423_cea_incarceration_criminal_justice.pdf |work=COEA |access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> The study by the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] calculated that "raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent." To get those numbers, the study assumed that "such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts, with an employment elasticity of 0.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower."<ref name="theatlantic_2017" />

In contrast in a 1987 journal article, Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase.<ref name="Hashimoto_1987">{{Cite journal |last=Hashimoto |first=Masanori |date=18 October 1987 |title=The Minimum Wage Law and Youth Crimes: Time-Series Evidence |journal=The Journal of Law & Economics |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=443–64 |doi=10.1086/467144 |jstor=725504 |s2cid=153649565}}</ref> According to the article, by decreasing employment in poor communities, total legal trade and production are curtailed. The report also argued that to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption, poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity.<ref name="Hashimoto_1987" />

=== Economic growth ===
Whether growth (GDP, a measure of both income and production) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending. The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the [[marginal propensity to consume]] or MPC. The transfer of income from higher income owners (who tend to save more, meaning a lower MPC) to lower income workers (who tend to save less, with a higher MPC) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods, leading to increased employment.<ref name="CBOMinWage1" />

The CBO reported in February 2014 that income (GDP) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage, indicating a small net positive increase in growth. Raising the minimum wage to $10.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016, while raising it to $9.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income.<ref name="CBOMinWage1" />

Additionally, a study by Overstreet in 2019 examined increases to the minimum wage in Arizona. Utilizing data spanning from 1976 to 2017, Overstreet found that a 1% increase in the minimum wage was significantly correlated with a 1.13% increase in per capita income in Arizona. This study could show that smaller increases in minimum wage may not distort labor market as significantly as larger increases experienced in other cities and states. Thus, the small increases experienced in Arizona may have actually led to a slight increase in economic growth.<ref>Overstreet, Dallin. "The Effect of Minimum Wage on Per Capita Income in Arizona: Empirical Analysis." Poverty & Public Policy 11.1-2 (2019): 156-168.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pop4.249</ref>

=== Income inequality ===
{{Further|Income inequality in the United States}}
[[File:Minimum to Median Wage OECD 2016.png|upright=1.0|thumb|Minimum wage levels in developed economies as a share of median full-time wage. The relative minimum wage ratio in the U.S. is shown in red.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD Statistics |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MIN2AVE# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611034108/http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MIN2AVE |archive-date=2009-06-11 |access-date=2018-01-23 |publisher=Stats.oecd.org}}</ref>]]
An increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher-income persons (business owners or "capital") to lower income persons (workers or "labor") and therefore should reduce income inequality. The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality. Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall (due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs), while families with incomes below that threshold would rise.<ref name="CBOMinWage1" /> Writing in ''The Atlantic'', journalist Derek Thompson summarized several studies which indicate that both state-level minimum wage increases and tighter labor markets caused wages to grow faster for lower income workers than higher income workers during the 2018–2019 time period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-04 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/10/labor-departments-new-report-isnt-so-gloomy/599491/? |title=The Best Economic News No One Wants to Talk About |publisher=The Atlantic |quote=What’s happening here? ... Rather, a tight labor market and state-by-state minimum wage hikes have combined to push up wage growth for the poorest workers. The sluggishness of overall wage growth is concealing the fact that the labor market has done wonderful things for wages at the low end.}}</ref>

=== Poverty ===
Among hourly-paid workers in 2016, 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1.5 million earned wages below the minimum. Together, these 2.2 million workers represented 2.7% of all hourly-paid workers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers, 2016 |url=https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/minimum-wage/2016/home.htm |access-date=April 13, 2019 |website=BLS Reports |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref>

The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option.<ref name="CBOMinWage1" /> Similarly, [[Arindrajit Dube]], professor of economics at University of Massachusetts Amherst, found in a 2017 study "robust evidence that higher minimum wages lead to increases in incomes among families at the bottom of the income distribution and that these wages reduce the poverty rate." According to the study "a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces the nonelderly poverty rate by about 5 percent."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dube |first=Arindrajit |date=February 2017 |title=Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes |journal=IZA Discussion Paper No. 10572 |ssrn=2923658}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-26 |title=Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes in the United States {{!}} Equitable Growth |work=Equitable Growth |url=http://equitablegrowth.org/research-analysis/minimum-wages-and-the-distribution-of-family-incomes-in-the-us/ |access-date=2018-01-25}}</ref> Similarly, a Morgan Study concluded that a national $15 minimum wage would lift tens of millions of Americans, potentially 32 million Americans, out of poverty, and would also improve [[racial wage gap in the United States|racial wage gaps]].<ref name="businessinsider.com"/>

In contrast, research conducted by [[David Neumark]] and colleagues in 2004 found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low-wage workers.<ref>Neumark, Shweitzer, Wascher (2004). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3559021 The Effects of Minimum Wages Throughout the Wage Distribution.] ''Journal of Human Resources.''</ref> A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line.<ref>Neumark, Shweitzer, Wascher (2005). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4129543 The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Distribution of Family Incomes: A Non-Parametric Analysis.] ''Journal of Human Resources.''</ref> Similarly, a 2002 study led by [[Richard Vedder]], professor of economics at [[Ohio University]], concluded that "The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed, the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty…"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vedder |first1=Richard |last2=Gallaway |first2=Lowell |year=2002 |title=The minimum wage and poverty among full-time workers |journal=Journal of Labor Research |volume=23 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.1007/s12122-002-1016-4 |s2cid=153839645}}</ref>

According to some economists, minimum wage increases result in a variety of negative effects for lower-skilled workers including reduced employment, reduced hours, reduced benefits, and less safe working conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherk |first=James |title=$15 Minimum Wages Will Substantially Raise Prices |url=https://www.heritage.org/jobs-and-labor/report/15-minimum-wages-will-substantially-raise-prices |access-date=2018-11-11 |website=The Heritage Foundation}}</ref><ref name="Minimum Wages and Employment" />

=== Federal budget deficit ===
In 2021, the Congressional Budget Office released a report which estimated that incrementally raising the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2025 would increase the federal budget deficit by $54 billion over ten years by increasing the cost of goods and services paid for by the federal government.{{ r | CBO_2021_Min_wage }}

== Commentary ==

=== Economists ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 100%; "
|-
|+ Effective minimum wage adjusted for cost of living for select U.S. cities (2015)<ref name="Cassleman">{{Cite news |last=Cassleman |first=Ben |date=20 May 2015 |title=LA's New Minimum Wage Isn't Worth Anywhere Close To $15 |work=FiveThirtyEight |url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/las-new-minimum-wage-isnt-worth-anywhere-close-to-15/ |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liu |first=John C. |date=July 2013 |title=Working but Still Struggling: The Case for a New York City Minimum Wage |url=https://comptroller.nyc.gov/wp-content/uploads/documents/NYC_MinimumWage.pdf |access-date=2013-10-06 |publisher=New York City Comptroller's Office}}</ref>
|-
! City
! Effective minimum wage
|-
| align=left|Seattle
| align=center|$8.51
|-
| align=left|Denver
| align=center|$7.57
|-
| align=left|Houston
| align=center|$7.26
|-
| align=left|'''United States'''
| align=center|'''$7.25'''
|-
| align=left|San Francisco
| align=center|$7.03
|-
| align=left|Chicago
| align=center|$7.01
|-
| align=left|Boston
| align=center|$6.59
|-
| align=left|Washington, D.C.
| align=center|$6.53
|-
| align=left|Los Angeles
| align=center|$6.38
|-
| align=left|Philadelphia
| align=center|$6.08
|-
| align=left|New York City
| align=center|$3.86
|-
|}
According to a survey conducted by economist [[Greg Mankiw]], 79% of economists agreed that "a minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers."<ref>Mankiw, N.G. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SNe5DQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=essentials+of+economics+mankiw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjA0bKZxPnUAhUQ5WMKHeDiCEQQ6wEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=essentials%20of%20economics%20mankiw&f=false Essentials of Economics, 8th Edition.] Cengage Learning, pp. 31.</ref>

A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that a majority of economists believes raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour would have negative effects on youth employment levels (83%), adult employment levels (52%), and the number of jobs available (76%). Additionally, 67% of economists surveyed believed that a $15 minimum wage would make it harder for small businesses with less than 50 employees to stay in business.<ref>Fowler, Smith (2015). [https://www.epionline.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Nov2015_EPI_MinWageSurvey4.pdf Survey of US Economists on a $15 Minimum Wage]. Employment Policies Institute.</ref>

A 2006 survey conducted by economist [[Robert Whaples]] of a sample of 210 Ph.D. economists randomly selected from the [[American Economic Association]], found that, regarding the U.S. minimum wage:<ref>Whaples (2006). [https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ev.2006.3.9/ev.2006.3.9.1156/ev.2006.3.9.1156.xml Do Economists Agree on Anything? Yes!] The Economists' Voice.</ref>
* 46.8% favored eliminating it
* 1.3% favored decreasing it
* 14.3% favored keeping it the same
* 5.2% favored increasing it by about 50 cents per hour
* 15.6% favored increasing it by about $1 per hour
* 16.9% favored increasing it by more than $1 per hour

In 2014, over 600 economists signed a letter in support of increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 with research suggesting that a minimum wage increase could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low-wage workers spend their additional earnings, raising demand and job growth.<ref name="epi.org">{{Cite web |title=Over 600 Economists Sign Letter In Support of $10.10 Minimum Wage: Economist Statement on the Federal Minimum Wage |url=http://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-statement/ |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Epi.org}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news |date=January 27, 2014 |title=600 Economists Now Back A $10.10 Minimum Wage |work=Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/27/economists-minimum-wage_n_4675290.html}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |date=March 13, 2014 |title=Economists Hit Back in the Minimum-Wage Wars |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/opinion/economists-hit-back-in-the-minimum-wage-wars.html?_r=0}}</ref><ref name="nationalmemo.com">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=Over 600 Economists Agree: It's Time To Raise The Minimum Wage – The National Memo – Smart. Sharp. Funny. Fearless. |url=http://www.nationalmemo.com/over-600-economists-agree-its-time-to-raise-the-minimum-wage/ |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=[[The National Memo]]}}</ref> Also, seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were among 75 economists endorsing an increase in the minimum wage for U.S. workers and said "the weight" of economic research shows higher pay doesn't lead to fewer jobs.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{Cite news |date=January 14, 2014 |title=Seven Nobel Laureates Endorse Higher U.S. Minimum Wage |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-14/seven-noble-laureates-urge-increase-in-u-s-worker-minimum-wage.html}}</ref><ref name="economicpolicyjournal.com">{{Cite web |title=Seven Nobel Laureates Endorse Increase in U.S. Minimum Wage |url=http://www.economicpolicyjournal.com/2014/01/seven-nobel-laureates-endorse-increase.html |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Economicpolicyjournal.coms}}</ref>

According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago [[IGM Forum]], which includes approximately 40 economists:
* 34% agreed with the statement that "Raising the federal minimum wage to $9 per hour would make it noticeably harder for low-skilled workers to find employment", with 32% disagreeing and 24% uncertain
* 42% agreed that "...raising the minimum wage to $9 per hour and indexing it to inflation...would be a desirable policy", with 11% disagreeing or strongly disagreeing and 32% uncertain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_br0IEq5a9E77NMV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821030142/http://www.igmchicago.org/igm-economic-experts-panel/poll-results?SurveyID=SV_br0IEq5a9E77NMV |archive-date=2013-08-21 |access-date=2013-12-06}}</ref>

According to a fall 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide-Stevenson, 73.5% (27.9% of which agreed with provisos) of American economists surveyed [How many?] agreed that minimum wage laws increase [[unemployment]] among unskilled and young workers, while 26.5% disagreed with the statement.<ref name="Fuller and Geide-Stevenson 2003">Fuller, Dan and Doris Geide-Stevenson (2003): ''Consensus Among Economists: Revisited'', in: Journal of Economic Review, Vol. 34, No. 4, S. 369–387 [http://www.indiana.edu/~econed/pdffiles/fall03/fuller.pdf (PDF)]</ref>

Economist [[Paul Krugman]] advocated raising the minimum wage moderately in 2013, citing several reasons, including:
* The minimum wage was below its 1960s purchasing power, despite a near doubling of productivity;
* The great preponderance of the evidence indicates there is no negative impact on employment from moderate increases; and
* A high level of public support, specifically Democrats and Republican women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krugman |first=Paul |date=17 February 2013 |title=Opinion – Raise That Wage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/18/opinion/krugman-raise-that-wage.html |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Nytimes.com}}</ref>

=== Major political parties ===
Democratic candidates, elected officials, and activists support an increase in the minimum wage.<ref>Teresa Tritch, [https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/07/06/where-do-democrats-stand-on-the-minimum-wage/ Where Do Democrats Stand on the Minimum Wage?], ''New York Times'' (July 6, 2016).</ref> In his [[2013 State of the Union Address]], President [[Barack Obama]] called for an increase in the federal minimum wage to $9 an hour; several months later, Democrats [[Tom Harkin]] and [[George Miller (California politician)|George Miller]] proposed legislation to increase the federal minimum wage to $10.10; and in 2015, congressional Democrats introduced a proposal to increase the federal minimum wage to $12 an hour.<ref name="Berman">Russell Berman, [https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/minimum-wage-12-congress/392180/ Where the Minimum-Wage Fight Is Being Won], ''The Atlantic'' (May 4, 2015).</ref> These efforts did not succeed, but increases in city and state minimum wages prompted congressional Democrats to continue fighting for an increase on the federal level.<ref name="Berman" /> After much internal party debate,<ref>Mike Lillis, [http://thehill.com/homenews/news/249380-15-minimum-wage-divides-democrats $15 minimum wage divides Dems], ''The Hill'' (July 28, 2016).</ref> the party's official platform adopted at the [[2016 Democratic National Convention]] stated: "We should raise the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour over time and index it, give all Americans the ability to join a union regardless of where they work, and create new ways for workers to have power in the economy so every worker can earn at least $15 an hour."<ref>Alex Seitz-Wald, [https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/democrats-add-15-minimum-wage-platform-n606351 Democrats Add $15 Minimum Wage to Platform], NBC News (July 8, 2017).</ref><ref>David Weigel, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/07/09/democrats-back-15-minimum-wage-but-stalemate-on-social-security/ Democrats back $15 minimum wage, but stalemate on Social Security], ''Washington Post'' (July 9, 2016).</ref>

Most Republican elected officials oppose action to increase the minimum wage,<ref name="Bouie">Jamelle Bouie, [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2014/05/the_gop_and_the_minimum_wage_republican_ideas_about_the_minimum_wage_are.html Honest Work], ''Slate'' (May 13, 2014).</ref><ref>Dave Jamieson, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/republicans-minimum-wage_us_5642a4d5e4b060377346e81e GOP Candidates Resoundingly Reject The Idea of a Minimum Wage Hike], ''HuffPo'' (November 10, 2015).</ref> and have blocked Democratic efforts to increase the minimum wage.<ref>Ramsey Cox, [http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/204802-gop-blocks-1010-minimum-wage GOP blocks minimum-wage hike], ''The Hill'' (April 30, 2014).</ref> Republican leadership such as [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speakers of the House]] [[John Boehner]]<ref name="Bouie" /> and [[Paul Ryan]] have opposed minimum wage increases.<ref>Rich Kirchen, [https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2014/09/02/paul-ryan-opposes-minimum-wage-hike-says-it-would.html Paul Ryan opposes minimum wage hike, says it would nix jobs], ''Milwaukee Business Journal'' (September 2, 2014).</ref> Some Republicans oppose having a minimum wage altogether, while a few, conversely, have supported minimum wage increases or indexing the minimum wage to inflation.<ref name="Bouie" />

In January 2014, seven Nobel economists—[[Kenneth Arrow]], [[Peter Diamond]], [[Eric Maskin]], [[Thomas Schelling]], [[Robert Solow]], [[Michael Spence]], and [[Joseph Stiglitz]]—and 600 other economists wrote a [http://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-statement/ letter] to the US Congress and the US President urging that, by 2016, the US government should raise the minimum wage to $10.10. They endorsed the [[Minimum Wage Fairness Act]] which was introduced by US Senator [[Tom Harkin]] in 2013.<ref name="cnnmoney2014january14MW">[http://money.cnn.com/2014/01/14/news/economy/raising-minimum-wage/ 75 economists back minimum wage hike] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301002359/http://money.cnn.com/2014/01/14/news/economy/raising-minimum-wage/ |date=1 March 2015 }} CNN Money, 14 January 2014</ref><ref name="EPI600MW">[http://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-statement/ Over 600 Economists Sign Letter In Support of $10.10 Minimum Wage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009121909/http://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-statement/ |date=9 October 2017 }} Economist Statement on the Federal Minimum Wage, Economic Policy Institute</ref> U.S. Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] introduced a bill in 2015 that would raise the minimum wage to $15, and in [[Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016|his 2016 campaign for president]] ran on a platform of increasing it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanders Introduces Bill for $15-an-Hour Minimum Wage |url=http://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-introduces-bill-for-15-an-hour-minimum-wage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906010136/http://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/sanders-introduces-bill-for-15-an-hour-minimum-wage |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=Sen. Bernie Sanders}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/24/rapid-success-15-dollars-minimum-wage-new-york The rapid success of Fight for $15: 'This is a trend that cannot be stopped'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201225220/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/24/rapid-success-15-dollars-minimum-wage-new-york |date=1 December 2016 }} S. Greenhouse, The Guardian, US-News, 24 July 2015</ref> Although Sanders did not become the nominee, the [[Democratic National Committee]] adopted his $15 minimum wage push in their [[2016 Democratic National Convention#Platform provisions|2016 party platform]].<ref>Alex Seitz-Wald, [http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/democrats-advance-most-progressive-platform-party-history-n606646 Democrats Advance Most Progressive Platform in Party History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801171543/http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/democrats-advance-most-progressive-platform-party-history-n606646 |date=1 August 2016 }}, NBC News (10 July 2016).</ref>

=== Protests for increasing the wage ===
[[File:Minimumwage demonstration.jpg|thumb|right|Protest calling for raising the Minneapolis minimum wage to $15/hour. 12 September 2016]]

Since 2012, a growing protest and advocacy movement called "[[Fight for $15]]", initially growing out of fast food worker strikes, has advocated for an increase in the minimum wage to a [[living wage]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oakland |first=Jana Kasperkevic Ronnie Cohen in |date=2016-04-14 |title=Fight for $15 protesters across US demand living wage in day of action |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/apr/14/fight-for-15-protests-fair-minimum-wage |access-date=2017-12-18 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Since the start of these protests, a number of states and cities have increased their minimum wage. In 2014 [[Connecticut]] for instance passed legislation to raise the minimum wage from $8.70 to $10.10 per hour by 2017, making it one of about six states at the time to aim at or above $10.00 per hour.<ref name="ncsl.org">{{Cite web |title=2016 Minimum Wage by State |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/state-minimum-wage-chart.aspx |access-date=October 23, 2016 |website=ncsl.org |publisher=NCSL}}</ref> In 2014 and 2015, several cities, including San Francisco, Seattle, Los Angeles, and Washington D.C. passed ordinances that gradually increase the minimum wage to $15.00 per hour.<ref name="NYT-20150519">{{Cite news |last1=Medina |first1=Jennifer |last2=Scheiber |first2=Noam |date=May 19, 2015 |title=Los Angeles Lifts Its Minimum Wage to $15 Per Hour |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/20/us/los-angeles-expected-to-raise-minimum-wage-to-15-an-hour.html |access-date=May 20, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150520">{{Cite news |last=Staff |date=May 20, 2015 |title=A $15 Minimum Wage Bombshell in Los Angeles |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/21/opinion/a-15-minimum-wage-bombshell-in-los-angeles.html |access-date=May 20, 2015}}</ref> In 2016 New York and California became the first states to pass legislation that would gradually raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour in each state,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-20 |title=New York State's Minimum Wage |work=Welcome to the State of New York |url=https://www.ny.gov/new-york-states-minimum-wage/new-york-states-minimum-wage |access-date=2017-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Enforcement |first=Division of Labor Standards |title=Minimum wage |url=https://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/faq_minimumwage.htm |access-date=2017-04-16 |website=Dir.ca.gov}}</ref> followed by Massachusetts in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=$15 Minimum Wage, Required Paid Leave Are Coming To Mass., After Gov. Baker Signs 'Grand Bargain' |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/06/28/baker-to-sign-bill-hiking-minimum-wage-requiring-paid-leave |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=www.wbur.org}}</ref>

In April 2014, the U.S. Senate debated the minimum wage on the federal level by way of the [[Minimum Wage Fairness Act (S. 1737; 113th Congress)|Minimum Wage Fairness Act]]. The bill would have amended the [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938]] (FLSA) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $10.10 per hour over the course of a two-year period.<ref name="1737sum">{{Cite web |title=S. 1737 – Summary |date=April 2, 2014 |url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/1737 |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=United States Congress}}</ref> The bill was strongly supported by President [[Barack Obama]] and many of the Democratic Senators, but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House.<ref name="ObamaClearChoice">{{Cite news |last=Sink |first=Justin |date=2 April 2014 |title=Obama: Congress has 'clear choice' on minimum wage |work=The Hill |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/202475-obama-congress-has-clear-choice-on-minimum-wage |access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="Reidpunts">{{Cite news |last=Bolton |first=Alexander |date=8 April 2014 |title=Reid punts on minimum-wage hike |work=The Hill |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/202964-reid-punts-on-minimum-wage-hike |access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="CentristRepubs">{{Cite news |last=Bolton |first=Alexander |date=4 April 2014 |title=Centrist Republicans cool to minimum wage hike compromise |work=The Hill |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/202641-centrist-republicans-cool-to-wage-compromise |access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> Later in 2014, voters in the Republican-controlled states of Alaska, Arkansas, Nebraska and South Dakota considered ballot initiatives to raise the minimum wage above the national rate of $7.25 per hour, which were successful in all four states. The results provided evidence that raising minimum wage has support across party lines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Andy |date=September 15, 2014 |title=A minimum-wage hike finds hope in U.S. heartland |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-wage-idUSKBN0HA09E20140915 |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>

In April 2017, Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] and Senator [[Patty Murray]], backed by 28 of the Senate's Democrats, introduced new federal legislation which would raise the minimum wage to $15 per hour by 2024 and index it to inflation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weigel |first=David |date=2017-04-26 |title=Sanders and 21 Democrats introduce bill to raise minimum wage to $15 an hour |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/04/26/sanders-and-21-democrats-introduce-bill-to-raise-minimum-wage-to-15-an-hour/ |access-date=2017-12-18 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The Raise the Wage Act of 2017, which was simultaneously introduced in the House of Representatives with 166 Democratic cosponsors, would raise the minimum wage to $9.25 per hour immediately, and then gradually increase it to $15 per hour by 2024, while simultaneously raising the minimum wage for tipped workers and phasing it out.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-25 |title=H.R.15 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Raise the Wage Act |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/15 |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> The legislation was introduced according to Senator Bernie Sanders to make sure that every worker has at least a modest and decent standard of living.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carney |first=Jordain |date=2017-05-25 |title=Sanders, Democrats introduce $15 minimum wage bill |work=TheHill |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/335227-sanders-democrats-introduce-15-minimum-wage-bill |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>

Reactions from former McDonald's USA Ed Rensi about raising minimum wage to $15 is to completely push humans out of the picture when it comes to labor if they are to pay minimum wage at $15 they would look into replacing humans with machines as that would be the more cost-effective than having employees that are ineffective. During an interview on FOX Business Network’s Mornings with Maria, he stated that he believes an increase to $15 an hour would cause job loss at an extraordinary level. Rensi also believes it does not only affect the fast food industry, franchising he sees as the best business model in the United States, it is dependent on people that have low job skills that have to grow and if you cannot pay them a reasonable wage then they are going to be replaced with machines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Limitone |first=Julia |date=24 May 2016 |title=Fmr. Mcdonald's Usa Ceo: $35k Robots Cheaper Than Hiring At $15 Per Hour |url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2016/05/24/fmr-mcdonalds-usa-ceo-35k-robots-cheaper-than-hiring-at-15-per-hour.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713090754/http://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2016/05/24/fmr-mcdonalds-usa-ceo-35k-robots-cheaper-than-hiring-at-15-per-hour.html |archive-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>

Following protests due to low wages and poor work conditions, Amazon raised the minimum wage for all its employees to $15.00 per hour in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Alexia Fernández |date=2018-10-02 |title=Amazon is raising its minimum wage to $15 for US workers |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/10/2/17927686/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-workers |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> The company subsequently became a major lobbyist for a $15.00 per hour minimum wage, which some observed as a way for the company to force competitors to increase their worker costs as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yglesias |first=Matthew |date=2018-10-03 |title=Why Amazon is fighting for $15 |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/10/3/17932884/amazon-minimum-wage-increase |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref>

== Polls ==
The [[Pew Center]] reported in January 2014 that 73% of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10. By party, 53% of Republicans and 90% of Democrats favored this action.<ref name="people-press.org">{{Cite web |date=23 January 2014 |title=Most See Inequality Growing, but Partisans Differ over Solutions |url=http://www.people-press.org/2014/01/23/most-see-inequality-growing-but-partisans-differ-over-solutions/ |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=People-press.org}}</ref> Pew found a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage in 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage, and 54% of whites opposing it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeSilver |first=Drew |date=January 4, 2017 |title=5 facts about the minimum wage |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/04/5-facts-about-the-minimum-wage/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |quote=Overall, 52% of people favored increasing the federal minimum to $15 an hour, but that idea was favored by just 21% of Trump supporters (versus 82% of Clinton backers). And while large majorities of blacks and Hispanics supported a $15 federal minimum wage, 54% of whites opposed it.}}</ref>

A Lake Research Partners poll in February 2012 found the following:
* Strong support overall for raising the minimum wage, with 73% of likely voters supporting an increase to $10 and indexing it to inflation during 2014, including 58% who strongly support the action;
* Support crosses party lines, with support from 91% of Democrats, 74% of Independents, and 50% of Republicans; and
* A majority (56%) believe that raising the minimum wage will help the economy, 16% believe it won't make a difference, and only 21% felt it would hurt the economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Research Partners. Public Support for Raising the Minimum Wage. February 2012 |url=http://nelp.3cdn.net/0be1c6315f2430afa6_arm6bq9wu.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514013329/http://nelp.3cdn.net/0be1c6315f2430afa6_arm6bq9wu.pdf |archive-date=May 14, 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Nelp.3cdn.net}}</ref>
Regardless of the ruling, the idea of raising the minimum wage to $15 by 2025 from its current $7.25 is broadly popular, a Reuters/Ipsos poll found. Some 59% of respondents said they supported the idea, with 34% opposing it.
When told that "raising the minimum wage should lift some families out of poverty, but government economists also expect it could eliminate some low income jobs, potentially making some families worse off," 55% of respondents said they supported it.
About 40% of American adults said that they would benefit – either personally or through a member of their family – if the U.S. raised the federal minimum wage.

<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/majority-of-americans-support-dollar15-minimum-wage-reuters-ipsos-poll-shows/ar-BB1e1fMz</ref>

== List by jurisdiction ==
This is a list of the [[minimum wage]]s (per hour) in each state and territory of the United States, for jobs covered by federal minimum wage laws. If the job is not subject to the federal [[Fair Labor Standards Act]], then state, city, or other local laws may determine the minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Minimum Wage By State 2013 |url=http://www.minimum-wage.org/wage-by-state.asp |access-date=2013-06-13 |publisher=Minimum-Wage.org}}</ref> A common exemption to the federal minimum wage is a company having revenue of less than $500,000 per year while not engaging in any interstate commerce.

Under the federal law, workers who receive a portion of their salary from tips, such as waitstaff, are required only to have their total compensation, including tips, meet the minimum wage. Therefore, often, their hourly wage, before tips, is less than the minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Employee Rights Under the Fair Labor Standards Act |url=http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/posters/minwage.pdf |access-date=September 3, 2010 |website=Wage and Hour Division (WHD) |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref> Seven states, and Guam, do not allow for a tip credit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees |url=http://www.dol.gov/whd/state/tipped.htm |website=U.S. Department of Labor}}</ref> Additional exemptions to the minimum wage include many seasonal employees, student employees, and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2011 |title=Exemptions to the Minimum Wage and the FLSA |url=http://www.minimum-wage.org/minimum-wage-exemptions.asp |website=Minimum-Wage.org}}</ref> However, paying workers with disabilities less than the minimum wage was outlawed in New Hampshire in 2015, in Maryland in 2016, in Alaska in 2018,<ref name="disability">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-23 |title=Alaska bars employers from paying disabled workers less than minimum wage |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/2/23/17036472/disabled-workers-minimum-wage-alaska |access-date=2019-12-12 |publisher=Vox}}</ref> and in Hawaii in 2021.<ref name="hawaii disability wage">{{cite web |last1=Emanuelson, Jr. |first1=Eric I. |title=Hawaii Repeals “Disability Subminimum Wage” |url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/hawaii-repeals-disability-subminimum-wage |website=The National Law Review |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704032108/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/hawaii-repeals-disability-subminimum-wage |archive-date=4 July 2021 |date=29 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition, some counties and cities within states may implement a higher minimum wage than the rest of their state. Sometimes this higher wage applies only to businesses that contract with the local government, while in other cases the higher minimum applies to all work.

=== Federal ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Type
!Min. wage ($/h)
!Notes
|-
|Tipped
|$2.13
|The [[Fair Labor Standards Act]] of 1938 has been requiring a minimum wage of $2.13 for tipped workers with the expectation that wages plus tips total no less than $7.25 per hour since September 1, 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet #32: Youth Minimum Wage – Fair Labor Standards Act |url=https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs32.pdf |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Dol.gov}}</ref> The employer must pay the difference if total income does not add up to $7.25 per hour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips? What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips? |url=http://www.dol.gov/elaws/faq/esa/flsa/002.htm |access-date=5 November 2012 |website=eLaws |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref>
|-
|Non-tipped
|$7.25
|Per the [[Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007]] (FMWA) since July 24, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal minimum wage will increase to $7.25 on July 24 |url=http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/esa/esa20090821.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421060332/http://www.dol.gov/opa/media/press/esa/esa20090821.htm |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |access-date=5 November 2012 |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref>
|-
|Youth (First 90 calendar days only)
|$4.25
|The Fair Labor Standards Act has since August 20, 1996 allowed for persons under the age of 20 to be paid $4.25 for the first 90 calendar days of their employment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage |url=https://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/coverage.htm |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Wage and Hour Division (WHD) |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Law 104–188 104th Congress |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ188/pdf/PLAW-104publ188.pdf |access-date=2018-12-12 |website=www.gpo.gov}}</ref>
|}

=== State ===
As of October 2016, there have been 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum. From 2014 to 2015, nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments, while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action.<ref name=nyt15 />
Beginning in January 2019, Washington D.C has the highest minimum wages in the country, at $14.00 per hour.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=March 13, 2020 |title=Minimum Wage by State and 2020 Increases |url=https://www.paycor.com/resource-center/minimum-wage-by-state-and-2018-increases |access-date=July 3, 2020 |website=www.paycor.com}}</ref> New York City's minimum wage for companies with 11 or more employees became $15.00 per hour on December 31, 2018.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=New York City, New York Minimum Wage 2019 – Minimum-Wage.org |url=https://www.minimum-wage.org/new-york/new-york-city-minimum-wage |access-date=April 13, 2019 |website=www.minimum-wage.org}}</ref> On the same day, NYC's hourly minimum wage for companies with 10 or fewer employees became $13.50.<ref name=":4" /> The minimum wage in [[Illinois]] will reach $15 per hour by 2025 with increases beginning in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pritzker signs bill to increase minimum hourly wage to $15 by 2025 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/business/pritzker-signs-bill-increase-minimum-wage-15-hour-2025/ |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!State
!data-sort-type="currency" | Min. wage ($/h)<ref name="minwage" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Minimum Wage Tracker |work=Economic Policy Institute |url=http://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-tracker/ |access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref>
!data-sort-type="currency" | Tipped ($/h)<ref name="DOLtipped">{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2013 |title=Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees |url=https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/tipped.htm |access-date=November 25, 2017 |website=Wage and Hour Division (WHD) |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref>{{efn|name= tipped|Generally applies to employees who make over $30 in tips per month, unless otherwise noted.<ref name="DOLtipped" />}}
!data-sort-type="currency" | Youth/ training ($/h){{efn|name= youth-training|Applies to persons under age 20, for the first 90 days of employment (per FMWA), unless otherwise noted.}}
!Automatic indexed adjustment
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|[[Alabama]]
|None{{efn|name= NoStateLaw|No state minimum wage law. Federal rates apply, although some small businesses exempt from FMWA may not be covered.}}
|
|
|No
|Local laws (including a local $10.10 minimum wage law passed by the [[Birmingham, Alabama|City of Birmingham]]) were preempted in 2016 with the enactment of the Alabama Uniform Minimum Wage and Right-to-Work Act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bentley signs bill blocking Birmingham minimum wage |url=https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/politics/southunionstreet/2016/02/25/alabama-legislature-blocks-birmingham-minimum-wage/80941854/ |access-date=2019-02-08 |website=The Montgomery Advertiser}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alabama HB174 {{!}} 2016 {{!}} Regular Session |url=https://legiscan.com/AL/bill/HB174/2016 |access-date=2019-02-08 |website=LegiScan}}</ref> The [[NAACP]] and two African-American Birmingham workers sued, arguing that the state's adoption of the preemption legislation violated the [[U.S. Constitution]] and the [[Voting Rights Act]] on the grounds that its passage "was rooted in the [[Alabama Legislature|state legislature]]'s racial bias against Birmingham's black-majority city council and citizens."<ref name="Davis">{{Cite web |authors=Thomas A. Davis, Tammy L. Baker & David T. Wiley |date=December 16, 2019 |title=Full Eleventh Circuit Finds that Plaintiffs Lack Standing in Alabama Lawsuit Challenging State Prohibition of Local Minimum Wage Laws |url=https://www.wageandhourlawupdate.com/2019/12/articles/states/alabama/full-eleventh-circuit-finds-that-plaintiffs-lack-standing-in-alabama-lawsuit-challenging-state-prohibition-of-local-minimum-wage-laws/ |website=Wage & Hour Law Update |publisher=Jackson Lewis P.C.}}</ref> In 2019, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] held, in a closely divided 7–5 vote, that the plaintiffs lacked [[Standing (law)|standing]] to pursue the case.<ref name=Davis />
|-
|[[Alaska]]
|$10.34
|$10.34
|
|Yes
|Minimum wage increased to $10.34 on January 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINIMUM WAGE STANDARD AND OVERTIME HOURS |url=https://labor.alaska.gov/lss/whact.htm |access-date=2021-01-02 |website=labor.alaska.gov}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arizona]]
|$12.15
|$9.15
|
|Yes
|Voters passed Proposition 206 in 2016 scheduling a series of wage increases, starting on January 1, 2021 the minimum wage will be tied to inflation;<ref>{{Cite web |title=LABOR DEPARTMENT – MINIMUM WAGE |url=https://www.azica.gov/labor-minimum-wage-main-page |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> it will rise to $12.15 in 2021.
* Flagstaff: $15.00 regular and $12.00 tipped effective January 1, 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage {{!}} City of Flagstaff Official Website |url=https://www.flagstaff.az.gov/3520/Minimum-Wage |access-date=January 1, 2021 |website=www.flagstaff.az.gov}}</ref>
* Phoenix city employees: $15.00 for full-time workers effective May 1, 2019;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dempsey |first=Geoff |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Phoenix Council Raises City Employee Minimum Wage To $15 |work=Patch |url=https://patch.com/arizona/phoenix/phoenix-council-raises-city-employee-minimum-wage-15 |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> extended to part-time workers November 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stone |first=Kevin |date=November 20, 2019 |title=Phoenix extends $15 minimum wage to year-round part-time workers |work=KTAR.com |url=https://ktar.com/story/2849651/phoenix-extends-15-minimum-wage-to-year-round-part-time-workers/ |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arkansas]]
|$11.00
|$2.63
|
|No
|Voters passed Issue 5 in 2018 to schedule a series of wage increases. Effective January 1, 2021, the minimum wage increased to $11.00.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage and Overtime |url=https://www.labor.arkansas.gov/divisions/labor-standards/minimum-wage-and-overtime/ |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[California]]
|$14.00<ref name=CALabCode/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Minimum wage |work=California Department of Industrial Relations |url=http://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/FAQ_MinimumWage.htm |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref>
|$14.00
|
|Yes
|Minimum wage increased to $14.00 for business with 26 employees or more; $13.00 for business with 25 employees or fewer, effective on January 1, 2021<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 2020 |title=State of California, Department of Industrial Relations |url=https://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/faq_minimumwage.htm |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> and increases to $15.00 by 2022 for business with 26 employees or more ($15.00 by 2023 for business with 25 employees or fewer).<ref name=CALabCode>{{cite web|url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=1182.12.&lawCode=LAB|title=California Labor Code § 1182.12(b)(1)|publisher=[[California Office of Legislative Counsel]]|date=April 4, 2016|accessdate=June 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Myers |first1=John |last2=Dillon |first2=Liam |date=March 28, 2016 |title=Gov. Brown hails deal to raise minimum wage to $15 as 'matter of economic justice' |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-jerry-brown-minimum-wage-deal-20160328-story.html |access-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref> At least 27 California cities had a minimum wage higher than the state minimum on January 1, 2020:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levine |first=Nathaniel |date=December 28, 2017 |title=California's minimum wage rises again on Jan. 1. Here's how much |url=http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/article192063679.html |access-date=2017-12-29 |website=The Sacramento Bee}}</ref> 
* [[Alameda, California|Alameda]]: $15.00 since July 1, 2020.
* [[Belmont, California|Belmont]]: $15.90 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]: $16.32 since July 1, 2021.
* [[Burlingame, California|Burlingame]]: $15.00 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]]: $15.65 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Daly City, California|Daly City]]: $15.00 since January 1, 2021.
* [[El Cerrito, California|El Cerrito]]: $15.61 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Emeryville, California|Emeryville]]: $17.13 since July 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage Ordinance {{!}} City of Emeryville, CA – Official Website |url=https://www.ci.emeryville.ca.us/1024/Minimum-Wage-Ordinance |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=www.ci.emeryville.ca.us}}</ref>
* [[Fremont, California|Fremont]]: $15.25 for businesses with 26 or more employees, $15.00 for businesses with 25 employees or fewer since July 1, 2021.
* [[Half Moon Bay, California|Half Moon Bay]]: $15.00 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Hayward, California|Hayward]]: $15.00 for businesses with 26 or more employees, $14.00 for businesses with 25 employees or fewer since January 1, 2021.
* [[Los Altos, California|Los Altos]]: $15.65 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]: (City of Los Angeles – not including County of Los Angeles) $15.00 since July 1, 2021. Unions are exempt from the city of Los Angeles's minimum wage law. ([[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] also has the same minimum wage as the city of [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], despite having separate ordinances.
* [[Malibu, California|Malibu]]: $15.00 since July 1, 2021.
* [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]]: $15.25 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Milpitas, California|Milpitas]]: $15.65 since July 1, 2021.
* [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]]: $16.30 since January 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Mountain View – Mountain View Minimum Wage Ordinance |url=https://www.mountainview.gov/depts/comdev/economicdev/city_minimum_wage.asp |access-date=January 1, 2021 |website=www.mountainview.gov}}</ref>
* [[Novato, California|Novato]]: $15.24/hour for employers with 100 or more employees, $15.00/hour for employers with 26 to 99 employees, $14.00/hour for employers with 25 or fewer employees since January 1, 2021
* [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]: $14.36 since January 1, 2021; unions are exempt from Oakland's minimum wage law.
* [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]]: $15.65 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]]: $15.00 since July 1, 2021.
* [[Petaluma, California|Petaluma]]: $15.20 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Redwood City, California|Redwood City]]: $15.62 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Richmond, California|Richmond]]: $15.21 since January 1, 2021.
* [[San Carlos, California|San Carlos]]: $15.24 since January 1, 2021.
* [[San Diego]]: $14.00 since January 1, 2021.
* [[San Francisco]]: $16.32 since July 1, 2021 and adjusts with Consumer Price Index (CPI) increases July 1 each following year;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage Ordinance (MWO) |url=http://www.sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=411 |access-date=July 2, 2018}}</ref> unions are exempt from San Francisco's minimum wage law.<ref name="Wash Exam Dec 24, 2014" />
* [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]: $15.45 since January 1, 2021; unions are exempt from San Jose's minimum wage law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2021 |title=Minimum Wage Ordinance |url=https://www.sanjoseca.gov/minimumwage}}</ref>
* [[San Leandro, California|San Leandro]]: $15.00 since July 1, 2020.
* [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]]: $15.62 since January 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of San Mateo Minimum Wage Ordinance | San Mateo, CA – Official Website |url=https://www.cityofsanmateo.org/3278/Minimum-Wage |access-date=January 1, 2021 |website=www.cityofsanmateo.org}}</ref>
* [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]]: $15.65 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]]: $15.00 since July 1, 2021.
* [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]]: $15.20 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Sonoma, California|Sonoma]]: $15.00 for businesses with 26 or more employees, $14.00 for businesses with 25 employees or fewer since January 1, 2021.
* [[South San Francisco, California|South San Francisco]]: $15.25 since January 1, 2021.
* [[Sunnyvale, California|Sunnyvale]]: $16.30 since January 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunnyvale, CA – Minimum Wage |url=https://sunnyvale.ca.gov/business/doingbusiness/wage.htm |access-date=January 1, 2021 |website=sunnyvale.ca.gov}}</ref>
|-
|[[Colorado]]
|$12.32<ref name="Labor Standards & Statistics">{{Cite web |title=Labor Standards & Statistics |url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdle/labor |access-date=2021-01-01 |publisher=Colorado DOLE}}</ref>
|$9.30
|
|Yes
|On January 1, 2021, the minimum wage increased to $12.32 and it will be adjusted with the Consumer Price Index yearly. (CPI)<ref name="Labor Standards & Statistics"/> The tipped wage is $3.02 less than the minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2012 |title=2012 Colorado Minimum Wage Fact Sheet |url=http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1251840506616&ssbinary=true |access-date=2013-09-25 |publisher=Colorado DOLE}}</ref>
* Denver: $14.77 since Jan. 1, 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Livable Wage For Denver |url=https://www.denvergov.org/Government/Departments/Mayors-Office/Programs-and-Initiatives/Livable-Wage |access-date=2020-01-01 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Connecticut]]
|$12.00
|$6.59
|
|Yes
|In 2019, the CT government passed a law raising the minimum wage to $11.00 on October 1, 2019, with future increases in later years scheduled as follows:
* $12.00 starting on September 1, 2020;
* $13.00 on August 1, 2021;
* $14.00 on July 1, 2022;
* $15.00 on June 1, 2023;

And finally, starting on January 1, 2024, the minimum wage will be indexed to the [[Employment cost index|Employment Cost Index]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Governor Lamont Signs Minimum Wage Increase |work=portal.ct.gov, The Office of Governor Ned Lamont |url=https://portal.ct.gov/Office-of-the-Governor/News/Press-Releases/2019/05-2019/Governor-Lamont-Signs-Minimum-Wage-Increase |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Delaware]]
|$9.25
|$2.23
|$8.75
|No
| Minimum wage increased to $9.25 effective on October 1, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-18 |title=Minimum Wage increases January 1st |url=https://news.delaware.gov/2018/12/18/minimum-wage-increases-january-1st/ |access-date=2019-07-12 |website=State of Delaware News}}</ref>
|-
|[[Florida]]
|$8.65
|$5.63
|
|Yes
|Florida's minimum wage increased to $8.65 and the tipped minimum wage to $5.63 on January 1, 2021. In November 2020, Florida voters passed a Constitutional Amendment which will gradually raise the minimum wage to $15.00 per hour by 2026. After 2026, the minimum wage is increased annually on September 30 (effective January 1 of the following calendar year) based upon a [[cost of living]] formula (the [[Consumer Price Index]] for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, not seasonally adjusted, for the South Region or a successor index as calculated by the [[United States Department of Labor]], using the rate of inflation for the 12 months prior to September 1).<ref>Florida Statutes Section 448.110(4)(a).</ref>

Minimum wage will increase to $10.00 on September 30, 2021 (effective January 1, 2022), with subsequent increases as follows:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Konish |first=Lorie |date=November 6, 2020 |title=Florida is raising minimum wage to $15 per hour. Some economists hope to see a national trend |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/06/florida-passes-15-per-hour-minimum-wage-economists-seek-national-trend.html |access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref>
* $11.00 on September 30, 2022
* $12.00 on September 30, 2023
* $13.00 on September 30, 2024
* $14.00 on September 30, 2025
* $15.00 on September 30, 2026
|-
|[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|$5.15<ref name="FedApplies">Note: Federal minimum wage applies to businesses involved in interstate commerce, and to most businesses with gross revenues over $500,000, where state minimum wage is lower.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage Change – Spotlight – Georgia Department of Labor |url=http://www.dol.state.ga.us/spotlight/sp_minimum_wage_change_2007.htm |access-date=2013-06-13 |publisher=Dol.state.ga.us}}</ref>
|$2.13
|
|No
|Only applicable to employers of 6 or more employees. The state law excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938|Federal Fair Labor Standards Act]] when the federal rate is greater than the state rate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LexisNexis® Custom Solution: Georgia Code Research Tool |url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/gacode/Default.asp |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Lexisnexis.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Hawaii]]
|$10.10
|$9.35
|
|No
|Minimum wage increased to $10.10 on January 1, 2018. Tipped employees earn 75 cents less than the current state minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage and Overtime |url=http://labor.hawaii.gov/wsd/minimum-wage/ |access-date=2013-09-25 |publisher=Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations}}</ref> The "disability subminimum wage" (wherein disabled workers are exempted from standard minimum wage requirements) was repealed in June 2021. <ref name="hawaii disability wage"></ref>
|-
|[[Idaho]]
|$7.25<ref>{{Cite web |title=Section 44-1502 – Idaho State Legislature |url=http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title44/T44CH15SECT44-1502.htm |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Legislature.idaho.gov}}</ref>
|$3.35
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Illinois]]
|$11.00<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Hourly Minimum Wage Rates by Year – Fair Labor Standards Division |url=https://www2.illinois.gov/idol/Laws-Rules/FLS/Pages/minimum-wage-rates-by-year.aspx |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=www2.illinois.gov}}</ref>
|$6.60
|$8.50
|No
|The current Illinois minimum wage is $11.00. As of January 1, 2020, if a worker under 18 works more than 650 hours for the employer during any calendar year, they must be paid the regular (over 18 wage). Tipped employees earn 60% of the minimum wage (employers may claim credit for tips, up to 40% of wage) and there is a training wage for tipped employees. Certain employees must be paid overtime, at time and one-half of the regular rate, after 40 hours of work in a workweek.<ref name="auto1" /> In February 2019, Governor [[J.B. Pritzker]] approved a statewide minimum wage rising to $15 by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Petrella |first=Dan |title=Gov. J.B. Pritzker signs law raising Illinois' minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2025 |work=chicagotribune.com |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/politics/ct-met-illinois-minimum-wage-pritzker-signs-bill-20190219-story.html |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> Increases began on January 1, 2020 to $9.25 and rose to $10 on July 1, 2020. The rate will increase $1 each year until 2025 reaching $15.
* [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]: $15.00 since July 1, 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Chicago :: Minimum Wage |url=https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/bacp/supp_info/minimumwage.html |access-date=17 February 2019 |website=www.chicago.gov}}</ref>. Chicago's minimum wage increased to $14 an hour on July 1, 2020 and reached $15 on July 1, 2021.
* [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook County]]: $13.00 since July 1, 2020 eventually aligning with Illinois' statewide $15 minimum wage by 2025. The base wage for tipped employees is $6.60 since July 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage Ordinance and Regulations {{!}} CookCountyIL.gov |url=https://www.cookcountyil.gov/service/minimum-wage-ordinance |access-date=17 February 2019 |website=www.cookcountyil.gov}}</ref> However, a large number of municipalities located within Cook County have opted-out of the county-level minimum wage ordinance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmiesing |first=Marianna |date=31 July 2017 |title=80% of Cook County municipalities have opted out of minimum wage, sick leave ordinances |url=https://www.illinoispolicy.org/80-of-cook-county-municipalities-have-opted-out-of-minimum-wage-sick-leave-ordinances/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=Illinois Policy |publisher=Illinois Policy}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indiana]]
|$7.25<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiana Minimum Wage Law : $7.25 per hour |url=http://www.in.gov/dol/files/Indiana2009MinimumWage.pdf |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=In.gov}}</ref>
|$2.13
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Iowa]]
|$7.25<ref name="iwork">{{Cite news |date=n.d. |title=Wage Frequently Asked Questions |work=Iowa Workforce Development |url=http://www.iowadivisionoflabor.gov/wage-frequently-asked-questions |access-date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
|$4.35
|
|No
|Most small retail and service establishments grossing less than $300,000 annually are not required to pay the minimum wage.<ref name= iwork /> A tipped employee who makes $30.00 per month or more in tips, can be paid 60% of the minimum wage, i.e. as little as $4.35 per hour.<ref name= iwork /> Increased minimum wage laws in [[Johnson County, Iowa|Johnson]] and [[Linn County, Iowa|Linn]] counties were nullified by the legislature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Iowa Blocking All Local Minimum Wage and Employment Benefits Laws |url=http://www.nelp.org/news-releases/on-iowa-blocking-all-local-minimum-wage-and-employment-benefits-laws/ |access-date=2017-07-11 |website=Nelp.org}}</ref> While unenforceable by law, Johnson county continues to ask businesses to pledge to honor the minimum wage of $10.25 since January 1, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnson County leaders, advocates say support for raising local minimum wage will continue |url=https://www.press-citizen.com/story/news/local/2018/03/30/johnson-county-iowa-minimum-wage-supervisors-vote-unenforceable-support-continues/473544002/ |access-date=2019-10-26 |website=Iowa City Press-Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Other places that have symbolic minimum wages include [[Linn County, Iowa|Linn]] at $10.25, [[Polk City, Iowa|Polk City]] at $10.75, and [[Wapello, Iowa|Wapello]] at $10.10.
|-
|[[Kansas]]
|$7.25<ref name="ks-2010">{{Cite news |date=April 23, 2009 |title=Sebelius signs bill to raise Kansas minimum wage to $7.25 an hour |work=Kansas City Business Journal |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/stories/2009/04/20/daily43.html}}</ref>
|$2.13
|
|No
|Kansas had the lowest legislated, non-tipped worker minimum wage in the U.S., $2.65 per hour, until it was raised to $7.25, effective January 1, 2010.<ref>[http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2009/apr/23/kansas-minimum-wage-change-265-725-jan-1/?kansas_legislature Kansas’ minimum wage to change from $2.65 to $7.25 on Jan. 1], ''[[Lawrence Journal-World]]'', Scott Rothschild, April 23, 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2015.</ref>
|-
|[[Kentucky]]
|$7.25<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.lrc.ky.gov/statutes/statute.aspx?id=32064 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907220844/http://www.lrc.ky.gov/statutes/statute.aspx?id=32064 |archive-date=2015-09-07 |access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>
|$2.13
|
|No
|[[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]: $8.10 from July 1, 2015 and increases to $9.00 by 2017.<ref name="Louisville">{{Cite web |title=An Ordinance Relating to Minimum Wage to be Paid to Employees by Employers in Louisville Metro |url=http://louisvilleky.gov/sites/default/files/metro_council/pdf_files/o47014minimumwage.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111113146/http://louisvilleky.gov/sites/default/files/metro_council/pdf_files/o47014minimumwage.pdf |archive-date=January 11, 2015 |access-date=23 April 2015 |publisher=Louisville Kentucky Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.afscme.org/blog/louisville-council-raises-minimum-wage-to-9-an-hour |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227100247/http://www.afscme.org/blog/louisville-council-raises-minimum-wage-to-9-an-hour |archive-date=2014-12-27 |access-date=2014-12-27}}</ref> However, the [[Kentucky Supreme Court]] ruled that localities do not have authority to increase the minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barton |first=Ryland |date=2016-10-20 |title=Kentucky Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisville Minimum Wage Ordinance |work=89.3 WFPL News Louisville |url=http://wfpl.org/kentucky-supreme-court-strikes-down-louisville-minimum-wage-ordinance/ |access-date=2017-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|[[Louisiana]]
|None{{efn|name=NoStateLaw}}
|
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Maine]]
|$12.15
|$6.08
|
|Yes
|The minimum wage increased to $12.15 and tipped minimum wage to $6.08 on January 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maine's Minimum Wage to Increase to $12.15 Per Hour in 2021 |url=https://www.maine.gov/labor/news_events/article.shtml?id=3321670 |access-date=2021-01-01}}</ref> The tipped rate is half of the current state minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage Poster |url=http://www.maine.gov/labor/posters/minimumwage.pdf |access-date=September 3, 2010 |website=Maine Department of Labor Standards}}</ref>
* Rockland: Starting on January 1, 2020 for employers with more than 25 employees, the minimum wage will be $13.00.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Minimum Wage Ordinance |url=https://rocklandmaine.gov/clerks-office/local-minimum-wage-ordinance/ |access-date=November 18, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maryland]]
|$11.75
|$3.63
|
|No
|Minimum wage is $11.75 for employers with 15 or more employees and $11.60 for employers with 14 or fewer employees as of January 1, 2021.<ref name="dllr">[http://www.dllr.state.md.us/labor/wages/wagehrfacts.shtml Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law – Employment Standards Service (ESS)]. ''Department of Labor, Licensing & Regulation''. State of Maryland.</ref>

The minimum wage increases<ref name="wapo2019increase">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/maryland-house-rejects-hogan-veto-of-15-minimum-wage-senate-to-vote-next/2019/03/28/88c240e0-5152-11e9-a3f7-78b7525a8d5f_story.html Maryland adopts $15 minimum wage by 2025 as lawmakers reject Hogan’s veto]. ''The Washington Post''. March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.</ref><ref name="hb0166e">[http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2019RS/bills/hb/hb0166E.pdf Maryland House Bill 166]. Maryland Legislature. Retrieved March 28, 2019.</ref> as follows:
* For employers with 15 or more employees, $11.75 on January 1, 2021; $12.50 on January 1, 2022; $13.25 on January 1, 2023; $14.00 on January 1, 2024; and $15.00 on January 1, 2025.
* For employers with 14 or fewer, $11.60 on January 1, 2021; $12.20 on January 1, 2022; $12.80 on January 1, 2023; $13.40 on January 1, 2024; $14.00 on January 1, 2025; $14.60 on January 1, 2026; and $15.00 on July 1, 2026.

For employees working in [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]], the minimum wage is $13.50 per hour for businesses with 10 or fewer employees, $14.00 per hour for businesses with between 11 and 50 employees, and $15.00 per hour for businesses with 51 or more employees effective July 1, 2021.<ref name="dllrmontgomery">"[https://www.dllr.state.md.us/labor/wages/minimumwagelawmont.pdf Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law Montgomery County]". ''Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation''. July 2018.</ref> County Council bill 12-16 was enacted on January 17, 2017 to adjust the minimum wage to $15 and base future adjustments on the [[United States Consumer Price Index|Consumer Price Index]], but was later vetoed by the County Executive.<ref name="wapoveto">"[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/leggett-vetoes-15-minimum-wage-in-montgomery-county/2017/01/23/f8973f34-e1a5-11e6-a547-5fb9411d332c_story.html Leggett vetoes $15 minimum wage in Montgomery County]". ''[[The Washington Post]]''. January 23, 2017.</ref><ref>"[http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/COUNCIL/Resources/Files/bill/2016/20170118_12-16A.pdf Bill 12-16, Human Rights and Civil Liberties – County Minimum Wage – Amount – Annual Adjustment Veto]". ''Montgomery County Council''. January 23, 2017.</ref>
|-
|[[Massachusetts]]
|$13.50
|$5.55
|
|No
|The minimum wage increased to $13.50 ($5.55 for tipped workers) on January 1, 2021. Massachusetts was the only state in the country that mandates [1.2] for retail workers working on Sunday. With state minimum wage at $13.50 an hour the effective minimum wage for a retail worker working on Sunday is $16.20 an hour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-04 |title=Minimum Wage Program |url=http://www.mass.gov/lwd/labor-standards/minimum-wage/ |access-date=2016-01-07 |website=Labor and Workforce Development}}</ref>
The "Grand Bargain" passed in 2018 raised wages on an annual schedule, phasing out time-and-a-half while prohibiting employers from requiring work on Sundays and holidays against employee wishes. The following stages are current or still planned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What you need to know about the 'grand bargain' Charlie Baker just signed | Boston.com |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2018/06/28/massachusetts-minimum-wage-paid-leave-sales-tax-law |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=www.boston.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2018 |title=The Regular Rate Riddle in the Massachusetts "Grand Bargain" Legislation |url=https://www.littler.com/publication-press/publication/regular-rate-riddle-massachusetts-grand-bargain-legislation |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=Littler Mendelson P.C.}}</ref>
* Jan. 1, 2021: $13.50 regular, $5.55 tipped, 1.2× Sundays and holidays
* Jan. 1, 2022: $14.25 regular, $6.15 tipped, 1.1× Sundays and holidays
* Jan. 1, 2023: $15.00 regular, $6.75 tipped, Sunday and holiday extra pay requirement eliminated
|-
|[[Michigan]]
|$9.65<ref>{{Cite web |title=LARA – Minimum Wage Increase for Michigan Employees Takes Effect March 29 |url=https://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-11472-492482--,00.html |access-date=2020-01-01 |website=www.michigan.gov}}</ref>
|$3.67
|$4.25 (training) $8.20 (youth)
|Yes
|Public Act 368 of 2018 schedules possible minimum wage increases. There will be no increase in the minimum wage if the unemployment rate rises to or above 8.5% in the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2018 |title=Public Acts of 2018, Act No. 368 |url=https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2017-2018/publicact/pdf/2018-PA-0368.pdf}}</ref> Tipped workers must earn at least the standard Michigan minimum wage once tips are included in their wages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LARA – New Minimum Wage for Michigan Employees |url=http://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-59886-370158--,00.html |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Michigan.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LARA – What is the Michigan Minimum Wage? |url=http://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-11407_32352-140972--,00.html |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Michigan.gov}}</ref>
* Jan. 1, 2022: $9.87 regular, $8.39 youth, $3.75 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2023: $10.10 regular, $8.59 youth, $3.84 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2024: $10.33 regular, $8.78 youth, $3.93 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2025: $10.56 regular, $8.98 youth, $4.01 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2026: $10.80 regular, $9.18 youth, $4.10 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2027: $11.04 regular, $9.38 youth, $4.19 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2028: $11.29 regular, $9.60 youth, $4.29 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2029: $11.54 regular, $9.81 youth, $4.39 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2030: $11.79 regular, $10.02 youth, $4.48 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2031: $12.05 regular, $10.24 youth, $4.58 tipped
|-
|[[Minnesota]]
|$10.08<ref name=FedApplies />
|$10.08
|$8.21 (for small employers; training; youth; and employees in [[J-1 visa|J-1 status]] working for hotels, motels, lodging establishments, or resorts)<ref>"[http://www.doli.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/pdf/minimum_wage.pdf Minnesota's minimum wage laws]". ''Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry''. Retrieved April 8, 2019.</ref>
|Yes
|Beginning January 1, 2018, all minimum wage rates increase annually by the national implicit price deflator or 2.5%, whichever is lower.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MINIMUM WAGE IN MINNESOTA |url=http://www.dli.mn.gov/business/employment-practices/minimum-wage-minnesota |access-date=January 1, 2021 |publisher=Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry}}</ref> For large employers when the employer's annual gross revenues are $500,000 or more, the Minnesota minimum wage became $10.08 on January 1, 2021. For small employers when the employer's annual gross revenues are less than $500,000, the minimum wage became $8.21 on January 1, 2021. Overtime applies after 48 hours per week.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=OVERTIME LAWS |url=http://www.dli.mn.gov/business/employment-practices/overtime-laws |access-date=2021-01-01}}</ref>
* Minneapolis: $12.50 for businesses with 100 or fewer employees; $14.25 for businesses with 101 or more employees, effective July 1, 2021.
* St. Paul: $12.50 for business with 10,000 or more employees, effective January 1, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minnesota minimum-wage report {{!}} Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry |url=https://www.dli.mn.gov/business/employment-practices/minnesota-minimum-wage-report |access-date=2019-10-23 |website=www.dli.mn.gov}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mississippi]]
|None{{efn|name=NoStateLaw}}
|
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Missouri]]
|$10.30
|$5.15<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage {{!}} Missouri Labor |url=https://labor.mo.gov/DLS/MinimumWage |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=labor.mo.gov}}</ref>
|
|Yes
|On November 6, 2018 Missouri passed Proposition B, which increased the minimum wage. Effective January 1, 2021, the minimum wage increased to $10.30; $11.15 January 1, 2022; and $12.00 January 1, 2023. The minimum wage would afterwards be adjusted based on changes in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers.<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Missouri_Proposition_B,_$12_Minimum_Wage_Initiative_(2018) Missouri Proposition B, $12 Minimum Wage Initiative (2018)] Last accessed 7 November 2018</ref>
A state law passed July 5, 2017 prevents Missouri cities and local governments from setting a higher minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Minimum wage hike set to reverse in Missouri |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/minimum-wage-drop-missouri/ |access-date=2017-07-06}}</ref>
* Kansas City set up a voluntary living wage program for employers to register. In 2020, the living wage is $12.50.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living Wage {{!}} KCMO.gov – City of Kansas City, MO |url=https://www.kcmo.gov/programs-initiatives/living-wage |access-date=2020-02-11 |website=www.kcmo.gov}}</ref>
|-
|[[Montana]]
|$8.75
|$8.75
|
|Yes
|Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the [[U.S. Consumer Price Index]], and increased to $8.75 on January 1, 2021. Income from tips cannot offset an employee's pay rate. The state minimum wage for business with less than $110,000 in annual sales is $4.00.<ref name="minwage" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-16 |title=Governor Bullock announces Montana's minimum wage for 2021 |url=http://dli.mt.gov/news/234 |access-date=2021-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nebraska]]
|$9.00<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nebraska Minimum Wage Increase, Initiative 425 (2014) |url=http://ballotpedia.org/Nebraska_Minimum_Wage_Increase,_Initiative_425_(2014) |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Ballotpedia.org}}</ref>
|$2.13
|
|No
| Minimum wage increased to $9.00 January 1, 2016.<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{Cite news |date=November 4, 2014 |title=Minimum Wage Raise Passes In Four GOP States |work=Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/04/minimum-wage-raise-passes_n_6095458.html}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nevada]]
|$9.75
|$9.75
|
|Yes
|The minimum wage has been $9.75 since July 1, 2021. Employers who offer health benefits can pay employees $8.75.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2013 |title=Nevada's minimum wage and daily overtime rates unchanged for 2013 |url=http://www.laborcommissioner.com/min_wage_overtime/2013%20Minimum%20Wage%20Rates%20Press%20Release.pdf |access-date=2013-09-25 |publisher=Nevada Office of the Labor Commissioner}}</ref> Assembly Bill 456, signed on June 12, 2019, raises the minimum wage in Nevada by 75 cents each year until it reaches $12 an hour. Employers who offer health benefits can continue to pay employees $1 per hour less at the Lower Tier rate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2020 |title=STATE OF NEVADA MINIMUM WAGE 2020 ANNUAL BULLETIN |url=http://labor.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/labornvgov/content/Employer/2020%20Annual%20Minimum%20Wage%20Bulletin.pdf |access-date=October 4, 2019}}</ref>
* July 1, 2021: Lower Tier $8.75 and Higher Tier $9.75
* July 1, 2022: Lower Tier $9.50 and Higher Tier $10.50
* July 1, 2023: Lower Tier $10.25 and Higher Tier $11.25
* July 1, 2024: Lower Tier $11.00 and Higher Tier $12.00
|-
|[[New Hampshire]]
|$7.25<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage – Minimum Wage – NH Department of Labor |url=http://www.nh.gov/labor/inspection/wage-hour/minimum-wage.htm |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Nh.gov}}</ref>
|$3.27
|
|No
|
|-
|[[New Jersey]]
|$12.00
$10.44 (Agricultural)<ref name=":6" />
|$4.13<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2020 |title=New Jersey's Minimum Wage Postcard |url=https://www.nj.gov/labor/forms_pdfs/wagehour/minimumwage_postcard.pdf |website=State of new Jersey}}</ref>
|$9.90
|Yes
|Minimum wage increased to $12 on January 1, 2021. On January 17, 2019, Governor [[Phil Murphy]] and state legislative leaders passed an agreement to raise the minimum wage to $15 by 2024, with a bill to raise the minimum wage passed and signed by the Governor.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=NJ.com |first1=Samantha Marcus | NJ Advance Media for |last2=NJ.com |first2=Brent Johnson | NJ Advance Media for |date=January 17, 2019 |title=N.J. minimum wage to rise to $15 an hour as Murphy, top Dems strike deal |url=https://www.nj.com/politics/2019/01/murphy-top-nj-dems-strike-deal-to-raise-minimum-wage-to-15.html |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=nj}}</ref> There are four separate pay rates: regular employers, seasonal & small employers (6 & fewer employees), agricultural employers, and tipped workers. The general wage increase is TBD after 2024, TBD after 2026 for seasonal wages, and will stop at $5.13 for tipped workers in 2022, and is TBD in 2025.<ref name=":6" />
* January 1, 2021: $12.00 regular, $11.10 seasonal, $10.30 agricultural, $4.13 tipped
* January 1, 2022: $13.00 regular, $11.90 seasonal, $10.90 agricultural, $5.13 tipped
* January 1, 2023: $14.00 regular, $12.70 seasonal, $11.70 agricultural
* January 1, 2024: $15.00 regular, $13.50 seasonal, $12.50 agricultural
* January 1, 2025: $14.30 seasonal, $13.40 agricultural
* January 1, 2026: $15.00 seasonal, $14.20 agricultural
* January 1, 2027: $15.00 agricultural
|-
|[[New Mexico]]
|$10.50
|$2.55
|
|No
|Upcoming New Mexico minimum wage increases:<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions > Labor Relations > Resources > Minimum Wage Information |url=https://www.dws.state.nm.us/Minimum-Wage-Information |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=www.dws.state.nm.us}}</ref>
* Jan. 1, 2021: $10.50 regular $2.55 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2022: $11.50 regular $2.80 tipped
* Jan. 1, 2023: $12.00 regular $3.00 tipped
* [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]]: $10.50 effective January 1, 2021. The minimum wage for tipped employees is $6.30<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albuquerque Minimum Wage – 2021 |url=https://www.cabq.gov/legal/news/albuquerque-minimum-wage-2021 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=City of Albuquerque |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Las Cruces, New Mexico|Las Cruces]]: $10.50 and the tipped minimum wage is $4.20 effective January 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Las Cruces, NM |url=http://www.las-cruces.org/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=1305 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106194326/http://las-cruces.org/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=1305 |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=Las Cruces, NM |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Santa Fe County, New Mexico|Santa Fe County]]: $12.32 and the tipped minimum wage is $3.69 effective March 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Fe County : Living Wage Ordinance |url=https://www.santafecountynm.gov/livingwage |access-date=2021-02-08 |website=www.santafecountynm.gov}}</ref> On March 1, 2020 the minimum wage increased to $12.10 and the tipped minimum wage increased to $3.62<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santa Fe County : Living Wage Ordinance |url=https://www.santafecountynm.gov/livingwage |access-date=2020-02-19 |website=www.santafecountynm.gov}}</ref>
|-
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|$12.50
|Varies
|
|Yes
|A 2016 law changed the minimum wage over the next six years. "Downstate" includes Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester counties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York State Increases Minimum Wage and Enacts Paid Family Leave |url=http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/new-york-state-increases-minimum-wage-98715/ |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Jdsupra.com}}</ref>
* As of December 31, 2020: NYC employers: $15.00; Downstate employers: $14.00; Upstate employers: $12.50.
* As of December 31, 2021: NYC employers: $15.00; Downstate employers: $15.00; Upstate employers: Set by Commissioner of Labor based on economic conditions, up to $15.00.

As of December 31, 2020, the following is the minimum for exempt employees: NYC employees $1,125 per week; Downstate employees $1,050 per week; Upstate employees $937.50.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage – New York State Department of Labor |url=https://www.labor.ny.gov/workerprotection/laborstandards/workprot/minwage.shtm |access-date=2020-01-01 |website=www.labor.ny.gov}}</ref>

Hospitality Industry varies. As of December 31, 2020 they are the following:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospitality Industry Wage Order Summary |url=https://www.labor.ny.gov/formsdocs/wp/Part146.pdf |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospitality Industry Wage Order Effective December 31, 2016 |url=https://www.labor.ny.gov/formsdocs/wp/CR146.pdf |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref>
* For fast food workers: NYC $15.00 and the rest of the state is $14.50
* For tipped food service workers: NYC employers: $10.00; Downstate employers: $9.35; Upstate employers: $8.35
* For tipped service workers: NYC employers: $12.50; Downstate employers: $11.65; Upstate employers: $10.40
|-
|[[North Carolina]]
|$7.25<ref name="nclabor">{{Cite web |title=North Carolina minimum wage |url=http://www.nclabor.com/wh/fact%20sheets/minimum_wage_in_NC.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317002149/http://www.nclabor.com/wh/fact%20sheets/minimum_wage_in_NC.htm |archive-date=2015-03-17 |access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>
|$2.13
|
|No
|The employer may take credit for tips earned by a tipped employee and may count them as wages up to the amount permitted in section 3(m) of the [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938|Fair Labor Standards Act]].<ref name=nclabor />
$15.00 minimum for full-time state employees, excluding temporary employees and public school and community college employees making below $15 (from July 1, 2018)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doran |first=Will |date=June 12, 2018 |title=Some state employees are discovering they're left out of the new $15 minimum wage |work=Raleigh News & Observer |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article212744609.html |access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]] city employees: $16.00 (from July 1, 2019)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hodges |first=David |date=June 10, 2019 |title=Charlotte city council unanimously passes FY2020 budget |work=WBTV |url=https://www.wbtv.com/2019/06/10/charlotte-city-council-unanimously-passes-fy-budget/ |access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]] city employees: $15.46 (from July 1, 2019)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lewis |first=Derrick |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Minimum wage for Durham city workers going up next fiscal year |work=CBS 17 |url=https://www.cbs17.com/news/local-news/durham-county-news/minimum-wage-for-durham-city-workers-going-up-next-fiscal-year/ |access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]] city employees: Universal [[living wage]] policy adopted January 17, 2017, with minimum wage increased to $13.76 and subsequent annual adjustments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Raleigh City Council adopts Universal Living Wage policy |work=ABC 11 |url=https://abc11.com/news/raleigh-city-council-adopts-universal-living-wage-policy/1706900/ |access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref> Latest living wage adjustment to $16.41 effective December 19, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=FY 2021 Employee Compensation and Benefits Recommendations |url=https://cityofraleigh0drupal.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/drupal-prod/COR11/FY21-adopted-compensation-benefits-recommendations.pdf |access-date=November 19, 2020 |website=raleigh.nc.gov}}</ref>
* [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina|Winston-Salem]] city employees: $14.31 (effective January 1, 2021)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Young |first=Wes |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Police to get midyear pay hike as Winston-Salem raises minimum wage for city workers |work=Winston-Salem Journal |url=https://journalnow.com/news/local/police-to-get-midyear-pay-hike-as-winston-salem-raises-minimum-wage-for-city-workers/article_7f2147d0-e0e8-11ea-a111-cbfcb5c2ea1d.html#:~:text=The%20action%20that%20gave%20the,1. |access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[North Dakota]]
|$7.25<ref>{{Cite web |title=N.D.C.C. Chapter 34-06: Minimum Wages and Hours |url=http://www.nd.gov/labor/laws/34-06.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132353/http://www.nd.gov/labor/laws/34-06.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>
|$4.86
|
|No
|Tipped minimum is 67% of the minimum wage.<ref name=DOLtipped />
|-
|[[Ohio]]
|$8.80
|$4.40
|$7.25 under 16 years old
|Yes
|The rate is $7.25 for employers grossing $323,000 or less.<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATE OF OHIO 2021 MINIMUM WAGE |url=https://www.com.ohio.gov/documents/dico_2021MinimumWageposter.pdf |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> The rate is adjusted annually on January 1 based on the [[U.S. Consumer Price Index]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 30, 2010 |title=Ohio minimum wage to go up 10 cents next week |work=Cleveland Plain Dealer |url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2010/12/ohio_minimum_wage_to_go_up_10.html}}</ref> Ohio's minimum wage increased to $8.80 ($4.40 for tipped employees) on January 1, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ohio minimum wage increases for 2021 |url=https://nbc24.com/news/local/ohio-minimum-wage-increases-for-2021 |access-date=2021-01-01 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Oklahoma]]
|$7.25<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act 40O.S.§ 197.1 |url=http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/contractadmin/postings/pdfs/state-min-wage.pdf |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Okladot.state.ok.us}}</ref>
|$2.13
|
|No
|Minimum wage for employers grossing under $100,000 and with fewer than 10 employees per location is $2.00.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act |url=http://www.okladot.state.ok.us/contractadmin/postings/pdfs/state-min-wage.pdf |access-date=2013-09-25 |publisher=Oklahoma Department of Labor}}</ref> (OK Statutes 40-197.5).
|-
|[[Oregon]]
|$12.75 (non-rural counties) $12.00 (rural counties) $14.00 (Portland metro)<ref name="oregon.gov">{{Cite web |title=BOLI : Oregon Minimum Wage : For Workers : State of Oregon |url=http://www.oregon.gov/boli/WHD/OMW/Pages/Minimum-Wage-Rate-Summary.aspx |access-date=July 2, 2021 |website=Oregon.gov}}</ref>
|$12.75 (non-rural counties) $12.00 (rural counties) $14.00 (Portland metro)
|
|Yes
|On March 2, 2016, Senate Bill 1532 was signed into law, increasing minimum wage depending on the county. Beginning July 1, 2019 the minimum wage increased to $11.25 for non-rural counties and to $11.00 for rural counties, thereafter increasing each year by fixed amounts until June 30, 2022 when the minimum wage will be $14.75 for the Portland metro area, $13.50 for other non-rural counties, and $12.50 for rural counties. Thereafter, the minimum wage will be adjusted each year based on the [[U.S. Consumer Price Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Text of SB 1532 |url=https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2016R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/SB1532/Enrolled |access-date=January 12, 2021 |website=Olisleg.state.or.us}}</ref> Non-rural counties are defined as [[Benton County, Oregon|Benton]], [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas]], [[Clatsop County, Oregon|Clatsop]], [[Columbia County, Oregon|Columbia]], [[Deschutes County, Oregon|Deschutes]], [[Hood River County, Oregon|Hood River]], [[Jackson County, Oregon|Jackson]], [[Josephine County, Oregon|Josephine]], [[Lane County, Oregon|Lane]], [[Lincoln County, Oregon|Lincoln]], [[Linn County, Oregon|Linn]], [[Marion County, Oregon|Marion]], [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah]], [[Polk County, Oregon|Polk]], [[Tillamook County, Oregon|Tillamook]], [[Wasco County, Oregon|Wasco]], [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]], and [[Yamhill County, Oregon|Yamhill]] counties.<ref name="counties">Kullgren, Ian K. "[http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/02/oregon_house_passes_minimum_wa.html Oregon House passes minimum wage hike after turbulent debate, sending it to Kate Brown]". ''[[The Oregonian]]''. February 18, 2016.</ref> Rural counties are defined as [[Baker County, Oregon|Baker]], [[Coos County, Oregon|Coos]], [[Crook County, Oregon|Crook]], [[Curry County, Oregon|Curry]], [[Douglas County, Oregon|Douglas]], [[Gilliam County, Oregon|Gilliam]], [[Grant County, Oregon|Grant]], [[Harney County, Oregon|Harney]], [[Jefferson County, Oregon|Jefferson]], [[Klamath County, Oregon|Klamath]], [[Lake County, Oregon|Lake]], [[Malheur County, Oregon|Malheur]], [[Morrow County, Oregon|Morrow]], [[Sherman County, Oregon|Sherman]], [[Umatilla County, Oregon|Umatilla]], [[Union County, Oregon|Union]], [[Wallowa County, Oregon|Wallowa]], [[Wheeler County, Oregon|Wheeler]] counties.<ref name= counties /> The Portland Metro rate ($1.25 over the non-rural rate) applies to employers located within the [[urban growth boundary]] (UGB) of the Portland [[Metro (Oregon regional government)|metropolitan service district]].<ref name="oregon.gov" />
|-
|[[Pennsylvania]]
|$7.25<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=553566&mode=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310153512/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=553566&mode=2 |archive-date=2015-03-10 |access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref>
|$2.83
|
|No
|A state law currently prevents cities and local governments from setting a higher minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Higher Minimum Wage for Pennsylvania {{!}} Office of the Mayor |url=https://www.phila.gov/2019-01-31-higher-minimum-wage-for-pennsylvania/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117122243/https://www.phila.gov/2019-01-31-higher-minimum-wage-for-pennsylvania/ |archive-date=2020-11-17 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=City of Philadelphia |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rhode Island]]
|$11.50
|$3.89<ref name="dlt.ri.gov">{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage, Labor Standards, Workforce Regulation and Safety, RI Department of Labor and Training |url=http://www.dlt.ri.gov/ls/minwage.htm |access-date=2018-07-03 |website=www.dlt.ri.gov}}</ref>
|
|No
|On October 1, 2020 the minimum wage increased to $11.50 from $10.50.<ref name="Patch">{{Cite web |title=Raimondo signs bill to increase minimum wage in RI |url=https://www.wpri.com/news/local-news/providence/raimondo-signs-bill-to-increase-minimum-wage-in-ri/ |access-date=2020-03-10 |website=www.wpri.com|date=March 10, 2020 }}</ref>
On May 20, 2021 Governor Daniel McKee signed a law raising Rhode Island's minimum wage to $15.00 on an annual schedule; tipped wages will remain at $3.89.<ref>{{cite web|authors=Patrick Anderson|title=Gov. McKee signs 4 years of RI minimum wage hikes into law |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/story/news/politics/2021/05/20/ris-minimum-wage-increase-15-hour-2025/5183683001/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=www.providencejournal.com}}</ref>
* Jan. 1, 2022: $12.25
* Jan. 1, 2023: $13.00
* Jan. 1, 2024: $14.00
* Jan. 1, 2025: $15.00
|-
|[[South Carolina]]
|None{{efn|name=NoStateLaw}}
|
|
|No
|
|-
|[[South Dakota]]
|$9.45<ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment Laws – Minimum Wage |url=https://dlr.sd.gov/employment_laws/minimum_wage.aspx |website=dlr.sd.gov}}</ref>
|$4.725
|
|Yes
|The minimum wage increased to $9.45 on January 1, 2021, and is indexed to inflation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment Laws – Minimum Wage |url=https://dlr.sd.gov/employment_laws/minimum_wage.aspx |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=dlr.sd.gov}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tennessee]]
|None{{efn|name=NoStateLaw}}
|
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Texas]]
|$7.25<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labor Code Chapter 62. Minimum Wage |url=http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/LA/htm/LA.62.htm |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Statutes.legis.state.tx.us}}</ref>
|$2.13
|
|No
|Applies to all workers in the state, excluding patients of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation who have diminished production capacity and who work on behalf of the Department; their salary is calculated at the minimum wage times a percentage of their diminished capacity.
* Dallas County employees: $15.00 (effective October 1, 2019).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Nick |date=September 17, 2019 |title=Dallas County raises minimum wage for its employees to $15 an hour |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2019/09/17/dallas-county-raises-minimum-wage-for-its-employees-to-15-an-hour/ |access-date=November 20, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Utah]]
|$7.25
|$2.13
|
|No
|
|-
|[[Vermont]]
|$11.75
|$5.88<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2020 |title=VERMONT MINIMUM WAGE TO INCREASE IN 2021 |url=https://labor.vermont.gov/press-release/vermont-minimum-wage-increase-2021 |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref>
|
|Yes
|Effective January 1, 2021, the minimum wage increased to $11.75 and the tipped minimum wage increased to $5.88.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2020 |title=VERMONT MINIMUM WAGE TO INCREASE IN 2021 |url=https://labor.vermont.gov/press-release/vermont-minimum-wage-increase-2021 |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> Vermont's minimum wage will have the following increases:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cutler |first=Calvin |date=February 25, 2020 |title=Vermont House overrides minimum wage veto |work=WCAX3 |url=https://www.wcax.com/content/news/House-may-vote-on-veto-override-of-minimum-wage-increase-568165131.html}}</ref>
* Jan. 1, 2022: $12.55 regular, $6.27 tipped
* Vermont's minimum wage will then be indexed to increase with inflation.
|-
|[[Virginia]]
|$9.50<ref name="§ 40.1-28.10. Minimum wages">{{Cite web|url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/40.1-28.10/|title = § 40.1-28.10. Minimum wages}}</ref>
|$2.13
|
|No
|The minimum wage in Virginia increased from $7.25 to $9.50 on May 1, 2021.<ref name="§ 40.1-28.10. Minimum wages"/>
* January 1, 2022: $11.00
* January 1, 2023: $12.00
Future minimum wage increases pending Virginia General Assembly enactment:

* January 1, 2025: $13.50
* January 1, 2026: $15.00

By October 1, 2026, the minimum wage will be tied to yearly inflation. Afterwards, the minimum wage will be re-adjusted by a Commonwealth Commissioner annually.
|-
|[[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|$13.69<ref name="washstatedepart">{{Cite web |title=Minimum Wage |url=https://www.lni.wa.gov/workers-rights/wages/minimum-wage/ |access-date=2021-01-01 |publisher=[[Washington State Department of Labor and Industries]]}}</ref>
|$13.69<ref name=washstatedepart />
|$11.64<ref name=washstatedepart />
|Yes
|The minimum wage increased to $13.69 in 2021. It will be increased annually by a voter-approved cost-of-living adjustment based on the federal Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W).
* [[Seattle]]: $16.69 for businesses with fewer than 500 employees that the employer doesn't pay $1.69/hour toward medical benefits and/or employee doesn't earn $1.69/hour in tips. $15.00 for businesses with fewer than 500 employees that the employer does pay $1.69/hour toward medical benefits and/or employee does earn $1.69/hour in tips. $16.69 for businesses with 501 employees or more since January 1, 2021.<ref name="Seattle">{{Cite web |title=Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance |url=https://www.seattle.gov/laborstandards/ordinances/minimum-wage |access-date=January 1, 2021 |website=Seattle Office of Civil Rights}}</ref>
* [[SeaTac|City of SeaTac]]: $16.57 for airport-related businesses since January 1, 2021.<ref name=washstatedepart />
|-
|[[West Virginia]]
|$8.75<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Virginia Code |url=http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODe/Code.cfm?chap=21&art=5C |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Legis.state.wv.us}}</ref>
|$2.62
|
|No
|Minimum wage increased to $8.75 on December 31, 2015.<ref>[http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2014/04/03/3422419/west-virginia-minimum-wage/West Virginia minimum wage] Thinkprogress.org, 2014/04/03</ref> The state minimum wage is applicable to employers of six or more employees at one location not involved in interstate commerce<ref name="minwage" /> and for tipped employees is 30% of the federal minimum wage.<ref name=DOLtipped />
|-
|[[Wisconsin]]
|$7.25<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2009 |title=The Wisconsin's 2009 Minimum Wage Rates |url=http://dwd.wisconsin.gov/er/labor_standards_bureau/minimum_wage_rate.htm |publisher=Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development}}</ref>
|$2.33
|
|No
|There is a special minimum wage for golf caddies: $5.90 per 9 holes and $10.50 per 18 holes. Another special minimum wage applies to camp counselors: $210 per week with board and lodging, $265 per week with board only, and $350 per week with no board or lodging provided.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding the Wisconsin Minimum Wage |url=https://squareup.com/us/en/townsquare/guide-to-wisconsin-minimum-wage |access-date=2020-01-03 |website=Square |language=en-US}}</ref>

Governor [[Tony Evers]] has proposed legislation to increase the minimum wage for state employees to $15 by 2021, including employees at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin-Madison]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marley |first=Patrick |title=Minimum wage for state workers to go to $15 an hour under governor's plan |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2019/11/08/minimum-wage-state-workers-wisconsin-could-go-15-hour/2534315001/ |access-date=2020-01-03 |website=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Wyoming]]
|$5.15<ref name=FedApplies />
|$2.13
|
|No
|
|}

{{notelist}}

=== Federal district ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Federal district
!data-sort-type="currency" | Min. wage ($/h)
!data-sort-type="currency" | Tipped ($/h)
!data-sort-type="currency" | Youth/ training ($/h)
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|[[District of Columbia]]
|$15.20
|$5.05
|None
|In accordance with a law signed on June 27, 2016,<ref name="raises">Cohen, Kelly. "[http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/d.c.-raises-minimum-wage-to-15/article/2595123 D.C. raises minimum wage to $15]". ''Washington Examiner''. June 28, 2015.</ref><ref>Davis, Aaron C. "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/deal-reached-for-15-minimum-wage-in-dc-unions-say/2016/06/07/cff3dd66-2c2a-11e6-9de3-6e6e7a14000c_story.html D.C. lawmakers approve $15 minimum wage, joining N.Y., Calif.]". ''The Washington Post''. June 7, 2016.</ref> the minimum wage increased to $15.00 per hour as of July 1, 2020; and $15.20 per hour as of July 1, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|agency=Department of Employment Services |url=https://does.dc.gov/service/office-wage-hour-compliance-0 |access-date=2021-07-02 |website=Square |language=en-US}}</ref> As of each successive July 1, the minimum wage will increase by the [[United States Consumer Price Index|Consumer Price Index]] for All Urban Consumers in the [[Washington metropolitan area|Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area]] for the preceding twelve months.<ref name= dccfo />

The minimum wage for tipped-employees increased to $4.45 per hour as of July 1, 2019; $5.00 per hour as of July 1, 2020; and $5.05 per hour as of July 1, 2021.<ref name= dccfo /> On June 19, 2018, [[Initiative 77]] passed, increasing the tipped minimum wage to match the standard minimum wage by the year 2026. However, this was repealed by the [[Council of the District of Columbia|D.C. Council]] before it could be enacted.<ref>{{Cite web |title=D.C. Council overturns wage hike for bartenders, servers — four months after voters approved it |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-council-takes-initial-vote-to-overturn-initiative-77-four-months-after-voters-approved-it/2018/10/02/da906320-c651-11e8-b1ed-1d2d65b86d0c_story.html |access-date=2018-11-02 |website=Washington Post}}</ref>

[[#Federal|The minimum wage established by the federal government]] may be paid to newly hired individuals during their first 90 calendar days of employment, students employed by colleges and universities, and individuals under 18 years of age.<ref>"[https://does.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/does/page_content/attachments/DC%20Minimum%20Wage%20Poster%20-%20English.pdf District of Columbia Minimum Wage Poster]". ''Department of Employment Services''. [[Government of the District of Columbia]]. 2016.</ref>
|}

=== Territory ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Territory
!Min. wage ($/h)<ref name="minwage" />
!Tipped
($/h)<ref name="DOLtipped" />
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|[[American Samoa]]
|$4.98–$6.39
|$2.13
|Varies by industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wage Rate in American Samoa |url=http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/americanSamoa/ASminwagePoster.pdf |website=Wage and Hour Division (WHD) |publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref> On September 30, 2010, President Obama signed legislation that delays scheduled wage increases for 2010 and 2011. On July 26, 2012, President Obama signed S. 2009 into law, postponing the minimum wage increase for 2012, 2013, and 2014. Annual wage increases of $0.40 recommenced on September 30, 2015 and will continue every three years until all rates have reached the federal minimum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 1, 2012 |title=President Obama signs Minimum Wage delay into Law |work=US Dept of Labor |url=http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/americanSamoa/ASminwage.htm#.UH-KM2_A_D0}}</ref>
|-
|[[Guam]]
|$8.25
|$8.25
|
|-
|[[Northern Mariana Islands]]
|$7.25
|$2.13
|Since September 30, 2016. Wages are to go up $0.50 annually until reaching the federal $7.25 rate by 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Minimum Wage |url=http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/posters/cnmi.pdf |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Dol.gov}}</ref> Bill S. 256 to delay the planned increases to the full rate until 2018 passed in September 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kasperowicz |first=Pete |date=10 September 2013 |title=Dems vote with GOP to delay minimum wage hike in Northern Mariana Islands |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/321443-dems-vote-with-gop-to-delay-minimum-wage-hike-in-northern-mariana-islands |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=Thehill.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Puerto Rico]]
|$7.25
|$2.13
|Following the [[Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007]], Employers covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA){{which|date=May 2016}} are subject to the federal minimum wage and all applicable regulations. Employers not covered by the FLSA will be subject to a minimum wage that is at least 70 percent of the federal minimum wage or the applicable mandatory decree rate, whichever is higher. The Secretary of Labor and Human Resources may authorize a rate based on a lower percentage for any employer who can show that implementation of the 70 percent rate would substantially curtail employment in that business. Puerto Rico also has minimum wage rates that vary according to the industry. These rates range from a minimum of $5.08 to $7.25 per hour.
|-
|[[U.S. Virgin Islands]]
|$10.50<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2018 |title=EMPLOYEE RIGHTS, THE UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS DEPARTMENT OF LABOR |url=http://www.vidol.gov/wp-content/doluploads/MinWagePoster2018.pdf |access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref>
|$4.20
|The Virgin Islands' minimum wage increased to $9.50 on June 1, 2017 for all employees, with the exception of tourist service and restaurant employees (or those businesses with gross annual receipts of less than $150,000 set at $4.30). It further increased to $10.50 on June 1, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Virgin Islands Minimum Wage Increases to $8.35 Per Hour |url=http://www.vidol.gov/dol_news_detail2.php |access-date=2017-11-25 |website=www.vidol.gov}}</ref>
|}

== Large corporations ==

Some large employers in the traditionally low-paying retail sector have declared an internal minimum wage. As of 2020:
* [[Amazon.com]] - $15/hour<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon Sets $15 Minimum Wage For U.S. Employees, Including Temps |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/02/653597466/amazon-sets-15-minimum-wage-for-u-s-employees-including-temps |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=NPR.org}}</ref>
* [[Bank of America]] - $17/hour<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Melloy |first=Hugh Son, John |date=2019-04-09 |title=Bank of America is raising its minimum wage for employees to $20 an hour |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/09/bank-of-america-is-raising-its-minimum-wage-for-employees-to-20-an-hour.html |access-date=2020-01-03 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ben & Jerry's]] - $16.92/hour<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Connley |first=Courtney |date=2019-05-25 |title=Amazon, Facebook and 8 other companies that have committed to raising their minimum wage |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/24/glassdoor-10-companies-that-have-committed-to-raising-minimum-wage.html |access-date=2020-01-03 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Charter Communications]]/Spectrum - $15/hour<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-02 |title=Why Charter is providing a $15 per hour minimum wage |url=https://policy.charter.com/blog/charter-providing-15-per-hour-minimum-wage/ |access-date=2020-01-03 |website=Charter Communications {{!}} Policy}}</ref>
* [[Costco]] - $15/hour<ref>{{Cite web |title=Costco Raises Minimum Wage to $15 an Hour |url=https://fortune.com/2019/03/08/costco-increases-minimum-wage/ |access-date=2020-01-03 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Facebook]] - $15–20/hour depending on location<ref name=":9" />
* [[Huntington National Bank]] - $16/hour<ref name=":9" />
* [[JPMorgan Chase]] - $15–18/hour depending on location<ref name=":7" />
* [[Target Corporation|Target]] - $15/hour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reagan |first=Courtney |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Target raises its minimum wage to $13 an hour, with goal of reaching $15 by end of 2020 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/target-raises-its-minimum-wage-to-13-an-hour-aims-for-15-by-2020.html |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Target raises minimum wage to $15 an hour for store, distribution and headquarter employees |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/target-raises-minimum-wage-for-store-distribution-and-headquarter-employees-114504219.html |access-date=2020-06-17 |website=finance.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Walmart]] - $11/hour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reagan |first=Lauren Thomas, Courtney |date=January 11, 2018 |title=Walmart to raise its starting wage to $11, give some employees bonuses following tax bill passage |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/11/walmart-to-boost-starting-wage-give-employees-bonus-after-tax-bill.html |access-date=April 28, 2020 |website=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Nathaniel Meyersohn |title=Walmart just boosted pay to $15. It's not what you think |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/18/investing/walmart-minimum-wage-retail/index.html |website=CNN Business |publisher=© 2021 Cable News Network |date=18 February 2021 |quote=Walmart, America's largest private employer, said it will raise wages for 425,000 US workers -- more than a fourth of its workforce -- to at least $13 an hour. Walmart will still maintain its $11 minimum wage, putting it behind some other big chains.}}</ref>
* [[Wells Fargo]] - $15/hour<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherney |first=Max A. |title=Wells Fargo raises hourly minimum wage to $15, also to donate $400 million in 2018 |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/wells-fargo-raises-hourly-minimum-wage-to-15-also-to-donate-400-million-in-2018-2017-12-20 |access-date=2020-01-03 |website=MarketWatch |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Low-paying occupations: 2006 and 2009 ==
Jobs that a minimum wage is most likely to directly affect are those that pay close to the minimum.

According to the May 2006 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, the four lowest-paid occupational sectors in May 2006 (when the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour) were the following:<ref name="OES2006">{{Cite web |date=May 2006 |title=National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States |url=http://www.bls.gov/oes/2006/may/oes_nat.htm |access-date=2013-10-06 |publisher=US Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Sector
!Workers employed
!Median wage
!Mean wage
!Mean annual
|-
|Food preparation and serving related occupations
|align=right |11,029,280
|align=right |$7.90
|align=right |$8.86
|align=right |$18,430
|-
|Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
|align=right |450,040
|align=right |$8.63
|align=right |$10.49
|align=right |$21,810
|-
|Personal care and service occupations
|align=right |3,249,760
|align=right |$9.17
|align=right |$11.02
|align=right |$22,920
|-
|Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
|align=right |4,396,250
|align=right |$9.75
|align=right |$10.86
|align=right |$22,580
|}

Two years later, in May 2008, when the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour and was about to increase to $6.55 per hour in July, these same sectors were still the lowest-paying, but their situation (according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data)<ref name="OES2008">{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States |url=http://www.bls.gov/oes/2008/may/oes_nat.htm |access-date=2013-10-06 |publisher=US Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref> was:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Sector
!Workers employed
!Median wage
!Mean wage
!Mean annual
|-
|Food preparation and serving related occupations
|align=right |11,438,550
|align=right |$8.59
|align=right |$9.72
|align=right |$20,220
|-
|Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
|align=right |438,490
|align=right |$9.34
|align=right |$11.32
|align=right |$23,560
|-
|Personal care and service occupations
|align=right |3,437,520
|align=right |$9.82
|align=right |$11.59
|align=right |$24,120
|-
|Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
|align=right |4,429,870
|align=right |$10.52
|align=right |$11.72
|align=right |$24,370
|}

In 2006, workers in the following 13 individual occupations received a median hourly wage of less than $8.00 per hour:<ref name=OES2006 />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Occupation
!Workers employed
!Median wage
!Mean wage
!Mean annual
|-
|Gaming dealers
|align=right |82,960
|align=right |$7.08
|align=right |$8.18
|align=right |$17,010
|-
|Waiters and waitresses
|align=right |2,312,930
|align=right |$3.14
|align=right |$4.27
|align=right |$11,190
|-
|Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
|align=right |2,461,890
|align=right |$7.24
|align=right |$7.66
|align=right |$15,930
|-
|Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
|align=right |401,790
|align=right |$7.36
|align=right |$7.84
|align=right |$16,320
|-
|Cooks, fast food
|align=right |612,020
|align=right |$7.41
|align=right |$7.67
|align=right |$15,960
|-
|Dishwashers
|align=right |502,770
|align=right |$7.57
|align=right |$7.78
|align=right |$16,190
|-
|Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers
|align=right |101,530
|align=right |$7.64
|align=right |$8.41
|align=right |$17,500
|-
|Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
|align=right |524,410
|align=right |$7.76
|align=right |$8.15
|align=right |$16,950
|-
|Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop
|align=right |340,390
|align=right |$7.78
|align=right |$8.10
|align=right |$16,860
|-
|Shampooers
|align=right |15,580
|align=right |$7.78
|align=right |$8.20
|align=right |$17,050
|-
|Amusement and recreation attendants
|align=right |235,670
|align=right |$7.83
|align=right |$8.43
|align=right |$17,530
|-
|Bartenders
|align=right |485,120
|align=right |$7.86
|align=right |$8.91
|align=right |$18,540
|-
|Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse
|align=right |230,780
|align=right |$7.95
|align=right |$8.48
|align=right |$17,630
|}

In 2008, two occupations paid a median wage less than $8.00 per hour:<ref name=OES2008 />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Occupation
!Workers employed
!Median wage
!Mean wage
!Mean annual
|-
|Gaming dealers
|align=right |91,130
|align=right |$7.84
|align=right |$9.56
|align=right |$19,890
|-
|Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
|align=right |2,708,840
|align=right |$7.90
|align=right |$8.36
|align=right |$17,400
|}

According to the May 2009 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates,<ref name="OES2009">{{Cite web |date=May 2009 |title=National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States |url=http://www.bls.gov/oes/2009/may/oes_nat.htm |access-date=2013-10-06 |publisher=US Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref> the lowest-paid occupational sectors in May 2009 (when the federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour) were the following:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Sector
!Workers employed
!Median wage
!Mean wage
!Mean annual
|-
|Gaming dealers
|align=right |86,900
|align=right |$8.19
|align=right |$9.76
|align=right |$20,290
|-
|Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food
|align=right |2,695,740
|align=right |$8.28
|align=right |$8.71
|align=right |$18,120
|-
|Waiters and waitresses
|align=right |2,302,070
|align=right |$8.50
|align=right |$9.80
|align=right |$20,380
|-
|Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers
|align=right |402,020
|align=right |$8.51
|align=right |$9.09
|align=right |$18,900
|-
|Cooks, fast food
|align=right |539,520
|align=right |$8.52
|align=right |$8.76
|align=right |$18,230
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Business|United States}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Average worker's wage]]
* [[Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938]]
* [[History of labor law in the United States]]
* [[Income inequality in the United States]]
* [[List of countries by minimum wage]]
* [[Living wage]]
* [[Maximum wage]]
* [[Minimum Wage Fixing Convention 1970]]
* [[Minimum wage law]]
* [[Price/wage spiral]]
* [[United States labor law]]
* [[Wage slavery]]
* [[Wage theft]]
* [[Working poor]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=lower-greek}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Price V. Fishback, Andrew Seltzer. 2020. "[https://www.nber.org/papers/w26937 The Rise of American Minimum Wages, 1912–1968]". ''NBER''.

== External links ==
* {{Curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Society_and_Culture/Politics/Issues/Minimum_Wage/}}
* [http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/wages/minimumwage.htm Federal Minimum Wage]. United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division.
* [http://www.dol.gov/whd/state/tipped.htm Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees]. United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division.
* [https://www.finatopia.com/data/minimum-wage Inflation Adjusted Minimum Wage by Year]. Compares minimum wage adjusted for inflation by year.
* [http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/chart.htm History of Federal Minimum Wage] United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division.
* [http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/anth484/minwage.html U.S. Minimum Wage History]. Oregon State University – Wealth and Poverty (Anth 484). Last updated December 26, 2012.
* [http://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/oor/OOR_2015_FULL.pdf Maps and charts of minimum wage vs. housing costs] – National Low Income Housing Coalition (advocacy group).

{{USStateLists}}
{{North America topic|Minimum wage in}}

[[Category:Minimum wage|United States]]
[[Category:United States labor law]]

Rafael Farina

2021-07-11T02:29:14Z

Comm.unity: Punctuation and readability fixes in intro paragraph

{{Short description|Spanish flamenco singer}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rafael Farina
| image = Juan el de la Vara con Rafael Farina.jpg
| alt = Scanned black and white image of two men holding an award. Image appears to be signed by Farina with a note in Spanish. 
| caption = '''<center>Rafael Farina with cousin Juan de la Vara</center>'''
| birth_name = Rafael Antonio Salazar Motos
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1923|6|2}}
| birth_place = [[Martinamor, Spain|Martinamor]], Spain
| death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1995|11|21|1923|6|2}}
| death_place = [[Salamanca, Spain|Salamanca]], Spain

| occupation = {{flat list| * Singer * Actor}}
| genre = [[Copla (poetry)|Copla]] and [[Flamenco]]
| instrument = Vocals
}}

'''Rafael Antonio Salazar Motos''' (born {{Birth date|mf=yes|1923|6|2}} in [[Martinamor, Spain|Martinamor]], Spain), commonly known as '''Rafael Farina'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Durango|first=El Siglo de|date=2021-06-11|title=Detienen a Diego el Cigala por violencia física|url=https://www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx/2021/06/1317711.detienen-a-diego-el-cigala-por-violencia-fisica.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=elsiglodedurango.com.mx|language=es}}</ref> ('''Rafael Salazar''' for his composing work),<ref name="Discogs page">{{cite web |title=Rafael Farina |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1293438-Rafael-Farina |website=Discogs |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> was a singer of [[Copla (poetry)|Copla]] and [[Flamenco]]. His granddaughter is the pop-singer [[Tamara (Spanish singer)|Tamara]].<ref>{{Cite web|title="Todas las mujeres quieren dinero": Diego, "El Cigala" se disculpa por polémica afirmación|url=https://www.debate.com.mx/show/-Todas-las-mujeres-quieren-dinero-Diego-El-Cigala-se-disculpa-por-polemica-afirmacion-20210618-0371.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=DEBATE|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Durango|first=El Siglo de|date=2021-06-11|title=Detienen a Diego el Cigala por violencia física|url=https://www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx/2021/06/1317711.detienen-a-diego-el-cigala-por-violencia-fisica.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=elsiglodedurango.com.mx|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Así era Rafael Farina, el cantante más ilustre de Salamanca|url=https://www.lagacetadesalamanca.es/salamanca/asi-era-rafael-farina-el-cantante-mas-ilustre-de-salamanca-MC6602680|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.lagacetadesalamanca.es|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nazareno|first=Periódico El|date=2020-12-24|title=Las juergas del cantaor Juan Talega y la tradición flamenca de Dos Hermanas|url=https://www.periodicoelnazareno.es/las-juergas-del-cantaor-juan-talega-y-la-tradicion-flamenca-de-dos-hermanas/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Periódico El Nazareno|language=es}}</ref>

== Biography ==

He was born into a [[gypsy]] family, his father, Antonio Salazar Motos, was a cattle dealer, in [[Alba de Tormes]], [[Martinamor]]; his mother was Jesusa Motos. He began his career at the age of six singing in the bars of [[Barrio Chino]] in [[Salamanca]], accompanied by his older brother, Rafael Salazar Motos, Calderas de Salamanca, also a singer. In 1949 he obtained some fame participating in a tribute to Juanito Mojama. Previously, he had performed at [[El Collao Province|El Colmao]]. After joining the company of [[Concha Piquer]], he was able to go on tour throughout Spain and America. In 1952 he participated in the revival of the play "La copla andaluza" at the [[Teatro Pavón|Pavón Theater]] in [[Madrid]]. In 1956 he managed to premiere his own show and in 1968 he worked with [[Lola Flores]] at Arte Español.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-11|title=El guitarrista Víctor Monge 'Serranito' anuncia una gira de despedida de los escenarios|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/abci-guitarrista-victor-monge-serranito-anuncia-gira-despedida-escenarios-202106111348_noticia.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=abc|language=es}}</ref><ref name="spain is culture">{{Cite web|title=Rafael Farina. Flamenco,Music. Biography and works at Spain is culture.|url=http://www.spainisculture.com/en/artistas_creadores/rafael_farina.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.spainisculture.com}}</ref>

== Acting career==

Farina starred in six Spanish and one Argentinian film:<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Rafael Farina |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0267468/ |website=IMDb |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref>

* ''[[Café cantante]]'' (1951) with [[Imperio Argentina]]
* ''Aventura para dos'' (1958), with [[Carmen Sevilla]]
* ''La copla andaluza'' (1959)
* ''Café de chinitas'' (1960), with [[Antonio Molina (singer)|Antonio Molina]]
* ''Puente de coplas'' (1965), also with [[Antonio Molina (singer)|Antonio Molina]]
* ''El milagro del cante'' (1967), with [[El Príncipe Gitano]], Luis Sánchez Polack
* ''Canciones de nuestra vida'' (1975)

== Discography ==

Some of the best known songs popularized by Rafael Farina include:
* ''Mi Salamanca''
* ''Twist del faraón''
*''A Barcelona llegan los olés''
* ''Tientos del Reloj''
* ''Que no te olvido un momento''
* ''No echarle más tierra santa''
* ''Mi corazón dice, dice''
*''Los iguales para hoy''
*''Las Campanas de Linares''
* ''Sendas del Viento''
* ''Tesoro de coplas''
* ''Un fandango informativo''
* ''Como las piedras''
* ''Por Dios que me vuelvo loco''
* ''Caminito del olvido''
* ''Piensa ser buena y honrá''
* ''Mi perro amigo''
* ''Dinero y Riquezas''
* ''Aurora''
* ''Que doblen las campanas''
* ''Nana de Jerez''
*''Vino amargo''
[[File:Tumba Rafael Farina.jpg|thumb|alt=Grey and black grave stones with silver raised lettering|Rafael Farina's grave in the Salamanca cemetery]]

== Death==
Rafael Farina died in Madrid on November 21, 1995 at the age of 72,<ref name="spain is culture"></ref> as a result of a myocardial infarction,<ref name="flamencosound">{{cite web |title=Artists - Rafael Farina |url=https://www.flamencosound.com/artistas-en/rafael-farina-en.html |website=flamencosound.com |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> after undergoing an open heart surgery at the Nuestra Señora de América Clinic in Madrid. He is buried in the cemetery of his hometown, Salamanca.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021|reason=Citation needed for location of burial.}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* Billboard. United States, Billboard Publishing Company, 1975.
* Jeffery, Keith. The Secret History of MI6. United States, Penguin Press, 2011.
* Ni Shuinear, Sinead, and Leblon, Bernard. Gypsies and Flamenco: The Emergence of the Art of Flamenco in Andalusia. United Kingdom, University of Hertfordshire Press, 2003.
* Fernandez, Manuela Rosado. El Flamenco Vive en Madrid. United States, Palibrio, 2013.
* Screen World. United States, Crown Publishers, 1959.
* Pohren, D. E.. Lives and Legends of Flamenco: A Biographical History. Spain, Society of Spanish Studies; [distribution: H. Howell, La Mesa, Calif., 1964. ISBN 9781463347550
* Filmfacts. United States, n.p, 1958.
* Lorente Rivas, Manuel. Etnografía antropológica del flamenco en Granada. Spain, Universidad de Granada, 2007.
* Gómez, Agustín. De Silverio al "flamenglish": (escuelas del cante). Spain, Universidad de Córdoba, 2004. ISBN 9788478017355
* Santamarina, Antonio, and Heredero, Carlos F.. Biblioteca del cine español: fuentes literarias 1900-2005. Spain, Cátedra, 2010. ISBN 9788437626543
* Burgos, Antonio. Juanito Valderrama: Mi España querida. Spain, Esfera de los Libros, 2002. ISBN 9788497340366
* Lorente Rivas, Manuel. Etnografía antropológica del flamenco en Granada. Spain, Universidad de Granada, 2007.ISBN 9788433839947

==External links==
* [http://neonmusic.webcindario.com/biografias/rafaelfarina/index.html Biography of Rafael Farina at Neonmusic]
*[https://www.discogs.com/artist/2963422-Rafael-Salazar?filter_anv=1&anv=R.+Salazar+Motos Rafael Farina] at [[Discogs]]
*[https://www.discogs.com/artist/2963422-Rafael-Salazar?filter_anv=1&anv=R.+Salazar+Motos Rafael Farina] at [[MusicBrainz|Musicbrainz]]

{{authority control}}
[[Category:Spanish singers]]
[[Category:Spanish male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish singers]]
[[Category:20th-century male singers]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]

Los Ángeles (album)

2021-07-11T02:24:00Z

Comm.unity: /* Track listing */ Added wikilink for Rafael Salazar

{{use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Los Ángeles
| type = studio
| artist = [[Rosalía (singer)|Rosalía]]
| cover = Rosalía Los ángeles.jpg
| alt =
| released = February 10, 2017
| recorded = August 2016
| studio =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[New flamenco]]
* [[Folk music|folk]]
}}
| length = 49:06
| language = {{flatlist|
* Spanish
* English
}}
| label = [[Universal Music Group|Universal Spain]]
| producer = [[Raül Refree]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[El Mal Querer]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Los Ángeles
| type = studio
| single1 = Catalina
| single1date = 19 October 2016
| single2 = De Plata
| single2date = 26 May 2017
}}
}}

'''''Los Ángeles''''' ({{IPA-es|los ˈãŋ.xe.les|pron}}; [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "the angels") is the debut studio album by Spanish singer [[Rosalía (singer)|Rosalía]], with production and arrangements by [[Raül Refree]]. It was released on 10 February 2017 by [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Spain]].

==Background==
Rosalía began performing in [[tablao]]s a decade before the release of her recording debut, gradually becoming a well-known vocalist within [[Barcelona]]'s flamenco circuit. She worked as a [[guest artist]] and [[supporting act]] for various artists, including [[Chicuelo (guitarist)|Chicuelo]], [[Enric Palomar]], [[La Fura dels Baus]], [[Miguel Poveda]] and Rocío Márquez, performing across countries such as Germany, Singapore and Panama and events like the 2015 [[Primavera Sound]] and an [[Association of Performing Arts Professionals|APAP]] conference in [[New York City]].<ref name="elcultural">{{cite web|url=https://elcultural.com/noticias/escenarios/Rosalia-y-Refree-al-flamenco-por-el-punk/10440|title=Rosalía y Refree, al flamenco por el punk|last=Yuste|first=Javier|date=15 February 2017|accessdate=4 November 2018|language=Spanish|work=El Cultural|publisher=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]}}</ref><ref name="millennial">{{cite web|url=https://smoda.elpais.com/celebrities/vips/entrevista-rosalia-cantaora-millenial-barcelona/|title=Rosalía, la cantaora millenial que revoluciona el flamenco (y agota entradas)|date=19 October 2016|accessdate=4 November 2018|work=[[El País]]|language=Spanish|last=Ortega|first=Henar}}</ref> She told ''[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]'': "I have done many collaborations with other musicians, and I have always tried that they were older than me, in order to learn from them."<ref name="abuela">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/musica/abci-rosalia-interes-flamenco-nacio-viendo-cine-barrio-abuela-201702281345_noticia.html|title=Rosalía: "Mi primer contacto con el flamenco fue viendo Cine de Barrio con mi abuela"|last=Serrano|first=Nacho|language=Spanish|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|date=28 February 2017|accessdate=4 November 2018}}</ref> Rosalía grew up in a family with no artistic background that mostly listened to music in English.<ref name="estopa">{{cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20180326/441968249949/rosalia-en-mi-casa-lo-mas-parecido-que-se-escuchaba-al-flamenco-era-estopa.html|title=Rosalía: "En mi casa lo más parecido que se escuchaba al flamenco era Estopa"|last=Herrero|first=Gabriel|date=26 March 2018|accessdate=4 November 2018|language=Spanish|work=[[La Vanguardia]]}}</ref> She discovered flamenco at thirteen when her friends played [[Camarón de la Isla]] while meeting in a park after school, soon becoming fascinated with the genre and studying it on her own.<ref name="woman">{{cite web|url=https://www.woman.es/celebrities/protagonistas/rosalia-primera-escuche-camaron-traspaso|title=Rosalía: "La primera vez que escuché a Camarón, me traspasó"|language=Spanish|date=7 August 2017|accessdate=4 November 2018|last=Tamarit|first=Olga|work=Woman Madame Figaro|publisher=Grupo Zeta}}</ref> As she immersed herself in the Catalan flamenco scene, Rosalía met local fixture José Miguel Vizcaya "El Chiqui de la Línea", who suggested she started a degree in music.<ref name="p4k">{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/rising/get-to-know-rosalia-the-spanish-singer-giving-flamencos-age-old-sound-a-bracingly-modern-twist/|title=Get to Know Rosalía, the Spanish Singer Giving Flamenco's Age-Old Sound a Bracingly Modern Twist|date=18 September 2018|accessdate=4 November 2018|publisher=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|first=Philip|last=Sherburne}}</ref><ref name="dazeddigital">{{cite web|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/42076/1/rosalia-el-mal-querer-interview|title=Rosalía is the Catalan star reshaping the sound of global pop|date=2 November 2018|accessdate=4 November 2018|first=Gunseli|last=Yalcinkaya|publisher=[[Dazed Digital]]}}</ref> "El Chiqui" became Rosalía's teacher for the following eight years, as she studied Interpretation of Flamenco Singing at the [[Catalonia College of Music]] (Catalan: ''Escola Superior de Música de Catalunya'', ESMUC).<ref name="estopa"/> The ESMUC only accepts one student of this discipline per year and Rosalía was selected in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.revistavanityfair.es/cultura/entretenimiento/articulos/rosalia-malamante-pienso-tu-mira-el-mal-querer-refree-manager-canada/34353|title=Estos son los 10 nombre clave de la carrera de Rosalía|date=30 October 2018|accessdate=4 November 2018|last=Serrano|first=Álex|language=Spanish|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair Spain]]}}</ref> The singer has described "El Chiqui" as a fundamental figure in her career, who encouraged her to investigate the genre even further back in time. Speaking with ''ABC'', she stated: "To me, flamenco was Camarón, something of [[Romani people|gypsy]] aesthetics, and when going back I found many other things that I loved. [...] When I discovered ''[[cantaor]]es'' like Niño de la Huerta or "El Gloria", "El Chiqui" taught me to listen and appreciate their singing, because their recordings sound very bad! To people of our age that sound seems terrible to us."<ref name="abuela"/>

==Composition==
{{listen|pos=right|filename=Catalina (Rosalía).ogg|title="Catalina"|description=The album's [[lead single]] and "reference song",<ref name="eldiario">{{cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/cultura/musica/despues-Rosalia-tablao-Times-Square_0_830467773.html|title=El antes y el después de Rosalía: del tablao a Times Square en solo dos años|date=30 October 2018|accessdate=11 November 2018|language=Spanish|publisher=[[eldiario.es]]|last=Zas Marcos|first=Mónica}}</ref> "Catalina" is a ''[[Tango (flamenco)|tango]]'' update in which "Rosalía's voice [competes] with Refree's guitar for the foreground."<ref name="catalinatangos"/>|format=[[Ogg]]}}
''Los Ángeles'' is a [[concept album]] that collects a series of ''[[Palo (flamenco)|cantes]]'' which have [[death]] as its central theme.<ref name="rtve"/> It is a presentation of Rosalía as a soloist ''[[cantaora]]'' and as such its structure is similar to that of the debut of any orthodox flamenco singer: "a selection of varied ''[[Palo (flamenco)|palos]]'', often with traditional or popular lyrics, in which the artist shows his or her aptitude and background."<ref name="jenesaispop"/> In this manner, the singer encompasses several [[Musical form|forms]] of the genre, including ''[[alegrías]]'', ''[[Tango (flamenco)|tangos]]'', ''[[fandango]]s'', ''fandanguillos'', ''[[seguidillas]]'', ''[[tarantas]]'', ''[[malagueñas]]'' and "more specific" styles like ''[[Guajira (music)|guajira]]'', ''[[Saeta (flamenco)|saeta]]'' and ''milonga''.<ref name="jenesaispop"/> Rosalía felt that in the album "the ''cantes'' become songs", and as such did not list the ''palos''{{'s}} titles in the track listing, explaining that: "It's a way of saying that I am based on melodies and lyrics from ''cantes'', but we turn it into something else. Those who know something about flamenco will be able to identify them, because we are influenced by that, but we do our own thing."<ref name="rtve"/>

It includes the cover of [[Enrique Morente]]'s ''Aunque era de noche'' on [[John of the Cross|Saint John of the Cross]] XVI century poem. Also it features the cover of ''[[La hija de Juan Simón|La Hija de Juan Simón]]''(1934).

Rosalía told Ecleen Luzmila Caraballo of [[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]] in 2018: "I feel like with ''Los Ángeles'', I wanted to establish my musical legacy... and honor the classic sound of flamenco in the most traditional sense, respecting them to the maximum, with a pop and experimental structure, but with very basic instrumentation and a minimalist sound—just guitar and voice."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themuse.jezebel.com/rosalia-is-redefining-flamenco-1830164344|publisher=[[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]]|date=2 November 2018|accessdate=5 November 2018|title=Rosalía Is Redefining Flamenco|last=Caraballo|first=Ecleen Luzmila}}</ref>

==Release and promotion==
[[File:El flamenco de Rosalía y Raúl Refree llena el Parque de la Cuña Verde (03).jpg|thumb|[[Rosalía (singer)|Rosalía]] and [[Raül Refree]] performing in [[Madrid]], July 24, 2017.]]
''Los Ángeles'' was released on 20 February 2017 on [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music Spain]].<ref name="id">{{cite web|url=https://i-d.vice.com/es/article/j5pmxx/rosalia-los-angeles-entrevista|language=Spanish|date=20 February 2017|title=Rosalía es la cantaora que nuestra generación necesitaba|accessdate=30 July 2018|first=Sara|last=Peláez|work=[[i-D]]|publisher=[[Vice Media]]}}</ref><ref name="rtve">{{cite web|url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20170210/rosalia-renueva-cante-flamenco-angeles-su-disco-debut/1489063.shtml|title=Rosalía convierte el cante en canción en 'Los Ángeles', su disco debut|date=10 February 2017|accessdate=30 July 2018|last=Villanueva|first=Carlos|language=Spanish|publisher=[[RTVE]]}}</ref> It was released at [[digital audio]] stores and [[Streaming media|streaming]] platforms,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/los-%C3%A1ngeles-feat-ra%C3%BCl-refree/1211523746|title=Los Ángeles (feat. Raül Refree) by ROSALÍA|publisher=[[Apple Music]]|accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/7mGsUwMuhsKiOKx9X9k7tj|title=Los Ángeles by ROSALÍA|publisher=[[Spotify]]|accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> as well as a [[Compact disc|CD]] and [[Double album|double]] [[LP record]].<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Los ángeles|author=Rosalía|author-link=Rosalía Vila|year=2017|publisher=[[Universal Music Group]]|location=Spain|id=0602557392296|type=double LP record}}</ref><ref name="AV">{{cite AV media notes|title=Los ángeles|author=Rosalía|author-link=Rosalía Vila|year=2017|publisher=[[Universal Music Group]]|location=Spain|id=0602557392593|type=CD}}</ref> "Catalina" was released as the album's [[lead single]] on 17 October 2016 and presented by Rosalía in [[Radio 3 (Spanish radio station)|Radio 3]], after having shared its [[B side]] "Que se muere, que se muere" online a few weeks before.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiespot.es/2016/10/17/rosalia-estrena-single-debut-raul-refree/|title=Rosalía estrena single de su debut con Raül Refree|language=Spanish|date=17 October 2016|accessdate=30 July 2018|publisher=Indiespot|last=Martí|first=Max}}</ref> Its [[music video]] was directed by Txema Yeste and has been described as "a visual translation of the power of this song".<ref name="catalinatangos">{{cite web|url=http://jenesaispop.com/2016/10/18/278194/rosalia-raul-refree-dan-una-vuelta-a-los-tangos-en-catalina/|title=Rosalía & Raül Refree dan una vuelta a los tangos en 'Catalina'|language=Spanish|date=18 October 2016|accessdate=30 July 2018|publisher=Jenesaispop.com|last=Guillén|first=Raúl}}</ref> An [[electronic press kit]] (EPK) featuring English subtitles was published in Rosalía's [[YouTube]] channel on 21 April 2017. The video was produced by Yverz and directed by Bàrbara Farré, with photography by Lucas Casanovas and animation by Pepe Gay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkD1SvJLM74|title=Rosalía - Los Ángeles (EPK)|date=21 April 2017|accessdate=11 November 2018|publisher=[[Rosalía Vila|Rosalía]] on [[YouTube]]}}</ref>

Spanish filmmaking collective Manson directed the music video for the second single "De plata", which features the singer performing the track as she walks and dances in the streets of [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="nownessplata">{{cite web|url=https://www.nowness.com/topic/los-angeles/rosalia-de-plata-manson|title=Rosalía: De Plata|date=19 May 2017|accessdate=23 November 2018|publisher=[[Nowness]]}}</ref> It was published in Rosalía's YouTube channel on 26 May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfDEEyg3AdA|title=Rosalía - De Plata|date=26 May 2017|accessdate=23 November 2018|publisher=[[Rosalía Vila|Rosalía]] on [[YouTube]]}}</ref> Luis Troquel of ''[[Rockdelux]]'' felt that the clip showed a "facet of Rosalía that was unknown to many", as she dances "with a glowing enchantment and exuberant style."<ref name="troquelrockdelux">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.rockdelux.com/secciones/p/rosalia-cantar-a-la-muerte-en-la-flor-de-la-vida.html|title=Rosalía. Cantar a la muerte en la flor de la vida|date=April 2017|accessdate=23 November 2018|last=Troquel|first=Luis|language=Spanish|magazine=[[Rockdelux]]|issue=360}}</ref> Manson shot the clip in [[16 mm film]], as they "wanted to portray Rosalía as a classic [[Movie star|Hollywood star]], but with a contemporary sensibility." The collective told [[Nowness]] that they chose the song because it had a "[[Tarantino]]-esque vibe" that they thought matched Los Angeles. They further explained: "Her art is very pure and wild and we wanted a video to match—no camera tricks, no VFX, no ornaments, no [[Tumblr]] aesthetics, just the pure and raw performance of a new-born classic star."<ref name="nownessplata"/> A [[cover version]] of [[Enrique Morente]]'s "Aunque es de noche", which was not included in the album and had only been performed live, was released as a single on 2 November 2017 on streaming platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jenesaispop.com/2017/11/02/312218/rosalia-canta-el-deseo-abisal-de-san-juan-de-la-cruz-en-la-escalofriante-aunque-es-de-noche/|title=Rosalía canta el "deseo abisal" de San Juan de la Cruz (y Enrique Morente) en la escalofriante 'Aunque es de noche'|language=Spanish|date=2 November 2017|accessdate=30 July 2018|publisher=Jenesaispop.com|last=Bardají |first=Jordi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiespot.es/2017/11/02/rosalia-emociona-aunque-noche/|title=Rosalía emociona con 'Aunque Es De Noche'|language=Spanish|date=November 2017|accessdate=30 July 2018|publisher=Indiespot|last=Martí|first=Max}}</ref> Its music video was directed by Ignasi Monreal and produced by CANADA in collaboration with Pink Salt and Collateral Films, with animation by Iria López, Dani Negrín and Bjørn-Erik Aschim from the [[London]] animation studio [[The Line (animation studio)|The Line]].<ref name="aunqueesdenoche">{{cite web|url=https://www.mondosonoro.com/noticias-actualidad-musical/rosalia-video-aunque-noche/|title=Rosalía estrena vídeo para "Aunque Es De Noche"|date=24 November 2017|accessdate=30 July 2018|language=Spanish|publisher=MondoSonoro}}</ref> Filmed as a [[long take]], the video's first two minutes show the inside of a car filled with elements of [[Christian symbolism]], leading the viewer to Rosalía sitting on a chair.<ref name="medizine">{{cite web|url=https://themedizine.com/rosalia-videoclip-aunque-es-de-noche/|title=Rosalía le pone videoclip a su éxito 'Aunque Es De Noche'|author=N. Warrior|date=24 November 2017|accessdate=30 July 2018|publisher=The Medizine|language=Spanish}}</ref> The singer then stands up and shows that she is inside a [[cemetery]] and in the last minutes, animation appears around and on her.<ref name="aunqueesdenoche"/><ref name="medizine"/> According to Rosalía, the music video "intends to be a celebration of death as part of life", and as such has been linked to the concept of ''Los Ángeles''.<ref name="aunqueesdenoche"/> In between recording for the video, Monreal also filmed Rosalía performing an [[a capella]] rendition of the track, which was released via [[Nowness]] on 14 December 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLPlfMznY5k|title=Rosalía: A Capella|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=4 November 2018|publisher=[[Nowness]] on [[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/los-%C3ngeles-mw0003021260|title=Los Ángeles - Rosalía|last1=Prunes|first1=Mariano|access-date=21 November 2018|publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[All Media Network]]}}</ref>
| rev2 = Jenesaispop.com
| rev2Score = 8.5/10<ref name="jenesaispop">{{cite web|url=https://jenesaispop.com/2017/03/01/290631/rosalia-los-angeles/|language=Spanish|title=Rosalía / Los Ángeles|accessdate=26 October 2018|date=1 March 2017|first=Raúl|last=Guillén|publisher=Jenesaispop.com}}</ref>
| rev3 = MondoSonoro
| rev3Score = 9/10<ref name="mondosonoro">{{cite web|url=https://www.mondosonoro.com/criticas/discos-musica/rosalia-los-angeles/|language=Spanish|title=Rosalía, crítica del disco Los Ángeles (2017)|last=Iborra|first=Yeray S.|publisher=MondoSonoro|accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref>
}}
''Los Ángeles'' was met with critical acclaim from [[music critics]].<ref name="allmusic"/> Spanish magazine ''[[Rockdelux]]'' called it "one of the most intense and sweeping debuts of recent times", with critic Juan Monge complimenting its mix of tradition and avant-garde.<ref name="rockdelux">{{cite web|url=http://www.rockdelux.com/discos/p/rosalia-los-angeles.html|title=Rosalía. Los Ángeles|language=Spanish|last=Monge|first=Juan|date=April 2017|accessdate=25 July 2018|work=[[Rockdelux]]}}</ref> [[AllMusic]]'s Mariano Prunes highly commended Rosalía's vocals, writing that "her instrument is a tornado capable of sweeping away any cultural or [[language barrier]]s", while noting that "she does not accomplish this with sheer volume or vocal histrionics, but by reaching almost unbearable levels of intensity and expression."<ref name="allmusic"/> He concluded that ''Los Ángeles'' "signals the appearance of a major talent in both the flamenco and the [[world music]] scene."<ref name="allmusic"/> Writing for MondoSonoro, Yeray S. Iborra felt that with ''Los Ángeles'', Rosalía "is posited as the contemporary [[cantaor]]a who has better understood the current times", noting the difference between the album and her "more American" collaboration with C. Tangana.<ref name="mondosonoro"/>

===Flamenco specialists===
In an ''[[El Confidencial]]'' article, musician and investigator Pedro Lópeh criticized the album, particularly Refree's arrangements, deeming them "artificial" and "wearisome". His views coincided with those of Silvia Cruz, another flamenco specialist. She explained: "I also insist on talking about Refree because the criticisms are always aimed against her and rarely if ever against him, when he is the producer and primary author of this album. I do not think ''Los Ángeles'' does any harm to flamenco, but it is a decontextualized product. Apart from the lyrics, I do not hear anything in it that evokes the history of flamenco, its roots or its hallmarks. For that reason, it does not seem to me a groundbreaking or revolutionary work and if it has come to save anything, it is the [[music industry]], not flamenco."<ref name="antigitana">{{cite web|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/cultura/2018-01-15/flamenco-rosalia-debate-cante-siglo-xxi_1504553/|language=Spanish|title=¿Rosalía antigitana? Arrecia el debate sobre el presente y futuro del flamenco|date=15 January 2018|accessdate=16 November 2018|work=[[El Confidencial]]|last=Lenore|first=Víctor}}</ref> ''[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]''{{'}}s Alberto García Reyes told [[eldiario.es]] that while he does not consider ''Los Ángeles'' to be "an aberration", he feels Rosalía is not suited to the genre. He said: "Rosalía does not sing badly, but in flamenco she does not fit much. She is a very respectful girl, who has not come barging in to invent a revolution. She is not hurting anyone and has not proclaimed herself master of anything." He was also critical of the album's promotional campaign, arguing that it hailed the unworthy image of Rosalía as "the great revolution of flamenco".<ref name="eldiario"/>

==Accolades==
''Los Ángeles'' ranked highly in the year-end lists of the Spanish specialized press. It was listed as the best Spanish album of 2017 by newspaper ''[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]'' and magazine ''Rockdelux''.<ref name="mejoresABC">{{cite web|language=Spanish|title=Los diez mejores discos nacionales de 2017, según ABC|accessdate=25 July 2018|date=30 December 2017|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/musica/abci-diez-mejores-discos-nacionales-2017-segun-abc-201712300206_noticia.html}}</ref><ref name="rockdelux"/> Readers of the Barcelonian edition of ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' selected ''Los Ángeles'' as the best album of 2017, with the publication describing Rosalía as "the musical revelation of 2017".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeout.es/barcelona/es/que-hacer/premios-time-out-barcelona-2017|title=Premios Time Out Barcelona 2017|language=Spanish|work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out Barcelona]]|date=13 December 2017|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> The album also appeared at number 6 in the year-end list of Spanish [[online magazine]] Jenesaispop.com, which described it as "an unbeatable presentation, up to the expectations, which are even higher in the face of a bright future."<ref name="mejoresjenesaispop">{{cite web|url=http://jenesaispop.com/2017/12/18/315461/los-mejores-discos-2017/|language=Spanish|title=Los Mejores Discos de 2017|date=18 December 2017|publisher=Jenesaispop.com|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> CrazyMusic ranked the album at number 8 in its list of the best Spanish albums of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crazyminds.es/reportajes/los-mejores-discos-de-2017-nacional-del-50-al-1/|title=Los mejores discos de 2017 (nacional): del 50 al 1|date=20 December 2017|language=Spanish|accessdate=25 July 2018|publisher=CrazyMusic}}</ref> Music critics of ''[[El País]]'' listed ''Los Ángeles'' as the 10th best album of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/12/19/album/1513700187_642032.html#foto_gal_4|language=Spanish|title=Los discos preferidos de los críticos (I)|date=19 December 2017|accessdate=25 July 2018|work=Babelia. [[El País]]}}</ref> Efe Eme selected the album as the 13th best Spanish record of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.efeeme.com/los-mejores-discos-nacionales-de-2017/|title=Lo mejor de 2017: Discos nacionales|language=Spanish|publisher=Efe Eme|accessdate=25 July 2018|date=28 December 2017}}</ref> It also appeared in Hipersónica's and Muzikalia's lists of the best Spanish albums of the year, at number 17 and 18 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hipersonica.com/los-mejores-discos-nacionales-de-2017-a79a6af73702|title=Los mejores discos nacionales de 2017|date=3 January 2018|accessdate=25 July 2018|publisher=Hipersónica. [[Medium (website)|Medium]]|language=Spanish}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://muzikalia.com/los-mejores-discos-nacionales-2017/|title=Los mejores discos nacionales de 2017|date=21 December 2017|accessdate=25 July 2018|publisher=Muzikalia|language=Spanish}}</ref>

In late 2017, Rosalía received the Premio Ojo Crítico in the category of Modern Music, awarded by [[Radio Nacional de España|RNE]]. The jury highlighted the singer's "artistic projection, her interpretative capacity and versatility, her charisma, capable of transferring flamenco to young audiences."<ref name="premioojocritico">{{cite web|url=http://www.rtve.es/radio/20171212/rosalia-premio-ojo-critico-rne-musica-moderna/1645685.shtml|title=Rosalía, Premio El Ojo Crítico de RNE de Música Moderna|language=Spanish|publisher=[[Radio Nacional de España|RNE]]. [[RTVE]]|date=12 December 2017|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> Rosalía was also nominated for [[Latin Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]] at the [[18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards|2017 Latin Grammy Awards]], losing to [[Vicente García (musician)|Vicente García]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latingrammy.com/es/news/residente-encabeza-las-nominaciones-al-latin-grammy-con-nueve-seguido-por-maluma-con-siete-y|title=Residente encabeza las Nominaciones al Latin GRAMMY® con nueve, seguido por Maluma con siete y Shakira son seis; Kevin Jiménez Adg, Juanes y Mon Laferte con cinco cada uno|language=Spanish|date=26 September 2017|accessdate=25 July 2018|publisher=[[Latin Grammy Award]]s}}</ref> On 17 January 2018, ''Los Ángeles'' was awarded the [[Premio Ruido]], given to the best national album of the year by the Spanish music press.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/cultura/los-angeles-de-rosalia-premio-ruido-la-prensa-al-mejor-disco-2017/10005-3495687|title=Los Ángeles de Rosalía, Premio Ruido de la prensa al mejor disco de 2017|accessdate=25 July 2018|date=18 January 2018|publisher=[[EFE]]|language=Spanish}}</ref> The album also received a Premio Glamour to "the arts", awarded by the Spanish edition of ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'' magazine in celebration of its 15th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lacajadmusica.com/rosalia-premio-glamour-a-las-artes-2017-15-aniversario-glamour/|date=15 December 2017|accessdate=25 July 2018|language=Spanish|last=Fraile Seco|first=David|publisher=LaCajadmusica.com|title=Rosalía, Premio Glamour a las artes 2017, 15 aniversario Glamour|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614101224/http://lacajadmusica.com/rosalia-premio-glamour-a-las-artes-2017-15-aniversario-glamour/|archive-date=14 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Commercial performance==
''Los Ángeles'' debuted at number 42 on the [[Productores de Música de España|Spanish Albums Chart]] on 19 February 2017.<ref name="hungmedien">{{cite web|url=https://spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rosal%EDa&titel=Los+%C1ngeles&cat=a|title=Rosalía - Los Ángeles|publisher=Spanishcharts.com. Hung Medien| accessdate=June 23, 2020}}</ref> A month later, Sebas E. Alonso of Jenesaispop.com noted that the album had remained charting since its release, ascending to number twenty-eight in its third week and maintaining that position the following week. Feeling that it was in its way to becoming the Spanish "[[sleeper hit]] of the year", Alonso described ''Los Ángeles''{{'}}s chart run as "totally exceptional", taking into account that most albums "after the hype of the fans during the first week, [fall] slightly on the list until they settle depending on the duration of the promotion of the album or directly collapse."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jenesaispop.com/2017/03/16/292182/los-angeles-rosalia-camino-sleeper-del-ano-espana/|title='Los Ángeles' de Rosalía, camino a ser el sleeper del año en España|language=Spanish|last=Alonso|first=Sebas E.|date=16 March 2017|accessdate=3 September 2018|publisher=Jenesaispop.com}}</ref> Likewise, Jordi Bardají wrote on 1 November 2018 that the record was "one of the greatest 'sleepers' that Spanish sales lists have known in recent times."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jenesaispop.com/2018/11/02/345310/rosalia-publica-al-fin-el-mal-querer/|last=Bardají|first=Jordi|language=Spanish|date=1 November 2018|title=Rosalía publica al fin 'El mal querer'|accessdate=2 November 2018|publisher=Jenesaispop.com}}</ref> ''Los Ángeles'' reached its peak position of number nine on 11 November 2018 and remained in the albums chart until 9 February 2020, accumulating a total of 116 weeks.<ref name="hungmedien"/>

==Track listing==

All tracks produced by Raül Refree. All lyrics are public domain except where otherwise noted.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| total_length = 49:06
| title1 = Si tú supieras compañero
| writer1 = {{flatlist|
* [[Manuel Quiroga|Manuel López-Quiroga y Miquel]]
* Nicolás M. Callejón López Alcalá
* Rafael de León y Arias de Saavedra
* [[Raül Refree|Raül Fernandez Miró]]
* [[Rosalía (singer)|Rosalía Vila Tobella]]
}}
| length1 = 6:04
| title2 = De plata
| writer2 = {{flatlist|
}}
| length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Nos quedamos solitos
| writer3 = {{flatlist|
}}
| length3 = 5:15
| title4 = Catalina
| writer4 = {{flatlist|
}}
| length4 = 3:34
| title5 = Día 14 de abril
| writer5 = {{flatlist|
}}
| length5 = 6:06
| title6 = Que se muere, que se muere
| writer6 = {{flatlist|
* [[Rafael Farina|Rafael Salazar]]
}}
| length6 = 1:28
| title7 = Por mi puerta no lo pasen
| writer7 = {{flatlist|
}}
| length7 = 4:39
| title8 = Te venero
| writer8 = {{flatlist|
* Joaquin Alfonso Navas
* Jose Arroyo García
* [[Pepe Marchena|José Tejada Martin]]
* Mera
}}
| length8 = 4:06
| title9 = Por castigarme tan fuerte
| writer9 = {{flatlist|
}}
| length9 = 2:08
| title10 = [[La hija de Juan Simón]]
| writer10 = {{flatlist|
}}
| length10 = 4:09
| title11 = El redentor
| writer11 = {{flatlist|
}}
| length11 = 3:01
| title12 = I See a Darkness
| writer12 = {{flatlist|
* [[Will Oldham]]
}}
| length12 = 4:08
| all_writing =
}}

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2017–20)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| Spanish Albums ([[Productores de Música de España|PROMUSICAE]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2018/45|title=Top 100 Albumes: Semana 45|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|accessdate=14 November 2018}}</ref>
| 9
|}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Spain|title=Los ángeles|artist=Rosalía|certyear=2019|type=album|award=Gold|relyear=2018|certref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elportaldemusica.es/album/rosalia-los-angeles|title=Rosalía – Los ángeles|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|accessdate=28 May 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true|nosales=true | noshipments=true}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Latin music|Spain}}
*[[2017 in European music]]
*[[2017 in Latin music]]
*[[List of concept albums]]
*[[Music of Andalusia]]
*[[Music of Catalonia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/album/A5974.htm ''Los Ángeles''] at [[Acclaimed Music]]
* {{discogs master| master= 1170351| name= Los ángeles}}
* {{url| https://www.last.fm/music/Rosal%C3%ADa/Los+%C3%81ngeles| ''Los ángeles''}} statistics, tagging and previews at [[Last.fm]]
* ''[https://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/rosalia/los-angeles/ Los Ángeles]'' at [[Rate Your Music]]

{{Rosalía}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Angeles (album), Los}}
[[Category:2017 debut albums]]
[[Category:Rosalía (singer) albums]]
[[Category:Universal Music Spain albums]]
[[Category:Nuevo Flamenco albums]]
[[Category:Spanish-language albums]]
[[Category:Death in music]]
[[Category:Concept albums]]
[[Category:Collaborative albums]]

Rafael Farina

2021-07-11T02:18:31Z

Comm.unity: Explanation for Rafael Salazar alias

{{Short description|Spanish flamenco singer}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rafael Farina
| image = Juan el de la Vara con Rafael Farina.jpg
| alt = Scanned black and white image of two men holding an award. Image appears to be signed by Farina with a note in Spanish. 
| caption = '''<center>Rafael Farina with cousin Juan de la Vara</center>'''
| birth_name = Rafael Antonio Salazar Motos
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1923|6|2}}
| birth_place = [[Martinamor, Spain|Martinamor]], Spain
| death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1995|11|21|1923|6|2}}
| death_place = [[Salamanca, Spain|Salamanca]], Spain

| occupation = {{flat list| * Singer * Actor}}
| genre = [[Copla (poetry)|Copla]] and [[Flamenco]]
| instrument = Vocals
}}

'''Rafael Antonio Salazar Motos''', commonly known as '''Rafael Farina'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Durango|first=El Siglo de|date=2021-06-11|title=Detienen a Diego el Cigala por violencia física|url=https://www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx/2021/06/1317711.detienen-a-diego-el-cigala-por-violencia-fisica.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=elsiglodedurango.com.mx|language=es}}</ref> (and '''Rafael Salazar''' for his composing work),<ref name="Discogs page">{{cite web |title=Rafael Farina |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1293438-Rafael-Farina |website=Discogs |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> (born {{Birth date|mf=yes|1923|6|2}} in [[Martinamor, Spain|Martinamor]], Spain), was a singer of [[Copla (poetry)|Copla]] and [[Flamenco]]. His granddaughter is the pop-singer [[Tamara (Spanish singer)|Tamara]].<ref>{{Cite web|title="Todas las mujeres quieren dinero": Diego, "El Cigala" se disculpa por polémica afirmación|url=https://www.debate.com.mx/show/-Todas-las-mujeres-quieren-dinero-Diego-El-Cigala-se-disculpa-por-polemica-afirmacion-20210618-0371.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=DEBATE|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Durango|first=El Siglo de|date=2021-06-11|title=Detienen a Diego el Cigala por violencia física|url=https://www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx/2021/06/1317711.detienen-a-diego-el-cigala-por-violencia-fisica.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=elsiglodedurango.com.mx|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Así era Rafael Farina, el cantante más ilustre de Salamanca|url=https://www.lagacetadesalamanca.es/salamanca/asi-era-rafael-farina-el-cantante-mas-ilustre-de-salamanca-MC6602680|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.lagacetadesalamanca.es|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nazareno|first=Periódico El|date=2020-12-24|title=Las juergas del cantaor Juan Talega y la tradición flamenca de Dos Hermanas|url=https://www.periodicoelnazareno.es/las-juergas-del-cantaor-juan-talega-y-la-tradicion-flamenca-de-dos-hermanas/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Periódico El Nazareno|language=es}}</ref>

== Biography ==

He was born into a [[gypsy]] family, his father, Antonio Salazar Motos, was a cattle dealer, in [[Alba de Tormes]], [[Martinamor]]; his mother was Jesusa Motos. He began his career at the age of six singing in the bars of [[Barrio Chino]] in [[Salamanca]], accompanied by his older brother, Rafael Salazar Motos, Calderas de Salamanca, also a singer. In 1949 he obtained some fame participating in a tribute to Juanito Mojama. Previously, he had performed at [[El Collao Province|El Colmao]]. After joining the company of [[Concha Piquer]], he was able to go on tour throughout Spain and America. In 1952 he participated in the revival of the play "La copla andaluza" at the [[Teatro Pavón|Pavón Theater]] in [[Madrid]]. In 1956 he managed to premiere his own show and in 1968 he worked with [[Lola Flores]] at Arte Español.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-11|title=El guitarrista Víctor Monge 'Serranito' anuncia una gira de despedida de los escenarios|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/abci-guitarrista-victor-monge-serranito-anuncia-gira-despedida-escenarios-202106111348_noticia.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=abc|language=es}}</ref><ref name="spain is culture">{{Cite web|title=Rafael Farina. Flamenco,Music. Biography and works at Spain is culture.|url=http://www.spainisculture.com/en/artistas_creadores/rafael_farina.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.spainisculture.com}}</ref>

== Acting career==

Farina starred in six Spanish and one Argentinian film:<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Rafael Farina |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0267468/ |website=IMDb |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref>

* ''[[Café cantante]]'' (1951) with [[Imperio Argentina]]
* ''Aventura para dos'' (1958), with [[Carmen Sevilla]]
* ''La copla andaluza'' (1959)
* ''Café de chinitas'' (1960), with [[Antonio Molina (singer)|Antonio Molina]]
* ''Puente de coplas'' (1965), also with [[Antonio Molina (singer)|Antonio Molina]]
* ''El milagro del cante'' (1967), with [[El Príncipe Gitano]], Luis Sánchez Polack
* ''Canciones de nuestra vida'' (1975)

== Discography ==

Some of the best known songs popularized by Rafael Farina include:
* ''Mi Salamanca''
* ''Twist del faraón''
*''A Barcelona llegan los olés''
* ''Tientos del Reloj''
* ''Que no te olvido un momento''
* ''No echarle más tierra santa''
* ''Mi corazón dice, dice''
*''Los iguales para hoy''
*''Las Campanas de Linares''
* ''Sendas del Viento''
* ''Tesoro de coplas''
* ''Un fandango informativo''
* ''Como las piedras''
* ''Por Dios que me vuelvo loco''
* ''Caminito del olvido''
* ''Piensa ser buena y honrá''
* ''Mi perro amigo''
* ''Dinero y Riquezas''
* ''Aurora''
* ''Que doblen las campanas''
* ''Nana de Jerez''
*''Vino amargo''
[[File:Tumba Rafael Farina.jpg|thumb|alt=Grey and black grave stones with silver raised lettering|Rafael Farina's grave in the Salamanca cemetery]]

== Death==
Rafael Farina died in Madrid on November 21, 1995 at the age of 72,<ref name="spain is culture"></ref> as a result of a myocardial infarction,<ref name="flamencosound">{{cite web |title=Artists - Rafael Farina |url=https://www.flamencosound.com/artistas-en/rafael-farina-en.html |website=flamencosound.com |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> after undergoing an open heart surgery at the Nuestra Señora de América Clinic in Madrid. He is buried in the cemetery of his hometown, Salamanca.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021|reason=Citation needed for location of burial.}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* Billboard. United States, Billboard Publishing Company, 1975.
* Jeffery, Keith. The Secret History of MI6. United States, Penguin Press, 2011.
* Ni Shuinear, Sinead, and Leblon, Bernard. Gypsies and Flamenco: The Emergence of the Art of Flamenco in Andalusia. United Kingdom, University of Hertfordshire Press, 2003.
* Fernandez, Manuela Rosado. El Flamenco Vive en Madrid. United States, Palibrio, 2013.
* Screen World. United States, Crown Publishers, 1959.
* Pohren, D. E.. Lives and Legends of Flamenco: A Biographical History. Spain, Society of Spanish Studies; [distribution: H. Howell, La Mesa, Calif., 1964. ISBN 9781463347550
* Filmfacts. United States, n.p, 1958.
* Lorente Rivas, Manuel. Etnografía antropológica del flamenco en Granada. Spain, Universidad de Granada, 2007.
* Gómez, Agustín. De Silverio al "flamenglish": (escuelas del cante). Spain, Universidad de Córdoba, 2004. ISBN 9788478017355
* Santamarina, Antonio, and Heredero, Carlos F.. Biblioteca del cine español: fuentes literarias 1900-2005. Spain, Cátedra, 2010. ISBN 9788437626543
* Burgos, Antonio. Juanito Valderrama: Mi España querida. Spain, Esfera de los Libros, 2002. ISBN 9788497340366
* Lorente Rivas, Manuel. Etnografía antropológica del flamenco en Granada. Spain, Universidad de Granada, 2007.ISBN 9788433839947

==External links==
* [http://neonmusic.webcindario.com/biografias/rafaelfarina/index.html Biography of Rafael Farina at Neonmusic]
*[https://www.discogs.com/artist/2963422-Rafael-Salazar?filter_anv=1&anv=R.+Salazar+Motos Rafael Farina] at [[Discogs]]
*[https://www.discogs.com/artist/2963422-Rafael-Salazar?filter_anv=1&anv=R.+Salazar+Motos Rafael Farina] at [[MusicBrainz|Musicbrainz]]

{{authority control}}
[[Category:Spanish singers]]
[[Category:Spanish male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish singers]]
[[Category:20th-century male singers]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]

Rafael Farina

2021-07-11T02:10:10Z

Comm.unity: Added alias; Added alt text for main image; Added citations; Translated section heading into english; De-editorialized intro sentence under ''Discography''; Added inline maintenance tags;

{{Short description|Spanish flamenco singer}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rafael Farina
| image = Juan el de la Vara con Rafael Farina.jpg
| alt = Scanned black and white image of two men holding an award. Image appears to be signed by Farina with a note in Spanish. 
| caption = '''<center>Rafael Farina with cousin Juan de la Vara</center>'''
| birth_name = Rafael Antonio Salazar Motos
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1923|6|2}}
| birth_place = [[Martinamor, Spain|Martinamor]], Spain
| death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1995|11|21|1923|6|2}}
| death_place = [[Salamanca, Spain|Salamanca]], Spain

| occupation = {{flat list| * Singer * Actor}}
| genre = [[Copla (poetry)|Copla]] and [[Flamenco]]
| instrument = Vocals
}}

'''Rafael Antonio Salazar Motos''', commonly known as '''Rafael Farina'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Durango|first=El Siglo de|date=2021-06-11|title=Detienen a Diego el Cigala por violencia física|url=https://www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx/2021/06/1317711.detienen-a-diego-el-cigala-por-violencia-fisica.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=elsiglodedurango.com.mx|language=es}}</ref> and sometimes '''Rafael Salazar''',<ref name="Discogs page">{{cite web |title=Rafael Farina |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/1293438-Rafael-Farina |website=Discogs |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> (born {{Birth date|mf=yes|1923|6|2}} in [[Martinamor, Spain|Martinamor]], Spain), was a singer of [[Copla (poetry)|Copla]] and [[Flamenco]]. His granddaughter is the pop-singer [[Tamara (Spanish singer)|Tamara]].<ref>{{Cite web|title="Todas las mujeres quieren dinero": Diego, "El Cigala" se disculpa por polémica afirmación|url=https://www.debate.com.mx/show/-Todas-las-mujeres-quieren-dinero-Diego-El-Cigala-se-disculpa-por-polemica-afirmacion-20210618-0371.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=DEBATE|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Durango|first=El Siglo de|date=2021-06-11|title=Detienen a Diego el Cigala por violencia física|url=https://www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx/2021/06/1317711.detienen-a-diego-el-cigala-por-violencia-fisica.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=elsiglodedurango.com.mx|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Así era Rafael Farina, el cantante más ilustre de Salamanca|url=https://www.lagacetadesalamanca.es/salamanca/asi-era-rafael-farina-el-cantante-mas-ilustre-de-salamanca-MC6602680|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.lagacetadesalamanca.es|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nazareno|first=Periódico El|date=2020-12-24|title=Las juergas del cantaor Juan Talega y la tradición flamenca de Dos Hermanas|url=https://www.periodicoelnazareno.es/las-juergas-del-cantaor-juan-talega-y-la-tradicion-flamenca-de-dos-hermanas/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Periódico El Nazareno|language=es}}</ref>

== Biography ==

He was born into a [[gypsy]] family, his father, Antonio Salazar Motos, was a cattle dealer, in [[Alba de Tormes]], [[Martinamor]]; his mother was Jesusa Motos. He began his career at the age of six singing in the bars of [[Barrio Chino]] in [[Salamanca]], accompanied by his older brother, Rafael Salazar Motos, Calderas de Salamanca, also a singer. In 1949 he obtained some fame participating in a tribute to Juanito Mojama. Previously, he had performed at [[El Collao Province|El Colmao]]. After joining the company of [[Concha Piquer]], he was able to go on tour throughout Spain and America. In 1952 he participated in the revival of the play "La copla andaluza" at the [[Teatro Pavón|Pavón Theater]] in [[Madrid]]. In 1956 he managed to premiere his own show and in 1968 he worked with [[Lola Flores]] at Arte Español.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-11|title=El guitarrista Víctor Monge 'Serranito' anuncia una gira de despedida de los escenarios|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/abci-guitarrista-victor-monge-serranito-anuncia-gira-despedida-escenarios-202106111348_noticia.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=abc|language=es}}</ref><ref name="spain is culture">{{Cite web|title=Rafael Farina. Flamenco,Music. Biography and works at Spain is culture.|url=http://www.spainisculture.com/en/artistas_creadores/rafael_farina.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.spainisculture.com}}</ref>

== Acting career==

Farina starred in six Spanish and one Argentinian film:<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Rafael Farina |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0267468/ |website=IMDb |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref>

* ''[[Café cantante]]'' (1951) with [[Imperio Argentina]]
* ''Aventura para dos'' (1958), with [[Carmen Sevilla]]
* ''La copla andaluza'' (1959)
* ''Café de chinitas'' (1960), with [[Antonio Molina (singer)|Antonio Molina]]
* ''Puente de coplas'' (1965), also with [[Antonio Molina (singer)|Antonio Molina]]
* ''El milagro del cante'' (1967), with [[El Príncipe Gitano]], Luis Sánchez Polack
* ''Canciones de nuestra vida'' (1975)

== Discography ==

Some of the best known songs popularized by Rafael Farina include:
* ''Mi Salamanca''
* ''Twist del faraón''
*''A Barcelona llegan los olés''
* ''Tientos del Reloj''
* ''Que no te olvido un momento''
* ''No echarle más tierra santa''
* ''Mi corazón dice, dice''
*''Los iguales para hoy''
*''Las Campanas de Linares''
* ''Sendas del Viento''
* ''Tesoro de coplas''
* ''Un fandango informativo''
* ''Como las piedras''
* ''Por Dios que me vuelvo loco''
* ''Caminito del olvido''
* ''Piensa ser buena y honrá''
* ''Mi perro amigo''
* ''Dinero y Riquezas''
* ''Aurora''
* ''Que doblen las campanas''
* ''Nana de Jerez''
*''Vino amargo''
[[File:Tumba Rafael Farina.jpg|thumb|alt=Grey and black grave stones with silver raised lettering|Rafael Farina's grave in the Salamanca cemetery]]

== Death==
Rafael Farina died in Madrid on November 21, 1995 at the age of 72,<ref name="spain is culture"></ref> as a result of a myocardial infarction,<ref name="flamencosound">{{cite web |title=Artists - Rafael Farina |url=https://www.flamencosound.com/artistas-en/rafael-farina-en.html |website=flamencosound.com |access-date=10 July 2021}}</ref> after undergoing an open heart surgery at the Nuestra Señora de América Clinic in Madrid. He is buried in the cemetery of his hometown, Salamanca.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021|reason=Citation needed for location of burial.}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* Billboard. United States, Billboard Publishing Company, 1975.
* Jeffery, Keith. The Secret History of MI6. United States, Penguin Press, 2011.
* Ni Shuinear, Sinead, and Leblon, Bernard. Gypsies and Flamenco: The Emergence of the Art of Flamenco in Andalusia. United Kingdom, University of Hertfordshire Press, 2003.
* Fernandez, Manuela Rosado. El Flamenco Vive en Madrid. United States, Palibrio, 2013.
* Screen World. United States, Crown Publishers, 1959.
* Pohren, D. E.. Lives and Legends of Flamenco: A Biographical History. Spain, Society of Spanish Studies; [distribution: H. Howell, La Mesa, Calif., 1964. ISBN 9781463347550
* Filmfacts. United States, n.p, 1958.
* Lorente Rivas, Manuel. Etnografía antropológica del flamenco en Granada. Spain, Universidad de Granada, 2007.
* Gómez, Agustín. De Silverio al "flamenglish": (escuelas del cante). Spain, Universidad de Córdoba, 2004. ISBN 9788478017355
* Santamarina, Antonio, and Heredero, Carlos F.. Biblioteca del cine español: fuentes literarias 1900-2005. Spain, Cátedra, 2010. ISBN 9788437626543
* Burgos, Antonio. Juanito Valderrama: Mi España querida. Spain, Esfera de los Libros, 2002. ISBN 9788497340366
* Lorente Rivas, Manuel. Etnografía antropológica del flamenco en Granada. Spain, Universidad de Granada, 2007.ISBN 9788433839947

==External links==
* [http://neonmusic.webcindario.com/biografias/rafaelfarina/index.html Biography of Rafael Farina at Neonmusic]
*[https://www.discogs.com/artist/2963422-Rafael-Salazar?filter_anv=1&anv=R.+Salazar+Motos Rafael Farina] at [[Discogs]]
*[https://www.discogs.com/artist/2963422-Rafael-Salazar?filter_anv=1&anv=R.+Salazar+Motos Rafael Farina] at [[MusicBrainz|Musicbrainz]]

{{authority control}}
[[Category:Spanish singers]]
[[Category:Spanish male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish singers]]
[[Category:20th-century male singers]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]

Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time

2021-07-10T21:53:57Z

Comm.unity: /* Reception */ Added citation for quote by Edna Gunderson; Removed maintenance tag calling for such citation

{{Short description|Music ranking by magazine}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Rolling Stone''{{'}}s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time}}

"'''The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time'''" is a recurring opinion survey and music ranking of the finest [[album]]s in history, compiled by the American magazine ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. It is based on weighted votes from selected musicians, critics, and industry figures. The first list was published in a special issue of the magazine in 2003 and a related book in 2005.<ref name="RS500">{{cite book| editor-last=Levy| editor-first=Joe| editor2-last=Van Zandt| editor2-first=Steven| editor2-link=Steven Van Zandt|title=Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|orig-year=2005|edition=3rd|year=2006|publisher=Turnaround|location=London|isbn=1-932958-61-4|oclc=70672814|ref=RS500}}
 '''Related news articles:'''
*{{cite news|date=December 11, 2003|title=The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time| newspaper=[[Rolling Stone]]| issue = 937| pages=83–178|publisher=Straight Arrow|issn=0035-791X|oclc=1787396}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/|title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time|access-date=2010-07-01|publisher=Rolling Stone| work=rollingstone.com}}</ref>

Critics have accused the lists of lending disproportionate weight to artists of particular races and genders. In the original list, most of the selections were albums by white male rock musicians, with the top position held by [[the Beatles]]' ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' (1967). In 2012, ''Rolling Stone'' published a revised edition, drawing on the original and a later survey of albums released up until the early 2000s.<ref name="cos2020" />

Another updated edition of the list was published in 2020, with 154 new entries not in either of the two previous editions. It was based on a new survey and does not factor in the surveys that were conducted for the previous lists. This time, the list featured more black and female artists, topped by [[Marvin Gaye]]'s ''[[What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)|What's Going On]]'' (1971).<ref name="cos2020" /> It received similar criticisms as the prior lists.<ref name="IH"/>

==Background==
[[File:The Fabs.JPG|thumb|[[The Beatles]] (1964)]]

The first version of the list, published as a magazine in November 2003, was based on the votes of 273 rock musicians, critics, and industry figures, each of whom submitted a ranked list of 50 albums. The accounting firm [[Ernst & Young]] devised a point system to weigh votes for 1,600 submitted titles.<ref name="cite-2"/> [[The Beatles]]' 1967 album ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' topped the list, with ''Rolling Stone''{{'}}s editors describing it as "the most important rock 'n' roll album ever made".<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Sawyers|editor1-first=June Skinner|title=Read the Beatles: Classic and New Writings on the Beatles, Their Legacy, and Why They Still Matter|year=2006|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|url= {{google books |plainurl=y |id=EIgR8wbhPDoC}} |isbn=978-0-14-303732-3|p=97}}</ref> [[The Beach Boys]]' ''[[Pet Sounds]]'' (1966) was ranked second in recognition of its influence on ''Sgt. Pepper''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Carys Wyn|title=The Rock Canon: Canonical Values in the Reception of Rock Albums|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiQxDwAAQBAJ |year=2016|orig-year=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, UK|isbn=978-0-7546-6244-0|p=57}}</ref> The list also included compilations and "greatest hits" collections.<ref name="cite-2">[https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2003-11-16-rolling-stone-list_x.htm "It's Certainly a Thrill: Sgt. Pepper Is Best Album"], ''USA Today'', November 17, 2003.</ref>

An amended list was released as a book in 2005, with an introduction by guitarist [[Steven Van Zandt]]. Some compilation albums were removed, and [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]]'s ''[[The Complete Recordings (Robert Johnson album)|The Complete Recordings]]'' was substituted for both of his ''[[King of the Delta Blues Singers]]'' volumes, making room for a total of eight new entries on the list.{{full citation needed|date=September 2020}}{{refn|group=nb|''The Complete Recordings'' would be reinstated to the list in the 2012 edition.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}}}

On May 31, 2012, ''Rolling Stone'' published a revised list, drawing on the original and a later survey of albums up until the early 2000s.<ref name="rs500list">{{cite web|title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531|date=May 31, 2012|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=2016-10-24}}</ref> It was made available in "bookazine" format on newsstands in the US from April 27 to July 25. The new list contained 38 albums not present in the previous one, 16 of them released after 2003. The top listings remained unchanged.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

[[File:Marvin Gaye (1973).png|thumb|[[Marvin Gaye]] (1973)]]

Most of the albums on the initial lists were by white male rock musicians. Among the top 50 rankings, only 12 entries were by artists of non-white ethnicity, none of whom were female, and only three albums by white women figured in the top 50.<ref name="cos2020"/>

On September 22, 2020, another revision of the list was published. It drew upon a new survey conducted with "more than 300 artists, producers, critics, and music-industry figures", including:<ref name="2012list">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/|title=The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|date=September 22, 2020|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Craig Kallman]]
* [[Beyoncé]]
* [[Taylor Swift]]
* [[Billie Eilish]]
* [[H.E.R.]]
* [[Tierra Whack]]
* [[Lindsey Jordan]]
* [[Adam Clayton]]
* [[The Edge]]
* [[Raekwon]]
* [[Gene Simmons]]
* [[Stevie Nicks]]
{{div col end}}

Each voter was asked to submit a ranked list of 50 favorite albums.<ref name="2020voters">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/voters-500-greatest-albums-list-1062225/|title=Who Voted for the 500 Greatest Albums?|date=September 22, 2020|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> This time, the list favored black and female musicians, with many such artists represented at higher rankings than on the previous lists.<ref name="cos2020">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-22|title=Rolling Stone updated its Top 500 Albums of All Time list so it's no longer just white dudes|url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2020/09/rolling-stone-top-500-albums/|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Consequence of Sound|language=en-US}}</ref> 86 of the entries were 21st-century releases. 154 new entries were not on either of the two previous editions, and rap albums figured three times as much.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Henderson|first=Cydney|title=Beach Boys, Beatles, Beyoncé top Rolling Stone's new 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/09/22/rolling-stone-new-500-greatest-albums-marvin-gaye-beach-boys/3495555001/|access-date=2020-10-24|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Marvin Gaye]]'s ''[[What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)|What's Going On]]'' (1971) was featured at the number one spot.<ref name="2012list"/>

==Reception==
The original ''Rolling Stone'' 500 was criticized for being male-dominated, outmoded and almost entirely Anglo-American in focus.<ref>Biron, Dean. 2011. Towards a Popular Music Criticism of Replenishment. ''Popular Music & Society'', 34/5: 661–682.</ref><ref>Schmutz, Vaughan. 2005. Retrospective Critical Consecration in Popular Music: Rolling Stone's Greatest Albums of All Time. ''American Behavioral Scientist'', 48/11: 1510–1523.</ref> Writing in ''[[USA Today]]'' newspaper, [[Edna Gundersen]] described the list as predictable and "weighted toward testosterone-fueled vintage rock".<ref name="cite-2" /> Following the publicity surrounding the list, rock critic [[Jim DeRogatis]], a former ''Rolling Stone'' editor, published ''Kill Your Idols: A New Generation of Rock Writers Reconsiders the Classics'' in 2004. The book featured a number of critics arguing against the high evaluation of various "great" albums, many of which had been included in the list.<ref>({{ISBN|1-56980-276-9}})</ref>

Jonny Sharp, a contributor to [[NME's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|''NME''{{'}}s own 500 greatest albums list]], described the 2012 ''Rolling Stone'' list as a "soulless, canon-centric [list] of the same tired old titles," noting: "looking at their 500, when the only album in their top 10 less than 40 years old is ''[[London Calling]]'', I think I prefer the ''NME'''s less critically-correct approach."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharp |first1=Johnny |title=Mission Impossible: My 'NME 500 Greatest Albums' Voting Hell |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/13683-nme-greatest-albums-list-johnny-sharp-cigarettes |website=The Quietus |access-date=January 1, 2020 |date=October 24, 2013}}</ref>

Responding to the 2020 revision, ''[[Consequence of Sound]]''{{'}}s Alex Young wrote that the lesser representation of white male rock musicians was "the biggest takeaway".<ref name="cos2020"/> According to [[CNN]]'s Leah Asmelash, "The change represents a massive shift for the magazine, moving to recognize more contemporary albums and a wider range of tastes."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Leah Asmelash|title=Rolling Stone places Marvin Gaye at the top of its new, less rock heavy list of the best albums ever|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/23/us/rolling-stone-best-500-albums-trnd/index.html|access-date=2020-09-28|website=CNN}}</ref>

''InsideHook''{{'}}s Bonnie Stiernberg questioned whether the editors had made adjustments to the numbered rankings instead of presenting the true results, citing her own experience of helping to compile such lists.<ref name="IH"/> She reported that the list "sparked plenty of debate, angering rockist Boomers and causing cynics to question whether certain albums made the cut because they’re really that great or because they happen to be made by someone who isn’t a white man".<ref name="IH">{{cite web|first=Bonnie|last=Stiernberg|url=https://www.insidehook.com/article/music/rolling-stone-greatest-albums-of-all-time-list-the-answer-is-pointless|title=Does the World Really Need Another 'Greatest Albums of All Time' List?|website=InsideHook|date=September 23, 2020|access-date=September 28, 2020}}</ref>

==Statistics==


===Number of albums from each decade===
{{col-float}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:0.95em; line-height:1.5em;"
|+2003 edition
|-
! Decade !! Number of albums !! Percentage
|-
| 1950s || 29 || 5.8%
|-
| 1960s || 126 || 25.2%
|-
| 1970s || 183 || 36.6%
|-
| 1980s || 88 || 17.6%
|-
| 1990s || 61 || 12.2%
|-
| 2000s || 13 || 2.6%
|}
{{col-float-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:0.95em; line-height:1.5em;"
|+2012 edition
|-
! Decade !! Number of albums !! Percentage
|-
| 1950s || 10 || 2.0%
|-
| 1960s || 105 || 21.0%
|-
| 1970s || 186 || 37.2%
|-
| 1980s || 84 || 16.8%
|-
| 1990s || 73 || 14.6%
|-
| 2000s || 40 || 8.0%
|-
| 2010s || 2 || 0.4%
|}
{{col-float-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:0.95em; line-height:1.5em;"
|+2020 edition
|-
! Decade !! Number of albums !! Percentage
|-
| 1950s || 9 || 1.8%
|-
| 1960s || 74 || 14.8%
|-
| 1970s || 157 || 31.4%
|-
| 1980s || 71 || 14.2%
|-
| 1990s || 103 || 20.6%
|-
| 2000s || 50 || 10.0%
|-
| 2010s || 36 || 7.2%
|}
{{col-float-end}}

=== Artists with the most albums (2020 revision) ===
'''9 albums'''

* [[The Beatles]] (one in the top 10 at the No. 5 spot)

'''8 albums'''

* [[Bob Dylan]] (one credited to Bob Dylan and [[the Band]]; one in the top 10 at the No. 9 spot)

'''7 albums'''
* [[Neil Young]] (one with [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]]; two credited as Neil Young & [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]])

'''6 albums'''

* [[Kanye West]]
* [[The Rolling Stones]]

'''5 albums'''

* [[Led Zeppelin]]
* [[Bruce Springsteen]]
* [[David Bowie]]

'''4 albums'''
{{div col}}
* [[Aretha Franklin]]
* [[Radiohead]]
* [[The Who]]
* [[Joni Mitchell]] (one in the top 10 at the No. 3 spot)
* [[Pink Floyd]]
* [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (one credited to Prince and [[The Revolution (band)|the Revolution]]; one in the top 10 at the number 8 spot)
* [[Stevie Wonder]] (one in the top 10 at the No. 4 spot)
* [[The Velvet Underground]] (one album credited with [[Nico]])
{{div col end}}

'''3 albums'''
{{div col}}

* [[The Band]] (one credited to Bob Dylan and The Band)
* [[Outkast]]
* [[Kendrick Lamar]]
* [[Beyoncé]] (one with [[Destiny's Child]])
* [[The Beach Boys]] (one in the top 10 at the No. 2 spot)
* [[Al Green]]
* [[Bob Marley and the Wailers]]
* [[D'Angelo]] (one with [[D'Angelo and the Vanguard]])
* [[Big Star]]
* [[Fiona Apple]]
* [[Beastie Boys]]
* [[Tom Petty]] (one with [[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]])
* [[Black Sabbath]]
* [[The Clash]]
* [[Paul Simon]] (one with [[Simon and Garfunkel]])
* [[James Brown]]
* [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]] (two with [[Funkadelic]], one with [[Parliament (band)|Parliament]])
* [[Marvin Gaye]] (one in the top 10 at the No. 1 spot)
* [[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Janet Jackson]]
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]
* [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] (one in the top 10 at the No. 6 spot)
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Jay-Z]]
* [[Pavement (band)|Pavement]]
* [[Sly and the Family Stone]]
{{div col end}}

===Artists with the most albums (2003 and 2012 revisions)===

'''11 albums'''
* [[Bob Dylan]] (one credited to Bob Dylan and [[the Band]]; two in the top 10 at the No. 9 and No. 4 spots)

'''10 albums'''
* [[The Beatles]] (four in the top 10 at the No. 10, No. 5, No. 3, and No. 1 spots)
* [[The Rolling Stones]] (one in the top 10 at the No. 7 spot)

'''8 albums'''
* [[Bruce Springsteen]] (8 albums in 2003, 7 albums in the 2012 revision)

'''7 albums'''
* [[The Who]]

'''6 albums'''
* [[David Bowie]] (6 albums in 2003, 5 albums in the 2012 revision)
* [[Elton John]] (6 albums in 2003, 5 albums in the 2012 revision)
* [[Neil Young]] (one with [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]], two credited to Neil Young and [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]])

''' 5 albums'''
* [[Led Zeppelin]]
* [[Bob Marley and the Wailers]]
* [[Radiohead]]
* [[U2]]

'''4 albums'''
{{div col}}
* [[James Brown]] (4 albums in 2003, 3 albums in the 2012 revision)
* [[The Byrds]]
* [[Elvis Costello]] (three credited with [[the Attractions]])
* [[Grateful Dead]]
* [[Pink Floyd]]
* [[The Police]]
* [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]
* [[Otis Redding]]
* [[Roxy Music]]
* [[Simon & Garfunkel]] (4 albums in 2003, 3 albums in the 2012 revision)
* [[Sly and the Family Stone]]
* [[The Smiths]]
* [[Talking Heads]]
* [[Stevie Wonder]]
* [[The Velvet Underground]] (one album credited with [[Nico]])
{{div col end}}

'''3 albums'''
{{div col}}
* [[The Band]] (one credited to Bob Dylan and The Band)
* [[The Beach Boys]] (one in the top 10 at the No. 2 spot)
* [[Big Star]]
* [[Black Sabbath]]
* [[Jackson Browne]]
* [[Ray Charles]]
* [[The Clash]] (one in the top 10 at the No. 8 spot)
* [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]] (two with [[Funkadelic]], one with [[Parliament (band)|Parliament]])
* [[Cream (band)|Cream]]
* [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]] (in 2003 edition)
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[The Doors]]
* [[Nick Drake]] (in 2003 edition)
* [[Eminem]] (in 2003 edition)
* [[Marvin Gaye]] (one in the top 10 at the No. 6 spot)
* [[Al Green]]
* [[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[The Kinks]]
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]
* [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]
* [[Randy Newman]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Public Enemy (group)|Public Enemy]] (in 2003 edition)
* [[R.E.M.]]
* [[Steely Dan]]
* [[The Stooges]]
* [[Tom Waits]]
* [[Muddy Waters]]
* [[Kanye West]] (in 2012 edition)
* [[Jay-Z]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Album era]]
* ''[[All Time Top 1000 Albums]]''
* ''[[Critic's Choice: Top 200 Albums]]''
* [[NME's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|''NME'''s The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time]]
* ''[[1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die]]''
* [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|''Rolling Stone'''s 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]]
* [[Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time|''Rolling Stone'''s 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time]]
* [[Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time|''Rolling Stone'''s 100 Greatest Artists of All Time]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Paul Donoughue, [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-26/rolling-stones-greatest-albums-of-all-time-sparks-debate/12698338 "Rolling Stone's 500 'greatest albums of all time' list makes us question the meaning of classic"], [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]], September 26, 2020.
* [https://www.radiox.co.uk/news/music/rolling-stones-top-500-albums-debate-voters/ "Internet reacts to Rolling Stone's more inclusive 500 Greatest Albums list"], [[Radio X (United Kingdom)|Radio X]], September 24, 2020.
* [https://www.npr.org/2020/09/25/917014311/rolling-stone-updates-its-list-of-the-greatest-albums-of-all-time "'Rolling Stone' Updates Its List of the Greatest Albums of All Time"], [[National Public Radio]], September 25, 2020.
* Sheldon Pearce, [https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-futility-of-rolling-stones-best-albums-list "The Futility of Rolling Stone's Best-Albums List"], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', October 2, 2020.

==External links==

*[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (2012 edition)] by ''Rolling Stone''
*[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/ 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (2020 edition)] by ''Rolling Stone''




{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:500 Greatest Albums Of All Time}}
[[Category:Lists of albums]]
[[Category:Rolling Stone articles]]

Keyboard layout

2021-07-07T21:06:20Z

Comm.unity: /* Physical layouts */ Fixed link; minor readability fix

{{Short description|arrangement of keys of computer keyboard}}
{{about|the physical and visual arrangement of the keys of a computer keyboard and their function as defined by software|the underlying physical structure and electronic mechanisms of computer keyboards|Keyboard technology|keyboards used in music|Musical keyboard}}
[[File:Qwerty.svg|thumb|right|430px|The 104-key US QWERTY layout]]
A '''keyboard layout''' is any specific physical, visual or functional arrangement of the keys, legends, or key-meaning associations (respectively) of a [[computer keyboard]], [[mobile phone]], or other computer-controlled [[typographic]] keyboard.

{{em|Physical layout}} is the actual positioning of keys on a keyboard. {{em|Visual layout}} is the arrangement of the legends (labels, markings, engravings) that appear on those keys. {{em|Functional layout}} is the arrangement of the '''key-meaning association''' or '''keyboard mapping''', determined in software, of all the keys of a keyboard: it is this (rather than the legends) that determines the actual response to a key press.

Modern computer keyboards are designed to send a [[scancode]] to the [[operating system]] (OS) when a key is pressed or released: this code reports only the key's row and column, not the specific character engraved on that key. The OS converts the scancode into a specific binary character code using a "scancode to character" conversion table, called the keyboard mapping table. This means that a physical keyboard may be dynamically mapped to any layout without switching hardware components—merely by changing the software that interprets the keystrokes. Often,{{efn|depending on OS and (where applicable) institutional policy.}} a user can change keyboard mapping in system settings. In addition, software may be available to modify or extend keyboard functionality. Thus the symbol shown on the physical key-top need not be the same as appears on the screen or goes into a document being typed. Some settings enable the user to type supplementary symbols which are not engraved on the keys used to invoke them.{{efn|Using, for example, [[AltGr]] to add a third and fourth function to each key.}}

==Key types==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2013}}
[[File:ISO keyboard (105) QWERTY UK.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|A typical 105-key computer keyboard, consisting of sections with different types of keys.]]
A [[computer keyboard]] consists of ''alphanumeric'' or ''character keys'' for typing, ''modifier keys'' for altering the functions of other keys, ''navigation keys'' for moving the [[cursor (computers)|text cursor]] on the screen, ''[[function key]]s'' and ''system command keys''—such as {{key press|[[Escape key|Esc]]}} and {{key press|[[Break key|Break]]}}—for special actions, and often a ''[[numeric keypad]]'' to facilitate calculations.

There is some variation between different keyboard models in the physical layout—i.e., how many keys there are and how they are positioned on the keyboard. However, differences between national layouts are mostly due to different selections and placements of symbols on the character keys.

===Character keys===
The core section of a keyboard consists of character keys, which can be used to type [[letter (alphabet)|letters]] and other characters. Typically, there are three rows of keys for typing letters and [[punctuation]], an upper row for typing [[numerical digit|digits]] and special symbols, and the {{key press|[[Space bar]]}} on the bottom row. The positioning of the character keys is similar to the keyboard of a [[typewriter]].

===Modifier keys===
{{Main|Modifier key}}
[[File:Space-cadet.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|MIT "[[space-cadet keyboard]]", an early keyboard with a large number of modifier keys. It was equipped with four keys for [[bucky bit]]s ({{Key press|Control}}, {{Key press|Meta}}, {{Key press|Hyper}}, and {{Key press|Super}}); and three shift keys, called "[[shift key|shift]]", "top", and "front".]]
Besides the character keys, a keyboard incorporates special keys that do nothing by themselves but modify the functions of other keys. For example, the {{key press|[[Shift key|Shift]]}} key can be used to alter the output of character keys, whereas the {{key press|[[Control key|Ctrl]]}} (''control''), {{key press|[[Alt key|Alt]]}} (''alternate'') and {{keypress|[[AltGr key|AltGr]]}} (''alternative graphic'') keys trigger special operations when used in concert with other keys. (Apple keyboards have differently labelled but equivalent keys, see below).

Typically, a modifier key is held down while another key is struck. To facilitate this, modifier keys usually come in pairs, one functionally identical key for each hand, so holding a modifier key with one hand leaves the other hand free to strike another key.

An alphanumeric key labelled with only a single letter (usually the [[letter case|capital]] form) can generally be struck to type either a lower case or capital letter, the latter requiring the simultaneous holding of the {{key press|Shift}} key. The {{key press|Shift}} key is also used to type the upper of two symbols engraved on a given key, the lower being typed without using the modifier key.

The [[Latin alphabet]] keyboard has a dedicated key for each of the letters A–Z, keys for [[punctuation]] and other symbols, usually a row of [[function keys]], often a [[numeric keypad]] and some system control keys. In most languages except English, additional letters (some with [[diacritic]]s) are required and some are present as standard on each national keyboard, as appropriate for its national language. These keyboards have another modified key, labelled {{key press|AltGr}} (alternative graphic), to the right of the space-bar. (US keyboards just have a second {{key press|Alt}} key in this position). It can be used to type an extra symbol in addition to the two otherwise available with an alphanumeric key, and using it simultaneously with the {{key press|Shift}} key usually gives access to a fourth symbol. These third-level and fourth-level symbols may be engraved on the right half of the key top, or they may be unmarked. [[Cyrillic alphabet]] and [[Greek alphabet]] keyboards have similar arrangements.

Instead of the {{key press|Ctrl}}, {{key press|Alt}} and {{key press|AltGr}} keys seen on [[commodity]] keyboards, [[Apple Keyboard]]s have {{key press|[[Command key|Cmd]]}} (''command'') and {{key press|[[Option key|Option]]}} keys. The {{key press|Option}} key is used much like the {{key press|AltGr}}, and the {{key press|Cmd}} key like the {{key press|Ctrl}} and {{keypress|Alt}}, to access menu options and shortcuts. Macs have a {{key press|Ctrl}} key for compatibility with programs that expect a more traditional keyboard layout. It is especially useful when using a terminal, [[X window system|X11]] (a Unix environment included with OS X as an install option) or [[Microsoft Windows|MS Windows]]. The key can generally be used to produce a secondary [[mouse button|mouse click]] as well. There is also a {{key press|Fn}} key on modern Mac keyboards, which is used for switching between use of the {{key press|F1}}, {{key press|F2}}, etc. keys either as [[function key]]s or for other functions like media control, accessing dashboard widgets, controlling the volume, or handling exposé. {{key press|Fn}} key can be also found on smaller Windows and Linux laptops and tablets, where it serves a similar purpose.

Many [[Unix workstation]]s (and also [[home computer]]s like the [[Amiga]]) keyboards placed the {{key press|Ctrl}} key to the left of the letter {{key press|A}}, and the {{key press|Caps Lock}} key in the bottom left. This position of the {{key press|Ctrl}} key is also used on the [[XO laptop]], which does not have a {{key press|Caps Lock}}. The [[UNIX]] keyboard layout also differs in the placement of the {{key press|ESC}} key, which is to the left of {{key press|1}}.

Some early keyboards experimented with using large numbers of modifier keys. The most extreme example of such a keyboard, the so-called "[[Space-cadet keyboard]]" found on MIT [[LISP machine]]s, had no fewer than ''seven'' modifier keys: four control keys, {{key press|Ctrl}}, {{key press|Meta}}, {{key press|Hyper}}, and {{key press|Super}}, along with three shift keys, {{key press|Shift}}, {{key press|Top}}, and {{key press|Front}}. This allowed the user to type over 8000 possible characters by playing suitable "chords" with many modifier keys pressed simultaneously.

====Dead keys====
{{Main|Dead key}}
A dead key is a special kind of a modifier key that, instead of being held while another key is struck, is ''pressed and released'' before the other key. The dead key does not generate a character by itself, but it modifies the character generated by the key struck immediately after, typically making it possible to type a letter with a specific diacritic. For example, on some keyboard layouts, the [[grave accent]] key {{key press|`}} is a dead key: in this case, striking {{key press|`}} and then {{key press|A}} results in {{char|à}} (''a'' with grave accent); {{key press|`}} followed by {{key press|shift|E}} results in {{char|È}} (''E'' with grave accent). A grave accent in isolated form can be typed by striking {{key press|`}} and then {{key press|[[Space bar]]}}.

A key may function as a dead key by default, or sometimes a normal key can temporarily be altered to function as a dead key by simultaneously holding down the secondary-shift key—{{key press|[[AltGr key|AltGr]]}} or {{key press|[[Option key|Option]]}}: a typical example might be {{keypress|AltGr|6}}{{nbsp}}{{keypress|a}} will produce {{char|â}} (assuming the "6" key is also the "^" key). In some systems, there is no indication to the user that a dead key has been struck, so the key appears dead, but in some text-entry systems the diacritical mark is displayed along with an indication that the system is waiting for another keystroke: either the base character to be marked, an additional diacritical mark, or {{key press|Space bar}} to produce the diacritical mark in isolation.

Compared with the secondary-shift modifier key, the dead-key approach may be a little more complicated, but it allows more additional letters. Using AltGr, only one or (if used simultaneously with the normal shift key) two additional letters with each key, whereas using a dead key, a specific diacritic can be attached to a range of different base letters.

====Compose key====
{{Main|Compose key}}
A Compose key can be characterized as a generic dead key that may in some systems be available instead of or in addition to the more specific dead keys. It allows access to a wide range of predefined extra characters by interpreting a whole sequence of keystrokes following it. For example, striking {{key press|Compose}} followed by {{key press|'}} ([[apostrophe]]) and then {{key press|A}} results in ''á'' (''a'' with [[acute accent]]), {{key press|Compose}} followed by {{key press|A}} and then {{key press|E}} results in ''æ'' (''ae'' [[typographic ligature|ligature]]), and {{key press|Compose}} followed by {{key press|O}} and then {{key press|C}} results in © (circled ''c'', [[copyright symbol]]).

The {{key press|Compose}} key is supported by the [[X Window System]] (used by most [[Unix-like]] [[operating system]]s, including most [[Linux distribution]]s). Some keyboards have a key labeled "Compose", but any key can be configured to serve this function. For example, the otherwise redundant right-hand {{key press|[[Windows key|Win]]}} key may, when available, be used for this purpose. This can be emulated in Windows with third party programs, for example Wincompose.

===System command keys===
Depending on the application, some keyboard keys are not used to enter a printable character but instead are interpreted by the system as a formatting, mode shift, or special commands to the system. The following examples are found on personal computer keyboards.

====SysRq and PrtSc====
[[File:4800-52-mainframe-dumb-terminal-keyboard.jpg|thumb|4800-52 mainframe / dumb terminal keyboard, circa mid 1980s. Note the obscure configuration of modifier and arrow keys, line feed key, break key, blank keys, and repeat key.]]
The [[System request]] (SysRq) and [[Print screen]] (PrtSc) commands often share the same key. SysRq was used in earlier computers as a "panic" button to recover from crashes (and it is still used in this sense to some extent by the [[Linux kernel]]; see [[Magic SysRq key]]). The Print screen command used to capture the entire screen and send it to the printer, but in the present it usually puts a screenshot in the [[Clipboard (computing)|clipboard]].

====Break key====
The [[Break key]]/Pause key no longer has a well-defined purpose. Its origins go back to teleprinter users, who wanted a key that would temporarily interrupt the communications line. The Break key can be used by software in several different ways, such as to switch between multiple login sessions, to terminate a program, or to interrupt a modem connection.

In programming, especially old DOS-style BASIC, Pascal and C, Break is used (in conjunction with Ctrl) to stop program execution. In addition to this, Linux and variants, as well as many DOS programs, treat this combination the same as Ctrl+C. On modern keyboards, the break key is usually labeled Pause/Break. In most Microsoft Windows environments, the key combination {{keypress|Windows|Pause|chain=}} brings up the system properties.

====Escape key====
{{Main|Esc key}}

The '''[[Esc key|escape key]]''' (often abbreviated Esc) "nearly all of the time"<ref name=SF>{{cite web |title=The Qodem Homepage |website=SourceForge |url=http://qodem.sourceforge.net |date=18 June 2017 |quote=Nearly all of the time pressing the ESCAPE key ... will work to get out of dialogs}}</ref> signals ''Stop'' -<ref>{{cite web |website=NYTimes.com |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/07/magazine/who-made-that-escape-key.html
|title=Who Made That Escape Key?
|author=Pagan Kennedy |date=5 October 2012}}</ref> ''QUIT'' -<ref>{{cite web |title=Kermit Manual |url=http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ftp/bbcmicro/bbckerdoc.txt |quote=ESCAPE key to quit and input another command.}}</ref> let me "get out of a dialog"<ref name=SF/> (or pop-up window):<ref>{{cite web |title=Escape key |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/escape-key}}</ref> LET ME ESCAPE.

Another common application today of the Esc key is to trigger the Stop button in many web browsers.<ref name=SF2>{{cite web|title=The Qodem Homepage |website=SourceForge |url=https://www.plaza.ir/search/category-Keyboard |date=18 June 2017 |quote=Nearly all of the time pressing the ESCAPE key ... will work to get out of dialogs}}</ref>

'''ESC''' was part of the standard keyboard of the [[Teletype Model 33]] (introduced in 1964 and used with many early minicomputers).<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Gesswein |date=n.d. |url=https://www.pdp8.net/asr33/asr33.shtml |title=ASR 33 Information}} https://www.pdp8.net/asr33/pics/kbd_top.shtml?large</ref> The [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] [[VT50]], introduced July 1974, also had an Esc key. The [[TECO (text editor)|TECO]] text editor (ca 1963) and its descendant [[GNU Emacs|Emacs]] (ca 1985) use the Esc key extensively.


Historically it also served as a type of shift key, such that one or more following characters were interpreted differently, hence the term [[escape sequence]], which refers to a series of characters, usually preceded by the [[escape character]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=ASCII Table – ANSI Escape sequences
|url=http://ascii-table.com/ansi-escape-sequences-vt-100.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.itsmarc.com/crs/mergedprojects/marcspec/marcspec/accessing_alternate_graphic_character_sets_character_sets_marc_8.htm
|title=Accessing Alternate Graphic Character Sets}}</ref>

On machines running Microsoft Windows, prior to the implementation of the Windows key on keyboards, the typical practice for invoking the "start" button was to hold down the control key and press escape. This process still works in Windows 95, 98, Me, NT 4, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Keyboard shortcuts in Windows |website=microsoft.com
|url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/12445/windows-keyboard-shortcuts}}</ref>

====Enter key====
An "enter" key may terminate a paragraph of text and advance an editing cursor to the start of the next available line, similar to the "carriage return" key of a typewriter. When the attached system is processing a user [[command line]], pressing "enter" may signal that the command has been completely entered and that the system may now process it.

====Shift key====
Shift key: when one presses shift and a letter, it will capitalize the letter pressed with the shift key. Another use is to type more symbols than appear to be available, for instance the [[semi-colon]] key is accompanied with a [[colon (punctuation)|colon]] symbol on the top. To type a semi-colon, the key is pressed without pressing any other key. To type a colon, both this key and the Shift key are pressed concurrently. (Some systems make provision for users with mobility impairment by allowing the Shift key to be pressed first and then the desired symbol key).

====Menu key, Command key, Windows key====
The [[Menu key]] or Application key is a key found on Windows-oriented computer keyboards: on Apple keyboard the same function is provided by the [[Command key]] (labelled ⌘). It is used to launch a context menu with the keyboard rather than with the usual right mouse button. The key's symbol is usually a small icon depicting a cursor hovering above a menu. On some Samsung keyboards the cursor in the icon is not present, showing the menu only. This key was created at the same time as the Windows key. This key is normally used when the right mouse button is not present on the mouse. Some Windows public terminals do not have a Menu key on their keyboard to prevent users from right-clicking (however, in many Windows applications, a similar functionality can be invoked with the Shift+F10 [[keyboard shortcut]]).

The [[Windows key]] opens the 'Start' (applications) menu.

==History==
{{main|Typewriter}}
[[File:Telegraph Keyboard.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Keyboard of a Letter-Printing Telegraph Set built by [[Siemens & Halske|Siemens and Halske]] in Russia {{circa|1900}}]]
Keyboard layouts have evolved over time, usually alongside major technology changes. Particularly influential have been: the [[Sholes and Glidden typewriter]] (1874, also known as Remington No. 1), the first commercially successful typewriter, which introduced QWERTY; its successor, the Remington No. 2 (1878), which introduced the shift key; the [[IBM Selectric]] (1961), a very influential electric typewriter, which was imitated by computer keyboards;<ref name=edlin198211>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vy3cBZkjbZgC&pg=PA175 |title=The PC's Keys |work=PC Magazine |date=November 1982 |access-date=21 October 2013 |author=Edlin, Jim |pages=175}}</ref> and the [[IBM PC]] (1981), namely the [[Model M]] (1985), which is the basis for many modern keyboard layouts.

Within a community, keyboard layout is generally quite stable, due to the high training cost of touch-typing, and the resulting [[network effect]] of having a standard layout and high [[switching cost]] of retraining, and the suboptimal QWERTY layout is a case study in switching costs. Nevertheless, significant market forces can result in changes (as in Turkish adoption of QWERTY), and non-core keys are more prone to change, as they are less frequently used and less subject to the lock-in of touch-typing. The main, alphanumeric portion is typically stable, while symbol keys and shifted key values change somewhat, modifier keys more so, and function keys most of all: QWERTY dates to the No. 1 (1874) (though 1 and 0 were added later), shifted keys date in some cases to the No. 2 (1878), in other cases to the Selectric (1961), and modifier key placement largely dates to the Model M (1985); function key placement typically dates to the Model M, but varies significantly, particularly on laptops.

The earliest mechanical keyboards were used in musical instruments to play particular notes. With the advent of the [[printing telegraph]], a keyboard was needed to select characters. Some of the earliest [[printing telegraph]] machines used a layout similar to a piano keyboard.<ref>{{Citation |first= George M |last= Phelps |number= {{US patent|0026003}} |title= Improvement in Telegraphic Machines |date= November 1, 1859}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph-history.org/george-m-phelps/house.htm |title=The House Printing Telegraph |publisher= Telegraph history |access-date=27 November 2010}}</ref>

In countries using the [[Latin script]], the center, alphanumeric portion of the modern keyboard is most often based on the [[QWERTY]] design by [[Christopher Sholes]], who laid out the keys in such a way that common two-letter combinations were placed on opposite sides of the keyboard so that his mechanical keyboard would not jam, and laid out the keys in rows offset horizontally from each other by three-eighths, three-sixteenths, and three-eighths inches to provide room for the levers. Although it has been demonstrated that the QWERTY layout is not the most efficient layout for typing,<ref>{{cite journal |first= Ricard |last= Torres |title= QWERTY vs. Dvorak Efficiency: A Computational Approach |date= June 2013}}</ref> it remains the standard.

Sholes chose the size of the keys to be on three-quarter [{{frac|3|4}}, or 0.75] inch centers (about 19 mm, versus [[musical keyboard|musical piano keys]] which are 23.5 mm or about 0.93 inches wide). 0.75 inches has turned out to be optimum for fast key entry by the average size hand, and keyboards with this key size are called "full-sized keyboards".

On a manual typewriter, the operator could press the key down with a lighter touch for such characters as the period or comma, which did not occupy as much area on the paper. Since an electric typewriter supplied the force to the typebar itself after the typist merely touched the key, the typewriter itself had to be designed to supply different force for different characters. To simplify this, the most common layout for electric typewriters in the United States differed from that for the one most common on manual typewriters. Single-quote and double-quote, instead of being above the keys for the digits 2 and 8 respectively, were placed together on a key of their own. The underscore, another light character, replaced the asterisk above the hyphen.

The ASCII communications code was designed so that characters on a mechanical teletypewriter keyboard could be laid out in a manner somewhat resembling that of a manual typewriter. This was imperfect, as some shifted special characters were moved one key to the left, as the number zero, although on the right, was low in code sequence. Later, when computer terminals were designed from less expensive electronic components, it was not necessary to have any bits in common between the shifted and unshifted characters on a given key. This eventually led to standards being adopted for the "bit-pairing" and "typewriter-pairing" forms of keyboards for computer terminals.

The typewriter-pairing standard came under reconsideration, on the basis that typewriters have many different keyboard arrangements.<ref>Inside ASCII Part 2; R. W. Bemer; Interface Age; June 1978; page 64</ref> The U.S. keyboard for the IBM PC, although it resembles the typewriter-pairing standard in most respects, differs in one significant respect: the braces are on the same two keys as the brackets, as their shifts. This innovation predated the IBM Personal Computer by several years.<ref name=savard>{{cite web|title=Computer Keyboards|url=http://www.quadibloc.com/comp/kybint.htm|author=John J. G. Savard|access-date=2014-08-24|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The standard 101/102-key PC keyboard layout was invented by Mark Tiddens of [[Key Tronic]] Corporation in 1982.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} [[IBM Personal Computer#Keyboard|IBM]] adopted the layout on the PS/2 in 1987 (after previously using an 84-key keyboard which did not have separate cursor and numeric key pads).

Most modern keyboards basically conform to the layout specifications contained in parts 1, 2, and 5 of the international standard series [[ISO/IEC 9995]]. These specifications were first defined by the user group at [[AFNOR]] in 1984 working under the direction of Alain Souloumiac.<ref>{{Citation |first= Alain |last= Souloumiac |title= Les perspectives de l'informatique |publisher= La Documentation Française |year= 1983 |page= 72}}</ref> Based on this work, a well known ergonomic expert wrote a report<ref>{{Citation |first= Yves |last= Neuville |title= Le clavier bureautique et informatique |publisher= Cedic-Natan |year= 1985}}</ref> which was adopted at the ISO Berlin meeting in 1985 and became the reference for keyboard layouts.

The 104/105-key PC keyboard was born when two {{key press|[[Windows key|Win]]}} keys and a {{key press|[[Menu key|Menu]]}} key were added on the bottom row (originally for the [[Microsoft Windows]] operating system). Newer keyboards may incorporate even further additions, such as Internet access (World Wide Web navigation) keys and multimedia (access to media players) buttons.

==Physical, visual, and functional layouts==
As noted before, the ''layout'' of a keyboard may refer to its physical (arrangement of keys), visual (physical labeling of keys), or functional (software response to a key press or release) layout.

===Physical layouts===
[[File:Physical keyboard layouts comparison ANSI ISO KS ABNT JIS.png|thumb|upright=1.5|A comparison of common physical layouts. The ISO-standard physical layout (center left) is common, e.g., in the [[United Kingdom]]. Compared with the ANSI layout (top left), the [[enter key]] is vertical rather than horizontal. In addition, the left [[shift key]] is smaller, to make room for an additional key to its right. The JIS physical layout (bottom right) is the basis for [[Japanese language|Japanese]] keyboards. Here it is the right-hand shift key that is smaller. Furthermore, the [[space bar]] and [[backspace key]] are also smaller, to make room for four additional keys.]]
Physical layouts only address tangible differences among keyboards. When a key is pressed, the keyboard does not send a message such as ''the A-key is depressed'' but rather ''the left-most main key of the home row is depressed''. (Technically, each key has an internal reference number, the scan code, and these numbers are what is sent to the computer when a key is pressed or released.) The keyboard and the computer each have no information about what is marked on that key, and it could equally well be the letter ''A'' or the digit ''9''. Historically, the user of the computer was requested to identify the ''functional layout'' of the keyboard when installing or customizing the [[operating system]]. Modern USB keyboards are [[plug and play]]; they communicate their visual layout to the OS when connected (though the user is still able to reset this at will).

Today, most keyboards use one of three different physical layouts, usually referred to as simply ''ISO'' ([[ISO/IEC 9995]]-2), ''ANSI'' ([[ANSI]]-[[INCITS]] 154-1988), and ''JIS'' ([[Japanese Industrial Standards|JIS]] X 6002-1980), referring roughly to the organizations issuing the relevant worldwide, United States, and Japanese standards, respectively. (In fact, the physical layouts referred such as "ISO" and "ANSI" comply to the primary recommendations in the named standards, while each of these standards in fact also allows the other.) ''Keyboard layout'' in this sense may refer either to this broad categorization or to finer distinctions within these categories. For example, {{As of |2008|5|lc=on}}, [[Apple Inc]] produces ISO, ANSI, and JIS desktop keyboards, each in both extended and compact forms. The extended keyboards have 110, 109, and 112 keys (ISO, ANSI, and JIS, respectively), and the compact models have 79, 78, and 80.

===Visual layouts===
[[File:Multi-keyboard.jpg|thumb|A visual layout consisting of both factory-printed symbols and customized stickers.]]
The visual layout includes the symbols printed on the physical keycaps. Visual layouts vary by language, country, and user preference, and any one physical and functional layout can be employed with a number of different visual layouts. For example, the "ISO" keyboard layout is used throughout Europe, but typical French, German, and UK variants of physically identical keyboards ''appear'' different because they bear different legends on their keys. Even blank keyboards—with no legends—are sometimes used to learn typing skills or by user preference.

Some users choose to attach custom labels on top of their keycaps. This can be, e.g., for masking foreign layouts, adding additional information such as [[keyboard shortcut|shortcuts]], learning aid, gaming controls, or solely for decorational purposes.

===Functional layouts===

The ''functional layout'' of the keyboard refers to the mapping between the physical keys, such as the {{key press|A}} key, and software events, such as the letter "A" appearing on the screen. Usually the functional layout is set (in the [[Computer configuration|system configuration]]) to match the visual layout of the keyboard being used, so that pressing a key will produce the expected result, corresponding to the legends on the keyboard. However, most [[operating system]]s have software that allow the user to easily switch between functional layouts, such as the [[language bar]] in [[Microsoft Windows]]. For example, a user with a Swedish keyboard who wishes to type more easily in German may switch to a functional layout intended for German—without regard to key markings—just as a [[Dvorak keyboard layout|Dvorak]] touch typist may choose a Dvorak layout regardless of the visual layout of the keyboard used.

====Customized functional layouts====
{{See also|Overlay keyboard}}
Functional layouts can be redefined or customized within the operating system, by reconfiguring operating system keyboard driver, or with a use of a separate software application. [[Transliteration]] is one example of that whereby letters in other language get matched to visible Latin letters on the keyboard by the way they sound. Thus, a touch typist can type various foreign languages with a visible English-language keyboard only.

Mixed hardware-to-software keyboard extensions exist to overcome above discrepancies between functional and visual layouts. A ''keyboard overlay''<ref>{{Citation |url= http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4075465&oi=fnd&dq=keyboard+overlay&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false |format= US patent |number= 4,075,465 |title= Keyboard overlay |first1= Buddy Keith |last1= Funk |first2= Elton Earl |last2= Tetrick}}</ref> is a plastic or paper masks that can be placed over the empty space between the keys, providing the user with the functional use of various keys. Alternatively, a user applies keyboard stickers with an extra imprinted language alphabet and adds another keyboard layout via language support options in the operating system.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.latkey.com/
| title=Latkey: Defining keyboard layouts with stickers
| access-date=2010-10-31}}</ref> The visual layout of any keyboard can also be changed by simply replacing its keys or attaching labels to them, such as to change an English-language keyboard from the common [[QWERTY]] to the Dvorak layout, although for touch typists, the placement of the tactile bumps on the home keys is of more practical importance than that of the visual markings.

In the past, complex software that mapped many non-standard functions to the keys (such as a [[flight simulator]]) would be shipped with a "keyboard overlay", a large sheet of paper with pre-cut holes matching the key layout of a particular model of computer. When placed over the keyboard, the overlay provided a quick visual reference as to what each key's new function was, without blocking the keys or permanently modifying their appearance. The overlay was often made from good-quality laminated paper and was designed to fold up and fit in the game's packaging when not in use.

====National variants====
The U.S. [[IBM PC keyboard]] has 104 keys, while the PC keyboards for most other countries have 105 keys. In an [[operating system]] configured for a non-English language, the keys are placed differently. For example, keyboards designed for typing in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] have some characters shifted, to make room for [[Ñ]]/ñ; similarly those for French or Portuguese may have a special key for the character [[Ç]]/ç. Keyboards designed for Japanese may have special keys to switch between Japanese and Latin scripts, and the character [[¥]] (Japanese yen or Chinese yuan currency symbol) instead of [[\]] (backslash, which may be replaced by the former in some codepages). Using a keyboard for alternative languages leads to a conflict: the image on the key does not correspond to the character. In such cases, each new language may require an additional label on the key, because the standard keyboard layouts do not even share similar characters of different languages.

The United States keyboard layout is used as default in some [[Linux distribution]]s.<ref>{{Citation|date=December 2009 |url=http://www.liberiangeek.net/2009/12/introduction-linux-mint-8-main-edition-helena/ |title=An introduction to Linux Mint 8 |edition=Main (Helena) |publisher=Liberian Geek |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225110203/http://www.liberiangeek.net/2009/12/introduction-linux-mint-8-main-edition-helena/ |archive-date=2010-12-25 }}</ref>

Most operating systems allow switching between functional keyboard layouts, using a key combination involving register keys that are not used for normal operations (e.g. [[Microsoft]] reserve {{key press|Alt|Shift}} or {{key press|Ctrl|Shift}} register control keys for sequential layout switching; those keys were inherited from old DOS keyboard drivers). There are keyboards with two parallel sets of characters labeled on the keys, representing alternate alphabets or scripts. It is also possible to add a second set of characters to a keyboard with keyboard stickers manufactured by third parties.

===Size variation===
{{Refimprove section|date=October 2019}}
[[File:ANSI Keyboard Layout Diagram with Form Factor.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Sections on a standard 104 keyboard. Percentages and relevant values of keys denote the presence of keys at common keyboard sizes.]]
Modern keyboard models contain a set number of total keys according to their given standard, described as 104, 105, etc., and sold as "full-size" keyboards.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Judd |first1=William |title=Full-size, TKL, 60% and more: a guide to mechanical keyboard sizes |url=https://www.keyboardco.com/blog/index.php/2017/08/full-size-tkl-60-and-more-a-guide-to-mechanical-keyboard-sizes/ |website=The Keyboard Company |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref>{{better source|reason=[[wp:BLOGS]]|date=September 2020}} This number is not always followed, and individual keys or whole sections are commonly skipped for the sake of compactness or user preference. The most common choice is to not include the numpad, which can usually be fully replaced by the alphanumeric section. Laptops and wireless peripherals often lack duplicate keys and ones seldom used. Function and arrow keys are nearly always present.{{-}}

==Latin-script keyboard layouts==
{{Refimprove section|date=March 2012}}

Although there are a large number of keyboard layouts used for languages written with [[Latin-script alphabet]]s, most of these layouts are quite similar. They can be divided into three main families according to where the {{key press|A}}, {{key press|M}}, {{key press|Q}}, {{key press|W}}, {{key press|Y}} and {{key press|Z}} keys are placed on the keyboard. These layouts are usually named after the first six letters on the first row: AZERTY, QWERTY, QWERTZ, QZERTY and national variants thereof.

While the central area of the keyboard, the alphabetic section, remains fairly constant, and the numbers from 1–9 are almost invariably on the row above, keyboards may differ in:
*the placement of punctuation, typographic and other special characters, and which of these characters are included,
*whether numbers are accessible directly or in a shift-state,
*the presence and placement of letters with [[diacritic]]s (In some layouts, diacritics are applied using [[dead key]]s but these are rarely engraved).
*the presence and placement of a row of [[function key]]s above the number row
*the presence and placement of one or two [[Alt key]]s, an [[AltGr key]] or [[Option key]], a [[backspace]] or delete key, a [[control key]] or [[command key]], a [[compose key]], an [[esc key]], and OS-specific keys like the [[Windows key]].

The physical keyboard is of the basic ISO, ANSI, or JIS type; pressing a key sends a [[scan code]] to the operating-system or other software, which in turn determines the character to be generated: this arrangement is known as the [[keyboard mapping]]. It is customary for keyboards to be engraved appropriately to the local default mapping. For example, when the {{key press|[[Shift key|Shift]]}} and numeric {{key press|2}} keys are pressed simultaneously on a US keyboard; "@" is generated, and the key is engraved appropriately. On a UK keyboard this key combination generates the double-quote character, and UK keyboards are so engraved.

In the keyboard charts listed below, the primary letters or characters available with each alphanumeric key are often shown in black in the left half of the key, whereas characters accessed using the {{key press|[[AltGr key|AltGr]]}} key appear in blue in the right half of the corresponding key. Symbols representing [[dead key]]s usually appear in red.

===QWERTY===
{{Main|QWERTY}}
The QWERTY layout is, by far, the most widespread layout in use, and the only one that is not confined to a particular geographical area. In some territories, keys like {{key press|Enter}} and {{key press|Caps Lock}} are not translated to the language of the territory in question. In other varieties such keys have been translated, like {{key press|↵ Intro}} and {{key press|⇪ Bloq mayús}}, on [[Spanish language|Spanish]] computer keyboards respectively for the example above. On Macintosh computers these keys are usually just represented by symbols without the word "Enter", "Shift", "Command", "Option/Alt" or "Control", with the exception of keyboards distributed in the US and East Asia.

{{Anchor|QÜERTY|Azeri}}

===QÜERTY (Azeri)===
[[Azeri language|Azeri]] keyboards use a layout known as QÜERTY, where [[Ü]] appears in place of [[W]] above [[S]], with W not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows.<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts">{{cite web|title=Microsoft Keyboard Layouts|url=
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/windows-keyboard-layouts#|publisher=Microsoft|access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref>

===ÄWERTY (Turkmen)===
[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] keyboards use a layout known as ÄWERTY, where [[Ä]] appears in place of [[Q]] above [[A]], [[Ü]] appears in place of [[X]] below [[S]], [[Ç]] appears in place of [[C]], and [[Ý]] appears in place of [[V]], with C, Q, V, and X not being accessible at all. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Vista and later only).<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts"/>

===QWERTZ===
{{Anchor|German|Germany|Austria}}
{{Anchor|Czech QWERTZ}}
{{Anchor|Poland}}
{{Anchor|Slovak QWERTZ}}
{{Anchor|Serbian Latin}}
{{Anchor|Switzerland|Liechtenstein|Luxembourg}}
{{Main|QWERTZ}}
[[File:Albanian keyboard layout.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|[[Albanian keyboard layout|Albanian]] QWERTZ keyboard]]
The QWERTZ layout is the normal keyboard layout in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. It is also fairly widely used in Czechia, Slovakia and other parts of Central Europe. The main difference between it and QWERTY is that {{key press|Y}} and {{key press|Z}} are swapped, and some special characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters like Ä, Ö, Ü, ß. In Czechia and Slovakia diacritical characters like Ě, Š, Č, Ř, Ž, Ý, Á, Í also replace numbers. ''Caps lock'' can be a ''shift lock'' as in AZERTY (see below).

===AZERTY===
{{Main|AZERTY}}
The AZERTY layout is used in [[France]], [[Belgium]], and some African countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout thus:
*{{key press|A}} and {{key press|Q}} are swapped,
*{{key press|Z}} and {{key press|W}} are swapped,
*{{key press|M}} is moved to the right of {{key press|L}}, (taking place of the {{key press|:}}/{{key press|;}} or colon/semicolon key on a US keyboard),
*The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters,
*[[Caps lock]] is replaced by ''Shift lock'', thus affecting non-letter keys as well. However, there is an ongoing evolution towards a ''Caps lock'' key instead of a ''Shift lock''.

{{Anchor|ĄŽERTY|Lithuanian}}

===ĄŽERTY (Lithuanian)===
[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] keyboards use a layout known as ĄŽERTY, where [[Ą]] appears in place of [[Q]] above [[A]], [[Ž]] in place of [[W]] above [[S]], and [[Ū]] in place of [[X]] below [[S]], with [[Q]], [[W]], and [[X]] being available either on the far right-hand side or by use of the [[AltGr]] key. Besides ĄŽERTY, the [[QWERTY#Lithuanian|Lithuanian QWERTY]] keyboard is also used. It is standardized as LST 1582

{{Anchor|QZERTY}}

===QZERTY===
[[File:Lettera 22 2.JPG|thumb|Italian typewriter [[Olivetti Lettera 22]]]]
The QZERTY layout was used mostly in Italy, where it was the traditional [[typewriter]] layout. In recent years, however, a modified QWERTY layout with stressed keys such as à, è, ò, has gained widespread usage throughout Italy.<ref>Daniele Giacomini, Appunti di informatica libera, Capitolo 108 Introduzione alla tastiera, [http://wwwcdf.pd.infn.it/AppuntiLinux/a2138.htm#almlanchor1709 108.9 Mutazione della mappa italiana]</ref><ref>collezioneolivetti.tk, [http://www.collezioneolivetti.tk/col_tipo/Macchine%20per%20scrivere?order=title&sort=asc Collezione Pino – Macchine per scrivere]. All 17 items in the collection have a QZERTY layout.</ref> Computer keyboards usually have [[#Italian QWERTY|QWERTY]], although non-[[alphanumeric]] characters vary.
*{{key press|Z}} and {{key press|W}} are swapped
*{{key press|M}} is moved from the right of {{key press|N}} to the right of {{key press|L}}, as in AZERTY
*Number keys are shifted

Apple supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards, and currently [[iPod Touch]] also has it available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://manuals.info.apple.com/en/iPod_touch_Features_Guide.pdf |title=iPod touch Features Guide |access-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209010821/http://manuals.info.apple.com/en/iPod_touch_Features_Guide.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Sámi Extended===
[[Sámi languages|Sámi]] keyboards use a layout known as the Sámi Extended, where [[Á]] appears in place of [[Q]] above [[A]], [[Š]] appears in place of [[W]] above [[S]], [[Č]] appears in place of [[X]] to the left of [[C]], and [[Ŧ]] appears in place of [[Y]] to the right of [[T]], with [[Q]], [[W]], [[X]], and [[Y]] being available by use of the [[AltGr]] key. Also, [[Å]] is to the right of [[P]] (to match the Norwegian and Swedish/Finnish keyboards), [[Ŋ]] is to the right of Å, and [[Đ]] is to the right of Ŋ. It is different in Norway than in Sweden and Finland, because of the placement of the letters different between Norwegian and Swedish/Finnish ([[Ä]], [[Æ]], [[Ö]], and [[Ø]]), which are placed where they match the standard keyboard for the main language spoken in the country. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Windows XP SP2 and later only).<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts"/> Microsoft Windows also has Swedish with Sami, Norwegian with Sami and Finnish with Sami layouts, which match the normal Swedish, Norwegian, or Finnish keyboards, but has additional Sami characters as AltGr-combinations.

==Other Latin-script keyboard layouts==
{{See also|List of Latin-script keyboard layouts}}
There are also keyboard layouts that do not resemble traditional typewriter layouts very closely, if at all. These are designed to reduce finger movement and are claimed by some proponents to offer higher typing speed along with [[ergonomics|ergonomic]] benefits.

===Dvorak===
{{Main|Dvorak keyboard layout}}
[[File:KB United States Dvorak.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[Dvorak keyboard layout]]]]

The Dvorak layout was named after its inventor, [[August Dvorak]]. There are also numerous adaptations for languages other than English, and single-handed variants. Dvorak's original layout had the numerals rearranged, but the present-day layout has them in numerical order. Dvorak has numerous properties designed to increase typing speed, decrease errors, and increase comfort. Research has found a 4% average advantage to the end user in typing speed.<ref>{{Citation|date=1998|url=https://www.santafe.edu/research/results/working-papers/the-standard-and-dvorak-keyboards-revisited-direct|title=The Standard and Dvorak Keyboards Revisited: Direct Measures of Speed|author=Leonard J. West|publisher=Santa Fe Institute}}</ref> The layout concentrates the most used English letters in the home row where the fingers rest, thus having 70% of typing done in the home row (compared to 32% in QWERTY).

The Dvorak layout is available out-of-the-box on most [[operating system]]s, making switching through software very easy. "Hardwired" Dvorak keyboards are also available, though only from specialized hardware companies.{{Clear}}

===Colemak===
{{Main|Colemak}}
[[File:KB US-Colemak.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Colemak keyboard layout (US)]]
The Colemak layout is another popular alternative to the standard QWERTY layout, offering a more familiar change for users already accustomed to the standard layout.<ref name='colemak-home'>{{cite web|url= http://www.colemak.com/|title= Colemak keyboard layout|access-date= 2011-08-29}}</ref>

It builds upon the QWERTY layout as a base, changing the positions of 17 keys while retaining the QWERTY positions of most non-alphabetic characters and many popular [[keyboard shortcuts]], supposedly making it easier to learn than [[Dvorak keyboard layout|Dvorak]] for people who already type in QWERTY without sacrificing efficiency. It shares several design goals with the Dvorak layout, such as minimizing finger path distance and making heavy use of the home row.<ref name="colemak-carpalx">{{cite web |url=http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/carpalx/?colemak |title=Colemak — Popular Alternative |last= Krzywinski |first= Martin |work=Carpalx keyboard layout optimizer |location= Canada |publisher= Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre |access-date=2010-02-04}}</ref> An additional defining (albeit optional) feature of the Colemak layout is the lack of a [[caps lock]] key; an additional [[backspace]] key occupies the position typically occupied by Caps Lock on modern keyboards.<ref name="colemak-home"/>

[[Operating system]]s such [[macOS]], [[Linux]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Chrome OS]], and [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] allow a user to switch to the Colemak layout. A program to install the layout is available for [[Microsoft Windows]], as well as a [[portable application|portable]] [[AutoHotKey]] implementation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://colemak.com/wiki/index.php?title=Windows |title= Colemak keyboard layout |quote= ergonomic, fast and easy to learn QWERTY/Dvorak alternative |publisher= Colemak |access-date= 2013-02-23}}</ref>

Colemak variants exist, including Colemak Mod-DH, which seeks to rectify concerns that the layout places too much emphasis on the middle-row centre-column keys (D and H), leading to awkward lateral hand movements for certain common English bigrams such as HE.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colemak Mod-DH|url=https://colemakmods.github.io/mod-dh/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728191708/https://colemakmods.github.io/mod-dh/|archive-date=2020-07-28|website=GitHub}}</ref> Others seek to have more compatibility with other keyboard layouts.<ref>{{cite web|title=DreymaR's Big Bag of Keyboard Tricks|url=https://forum.colemak.com/topic/2315-dreymars-big-bag-of-keyboard-tricks-main-topic/|access-date=2019-05-29|work=Colemak forum}}</ref>

===Workman===
[[File:KB English Workman.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Workman layout for the English language, showing home keys highlighted.]]
Workman is an English layout supported out-of-the-box in Linux/X11 systems.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-03-10|title=Bug 56998 – Support for the Workman Keyboard Layout (US)|url=https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=56998|work=freedesktop.org}}</ref>

The Workman layout employs a hypothesis about the preferential movement of each finger rather than categorically considering the lowest letter row to be least accessible. Specifically, the index finger prefers to curl inwards rather than stretch outwards. So for the index finger, the position of second preference goes to the bottom row rather than the top row. Contrarily, the middle and ring fingers are relatively long and prefer to stretch out rather than curl in. Based on this, weighting is allotted to each key specifically rather than each row generically.

Another principle applied is that it is more natural and less effort to curl in or stretch out fingers rather than rotate
one's wrist inwards or outwards. Thus the Workman layout allots a lower priority to the two innermost columns between the home keys (G and H columns on a QWERTY layout), similarly to the Colemak-DH or "Curl" mods. Workman also balances the load quite evenly between both hands.

The Workman layout is found to achieve overall less travel distance of the fingers for the English language than even Colemak.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bucao|first=OJ|date=2010-09-06|title=The Workman Keyboard Layout Philosophy|url=https://workmanlayout.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708131741/https://workmanlayout.org/|archive-date=2020-07-08|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Workman Keyboard Layout}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Norman|first=David|title=Workman keyboard layouts|url=https://github.com/workman-layout/Workman|access-date=2020-08-23|website=GitHub}}</ref> It does however generally incur higher same-finger n-gram frequencies; or in other words, one finger will need to hit two keys in succession more often than in other layouts.

===Other English layouts===
There are many other layouts for English, each developed with differing basic principles. The CarpalX study{{clarify|why should readers care about this study? if it's important, its importance needs to be described|date=July 2018}} lists many of these alternatives and analyses their relative strengths based on certain parameters.<ref>[http://mkweb.bcgsc.ca/carpalx/?popular_alternatives]</ref>

The ''Norman Layout'', like Workman, deprioritizes the central columns but gives more load to the right hand with the assumption that the right hand is more capable than the left. It also gives importance to retaining letters in the same position or at least the same finger as QWERTY.

''MTGAP's Layout'' for a Standard Keyboard / an Ergonomic Keyboard has the lowest finger travel for a standard keyboard, and travel distance for an ergonomic keyboard second only to Arensito keyboard layout.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mtgap.bilfo.com/completed_keyboard.html |title=MTGAP }}</ref>
Further variations were created using the keyboard layout optimizer.<ref>[https://mathematicalmulticore.wordpress.com/category/keyboards/]</ref>

Other layouts lay importance on minimal key deviation from QWERTY to give a reasonable increase in typing speed and ergonomics with minimal relearning of keys.<ref>[http://www.michaelcapewell.com/projects/keyboard/layout_capewell.htm#CapewellQWERTY]</ref>

[[File:Screenshot 2014-09-05 14.46.43.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Qwpr keyboard layout (letters moved from QWERTY in teal, or yellow if different hand).]]
''Qwpr'' is a layout which changes only 11 basic keys from their QWERTY positions, with only 2 of them changing fingers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/projects/qwpr/ |title=Qwpr |access-date=4 September 2014 |author=Quinn, Jameson}}</ref> Minimak has versions which changes four, six, eight, or twelve keys, all have only 3 keys change finger.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minimak.org/ |title=Minimak |access-date=2 September 2014 |author=Lilley, Ted}}</ref> These intend to offer much of the reduced finger movement of Dvorak without the steep learning curve and with an increased ability to remain proficient with a QWERTY keyboard. The Qwpr layout is also designed for programmers and multilingual users, as it uses Caps Lock as a "punctuation shift", offering quicker access to ASCII symbols and arrow keys, as well as to 15 dead keys for typing hundreds of different glyphs such as accented characters, mathematical symbols, or [[emoji]].

In Canada, the [[CSA keyboard]] is designed to write several languages, especially French.

===Sholes 2nd Layout===
[[File:Sholes Second Layout.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Sholes second layout]]
[[Christopher Latham Sholes]], inventor of the QWERTY layout, created his own alternative in 1898. The patent was granted in 1896.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US568630A/en |title=Sholes 1896 patent |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref>
Similar to Dvorak, he placed all the vowels on the home row, but in this case on the right hand. The layout is right-hand biased with both the vowels and many of the most common consonants on the right side of the layout.

===JCUKEN (Latin)===
{{Refimprove section|date=March 2016}}
[[File:UKNCkeyboard.png|thumb|upright=1.5|JCUKEN keyboard of the [[UKNC]] computer.]]
The JCUKEN layout was used in the USSR for all computers (both domestically produced and imported such as Japan-made [[MSX]]-compatible systems) except IBM-compatible [[ES PEVM]] due to its phonetic compatibility with [[#JCUKEN|Russian ЙЦУКЕН]] layout (see right). The layout has the advantage of having punctuation marks on Latin and Cyrillic layouts mapped on the same keys.<ref>{{Citation |first= Artemy |last= Lebedev |url= http://www.artlebedev.com/mandership/105/ |title= Where once was a comma |year= 2004 |publisher= Art Lebedev}}</ref> This Russian Typewriter layout can be found on many Russian typewriters produced before the 1990s, and it is the default Russian keyboard layout in the [[OpenSolaris]] operating system.<ref>[[:ru:Русская раскладка клавиатуры]]</ref>{{Clear}}

===Neo===
{{Main|Neo (keyboard layout)}}
[[File:Neo 2.0-Tastaturbelegung Ebene1.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Neo Layout, layer 1]]
The Neo layout is an optimized [[German language|German]] keyboard layout developed in 2004 by the Neo Users Group,<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.neo-layout.org/ |title=Neo layout |publisher=Neo users group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922181149/http://www.maltron.com/maltron-key-layout-custom.html |archive-date=2010-09-22 }}</ref> supporting nearly all [[Latin script|Latin-based]] alphabets, including the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://wiki.neo-layout.org/wiki/IPA%20mit%20Neo |title= IPA mit Neo |work= Neo-Layout |language= de |format= wiki |publisher= Neo users group |access-date= 2012-03-30}}</ref> the [[Vietnamese language]] and some African languages.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://wiki.neo-layout.org/wiki/Sprachen%20mit%20Neo |title= Sprachen mit Neo |work= Neo Layout |format= wiki |publisher= Neo users group |language= de |access-date= 2012-03-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180329120906/https://wiki.neo-layout.org/wiki/Sprachen%20mit%20Neo |archive-date= 2018-03-29 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

The positions of the letters are not only optimized for German letter frequency, but also for typical groups of two or three letters. English is considered a major target as well. The design tries to enforce the alternating usage of both hands to increase typing speed. It is based on ideas from de-ergo and other ergonomic layouts. The high frequency keys are placed in the home row. The current layout Neo 2.0 has unique features not present in other layouts, making it suited for many target groups such as programmers, mathematicians, scientists or [[LaTeX]] authors.{{citation needed|date= December 2011}} Neo is grouped in different layers, each designed for a special purpose.

[[File:Neo 2.0-Tastaturbelegung Ebene3.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Neo Layout, layer 3]]
Most special characters inherit the meaning of the lower layers—the {{angbr|¿}} character is one layer above the {{angbr|?}}, or the Greek {{angbr|α}} is above the {{angbr|a}} character. Neo uses a total of six layers with the following general use:<ref>{{Citation |language= de |first= Phillip H |last= Poll |title= Neu verteilt. Ergonomischeres Tastaturlayout mit Neo |publisher= LinuxUser |date=May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |language= de |first= Daniel |last= Knittl-Frank |title= Neo – Ergonomisch optimiert |publisher= Yalm-Magazine |date=July 2009}}</ref>

# Lowercase characters
# Uppercase characters, typographical characters
# Special characters for programming, etc.
# WASD-like movement keys and number block
# Greek characters
# Mathematical symbols and Greek uppercase characters

{{Anchor|PLOVER}}

===BÉPO===
{{main|BÉPO}}
[[File:KB French Dvorak bépo simplifié.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|BÉPO layout]]
The BÉPO layout is an optimized [[French language|French]] keyboard layout developed by the BÉPO community,<ref>{{Citation|url=http://bepo.fr/ |title=Disposition de clavier francophone et ergonomique bépo |trans-title=The French-speaking ergonomic keyboard layout BÉPO |language=fr |format= wiki}}</ref> supporting all [[Latin script|Latin-based]] alphabets of the European Union, [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Esperanto]].<ref name="carbepo">{{Citation |url= http://bepo.fr/wiki/Caractères_supportés |title= Caractères supportés |trans-title=Characters and languages supported by the Bépo layout |language= fr |format= wiki}}</ref> It is also designed to ease programming. It is based on ideas from the Dvorak and other ergonomic layouts. Typing with it is usually easier due to the high frequency keys being in the home row.
Typing tutors exist to ease the transition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bepo.fr/wiki/Apprentissage|title=Apprentissage – Disposition de clavier francophone et ergonomique bépo|website=bepo.fr|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>

In 2019, a slightly modified version of the BÉPO layout is featured in a French standard developed by [[AFNOR]], along with an improved version of the traditional [[AZERTY]] layout.<ref>{{Citation
|url=https://normalisation.afnor.org/actualites/faq-clavier-francais/
|title=Clavier français : une norme volontaire pour faciliter la saisie de tous les caractères
|trans-title=French keyboard: a voluntary standard to facilitate entering all characters
|language=fr
}}</ref> However, the use of the BÉPO layout remains marginal.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
{{Clear}}

{{Anchor|Turkish F-keyboard}}

===Dvorak-fr===
[[File:Dvorak-fr2-couleurs.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Dvorak-fr]]
The [https://www.algo.be/ergo/dvorak-fr.html Dvorak-fr layout] is a Dvorak like layout specific to the French language, without concession to the use of programming languages, and published in 2002 by Francis Leboutte. Version 2 was released in June 2020. Its design meets the need to maximize comfort and prevent risks when typing in French.
Unlike Azerty, the characters needed for good French typography are easily accessible: for example, the quotation marks (« ») and the curved apostrophe are available directly. More than 150 additional characters are available via dead keys.

===Turkish (F-keyboard)===
[[File:KB Turkey f yeni.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] F-keyboard layout]]
The Turkish language uses the [[Turkish alphabet|Turkish Latin alphabet]], and a dedicated keyboard layout was designed in 1955 by İhsan Sıtkı Yener<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dho.edu.tr/pusula/69/f-klavyenin-tarihi.html |title= F klavyenin tarihi |language= tr}}</ref> ([[:tr:İhsan Sıtkı Yener|tr]]). During its design, letter frequencies in the [[Turkish language]] were investigated with the aid of [[Turkish Language Association]]. These statistics were then combined with studies on bone and muscle anatomy of the fingers to design the Turkish F-keyboard ({{lang-tr|F klavye}}). The keyboard provides a balanced distribution of typing effort between the hands: 49% for the left hand and 51% for the right. With this scientific preparation, Turkey has broken 14 world records in typewriting championships between 1957 and 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.msxlabs.org/forum/bilim-tr/276542-ihsan-sitki-yener-ihsan-sitki-yener-kimdir-ihsan-sitki-yener-hakkinda.html |title= Biography of Ihsan Sıtkı Yener |publisher= MSX labs |language= tr}}</ref> In 2009, Recep Ertaş and in 2011, Hakan Kurt from Turkey came in first in the text production event of the 47th (Beijing) and 48th (Paris) Intersteno congresses respectively.<ref>{{cite web |location= IT |url= http://www.intersteno.it/uploads/BEIJING_RESULTLIST.pdf |title=Results list of 47th Intersteno congress |publisher= Instersteno }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intersteno.it/uploads/ClassificationsListParis2011.pdf|title=48th Intersteno congress, Final Results |location= IT |access-date= 12 January 2012 |publisher= International Federation for Information Processing}}</ref> Despite the greater efficiency of the Turkish F-keyboard however, the modified QWERTY keyboard ("[[QWERTY#Turkish|Q-keyboard]]") is the one that is used on most computers in Turkey. The reason for the popularity of QWERTY in Turkey is that they were overwhelmingly imported since the beginning of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stargundem.com/ekonomi/1368022-f-klavye-ithalat-rejimi-yuzunden-yayginlasmiyor.html|title=F Klavye, İthalat Rejimi Yüzünden Yaygınlaşmıyor!|access-date=7 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307065517/http://www.stargundem.com/ekonomi/1368022-f-klavye-ithalat-rejimi-yuzunden-yayginlasmiyor.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===ŪGJRMV===
The ŪGJRMV layout is specifically designed for the [[Latvian language]].<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts"/>
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}

===Malt===
The Malt layout—named for its inventor, South African-born Lilian Malt—is best known for its use on molded, [[ergonomic keyboard|ergonomic]] [[Maltron]] keyboards. Nevertheless, it has been adapted as well for flat keyboards, with a compromise involved: a flat keyboard has a single, wide space-bar, rather than a space button as on Maltron keyboards, so the E key was moved to the bottom row.

{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922181149/http://www.maltron.com/maltron-key-layout-custom.html |date=September 22, 2010}}

===Modified Blickensderfer===
[[File:Blickensderfer.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Original Blickensderfer keyboard.]]
[[File:Blick-modified.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Blick keyboard for computers.]]

The [[Blickensderfer typewriter]], designed by George Canfield Blickensderfer in 1892, was known for its novel keyboard layout, its interchangeable font, and its suitability for travel. The Blickensderfer keyboard had three banks (rows of keys), with special characters being entered using a separate Shift key; the home row was, uniquely, the bottom one (i.e., the typist kept her hands on the bottom row). A computer or standard typewriter keyboard, on the other hand, has four banks of keys, with home row being second from bottom.

To fit on a Sholes-patterned (typewriter or computer) keyboard, the Blickensderfer layout was modified by Nick Matavka in 2012, and released for both [[Mac OS X]] and [[Windows]]. To accommodate the differences between Blickensderfer and Sholes keyboards (''not'' the layouts, but the keyboards themselves), the order of the rows was changed and special characters were given their own keys.

The keyboard drivers created by Nick Matavka for the modified Blickensderfer layout (nicknamed the 'Blick') have several variations, including one that includes the option of switching between Blick and another keyboard layout and one that is internationalised, allowing the entry of [[diacritics]].
{{Clear}}

===Hexagon===
{{Main|Typewise}}
[[File:Hexagonal keyboard layout.png|thumb|hexagon keyboard layout]]The honeycomb layout has [[hexagon]] keys and was invented by Typewise in cooperation with the [[ETH Zurich]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://userinterfaces.aalto.fi/typing37k/resources/Mobile_typing_study.pdf|title=How do People Type on Mobile Devices Observations from a Study with 37,000 Volunteers|date=2020-11-27|website=userinterfaces}}</ref> in 2015 for smartphones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/USD805534S1/en?oq=usd805534|title=Display screen with graphical user interface functioning as a keyboard|date=2015-08-25|website=Google Patents|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/08/wrio-hip-to-not-be-square/|title=Wrio keyboard app reshapes keys to reduce typos|date=2015-09-08|website=Tech Crunch|url-status=live}}</ref> It exists for 40+ languages including [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]] and [[Afrikaans]]. The keys are arranged like those of the respective traditional keyboard with a few changes. Instead of the {{key press|[[Space bar]]}} there are two smaller space bars in the middle of the keyboard. The {{key press|[[Shift key|Shift]]}} is replaced by swiping up on keys and {{keypress|[[Backspace]]}} by swiping to the left on the keyboard. [[Diacritic]] characters can be accessed by holding on a key.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-ease-typing-on-your-mobile-phone-with-the-typewise-keyboard/|title=How to ease typing on your mobile phone with the Typewise keyboard|date=2020-11-27|website=TechRepublic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/better-texting-with-typewise/10-tips-for-typewise-you-didnt-know-aa1537657f|title=10 tips for Typewise you didn't know|date=2020-11-27|website=Medium}}</ref>

===Alphabetical Layout===
A few companies offer "ABC" (alphabetical) layout keyboards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abckeyboard.co.uk/|title=The ABC keyboard|access-date=2011-04-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414094428/http://www.abckeyboard.co.uk/|archive-date=2011-04-14|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fentek-ind.com/bigkey.htm|publisher=Fentek|title=Big key keyboaards ABC Layout or QWERTY Layout|access-date=2011-04-03|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{-}}

===Chorded keyboards and mobile devices===
{{Main|Chorded keyboard}}
[[Chorded keyboard]]s, such as the [[Stenotype]] and [[Velotype]], allow letters and words to be entered using combinations of keys in a single stroke. Users of stenotype machines regularly reach rates of 225 words per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.captions.org/2006/02/captioning-students-thoughts.html |title=Closed Captioning Web |publisher=Captions.org |date=2006-02-13 |access-date=2019-01-01 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060310062955/http://www.captions.org/2006/02/captioning-students-thoughts.html |archive-date=March 10, 2006 }}</ref> These systems are commonly used for real-time transcription by court reporters and in live closed captioning systems. Ordinary keyboards may be adapted for this purpose using [[Plover (software)|Plover]]. However, due to hardware constraints, chording three or more keys may not work as expected. Many high-end keyboards support [[Rollover (key)#n-key rollover|''n''-key rollover]] and so do not have this limitation.

The multi-touch screens of mobile devices allow implementation of virtual on-screen [[chorded keyboard]]s. Buttons are fewer, so they can be made larger. Symbols on the keys can be changed dynamically depending on what other keys are pressed, thus eliminating the need to memorize combos for characters and functions before use. For example, in the chorded [[GKOS keyboard]] which has been adapted for the [[Google]] [[Android (operating system)|Android]], Apple [[iPhone]], MS [[Windows Phone]], and Intel [[MeeGo]]/Harmattan platforms, thumbs are used for chording by pressing one or two keys at the same time. The layout divides the keys into two separate pads which are positioned near the sides of the screen, while text appears in the middle. The most frequent letters have dedicated keys and do not require chording.

Some other layouts have also been designed specifically for use with mobile devices. The [[FITALY]] layout is optimised for use with a stylus by placing the most commonly used letters closest to the centre and thus minimising the distance travelled when entering words. A similar concept was followed to research and develop the [[MessagEase]] keyboard layout for fast text entry with stylus or finger. The ATOMIK layout, designed for stylus use, was developed by IBM using the [[Metropolis Algorithm]] to mathematically minimize the movement necessary to spell words in English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almaden.ibm.com/u/zhai/ATOMIK.htm |title= Atomik |publisher= IBM |access-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610172520/http://www.almaden.ibm.com/u/zhai/ATOMIK.htm |archive-date=2012-06-10 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> The ATOMIK keyboard layout is an alternative to QWERTY in ShapeWriter's WritingPad software.<ref>{{Citation |url= http://www.shapewriter.com/demo.html |title= Demo |publisher= Shapewriter |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110807091838/http://www.shapewriter.com/demo.html |archive-date= 2011-08-07 }}</ref> ASETNIOP is a keyboard layout designed for [[tablet computer]]s that uses 10 input points, eight of them on the [[home row]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2012-11-asetniop-chords-tablet-text-video.html |title=ASETNIOP may hit the right chords for tablet text |work=Phys.org |date=8 November 2012 |access-date=14 February 2015 |author=Owano, Nancy}}</ref>

===Other original layouts and layout design software===
[[File:KB Maltron 3D US.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|United-States [[Maltron keyboard|Maltron]] 3D Keyboard-Layout]]
Several other alternative keyboard layouts have been designed either for use with specialist commercial keyboards (e.g. [[Maltron keyboard|Maltron]] and [[PLUM keyboard|PLUM]]) or by hobbyists (e.g. Asset,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://millikeys.sourceforge.net/asset/ |work= Milli keys |title= The Asset Keyboard |publisher= Source forge |access-date= 2012-11-27}}</ref> Arensito,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pvv.org/~hakonhal/main.cgi/keyboard |title= The Arensito Keyboard Layout |publisher= PVV |access-date= 2012-11-27}}</ref> Minimak,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.minimak.org/ |title= Minimak |access-date= 2012-12-21}}</ref> Norman,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://normanlayout.info/ |title= Norman layout |access-date= 2012-12-21}}</ref> Qwpr<ref>{{cite web |url= https://sourceforge.net/p/qwpr/wiki/Home/ |title= Qwpr layout |publisher= Source forge |access-date= 2013-03-19}}</ref> and Workman<ref name="Workman Layout">{{cite web |url= http://www.workmanlayout.com/ |title= Workman Layout |access-date= 2012-11-27}}</ref>); however, none of them are in widespread use, and many of them are merely proofs of concept. Principles commonly used in their design include maximising use of the home row, minimising finger movement, maximising hand alternation or inward rolls (where successive letters are typed moving towards the centre of the keyboard), minimising changes from QWERTY to ease the learning curve, and so on.

Maltron also has a single-handed keyboard layout.<ref>{{Citation |chapter-url= http://www.maltron.com/training/left-hand-single-keyboard-training/103-introduction-from-lillian-malt-1-of-2.html |publisher= Maltron |title= Left hand single keyboard training |chapter= Introduction |first= Lillian |last= Malt |page= 1 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120314065730/http://www.maltron.com/training/left-hand-single-keyboard-training/103-introduction-from-lillian-malt-1-of-2.html |archive-date= 2012-03-14 }}</ref>

Programs such as the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator<ref>{{cite web |url= http://msdn.microsoft.com/goglobal/bb964665 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130129011008/http://msdn.microsoft.com/goglobal/bb964665 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2013-01-29 |title= Developer network |publisher= Microsoft |access-date= 2011-02-03 }}</ref> (basic editor, free, for use on MS Windows), SIL Ukelele<ref>{{cite web |url= http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=ukelele |title= Ukelele |access-date= 2012-11-27}}</ref> (advanced editor, free, for use on Apple's Mac OS X),
KbdEdit<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.kbdedit.com/ |title= KbdEdit |access-date= 2007-10-04}}</ref> (commercial editor, for Windows) and Keyman Developer<ref>{{cite web |url= https://keyman.com/developer/ |title= Keyman Developer |publisher= SIL International |access-date= 2018-08-09}}</ref> (free, open source editor for Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, or for sites on the web as virtual keyboards) make it easy to create custom keyboard layouts for regular keyboards;<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.siao2.com/2006/11/28/1170048.aspx |title= Your layout (in all likelihood) bores me |first= Michael |last= Kaplan |publisher= Microsoft |date= 2006-11-28 |work= Developer network |access-date= 2007-07-26}}</ref> users may satisfy their own typing patterns or specific needs by creating new ones from scratch (like the IPA<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rejc2.co.uk/ipakeyboard/ |publisher= Rejc2 |title= IPA Keyboard Layout for MS Windows |location= UK |access-date= 2009-03-26 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090407021712/http://www.rejc2.co.uk/ipakeyboard/ |archive-date= 2009-04-07 }}</ref> or pan-Iberian<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.farah.cl/DistribucionesDeTeclado/PaniberN_en.html |location= CL |title= Keyboard layouts for Windows: pan-Iberian|publisher=Farah|work=Distribuciones de teclado|access-date=2009-04-26|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
layouts) or modify existing ones (for example, the
Latin American Extended<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.farah.cl/DistribucionesDeTeclado/LatAmExt_en.html|publisher=Farah|title=Keyboard layouts for Windows: Latin American extended|work=Distribuciones de teclado|access-date=2009-03-26|df=dmy-all}}</ref> or
Gaelic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/~oduibhin/mearchlar/windows.htm|last=O'Duibhin|title=Gaelic Keyboards for MS Windows|publisher=UHI|access-date=2009-03-26|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
layouts). Such editors can also construct complex key sequences using [[dead key]]s or {{key press|[[AltGr key|AltGr]]}} key.

Certain virtual keyboards and keyboard layouts are accessible online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latkey.com/|title=Online Virtual Keyboard, QWERTY / DVORAK / bi-lingual keyboard layouts|access-date=2016-04-01|df=dmy-all}}</ref> With no hardware limitations, those online keyboards can display custom layouts, or allow the user to pre-configure or try out different language layouts. Resulting text can then be pasted into other web sites or applications flexibly with no need to reprogram keyboard mappings at all.

Some high end keyboards allow users flexibility to reprogram keyboard mappings at the hardware level. For example, the [[Kinesis (keyboard)|Kinesis Advantage contoured keyboard]] allows for reprogramming single keys (not key combinations), as well as creating macros for remapping combinations of keys (this however includes more processing from the keyboard hardware, and can therefore be slightly slower, with a lag that may be noticed in daily use).

Non-QWERTY layouts were also used with specialized machines such as the 90-key [[Linotype machine#Keyboard|Linotype]] type setting machine.

==Keyboard layouts for non-Latin alphabetic scripts==
Some keyboard layouts for non-Latin alphabetic scripts, most notably the Greek layout, are based on the QWERTY layout, in that glyphs are assigned as far as possible to keys that bear similar-sounding or appearing glyphs in QWERTY. This saves learning time for those familiar with QWERTY, and eases entry of Latin characters (with QWERTY) as well for Greek users.

This is not a general rule, and many non-Latin keyboard layouts have been invented from scratch.

All non-Latin computer keyboard layouts can also input Latin letters as well as the script of the language, for example, when typing in [[Uniform Resource Locator|URLs]] or names. This may be done through a special key on the keyboard devoted to this task, or through some special combination of keys, or through software programs that do not interact with the keyboard much.

===Brahmic scripts===
* {{Commons category-inline|Brahmic keyboard layouts}}

====Bengali====
{{Main|Bengali input methods}}
[[File:KB-Bengali-National.svg|right|upright=1.5|thumb|Bangla National (Jatiyo) Keyboard by [[Bangladesh Computer Council]]]]
There are many different systems developed to type [[Bengali language]] characters using a typewriter or a computer keyboard and mobile device. There were efforts taken to standardize the input system for Bengali in Bangladesh ({{lang|bn|জাতীয়}} Jatiyo layout), but still no input method has still been effectively adopted widely.
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====Dhivehi====
Dhivehi Keyboards have two layouts. Both are supported by Microsoft Windows (Windows XP and later only).<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts"/>

====InScript====
{{Main|InScript}}
{{See also|Devanagari#Devanagari keyboard layouts}}
[[File:Keyboard Layout Sanskrit.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[InScript]] keyboard layout for [[Sanskrit]]]]
[[File:Devanagari INSCRIPT Keyboard.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|right|A Devanagari InScript bilingual keyboard]]

[[InScript]] is the standard keyboard for 12 [[India]]n scripts including [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]], [[Gurmukhi]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], [[Oriya script|Oriya]], [[Tamil script|Tamil]], and [[Telugu script|Telugu]] etc.

Most Indian scripts are derived from [[Brahmic|Brahmi]], therefore their alphabetic order is identical. On the basis of this property, the [[InScript keyboard]] layout scheme was prepared. So a person who knows InScript typing in one language can type in other scripts using dictation even without knowledge of that script.

An InScript keyboard is inbuilt in most modern [[operating system]]s including [[Windows]], [[Linux]], and [[Mac OS]]. It is also available in some [[mobile phone]]s.
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====Khmer====
[[File:Keyboard Layout Khmer.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Khmer language|Khmer]] keyboard layout]]

[[Khmer language|Khmer]] uses its own layout designed to correspond, to the extent practicable, to its QWERTY counterpart, thus easing the learning curve in either direction. For example, the letter ល {{IPA-km|lɔ|}} is typed on the same key as the letter '''L''' on the English-based qwerty.

Since Khmer has no capitalization, but many more letters than Latin, the shift key is used to select between two distinct letters. For most consonants, the shift key selects between a "first series" consonant (unshifted) and the corresponding "second series" consonant (shifted), e.g., ត ({{not a typo|dtaw}}) and ទ (dto) on the '''T''' key, or ប (baw) and ព (bpo) on the '''B''' key. For most vowels, the two on the key are consecutive in the Khmer alphabet.

Although Khmer has no capital or lowercase, per se, there are two forms for consonants. All but one (ឡ) have a second, "subscript", form to be used when it occurs as the second (or, rarely, third) letter in a consonant cluster. The glyph below the letter ញ {{IPA-km|ɲɔ|}} on the '''J''' key cap produces a non-printing character, U+17D2, which functions to indicate that the following Khmer letter is to be rendered subscripted.

Khmer is written with no spaces between words, but lines may only be broken at word boundaries. The spacebar therefore produces a zero width space (non-printable U+200B) for invisible word separation. SHIFT+SPACE produces visible spaces (U+0020) which are used as punctuation, e.g., to separate items in lists, etc.

There are five vowel signs that appear on the key caps, and are considered single letters in the Khmer alphabet, but are not assigned to unicode code points. They are instead represented by two consecutive vowel sign codes, the glyphs of which combine to make the vowel's glyph, e.g., េះ (eh) is stored as េ (ay) U+17C1 followed by ះ (ah) U+17C7. The Khmer keyboard map does not send the code pair sequence, however. It sends one officially-unassigned code (from the Khmer block). It is up to the running application to recognize these codes and insert the appropriate code pair into the document.
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====Thai====
[[File:800px-KB Thai Kedmanee.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Thai Kedmanee keyboard layout]]
[[File:Pattajoti.gif|upright=1.5|thumb|right|Thai Pattachote keyboard layout]]

The [[Thai Kedmanee keyboard layout]] predominates. The [[Thai Pattachote keyboard layout]] is also used, though it is much less common. Infrequently used characters are accessed via the Shift key. Despite their wide usage in [[Thai language|Thai]], Arabic numerals are not present on the main section of the keyboard. Instead they are accessed via the [[numeric keypad]] or by switching to the Latin character set on keyboards without dedicated numeric keys.
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====Lao====
[[File:Lao keyboard win.png|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Lao keyboard layout]]
The keyboard layout used for [[Lao language]].
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====Sinhala====
[[File:Sinhala keyboard win.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Windows [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] layout]]
[[File:Sinhalese Keyboard.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Wijesekara layout]]

The [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] keyboard layout is based on the Wijesekara typewriter for [[Sinhala script]].
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====Tibetan====
=====Tibetan (China)=====
[[File:Tibetan Keyboard.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] keyboard layout]]
The [[Standardization Administration of China|Chinese National Standard]] on Tibetan Keyboard Layout standardises a layout for the [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan language]] in [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yalasoo.com/English/docs/yalasoo_en_MStbKb.html |title=MS Tibetan keyboard |publisher=Yalasoo.com |date=2007-05-10 |access-date= 2012-03-30}}</ref>

The first version of Microsoft Windows to support the Tibetan keyboard layout is MS [[Windows Vista]]. The layout has been available in Linux since September 2007.
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=====Tibetan (International)=====
Mac OS-X introduced Tibetan Unicode support with OS-X version 10.5 and later, now with three different keyboard layouts available: Tibetan-Wylie, Tibetan QWERTY and Tibetan-Otani.
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=====Dzongkha (Bhutan)=====
{{Main|Dzongkha keyboard layout}}
[[File:Dzongkha Keyboard layout Main.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Dzongkha]] keyboard layout]]

The Bhutanese Standard for a [[Dzongkha keyboard layout]] standardizes the layout for typing [[Dzongkha]], and other languages using the Tibetan script, in [[Bhutan]]. This standard layout was formulated by the Dzongkha Development Commission and Department of Information Technology in Bhutan. The Dzongkha keyboard layout is very easy to learn as the key sequence essentially follows the order of letters in the Dzongkha and Tibetan alphabet. The layout has been available in Linux since 2004.
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===Arabic===
{{Main|Arabic keyboard}}

[[File:KB Arabic.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Arabic language|Arabic]] Windows keyboard layout]]

This layout was developed by Microsoft from the classic Arabic typewriter layout and is used by IBM PCs. There is also a 102-key variant and a 102-key phonetic variant that maps to AZERTY.<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts"/>
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[[File:KB Arabic MAC.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Arabic language|Arabic]] Mac keyboard layout]]

For Apple keyboards there is a different layout.
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For Chrome a 1:1 layout also exists.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/type-arabeasy-arabic-on-l/makncdgkhgjppmehkcgncbikakkdhndp?hl=en |publisher= arabeasy.net |title= Arabic Keyboard 1:1 reversible map}}</ref>

===Armenian===
[[File:Keyboard Layout Armenian.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Armenian language|Armenian]] keyboard layout]]

The [[Armenian language|Armenian]] keyboard is similar to the Greek in that in most (but not all) cases, a given Armenian letter is at the same location as the corresponding Latin letter on the QWERTY keyboard. The illustrated keyboard layout can be enabled on Linux with: {{code|setxkbmap am -variant phonetic}}. Western and Eastern Armenian have different layouts.
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In the pre-computer times Armenian keyboards had quite a different layout, more suitable for producing letter combinations inherent to the language.
[[File:Armenian typewriter keyboard layout.png|thumb|]]

Several attempts have been made to create innovative ergonomical layouts, some of them inspired by Dvorak.

[[File:Armenian Dvorak.png|thumb|Armenian keyboard layout inspired by Dvorak]]

===Cyrillic===
====Bulgarian====
[[File:Bulgarian BDS layout.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] keyboard layout (BDS 5237:1978)]]
The current official [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] keyboard layout for both typewriters and computer keyboards is described in BDS (Bulgarian State/National Standard) 5237:1978.<ref name="BDS 5237:1978">{{cite web |url= http://www.bds-bg.org/standard/info.php?standard_id=14264 |title= БДС 5237:1978 |access-date= 2009-02-10 |language= bg |trans-title= BDS 5237:1978 |publisher= Bulgarian Institute for Standardization |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090304141512/http://www.bds-bg.org/standard/info.php?standard_id=14264 |archive-date= 2009-03-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> It superseded the old standard, BDS 5237:1968, on 1 January 1978.<ref name="BDS 5237:1978"/> Like the [[Dvorak keyboard layout|Dvorak layout]], it has been designed to optimize typing speed and efficiency, placing the most common letters in the Bulgarian language—[[О]], [[Н]], [[Т]], and [[А]]—under the strongest fingers. In addition to the standard 30 letters of the [[Bulgarian alphabet]], the layout includes the non-Bulgarian [[Cyrillic]] symbols [[Э]] and [[ы]] and the [[Roman numerals]] I and V (the X is supposed to be represented by the Cyrillic capital [[Х]], which is acceptable in typewriters but problematic in computers).

There is also a second, informal layout in widespread use—the so-called "[[Phonetic transcription|phonetic]]" layout, in which Cyrillic letters are mapped to the QWERTY keys for Latin letters that "sound" or "look" the same, with several exceptions ([[Я]] is mapped to Q, [[Ж]] is mapped to V, etc.—see [[:File:Keyboard Layout Bulgarian Phonetic.png|the layout]] and compare it to the standard QWERTY layout). This layout is available as an alternative to the BDS one in some [[operating system]]s, including [[Microsoft Windows]], Apple [[Mac OS X]] and [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[Linux]]. Normally, the layouts are set up so that the user can switch between Latin and Cyrillic script by pressing ''Shift + Alt'', and between BDS and Phonetic by pressing ''Shift + Ctrl''.

In 2006, Prof. [[Dimiter Skordev]] from the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics of [[Sofia University]] and Dimitar Dobrev from the [[Bulgarian Academy of Sciences]] proposed a new standard, prBDS 5237:2006, including a revised version of the old BDS layout, which includes the letter Ѝ and the capital Ы and replaces the letters I and V with the currency symbols of $ and € respectively, and a standardization of the informal "phonetic" layout. After some controversy and a public discussion in 2008, ''the proposal was not accepted'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bds-bg.org/news/?news_id=56 |title=Състоя се една ползотворна дискусия |access-date=2009-02-10 |work=News |publisher=Bulgarian Institute for Standardization |date=2008-06-20 |language=bg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304141508/http://www.bds-bg.org/news/?news_id=56 |archive-date=2009-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> although it had been already used in several places—the "Bulgarian Phonetic" layout in MS [[Windows Vista]] is based on it. There is a new "Bulgarian Phonetic" layout in MS [[Windows 7]].<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts"/>
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====Russian====
=====JCUKEN=====
{{Refimprove section|date=March 2016}}
{{See also|JCUKEN|Keyboard layout#JCUKEN (Latin)}}
[[File:KB Russian.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Russian language|Russian]] Windows keyboard layout]]

The most common keyboard layout in modern Russia is the so-called ''Windows'' layout, which is the default [[Russian language|Russian]] layout used in the [[Microsoft Windows|MS Windows]] operating system. The layout was designed to be compatible with the hardware standard in many other countries, but introduced compromises to accommodate the larger alphabet. The full stop and comma symbols share a key, requiring the shift key to be held to produce a comma, despite the high relative frequency of comma in the language.<ref>{{Citation |first= Artemy |last= Lebedev |url= http://www.artlebedev.com/mandership/105/ |title= Where once was a comma |year= 2004 |publisher= Art Lebedev}}</ref>

There are some other Russian keyboard layouts in use: in particular, the traditional Russian Typewriter layout (punctuation symbols are placed on numerical keys, one needs to press Shift to enter numbers) and the Russian ''DOS'' layout (similar to the Russian Typewriter layout with common punctuation symbols on numerical keys, but numbers are entered without Shift). The Russian Typewriter layout can be found on many Russian typewriters produced before the 1990s, and it is the default Russian keyboard layout in the [[OpenSolaris]] operating system.<ref>[[:ru:Русская раскладка клавиатуры]]{{Better source|date=April 2017|reason=[[WP:CIRCULAR]]}}</ref>

Keyboards in Russia always have Cyrillic letters on the keytops as well as Latin letters. Usually Cyrillic and Latin letters are labeled with different colors.

{{Anchor|Russian QWERTY}}
=====Russian QWERTY/QWERTZ-based phonetic layouts=====
[[File:Keyboard layout ru phonetic.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Russian language|Russian]] [[phonetic keyboard layout]]]]

The Russian [[phonetic keyboard layout]] (also called homophonic or transliterated) is widely used ''outside'' Russia, where normally there are no Russian letters drawn on keyboard buttons. This layout is made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard, and follows the Greek and Armenian layouts in placing most letters at the corresponding Latin letter locations. It is famous among both native speakers and people who use, teach, or are learning Russian, and is recommended—along with the Standard Layout—by the linguists, translators, teachers and students of AATSEEL.org. The earliest known implementation of the Cyrillic-to-QWERTY homophonic keyboard was by former AATSEEL officer Constance Curtin between 1972 and 1976, for the [[PLATO (computer system)|PLATO]] education system's Russian Language curriculum developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Curtin|first1=Constance|title=The PLATO System: Using the Computer to Teach Russian|journal=The Slavic and East European Journal|date=Autumn 1976|volume=20|issue=3|page=291 (note 8)|doi=10.2307/306322|jstor=306322|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Curtin's design sought to map phonetically related Russian sounds to QWERTY keys, to map proximate phonetic and visual cues nearby one another, as well as to map unused positions in a mnemonically ideal way. Peter Zelchenko worked under Curtin at UIUC, and his later modifications to the number row for Windows and Macintosh keyboards follow Curtin's original design intent.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zelchenko |first1=Peter |title=Typist's American-Cyrillic Homophonic Keyboard Улучшенная Клавиатура ЯШЕРТЫ |url=http://www.suba.com/~pete/cyrillic.htm |access-date=21 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001218002400/http://www.suba.com/~pete/cyrillic.htm |archive-date=December 18, 2000}}</ref>

There are several different Russian phonetic layouts, for example YaZhERT (яжерт), YaWERT (яверт), and YaShERT (яшерт) suggested by AATSEEL.org and called "Student" layout. They are named after the first several letters that take over the 'QWERTY' row on the Latin keyboard. They differ by where a few of the letters are placed. For example, some have Cyrillic 'B' (which is pronounced 'V') on the Latin 'W' key (after the German transliteration of B), while others have it on the Latin 'V' key.
The images of AATSEEL "Student", YaZhERT (яжерт) and YaWERT (яверт) are shown on [http://winrus.com/print_e.htm this page].

There are also variations within these variations; for example the Mac OS X Phonetic Russian layout is YaShERT but differs in placement of ж and э.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tlt.its.psu.edu/suggestions/international/keyboards/mackey.html |title= Mac OS X Keyboards |publisher= Penn State University |access-date= 2009-09-13 |date= 2009-03-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090621032244/http://tlt.its.psu.edu/suggestions/international/keyboards/mackey.html |archive-date= 2009-06-21 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=ukelele |title= Mac OS X Keyboard Layout Editor |publisher= SIL International] |access-date= 2009-09-13 |date= 2009-03-06}}</ref>

Windows 10 includes its own implementation of a mnemonic QWERTY-based input method for Russian, which does not fully rely on assigning a key to every Russian letter, but uses the sh, sc, ch, ya (ja), yu (ju), ye (je), yo (jo) combinations to input ш, щ, ч, я, ю, э, and ё respectively.

Virtual (on-screen) Russian keyboards allow entering Cyrillic directly in a browser without activating the system layout. This virtual keyboard<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.softcorporation.com/products/cyrillic/ |publisher= Soft corp |title= Russian Keyboard OnLine (On-Screen Cyrillic Virtual Keyboard) with Russian Spellcheck}}</ref> offers YaZhERT (яжерт) variant. Another virtual keyboard<ref>{{cite web |url= http://winrus.com/keyboard.htm |first= Paul |last= Gorodyansky |title= On-line Cyrillic keyboard with Russian Spellcheck}}</ref> supports both traditional (''MS Windows'' and Typewriter) and some [[phonetic keyboard layout]]s, including AATSEEL "Student", Mac OS X Phonetic Russian layout and the RUSSIANEASY 1:1 keyboard for chrome.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/type-rus1net-russian-on-l/hlbeiiffmpolcnfjpghfoomjdkcnpjia |publisher= russianeasy.net |title= Russianeasy Keyboard 1:1 reversible map}}</ref>
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{{Anchor|Serbian Cyrillic}}

====Serbian (Cyrillic)====
[[File:QWERTZ Srpska tastatura.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Serbian language|Serbian Cyrillic]] keyboard layout]]

Apart from a set of characters common to most Cyrillic alphabets, the Serbian Cyrillic layout uses six additional special characters unique or nearly unique to the [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet]]: [[Љ]], [[Њ]], [[Ћ]], [[Ђ]], [[Џ]], and [[Je (Cyrillic)|Ј]].

Due to the [[Digraphia|bialphabetic]] nature of the language, actual physical keyboards with the Serbian Cyrillic layout printed on the keys are uncommon today. Typical keyboards sold in Serbian-speaking markets are marked with Serbian Latin characters and used with both the Latin ([[#Serbian Latin|QWERTZ]]) and Cyrillic layout configured in the software. What makes the two layouts this readily interchangeable is that the non-alphabetic keys are identical between them, and alphabetic keys always correspond directly to their counterparts (except the Latin letters Q, W, X, and Y that have no Cyrillic equivalents, and the Cyrillic letters Љ, Њ and Џ whose Latin counterparts are digraphs LJ, NJ and DŽ). This also makes the Serbian Cyrillic layout a rare example of a non-Latin layout based on QWERTZ.

The Macedonian [[dze]] is on this keyboard despite not being used in Serbian Cyrillic. The [[gje]] and [[kje]] can be typed by striking the apostrophe key then striking the G or K key.

There is also a dedicated Macedonian keyboard that is based on QWERTY (LjNjERTDz) and uses Alt Gr to type the dje and tshe. However, the capital forms are next to the small forms. An alternative version of the layout is quite different and has no dje or tshe access. This alternative was not supported until Windows Vista.<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts"/>
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====Ukrainian====
[[File:Keyboard layout ua vista ext.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] keyboard layout]]

[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] keyboards, based on a slight modification of Russian Standard Layout, often also have the Russian Standard ("Windows") layout marked on them, making it easy to switch from one language to another. This keyboard layout had several problems, one of which was the omission of the letter [[Ґ]], which does not exist in Russian. The other long-standing problem was the omission of the [[apostrophe]], which is used in Ukrainian almost as commonly as in English (though with a different meaning), but which also does not exist in Russian. Both of these problems were resolved with the "improved Ukrainian" keyboard layout for Windows available with Vista and subsequent Windows versions.

There also exists an adapted keyboard for Westerners learning Ukrainian (mostly in the diaspora) which closely matches the qwerty keyboard, so that the letters either have the same sound or same shape, for example pressing the "v" on the Latin QWERTY produces the Cyrillic в (which makes roughly the same sound) and pressing the qwerty "w" key gives the Cyrillic ш (based on the similar shape).
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===Georgian===
{{Main|Georgian keyboard layout}}
[[File:KB Georgia.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Georgian language|Georgian]] keyboard]]

All keyboards in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] are fitted with both Latin and [[Georgian alphabet|Georgian]] letters.{{Dubious|date=August 2017|Georgian|reason=It's not certain that all keyboards are actually "fitted" with both alphabets, and there's no source. See talk page.}} As with the Armenian, Greek, and phonetic Russian layouts, most Georgian letters are on the same keys as their Latin equivalents. During the Soviet era, the Georgian alphabet was adapted to the Russian JCUKEN layout, mainly for typewriters. Soviet computers did not support Georgian keyboards. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union a large variety of computers were introduced to post-Soviet countries. The keyboards had QWERTY layout for Latin alphabet and JCUKEN for Cyrillic both printed on keys. Georgia started to adopt the QWERTY pattern. In both cases the letters which did not exist in the Cyrillic or Latin alphabets were substituted by letters that did not exist in Georgian alphabet. Today the most commonly used layout follows the QWERTY pattern with some changes.{{Clear}}

===Greek===
[[File:KB Greek.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Greek language|Greek]] keyboard layout in comparison to US layout]]

The usual [[Greek language|Greek]] layout follows the US layout for letters related to Latin letters (ABDEHIKLMNOPRSTXYZ, ΑΒΔΕΗΙΚΛΜΝΟΠΡΣΤΧΥΖ, respectively), substitutes phonetically similar letters (Φ at F; Γ at G) and uses the remaining slots for the remaining Greek letters: Ξ at J; Ψ at C; Ω at V; Θ at U).

Greek has two fewer letters than English, but has two [[Greek diacritics|accents]] which, because of their frequency, are placed on the home row at the U.K. ";" position; they are [[dead key]]s. Word-final [[sigma]] has its own position as well, replacing W, and semicolon (which is used as a question mark in Greek) and colon move to the position of Q.

The '''Greek Polytonic''' layout has various dead keys to input the accented letters. There is also the '''Greek 220''' layout and the Greek '''319''' layout.<ref name="Microsoft Keyboard Layouts"/>
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===Hebrew===
{{Main|Hebrew keyboard}}
[[File:Hebrew keyboard layout.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] keyboard]]

All keyboards in Israel are fitted with both Latin and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] letters. Trilingual editions including either Arabic or Cyrillic also exist.

Note that in the standard layout (but not all keyboards), paired delimiters—parentheses (), brackets [], and braces {}, as well as less/greater than <>—are in the opposite order from the standard in other left-to-right languages. This results in "open"/"close" being consistent with right-to-left languages (Shift-9 always gives "close parenthesis" U+0029, which visually looks like "open parenthesis" in left-to-right languages). This is shared with [[Arabic keyboard]]s.

Certain Hebrew layouts are extended with [[niqqud]] symbols (vowel points),<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.latkey.com/en/hebrew-nikkud-keyboard-stickers |title=Nikkud |publisher=Latkey }}</ref> which require Alt+Shift or similar key combination in order to be typed.
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===Inuktitut===
[[File:KB Inuktitut-Latin.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Latin keyboard layout for [[Inuktitut]]]]
[[File:KB Inuktitut-Naqittaut.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Naqittaut keyboard layout for [[Inuktitut]]]]

[[Inuktitut]] has two similar, though not identical, commonly available keyboard layouts for Windows. Both contain a basic Latin layout in its base and shift states, with a few Latin characters in the AltGr shift states. The [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics]] can be found in the Capslock and AltGr shift states in both layouts as well.

The difference between the two layouts lies in the use of {{key press|]}} as an alternate to AltGr to create the dotted, long vowel syllables, and the mapping of the small plain consonants to the Caps + number keys in the "Naqittaut" layout, while the "Latin" layout does not have access to the plain consonants, and can only access the long vowel syllables through the AltGr shift states.

===Cherokee===
[[File:UCB Cherokee.png|upright=1.5|thumb|right]]

The [[Cherokee language]] uses an 86-character [[Syllabary]]. The keyboard is available for the [[iPhone]] and [[iPad]] and is supported by [[Google]].
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===Tifinagh===
====Tamazight (Berber)====
[[File:KB Tamazight Tifinagh.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Tamazight (Berber) keyboard layout for Tifinagh script]]

The ''[[Berber language|Tamazight]] ([[Tifinagh]])'' standards-compliant layout is optimised for a wide range of Tamazight (Berber) language variants, and includes support for Tuareg variants. AZERTY-mapped, it installs as "Tamazight F" and can be used both on the French locale and with Tamazight locales. QWERTY and QWERTZ adaptations are available for the physical keyboards used by major Amazigh (Berber) communities around the world.

Non-standards-compliant but convenient combined AZERTY '''Latin script''' layouts exist which also allow typing in Tifinagh script without switching layout:
*''Tamazight (International)'' is optimised for French keyboard compatibility, with Tamazight (Berber) as an extension and limited Tifinagh script access (i.e. by deadkey). It installs as "Tamazight (Agraghlan)" or "Français+".
*''Tamazight (International)+'' is optimised for Tamazight (Berber), but with close French compatibility and easy typing in Tifinagh script. It installs as "Tamazight (Agraghlan)+" or "Tamazight LF".
A non-standards-compliant but convenient combined AZERTY-mapped '''Tifinagh''' layout exists which also allows typing in Latin script without switching layout:
*''Tifinagh (International)+''. It installs as "Tifinagh (Agraghlan)+" or "Tamazight FL".

All the above layouts were designed by the [http://anamam.sourceforge.net/ Universal Amazigh Keyboard Project] and are available from there.

=====Morocco=====
[[File:KB Moroccan Tamazight Tifinagh.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Moroccan ([[Royal institute of the Amazigh culture|IRCAM]]) [[Berber language|Tamazight]] (Berber) keyboard layout for Tifinagh script]]
The [[Royal institute of the Amazigh culture]] (IRCAM) developed a national standard Tifinagh layout for Tamazight (Berber) in Morocco. It is included in Linux and Windows 8, and is available [https://web.archive.org/web/20120310055912/http://www.ircam.ma/fr/index.php?soc=telec&rd=3 from IRCAM] for the Mac and older versions of Windows.

[[File:KB Tifinagh International.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Berber language|Tamazight]] (Berber) keyboard layout for compatibility, mapped to French layout: Tifinagh (International)]]
A compatible, international version of this layout, called "Tifinagh (International)" exists for typing a wide range of Tamazight (Berber) language variants, and includes support for Tuareg variants. It was designed by the [http://anamam.sourceforge.net/ Universal Amazigh Keyboard Project] and is available from there.
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==East Asian languages==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2013}}
{{more|Input method editor|Chinese input methods for computers|Japanese input methods|Korean language and computers|language input keys}}
The orthography used for [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]] ("[[CJK characters]]") require special [[input method]]s, due to the thousands of possible characters in these languages. Various methods have been invented to fit every possibility into a QWERTY keyboard, so East Asian keyboards are essentially the same as those in other countries. However, their input methods are considerably more complex, without one-to-one mappings between keys and characters.

In general, the range of possibilities is first narrowed down (often by entering the desired character's pronunciation). Then, if there remains more than one possibility, the desired [[ideogram]] is selected, either by typing the number before the character, or using a graphical menu to select it. The computer assists the typist by using [[heuristic]]s to guess which character is most likely desired. Although this may seem painstaking, East Asian input methods are today sufficient in that, even for beginners, typing in these languages is only slightly slower than typing an [[alphabet]]ic language like English (where each [[phoneme]] is represented by one [[grapheme]]).

In Japanese, the QWERTY-based [[Japanese Industrial Standard|JIS]] keyboard layout is used, and the pronunciation of each character is entered using various approximations to [[Hepburn romanization]] or [[Kunrei-shiki]] romanization. There are several [[kana]]-based typing methods. .

Of the three, Chinese has the most varied input options. Characters can either be entered by pronunciation (like Japanese and Hanja in Korean), or by structure. Most of the structural methods are very difficult to learn but extremely efficient for experienced typists, as there is no need to select characters from a menu.

There exist a variety of other, slower methods in which a character may be entered. If the pronunciation of a character is not known, the selection can be narrowed down by giving its component shapes, [[radical (Chinese character)|radicals]], and [[Stroke (Chinese character)|stroke]] count. Also, many input systems include a "drawing pad" permitting "handwriting" of a character using a [[computer mouse|mouse]]. Finally, if the computer does not have CJK software installed, it may be possible to enter a character directly through its [[character encoding|encoding]] number (e.g., [[Unicode]]).

In contrast to Chinese and Japanese, Korean is typed similarly to Western languages. There exist two major forms of keyboard layouts: Dubeolsik (두벌식), and Sebeolsik (세벌식). Dubeolsik, which shares its symbol layout with the QWERTY keyboard, is much more commonly used. While Korean consonants and vowels (''[[Hangul consonant and vowel tables|jamo]]'') are grouped together into syllabic grids when written, the script is essentially [[alphabet]]ical, and therefore typing in Korean is quite simple for those who understand the Korean alphabet [[Hangul]]. Each ''jamo'' is assigned to a single key. As the user types letters, the computer automatically groups them into syllabic characters. Given a sequence of ''jamo'', there is only one unambiguous way letters can be validly grouped into syllables, so the computer groups them together as the user types.

===Hangul (for Korean) ===
{{See also|Korean language and computers|Hangul|Korean language}}
Pressing the Han/Eng({{key press|한/영}}) key once switches between Hangul as shown, and QWERTY. There is another key to the left of the space bar for [[Hanja]]({{key press|한자}} or {{key press|漢字}}) input. If using an ordinary keyboard without the two extra keys, the right Alt key will become the Ha/En key, and the right Ctrl key will become the Hanja key. [[Apple Keyboard]]s do not have the two extra keys.

====Dubeolsik====
[[File:KB South Korea.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Dubeolsik Hangul keyboard layout]]
Dubeolsik (두벌식; 2-set) is by far the most common and the sole national standard of Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea since 1969. [[Consonant]]s occupy the left side of the layout, while [[vowel]]s are on the right.

====Sebeolsik 390====
[[File:KB Sebeolsik 390.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Sebeolsik 390 Hangul keyboard layout]]
Sebeolsik 390 (세벌식 390; 3-set 390) was released in 1990. It is based on Dr. Kong Byung Woo's earlier work. This layout is notable for its compatibility with the QWERTY layout; almost all QWERTY symbols that are not alphanumeric are available in Hangul mode. Numbers are placed in three rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right (shown green in the picture), and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left (shown red). Some consonant clusters are not printed on the keyboard; the user has to press multiple consonant keys to input some consonant clusters, unlike Sebeolsik Final. It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use.
{{Clear}}

====Sebeolsik Final====
[[File:KB Sebeolsik Flnal.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Sebeolsik Final Hangul keyboard layout]]
Sebeolsik Final (세벌식 최종; 3-set Final) is another Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea. It is the final Sebulsik layout designed by Dr. Kong Pyŏng'u, hence the name. Numbers are placed on two rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right, and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left. Vowels are in the middle. All consonant clusters are available on the keyboard, unlike the Sebeolsik 390 which does not include all of them. It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use.
{{Clear}}

====Sebeolsik Noshift====
[[File:KB Sebeolsik NoShift.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Sebeolsik Noshift Hangul keyboard layout]]

Sebeolsik Noshift is a variant of sebeolsik which can be used without pressing the [[shift key]]. Its advantage is that people with [[disability|disabilities]] who cannot press two keys at the same time will still be able to use it to type in Hangul.
{{Clear}}

===Chinese===
{{More|Chinese input methods for computers}}
[[Chinese language|Chinese]] keyboards are usually in US layout with/without [[Chinese input methods for computers|Chinese input method]] labels printed on keys. Without an [[input method]] handler activated, these keyboards would simply respond to Latin characters as physically labelled, provided that the US keyboard layout is selected correctly in the [[operating system]]. Most modern input methods allow input of both simplified and traditional characters, and will simply default to one or the other based on the locale setting.

====People's Republic of China====
{{further|Standard Chinese|Simplified Chinese characters}}
Keyboards used in the [[People's Republic of China]] are standard or slightly modified [[#US|English US]] (QWERTY) ones without extra labelling, while various [[Input Method Editor|IMEs]] are employed to input Chinese characters. The most common IMEs are [[Hanyu pinyin]]-based, representing the pronunciation of characters using Latin letters. However, keyboards with labels for alternative structural input methods such as [[Wubi method]] can also be found, although those are usually very old products and are extremely rare, as of 2015.

====Taiwan====
{{further|Taiwanese Mandarin|Traditional Chinese characters}}
[[File:Standard Taiwanese Keyboard Layout.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Taiwanese Mandarin|Chinese (Taiwan)]] keyboard layout, a US keyboard with [[Bopomofo|Zhuyin]], [[Cangjie input method|Cangjie]], and [[Dayi method|Dayi]] key labels]]

Computers in [[Taiwan]] often use [[Zhuyin]] (bopomofo) style keyboards (US keyboards with bopomofo labels), many also with [[Cangjie method]] key labels, as Cangjie is a popular method for typing in Traditional Chinese. The bopomofo style keyboards are in [[lexicographical order]], top-to-bottom left-to-right.
The codes of three input methods are typically printed on the Chinese (traditional) keyboard: [[Zhuyin]] (upper right); [[Cangjie method|Cangjie]] (lower left); and [[Dayi method|Dayi]] (lower right).
{{Clear}}

====Hong Kong and Macau====
{{Refimprove section|date=January 2017}}
In [[Hong Kong]], both Chinese (Taiwan) and US keyboards are found. Japanese keyboards are occasionally found, and UK keyboards are rare.

For Chinese input, Shape-based input methods such as [[Cangjie input method|Cangjie]] (pronounced ''cong1 kit3'' in Cantonese) or Chinese handwriting recognition are the most common input method. The use of phonetic-based input method is uncommon due to the lack of official standard for Cantonese romanisation and people in Hong Kong almost never learn any romanisation schemes in schools. An advantage of phonetic-based input method is that most Cantonese speakers are able to input Traditional Chinese characters with no particular training at all where they spell out the Cantonese sound of each character without tone marks, e.g. 'heung gong' for 香港({{Lang-zh|cy=Hēung góng}}; Hong Kong) and to choose the characters from a list. However, [[Microsoft Windows]], which is the most popular operating system used in desktops, does not provide any Cantonese phonetic input method, requiring users to find and install third-party input method software. Also, most people find the process of picking characters from a list being too slow due to homonyms so the Cangjie method is generally preferred.

Although thorough training and practice are required to use [[Cangjie input method|Cangjie]], many Cantonese speakers have taken Cangjie input courses because of the fast typing speed availed by the input method. This method is the fastest because it has the capability to fetch the exact, unambiguous Chinese character which the user has in mind to input, pinpointing to only one character in most cases. This is also the reason why no provision for an input of phonetic accent is needed to complement this Input Method. The Cangjie character feature is available on both Mac OS X and Windows. On Mac OS X, [[handwriting recognition]] input method is bundled with the OS.

Macau utilizes the same layouts as Hong Kong, with the addition of the Portuguese layout used in Portugal.

{{See also|British and American keyboards|Technical standards in Hong Kong}}

===Japanese===
{{unsourced|section|date=February 2019}}
[[File:KB Japanese.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Japanese language|Japanese]] (OADG 109A) keyboard layout with Hiragana keys.]]
[[File:KB Japanese Mac - Apple Keyboard (MB869JA).svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Japanese Apple keyboard layout with Hiragana keys.]]
{{more|Japanese language and computers}}
The [[Japanese Industrial Standards|JIS]] standard layout includes Japanese [[kana]] in addition to a QWERTY style layout. The shifted values of many keys (digits, together with {{key press|{{colon}}{{asterisk}}}} {{key press|[[;]] [[+]]}} {{key press|[[-]] [[=]]}}) are a legacy of [[bit-paired keyboard]]s, dating to ASCII telex machines and terminals of the 1960s and 1970s.

For entering Japanese, the most common method is entering text phonetically, as [[romanization of Japanese|romanized]] (transliterated) kana, which are then converted to [[kanji]] as appropriate by an [[input method editor]]. It is also possible to type kana directly, depending on the mode used. To type {{nowrap|たかはし}}, "Takahashi", a Japanese name, one could type either {{key press|T}}{{key press|A}}{{key press|K}}{{key press|A}}{{key press|H}}{{key press|A}}{{key press|S}}({{key press|H}}){{key press|I}} in Romanized ([[Rōmaji]]) input mode, or {{key press|Q}}{{key press|T}}{{key press|F}}{{key press|D}} in kana input mode. Then the user can proceed to the conversion step to convert the input into the appropriate kanji.

The [[language input keys|extra keys]] in the bottom row ([[Language input keys#Non-conversion (無変換)|muhenkan]], [[language input keys#Conversion (変換)|henkan]], and the [[Hiragana]]/[[Katakana]] switch key), and the special keys in the leftmost column (the [[language input keys#Half-width/Full-width/Kanji|hankaku/zenkaku]] key at the upper left corner, and the [[language input keys#Alphanumeric (英数)|eisū]] key at the [[Caps Lock]] position), control various aspects of the conversion process and select different modes of input.

[[File:OASYS100.png|right|thumb|upright=1.5|The "Thumb-shift" layout. Note the multiple letters and the two modifying keys. "{{key press|シフト}}" means {{key press|L/R Thumb Shift}}, "{{key press|後退}}" means {{key press|Backspace}}, "{{key press|取消}}" means {{key press|Delete}}, and "{{key press|空白}}" means {{key press|Space}} keys.]]
The [[thumb-shift keyboard|Oyayubi Shifuto (Thumb Shift)]] layout is based on kana input, but uses two modifying keys replacing the space bar. When a key is pressed simultaneously with one of the keys, it yields another letter. Letters with the "dakuten" diacritic are typed with the opposite side "thumb shift". Letters with "handakuten" are either typed while the conventional pinky-operated shift key is pressed (that is, each key corresponds to a maximum of 4 letters), or, on the "NICOLA" variation, on a key which does not have a dakuten counterpart.

The {{key press|H}} key in the QWERTY layout individually yields は, but with the {{key press|変換}} ({{key press|R Thumb Shift}}) key, yields み. Simultaneous input with {{key press|無変換}} ({{key press|L Thumb Shift}}) yields ば, which is the individually mapped letter with the aforementioned dakuten. While the pinky-operated {{key press|Shift}} key is pressed, the same key yields ぱ. (This same letter must be typed with {{key press|無変換}}({{key press|L Thumb Shift}}) + {{key press|Y}} on the NICOLA variant.)
{{Clear}}

==Layout changing software==
The character code produced by any key press is determined by the keyboard driver software. A key press generates a [[scancode]] which is interpreted as an alphanumeric character or control function. Depending on operating systems, various application programs are available to create, add and switch among keyboard layouts. Many programs are available, some of which are language specific.

The arrangement of symbols of specific language can be customized. An existing keyboard layout can be edited, and a new layout can be created using this type of software.

For example, {{sic|Ukelele|nolink=y}} for Mac,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brownie|first1=John|title={{sic|Ukelele|nolink=y}}|url=http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele|website=NRSI: Computers & Writing Systems|publisher=[[SIL International]]|access-date=8 December 2014|date=8 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206054653/http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=ukelele|archive-date=6 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator<ref>{{cite web | url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx | title = The Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator | work = msdn.microsoft.com | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100119042027/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx | archive-date = 19 January 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> and open-source [[Avro Keyboard]] provide the ability to customize the keyboard layout as desired.

==See also==
* [[Half-keyboard]]
* [[Telephone keypad#Letter mapping|Telephone keypad letter mapping]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Prone to spam|date=March 2012}}{{Z148}}{{Commons category|Keyboard layouts}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225712/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/topics/keyboards/ |date=October 28, 2018 |title=Introduction to keyboards, at IBM}}
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103130511/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/topics/keyboards/registry_index.html |date=November 3, 2018 |title=Keyboard layouts: Logical keyboard layout registry index for countries and regions around the world, at IBM}}

{{Keyboard keys}}
{{Keyboard layouts}}

[[Category:Keyboard layouts| ]]

Deerfield, Illinois

2021-07-07T08:17:10Z

Comm.unity: /* Corporate headquarters */ removed Mondelez from list of corporate HQs: could not verify/find citation

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deerfield, Illinois
| settlement_type = [[List of towns and villages in Illinois|Village]]
| image_skyline = Deerfieldvillage.jpg
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| subdivision_name3 = [[West Deerfield Township, Lake County, Illinois|West Deerfield]], [[Moraine Township, Lake County, Illinois|Moraine]]
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| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1903
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}}

'''Deerfield''' is a [[North Shore (Chicago)|north shore]] suburb of Chicago in [[Lake County, Illinois]], United States, approximately 25 miles north of [[Chicago]] with a small portion extending into [[Cook County, Illinois]]. The population was 18,225 at the [[United States Census 2010|2010 census]], a decline of 175 from [[United States Census 2000|2000]].
Deerfield is home to the headquarters of [[Walgreens Boots Alliance]], [[Baxter Healthcare]], [[Caterpillar Inc.]], [[Fortune Brands Home & Security]], and [[Mondelez International|Mondelēz International]]. Deerfield is often listed among some of the wealthiest and highest earning places in Illinois and the Midwest. The per capita income of the village is $68,101 and the median household income is $143,729.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US1718992-deerfield-il/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924110136/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US1718992-deerfield-il/ |archive-date=2018-09-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Originally populated by the Bodéwadmiakiwen ([[Potawatomi]]), Myaamia ([[Miami people|Miami]]), Kiikaapoi ([[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo]]), [[Peoria people|Peoria]], and Očhéthi Šakówiŋ ([[Oglala|Oglala Sioux]]) Native Americans,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Native-Land|url=https://native-land.ca/|website=Native Land}}</ref> the area was settled by Horace Lamb and Jacob B. Cadwell in 1835 and named Cadwell's Corner. A shopping center located on the site of Cadwell's farm at [[Illinois Route 43|Waukegan Road]] and [[Lake Cook Road]] still bears that name. The area grew because of the navigable rivers in the area, notably the [[Des Plaines River]] and the [[Chicago River]]. By 1840, the town's name was changed to "Leclair". Within a decade, settler John Millen proposed a further name change to "Deerfield" in honor of his hometown, [[Deerfield, Massachusetts]] and the large number of deer living in the area. At the time, the alternate name for the village on the ballot was "Erin". "Deerfield" won by a vote of 17-13.<ref name="reichelt">{{cite book |last= Reichelt |first= Marie Ward |title= History of Deerfield |publisher= Glenview Press |year=1928}}</ref> The village's first school, Wilmot School, was founded in 1847. Originally a one-room schoolhouse, Wilmot is now an elementary school which serves 548 students. It is located on land donated by Lyman Wilmot, whose wife, Clarissa, was the village's first school teacher.<ref name="reichelt" /> The village was incorporated in 1903<ref name="garden">{{Cite news |title= "Small Town" Deerfield Kisses and Tills |newspaper= Chicago Tribune |pages= N–B1C |date= 1982-05-09 }}</ref> with a population in the low 400s.

In the 1850s, the Deerfield home of Lyman Wilmot served as a stop on the [[Underground Railroad]] as escaped slaves attempted to get to Canada.<ref name="reichelt" />

In a 1917 design by [[Thomas Tallmadge|Thomas E. Tallmadge]] of the [[American Institute of Architects]], Deerfield (and adjacent [[Highland Park, Illinois|Highland Park]]) served as the center for a new proposed capital city of the United States.<ref name="reichelt" /> By that year, all of Deerfield's original farms had been converted either to residential areas or golf courses.<ref name="reichelt" />

[[File:Milton C. Pickens (memorial plaque).jpg|right|thumb|Pickens Memorial Plaque.]]
On May 26, 1944, a US Navy plane crashed in Deerfield on the current site of the Deerfield Public Library, killing Ensign [[Milton C. Pickens]].<ref>{{Cite news | title = Glenview Plane Falls in Garden; Ensign is Killed | newspaper = Chicago Daily Tribune | page = 6 | date = 1944-05-27 }}</ref> Following [[World War II]], a portion of [[Illinois Route 43|Waukegan Road]] (Route 43) that runs through Deerfield has been designated a [[Blue Star Memorial Highway]].<ref>Blue Star Memorial Highway plaque located at intersection of Waukegan Road and Hazel Avenue</ref>

In 1959, when Deerfield officials learned that a developer building a neighborhood of large new homes planned to make houses available to [[African Americans]], they issued a stop-work order. An intense debate began about racial integration, property values, and the good faith of community officials and builders. For a brief time, Deerfield was spotlighted in the national news as "the Little Rock of the North."<ref name="ros001">{{cite book | last = Rosen | first = Harry |author2=David Rosen | title = But Not Next Door | publisher = Astor-Honor Inc | year = 1962 | isbn = 978-0-8392-1007-8}}</ref> Supporters of integration were denounced and ostracized by angry residents. Eventually, the village passed a referendum to build parks on the property, thus putting an end to the housing development. Two model homes already partially completed were sold to village officials.<ref name="ros001" /> The remaining land lay dormant for years before it was developed into what is now Mitchell Pool and Park and Jaycee Park. At the time, Deerfield's black population was 12 people out of a total population of 11,786.<ref name="encycchicago">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/369.html |title=Deerfield, IL |website=Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org |access-date=2016-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111223/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/369.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> This episode in Deerfield's history is described in ''But Not Next Door'' by Harry and David Rosen, both residents of Deerfield. On June 18, 2020, the Deerfield park board voted to rename Mitchell Park, stating, "Mr. Mitchell's name is simply a symbol that honors a misguided part of Deerfield's history, on a property that was intended to be integrated housing. It is that segregationist history that we do not believe should be honored."<ref>{{Cite news | last=DeGrechie | first= Eric | title = Park Board Votes To Rename Mitchell Park | newspaper = The Patch | date = 2020-06-18 | url=https://patch.com/illinois/deerfield/park-board-votes-rename-mitchell-park}}</ref> On November 19, 2020, the Deerfield Park District Board voted unanimously to remove James Micthell's name from the park and rename it to Floral Park, which was the name originally intended for the sub-division that would have been built at that location.

Since the early 1980s, Deerfield has seen a large influx of Jews, Asians, and Greeks, giving the community a more diverse cultural and ethnic makeup.<ref name="encycchicago" />

On June 27, 1962, ground was broken by Kitchens of Sara Lee (now [[Sara Lee (corporation)|Sara Lee Corporation]]) for construction of the world's largest bakery. The plant, located on the current site of Coromandel Condominiums on Kates Road, began production in 1964 using state-of-the-art materials handling and production equipment. It was billed as the world's first industrial plant with a fully automated production control system and was designed by Stanley Winton. President [[Ronald Reagan]] visited the plant in 1985. The plant closed in 1990 as Sara Lee consolidated production in [[Tarboro, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Sara Lee / Our History | website = Sara Lee Corp. website | year = 2008 | url = http://www.saraleebakery.com.au/special.php?page=history.html | access-date = 2008-07-29 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080721000049/http://www.saraleebakery.com.au/special.php?page=history.html | archive-date = 2008-07-21 }}</ref> By 1991, headquarters employees had moved to downtown Chicago. In 2007, Sara Lee severed its final tie to its former home town with the closure of the Sara Lee Bakery Outlet Store.

In 1982, Deerfield began an experiment with a community farm.<ref name="garden" /> Two hundred residents applied for plots on a {{convert|3|acre|m2|adj=on}} community garden. The project had such a strong initial success that the village opened additional community farms on vacant land in the village.

As of 1987 Deerfield was mostly made up of single-family houses. As of that year the resale prices of Deerfield houses ranged from $100,000 to $300,000. 43.5% of the town's land consisted of single-family houses, while 1.1% contained multi-family housing. As of that year little of the remaining land was available for further residential development.<ref name="Little"/>

On December 19, 2005, the village board passed a strict [[Smoking ban|anti-smoking ordinance]]. The law bans smoking in all public places, including businesses, bars, restaurants, parks, parade routes, public assemblies, and within {{convert|25|ft|m}} from any of the above.<ref>{{cite web | title = Deerfield Passes Smoking Ban | publisher = ABC7 Chicago | date = 2005-12-19 | url = http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=local&id=3741978 | access-date = 2007-07-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060814162613/http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=local&id=3741978 | archive-date = 2006-08-14 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In November 2007, [[BusinessWeek|BusinessWeek.com]] listed Deerfield third in a list of the 50 best places to raise children.<ref>{{Cite news | last = MacMillan | first = Douglas | title = Great Places to Raise Kids -- for Less | newspaper = BusinessWeek.com | date = 2007-11-16 | url = http://images.businessweek.com/ss/07/11/1116_bestplaces_kids/source/49.htm | access-date = 2010-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100126021058/http://images.businessweek.com/ss/07/11/1116_bestplaces_kids/source/49.htm | archive-date = 2010-01-26 | url-status = live }}</ref> The rankings were based on five factors: school test scores, cost of living, recreational and cultural activities, number of schools and risk of crime. Deerfield ranked behind [[Groesbeck, Ohio]], and [[Western Springs, Illinois]].

In 2015, a plan to rezone a parcel of land originally zoned for single-family homes, in order to allow the construction of a 48-unit affordable apartment building complex, was proposed. Some Deerfield residents were opposed to the proposition.<ref name="kb1">{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/deerfield/news/ct-dfr-zion-woods-tl-0521-20150515-story.html#page=1|title=Affordable Zion Woods apartments draw swift opposition - Deerfield Review|last=Berkowitz|first=Karen|date=May 15, 2015|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=30 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127190916/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/deerfield/news/ct-dfr-zion-woods-tl-0521-20150515-story.html#page=1|archive-date=27 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, The Village Board of Trustees unanimously approved a ban on certain types of assault weapons and high-capacity magazines, amending a 2013 ordinance that regulated the storage of those items. This is despite an Illinois State Preemption on any further municipal firearms restrictions, and the fact that amendments to city ordinances have to pass said amendments as separate ordinances. At least one lawsuit is challenging the Ordinance that bypasses the US Constitution.<ref name="BuzzFeed04032018">{{cite news|last1=Chen|first1=Tanya|title=This Town Just Banned Assault Weapons. Anyone Who Refuses To Give Theirs Up Will Be Fined $1,000 A Day.|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/tanyachen/chicag-suburb-bans-semiautomatic-weapons|access-date=5 April 2018|work=Buzz Feed News|date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404032637/https://www.buzzfeed.com/tanyachen/chicag-suburb-bans-semiautomatic-weapons|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the ban was blocked by Lake County Circuit Court Judge Luis Berrones until the two lawsuits challenging the ban are heard. One of the lawsuits is based on a state preemption statute regarding local bans enacted after 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/06/13/deerfield-chicago-suburb-assault-weapons-ban-blocked/697792002/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924111318/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/06/13/deerfield-chicago-suburb-assault-weapons-ban-blocked/697792002/ |archive-date=2018-09-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Deerfield was Sister Cities with [[Lüdinghausen]], [[Germany]] until the commission was dissolved in October 2019 due to inactivity.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-21|title=October 21, 2019|url=https://www.deerfield.il.us/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Minutes/_10212019-611|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref>

===Deerfield Historic Village===
[[File:Otthouse.jpg|thumb|Caspar Ott Cabin, 1837.]]

Located in front of Kipling Elementary School is the Deerfield Historic Village, founded and maintained by the Deerfield Area Historical Society, this outdoor museum consists of five historic buildings and includes the headquarters for the Deerfield Historical Society.<ref name="visit">{{cite web | title = Deerfield Historic Village | website = Deerfield Area Historical Society Website | publisher = Deerfield Historical Society | year = 2002 | url = http://www.deerfieldhistoricalsociety.org/visit.html | access-date = 2008-05-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080611235643/http://www.deerfieldhistoricalsociety.org/visit.html | archive-date = 2008-06-11 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The Historic Village includes the Caspar Ott House, where the Ott family assisted in the passage of slaves in the Underground Railroad, considered to be the oldest building in [[Lake County, Illinois|Lake County]], built in 1837. It was [[Building restoration|restored]] by Bob Przewlocki.<ref>{{cite web | last = Holmes | first = Deborah | author2 = Bob Przewlocki | title = Log House Revival | website = Old House Web | publisher = Old House Web | year = 2007 | url = http://www.oldhouseweb.com/stories/Detailed/10451.shtml | access-date = 2008-05-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509094815/http://www.oldhouseweb.com/stories/Detailed/10451.shtml | archive-date = 2008-05-09 | url-status = live }}</ref> The George Luther House (1847) now includes the Society's offices and Visitor Center. The Bartle Sacker Farmhouse (1854) is a typical 19th century home. While those buildings are all original (although relocated from their original sites), the carriage house and little red school house are [[replicas]].<ref name="visit" /> Each year, all fourth graders in [[Deerfield School District 109]] spend a day learning in the school house.<ref name="visit" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Community - Historical Society |website=Village of Deerfield Website |publisher=Village of Deerfield |year=2002 |url=http://www.deerfield-il.org/community/hist_soc.html |access-date=2008-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424093131/http://www.deerfield-il.org/community/hist_soc.html |archive-date=2008-04-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
According to the 2010 census, Deerfield has a total area of {{convert|5.62|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|5.58|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 99.29%) is land and {{convert|0.04|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 0.71%) is water.<ref name="census-g001">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1718992
|title=G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1
|access-date=2015-08-02
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213051342/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1718992
|archive-date=2020-02-13
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Deerfield is bordered to the north by [[Bannockburn, Illinois|Bannockburn]], to the east by [[Highland Park, Illinois|Highland Park]], to the south by [[Northbrook, Illinois|Northbrook]] and to the west by [[Riverwoods, Illinois|Riverwoods]].<ref name=":0" />

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1910= 476
|1920= 610
|1930= 1852
|1940= 2283
|1950= 3288
|1960= 11786
|1970= 18876
|1980= 17432
|1990= 17327
|2000= 18420
|2010= 18225
|estyear=2019
|estimate=18646
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2019CenPopScriptOnlyDirtyFixDoNotUse">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html|date=May 24, 2020|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref>
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-01-31 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 18,420 people, 6,420 households, and 5,161 families residing in the village. The [[population density]] was 3,359.4 people per square mile (1,297.8/km{{sup|2}}). There were 6,518 housing units at an average density of 1,188.7 per square mile (459.2/km{{sup|2}}). The racial makeup of the village was 95.88% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.33% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.04% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.52% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.43% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.77% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.69% of the population.

There were 6,420 households, out of which 43.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81, and the average family size was 3.21.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 30.6% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $107,194, and the median income for a family was $118,683. Males had a median income of $90,226 versus $48,450 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village was $50,664. About 1.3% of families and 1.6% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.

==Economy==
In 1982 a {{convert|324|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[tax increment financing]] district opened along Lake-Cook Road, spurring business development. As of 1987 the office leasing activity in Deerfield increased tremendously, and throughout the 1980s office buildings were developed along Lake-Cook Road, between [[Interstate 294]] and Waukegan Road. Two hotels, an [[Embassy Suites]] and a [[Hyatt Hotels|Hyatt]], opened during the era to accommodate the increased business traffic. Factors augmenting the establishment of businesses along the corridor included the opening of the district, the abundance of vacant land, and the corridor's proximity to the [[Chicago Loop]] and [[O'Hare International Airport]].<ref name="Little">Little, Anne. "[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24635182.html?dids=24635182:24635182&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+08%2C+1987&author=Anne+Little&pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=TAKING+A+CORRIDOR+TO+SUCCESS+DEERFIELD%27S+ECONOMY+BOOMING+WITH+OFFICE+BUILDINGS&pqatl=google TAKING A CORRIDOR TO SUCCESS DEERFIELD'S ECONOMY BOOMING WITH OFFICE BUILDINGS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222222853/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24635182.html?dids=24635182:24635182&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+08%2C+1987&author=Anne+Little&pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=TAKING+A+CORRIDOR+TO+SUCCESS+DEERFIELD%27S+ECONOMY+BOOMING+WITH+OFFICE+BUILDINGS&pqatl=google |date=2013-02-22 }}." ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. July 8, 1987. Deerfield/Northbrook 5. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Sara Lee is one of Deerfield's major employers with about 1200 employees[...]" and "Other major employers include Baxter Travenol with about 1,500 employees, and the corporate headquarters of Walgreen Co., which is in an unincorporated area on the western side of Deerfield, with about 1,100."</ref>

===Corporate headquarters===
Deerfield is home to the headquarters of [[Baxter Healthcare]],<ref>"[http://www.baxter.com/about_baxter/contact_us/index.html Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212020228/http://baxter.com/about_baxter/contact_us/index.html |date=2010-12-12 }}." [[Baxter International]]. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Corporate address: One Baxter Parkway Deerfield, IL 60015-4625."</ref> [[Beam Inc.|Beam]],<ref name=BeamIncBegins>{{dead link|date=January 2012}} [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Beam-Inc-Begins-Life-as-a-bw-3227214555.html?x=0&.v=1 "Beam Inc. Begins Life as a Pure-Play Spirits Industry Leader"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014041308/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Beam-Inc-Begins-Life-as-a-bw-3227214555.html?x=0&.v=1 |date=2011-10-14 }}.''[[Business Wire]]'' (via [[Yahoo! Finance]]). October 4, 2011.</ref> [[Big Apple Bagels]],<ref>{{cite web |title= About BAB Inc |website= bigapplebagels.com |url= http://www.bigapplebagels.com/aboutbab/default.htm |access-date= May 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190147/http://www.bigapplebagels.com/aboutbab/default.htm |archive-date=March 25, 2014 }}</ref> [[CF Industries]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfindustries.com/profile_overview.html |title=CF Industries Profile: Overview |website=Cfindustries.com |access-date=2016-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024114/http://www.cfindustries.com/profile_overview.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]],<ref>"[http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-caterpillar-headquarters-deerfield-0420-biz-20170419-story.html CT Caterpillar Headquarters Deerfield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202853/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-caterpillar-headquarters-deerfield-0420-biz-20170419-story.html |date=2018-03-06 }}". ''ChicagoTribune.com''.</ref> [[Fortune Brands Home & Security]],<ref name=NowIndependent>[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Fortune-Brands-Home-Security-bw-1447000967.html?x=0 Fortune Brands Home & Security Now Independent, Begins Trading on NYSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013171845/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Fortune-Brands-Home-Security-bw-1447000967.html?x=0 |date=2011-10-13 }}, ''Businesswire'', October 4, 2011.</ref>, [[Essendant]],<ref>{{cite web |title= USI Contact Us |url= http://www.unitedstationers.com/contact/contact.html |access-date=May 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423095031/http://www.unitedstationers.com/contact/contact.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}</ref> and [[Walgreens Boots Alliance]].<ref>"[http://www.walgreens.com/topic/marketing/contactus/default1.jsp Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202060241/http://www.walgreens.com/topic/marketing/contactus/default1.jsp |date=2011-02-02 }}." [[Walgreens]]. Retrieved on January 30, 2011. "Write Walgreen Co. 200 Wilmot Road Deerfield, IL 60015."</ref> DAs of 2009 Walgreens employed 5,200 people at its headquarters.<ref>"[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1623822171.html?dids=1623822171:1623822171&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+9%2C+2009&author=James%20P%20Miller&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Strong+medicine+at+Walgreens%3A+1%2C000+cuts&pqatl=google Strong medicine at Walgreens: 1,000 cuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222222905/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1623822171.html?dids=1623822171:1623822171&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+9%2C+2009&author=James%20P%20Miller&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Strong+medicine+at+Walgreens%3A+1%2C000+cuts&pqatl=google |date=2013-02-22 }}." ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. January 9, 2009. News 34. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "About 500 of those cuts will occur at the 5200-person headquarters."</ref> As of 2003 Baxter employed a total of 1,000 employees in its headquarters and in other offices in Deerfield.<ref>Long, Hwa-shu. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NS&p_theme=ns&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FEC013BD6E9B46D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM Baxter to lay off 2,500 workers Blood therapy business: Deerfield firm will close 26 plasma collection centers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024144600/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NS&p_theme=ns&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FEC013BD6E9B46D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |date=2012-10-24 }}." ''[[The News Sun]]'' (Waukegan, IL). July 3, 2003. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Baxter employs 3000 in Lake County, including about 1000 in its headquarters and related offices in Deerfield[...]"</ref>

Deerfield is the former home to the headquarters of ''[[Consumers Digest]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=How can we help you?|url=http://www.consumersdigest.com/contact|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301162546/http://www.consumersdigest.com/contact|archive-date=2016-03-01|access-date=2016-02-26|publisher=Consumers Digest}}</ref> [[Così (restaurant)|Così]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Cosi - getcosi.com FAQ popup|url=http://www.getcosi.com/faqpopup.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506191737/http://getcosi.com/faqpopup.html|archive-date=May 6, 2012|access-date=May 6, 2012}}</ref> the U.S. subsidiaries of [[Takeda Pharmaceutical Company]],<ref>"[http://www.takeda.com/worldwide/corpotrate/article_22641.html Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227082804/http://www.takeda.com/worldwide/corpotrate/article_22641.html|date=2009-02-27}}" Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Address One Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA."</ref> and the bakery division headquarters of the [[Sara Lee (corporation)|Sara Lee Corporation]].<ref name="deerlee">{{cite news|last=Jouzaitis|first=Carol|date=June 12, 1990|title=Sara Lee To Close Plant In Deerfield|work=Chicago Tribune|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-06-12/business/9002170766_1_sara-lee-plant-workers-plant-site|url-status=live|access-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222205300/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-06-12/business/9002170766_1_sara-lee-plant-workers-plant-site|archive-date=22 February 2013}}</ref> In 1987 Sara Lee had about 1,200 employees in Deerfield. In 1990, the Deerfield Sara Lee plant and bakery headquarters was closed, and the land was sold to developers.<ref name="deerlee"/> During 1987, Baxter Travenol (later Baxter International) had about 1,500 employees and Walgreens, then in an [[unincorporated area]] near Deerfield, had about 1,100 employees.<ref name="Little"/> In 1985, President [[Ronald Reagan]] visited the Sara Lee factory in Deerfield.<ref>{{Cite speech|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=37890|title=Remarks to Employees at the Kitchens of Sara Lee in Deerfield, Illinois|work=The American Presidency Project|date=October 10, 1985|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311142420/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=37890|archive-date=March 11, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Top employers===
{{As of|2020}}, the top employers in the city are:<ref>{{cite web|last=Burk|first=Eric|date=2020-12-31|title=2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report|url=http://il-deerfield.civicplus.com/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/363|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Village of Deerfield|publisher=|at=page 137}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
| 1
| [[Walgreens Boots Alliance]]
|6,500
|-
|2
| [[Walgreens]]
|2,500
|-
|3
|Alera Group
|1,900
|-
|4
| [[Baxter International]]
|1,700
|-
|5
|[[Baxter Healthcare]]
|800
|-
|6
|[[Essendant]]
|800
|-
|7
| Deerfield Park District
|500
|-
|8
|[[Trinity International University]]
|500
|-
|9
|[[Deerfield School District 109]]
|415
|-
|10
|[[CF Industries]]
|350
|}

===Shopping districts===
In 1998, a significant portion of downtown Deerfield downtown was demolished and replaced with a new outdoor shopping district called [[Deerfield Square]]. It is composed of a variety of retailers and restaurants including [[Barnes & Noble]], [[Potbelly Sandwich Shop]], [[CorePower Yoga]], [[Walgreens]], and [[Whole Foods Market]]. In addition to merchandising space, Deerfield Square includes office space and an outdoor plaza which is used during the summer for free outdoor concerts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sadin|first=Steve|date=2012-06-22|title=Free Concerts Return to Deerfield Square|url=https://patch.com/illinois/deerfield/free-concerts-return-to-deerfield-square|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Deerfield, IL Patch|language=en}}</ref>

[[Deerbrook Mall (Illinois)|Deerbrook Mall]] is a shopping district located along the Deerfield-[[Northbrook, Illinois|Northbrook]] border. When it originally opened in 1971, it included both indoor and outdoor shopping areas. The inside shopping area and some exterior buildings were demolished in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Meadows|first=Jonah|date=2017-05-11|title=Deerbrook Mall's Final Days Captured By Photographer|url=https://patch.com/illinois/deerfield/deerbrook-malls-final-days-captured-photographer|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Deerfield, IL Patch|language=en}}</ref> Current tenants of Deerbrook Mall include [[Bed Bath & Beyond]], [[Jewel (supermarket)|Jewel-Osco]], [[Hobby Lobby]] and [[Starbucks]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directory|url=https://mydeerbrookmall.com/directory_alpha.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Deerbrook Mall}}</ref>

Near Deerbrook Mall is Caldwell Corners, a small outdoor mall that carries the village's original name. Deerfield Public Library was a temporary tenant of this mall in 2012 and 2013 while the main location was being renovated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Huston|first=John|date=2013-05-16|title=Deerfield Library prepares for move into renovated facility|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/highland-park/ct-xpm-2013-05-16-ct-tl-lk-0516-deerfield-library-20130516-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-04|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Current tenants include [[Dollar Tree]], [[Planet Fitness]], and [[Pet Supplies Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sadin|first=Steve|date=2020-01-20|title=Businesses fill in vacant space at Cadwell Corners in Deerfield|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/deerfield/ct-dfr-deerfield-new-businesses-tl-0123-20200120-ydpf3nmaibfevmd3u25vm57t4q-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-04|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref>

==Government==
The village hall is called the Bernard Forrest Deerfield Village Hall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deerfield.il.us/assets/1/homepage_gallery/700x300/P1010001.JPG |format=JPG |title=Bernard Forrest Deerfield Village Hall image |website=Deerfield.il.us |access-date=2016-02-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222050838/http://www.deerfield.il.us/assets/1/homepage_gallery/700x300/P1010001.JPG |archive-date=2016-02-22 }}</ref>

The [[United States Postal Service]] operates the Deerfield Post Office.<ref>{{cite web |website= usps.whitepages.com |title= Deerfield Post Office |url= http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/deerfield-707-osterman-ave-deerfield-il-1360533 |access-date=February 3, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101021033915/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/deerfield-707-osterman-ave-deerfield-il-1360533 |archive-date=October 21, 2010 }}</ref>

Deerfield is represented by the 10th [[Congressional District]] of Illinois (Democrat [[Brad Schneider]]), 29th District of the [[Illinois Senate]] (Democrat [[Julie Morrison]]) and the 58th District of the [[Illinois House of Representatives]] (Democrat [[Bob Morgan (Illinois politician)|Bob Morgan]]).

==Education==
===Public schools===
[[File:Wilmot Elementary School.jpg|thumb|Wilmot Elementary School, one of four elementary schools in [[Deerfield School District 109]].]]
Deerfield is served by [[Deerfield School District 109]], which operates four public elementary schools (Kipling, South Park, Walden, and Wilmot) and two public middle schools (Caruso and Shepard).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dps109.org|title=Deerfield Public School Homepage|website=Dps109.org|access-date=2016-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033724/http://dps109.org/|archive-date=2016-03-07|url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of Deerfield's children go on to attend [[Deerfield High School (Illinois)|Deerfield High School]]; however, a small portion attend [[Highland Park High School (Highland Park, Illinois)|Highland Park High School]] (both of which comprise [[Township High School District 113]]). [[Deerfield High School (Illinois)|Deerfield High School]] has consistently been ranked as a top school in the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 50 high schools in Chicagoland |url= http://schools.chicagotribune.com/lists/best-overall-psae |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date= October 31, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121210044416/http://schools.chicagotribune.com/lists/best-overall-psae |archive-date= December 10, 2012}}</ref>

At one time, District 109 contained as many as eight elementary schools. However, Maplewood, Woodland Park, Briarwood, and Cadwell were all closed beginning in the 1970s through the 1980s and their students absorbed by the four larger, remaining elementary schools. A very small part of the far western side of the village is in [[Lincolnshire-Prairie View School District 103|Lincolnshire-Prairie View District 103]] and [[Stevenson High School (Lincolnshire, Illinois)|Stevenson High School]]'s area. However, there are no residents officially living there.

The Superintendent of District 109 is currently Mike Simeck<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mike Simeck Named Superintendent of Deerfield Public Schools District 109|url=https://www.dps109.org/Page/6215|url-status=live|access-date=March 29, 2021|website=Deerfield Public Schools District 109}}</ref> and the Superintendent of District 113 is Dr. Bruce Law.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Superintendent|url=https://www.dist113.org/Domain/32|url-status=live|access-date=March 29, 2021|website=[[Township High School District 113]]}}</ref>
===Private schools===
The village is the home to a Conservative Jewish school, [[Rochelle Zell Jewish High School]] and two [[Montessori education|Montessori]] schools. Holy Cross School, a [[Catholic school|Catholic elementary and middle school]], used to operate in Deerfield but closed at the conclusion of the 2017-2018 school year.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-01-18|title=Five Chicago Area Catholic Schools To Close This Summer|url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2018/01/18/catholic-school-closings/|access-date=2020-05-07|publisher=[[CBS Chicago]]}}</ref>

===Colleges and universities===
[[Trinity International University]], a [[Private university|private]] [[Christian college|Christian]] university, is headquartered in Deerfield. Located on their Deerfield campus is [[Trinity Evangelical Divinity School]]. The headquarters of the [[World Evangelical Alliance]] is also co-located on the Deerfield Campus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deerfield Campus|url=http://www.tiu.edu/tiu/about/deerfield/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511192316/http://www.tiu.edu/tiu/about/deerfield/|archive-date=2008-05-11|access-date=2008-05-16|website=TIU Website|publisher=Trinity International University}}</ref><ref name="U.S. News">{{cite magazine|title=Trinity International University|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/trinity-international-1772|url-status=live|magazine=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302032059/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/trinity-international-1772|archive-date=March 2, 2015|access-date=February 1, 2016}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==

===Transportation===
[[File:Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Passenger Depot.JPG|thumb|The [[Metra]] [[Deerfield station|train station]] in Deerfield]]
Deerfield has two [[Metra]] stations connecting it to [[Chicago Union Station]], [[Deerfield station|Deerfield]] and [[Lake Cook Road station|Lake Cook Road]], both on the [[Milwaukee District/North Line]]. Several Pace busses, routes 627, 631, 632, 633, 634, and 635, connect the Lake Cook Road station to corporate offices in the area during rush hour periods. Deerfield is also served by [[Pace Bus]] routes 471, 473 and 626.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pace Bus Service {{!}} Deerfield, IL|url=https://www.deerfield.il.us/356/Pace-Bus-Service|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.deerfield.il.us}}</ref> Two [[Amtrak]] services, the ''[[Empire Builder]]'' and the ''[[Hiawatha Service]]'', pass through but do not stop in Deerfield.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wisconsin Department of Transportation Chicago - Milwaukee Intercity Passenger Rail Corridor|url=https://wisconsindot.gov/Pages/projects/multimodal/rail-chi-mil/default.aspx|access-date=2021-07-03|website=wisconsindot.gov}}</ref> Deerfield is connected to several [[Arterial road|arterial roadways]] and interstate highways, including Deerfield Road, [[Lake Cook Road|Lake-Cook Road]], [[Illinois Route 43]], [[Interstate 94|I-94]] and [[Interstate 294|I-294]]. [[O'Hare International Airport]] is the nearest airport to Deerfield.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highways|url=https://www.deerfield.il.us/355/Highways|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=Village of Deerfield}}</ref> Deerfield has several bike trails, including trails that connect to neighboring communities, [[Lake Michigan]], the [[Chicago Botanic Garden]] and the [[Des Plaines River Trail]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Deerfield Bike Routes|url=https://www.deerfield.il.us/DocumentCenter/View/532/Bike-Plan---Routes-PDF|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Village of Deerfield}}</ref>

=== Utilities ===
The village purchases its water in bulk from [[Highland Park, Illinois|Highland Park]] to distribute to residents and businesses. An emergency water line connects Deerfield to Northbrook in the event that either town loses its water service.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sadin|first=Steve|date=2018-07-23|title=Deerfield sets roadwork projects, water system upgrades|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/deerfield/ct-dfr-public-works-report-tl-0726-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-04|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Deerfield operates its own [[Sewage treatment|sewage treatment plant]] on Hackberry Lane, with the outflow entering the a branch of the [[Chicago River]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-11|title=Public Notice/Fact Sheet of Draft Modified NPDES Permit to Discharge into Waters of the State|url=http://www.epa.state.il.us/public-notices/2014/deerfield/index.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=2021-05-04|website=Illinois EPA}}</ref> A new wastewater treatment plant was completed in 2013 on the site of the existing plant.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sadin|first=Steve|date=2015-01-26|title=Deerfield water facility wins another award|url=https://www.capitalgazette.com/chi-dfr-deerfield-water-facility-wins-another-award-20150128-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Capital Gazette|language=en-US}}</ref> Lakeshore Recycling provides solid waste, recycling, and composting services within Deerfield.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Lakeshore Recycling To Become Deerfield's New Residential Waste Hauler|url=https://patch.com/illinois/deerfield/lakeshore-recycling-become-deerfields-new-residential-waste-hauler|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Deerfield, IL Patch|language=en}}</ref> Deerfield is a part of the CS2 Residential Community Solar Program, which lets residents purchase solar [[Energy accounting|energy credits]] via subscription and apply them towards their electric bill.<ref>{{Cite web|last=DeGrechie|first=Eric|date=2020-11-04|title=Deerfield Joins State's Largest Community Solar Program|url=https://patch.com/illinois/deerfield/deerfield-joins-state-s-largest-community-solar-program|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Deerfield, IL Patch|language=en}}</ref> [[Peoples Energy|North Shore Gas]] provides [[natural gas]] to Deerfield businesses and residents.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-23|title=Wisconsin Energy buying Peoples Gas parent Integrys for $9.1 billion|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2014/6/23/18544852/wisconsin-energy-buying-peoples-gas-parent-integrys-for-9-1-billion|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Chicago Sun-Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==


* [[Paul Adams (American football coach)|Paul Adams]], longtime Deerfield High School football coach.<ref name="Sadin">{{cite news |last1=Sadin |first1=Steve |title=Paul Adams, legendary Deerfield football coach, dies at 82 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/deerfield/sports/ct-lns-spt-football-paul-adams-obituary-st-0318-story.html |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=Deerfield Review |agency=Pioneer Press |date=March 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318014353/https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/deerfield/sports/ct-lns-spt-football-paul-adams-obituary-st-0318-story.html |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bob Bell (actor)|Robert Bell]], Chicago's [[Bozo the Clown]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Bob Bell |website= deerfield collection |publisher= cdm.digitalpast.com |url= http://cdm.digitalpast.org/cgi-bin/browseresults.exe?CISOROOT=/deerfiel001 |access-date= 2018-12-12 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180311202158/http://cdm.digitalpast.org/cgi-bin/browseresults.exe?CISOROOT=%2Fdeerfiel001 |archive-date= 2018-03-11 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
* [[Dean Bernardini]], rock musician for band [[Chevelle (band)|Chevelle]]<ref name="oyad002">O*YAD 1993. "Seniors".</ref>
* [[Karl Berning]], Illinois state senator, actor, and writer<ref>'Illinois Blue Book 1981-1982,' Biographical Sketch of Karl Berning, pg. 132</ref>
* [[Alex Borstein]], actor, voice actor, known for voicing Lois Griffin on ''[[Family Guy]]''{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Brian Bram]], artist for ''[[American Splendor]]''<ref name="yearbook">Deerfield High School: "Yearbook", 1972</ref>
* [[Joey Calistri]], professional soccer player{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Scott Colton|Colt Cabana]], professional wrestler<ref>{{cite web | last = Kamchen | first = Richard | title = Colt Cabana a Matt Classic | website = Slam! Sports | publisher = Slam! Sports | year = 2007 | url = http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2007/01/23/3430860.html | access-date = 2007-07-14 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120630023520/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2007/01/23/3430860.html | archive-date = 2012-06-30 | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[Duje Dukan]], professional basketball player{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Cory Everson]], fitness model and bodybuilder, lived in Deerfield as teenager<ref>{{cite web | title = Biography for Corinna Everson | website = IMDB | publisher = imdb.com | url = https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0263691/bio | access-date = 2007-07-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117204602/http://imdb.com/name/nm0263691/bio | archive-date = 2008-01-17 | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[Tim Floyd (basketball)|Tim Floyd]], NBA basketball coach for the [[Chicago Bulls]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Jump 'N the Saddle Band|T. C. Furlong]], guitarist, co-founder of the [[Jump 'N the Saddle Band]], and producer of "[[The Curly Shuffle]]"<ref name="yearbook" />
* [[Gale Gand]], pastry chef, [[Food Network]] personality, cookbook author, winner of 2001 [[James Beard]] award<ref name="yearbook" />
* [[Ross Golan]], multi-platinum songwriter, producer, artist, winner of 2016 BMI Pop Songwriter of the Year{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Stolen Summer|Pete Jones]], first winner of HBO's ''[[Project Greenlight]]'', writer/director of ''[[Stolen Summer]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0971919/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1|title=Pete Jones (I)|website=IMDb.com|access-date=2016-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118053205/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0971919/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1|archive-date=2016-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Bryan Jurewicz]], lineman for [[Wisconsin Badgers]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Lindsay Knapp]], offensive lineman for [[Green Bay Packers]], played in [[Super Bowl XXXI]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Lindsay Knapp | website = databasefootball | publisher = databasefootball.com | url = http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=KNAPPLIN01 | access-date = 2007-07-14 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930051528/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=KNAPPLIN01 | archive-date = 2007-09-30 }}</ref>
*[[Kevin McCollum]], actor and Broadway producer, went to Deerfield High School.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Aaron Moorehead]], receiver for NFL's [[Indianapolis Colts]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Aaron Moorehead |url=http://www.nfl.com/players/aaronmoorehead/profile?id=MOO778612 |title=Aaron Moorehead, WR at |website=Nfl.com |access-date=2016-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411010800/http://www.nfl.com/players/aaronmoorehead/profile?id=MOO778612 |archive-date=2010-04-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bruce Rauner]], 42nd [[List of Governors of Illinois|Governor of Illinois]] (2015-2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patch.com/illinois/deerfield/rauner-visits-deerfield-tour-schools-new-science-labs-0 |title=Rauner Visits Deerfield To Tour School's New Science Labs |website=Patch.com |date=2015-04-14 |access-date=2016-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000059/http://patch.com/illinois/deerfield/rauner-visits-deerfield-tour-schools-new-science-labs-0 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[The Redwalls]], a four-piece rock band<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pioneerlocal.com/arlingtonheights/entertainment/1056634,db-redwalls-071708-s1.article |title=Suburbs - Chicago Tribune |website=Pioneerlocal.com |date=2016-02-17 |access-date=2016-02-26}}</ref>
*[[Ellie Reed (actress)]], actress, raised in Deerfield{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
*[[Todd Reirden]], NHL coach and former player<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-24|title=Deerfield's Reirden Fired By NHL's Washington Capitals|url=https://patch.com/illinois/deerfield/deerfields-reirden-fired-nhls-washington-capitals|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Deerfield, IL Patch|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Betty Lou Reed]], Illinois state representative<ref>'Illinois Blue Book 1981-1982,' Biographical Sketch of Betty Lou Reed, pg. 133</ref>
*[[Brad Schneider]], US Representative, lives in Deerfield<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-03|title=Meet Brad|url=https://schneider.house.gov/about|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Congressman Brad Schneider|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Art Shay]], prolific photojournalist, lived in Deerfield for 50 years<ref>{{cite web | title = Art Shay | website = photosurce | publisher = photosource.com | url = http://www.photosource.com/psn_full.php?type=Headlines&id=379 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080609173304/http://www.photosource.com/psn_full.php?type=Headlines&id=379 | archive-date = 2008-06-09 }}</ref>
* [[Curt Teich]], 20th-Century postcard photographer and manufacturer<ref>Lake County Museum, Curt Teich Postcard Archives, 27277 Forest Preserve Drive, Wauconda, IL, 60084, 847.968.3381</ref>
* [[Fred L. Turner]], retired chairman and CEO of McDonald's Corp.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fred Turner|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fred-turner-jv3kjgn0s79|access-date=2020-12-15|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
* [[T. J. Tynan]], professional hockey player{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}
* [[Dan Walker (politician)|Daniel Walker]], 36th [[List of Governors of Illinois|Governor of Illinois]] (1973-1977)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/1993/ii930845.html |title=Remember Dan Walker, the last Democrat to be governor? |website=Lib.niu.edu |access-date=2016-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235848/http://www.lib.niu.edu/1993/ii930845.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Edwin F. Weigle]], photographer for [[Chicago Tribune]] during First World War, lived and died in Deerfield{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Popular culture==
[[Boss's Day|National Boss's Day]] was invented by a Deerfield employee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7chicago.com/5618240/|title=History behind National Boss's Day, connection to Deerfield|date=2019-10-14|website=ABC7 Chicago|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015194204/https://abc7chicago.com/5618240/|archive-date=2019-10-15|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1979, Deerfield created a "No-Kissing Zone" at the local [[Deerfield (Metra)|train station]] in response to complaints about traffic jams at the station caused by couples taking too long to kiss their goodbyes at the drop-off point.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Ban the Buss! | newspaper = Time | date = 1979-12-17 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920707,00.html | access-date = 2007-07-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080609205315/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920707,00.html | archive-date = 2008-06-09 | url-status = live }}</ref> The "No-Kissing" signs (patterned after international traffic signs) attracted national attention and were featured in ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' magazine and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[AM America]]'' (precursor to "[[Good Morning America]]"). A Deerfield family appearing on the game show ''[[Family Feud]]'' presented [[Richard Dawson]] with replica pins of the signs.

In the 1980s, Deerfield and other North Shore communities inspired the teen films of director/screenwriter [[John Hughes (filmmaker)|John Hughes]]. The fictional Shermer, Illinois, included elements of Deerfield and neighboring [[Northbrook, Illinois|Northbrook]] and [[Highland Park, Illinois|Highland Park]].

A number of media properties have been set and/or filmed in Deerfield, including television drama ''[[Once and Again]]'',<ref>{{cite web | last = Seapharris7 | title = Once and Again | website = Classic TV Hits | date = 2002-04-15 | url = http://www.classictvhits.com/show.php?id=954 | access-date = 2007-07-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032808/http://www.classictvhits.com/show.php?id=954 | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | url-status = live }}</ref> comedy ''[[Married... with Children]]''<ref>{{cite web | title = Filming Locations for "Married with Children" (1987) | website = IMDB | publisher = imdb.com | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092400/ | access-date = 2007-07-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070528124034/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092400/ | archive-date = 2007-05-28 | url-status = live }}</ref> and portions of [[Reality television|reality show]] ''[[American High (TV series)|American High]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Filming Locations for "American High" (2000) | website = IMDB | publisher = imdb.com | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0254888/ | access-date = 2007-07-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070315000053/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0254888/ | archive-date = 2007-03-15 | url-status = live }}</ref> In film, the Deerfield train station is shown in the film ''[[Risky Business]]'',<ref>{{cite web | title = Filming Locations for Risky Business (1983) | website = IMDB | publisher = imdb.com | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086200/locations | access-date = 2007-07-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100627060148/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086200/locations | archive-date = 2010-06-27 | url-status = live }}</ref> and ''[[Stolen Summer]]''<ref>{{cite web | title = Filming Locations for Stolen Summer (2002) | website = IMDB | publisher = imdb.com | url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0286162/ | access-date = 2007-07-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071103062750/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0286162/ | archive-date = 2007-11-03 | url-status = live }}</ref> used various parts of the village.

The village was identified as the hometown of [[Kitty Pryde]] in the [[X-Men]] comics.<ref>{{cite web | title = Pryde, Kitty | website = Marvel Universe Character Bios | publisher = Marvel.com | year = 2007 | url = http://www.marvel.com/universe/Pryde,_Kitty | access-date = 2007-07-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070707230249/http://www.marvel.com/universe/Pryde,_Kitty | archive-date = 2007-07-07 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Deerfield also figures in the musical ''[[Dear Edwina]]'', written by Marcy Heisler, a Deerfield native, and Zina Goldrich. The fictional protagonist lives at 427 Birchwood Avenue. Although the play is set in [[Paw Paw, Michigan]], much of it (including the address) is inspired by Heisler's hometown, Deerfield.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}

In 2010, the [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]]'s documentary ''The Crumbling of America'' mentioned Deerfield in a discussion of frequent blackouts that residents experienced over 2000 times from 2000 to 2009.<ref>{{cite web | title = Henry Schipper, Documentary Producer, Honored with Excellence in Journalism Award | website = American Society of Civil Engineers | publisher = asce.com | url = http://www.asce.org/PressRelease.aspx?id=2147488045 | access-date = 2010-06-18 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121003041439/http://www.asce.org/PressRelease.aspx?id=2147488045 | archive-date = 2012-10-03 }}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Marie Ward Reichelt, ''History of Deerfield'', Glenview Press, 1928.
*Harry Rosen and David Rosen, ''But Not Next Door'', Ivan Obolensky, 1962.

==External links==
{{Portal|Chicago|Illinois}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051024024153/http://www.deerfield-il.org/ Village of Deerfield]
{{Deerfield, Illinois}}
{{Lake County, Illinois}}
{{Cook County, Illinois}}
{{Chicagoland}}
{{Illinois}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Deerfield, Illinois
|North = [[Bannockburn, Illinois|Bannockburn]] / [[Lake Forest, Illinois|Lake Forest]]
|Northeast = [[Highland Park, Illinois|Highland Park]]
|East = [[Highland Park, Illinois|Highland Park]]
|Southeast = [[Northbrook, Illinois|Northbrook]]
|South = [[Northbrook, Illinois|Northbrook]]
|Southwest = [[Northbrook, Illinois|Northbrook]]
|West = [[Riverwoods, Illinois|Riverwoods]]
|Northwest = [[Bannockburn, Illinois|Bannockburn]]
|image =
}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Deerfield, Illinois| ]]
[[Category:Chicago metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1835]]
[[Category:Villages in Cook County, Illinois]]
[[Category:Villages in Lake County, Illinois]]
[[Category:Villages in Illinois]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Underground Railroad]]
[[Category:1903 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:Sundown towns in Illinois]]