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User:Jackqu7

2010-04-11T14:40:13Z

Jackqu7: ←Blanked the page

Vast right-wing conspiracy

2006-06-03T16:07:41Z

Jackqu7: /* Current Usage */

"'''Vast Right-Wing Conspiracy'''" was a phrase used by [[Hillary Clinton]] in [[1998]] during an interview on [[NBC]]'s ''[[The Today Show]]'' to characterize the perceived collaboration of her husband's political enemies in a [[conspiracy theory]]. Clinton alleged that the scandals which had plagued her husband's presidency—specifically to the [[Monica Lewinsky scandal]], which had just surfaced, but also the [[1996 U.S. campaign finance scandal|campaign finance scandal]], [[Travelgate]] and [[Whitewater scandal|Whitewater]] scandals—had been fabricated for political gain.

==Current Usage==

[[Kenneth Starr]]'s investigation eventually determined that the allegations about [[Monica Lewinsky]] were not fabrications of a "vast right-wing conspiracy"; rather, they were true, discrediting both Bill and Hillary Clinton in the process.

At that point, conservative pundits began using the phrase in jest, as a way of lampooning Mrs. Clinton's attempt to deflect blame from the president. Liberal pundits largely stopped using the phrase because it was a reminder of the same.

In 2004, conservative lawyer Mark W. Smith wrote ''The Vast Right-Wing Conspiracy Handbook'', which came with a "membership card" that made its owner an "official member of the VRWC." A number of entrepreneurs are selling VRWC merchandise. [http://froogle.google.com/froogle?q=member+%22vast+right+wing+conspiracy%22&hl=en&btnG=Search]

==Background==

Allegations that [[Bill Clinton]] had an affair with White House intern [[Monica Lewinsky]] first made national headlines on [[January 21]], [[1998]], when the story was picked up by the ''[[Washington Post]]''. Despite swift denials from President Clinton, the clamor for answers grew louder. On [[January 27]], [[1998]], Hillary Clinton appeared on ''The Today Show'', in an interview with [[Matt Lauer]]:

:'''Matt Lauer''': "You have said, I understand, to some close friends, that this is the last great battle, and that one side or the other is going down here."

:'''Hillary Clinton''': "Well, I don't know if I've been that dramatic. That would sound like a good line from a movie. But I do believe that this is a battle. I mean, look at the very people who are involved in this—they have popped up in other settings. This is—the great story here for anybody willing to find it and write about it and explain it is this '''vast right-wing conspiracy''' that has been conspiring against my husband since the day he announced for president."

Clinton allies identify billionaire [[Richard Mellon Scaife]] as a key financier of this "conspiracy." The First Lady's allegations of a conspiracy were denied by independent counsel [[Kenneth Starr]], the target of much of Hillary Clinton's criticism. It was also derided by many conservatives who claimed they found the idea of an actual conspiracy to be laughable. They claimed vindication when President Clinton ultimately admitted to having an "improper physical relationship" with Lewinsky.

[[David Brock]], a conservative turned liberal [[pundit (politics)|pundit]], has said that there was, in fact, an effort to dredge up scandals against Clinton, which he had been party to; this was documented in his book, ''[[Blinded by the Right|Blinded by the Right: The Conscience of an Ex-Conservative]]''' it was called the [[Arkansas Project]]. He commented in an interview on ''[[The Daily Show]]'' that Hillary Clinton was essentially correct but wrong in the idea that it was "vast," saying it was actually a relatively small group. [[Adam Curtis]] also discusses these concepts in his documentary series ''[[The Power of Nightmares]]''.

==External links and references==
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/hillary012898.htm Washington Post, January 28, 1998 "First Lady Launches Counterattack"]
*[http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/01/27/hillary.today/ CNN, January 27, 1998 "Hillary Clinton: 'This Is A Battle'"]
*[http://leany.com/Conspiracy/hillary_clinton_transcript.htm Transcript of Hillary Clinton interview]
*[http://www.thevrwc.org/ thevrwc.org (satirical site)]
*[http://www.mediachannel.org/ownership/front.shtml#chart/ Media Ownership Chart]
*[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0312273193 The Hunting of the President: The Ten-Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary Clinton]

[[Category:Bill Clinton]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
[[Category:Politics of the United States]]

Kurt Cobain

2006-02-02T19:59:13Z

Jackqu7: rv vandalism

[[Image:KurtCobain_EditorsOfRollingStone_Scan.jpg|266px|thumb|Kurt Cobain]]
'''Kurt Donald Cobain''' ([[February 20]], [[1967]] – [[circa|ca.]] [[April 5]], [[1994]]) was the lead singer, songwriter, and guitarist of the [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]] [[Grunge music|grunge]] band [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]. He served not only as the band's frontman, but as its "leader and spiritual center" {{ref|spiritualcenter}}. With the band's success, Cobain became a major national and international celebrity, an uncomfortable position for someone who claimed to be "ill at ease with fame and ill-equipped to handle the responsibility that accompanies success" {{ref|fame}}.

Cobain and Nirvana were highly influential, popularizing what came to be known as "[[grunge music]]". The arrival of Cobain's best known song, "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]", marked the beginning of a dramatic shift of popular music away from the dominant genres of the 1980s: [[glam metal]], arena rock, and dance-pop. The music media eventually awarded "[[Smells Like Teen Spirit]]" "anthem-of-a-generation" status {{ref|anthemgeneration}}, and, with it, Cobain ascended as the reluctant "spokesman" for [[Generation X]].

Among other well known Cobain songs are "[[Lithium (song)|Lithium]]", "[[About a Girl]]", "[[Polly (song)|Polly]]", "[[In Bloom]]", "[[Come As You Are]]", "[[Heart-Shaped Box]]", "[[All Apologies]]", and the controversial "[[Rape Me]]".

==Early life==
Cobain was born to Don and Wendy Cobain in the Grays Harbor Community Hospital in Aberdeen, Washington, and spent his first six months living in Hoquiam, Washington before the family moved to Aberdeen. By most accounts, his early life was happy, and he lived as a part of the typical American family, which grew to include sister Kimberly in April of [[1970]].

He began developing an interest in music early in his life. According to Kurt's Aunt Mari, "He was singing from the time he was two. He would sing Beatles songs like, 'Hey Jude.' He would do anything. You could just say, 'Hey Kurt, sing this!' and he would sing it. He had a lot of charisma from a very young age." {{ref|singing}}

Around the age of seven, he began to idolize stuntman [[Evel Knievel]]. Hoping to someday become a stuntman himself, a young Cobain could often be seen diving from the rooftop of his house onto a bed of pillows and blankets below. During this time, he was prescribed [[Methylphenidate|Ritalin]] for [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD); years later, his wife [[Courtney Love]] blamed Ritalin for his addiction to [[heroin]].

Cobain's life was turned upside down at the age of eight when his parents [[divorce]]d in 1975, an event which he later cited as having a profound impact on his life. His mother noted that his personality changed dramatically, with Cobain becoming more withdrawn. In a [[1993]] interview, Kurt noted, "I remember feeling ashamed, for some reason. I was ashamed of my parents. I couldn't face some of my friends at school anymore, because I desperately wanted to have the classic, you know, typical family. Mother, father. I wanted that security, so I resented my parents for quite a few years because of that." {{ref|parents}} After a year spent living with his mother following the divorce, Cobain moved to [[Montesano, Washington]] to live with his father, but after a few years his youthful rebellion became too overwhelming, and Cobain found himself being shuffled between friends and family.

At school, Cobain took little interest in sports or most academics, focusing only on his [[art]] courses. He was friends with a [[Homosexuality|gay]] student at his school, sometimes suffering [[bullying]] at the hands of [[homophobia|homophobic]] students. That friendship, along with his small stature, led some to believe that he himself was gay. Although he once claimed in an interview with ''[[The Advocate]]'' that he was arrested for spray-painting a pro-gay slogan on a bank, Aberdeen police records show that the phrase he was arrested for in [[1986]] was actually "Ain't got no how watchamacallit." {{ref|graffiti}}


In a February [[1992]] interview with ''The Advocate'', Cobain admitted that he thought he was gay while in high school and stated, "I could be [[bisexuality|bisexual]]. If I wouldn't have found Courtney, I probably would have carried on with a bisexual lifestyle." When Nirvana appeared on [[Saturday Night Live]] in January of [[1992]], Cobain and Nirvana bassist [[Krist Novoselic]] jokingly "made out" during the cast and crew farewells as the credits rolled. (Cobain and Novoselic bobbed their heads back and forth wildly as if in rapture; Novoselic and [[Dave Grohl]] subsequently repeated the gesture.) The segment was cut from the show on further airings, replaced by the closing credits from the rehearsal taping, and never aired again.

As a teenager with a chaotic home life growing up in small town [[Washington (state)|Washington]], Cobain eventually found escape through the thriving [[Pacific Northwest]] punk scene, going to [[punk rock]] shows in Seattle. Cobain formed a lifelong friendship with fellow Montesano musicians [[The Melvins]], whose music later heavily influenced Nirvana's sound. Cobain had a small "K" inside a shield [[tattoo]]ed on his forearm, the insignia of [[Olympia, Washington]], label [[K Records]], largely chosen for the coincidental ellipsis of his name.

In his youth, Cobain spent much time reading in the local library, discovering such [[literature|literary]] figures as [[S.E. Hinton]] and [[William S. Burroughs]], whose [[cut-up technique]] Cobain occasionally utilized to write lyrics for some of Nirvana's songs. Cobain eventually had the opportunity to record with Burroughs a spoken word with guitar improvisation piece called ''The Priest They Called Him'', whose words were originally one of Burroughs' short stories from ''The Exterminator''. Other literary works which impacted Cobain's [[philosophy]] included the ''[[SCUM Manifesto]]'' by [[Valerie Solanas]], ''[[The Dharma Bums]]'' by [[Jack Kerouac]], and ''[[Perfume (book)|Perfume]]'' by [[Patrick Süskind]], as well as works by [[Samuel Beckett]], [[Charles Bukowski]], [[Jon Savage]] and [[Camille Paglia]].

Two weeks before his graduation, Cobain dropped out of high school after realizing that he did not have enough credits to graduate. His mother gave him an ultimatum: either get a job or leave. After a week or so, Cobain found his clothes and other belongings packed away in boxes. Forced out of his mother's home, Cobain often stayed at friends' houses and snuck into his mother's basement every now and then. Cobain later claimed that when he could not find anywhere else to stay, he lived under a bridge over the [[Wishkah River]] (at Young Street), an experience that inspired the ''Nevermind'' track "[[Something In The Way]]". (In the June [[2005]] issue of [[Guitar World]], Novoselic claimed that Cobain never really lived there, saying, "He hung out there, but you couldn't live on those muddy banks, with the tides coming up and down. That was his own revisionism.")

==Nirvana==
Cobain received his first guitar from his uncle at age 14, choosing it over a bicycle. From there, he tried to form bands with friends, generally noodling on songs by [[AC/DC]] and [[Led Zeppelin]]. When he moved back in with his mother in high school, he found himself without anyone to jam with, as none of his friends had any musical talent. Later in high school, Cobain met Novoselic, a fellow devotee of [[punk rock]]. A few years later, Cobain tried to convince Novoselic to form a band with him by lending him a copy of a home demo recorded by Cobain's earlier band, [[Fecal Matter]]. After months of prodding, Novoselic finally agreed to join Cobain, forming the beginnings of Nirvana.

For the first few years of Nirvana, Novoselic and Cobain found themselves host to a rotating list of drummers. Eventually, the band settled on [[Chad Channing]], with whom the band recorded the album ''[[Bleach (album)|Bleach]]'', released on [[Sub Pop|Sub Pop Records]] in 1989. Cobain, however, became dissatisfied with Channing's style, eventually leading the band to [[Dave Grohl]]. With Grohl, the band found their greatest success via their [[1991]] major-label debut, ''[[Nevermind]]''.

Cobain struggled to reconcile the massive success of Nirvana with his [[underground rock|underground]] roots. He also felt persecuted by the [[news media|media]], comparing himself to [[Frances Farmer]], and harbored resentment for people who claimed to be fans of the band but who completely missed the point of the band's message. One incident particularly distressing to Cobain involved two men who [[rape]]d a woman while singing the Nirvana song "[[Polly (song)|Polly]]". Cobain condemned the episode in the [[liner notes]] of the US release of the album ''[[Incesticide]]'': "Last year, a girl was raped by two wastes of [[sperm]] and [[ovum|eggs]] while they sang the lyrics to our song '[[Polly (song)|Polly]].' I have a hard time carrying on knowing there are [[plankton]] like that in our audience. Sorry to be so [[anal retentive|anally]] [[Political correctness|P.C.]] but that's the way I feel."

==Marriage==
[[Image:Cobain_Love_Wedding.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Cobain and Love are married in Hawaii]]
Cobain first encountered [[Courtney Love]] at a concert in 1989. More than a year later, after learning from Grohl that she and Cobain shared mutual crushes, Love began pursuing Cobain. After a few weeks of on-again, off-again courtship, the two found themselves together on a regular basis, often bonding through drug use.

Around the time of Nirvana's 1992 performance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', Love discovered that she was [[pregnant]] with Cobain's child. A few days after the conclusion of Nirvana's [[Australia]]n tour, on Monday, [[February 24]], [[1992]], Cobain married Love on [[Waikiki Beach]], [[Hawaii]]. On [[August 18]], the couple's daughter, [[Frances Bean Cobain]], was born. The unusual middle name was given to her because Cobain thought she looked like a [[bean]] on the first [[Medical ultrasonography|sonogram]] he saw of her. Her namesake is Frances McKee of [[The Vaselines]], of whom Cobain was a big fan.

Love was somewhat unpopular with Nirvana fans. Her harshest critics cited Cobain's total devotion to her, combined with what they saw as her domineering personality and inferior musical talent, as evidence that she was merely using him as a vehicle to make herself famous; critics who compared Cobain to [[John Lennon]] were also fond of comparing Love to [[Yoko Ono]]. Rumors persist to this day that Cobain wrote most of the songs on Hole's breakthrough album ''[[Live Through This]]''. However, except for a rough mix of "Asking for It" that contains Cobain singing backing vocals, there is no [[evidence]] to prove the assertion.

At the same time, at least one Hole song was written by Cobain but credited to Hole. The song "[[Old Age]]" appeared as a [[B-side]] on the 1993 single for ''Beautiful Son''. Initially, there was no reason to believe it was anything other than a Hole-penned song. However, in 1998, a [[boombox]] recording of the song performed by Nirvana was surfaced by Seattle newspaper ''[[The Stranger]]''. Eventually, Novoselic confirmed that the recording was made in 1991 and that "Old Age" was a Nirvana song, leading to more speculation about Cobain's involvement in Hole's catalog. Nirvana had even attempted to record "Old Age" during the sessions for ''Nevermind'', but it was left incomplete as Cobain had yet to finish the lyrics and the band had run out of studio time. (The incomplete recording appeared on the 2004 compilation ''[[With the Lights Out]]''.)

In a 1992 article in ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', Love admitted to using heroin while (unknowingly) pregnant, an admission that seriously damaged her public standing. While Cobain and Love's romance had been something of a media attraction before the article was published, they found themselves constantly hounded by [[tabloid]] reporters, many wanting to know if Frances was addicted to drugs at birth. The notoriety of the article even resulted in [[Child welfare|child welfare services]] launching an investigation into the couple's fitness as parents. The investigation was eventually dismissed, but not without a significant amount of legal wrangling. Love, along with Cobain, claimed that ''Vanity Fair'' took her words out of context.

==Musical influences==
{| align="right"
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|[[Media:ComeAsYouAre.ogg|"Come As You Are"]]
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|[[Media:SmellsLikeTeenSpirit.ogg|"Smells Like Teen Spirit"]]
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|[[Media:Dumb.ogg|"Dumb"]]
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Cobain was a devoted champion of early [[alternative rock]] acts. He would often make reference to his favorite bands in interviews, often placing a greater importance on the bands that influenced him than on his own music. Interviews with Cobain were often littered with references to obscure performers like [[The Vaselines]], [[The Melvins]], [[Daniel Johnston]], [[Meat Puppets|The Meat Puppets]], [[Pixies|The Pixies]], [[Young Marble Giants]], [[Wipers|The Wipers]], and [[The Raincoats]]. Cobain was eventually able to convince Nirvana's record company, [[Geffen Records]], to reissue albums by The Raincoats and The Vaselines.
[[Image:Kurdt116.jpg|232px|thumb|left|Kurt performing with [[Nirvana_(band)|Nirvana]] at the ''[[MTV]] [[MTV Unplugged|Unplugged]]'' taping in 1993.]]

Cobain also made efforts to include his favorite performers in his musical endeavors. In [[1993]], when he decided that he wanted a second guitarist to help him on stage, he recruited [[Pat Smear]] of the legendary [[Los Angeles, California|L.A.]] punk band [[The Germs]]. When rehearsals of three Meat Puppets covers for Nirvana's 1993 performance for [[MTV Unplugged in New York|MTV Unplugged]] went awry, Cobain placed a call to the two lead members of the band, [[Curt Kirkwood|Curt]] and [[Cris Kirkwood]], who ended up joining the band on stage to perform the songs.

Where [[Sonic Youth]] had served to help Nirvana gain wider success, Nirvana attempted to help other [[indie (music)|indie]] acts attain success. The band submitted the song "Oh, the Guilt" to a split single with [[Chicago]]'s [[The Jesus Lizard]], helping Nirvana's indie credibility while opening The Jesus Lizard to a wider audience.

One of Cobain's earliest and most important musical influences was none other than [[The Beatles]]; Cobain expressed a particular fondness for John Lennon, whom he called his "idol" in his [[Journals (Cobain)|journals]], and even admitted that the song "[[About a Girl]]" was essentially his attempt at writing a Beatles song. He also found himself heavily influenced by punk rock, and often credited bands such as [[Black Flag_(band)|Black Flag]] and the [[Sex Pistols]] for his artistic style and attitude.

"All the hype the Sex Pistols had was totally deserved. They deserved everything they got. [[John Lydon|Johnny Rotten]] was the one I identified with — he was the sensitive one. ''[[Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols|Never Mind the Bollocks]]'' has the best production of any rock record I have ever heard. It’s totally in-your-face and compressed." —(''[[Vox Magazine]]'', September 1992)

Even with all of Cobain's indie influences, Nirvana's early style was clearly influenced by the major rock bands of the [[1970s|70s]], including [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Black Sabbath]], and [[KISS (band)|KISS]]. In its early days, Nirvana made regular habit of playing cover songs by those bands, including Led Zeppelin's "[[Immigrant Song]]" and "[[Dazed and Confused]]", and a studio recording of KISS' "Do You Love Me?"

There were also earlier influences: Nirvana's MTV Unplugged concert ended with a haunting version of [[Leadbelly]]'s "[[Where Did You Sleep Last Night]]"; while critic [[Greil Marcus]] suggested that Cobain's "[[Polly (song)|Polly]]" was a descendent of "Pretty Polly", a murder ballad that might have been a century old when [[Dock Boggs]] recorded it in [[1927]].

==Addiction and death==

Throughout most of his life, Cobain battled depression, chronic [[bronchitis]], and intense physical pain due to a chronic stomach condition. The latter wreaked an especially debilitating toll on his emotional welfare, and he spent years trying to find its source. However, none of the doctors he consulted were able to pinpoint the specific cause, guessing that it was either a result of Cobain's childhood [[scoliosis]] or related to the stresses of performing. Feeling that he had been let down by medical science, Cobain opted to self-medicate with heroin.

Cobain had his first taste of the drug sometime late in [[1990]]. For months, Cobain used the drug casually, but it did not take long for his use to become a full-fledged addiction. Toward the end of 1991, his use began affecting the band's support of ''Nevermind'', with Cobain [[unconsciousness|passing out]] during photo shoots. On the band's 1992 performance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', Cobain's eyes appeared to be sunken into his head, a possible sign that he had shot up earlier in the evening.

Cobain's heroin addiction increased further as the years progressed. Cobain made his first attempt at [[rehab]] in early [[1992]], not long after he and Love discovered they were going to become parents. Immediately after leaving rehab, Nirvana embarked on their Australian tour, with Cobain appearing pale and gaunt while suffering through withdrawals. Not long after returning home, Cobain's addiction resurfaced.

Prior to a performance at the New Music Seminar in [[New York, New York|New York City]] in July of 1993, Cobain suffered a heroin overdose. Rather than calling for an ambulance, Love injected Cobain with illegally acquired [[naloxone|Narcan]] to bring him out of his unconscious state. Cobain proceeded to perform with Nirvana on what later was recognized as one of their more memorable performances. The public was given no hint that anything out of the ordinary had taken place.

On [[March 6]], [[1994]], in [[Rome]], Cobain [[drug overdose|overdosed]] on a combination of [[champagne (beverage)|champagne]] and [[flunitrazepam|Rohypnol]], which Love later insisted publicly was Cobain's first suicide attempt. Cobain returned home, and soon faced his friends and family at an [[intervention (counseling)|intervention]] over his continuing heroin addiction. Given everything that had happened, Cobain agreed to check into rehab.

A few days after arriving at rehab in [[California]], Cobain told the nurses that he was going out for a smoke. After finishing it, he jumped over the facility's six-foot wall (although the patients in the rehab could leave freely at any time), caught the next flight back to Seattle, and dropped off the radar. In the ensuing days, he hung out occasionally with longtime friend [[Dylan Carlson]], and once bumped into friend and famed Seattle photographer [[Charles Peterson]]. However, most of his friends and family were unaware of his whereabouts, eventually pushing Love to file a missing person report under Cobain's mother's name without her permission. She added in the file that Cobain was suicidal and was in possession of a shotgun. The next day, she hired a private investigator, Tom Grant, to find him.
[[Image:Cobainnote.jpg|160px|thumb|left|The alleged suicide note.]]

On [[April 8]], [[1994]], Cobain's body was discovered in the spare room above the garage (referred to as "the greenhouse") at his [[Lake Washington]] home by Veca Electric employee Gary Smith. Smith arrived at the house that morning to install security lighting and saw the body lying inside. Apart from a minor amount of blood coming out of Cobain's ear, Smith reported seeing no visible signs of [[trauma]], and initially believed that Cobain was asleep. Smith found what he thought might be a [[suicide note]] with a pen stuck through it beneath an overturned flowerpot. A shotgun, purchased for Cobain by Dylan Carlson, was found at Cobain's side. An [[autopsy]] report later concluded Cobain's death as a result of a "self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head." The report estimates Cobain to have died on [[April 5]] [[1994]].

In the alleged suicide note, ostensibly written to Cobain's imaginary childhood friend "Boddah", Cobain quoted a lyric from [[Neil Young]]'s song "My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)": "It's better to burn out than to fade away." Cobain's use of the lyric had a profound impact on Young, who recorded portions of his 1994 album ''[[Sleeps with Angels]]'' in Cobain's memory.

Cobain was [[cremation|cremated]], with one third of his ashes scattered in a [[Buddhist]] temple in Ithaca, [[New York]], another third in the [[Wishkah River]], and the rest left in Love's possession.

==Suicide dispute==
Cobain is legally recognized to have committed suicide. However, unanswered questions within the [[Seattle Police Department]]'s report have led to a perception that Cobain may have been [[murder]]ed.

The first to publicly object to the report of suicide was Seattle public access host Richard Lee. The day that Cobain's body was discovered, Lee climbed a tree outside Cobain's garage with a camcorder and filmed the area around Cobain's body. A week later, Lee aired the first episode of an ongoing documentary covering Cobain's death, insisting that Cobain was murdered. The series continued for several years.

In addition, Tom Grant, the private investigator employed by Love after Cobain's disappearance from rehab, adamantly believes that Cobain's death was a homicide. Grant was still under Love's employ when Cobain's body was found. Grant cites the official [[toxicology]] report, which claims that Cobain's heroin level was extraordinarily high at the time of his death ("a minimum injection of 225 mgs" [http://www.cobaincase.com/index2.html]), as the key piece of evidence for murder. Grant argues that Cobain could not have injected himself, rolled down his sleeves, put his needle and spoon away, and still have been able to pull the trigger with such a dose. (Grant does not believe that Cobain was killed by the heroin dose, however. He suggests that it was used to incapacitate Cobain before the final shotgun blast was administered by the perpetrator.)

Grant also believes that the apparent suicide note was actually a letter announcing his intent to leave Courtney Love, Seattle, and the music business. Grant and a number of [[handwriting]] experts point out that the final lines of the note that most sound like a suicide note are written in a style that is jarringly different from the rest of the letter. In addition, Grant suggests that if the shotgun that Cobain used were positioned to match the findings of the autopsy report, his arm would have been too short for him to reach the trigger. Cobain would have had to fire the weapon with his toe, yet he was found with both shoes still in place. Many, however, see Grant as an opportunist, noting that he sold "kits" about the alleged [[conspiracy]] via his website.
[[Image:Kurt_courtney.jpg||right|220px|thumb|Kurt's equivocal cause of death is the subject of [[Nick Broomfield]]'s documentary, ''[[Kurt & Courtney]]''.]]

Filmmaker [[Nick Broomfield]] decided to investigate the story for himself, and took a film crew to visit a number of people associated with Cobain and Love, including Love's father, Cobain's aunt, and one of the couple's former nannies. Most notably, Broomfield spoke to [[The Mentors|Mentors]] bandleader [[Eldon Hoke|El Duce]], who claimed that Courtney had offered him $50,000 to kill Cobain, and passed a [[polygraph]] administered by well-regarded polygraph expert Dr. Edward Gelb. Broomfield inadvertently captured El Duce's last interview, as he died days later. Broomfield titled the finished documentary ''[[Kurt & Courtney]]'', and it was released in [[1998]]. In the end, however, Broomfield felt he hadn't uncovered enough evidence to conclude the existence of a conspiracy.

Journalists Ian Halperin and Max Wallace took a similar path and attempted to investigate the conspiracy for themselves. Their initial work, the [[1999]] book ''Who Killed Kurt Cobain?'' drew a similar conclusion to Broomfield's film: while there wasn't enough evidence to prove a conspiracy, there was more than enough to demand that the case be reopened. A notable element of the book included their discussions with Grant, who had taped nearly every conversation that he had undertaken while he was in Love's employ. On their insistence, Grant played some of the tapes for the journalists to prove his claims. Over the next couple of years, Halperin and Wallace collaborated with Grant to write a second book, [[2004]]'s ''Love and Death: The Murder of Kurt Cobain'', in which they claim to prove conclusively that Cobain was murdered.

Further questions are raised by Cobain's initial "suicide attempt" in [[Rome]] which involved an overdose of Rohypnol and champagne. On [[March 5th]], [[1994]], the day before his overdose, Love discussed her recreational use of Rohypnol in an interview with ''[[Select Magazine]]'' 's Andrew Harrison: "I know [Rohypnol] is a controlled substance. I got it from my doctor. It’s like [[Valium]]. You know, fuck that [[Prozac]] stuff. I’m not a depressive, I tried it for like five or six days, and by the sixth day I started seeing tracers," a statement prompted by Andrew Harrison's observation of a box of Rohypnol on Love's nightstand. In a two page article on Kurt's overdose in ''[[Melody Maker]]'''s [[March 12th]], [[1994]] edition, music journalist Everett True reported that in an interview with Love she had given just prior to her flying to Rome to meet Cobain, she had said: "...I take those [[dihydrocodeine]]s I get over here in [[London]], with Rohypnol and champagne." While circumstantial, some advocating the murder theory have concluded from Rohypnol's easy concealability (it's tasteless when dissolved in an alcoholic beverage, making it a common [[date rape]] drug) and Love's past abuse of the drug that Cobain's overdose was the result of a deliberate drugging by Love rather than a failed suicide attempt.

Advocates of the official verdict of death by self-inflicted gunshot wound cite Cobain's persistent drug addiction, clinical depression, and handwritten suicide note as conclusive proof. It is also notable that [[Dave_Grohl|Grohl]] and [[Krist_Novoselic|Novoselic]] have remained silent in the matter.

More recently, while being interviewed for her role on [[Gus Van Sant]]'s ''[[Last Days (film)|Last Days]]'' (a film inspired by Cobain's final days alive), [[Sonic Youth]]'s [[Kim Gordon]] was interviewed by ''[[UNCUT (magazine)|UNCUT]]'' magazine regarding the circumstances surrounding Cobain's death. Asked for a possible motive for Cobain's suicide, Gordon answered, "I don't even know that he killed himself. There are people close to him who don't think that he did..." Asked if she thought someone else had killed him, Gordon answered, "I do, yes." This makes Gordon one of few among Cobain's friends to declare, on the record, that they believe that Cobain was murdered {{ref|uncut}}.

==After Cobain's death==
Writer [[Charles R. Cross]] published a [[biography]] of Cobain titled ''[[Heavier Than Heaven]]'' in [[2001]]. For the book, Cross attempted to contact as many of Cobain's friends and family as possible, and received a significant amount of input from Love. (Notably, neither Dave Grohl nor Cobain's mother contributed to the book.) As such, the book is possibly the most detailed account of Cobain's life on record, and is arguably the "definitive" Cobain biography.

However, many criticized Cross for including anything and everything related to Cobain, including details that, unbeknownst to him, were factually inaccurate. For example, Cross cited "On the Mountain" conclusively as the first working title for "[[You Know You're Right]]". In reality, "On the Mountain" was the result of an effort by fans in [[1995]] to decipher Grohl's introduction to the song on a 1993 live recording. (When a clearer version of the recording surfaced some months later, it became clear that Grohl introduced the song as "All Apologies", since "You Know You're Right" wasn't on the written setlist that night.) Cross was also heavily criticized for including an "artist's rendering" of Cobain's final days. Cross claimed in interviews that he felt he had learned enough about Cobain to reasonably guess his state of mind in the last week of his life. Many felt that the inclusion of fiction in what was supposed to be a [[non-fiction]] book was an insult to Cobain's memory.

Cobain wrote in a [[Diary|journal]] often, leaving 22 notebooks filled with his writing when he died. In November [[2002]], a sampling of these writings was published as ''Journals''. The book is 280 pages with a simple black cover; the pages are arranged somewhat chronologically (although Cobain generally did not date them). The journal pages are reproduced in color, and there is a section added at the back that has explanations and transcripts of some of the less legible pages. The writings begin in the late 1980s, around the time the band started, and end in [[1994]]. A paperback version of the book, released in [[2003]], included a handful of writings that were not offered in the initial release.

In the journals, Cobain talked about the ups and downs of life on the road, made lists of what music he was enjoying, and often scribbed down lyric ideas for future reference. Upon its release, fans were conflicted about the collection. They were elated to be able to learn more about the man and read his inner thoughts in his own words, but were disturbed by what seemed to some to be an [[invasion of privacy|invasion of his privacy]].

In 2005, a sign was put up in Aberdeen, Washington that read "Welcome to Aberdeen - Come As You Are" as a tribute to Cobain. The sign was paid for and created by the Kurt Cobain Memorial Committee, a [[non-profit organization]] created in May 2004 to honor Cobain. The Committee also planned to create a Kurt Cobain Memorial Park and a youth center in Aberdeen.

The mythic nature of Cobain's life even captured the eyes of Hollywood. Gus Van Sant based his 2005 movie ''Last Days'' on what might have happened in the final hours of Cobain's life.

Years after his passing, Cobain continues to intrigue and inspire fans. A full eight years after his death, Nirvana's final studio recording, "You Know You're Right", topped playlists worldwide, bringing a new generation of Nirvana fans. ''Nevermind'' remains a watershed in alternative music, and consistently tops "best album" lists throughout the world. Many feel that Cobain's contributions to music history have permanently changed the landscape of popular music, marking him as one of the most influential songwriters in rock music history — even if that was never his intention.

==See also==
*[[List of musical equipment used by Kurt Cobain]]
*[[List of famous opiate addicts]]
*[[List of drug-related deaths]]
*[[List of people believed to have been affected by bipolar disorder]]
*[[Tobi Vail]]
*[[Fender Jag-Stang]]

==References==
<div style="font-size: 90%">
*{{note|gay}}Allman, Kevin. "[http://www.nirvana-music.com/kurt-cobain-advocate-interview.html The Dark Side of Kurt Cobain]". ''[[The Advocate]]''. February 1992.
*Azerrad, Michael. ''Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana''. Doubleday, 1993. ISBN 0385471998
*{{note|graffiti}}Cross, Charles. ''Heavier Than Heaven: A Biography of Kurt Cobain''. Hyperion, 2001. ISBN 0786884029
*{{note|singing}}Gaar, Gillian. "Verse Chorus Verse: The Recording History of Nirvana". ''[[Goldmine Magazine]]''. February 14, 1997.
*{{note|parents}}Savage, Jon. "Kurt Cobain: The Lost Interview". ''[[Guitar World]]''. 1997.
*Summers, Kim. "[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Blhud6j6h71q0 Kurt Cobain]". ''[[All Music Guide]]''. Accessed on [[May 9]] [[2005]].
*Garofalo, Reebee. ''Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA''. Allyn & Bacon, 1997. ISBN 0205137032
**{{note|anthemgeneration}}p. 447
**{{note|spiritualcenter}}p. 448
**{{note|fame}}p. 448
*{{note|grant}}Grant, Tom. "[http://www.cobaincase.com/index2.html The Kurt Cobain Murder Investigation]". ''Cobaincase.com''. Accessed on [[June 17]] [[2005]].
*{{note|jfk}}";[http://www.justiceforkurt.com/investigation/faqs.shtml Frequently Asked Questions]". ''Justice For Kurt Cobain''. Accessed on [[June 17]] [[2005]].
*{{note|uncut}}Dalton, Stephen. "[http://www.beautifullyscarred.net/article44.htm Suicide Blond]". Uncut Magazine August 2005. ''Beautifully Scarred''. Accessed on [[August 24]] [[2005]].
*Johnson, Chad. "The Best of Nirvana". Hal Leonard, 2002. ISBN 0-634-01472-2
</div>

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{imdb name|id=0001052|name=Kurt Cobain}}
* [http://www.cobainFan.com Cobain Family Picture Gallery] - A Fan Gallery site dedicated to Kurt Cobain, Courtney Love and Francis Bean Cobain.
* [http://www.cobain.com Kurt Cobain Memorial] - A web site dedicated to the life of Kurt Cobain.
* [http://www.burntout.com/ Kurt Cobain & Nirvana] - A fansite pooling a lot of articles on Kurt Cobain.
* [http://www.thrasherswheat.org/jammin/nirvana.htm Sleeps With Angels] - Neil Young's Tribute to Kurt Cobain.
* [http://www.cobaincase.com/ Kurt Cobain Murder Investigation] - A site by Private Investigator Tom Grant.
* [http://www.justiceforkurt.com/ Justice for Kurt Cobain] - Another site.
* [http://www.nirvanafanclub.com/ The Internet Nirvana Fan Club] - Unofficial fansite.
* [http://www.kurtsequipment.com/ The Kurt Cobain Equipment FAQ] - Detailed information on Kurt's guitars, amplifiers, and effects.
*[http://www.jag-stang.com/ The Jag-Stang guitar designed by Kurt Cobain] - Online source for Jag-Stangs, Jaguars and other preferred guitars of Cobain.

{{Nirvana (band)}}


[[Category:1967 births|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:1994 deaths|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:American guitarists|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:American male singers|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:American songwriters|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:Entertainers who died in their 20s|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:Firearm deaths|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:Grunge musicians|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:Guitarists|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:Irish-Americans|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:Nirvana|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:Pro-choice celebrities|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:Seattleites|Cobain, Kurt]]
[[Category:Sub Pop|Cobain, Kurt]]

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Wikipedia:Contact us/Specific fact

2006-01-25T14:47:45Z

Jackqu7: rv

[[Image:Contactus-wmcolors.png|frame|'''Contact us''']]
== Researching a particular topic? ==
* '''Search''' by typing a topic in the search box on the left. ([[Wikipedia:Searching|How does search work?]])
* Browse through '''[[Wikipedia:Browse|Wikipedia categories]]'''.
* For volunteers to help answer your question, ask at the '''[[Wikipedia:Reference desk|Reference Desk]]'''. __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__

PPTV

2006-01-24T20:16:48Z

Jackqu7: rv

'''PPLive''' is a [[Peer-to-Peer_Streaming_Systems_and_Incentive_Mechanisms|peer-to-peer streaming]] video network created in the [[People's Republic of China]]. It is part of a new generation of P2P applications, that combine P2P and IPTV, called [[P2PTV]].

=== Basic operation ===
# After a user selects a TV station from the list, which is accessed by right-clicking the PPLive icon in the [[Microsoft Windows]] system tray, the program will then connect to peers and buffer the stream. PPLive typically uses ports 8008 TCP and 4004 UDP to connect to peers.
# When the buffer is reasonably full, PPLive launches your media player, either [[RealPlayer]] or [[Windows Media Player]], pointing it to read a stream from a local port (usually 8080),
# Closing down your Media player ''will not'' end the stream. The PPLive program will remain in the background streaming data until you close it from the tray or change the channel.

=== Problems and limitations ===
PPLive will fail when there are not enough peers available. This happens quite often, even on the more popular stations.

=== Content ===
Much of the content is in [[Mandarin_(linguistics) | Mandarin]], [[Cantonese_(linguistics) | Cantonese]] or [[Korean_language | Korean]].

Some of the more notable channels usually available include [[China Central Television|CCTV]], [[Phoenix Television]], [[soccer | soccer matches]] and Hong Kong movie channels.

=== Compatibility ===
The PPLive program is installable on Asian and English language versions of Windows XP.
By default, it uses Windows Media Player and RealPlayer. The media player that is opened depends on the type of stream.

== External links ==
* [http://www.pplive.com/en/index.shtml Main Homepage]

{{China-stub}}
{{com-stub}}

Dental braces

2006-01-22T14:10:10Z

Jackqu7: rv linkspam

'''Dental braces''' (also known as '''orthodontic braces''' or '''tooth braces''') are a fixed appliance used in [[orthodontics]] to correct alignment of [[teeth]] and their position with regard to bite. Braces are often used to correct [[malocclusion]]s such as underbites, overbites, cross bites and open bites, or crooked teeth, and various other flaws of teeth and jaws, whether cosmetic or structural. They can be used on either upper or lower sets of teeth, or both, depending on the problem they are being used to treat. Orthodontic braces are often used in conjunction with other [[orthodontic appliance]]s to widen the palate or jaws, create spaces between teeth, or otherwise shape the teeth and jaws. Most orthodontic patients are children or teenagers; however, more and more adults are seeking out orthodontic treatment.

==The procedure==
The service of orthodontics may be delivered by either an orthodontist or general dentist. An orthodontist is a dentist who specializes in diagnosing and treating malocclusions, which are mis-alignments of the teeth, jaws, or both. Following dental school, an orthodontist completes 2-3 years of additional training resulting in a specialty certificate in orthodontics.

The first step is a consultation. During the consultation, the doctor will review the patient's teeth visually and speak with the patient. If treatment is recommended and the patient is willing, a records appointment will be set where [[X-ray]]s, molds, and impressions of the teeth will be taken to determine the problem and proper course of action. Treatment time can vary from six months to six years depending on the type and intricacy of problem. [[Orthognathic surgery]] may be required in extreme cases.

Teeth to be braced will have an etchant applied to the surface to help the cement stick to the surface of the tooth. A [[bracket]] will be applied with a dental grade cement, and then cured with a light until hardened completely. This process usually takes only a few seconds per tooth. If required, [[orthodontic spacer]]s may be inserted between the [[molar tooth|molar]]s to make room for [[molar band]]s to be placed at a later date. Molar bands are required to ensure brackets will stick. Bands are also utlized when [[dental fillings]] or other dental work make securing a bracket to a tooth unfeasible.

[[Image:Dental_braces.jpg|thumb|left|Dental braces, with a powerchain, removed after completion of treatment.]]

An [[archwire]] will be threaded between the brackets and affixed with elastic [[Ligature (orthodontics)|ligatures]]. Archwires in the past had to be bent, shaped, and tightened frequently to achieve the desired results. Modern orthodontics makes use of nickel-titanium archwires and temperature-sensitive materials. When cold, the archwire is limp and flexible, easily threaded between brackets of any configuration. Once heated to body temperature, the archwire will stiffen and seek to retain its shape, creating constant light force on the teeth.

[[Rubber band|Elastic]]s are used to close open bites, shift the [[midline]], or create a stronger force to pull teeth or jaws in the desired direction. Brackets with hooks built in can be placed, or hooks can be created and affixed to the archwire to affix the elastic to. The placement and configuration of the elastics will depend on the course of treatment and the individual patient. Elastics come in different diameters, sizes, and strengths.

In many cases there is not enough space in the mouth for all the teeth to fit properly. There are two main procedures done to make room in these cases. One is extraction: teeth are removed to create more space. The second is expansion: the palate or arch is made larger by using an [[orthodontic expander|expander]]. Expanders can be used with both children and adults. However, since the bones of adults are already fused, expanding the palate is not possible without surgery to unfuse them. An expander can still be used on an adult without surgery, but to expand the arch, and not the palate.

==How braces work==
Teeth move through the use of constant, light force. The constant force applied by the archwire pushes the tooth in a particular direction. Force on the bone in the jaw will cause the bone to break down in the direction the force is being applied. [[Osteoclast]]s will be produced by the body which break down bone and allow the tooth to slide into the space where the bone once was. Once the tooth is moved into the correct position, over time [[osteoblast]]s will be produced by the body to re-form bone behind the tooth, securing it in place. The process to break down bone takes about three days. The process to rebuild bone can take up to three months. Braces are required to be worn continually until new bone has formed to secure teeth after movement.

==History==
Historians claim that two different men deserve the title of being called "the Father of Orthodontics." One man was Norman W. Kingsley, a dentist, writer, artist, and sculptor, who wrote his "Treatise on Oral Deformities" in 1880. What Kingsley wrote influenced the new dental science greatly. The second man who deserves credit was a dentist named J. N. Farrar, who wrote two volumes entitled "A treatise on the Irregularities of the teeth and their corrections". Farrar was very good at designing brace appliances, and he was the first to suggest the use of mild force at timed intervals to move teeth.

ST. LOUIS-More than one hundred years ago, in 1900, '''Dr. Edward H. Angle''' and a dozen colleagues came together to establish dentistry's first specialty. The formation of Dr. Angle's select group marks the genesis of the organization known as the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) and the specialty today known as orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics.

==Types of braces==
[[Image:Omgggg.jpg|thumb|A man with Ceramic Braces]]
Modern orthodontists can offer many types and varieties of braces:
* Traditional braces are made of stainless steel and are the most widely used. They offer many different types of brackets, including speed (or [[self-ligating]]) and damon brackets.
* Ceramic braces offer a less visible alternative. They blend in more with the natural color of the tooth and are more visually appealing, however they are not as strong as metal and may cause treatment time to be lengthened. Ceramic brackets are also slightly larger than metal brackets and may be more difficult to get used to.
* Gold plated stainless steel braces may blend better with teeth, and some people just prefer the look of gold over the traditional silver colored braces. They're necessary for people who are allergic to nickel, which is a component of stainless steel.
* Lingual braces are fitted behind the teeth, and are not visible with casual interaction. Lingual braces can be more difficult to adjust to, since they can hinder the movement of the tongue.

For some patients [[Invisalign]] might be a viable alternative to braces. The Invisalign system uses a series of clear plastic trays to move teeth into their position over a length of time. This system is not recommended for more difficult cases, or for people whose last molars have yet to erupt.

==Post-treatment==
[[Retainer (orthodontic device)|Retainers]] are required to be worn once treatment with braces has been finalized. The orthodontist will recommend a retainer based on the patient's needs. A [[hawley retainer]] is made of metal bands that surround the teeth enclosed by a plastic plate that rests on the palate. An [[Essix retainer]] is similar to the Invisalign trays; it is a clear plastic tray that is form-fitted to the shape of the teeth and stays in place by suction. A [[bonded retainer]] is a wire that is permanently bonded to the back of the teeth (usually the lower teeth only).

==Complications and risks==
[[Plaque]] gets easily caught in the fine metalwork of braces. For this reason, it is important to maintain proper oral hygiene by brushing and flossing thoroughly when wearing braces to prevent tooth decay, decalcification or unpleasant colour changes to the teeth.

There is a small chance of an allergic reaction to the rubber in elastics or the metal in braces.

Braces can also be easily damaged. It is important to wear a [[mouthguard]] to prevent breakage when playing sports. Certain sticky or hard foods and confectionaries, [[chewing gum|gum]] and [[toffee]] for example, should be avoided because they can damage braces.

Constantly breaking braces can prolong orthodontic treatment.

==Treatment time and cost==
Typical cost of braces in the United States is about 5,000 USD, although in other countries, the price can be much lower. In [[CIS]] countries for example, the price is anywhere from 200 to 500 dollars per jaw. Typical treatment time is about two years, although it can vary from six months to six years, depending on the severity of the case, location, age, etc.

In the [[United Kingdom]] orthodontic treatment is available for free on the [[NHS]] to patients under 16.

==References in popular culture==
Like [[eyeglasses]], braces used to be seen as "geeky". However (and also like eyeglasses) that stigma is fading. For many Americans, even those without severe bite problems, braces are simply a part of growing up. Additionally, there are a growing number of adults (roughly 25% of braces patients are over 21) wearing braces to correct orthodontic issues.

[[The Simpsons]]' episode "[[Last Exit to Springfield]]" featured the memorable mantra "Dental Plan... Lisa Needs Braces" as [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] considered the fact that losing his work-based dental plan would force him to pay for [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]]'s orthodontic work.

[[Braceface]] is a cartoon where the protagonist's braces prevent her from having a normal life.

Celebrities who have been spotted wearing functional braces include [[Tom Cruise]], [[Gwen Stefani]], [[Lil Bow Wow]], [[Ashley Judd]] and [[Emma Watson]].

[[Tootie Ramsey]], a character on the long-running [[United States|U.S.]] sitcom ''[[The Facts of Life]]'', wore braces for six years.

Braces have become the subject of fetish, and fake braces are available for those who do not require treatment but enjoy the look of braces: [http://www.bracecompany.com/ Recreational Brace Company]

==External links==
*[http://www.archwired.com Archwired - A website for adults in braces]
*[http://www.braces.org American Orthodontic Association]

[[Category:Dental equipment]]

[[de:Zahnspange]]
[[pt:Aparelho ortodôntico]]

Thorpe Park

2006-01-15T13:46:05Z

Jackqu7: rv series of vandalism

:''For the Lincolnshire village see [[Thorpe Park, Lincolnshire|Thorpe Park]].''
[[Image:Thorpe Park (logo).PNG|Thorpe Park logo|right]]
[[Image:tp_colossus_small.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Colossus'' has a record-breaking 10 inversions]]
'''Thorpe Park''' is an [[amusement park]] in [[Chertsey]], [[Surrey]], [[England]] built in [[1979]] on the site of a gravel pit which was partially flooded to make a water theme park. It added its first [[rollercoaster|thrill ride]] in [[1987]], the ''Thunder River'' water ride.

==Park Guide==

Like many theme parks, Thorpe Park is split up into several distinctly themed areas.

===Lost City===

This area of the park contains the majority of the thrill rides, and is loosely themed around a pre-historic lost kingdom. Rides include the ten-inversion roller coaster Colossus, Samurai (a Mondial Topscan moved to here from [[Chessington World of Adventures|Chessington]]), Vortex (a KMG Afterburner), Quantum (a Fabbri Magic Carpet ride) and Zodiac (a Huss Enterprise). Also located here, in the red and blue pyramid-shaped building is 'X:\No Way Out'; the world's first (and only) backwards in-the-dark roller coaster courtesy of Vekoma which, rumours suggest, is due for a retheme. In [[2005]], a new ride was added to this area, Rush, an [[S&S]] Screaming Swing, which currently holds the record of being the World's Largest Swing.

===Calypso Quay===

[[Image:Nemisis inferno.jpg|thumb|right|Nemesis Inferno]]
Calypso Quay is home to Nemesis Inferno, a [[Bolliger & Mabillard|B&M]]-made inverted rollercoaster of the same style as the popular Nemesis at [[Alton Towers]]. Also in this area is the drop tower Detonator, in which riders are hoisted up a tower, with legs dangling, and 'pushed' down by [[pneumatics]]. This gives a comparable amount of airtime as simply dropping from a tower twice as tall. Also in this area is Pirates 4D; a 3D cinema with water and vibrating effects in the seats, and Ribena Rumba Rapids which was updated from Thunder River in 2002.

===Canada Creek===

Themed around a [[Canada|Canadian]] creek, this area is home to the log flume Loggers Leap. Also in the area is the train station for the railways taking visitors to Thorpe Farm. This area has been almost untouched by Tussaud's after they took over the park. In 2005, life was breathed into the small area and [[Slammer]], an [[S&S]] SkySwat, was opened at the back of X:\ No Way Out. The ride carries a wooden weapon theme where riders are supposedly used as amunition for catapulting over the walls of the Lost City during a war between the two civilisations.

===Amity Cove===

A small area of the park, Amity Cove is themed around a fishing village devastated by a tidal wave. An intricately themed area, the only ride here is Tidal Wave, on which you are carried in a 4 tonne reinforced [[Glass-reinforced_plastic|GRP]] hull to a height of 85 feet over a 3 million gallon lagoon. The boat is then dropped down a track into the lagoon with an impact force of 1.5[Gee|g], forcing 3 tonnes of water into the air. Most of this water either shoots straight up and lands back on the riders, or shoots forward in a long spray that reaches the shore where spectators can stand, meant to represent a tidal wave.
Opening in 2006, is Stealth Europe's fastest rocket Coaster.

===Ranger County===

With a vaguely American theme, this area is mostly home to rides aimed at smaller children, such as a small banana-themed swinging ship and a carousel.

===Neptune's Kingdom===

Themed around the mythical Neptune, this area is home to the water chute Depth Charge, and features a paddling pool for small children (swimming costume required).

===Octopus's Garden===

A small aquatic-themed area with several small rides for very young children.

===Thorpe Farm===

The Farm is reachable by the Canada Creek Railway (the boats were removed for construction of the new 2006 rollercoaster). Thorpe Farm features many live animals, such as sheep, pigs and horses.

==Timeline==

*Pre-1987
**A few attractions including the Cinema, Magic Mill, Waterbus services, Model World, Railway, Teacups, Nature Trails and Sunken Gardens.

*[[1987]]
**Thunder River water ride opened.
**[[Space Station Zero]] opened.

*[[1988]]
**Palladium Theatre opened.

*[[1989]]
**Canada Creek area opened.
***Loggers Leap (largest [[log flume]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]) opened.
***Rocky Express opened.

*[[1990]]
**Re-themed Space Station Zero into the Flying Fish.
**Carousel Kingdom opened.
**The Rangers Show opened.
**Drive in the country opened.

*[[1991]]
**Fantasy Reef area refurbished.
***Depth Charge opened.

*[[1992]]
**Children's area refurbished.
***Viking Rowers opened.
***Hudson River Rafters opened.

*[[1993]]
**Calgary Stampede opened.
**Virtual Reality Centre opened.
**Magic Mill closed.

*[[1994]]
**Ranger County area opened.
***Carousel opened.
***Mr. Monkey's Banana Ride opened.

*[[1995]]
**Mr Rabbit's Tropical Travels opened.
**Miss Hippo's Jungle Safari opened.
**Drive in the country closed.

*[[1996]]
**X:/ No Way Out, the world's first dark backwards roller coaster opened.

*[[1997]]
**''No new rides''

*[[1998]]
**[[The Tussauds Group]] purchase the park.
**Palladium Theatre closed.
**Ranger Show closed.
**Dare Devil Drivers opened.
**Wet Wet Wet! opened.
**Water Slides opened.

*[[1999]]
**Pirates 4D, a 4D cinema attraction starring [[Leslie Nielsen]] opened.
**Carousel Kingdom closed.
**Viking Rowers closed.

*[[2000]]
**Tidal Wave, a Shoot the Chute made by Hopkins Rides, opened becoming the tallest ride in the park, at that time.
**Dare Devil Drivers closed.
**Bumper Boats closed.
** On [[July 21]] a major fire broke out in the centre of the park.
*** This destroyed Wicked Witches Haunt which closed immediately.
*** An enterprise was drafted in as a replacement. This ride was themed to fit into the new lost city area and renamed zodiac.

*[[2001]] [[Image:Zodiac thorpe park.jpg|thumb|right|The Enterprise was renamed Zodiac]]
**Mr Rabbit's Tropical Travels closed.
**The lost city area was established, with zodiac and vortex as it's first rides.
**Thunder River closed, ready to be revamped into Ribena Rumba Rapids for the 2002 season
**The Enterprise ride which was drafted in after the fire, is renamed Zodiac.
**Detonator, Mega Drop made by Fabbri, opened in calypso quay.
**Vortex, a K.G.M Afterburner, opened, after an initial late delivery..

*[[2002]]
**Colossus, An intamin rollercoaster with a record-breaking 10 inversions, opened.
**Safiri High Dive show opened for one season.
**Thunder River re-opened as Ribena Rumba Rapids.

*[[2003]]
**Nemesis Inferno, a Bolliger and Mallibard inverted rollercoaster themed around a tropical volcano opened.
**Also Quantum, a '[[Motion platform|magic carpet]]' ride, opened.
**Eclipse, a [[ferris wheel]], opened.
**A spiderman show was performed in the arena. This continued into 2004 and was replaced in 2005 by Stuntzmania
**Calgary Stampede closed, to make way for Samurai from chessington

*[[2004]]
**Samurai, a Mondial Top Scan, moved from [[Chessington World of Adventures|Chessington]], opened.
**New Spiderman show opened.
**Flying Fish closed at the end of the season to make way for Project Stealth, a currently un-named intamin rocket coaster in 2006.

*[[2005]]
**Eclipse was removed from park and moved to Chessington, renamed Peeking Heights.
**Slammer, a S&S Skyswat opened
**Rush, the world’s biggest air-powered speed swing, opened 27 May after successful testing.

==Future developments==

*[[2006]]
**A new 205-foot tall [[Intamin]] accelerator [[roller coaster]] is to be built on the former site of Model World and the Flying Fish (Mack Powered Rollercoaster), It has recently been anounced this ride will be called Stealth. (More info at [http://stealth.thorpepark.com Thorpe Park Stealth microsite])The ride is due for completion on February 1st 2006 and will feature a racing theme similar to Rita: Queen of Speed at [[Alton Towers]]. The ride will accelerate from 0-80mph in around 2.5 seconds before heading vertically up a 205ft tall non-inverting Top-Hat, it will then crest the hill and start its descent again at 90 degrees. Following the top hat it will head over a large airtime hill before hitting the brakes. It has been described as a scaled down version of [[Kingda Ka]]. [http://www.thorpepark.com/explore/2006/new_for_2006.asp]

~Construction of "Project Stealth" was complete as of November. The ride testing begun on the 16th of December.
The official name of this ride is '''Stealth''', and was discovered on the 9th January 2006 on Thorpe Park's website.

*[[2008]]
**The park's fourth major rollercoaster is due to open. There is a little known about this ride. It is thought that it wil be in the area that is/was occupied by Loggers Leep. This is why in 2006/2007 land reclamation from the lake will begin. It is thought the ride will be on the same scale as Nemesis Inferno. No one know's what type of ride/rollercoaster it will be though there is talk of it being an woodie (an wooden rollercoaster). Though this is most likely wrong as there is not enough room in the park for one.
We will all have to wait and see as til late 2006/early 2007 when planning permission is applied for and building begins.

==See also==
*[[List of British Theme Parks]]

==External links==
* http://www.thorpepark.co.uk - Official site.

* http://www.themeparks-uk.com - Thorpe Park Guide @ TP:UK

* http://www.thorpeparkmania.co.uk - Thorpe Park Mania

* http://www.themeuk.net - Theme UK. Information on Thorpe Park and [[Chessington World Of Adventures]]

*[http://ukthemeparks.blogspot.com/ UK Theme Parks Blog.]

*[http://www.rcdb.com/qs.htm?quicksearch=thorpe+park RCDB - information on roller coasters]

* http://www.southparks.org - The southern England theme park community

* http://www.thrillfactor.org.uk - A Guide to Thorpe Park

{{Template:British theme parks}}

[[Category:Amusement parks]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in London]]
[[Category:Theme parks in the United Kingdom]]

User:Jackqu7

2006-01-15T10:52:20Z

Jackqu7:

== jackqu7 ==

Real name: Jack Saunders

Intrests:
* [[Space]]
* [[Theme Parks]] and related topics
* [[TV]] etc.

Website: http://jackqu7.be/

{{Template:TextLicenseFreeUse}}

Lost season 1

2006-01-10T18:20:16Z

Jackqu7: /* Exodus: Parts 2 and 3 */ misword airport -> aircraft

__NOTOC__
This article contains episode summaries for the first season of the [[United States|American]] [[drama]]/[[adventure]] [[television series]] '''''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'''''. The season first aired on [[September 22]], [[2004]] and concluded on [[May 25]], [[2005]].

In addition to the twenty-five episodes in season one, a special, "Lost: The Journey", was aired on [[April 27]], [[2005]] to put the mysteries of the island and the characters in perspective in the lead-up to the season finale. The original airdates ([[United States|U.S.]]) are listed here for each episode. For airdates on other networks and in other countries, see [[Airdates of Lost]].

{{spoiler}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto;"
|-
! '''#''' !! '''Title''' !! '''Flashbacks''' !! '''Original airdate'''
|-
| 1 || "[[#Pilot: Part 1|Pilot: Part 1]]" || Jack || [[September 22]], [[2004]]
|-
| 2 || "[[#Pilot: Part 2|Pilot: Part 2]]" || Charlie & Kate || [[September 29]], [[2004]]
|-
| 3 || "[[#Tabula Rasa|Tabula Rasa]]" || Kate || [[October 6]], [[2004]]
|-
| 4 || "[[#Walkabout|Walkabout]]" || Locke || [[October 13]], [[2004]]
|-
| 5 || "[[#White Rabbit|White Rabbit]]" || Jack || [[October 20]], [[2004]]
|-
| 6 || "[[#House of the Rising Sun|House of the Rising Sun]]" || Sun || [[October 27]], [[2004]]
|-
| 7 || "[[#The Moth|The Moth]]" || Charlie || [[November 3]], [[2004]]
|-
| 8 || "[[#Confidence Man|Confidence Man]]" || Sawyer || [[November 10]], [[2004]]
|-
| 9 || "[[#Solitary|Solitary]]" || Sayid || [[November 17]], [[2004]]
|-
| 10 || "[[#Raised by Another|Raised by Another]]" || Claire || [[December 1]], [[2004]]
|-
| 11 || "[[#All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues|All the Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues]]" || Jack || [[December 8]], [[2004]]
|-
| 12 || "[[#Whatever the Case May Be|Whatever the Case May Be]]" || Kate || [[January 5]], [[2005]]
|-
| 13 || "[[#Hearts and Minds|Hearts and Minds]]" || Boone || [[January 12]], [[2005]]
|-
| 14 || "[[#Special|Special]]" || Michael & Walt || [[January 19]], [[2005]]
|-
| 15 || "[[#Homecoming|Homecoming]]" || Charlie || [[February 9]], [[2005]]
|-
| 16 || "[[#Outlaws|Outlaws]]" || Sawyer || [[February 16]], [[2005]]
|-
| 17 || "[[#... In Translation|... In Translation]]" || Jin || [[February 23]], [[2005]]
|-
| 18 || "[[#Numbers|Numbers]]" || Hurley || [[March 2]], [[2005]]
|-
| 19 || "[[#Deus Ex Machina|Deus Ex Machina]]" || Locke || [[March 30]], [[2005]]
|-
| 20 || "[[#Do No Harm|Do No Harm]]" || Jack || [[April 6]], [[2005]]
|-
| – || "Lost: The Journey" || none ([[clip-show]]) || [[April 27]], [[2005]]
|-
| 21 || "[[#The Greater Good|The Greater Good]]" || Sayid || [[May 4]], [[2005]]
|-
| 22 || "[[#Born to Run|Born to Run]]" || Kate || [[May 11]], [[2005]]
|-
| 23 || "[[#Exodus: Part 1|Exodus: Part 1]]" || Various || [[May 18]], [[2005]]
|-
| 24 || "[[#Exodus: Parts 2 and 3|Exodus: Parts 2 and 3]]" || Various || [[May 25]], [[2005]]
|}

==Pilot: Part 1==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[September 22]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard]]
*Teleplay by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]] & [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Story by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]], [[Jeffrey Lieber]] and [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Directed by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]]

The premise for the series is set forth in an indirect and incomplete manner, which has become the defining style of the series. The 14 principals are briefly introduced.

A close-up of an opening eye shows the [[pupil]] contracting. The tops of trees in a bamboo grove are seen through the eyes of a man (who is later identified as [[Jack Shephard]] ([[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]])) lying on his back in the jungle. A Golden Labrador Retriever dog trots past through the trees. Obviously confused to how he arrived there, the man gazes about at the idyllic surroundings when his memories rush back to him. With great effort, he sits upright, revealing blood on his shirt. He bolts upright and runs pell-mell through the jungle, emerging at a beach strewn with the wreckage of a [[jet airliner]] and almost 50 confused survivors of the crash. It is later revealed that the plane was torn apart in mid-air while travelling from New South Wales, [[Australia]] to California, [[United States]]. The fuselage of the jet is still burning and one of the engines is still in operation, though its speed waxes and wanes due to no apparent cause.

On the beach, Jack moves quickly among the survivors attempting to administer medical aid, identifying himself as a [[medical doctor]]. With the help of other survivors, he pulls a man with a severed leg from underneath the fuselage. When he notices a pregnant woman (whom we later meet as [[Claire Littleton|Claire]] ([[Emilie de Ravin]])) complaining of possible [[childbirth|labor pains]], he directs a nearby survivor (whom we later meet as [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes|Hurley]] ([[Jorge Garcia]])) to help her. Chaos continues as the fuselage continues to burn and disintegrate. A male survivor is sucked into the jet engine, which explodes, sending debris raining on the beach. Jack administers [[CPR]] to a woman (later identified as [[Characters of Lost#Rose|Rose]]) unconscious on the beach. In a later flashback, it is revealed that Jack was seated across the aisle from the woman on the plane and was conversing with her at the moment that plane lost cabin pressure. She had been accompanied by her husband, who had left his seat to go the lavatory. Jack had told her that he would fill in for her husband and stay by her side until her husband came back.

After administering aid to the other survivors, Jack takes a sewing kit from a suitcase and slips off into the jungle to examine the wound on his left side. He sees a young woman (who later identifies herself to the unconscious man as [[Kate Austin|Kate]] ([[Evangeline Lilly]])) standing nearby and drafts her to sew up his wound, calming her by telling her the story of his first solo surgical procedure, where he conquered his fear during an emergency by "letting the fear" in, but only for five seconds. It is also revealed through their conversation that the plane disintegrated in the air, with the tail section of the plane having fallen off (Kate claims she saw the whole thing, while Jack says he blacked out before that).

On the beach, Jack tends to an unconscious male survivor who is badly injured by a fragment of the fuselage embedded in his torso. Kate asks Jack if he thinks the man will live, and informs him that she was sitting next to him during the flight. Other survivors (including the father and son we later meet as [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]] ([[Harold Perrineau Jr.]]) and [[Walt Lloyd|Walt]] ([[Malcolm David Kelley]])) congregate and discuss what to do with the bodies still in the fuselage. We briefly encounter the character later identified as [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]] ([[Josh Holloway]]), lounging nonchalantly on his back on the beach. The character we later meet as Hurley salvages meals from the plane's galley and distributes them, giving two to the pregnant woman he helped (her labor pains were false, but it is revealed she is eight months pregnant). A young woman whom we later meet as [[Shannon Rutherford|Shannon]] ([[Maggie Grace]]) petulantly refuses a chocolate bar offered by her male companion (whom we later meet as [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]], her step-brother ([[Ian Somerhalder]])) on the grounds that she will eat on the "rescue ship" when it arrives. Among the survivors, there is a general expectation that they will be rescued at any time. A character who identifies himself as [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]] ([[Naveen Andrews]]) organizes the clean-up of the beach.

In the evening, beyond the light of their fire, the peacefulness of the waiting is interrupted by loud terrifying noises from the nearby jungle, punctuated by the crashing of trees. The source of these noises seems invisible or hidden, and is later referred to as "The Monster". (''Note: Online fan forums also refer to the Monster as "The Creature" or "Lostzilla".'') While the survivors listen to the monster, Rose remarks that the noises sound "familiar".

The next day, Jack decides that in order to be rescued, the survivors will need to send a radio message using the [[transceiver]] of the aircraft, which is located in the [[cockpit]], which broke off in the air (In doing so, Jack reveals to Kate that he took a few flying lessons but that it "wasn't for him"). Based on Kate's descriptions of the location of smoke, he sets off into the jungle, accompanied by Kate at her insistence, as well as by a character we meet as [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]] ([[Dominic Monaghan]]). As the trio walks away from the beach, they are observed from the brush by the dog encountered in the opening scene. Kate tells Charlie he looks familiar, and he reveals to her that he is the [[bass guitar|bassist]] in a band called [[Drive Shaft]].

As the trio advances into the jungle, they are drenched by a sudden rainstorm. They encounter the nose section of the plane, which is sitting at a steep angle in the trees. The three of them, led by Jack, climb into the nose and scale the steep floor, where Jack pries open the cockpit door. Inside he and Kate find the pilot, still in his seat, and assume he is dead, only to have him awake suddenly. The pilot reveals to Jack and Kate that the plane had lost radio contact before the crash, and had changed course towards [[Fiji]]. They were, in his reckoning, 1000 miles off course and thus no one knows where they are. The pilot locates the transceiver, but he cannot get it to function.

Meanwhile on the beach during the same rainstorm, a group of the survivors huddles in part of the fuselage. The conspicuous exception is an older man (whom we later meet as [[John Locke (Lost)|John Locke]] ([[Terry O'Quinn]])) who sits alone in the rain on the beach with his arms outstretched up the air, as if glorifying in the rain itself. A young [[Korea]]n couple (whom we later meet as [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin-Soo]] and [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun-Soo Kwon]] ([[Daniel Dae Kim]] and [[Yoon-jin Kim]])) huddles under part of the fuselage. The man tells the woman in Korean to stick close to him at all times.

In the jungle, the conversation in the cockpit is interrupted by loud noises from outside the plane, accompanied by mechanical thrashing identical to the "Monster" heard by the other survivors on the beach. The pilot attempts to investigate by climbing out a broken cockpit window. To the horror of the others, he is seized by some unseen presence while halfway out the window and disappears. Jack grabs the transceiver and he and Kate exit the cockpit in terror. Kate notices that Charlie has disappeared. He suddenly emerges from the lavatory to the suspicion of Kate. As the three run from the "Monster", Charlie is nearly taken by it and Jack leaves Kate to return to fetch him. She calms herself by counting to five as Jack had suggested. Later as the three walk back towards the beach they encounter the pilot's bloodied body suspended in the tree tops.

==Pilot: Part 2==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[September 29]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Charlie Pace]] and [[Kate Austen]]
*Teleplay by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]] & [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Story by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]], [[Jeffrey Lieber]] and [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Directed by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]]

A flashback reveals Charlie sitting on the plane nervously tapping his fingers. He sees the flight attendants talking, presumably about him, and quickly gets up to go into one of the lavatories. He reaches the lavatory in first class (just outside the cockpit), enters and takes a hit of heroin. Before he can flush his stash there is turbulence and he exits the lavatory and sits in the nearest seat to strap himself in. In Pilot: Part 1 he visits the lavatory to retrieve his stash while Jack and Kate are searching the cockpit for the transponder.

Sayid (revealed to be a former communications officer with the [[Iraqi Republican Guard]]), Kate, Charlie, Boone, Sawyer, and Boone's sister Shannon take the transceiver inland in an attempt to use it to communicate with the outside world. On the way they are attacked by an unseen animal, which Sawyer kills with a gun. When they look down at the dead animal, they discover with shock that it is a [[polar bear]]. Sawyer tells the others he got the gun from the body of a dead [[US Marshal]]. Who is the prisoner he was transporting? Accusations are made between the survivors.

The episode's second flashback of the final moments of flight shows Kate in conversation with the man seen on the island with a shrapnel injury. It is revealed that he is the US Marshal and that Kate was prisoner. After he is knocked unconscious by flying luggage, Kate does what she can to save his life by freeing herself from the cuffs and attaching his oxygen mask for him before attaching her own.

Sayid's effort to send a message to civilization is blocked by a mysterious transmission in [[French language|French]] that has been repeating for over 16 years. Shannon reveals she can speak basic French, and translates the message as best she can. Towards the end of the message, the woman is saying "It killed them, it killed them all".

Meanwhile, back at camp, Walt has discovered some handcuffs whilst searching for his lost dog, and Jack is trying to operate on the US Marshal. The man comes round during the operation, demanding "Where is she?".

==Tabula Rasa==
[[Image:Lost tabularasa 074.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ray Mullen in episode Tabula Rasa]]
*'''Original airdate:''' [[October 6]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austen]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

In a makeshift infirmary tent, Jack is tending to the Marshal who mutters the same thing over and over through his pain: "Don't trust her. She's dangerous." When Jack asks him who "she" is, the Marshal tells him to look in his jacket pocket. Jack looks in the Marshal's wallet and finds a picture of Kate.

The "Signal Party" is working their way back down the mountain. It's getting dark and some of them want to make camp for the night. Sawyer wants to press on through the jungle at night, but the others agree that it isn't a very good idea and he is convinced to stay. Sitting around the fire, they discuss what they should tell the others about the French transmission. That information has not improved their peace of mind, so they decide not to tell the others anything in order to preserve hope.

At the beach in the tent, Jack is trying to save the Marshall. Hurley enters and stumbles across Kate's picture and asks "What do you think she did?" - instantaneously, we see a flashback:

Kate, being prodded by a shotgun held by a farmer (Ray) who wants to know what she is doing sleeping in his barn. After a frank exchange, the two find that they can be of service to each other. He needs some help on the farm, she needs a job and a place to stay, and claims her name is "Annie".

Back at the Signal Party, Boone lifts the gun from Sawyer and the clip from Sayid as they sleep. They wake up and an argument ensues over who should have the gun, but they can't agree on a trustworthy candidate - until they arrive at Kate. She reluctantly agrees to keep it.

The next morning, Hurley arrives at the infirmary tent to tell Jack the "Signal Party" has returned. Kate pulls Jack aside and says she has something she wants to tell him, in private. Jack is relieved, assuming that she is going to confide in him. Instead, however, Kate tells Jack about the French transmission. He asks if there is anything else she'd like to tell him. She asks if the Marshal has regained consciousness. When Jack tells her he did briefly during the surgery, Kate asks if he said anything to Jack. Jack considers the question for a moment before answering, "No".

The Marshal's condition has deteriorated. If they don't find some stronger antibiotics, he's not going to make it. Hurley tells him he's looked everywhere, except the fuselage where the deceased are.

Jack enters the wreckage and does his best to avoid disturbing the bodies as he makes a desperate search for anything that will help the Marshal. Hearing something rustling behind him, he finds Sawyer combing the fuselage for a different reason - turns out he's doing a little personal shopping. Jack berates him for disrespecting the dead, but Sawyer tells Jack to get with the program. Jack still thinks they are back in civilization while Sawyer realizes they are "in the wild".

On the beach, Charlie is helping Claire collect luggage using a wheelchair from the plane and they begin to form a bond. Meanwhile, Sun presents a suitcase to Jin, but after closer inspection Jin determines it is the wrong one and tells Sun to keep looking. But before she does, he tells her to go and clean up her face, because she is embarrassing him. As she turns to leave, he tells her he loves her.

Hurley bumps into Kate at the infirmary tent and tries to play it cool about knowing her secret and in the process notices the gun in her waistband, despite his lying abilities. We then flashback to:

Kate, who decides it's time to move on from the Australian farm. But when she accepts a ride from Ray to the train station, she learns that he is planning on turning her in to the authorities. He saw her picture at the post office and he really needs that reward money. Kate looks in the side mirror to see the Marshal behind them. In a desperate attempt to get away, Kate jerks the wheel and crashes the truck off the road. Saving the farmer from the truck costs her a chance to escape and she is captured by the Marshal.

Back in real time, while leaning over her body, the Marshal wakes up and lunges at Kate's throat, choking her. Jack has to pull him off of her before he does any harm.

Michael struggles to forge a bond with Walt and wants to know what Locke told him yesterday. Walt says it's a secret, but when Michael presses the issue, Walt reveals that Locke told him "a miracle happened". Michael warns him to stay away from Locke.

When the rain stops, Michael searches for the dog in jungle. He hears something in the tall grass. He runs as fast as he can to get away from it and encounters Sun, who is topless and washing herself. There is an awkward moment between them.

Back on the beach, the Marshal is dying loudly. His screams are taking a physical toll on the rest of the group. Sayid asks Jack if anything can be done. Jack says he is doing all he can. The Marshal tells Jack he wants to speak to Kate alone. While she is in the tent, Hurley tells Jack about the gun he saw in her pants. Jack races back to the infirmary tent before it's too late; he sees Kate emerge from the tent, and then a shot is fired.

Sawyer walks coolly out of the tent. He says he did what had to be done; Horrible groans come from the tent again. We go in to find that the Marshal still isn't dead - Sawyer dubiously shot him in the chest. He was aiming for the heart and apparently missed. It will take hours for the Marshal to bleed out and he will suffer horribly. Jack throws an extremely shaken Sawyer out of the tent. A few moments later, the moans stop for good. Jack emerges and walks past Sawyer without a word.

===Trivia===
* [[Tabula Rasa]], the episode's title, refers to the the 17th century philosopher [[John Locke]]'s theory that the (human) mind is at birth a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences.

==Walkabout==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[October 13]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[John Locke (Lost)|John Locke]]
*Written by: [[David Fury]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

About four days after the crash, the survivors discover that their food is exhausted, and wonder what to do; John Locke, a menacing presence in the background of the previous stories, flings a combat knife at an abandoned plane seat, narrowly missing the head of another castaway (Sawyer), and announces that they should go hunting in the jungle. While the survivors deal with mundane tasks of survival, Locke's background is set forth.

Locke is revealed to have been paralyzed and wheelchair-bound prior to the plane crash. Locke had planned on participating on a [[walkabout]] tour of the Australian [[outback]], but was turned away when the tour guide discovered that he was in a wheelchair. Locke had offered a woman named Helen, who is implied to be a girl at a phone sex agency, a ticket to travel with him, but she turned him down. Locke is shown to have been a lonely, frustrated man, constantly belittled by his much-younger boss in the cubicle farm where he worked as a regional sales representative for a box company. At one point, his boss asks for a "TPS report", a reference to the movie [[Office Space]].

Some mystery is also infused into his character as the audience is made to wonder why exactly he gets called "Colonel Locke" and why he receives a mysterious phone call speaking of a target being identified, and using military time to identify a time to "rendezvous" and the "usual place". A later scene reveals the caller to be a co-worker, confirming their lunchtime game of [[Risk (game)|Risk]].

This episode also explains Locke's comment about it being a 'miracle': the crash gave him back the use of his legs.

In the jungle, Locke is separated from his companions, who believe the Monster is closing upon Locke; however, he returns to the camp with a slain wild boar, and the other survivors believe that he has killed it himself. Locke seems to have directly encountered the mysterious Monster, but we do not know what he saw.

==White Rabbit==
*'''Original air date:''' [[October 20]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard]]
*Written by: [[Christian Taylor]]
*Directed by: [[Kevin Hooks]]

Joanna, a character who had not been previously mentioned, drowns in the ocean, despite Boone and Jack's best efforts to save her. They hold a makeshift funeral for her, with the few bits of information they can glean from her few recovered possessions.

The survivors' water supply is starting to run low, and they decide to ration the water. After Claire faints in the heat, they discover the last of it has been stolen.

Delirious from a lack of sleep, Jack believes he sees his father stalking him from a distance, and forsakes the leadership role the others have thrust upon him in order to follow the apparition and determine whether he is hallucinating. Flashbacks explain why Jack was in Australia: he was looking for his father, who had disappeared while on a drinking bender. In fact, Jack found that his father had died, and, on the ill-fated return flight, Jack was bringing his father's body back to the United States for burial. Jack's search for his father results in finding a source of fresh water for the survivors, as well as a cave that will afford shelter. Jack also finds his father's coffin, but it is empty.

We see Boone waking Claire to give her water. There is a struggle, and he is pulled to the ground. Everyone is amazed to find Boone was the water thief.

===Trivia===
* Sawyer is shown reading [[Watership Down]] in this episode.

==House of the Rising Sun==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[October 27]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sun-Soo Kwon]]
*Written by: [[Javier Grillo-Marxuach]]
*Directed by: [[Michael Zinberg]]

All are shocked when Jin attacks Michael without warning; Sayid is forced to handcuff him to a portion of the plane wreckage to keep the peace. While the survivors argue whether to stay on the beach — where a rescue party could see them — or move to the cave in the jungle near fresh water, the story of Jin and Sun is revealed in a series of flashbacks. Jin went to work for Sun's father in order to gain his permission to marry her. After working years for her father, Jin returned home late one night, his clothes and hands covered with blood. Horrified by the violent life that Jin had apparently taken up, Sun plotted to run away from Jin — but at the last minute decided to join Jin on the fateful flight. Sun reveals to Michael that she can speak English, but Jin does not know. She says Jin attacked Michael over her father's watch, which Jin had been keeping, and which Michael had found after the crash and been innocently wearing. After hearing the explanation, Michael decides to cut Jin free with an axe. From this point on during Season 1, Jin is always seen with a handcuff around his left hand.

Meanwhile, Jack shows Kate, Charlie and Locke the caves and freshwater supply he found in the previous episode. In one of the caves, they find some human skeletons, which Jack guesses as having died 40 years ago of natural causes. They appear to be a man and a woman. Amongst their possessions, Jack finds a pouch mysteriously containing two stones — one black, one white. The group then splits into two camps; some stay at the beach, while others move to the caves.

Locke learns of Charlie's heroin addiction and tells him that he may get his guitar back if he quits. Charlie hands over the bag of heroin and Locke points upwards to Charlie's guitar, hanging over the edge of a steep hill above them.

==The Moth==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[November 3]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Charlie Pace]]
*Written by: [[Jennifer Johnson]] & [[Paul Dini]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Charlie begins a painful journey of withdrawal from drugs, particularly [[heroin]]. Locke aides him, although his true motive for helping him remains a mystery. Locke suggests that the two of them go for a walk; that fresh air will do the profusely-sweating Charlie good.

In flashbacks, Charlie recalls his glory days playing with his band, [[Drive Shaft]], with his brother, Liam. Charlie is in church, confessing his sins, and when he comes out of the confessional, Liam holds up an envelope and says they've been signed to a record contract and will become rock gods.

On the beach, Jack is determined to leave the beach, favoring the sanctuary of the recently-found caves less than a mile away. Kate is reluctant to go with Jack, which makes him unhappy.

Sayid, meanwhile, recruits Kate, Shannon and Boone to develop antennas that he hopes can be used to triangulate the source of the French transmission, which has been running on a repeating loop for 16 years.

Back in the jungle, a frightened Charlie is being chased by a wild boar. As he enters a clearing, the boar is suddenly swooped up in a net, being operated by Locke, who is nearby. "You make good bait," Locke commends Charlie, who angrily demands the return of his heroin. Locke, however, is not intimidated and instead tries to turn withdrawal into a learning experience for Charlie. He tells Charlie that he believes he is indeed stronger than he realizes. He explains further that he wants Charlie to think about it, and that he'll give him three times to ask. On the third time, Locke will give Charlie his heroin. Locke then informs him that this was number one.

One of the caves collapses, trapping Jack inside and dislocating his shoulder. Charlie comes along and finds out what happened and goes back to see Locke. Charlie has additional flashbacks about Drive Shaft. Both he and his brother Liam were unprepared for the phenomenal success of their band, and got caught up in anonymous sex and [[drug abuse]]. The band eventually splits due to the ego-warring between the two brothers. Charlie attempts to recruit Liam for a reunion tour, but by this time Liam has settled down with a family in Australia, and Charlie is still using drugs.

On the beach, Sayid explains how the triangulation will work. Boone will stay on the beach with his antenna (however he runs off to help dig Jack out, leaving Shannon in charge of the beach antenna), Kate will go 2 kilometers into the jungle and Sayid will go to high ground. Since the batteries are so weak, Sayid provides flares that each person will fire when they are ready. Once everyone has seen the third flare, each person will switch on their antenna.

Charlie finds Locke skinning the dead boar, and apprises him of Jack's plight. When Charlie is unable to provide a good explanation as to why he's not helping, Locke surmises that Charlie came back to ask for the heroin. Charlie asks a second time, upon which Locke shows him a moth cocoon. Showing Charlie a small hole in the cocoon, Locke explains that he could help the moth by slitting the cocoon, but the moth would not survive. Instead, he said, the moth needs to struggle to break free. Nature and struggle makes people stronger, Locke explains, telling Charlie that this was the second time.

Sayid's plan is executing flawlessly, with all three firing their flares and turning on their antennas. However, just before he is able to lock onto the signal, Sayid is clubbed over the head by an unknown and knocked unconscious.

Back at the caves, Charlie is able to worm his way through the collapsed rock and into the cave with Jack. After helping Jack reset his shoulder, the two of them dig out. After getting freed, Charlie--whose self-worth has been all but obliterated--finds Locke cooking the boar and, for the third time, asks for his heroin. Locke looks disappointed and asks Charlie to confirm that's what he wants. Charlie insists and Locke gives him the heroin. Charlie looks at it briefly before tossing it into the fire, earning praise from Locke and regaining much of his own self-worth. Immediately after, Charlie and Locke see the previously cocooned moth flying freely.

==Confidence Man==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[November 10]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[James "Sawyer" Ford]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Directed by: [[Tucker Gates]]

When Shannon's [[asthma]] becomes a problem, everyone becomes convinced that Sawyer is hoarding some inhalers from the wreck. Jack and Sayid torture him, but he only agrees to give up the inhalers in return for a kiss from Kate. She kisses Sawyer, after which he reveals that he doesn't have the inhalers after all. Sun helps Shannon by making a [[eucalyptus]] salve to clear her bronchial passages.

In flashbacks, we learn that Sawyer is a [[con man|confidence man]]. His parents were ruined by another grifter named Sawyer, whose name he took as an alias when he entered a similar life of crime to pay some debts. He hates himself for this, which explains why he seems to go to such great lengths to make everyone else hate him. We do not know his real name. (Later episodes reveal that it is James Ford.)

After the torture incident, despite a plea from Kate, Sayid sets off alone to explore the island's shoreline, disgusted with himself for breaking a vow never to do anything like that again. Charlie convinces Claire to move to the caves; they seem to be striking up a close relationship.

==Solitary==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[November 17]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sayid Jarrah]]
*Written by: [[David Fury]]
*Directed by: [[Greg Yataines]]

On his own, Sayid finds a cable running out of the ocean and into the jungle. He follows it, is captured, and tortured by a mysterious woman who identifies herself as [[Characters of Lost#Danielle Rousseau|Danielle Rousseau]] ([[Mira Furlan]]). It is her voice on the automatically repeating distress call; she seems mentally unbalanced. She claims to have been stranded on the island when a "science expedition" ran aground there. She also claims to have killed most of the other expedition members after they became "infected"—controlled by some sort of disease or mind control (this is very vague). She also warns him to keep an eye on the others.

In his flashbacks, we learn of Sayid's career in the Republican Guard, and how he conspired to help a childhood friend, Noor (nicknamed Nadia), escape execution and developed feelings for her.

Meanwhile, Hurley builds a [[golf]] course (site of "the first — and hopefully only — Island Open", in his words) to improve morale among the castaways, and Locke agrees, without Michael's knowledge, to teach Walt ([[Malcolm David Kelley]]) some woodcraft. Another new character, [[Characters of Lost#Ethan Rom|Ethan]] ([[William Mapother]]), helps Locke hunt.

Sayid eventually escapes from Rousseau's bunker, but he hears the whispering voices in the jungle of which she spoke.
Its assumed that Rousseaus bunker is or was one of the Dharma Installations, which might help explain the sickness that her other comrades encountered.

==Raised by Another==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[December 1]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Claire Littleton]]
*Written by: [[Lynne E. Litt]]
*Directed by: [[Marita Grabiak]]

Two nights in a row, Claire wakes up screaming; on the second, she insists that someone held her down and stabbed her stomach to hurt her unborn child, although no physical marks support this. Jack questions her and learns that the baby is due in just over a week; concerned that stress could trigger early [[childbirth|labor]], he says Claire is having [[anxiety]] [[nightmare]]s, and that an attack would have been unlikely with so many other people around. But Charlie — who has been doting on Claire — isn't so sure, and the alleged attack prompts Hurley to begin a [[census]] of the islanders.

Angered by Jack's suggestion that she wasn't really attacked and his advice to take a mild [[sedative]], Claire leaves the cave alone and heads for the beach. Charlie catches up to her shortly before she is overcome by [[contraction (childbirth)|contractions]]; on the way to get Jack, he finds Ethan and tells him to relay the message. Charlie manages to calm Claire down, and the contractions end.

In flashbacks, we learn that Claire was flying to [[Los Angeles]] on the advice of a [[psychic]] who had initially warned her not to let anyone else raise the child, but claimed he'd found a "good" couple in the [[United States|U.S.]] to [[adoption|adopt]] the baby. After she tells Charlie her story, the two conclude the psychic's insistence that Claire take the doomed flight indicated he'd known about the crash.

An ailing Sayid returns to camp and tells the others he found the woman on the recording, and Hurley reveals that one of the island's inhabitants (apparently Ethan) was not listed on the [[flight manifest]] as one of the plane's passengers. Simultaneously, Ethan ominously accosts Claire and Charlie in the jungle.

==All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[December 8]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard]]
*Written by: [[Javier Grillo-Marxuach]]
*Directed by: [[Stephen Williams (director)|Stephen Williams]]

Haunted by flashbacks to his relationship with his alcoholic father (particularly one episode where he vainly attempts to perform CPR on a patient on the operating table after his father fatally botches the surgery), Jack follows Locke into the jungles in pursuit of Ethan, who has kidnapped Claire and Charlie. The good doctor soon splits off on his own, against Locke's suggestion to follow quietly. Eventually, Jack returns and two parties form up: Jack and Kate follow a trail left behind by Charlie, while Locke and Boone track a series of footprints.

During an episode of rain, Jack and Kate get separated. Jack stumbles down an embankment after hearing what sounds like Claire screaming, and when he comes to at the bottom, Ethan is standing over him. The two men struggle, but the mysterious outsider gets the upper hand, and he warns Jack that if he continues to follow, he will kill one of the hostages.

Kate soon comes to Jack's aid, and the pair follows Ethan's path until they come across Charlie, blindfolded and hanged by his neck from a tree branch. They cut him down, and Jack furiously performs [[CPR]] — despite Kate's pleas that it's a lost cause — until Charlie coughs his way back to life.

The episode ends at nightfall, with Jack, Kate, and Charlie back at the caves, where Charlie reveals that it was Claire that Ethan wanted all along, and with Boone and Locke somewhere in the jungle, where they discover a piece of metal embedded in the ground — which is ''not'' shrapnel from the plane. [1]

==Whatever the Case May Be==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[January 5]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austen]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Jennifer Johnson]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Kate takes an interest in a metal suitcase she and Sawyer find while swimming; she tries twice to steal it from him before going to Jack, claiming the case contains weapons and money and belonged to the U.S. Marshal (who was buried with the key). Kate and Jack dig up the marshall to get the key and they open the case to find the items, along with a small metal airplane in an envelope; when pressured, Kate says it belonged to the man she loved – and the man she killed. Flashbacks show a New Mexico bank robbery orchestrated by Kate to get into a [[safe deposit box]] (number 815, the same as the flight number) containing the envelope with the small plane.

Meanwhile, the tide moves further inland, and passengers scramble to move belongings from the beach; Rose, who maintains faith that her husband is still alive, coaxes Charlie out of his funk and gets him to help. Also, Sayid seeks Shannon’s help in translating some of Rousseau’s apparently random notes, which she later recognizes as lyrics to the song played over the credits of "[[Finding Nemo|a cartoon fish movie]]." (The song is [[Charles Trenet]]'s "[[La Mer (popular song)|La Mer]]", the French original of [[Bobby Darin]]'s classic "[[Beyond the Sea (song)|Beyond the Sea]]".)

==Hearts and Minds==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[January 12]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Boone Carlyle]]
*Written by: [[Carlton Cuse]] & [[Javier Grillo-Marxuach]]
*Directed by: [[Rod Holcomb]]

Boone mentions to Locke that others are suspicious of their apparently fruitless “boar hunting” trips — actually excursions to the mysterious metal object — and says he wants to tell Shannon; Locke responds by knocking him unconscious. Boone finds himself tied up by Locke, who puts a paste onto his head wound and leaves a knife so he'll be able to free himself, given "the proper motivation" — Shannon's screams and the sound of the Monster approaching. Despite attempts to hide, the Monster kills Shannon, and Boone finds her corpse lying along a stream. However, Boone realizes upon returning to camp that this never happened — it was a sort of [[vision quest]] Locke felt was crucial to his survival, brought on by the paste Locke had applied to his head wound. When asked how he felt seeing Shannon die, Boone replies “relieved.”

Flashbacks reveal that Boone went to [[Sydney, Australia]] to rescue Shannon — his stepsister — from an abusive boyfriend, only to realize he had been set up by Shannon to get some of his mother’s money. Boone is later approached by a drunken Shannon, who says she knows he’s always been in love with her. Their kisses apparently lead to sex, and Shannon claims that things will go back to normal. In one flashback, Boone is in a police station in Sydney, where his conversation with one of the officers is interrupted by a handcuffed Sawyer, dragged in kicking and snarling.

Meanwhile, Hurley turns to Jin for help with fishing. Kate discovers a garden Sun is planting in the jungle and figures out that she can speak English. Locke gives his compass to Sayid, to assist him with his interpretation of Rousseau's maps. Sayid figures it must be faulty because its [[magnetic north]] does not align with [[true north]].

==Special==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[January 19]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael Dawson]] and [[Walt Lloyd]]
*Written by: [[David Fury]]
*Directed by: [[Greg Yataines]]

An annoyed Michael confronts Walt, who has been studying knife skills under Locke, and enlists his help in scavenging parts from the wreck to build a raft. Eventually, Walt tells his dad that he is going to get some water and runs off with his dog. Michael initially accuses Locke of contributing to his son's delinquency despite his repeated warnings, but when he sees that the boy is not with Locke, the two men track Walt into the jungle. Michael risks his own life to save Walt from one of the island's unlikely predators, a polar bear, thus aiding the reconciliation between the two.

Flashbacks show that Michael and Susan (Walt's mother) were unmarried, and when Walt was only a few months old, Susan, an ambitious young lawyer, accepted a job in Amsterdam and took her child with her. She married a co-worker called Brian when Walt was two, and their work eventually brought them to Australia. Michael didn't see his son again until after Susan's death from a blood disorder. Though Brian said it was Susan's wish that Michael be given custody, it turns out Brian doesn't want custody of Walt because he is 'different'.

Walt is hinted to have some sort of supernatural power over his surroundings. As a child in Australia, Walt opens one of his books to a picture of a native bird—and shortly afterwards the bird fatally slams into a nearby window. On the island, while teaching him to throw a knife, Locke tells the boy to visualize hitting the target, and Walt fires and embeds the blade perfectly on the mark. Later, a polar bear appears soon after the [[comic book]] Walt had been looking at, which featured a picture of a polar bear, is thrown in the fire by his father.

Charlie recovers Claire's diary from Sawyer with help from Kate. As he skims through it, hoping to find some mention of him in her musings, he reads her description of a dream about a "black rock" which corresponds to a location on Sayid's stolen map. He shows this to the others, thinking it might be a clue to her whereabouts. However, while exploring, Locke and Boone are shocked by the sudden appearance of Claire, stumbling out of the jungle.

===Trivia===
* The comic book read by Walt is ''[[Green Lantern]] / [[Flash (comics)|Flash]]: Faster Friends'' #1.

==Homecoming==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[February 9]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Charlie Pace]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Directed by: [[Kevin Hooks]]

Claire returns to camp, apparently with [[amnesia|no memory]] of anything after the flight. After Ethan confronts Charlie, threatening to kill the other castaways one by one until he gets Claire back, the islanders take security measures; however, Ethan makes good on his threat, killing Scott. With the guns from the [[#Whatever the Case May Be|briefcase]] and Claire as (willing) bait, Jack and some of the others set a trap; although the plan is to keep Ethan alive, a vengeful Charlie fires four rounds into his chest and kills him.

Through flashbacks we learn how Charlie hooked up with a wealthy girl in order to steal something to sell for drug money, but fell in love. He takes a job from the girl's father selling photocopiers, but his plan to become respectable backfires as he suffers [[withdrawal]] symptoms. He passes out after throwing up under the lid of the photocopier he is demonstrating at the time, and the prospective clients find a valuable antique in his jacket, which he had stolen from the girl's father's house to fund his habit. After he goes to see the girl to explain, she tells Charlie that he will never take care of anyone, a likely motivation for his efforts to protect Claire.

===Trivia===

* When the wealthy girl mentions her father "buying some paper company in Slough", it is a reference to the Gervais/Merchant series "[[The Office]]"
* The model of photocopier Charlie is demonstrating in the flashback, is a C-815. The number of their flight was also 815.
* On the DVD version, you hear six shots fired at Ethan. In a subsequent episode, Hurley comments "He shot a guy four times in the chest".

==Outlaws==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[February 16]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[James "Sawyer" Ford]]
*Written by: [[Drew Goddard]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Sawyer has a nightmare about the night when (as a child) he was told by his mother to hide under his bed while she went to the door to tell his father to leave. His father forced his way into the house, kills his mother, sits on the bed the child Sawyer (actually named James) was hiding under, and kills himself, the dream ends.

Sawyer then wakes up to find a giant boar in front of him, and it attacks his tent and runs away into the trees taking Sawyer's tarp with it. Sawyer chases after it, and while he is in the jungle he hears whispering noises. Most of the noises are hard to hear, but a louder whisper clearly says "It'll come back around". Sawyer talks to Sayid about the voices Sayid heard while he was in the jungle some time before, and when Sayid asks why he wants to know, Sawyer replies: "No reason."

Later, Sawyer has a flashback wherein he is told, by a former associate, where the first Sawyer who ruined his life as a child is: Australia. He travels there, buys a gun and goes to the shrimp shop where the older Sawyer works and sees him there. He chats briefly with him, but doesn't kill him.

Meanwhile, Sawyer is obsessed with finding the boar who attacked him and goes into the jungle to find it, accompanied by Kate. The next morning the two of them wake up to find that Sawyer's belongings have been ruined while Kate's remain untouched. Locke then comes out of the jungle and tells them a story from his childhood.

He says that his sister died very young and their foster mother blamed herself, suffering a severe depression. But a few months later a dog came into the house and his foster mother suddenly felt much better. The dog even slept in his sister's room. And when his foster mother died years later the dog vanished completely. When asked if the dog was supposed to have been his sister, Locke replies "That's just silly. But my mother seemed to think so."

Sawyer then has another flashback where he goes to an Australian bar and meets a man there (recognizable from earlier episodes as Jack's father, Christian Shephard). They have a talk, and Christian tells Sawyer that if something is making him miserable, he should take care of it before it destroys him. Sawyer goes back to the shrimp shop and shoots the older Sawyer. However, it is revealed through their subsequent conversation that the man he shot isn't the real Sawyer, and that he has been duped into assassinating an innocent man. The man's last words are "It'll come back around".

Meanwhile, Sawyer catches up to the boar and decides to leave it rather than kill it, saying "It's just a boar." He returns to camp and gives Jack back the gun he was given for their previous encounter with Ethan. Now all the guns are with Jack, who returns them to the marshal's case. They start to talk, and something Jack says ("that's why the Red Sox will never win the Series," apparently without knowledge of the [[2004 World Series]]. This dates the crash to late September to late October) makes Sawyer realize the man in the Australian bar he was talking to was actually Jack's father. When Jack asks why Sawyer wants to know about his father, Sawyer responds: "No reason".

==... In Translation==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[February 23]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jin-Soo Kwon]]
*Written by: [[Javier Grillo-Marxuach]] & [[Leonard Dick]]
*Directed by: [[Tucker Gates]]

Jin has flashbacks of when he started working for Sun's father, Mr. Paik. Mr. Paik is the head of a Korean [[chaebol]] (a large, typically family-owned corporation—in this case, a car company) and a man who is not above using violent methods to get what he wants. Jin worked for Mr. Paik to prove his commitment and worthiness to marry Sun, claiming he would do anything to marry her. Sun's father gives Jin a task of conveying a message of his displeasure to the Under-Secretary for Environmental Safety. Jin relays the message verbally and seems confused when the visibly terrified man gives him a puppy (the same puppy we saw Jin bring to Sun in [[Episodes of Lost (Season 1)#House of the Rising Sun|a previous episode]]). However, upon finding Jin has not done what was implied for him to do, Mr. Paik reprimands Jin and directs him to return to the Secretary's home with a hit man who will demonstrate how to properly deliver a message. Jin returns to the Secretary's house, but before the hit man can act, he beats up the Secretary in front of his family, to give him "the message" as Sun's father originally intended and essentially save him from being murdered.

The raft Michael had been building is burned. Immediately Michael suspects Jin due to their disagreements in the past. However, Sawyer finds Jin first, roughs him up, and brings him down to the beach with his hands tied behind his back. Later Sawyer releases Jin on the beach and he and Michael fight each other. The rest of the survivors watch the fight, hesitant to stop it until Sun yells out in English for them to stop. The survivors are dumbfounded that she speaks English and has been keeping it from them the whole time. Jin is obviously distraught at this revelation.

Later, Locke sits down to play a game of [[Backgammon]] with Walt, and asks him bluntly "Why did you burn the raft, Walt?" Walt then says that he is tired of always moving and he likes it on the island. Locke agrees with him.

In the cave, Jin has another flashback, revealing that his father is not dead (as he told Mr. Paik), but a poor fisherman who Jin was obviously ashamed of. His father asks Jin why he works for Mr. Paik, and advises him to complete the latest task he has been given - delivering watches to Sydney and Los Angeles - then remain in America with Sun to escape Mr. Paik. Back on the island, Jin disregards his father's advice and tells Sun that it is too late to save their marriage, and goes to help Michael build a new boat..

===Trivia===
*[[Hugo Reyes|Hurley]] can also be seen on the [[television]] that the threatened man's daughter is watching. He seems to be on a [[news]] show, possibly chronicling his [[lottery]] win.
* The song [[Hugo Reyes|Hurley]] listens at the end is "Delicate" by [[Damien Rice]], though it ends abruptly when his CD player's battery dies out.

==Numbers==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[March 2]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes]]
*Written by: [[Brent Fletcher]] & [[David Fury]]
*Directed by: [[Dan Attias]]

Hurley has flashbacks of his winning the lottery with the numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42, which he claims to everyone "just came to him". In truth, Hurley had overheard them from a former U.S. Naval officer named Leonard who is currently in a mental institution where Hurley was a former patient. After winning the lottery and running into a relentless run of bad luck for everyone around him, Hurley starts thinking that the numbers are cursed, but no one else believes him. It would seem from the show that a clause in this curse is that no matter what you say or how well you document your extraordinary bad luck nobody will believe you, even if your death stops the run of bad luck for those around you. From the time he won the lottery it appears that everyone around him is hurt or has disastrous bad luck, including a box company in Tustin, CA (Note: Locke worked in a box company before he went to Australia and had spent most of his life in Tustin) that he bought with his winnings. When Jack and Hurley question Sayid about [[Characters of Lost#Danielle Rousseau|Rousseau]] Hurley notices that the French woman had written Hurley's winning lottery numbers over and over on a piece of paper. Hurley then sets out to find Rousseau and the origin of the numbers, which is paralleled in his flashbacks as he attempts to find out the origins of the numbers at that time as well. Hurley learns that, while monitoring radio signals for the Navy, Leonard and a friend overheard the numbers being repeatedly broadcast. Like Hurley, Leonard's friend used the numbers in a contest and later came to believe that the numbers were cursed. It is revealed that the transmission with the numbers originated from the island. The same transmission diverted the French woman and her companions towards the island, causing their shipwreck. When Rousseau discovered the source of the transmission, she altered it to repeat her distress call. The French woman is the only person to believe Hurley when he says the numbers are cursed.

Michael and Jin continue to build a second raft, but they are having trouble communicating. Locke enlists the help of Claire to build a mysterious object. Towards completion, Claire reveals that it is her birthday. The object turns out to be a cradle for when the baby is born—a birthday gift from the smiling survivalist/handyman.

At the end of the show, the camera shows us the metal object Boone and Locke discovered buried in the jungle (which appears to be a hatch of some sort) with the numbers embossed on it. Earlier in the show during Hurley's flashback, Hurley visited Leonard and told Leonard what he had done with the numbers. Leonard suddenly became lucid, excitedly saying that Hurley had "[[Pandora's box|opened the box]]" and how he must "get away from those numbers" or it "won't stop".

===Trivia===
* Sawyer is shown reading [[A Wrinkle in Time]] in this episode.

==Deus Ex Machina==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[March 30]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[John Locke (Lost)|John Locke]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Carlton Cuse]]
*Directed by: [[Robert Mandel]]

The episode begins with a younger [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]], with hair, working in a discount superstore. He demonstrates the children's game [[Mouse Trap (board game)|Mousetrap]] to a boy, calling it his favorite game. A mysterious older woman appears to be watching him in the store, and later in the parking lot. When he confronts her, she reveals that she is his birth mother, Emily Annabeth Locke. John inquires about his natural father, but she tells him that he had no father, and that he was "[[Immaculate Conception|immaculately conceived]]" (likely meaning that his was a [[Virgin Birth]]).

On the Island, the [[trebuchet]] Locke and [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]] built fails to break the glass on the metal hatch the two discovered. Locke is unaware that a broken shard has lodged itself in one of his legs until Boone tells him; he later discovers he has no feeling in his feet or legs. When asked about how they would open the hatch, he tells Boone that the Island will send them a sign, and they see a small aircraft, a [[Beechcraft 18]], crashing into the jungle. However, this turns out to be a dream, which concludes with Boone covered in blood, repeating the phrase "Theresa falls up the stairs; Theresa falls down the stairs." Later, when describing the vision he had, he asks Boone, "Who is Theresa?" and is told that she was his childhood nanny whom he believes he caused to fall to her death in his family home. Locke insists that they have to locate the plane, which is eventually found hanging in the trees.

Meanwhile, [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]] is having increasingly painful headaches, which are not helped by Sun's herbal remedies. Kate, acting as a go-between, convinces Sawyer to accept Jack's medical assistance. After a brief examination, Jack asks him a series of embarrassing questions — "Have you ever slept with a prostitute?"; "Have you ever contracted a [[sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted disease]]?"; "When was the last outbreak?" Jack finally reveals that Sawyer is suffering from [[hyperopia]] or farsightedness, and Sawyer's excessive reading is straining his eyes, giving him headaches. Sayid melts together the halves of two pairs of glasses which, when worn by Sawyer, are described by Hurley as looking like "someone steamrolled [[Harry Potter]]."

In flashback, Locke hires a [[private investigator]] to get information on his father and mother. The investigators tells him that his mother has been committed in the past, and gives him the address of his father, Anthony Cooper. He goes to his father's affluent home, where he is admitted and welcomed. His father appears to take Locke under his wing, taking him hunting several times. Arriving early one day, he sees that his father is on [[dialysis]]. His father mentions that he would need a [[kidney transplantation|transplant]], but is pessimistic about his chances on the waiting list. Locke volunteers to give his father his [[kidney]].

Back on the island, Boone climbs into the plane, at Locke's request as his legs have apparently stopped working. The plane contains statues of the [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] filled with [[heroin]], flown by [[drug smugglers]] under the guise of [[Nigeria]]n [[missionaries]]. Boone checks the radio which still works and subsequently makes contact, saying "We're the survivors of flight 815". After a brief pause, "We're the survivors of flight 815" is heard back over the radio. Just as he possibly makes contact, however, the plane falls out of the tree and crashes to the ground with Boone inside. Locke hoists a badly injured Boone on his shoulders and returns to the camp.

In his flashback, Locke wakes up in the [[hospital]] after the kidney transplant to find that his father has gone home for private care. His mother appears and reveals that his father concocted a scheme to convince Locke to give up his kidney. Locke pulls himself out of the hospital bed and drives to his father's home, where the once-friendly guard is not allowed to let him inside. Locke drives away at the guard's pained insistence and screams at the betrayal.

On the island, Locke makes it back to the cave with Boone, saying that he fell from a cliff while they were hunting. [[Jack Shephard|Jack]] springs into action but Locke disappears into the jungle to yell and scream in anguish on top of the hatch. The episode ends with a light coming on inside the structure.

===Trivia===
* The question over what was said on the radio in response to Boone was in question for some time after this episode. Many believed the transmission said "There are no survivors of flight 815" while others believed it was "We're the survivors of flight 815." The 2nd season episode [[Episodes of Lost (Season 2)#The Other 48 Days|The Other 48 Days]] as well as the subtitles in the first season's DVD box set give the definitive answer as well as who was on the radio talking to Boone.
* [[Deus Ex Machina]], the episode's title, is [[Latin]] for "god from the machine"

==Do No Harm==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[April 6]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard]]
*Written by: [[Janet Tamaro]]
*Directed by: [[Stephen Williams (director)|Stephen Williams]]

The injured Boone is in bad shape after his fall from the cliff in the airplane. He's lost a lot of [[blood]], one of his lungs has collapsed and his right leg is crushed. Kate is sent to go and get alcohol from Sawyer. On her way back she discovers that Claire has gone into labor.

Sayid surprises Shannon with a "torch" lit dinner at which Shannon tells Sayid that Boone is only her step-brother, and that he is "kind of" in love with her.

Boone has lost a lot of blood and needs a transfusion of [[Blood type|type A negative]]. Jack sends Charlie to find one of the other survivors with a matching blood type. When he unsuccessfully returns (only four people knew their blood type), Jack decides to give him some of his O negative blood. Jack tries to use [[bamboo]] as a needle but can't pierce his [[skin]]. Sun comes up with a solution and retrieves a [[sea urchin]]. Using the urchin's spines, Jack begins to give Boone his blood.

Jin, working on the new raft, hears Kate's call for help and rushes to her and Claire. Despite the language barrier, Kate is able to tell Jin to go and find Jack. Jin rushes to the caves only to find Jack occupied with the [[blood transfusion]]. Jack tells Jin (with the aid of Sun translating) to take Charlie to Kate and Claire. Jack then tells Charlie to give Kate instructions on how to deliver the baby.

As Jack begins looking pale, Sun stops the transfusion. Jack then tries to heal Boone's leg but finds it beyond repair and fatal unless it is [[amputation|amputated]]. Jack seeks the help of Michael to find a way to cut off Boone's leg. Boone suddenly regains [[consciousness]] and tells Jack to just let him go.

Boone dies, but reveals to Jack that he and Locke had discovered a mysterious hatch, and Locke had told him [Boone] not to tell anybody else. Claire gives birth to a healthy baby boy. Jack goes looking for Locke, claiming that Boone was murdered.

In flashbacks, we see Jack's wedding to Sarah, a former patient whom he "fixed" after she was injured in a car wreck.

==The Greater Good==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[May 4]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sayid Jarrah]]
*Written by: [[Leonard Dick]]
*Directed by: [[David Grossman]]

The survivors bury Boone, and Locke shows up and explains what happened to them, but Jack does not believe him and is enraged. Sayid asks Shannon what he can do for her, and she replies that he can "take care" of Locke, suggesting killing or torturing him. Sayid makes Locke take him to the Beechcraft in the jungle where Boone was injured, and Locke reveals that it was he who, for the sake of the survivors (the greater good), hit Sayid over the head when he was trying to find the distress signal in [[#The Moth|an earlier episode]]. Sayid asks Locke about the gun he is hiding and Locke tells him about the dead drug runner before giving him the gun.

Charlie tells Claire that she needs to rest, and though reluctant at first she lets him take care of her baby. Charlie has a tough time getting the baby to stop crying, but finally manages to do so after seeing the baby's reaction to Sawyer's voice.

Seeing Jack's exhaustion, Kate drugs him with sleeping pills, and while he is sleeping, Shannon takes the key to the briefcase containing the guns. Shannon goes after Locke, but is confronted by Sayid, Jack, and Kate. Sayid tackles Shannon just as she fires the gun, grazing Locke in the head.

The flashback deals with Sayid becoming an informant for the [[CIA]]. The CIA knows the location of Nadia, the girl Sayid loves. When his friend Essam is chosen as the next suicide bomber for a group, Sayid is forced to convince him to accept the role and stop him only at the end so that the CIA can seize the explosives to be used otherwise Nadia would be arrested for [[insurgency]]. When Sayid reveals his identity as an informant and tries to convince Essam to back out, Essam becomes distraught and shoots himself before Sayid can stop him.

After Essam's death, the CIA tells Sayid he can find Nadia in California, and gives him a ticket for a flight leaving in two hours. Sayid asks about Essam's body and is upset when he discovers that with no one to claim it, the body will be burned, contrary to Muslim tradition. Sayid insists on claiming the body himself and tells them to change his flight.

Back on the island, Sayid visits Locke who thanks him for saving his life. Sayid tells him that he only saved him because he sensed that Locke was their best chance of survival. He then tells Locke to take him to the hatch immediately.

===Trivia===
* At one point, this episode was titled ''Sides''.
* In one of Sayid's flashbacks, he is in an apartment with Essam and two other men, who are playing ''[[Half-Life]]'' on their [[PlayStation 2]].

==Born to Run==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[May 11]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austen]]
*Written by: [[Edward Kitsis]] & [[Adam Horowitz]]
*Directed by: [[Tucker Gates]]

After Charlie points out that the people rescued from the island will be surrounded by media scrutiny, Kate asks to be the fourth person on the raft, saying she has sailing experience. Michael refuses, saying the raft is full, with Michael, Walt, Jin, and Sawyer. Michael is subsequently poisoned and after Jack interrogates suspected people including Sawyer and Kate, Sawyer reveals to everyone on the island that Kate is the fugitive the U.S. Marshal was escorting, and blames her for attempting to poison Michael; it is also revealed that she kept Joanna's passport and had intentionally damaged the photo so she could use it as her own. Previously only Jack and Hurley had prior knowledge of her fugitive status. After examining the compounds left in the water bottle, Jack discovers Sun attempted to get Jin sick so that he would have to stay behind, but his water bottle was switched with Michael's by accident. Sun reveals in a conversation that Kate had suggested the poisoning, but promised Kate not to tell anyone.

Sayid and Locke reveal the hatch to Jack, who agrees with Locke to find a way to open it, much to Sayid's dismay. When Locke briefly touches Walt, who is not even aware of the hatch, Walt begs him not to open "that thing."

In the flashback, Kate returns to her home town in [[Iowa]], where she meets former boyfriend Tom Brennan, who is now a doctor. Tom and Kate had grown up together, and had always expected to be married when they grew up. Since Kate left town, however, Tom has presumably married Rachel, and they have a baby, Connor. Tom and Kate visit a tree in the middle of a cow pasture and dig up a [[lunchbox]] [[time capsule]] they had buried on [[August 15]], [[1989]] (8-15, matching the Oceanic Flight 815). Among the items in the capsule were Tom's toy airplane, which Kate retrieved from the safety deposit box in an earlier episode and now has with her on the island, and a tape recorder with a recording of the two of them talking. Tom says on the tape, "You always want to run away," and Kate replies, "Yeah, and you know why."

Kate has returned to her home town because an unknown helper has sent her a letter along with some money to tell her that her mother, Diane Jansen, is dying of cancer and is in the hospital. With Tom's help, she is able to be alone with Diane, but when Diane wakes up and sees Kate standing over her, she begins screaming for help. A guard grabs her, and Kate knocks him out. Forced to escape, she runs into Tom, who gives her the keys to his car. But when Kate tells him to get away, he refuses, and joins her in the car. When police try to block them in and begin shooting, Kate rams the police car and then crashes Tom's car into another car. Tom is immobile and bleeding; it is unclear if he was hit by one of the bullets or if he injured himself against the dashboard, though he is presumably dead. Kate leaves him (and the toy airplane) in the car and flees.

Back on the island, Walt confesses to Michael that he was responsible for the fire that destroyed the first raft. Walt tells Michael that he did it because he wanted to stay on the island. Michael agrees that they do not have to leave the island, but Walt now insists that they have to leave.

===Trivia===
* This is the first appearance of Arzt, the high school teacher with a doctorate in science.

==Exodus: Part 1==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[May 18]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashbacks:''' [[Walt Lloyd|Walt]], [[Jack Shephard|Jack]], [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]], [[Kate Austin|Kate]], [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun]], [[Shannon Rutherford|Shannon]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Carlton Cuse]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Rousseau comes to the beach camp to warn the castaways that enemies known only as the "[[Others]]" are coming. She tells her story again, and reveals that she was seven months pregnant when she arrived on the island; a week after her baby was born, she was taken by the "Others." She also mentions that the arrival of the "Others" was heralded by a column of black smoke.

Rousseau's warning hastens the launch of the raft. As they are pushing the raft towards the sea, Sawyer uses his lever incorrectly, and the [[mast]] of the ship is damaged. As Jin and Michael work to fix it, Sawyer feels like his work is unappreciated, and goes off into the woods to cut a new mast by himself. At this time, Walt notices a column of black smoke coming from within the forest.

Locke suggests that the only place to hide their large group would be in the metallic structure that he has found, but still has no way to open. He suggests that they try Rousseau's dynamite, which would require them to venture back into the woods. Jack plans a squad to go out. Surprisingly, Arzt volunteers to go, as he knows how to handle volatile dynamite better than anyone else. Before they leave, Jack wishes Sawyer a safe trip, and Sawyer reveals that he spoke to Jack's father before his death; he tells Jack that his father was proud of him.

Walt leaves his dog, Vincent, in the custody of Shannon, saying that Vincent was good company when his mother died, and that he might do the same for Shannon after Boone's death.

Sun says goodbye to Jin, and hands him a notebook with common [[English language]] [[nautical]] words and phrases, written out [[phonetic]]ally in [[Korean language|Korean]]. They make up, and he says that he will still go on the raft, as he wants to do this to rescue her. Jin, Walt, Michael and Sawyer set off in their raft, which appears to be fully operational. Vincent originally attempts to paddle out and follow them, but Walt orders him to turn around.

Jack, Kate, Rousseau, Locke, Hurley, and Arzt journey into the woods when they hear the "Monster" in the forest again. They are scared, but are left unharmed. Rousseau tells them that the "Monster" is the island's defense system. As they journey further, Rousseau states that they have arrived at "The Black Rock," which turns out not to be a geological formation, but a [[shipwreck]]ed sailing ship. However old it is, it's from a time when ships were made out of wood. She then leaves them.

The episode then abruptly ends with a shot of the column of smoke rising in the forest.

Like the pilot episode, this episode featured flashbacks from multiple characters, each a single continuous scene from the perspective of one character. Each flashback shows what the main characters were doing in their final hours before the flight.

In the first, Walt is watching ''[[Power Rangers: SPD]]'' in his room, which irritates his sleeping father; after an outburst, Walt attempts to run away with Vincent, but Michael brings him back.

In his flashback, Jack is conversing in the airport bar with another passenger on Flight 815 before the boarding of the plane; she flirts with Jack, who reveals that he is no longer married. She says that she is sitting in seat 42F.

In Sawyer's flashback, he has been taken into the police station. This is apparently three nights after his cameo in ''[[#Hearts and Minds|Hearts and Minds]]''. The investigator tells him that he knows all about his cons, and books him on the flight out of Australia. It is revealed here that Sawyer headbutted the Australian Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Minister Warren Truss.

Kate's flashback reveals that the Marshal knew that the toy airplane was the only thing of value left to her, so he had baited her with it. When he denigrates the memory of Tom, she attacks him, but is subdued.

Sun's flashback shows her bringing Jin coffee and food in the airport prior to their flight, while a pompous and typically arrogant American woman comments to her husband that the relationship between Sun and Jin is one of subservience thinking that Sun does not understand English. Affected by her words, Sun accidentally spills coffee into Jin's lap.

In Shannon's flashback, she is waiting for Boone to attempt to upgrade their seats to first class when Sayid asks if he can leave his bag with her. She agrees, and he walks off. When Boone returns, saying that the agent would not upgrade their seats because Shannon had been difficult during check-in, she storms off to try again, leaving Sayid's bag unattended. As Boone is questioning how immoral she can be, she notifies a guard that "some Arab guy" left a suspicious bag in the waiting area.

===Trivia===
*When Jin and Michael are repairing the raft, Michael angrily says to Jin "No, no, no. This one goes there, that one goes there" which is the exact phrase [[Han Solo]] told [[Chewbacca]] in ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' as they repaired the ''[[Millennium Falcon]].'' In the next episode Sawyer refers to Michael and Jin as "Han" and "Chewie," respectively.

*In his flashback, Jack reveals his seat number to be 23 and Ana-Lucia tells Jack her seat is 42 at the back. These are the last two numbers in the number sequence 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42.

*As the raft launches there is a shot of Vincent (the dog) swimming out after it, you can see a safety man in the water to the right.

==Exodus: Parts 2 and 3==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[May 25]], [[2005]]. Part 2 and 3 of the Exodus episode aired back to back in the US with no delineation, and are summarized as one episode here.
*'''Flashbacks:''' [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin]], [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]], [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]], [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]], [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes|Hurley]], [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]], [[Claire Littleton |Claire]] (Deleted scene, featured on the LOST: Season 1 DVD)
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Carlton Cuse]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Jack, Kate and Locke go into The Black Rock and find the crate of dynamite. While attempting to handle the dynamite carefully, Arzt himself triggers one of the sticks and is blown up. The remaining group members decide to continue their attempt to carry the dynamite, and wrap it in wet cloth. Locke suggests that they carry a redundant backup; in case one of the carriers blows up, the other will still be able to blow the hatch. Locke, Kate, and Jack all want to volunteer to carry the dynamite, so they [[drawing straws|draw straws]] for the responsibility. Jack draws the long stick, so Kate and Locke carry the dynamite. On their way back to the hatch, Jack and Kate see what seems a small cloud of [[smoke]] move in an unnatural way through some near trees, they hear the rumbling of the monster. According to plan, Jack and Locke drop their packs, but Kate forgets and keeps hers on. Locke wants to get a glimpse of the monster, and ends up getting nearly under it. His leg becomes ensnared in what sounds like a chain mechanism of some kind, which drags him through the jungle (although freeze frames of the DVD video look as if he's been seized by a tendril of the same strange smoke rather than a conventional chain). Jack grabs onto his arm and is dragged as well, and prevents Locke from being dragged into a hole in the ground. Although Locke pleads with Jack to let him get dragged under, Jack instead tells Kate to grab dynamite out of his bag and drop one down, revealing that he had in fact switched the content of their packs. Kate drops the dynamite down the tunnel, causing an underground explosion, resulting in black smoke (similar to that seen before) coming out of a nearby hole on the horizon, moving in a bizarre, almost [[supernatural]] way, and disappearing, all in less than a second. The hold on Locke slackens, and they are able to extract him. Later, Locke reveals that the reason he wanted to fall into the cavern is that it was his destiny and that he felt that the island was testing him.

On the beach, Sayid is leading the group back to the caves, awaiting Jack's party's return. Charlie and Claire are alone on the beach when Rousseau runs up, telling Charlie that she needs to see Sayid urgently. When Charlie runs off to get Sayid, Rousseau begins asking Claire to hold her baby, and Claire tries to make several excuses why she can't give Rousseau the baby. Claire sees a strange scar on Rousseau's arm and has a short ambiguous flashback to a struggle between Rousseau and herself. Soon Charlie and Sayid return to find Claire exclaiming that her baby has been taken, and Sayid surmises that Rousseau intends to attempt an exchange of Aaron (which Claire names) for her own child, Alex, with the "[[Others]]". Charlie and Sayid go toward the black smoke, with little daylight left. On their journey they encounter a trap set by Rousseau, which injures Charlie momentarily. Charlie's wound is bleeding profusely, and Sayid orders him to go back to the camp, but Charlie refuses. Sayid then cuts open a bullet, pours the gunpowder into the wound, and sets it on fire to cauterize the injury. They also encounter the downed drug smugglers' plane, and Sayid reveals to Charlie that it is full of [[heroin]], ignorant of Charlie's junkie past. When Sayid and Charlie arrive on the beach with the black smoke, there are no other people, just a [[pyre]]. The sound of the baby crying alerts them to Rousseau hiding in the bushes. She cries and tells them that she overheard them saying that they were going to go after "the boy," and she thought that if she brought him to them, they would return her child. She returns the baby, and they reunite it with Claire. It is revealed that Charlie kept at least one of the statues filled with heroin in his bag.
[[Image:Walt kidnapped.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Walt is taken by the boat crew.]]
On the raft, the crew is sailing according to plan, and Michael bonds with Walt. Walt learns about Sawyer's long term search for revenge. Jin gives the watch which caused a fight between them [[#House of the Rising Sun|earlier in the series]] to Michael as a gift. At one point, the rudder breaks off, and Sawyer dives into the water after it, risking his life. At this point, Michael discovers that Sawyer has a gun, but decides not to tell the others. At night, their radar sweep turns up a boat in the distance. They fire their single flare, and the boat approaches them. Though they think they are about to be saved, it turns out to be a group of strangers who demand that they hand over Walt. Sawyer tries to pull his gun, but he is shot by one of the other crewmen and falls into the water. Jin jumps into the water to try and save Sawyer, while the strangers overpower Michael and kidnap Walt. As they sail off, a woman throws an explosive onto the raft, destroying it.

The episode ends with Jack, Kate, Locke, and Hurley arriving at the hatch. They manage to set the dynamite up on the hinge of the hatch, and are about to set it off when Hurley notices the appearance of "The Numbers" on the side. He yells at them not to light it, but Locke lights the fuse anyway. Hurley tries to stamp out the fuse, repeating "the numbers are bad," but Jack tackles him, and the dynamite explodes. They pry open the hatch to reveal a deep, dark metal tunnel. A partial ladder (with broken rungs) can be seen near the top of the tunnel. Though we don't know what is inside yet, one thing is certain — it's a long way down...

As in [[#Exodus: Part 1|Part 1]], the flashbacks in this episode deal with each character's experiences leading up to the flight.

Jin's flashback follows Sun's flashback from the previous episode. When Jin goes to the bathroom, he encounters a casually dressed Caucasian man who conversationally asks him for a paper towel in English. When Jin indicates that he speaks no English, the man switches to Korean. Seeming somewhat more menacing now, he then reveals that he works for Mr. Paik, and knows that Jin was attempting to run away with Sun. He tells Jin to complete his delivery of a watch to an associate in San Francisco.

Charlie's flashback is of him looking for his stash before leaving for his flight. A girl from the previous night is in his bed. As Charlie finds the drugs, she asks if he has any left. He lies and says that he's out, but she can tell that he's lying and attacks him for the drugs.

Sayid's flashback is of the airport officers apologizing for harassing him about his bag.

Michael's flashback is of him and Walt in the airport waiting for their flight. Walt is absorbed in his [[Game Boy Advance SP]], and Michael is obviously frustrated that they can't connect. He gets up, claiming to need to call work, but he really calls his mother. He expresses his exasperation to his mother, and asks if she can take care of Walt, eventually offering to pay her. Locke makes a split second onscreen appearance, being pushed in his wheelchair, while Michael is on the phone. When Michael hangs up, Walt is right next to him, and may have heard the whole conversation.

Hurley's flashback is fairly comedic, and shows him waking up late for his flight due to a localized power outage. In a mad dash for the airport, he experiences several other problems, including a flat tire, arriving at the wrong terminal; he buys an electronic scooter from an old man for $1600 and manages to get to the terminal just as they are closing the gate. While Hurley is racing to the terminal, it looks like Boone makes a split second appearance in the background; it's hard to see him but it definitely looks like him with the dark hair and dark eyebrows. The boarding agent is able to get them to reopen the doors for him, and he hugs her effusively. This is the longest flashback in the episode and, as expected, the numbers feature prominently. Hurley is shown to be staying in room 2342, his digital display in his car shows that it is 23 degrees outside, and he is originally going 42 km/h; when he gets a flat tire he slows first to 16, then 15, then 8, and finally 4 before the display cuts out altogether. As he is running through the airport, he passes a team of [[soccer]] players, wearing jerseys with "the numbers" in numerical order. Another revelation from this flashback is that Hurley and Charlie stayed in the same hotel (Charlie yells at him for holding up a full [[elevator]]), and the elevator bank also looks exactly like the one in the hotel where Michael and Walt stayed. When Hurley gives his passport to the airport worker, we see that the Departure and Arrival times are 14:16 to 10:42, 16 and 42 both being numbers in the sequence. Finally, we see that Hurley boards the aircraft at gate 23.

In Locke's flashback, the airline staff have lost the wheelchair normally used to load disabled passengers onto the plane, and he must be carried on to the plane by two attendants. When he drops a pamphlet from his seat, he is unable to reach it. He is clearly frustrated by the whole situation, and struggles to maintain his dignity.

There is a final montage of all of the passengers getting on the plane (except for Locke, who was seated early as a disabled passenger). It is fairly uneventful, although when Hurley gets on the plane he gives a thumbs up to Walt, who looks up from his Gameboy for the first time and smiles. Hurley smiles back, sits down, puts on his headphones and starts reading his comic book - the same comic book that Walt found after the plane crash. Mr. Arzt also helps Claire put her bag in the overhead compartment. This montage basically shows how prior to the crash each of the survivors had a brief interaction with another one of the survivors.

{{LostNav}}

[[Category:Episode lists|Lost]]
[[Category:Lost]]

Extraterrestrial life

2006-01-07T18:33:57Z

Jackqu7: /* Biochemistry */ correct formatting

:''This article is about the scientific study of extraterrestrial life; for treatment in popular culture, see [[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture]].
[[Image:radiotelescope.jpg|thumb|''The existence of extraterrestrial life remains hypothetical though human beings continue to search'']]

'''Extraterrestrial life''' is [[life]] that may exist and originate outside the planet [[Earth]]. Its existence is currently hypothetical: there is as yet no evidence of extraterrestrial life that has been widely accepted by [[scientist]]s.

Most scientists hold that if extraterrestial life exists, its [[evolution]] would have occurred independently in different places in the [[universe]]. An alternative hypothesis, held by a minority, is [[panspermia]], which suggests that life in the universe could have stemmed from a single initial distribution of spores that provide the basis for living beings to develop. If true, this theory would suggest that life in various forms might exist throughout the universe.

Speculative forms of extraterrestrial life range from [[humanoid]] and monstrous beings seen in works of [[science fiction]] to life at the much smaller scale of [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[virus]]es.

Extraterrestrial life forms, especially intelligent ones, are often referred to in popular culture as [[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture|aliens]] or ETs. The putative study and theorisation of ET life is known as [[astrobiology]] or xenobiology.

==Possible basis of extraterrestrial life==

=== Biochemistry ===

''Main article: [[Alternative biochemistry]]''

All life on Earth is based on the building block element [[carbon]] with [[water]] as the [[solvent]] in which bio-chemical reactions take place. Given their relative abundance and usefulness in sustaining life it has long been assumed that life forms elsewhere in the universe will also utilize these basic components. However, other elements and solvents might be capable of providing a basis for [[life]]. [[Silicon]] is usually considered the most likely alternative to carbon, though this remains improbable. Life forms based in [[ammonia]] rather than water are also considered, though less frequently. Nor can the possibility be rejected that a completely new substance may be found that may react in a similar way to carbon or that wholly unique, non-chemical life-forms may possibly flourish through exotic physics.

Along with a building block element and a solvent, life also requires an energy source. Energy from a parent [[star]] is the most obvious source for extraterrestrial life but this is not the only possibility, as the example of terrestrial [[extremophiles]] shows. [[Geothermal (geology)|Geothermal]] energy from a planet's interior, for instance, may drive sub-surface or oceanic life, while [[tidal force|tidal flexing]] (e.g., for bodies orbiting a gas giant) provides another possible motor to sustain living things.

The scientific study of the possible biochemical basis for extraterrestrial life is often called [[Astrobiology|xenobiology]].

{{seealso|Back-contamination}}

=== Theoretical Evolution and Morphology ===

Along with the biochemical basis of extraterrestrial life, there remains a broader consideration of [[evolution]] and [[comparative anatomy|morphology]]. What might an alien look like? Science fiction has long shown a bias towards humanoid or (often in the case of villains) [[reptiles|reptilian]] forms. The [[Greys|classical alien]] is light green or grey skinned, with an enormous head, small body, and the typical four limb and two to five digit structure—i.e., it is fundamentally humanoid with a large [[brain]] to indicate great intelligence. Other subjects from our animal [[mythos]] ([[cats|felines]], [[insects]]) have also featured strongly in fictional representations of aliens. While such bias is predictable, it is also curiously unimaginative and almost certain to be proven wrong should human beings encounter extraterrestrials.

In considering the subject more seriously, a useful division has [[Evolving the Alien|been suggested]] between universal and parochial characteristics. Universals are features which have evolved independently more than once on Earth (and thus presumably are not difficult to develop) and are so intrinsically useful that species will inevitably tend towards them. These include [[flight]], [[sight]], [[photosynthesis]] and [[limbs]], all of which have evolved several times here on Earth with differing materialization. There are a huge variety of eyes, for example, many of which have radically different working schematics as well as different visual foci: the [[visual spectrum]], [[infrared]], [[polarity]] and [[echolocation]]. Parochials, by contrast, are essentially arbitrary evolutionary forms which often serve little utility (or at least have a function which can be equally served by dissimilar morphology) and probably will not be replicated. Parochials include the five digits of [[mammals]], the [[genitalia]] and sexual mechanics of animals, as well as the curious and often fatal conjunction of the feeding and breathing passages found within many animals.

A consideration of which features are ultimately parochial challenges many taken for granted notions about morphological necessity. [[Skeletons]], in some form, are likely to be replicated elsewhere, yet the [[vertebrate]] [[vertebral column|spine]]—while a profound development on Earth—is just as likely to be unique. Similarly, it is reasonable to expect some type of egg laying amongst off-Earth creatures but the [[mammary glands]] which set apart mammals may be a singular case.

The assumption of radical diversity amongst putative extraterrestrials is by no means settled. While many exobiologists do stress that the enormously heterogeneous nature of Earth life foregrounds even greater variety in space, others point out that [[convergent evolution]] dictates substantial similarities between Earth and off-Earth life. These two schools of thought are called "divergionism" and "convergionism", respectively [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/etlifevar.html].

==Beliefs in extraterrestrial life==

===Ancient and Early Modern ideas===

{{seealso|Cosmic pluralism}}

Belief in extraterrestrial life may have been present in ancient [[Egypt]], [[Babylon]], and [[Sumer]], although in these societies, [[cosmology]] was fundamentally supernatural and the notion of aliens is difficult to distinguish from that of gods, demons, and such. The first important Western thinkers to argue systematically for a universe full of other planets and, therefore, possible extraterrestrial life were the ancient Greek writers [[Thales]] and his student [[Anaximander]] in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C.E. The [[atomists]] of Greece took up the idea, arguing that an infinite universe ought to have an infinity of populated worlds. Ancient Greek cosmology worked against the idea of extraterrestrial life in one critical respect, however: the [[geocentric]] universe, championed by [[Aristotle]] and codified by [[Ptolemy]], privileged the Earth and Earth-life (Aristotle denied there could be a plurality of worlds) and seemingly rendered extraterrestrial life impossible.
[[Image:Giordano_Bruno.jpg|thumb|[[Giordano Bruno]], ''De l'Infinito, Univirso e Mondi, 1584'']]

Ancient [[Jewish]] sources also considered extraterrestrial life. The [[Talmud]] suggests that there are at least 18,000 other worlds, but provides little elaboration. The book [[Sefer Habrit]] (Book of the Covenant) writes that extraterrestrial creatures exist but that they have no [[free will]] (and are thus equivalent to animal life). It adds that human beings should not expect creatures from another world to resemble earthly life, any more than sea creatures resemble land animals. [http://ohr.edu/ask_db/ask_main.php/318/Q1/] [http://www.torah.org/features/secondlook/extraterrestrial.html]

When [[Christianity]] spread through the West the Ptolemaic system became dogma and although the Church never issued any formal pronouncement on the question of alien life [http://www.crisismagazine.com/november2002/feature7.htm], at least tacitly the idea was heretical. In 1277 the [[Bishop of Paris]], [[Etienne Tempier]] did overturn Aristotle on one point: God ''could'' have created more than one world (given His omnipotence) yet we know by revelation he only made one. To take a further step and argue that aliens actually existed remained dangerous. The best known early-modern proponent of extra-solar planets and widespread life off Earth was [[Giordano Bruno]], who was burned at the stake for this and other unorthodox ideas in [[1600]].

The Church, however, could not contain the storm that accompanied the invention of the [[telescope]] and the [[Copernican]] assault on geocentric cosmology. Once it became clear that the Earth was merely one planet amongst countless bodies in the universe the extraterrestrial idea moved towards the scientific mainstream. In the early 17th century the Czech astronomer [[Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita]] mused that "if Jupiter has…inhabitants…they must be larger and more beautiful than the inhabitants of the Earth, in proportion to the [size] of the two spheres;" he did not dare to confirm the existence of Jovian beings due to potential theological difficulties. Later, this bold step would be taken. [[William Herschel]], the discoverer of [[Uranus]], was one of many 18th-19th century astronomers convinced that our Solar System, and perhaps others, would be well populated by alien life. Other luminaries of the period who championed "cosmic pluralism" included [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]]. At the height of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] even the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]] were considered candidates for hosting aliens. The Christian attitude towards extraterrestrials turned from denial to ambivalence. Theological criticisms had been partially stalemated by a critical counter-argument that had remained in the background since the pronouncements of 1277: God's omnipotence not only allowed for other worlds and other life, on some level it necessitated them.

===Extraterrestrials and the Modern era===
This enthusiasm towards the possibility of alien life continued well into the [[20th century]]. Indeed, the roughly three centuries from the [[Scientific Revolution]] through the beginning of the modern era of solar system probes were essentially the highpoint for belief in extraterrestrials in the West: many astronomers and other secular thinkers, at least some religious thinkers, and much of the general public were largely satisfied that aliens were a reality. This trend was finally tempered as actual probes visited potential alien abodes in the solar system. The moon was decisively ruled out as a possibility, while [[Venus]] and [[Mars]]—long the two main candidates for extraterrestrials—showed no obvious evidence of current life. The other large moons of our system which have been visited appear similarly lifeless, though interesting geothermic forces observed ([[Io]]'s volcanism, [[Europa]]'s ocean, [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]'s thick atmosphere) has underscored how broad the range of potentially habitable environments may be. Finally, the failure of [[NASA]]'s [[SETI]] program to detect anything resembling an intelligent radio signal after four decades of effort has partially dimmed the optimism that prevailed at the beginning of the space age and emboldened critics who view the search for extraterrestrials as unscientific. [http://www.crichton-official.com/speeches/speeches_quote04.html]

Thus, the three decades preceding the turn of the second millenium saw a crossroads reached in beliefs in alien life. The prospect of ubiquitous, intelligent, space-faring civilizations in our solar system appears increasingly dubious to many scientists ("All we know for sure is that the sky is not littered with powerful microwave transmitters" in the words of SETI's [[Frank Drake]]). At the same time, the data returned by space probes and giant strides in detection methods have allowed science to begin delineating [[Planetary habitability|habitability criteria]] on other worlds and to confirm that, at least, [[extrasolar planet|other planets]] are plentiful though aliens remain a question mark.

Amongst the general public belief and interest in extraterrestrials remains high and skepticism towards galaxy-exploring alien civilizations is not shared by many individuals. At present, some enthusiasts in the topic believe that extraterrestrial beings regularly visit or have visited the Earth. Some think that [[unidentified flying objects]] observed in the skies are in fact sightings of the spacecraft of intelligent extraterrestrials, and even claim to have met such beings. [[Crop circle]] patterns have also been attributed to the actions of extraterrestrials, although many were later found to be hoaxes. While at least one recent scientific paper published in a respected, peer-reviewed journal has urged a re-evaluation of the UFO phenomenon (Deardorff et al., 2005) [http://www.ufoskeptic.org/JBIS.pdf], as of this time mainstream scientific opinion holds that such claims are unsupportable by the evidence currently available and unlikely to be true.

The possible existence of primitive (microbial) life outside of Earth is much less controversial to mainstream scientists although at present no direct evidence of such life has been found. Indirect evidence has been offered for the current existence of primitive life on the planet Mars; however, the conclusions that should be drawn from such evidence remain in debate.

==Scientific search for extraterrestrial life==
The scientific search for extraterrestrial life is being carried out in two different ways, directly and indirectly.

===Direct search===
Scientists are directly searching for evidence of unicellular life within the [[solar system]], carrying out studies on the surface of Mars and examining [[meteors]] that have fallen to Earth. A mission is also proposed to [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], one of [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]]'s moons with a liquid water layer under its surface, which might contain life.

There is some limited evidence that microbial life might possibly exist or have existed on Mars. An experiment on the [[Viking program|Viking]] Mars lander reported gas emissions from heated Martian soil that some argue are consistent with the presence of microbes. However, the lack of corroborating evidence from other experiments on the Viking indicates that a non-biological reaction is a more likely hypothesis. Independently in [[1996]] structures resembling [[bacterium|bacteria]] were reportedly discovered in a meteorite, [[ALH84001]], known to be formed of rock ejected from Mars. Again, this report is vigorously disputed.

In February 2005, [[NASA]] scientists reported that they had found strong evidence of present life on [[Mars]] (Berger, 2005). The two scientists, [[Carol Stoker]] and [[Larry Lemke]] of NASA's [[Ames Research Center]], based their claims on methane signatures found in Mars' atmosphere that resemble the methane production of some forms of primitive life on Earth, as well as their own study of primitive life near the [[Rio Tinto river]] in [[Spain]]. NASA officials soon denied the scientists' claims, and Stoker herself backed off from her initial assertions (spacetoday.net, 2005). However, only a few days after Stoker and Lemke made their claims, scientists from the [[European Space Agency]] reported that their own measurements of methane on Mars suggested an organic origin (Michelson, 2005).

Though such findings are still very much in debate, support among scientists for the belief in the existence of life on Mars seems to be growing. In an informal survey of scientists attending the conference at which the European Space Agency presented its findings, 75 percent of the scientists at the conference reported to believe that life once existed on Mars; 25 percent reported a belief that life currently exists there (Michelson, 2005).

===Indirect search===
It is theorised that any technological society in space will be transmitting information. Projects such as [[SETI]] are conducting an astronomical search for radio activity that would confirm the presence of intelligent life. A related suggestion is that aliens might broadcast pulsed and continuous [[laser]] signals in the optical as well as infrared spectrum [http://www.coseti.org/]; laser signals have the advantage of not "smearing" in the interstellar medium and may prove more conducive to communication between the stars.

Astronomers also search for [[extrasolar]] planets that would be conducive to life. Current radiodetection methods have been inadequate for such a search, as the resolution afforded by recent technology is inadequate for detailed study of extrasolar planetary objects. Future telescopes should be able to image planets around nearby stars, which may reveal the presence of life (either directly or through [[Atomic absorption spectroscopy|spectrography]] which would reveal key information such as the presence of free [[oxygen]] in a planet's atmosphere). The [[Terrestrial Planet Finder]] is one NASA programme on the horizon that has generated optimism over the potential discovery of habitable planets. It has been argued that one of the best candidates for the discovery of life-supporting planets may be [[Alpha Centauri]], the closest star system to Earth, given that two of the three stars in the system are broadly sun-like.

== Extraterrestrial life in the Solar System ==

Many bodies in the Solar System have been suggested as being likely to contain life. The most commonly suggested ones are listed below; of these, four of the five are moons thought to have large bodies of underground liquid, and life may have evolved there in a similar fashion to deep sea vents.
* [[Mars]] - The best known of the other planets and moons in the Solar system. There was liquid water on Mars in the past and there may be liquid water beneath the surface. Recently, [[methane]] was found in the atmosphere of Mars.
* [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] - [[Saturn|Saturn's]] largest moon, and the only known moon with a significant atmosphere. Recently visited by the [[Huygens probe]]. Latest discoveries indicate that there is no global or widespread ocean, but small and/or seasonal liquid hydrocarbon [http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/image-details.cfm?imageID=1577 lakes] are still possible.
* [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] - probably has a [[salt]] ocean under a thick ice crust.
* [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] - [[Jupiter|Jupiter's]] largest moon, and indeed the largest moon in the entire solar system
* [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]] - Another one of Saturn's moons, may have liquid water beneath its surface. [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7159]

Numerous other bodies have been suggested as potentially life-bearing. For example, atmospheric life has been hypothesised on Venus and the gas giants. [[Fred Hoyle]] also proposed that microbial life might exist on comets. Some Earth microbes also managed to survive on a lunar probe for some years. It is considered highly unlikely that complex multicellular organisms exist in any of these places.

==Dealing with extraterrestrial life==
If intelligent extraterrestrial life is found and it is possible to communicate with it, the people of the world and their governments will need to determine how to manage those interactions. The development of policy guidelines for dealing with extraterrestrial beings and territory has been considered by authors such as Michael Salla and [[Alfred Webre]] and termed [[exopolitics]].

==See also==
*[[Alien invasion]]
*[[Anomalous phenomenon]]
*[[Are We Alone?]]
*[[Astrobiology]]
*[[Astrosociobiology]]
*[[Back-contamination]]
*[[Drake equation]]
*[[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture]]
*[[Fermi paradox]]
*[[First contact (science fiction)|First contact]]
*[[Frank Drake]]
*[[Galactic Empire]]
*[[Greys]]
*[[Habitable zone]]
*[[Kardashev scale]]
*[[List of space aliens in fiction]]
*[[Panspermia]]
*[[Planetary habitability]]
*[[Rare Earth hypothesis]]
*[[Reptoid]]
*[[Scientific skepticism]]
*[[Sentience Quotient]]
*[[Seth Shostak]]
*[[SETI]]

==References==
*[[Jack Cohen]] and [[Ian Stewart (mathematician)|Ian Stewart]] (2002): ''[[Evolving the Alien|Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life]]'', Ebury Press, ISBN 0-091-87927-2
*{{Journal reference | Author=J. Deardorff, B. Haisch, B. Maccabee, [[Harold E. Puthoff]] | Title=Inflation-Theory Implications for Extraterrestrial Visitation | Journal=[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]] | Year=2005 | Volume=58 | Pages=43&#8211;50}} [http://www.ufoskeptic.org/JBIS.pdf (pdf file)]
* Berger, Brian (2005). [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/mars_life_050216.html Exclusive: NASA Researchers Claim Evidence of Present Life on Mars]. Posted Feb. 16, 2005.
*spacetoday.net (2005). [http://www.spacetoday.net/Summary/2804 NASA denies Mars life reports]. Posted Feb 19, 2005.
*Michelson, Marcel (2005). [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/space_mars_dc European Scientists Believe in Life on Mars]. Posted Feb 25, 2005.
*[[John C. Baird]]. 1987. ''[[The Inner Limits of Outer Space]]: A Psychologist Critiques Our Efforts to Communicate With Extraterrestrial Beings.'' Hanover: University Press of New England. ISBN 0-87451-406-1
*[[Donald Goldsmith]]. 1997. ''[[The Hunt for Life on Mars]].'' New York: A Dutton Book. ISBN 0525943366
*[[Michael T. Lemnick]]. 1998. ''Other Worlds: The Search for Life in the Universe.'' New York: A Touchstone Book.
* [[Cliff Pickover]]. 2003 ''[[The Science of Aliens]]'' New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-07315-8

== Related books and media ==
* Sagan, Carl and [[Iosif Samuilovich Shklovskii|I.S. Shklovskii]], ''[[Intelligent Life in the Universe]]''. Random House, [[1966]]
* Sagan, Carl, ''[[Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence]]''. MIT Press, [[1973]]

==External links==
*[http://www.paranormalnetwork.net/wiki/index.php/Star_cruiser Possible Extraterrestrial Ships Spotted by SOHO]
*[http://www.mysterymap.com ''MysteryMap.com'' Extra Terrestrial Sightings]
*[http://www.exopolitics.com ''Exopolitics.com'' by Alfred Webre]
*[http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/siliconlife.html ''Silicon-based life'' by David Darling]
*[http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/ammonialife.html ''Ammonia-based life'' by David Darling]
*[http://www.pbs.org/lifebeyondearth/index.html ''PBS: Life Beyond Earth'' a film by Timothy Ferris]
*[http://www.ufoskeptic.org ''ufoskeptic.org'' by Bernard Haisch]
*[http://www.rfreitas.com/Astro/Xenopsychology.htm ''Xenopsychology'' by Robert A. Freitas Jr.]
*[http://www.projectrho.com/rocket/rocket3aa.html Let's Build an Extraterrestrial]
*[http://www.ufocasebook.com UFO Casebook]
*[http://www.maar.us Malevolent Alien Abduction Research]
*[http://www.answersdepot.com/doaliensexist.html A Christian view on the possibility of aliens existing]
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/05/0520_050520_tv_aliens.html "What Aliens Might Look Like"] from [[National Geographic]]

[[Category:Astrobiology]]
[[Category:Extraterrestrials|*]]

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Cyrix

2005-12-30T18:41:02Z

Jackqu7: /* Products */

[[Image:Cyrix_logo.gif|thumb|Cyrix corporate logo]]
CPU manufacturer '''Cyrix''' began in [[1988]] as a specialist supplier of high-performance math co-processors for [[Intel 80286|286]] and [[Intel 80386|386]] systems. The company was founded by ex-[[Texas Instruments]] staff, and had a long but rather troubled relationship with TI throughout its history.

Cyrix founder [[Jerry Rogers]] aggressively recruited engineers and pushed them, eventually assembling a small but efficient design team of 30 people.

== Products ==

[[Image:Cyrix 6x86L-PR200plusGP top.jpg|thumb|A Cyrix 6x86 Processor]]Its early CPU products included the [[486SLC]] and [[486DLC]], released in [[1992]], which, despite their names, were pin-compatible with the 386SX and DX, respectively. While they added an on-chip L1 cache and the 486 instruction set, performance-wise they were somewhere between the 386 and the [[Intel 80486|486]]. The chips were mostly used as upgrades, either by end users looking to improve performance of an aging 386 and especially by dealers, who by changing the CPU could turn slow-selling 386 boards into budget 486 boards. The chips were widely criticized in product reviews for not offering the performance suggested by their names, and for the confusion caused by their naming similarity with [[Intel]]'s SL line and [[IBM]]'s SLC line of CPUs, neither of which was related to Cyrix's SLC. The chips did see use in very low-cost PC clones and in laptops.

Cyrix would later release the Cyrix 486SRX2 and 486DRX2, which were essentially clock-doubled versions of the SLC and DLC, marketed exclusively to consumers as 386-to-486 upgrades.

Eventually Cyrix was able to release a 486 that was pin-compatible with its Intel counterparts. However, the chips were later to market than [[AMD]]'s 486s and benchmarked slightly slower than the AMD and Intel counterparts, which relegated them to the budget and upgrade market. While AMD had been able to sell some of its 486s to large OEMs, notably [[Acer (company)|Acer]] and [[Compaq]], Cyrix was not. The Cyrix chips did gain some following with upgraders, as their 50-, 66- and 80-MHz 486 CPUs ran at 5 volts, rather than the 3.3 volts used by AMD, making the Cyrix chips usable as upgrades in early 486 motherboards.

In [[1995]], with its Pentium clone not yet ready to ship, Cyrix repeated its own history and released the [[Cyrix Cx5x86]], which plugged into a 486 socket, ran at 100, 120 or 133 MHz, and yielded performance comparable to that of a Pentium running at 75 MHz. Although AMD's [[AMD 5x86|Am5x86]] was little more than a clock-quadrupled 486 with a new name, Cyrix's 5x86 implemented some Pentium-like features.

Later in 1995 Cyrix released its best-known chip, the [[Cyrix 6x86|6x86]], which was the first Cyrix CPU to exceed the performance of the Intel chip it was intended to compete against. Initially Cyrix tried to charge a premium for its extra performance, but the 6x86's math coprocessor was not as fast as that in the Intel [[Pentium]]. Due to the increasing popularity of first-person 3D games, Cyrix was forced to lower its prices. While the 6x86 quickly gained a following among computer enthusiasts and independent computer shops, unlike AMD its chips had yet to be used by a major OEM customer.

The later 6x86L was a revised 6x86 that consumed less power, and the 6x86MX added [[MMX]] instructions and a larger L2 cache. The MII, based on the 6x86MX design, was little more than a name change intended to help the chip compete better with the Pentium II.

In [[1996]] Cyrix released the [[MediaGX]] CPU, which integrated all of the major discrete components of a PC, including sound and video, onto one chip. Initially based on the old 5x86 technology and running at 120 or 133 MHz, its performance was widely criticized but its low price made it successful. The MediaGX led to Cyrix's first big win, when Compaq used it in its lowest-priced Presario computer. This led to further MediaGX sales to [[Packard Bell]] and also seemed to give Cyrix legitimacy, as 6x86 sales to Packard Bell and [[eMachines]] quickly followed.

Later versions of the MediaGX ran at speeds of up to 333 MHz and added MMX support. A second chip was added to extend its video capabilities.

== PR Rating ==

Because the 6x86 was more efficient on an instruction-per-instruction basis than Intel's Pentium, and because Cyrix sometimes used a faster bus speed than either Intel or AMD, Cyrix and competitor AMD co-developed the controversial [[PR rating]] system in an effort to compare its products more favorably with Intel's. Since a 6x86 running at 133 MHz generally benchmarked slightly faster than a Pentium running at 166 MHz, the 133 MHz 6x86 was marketed as the 6x86-P166+. Legal action from Intel, who objected to the use of the strings "P166" and "P200" in non-Pentium products, led to Cyrix adding the letter "R" to its names.

The PR rating was controversial because while Cyrix's chips generally outperformed Intel's when running productivity applications, on a clock-for-clock basis its chips were slower for [[floating point]] operations, so the PR rating broke down when running the newest games. Additionally, since the 6x86's price encouraged its use in budget systems, performance could drop even further when compared with Pentium systems that were using faster hard drives, video cards, sound cards, and modems.

Although AMD used the PR rating in its early [[AMD K5|K5]] chips, it soon abandoned the PR rating, although it would later use a similar concept in marketing its later CPUs.

== Manufacturing partners ==

Cyrix had always been a [[Fabless semiconductor company|fabless]] company: Cyrix designed and sold their own chips, but contracted the actual [[semiconductor-manufacturing]] to an outside [[foundry]]. In the early days, Cyrix mostly used [[Texas Instruments]] production facilities and SGS Thompson (now [[STMicroelectronics]]). In 1994, following a series of disagreements with TI, and production difficulties at SGS Thompson, Cyrix turned to [[International Business Machines|IBM]] Microelectronics, whose production technology rivalled that of Intel.

As part of the manufacturing agreement between the two companies, IBM received the right to build and sell Cyrix-designed CPUs under the IBM name. While some in the industry speculated this would lead to IBM using 6x86 CPUs extensively in its product line and improve Cyrix's reputation, IBM by and large continued to use Intel CPUs, and to a lesser extent, AMD CPUs, in the majority of its products and only used the Cyrix designs in a few budget models, mostly sold outside of the United States. IBM instead sold its 6x86 chips on the open market, competing directly against Cyrix and sometimes undercutting Cyrix's prices.

== Legal troubles ==

Unlike AMD, Cyrix had never manufactured or sold Intel designs under a negotiated license. Cyrix's designs were the result of meticulous in-house reverse-engineering. So while the AMD's 386s and even 486s had some Intel-written microcode software, Cyrix's designs were completely independent. Focused on removing potential competitors, Intel spent many years in legal battles with Cyrix, claiming that the Cyrix 486 violated Intel's [[patent]]s. (Just as Intel did with every other [[x86]] CPU manufacturer right up until 1998.)

By and large, Intel lost the Cyrix case. But the final settlement was out of court: Intel agreed that Cyrix had the right to produce their own x86 designs in any foundry that happened to already hold an Intel license. Both firms gained out of this: Cyrix could carry on having their CPUs made by Texas Instruments, [[STMicroelectronics|SGS Thomson]], or IBM (as it happened, all holders of Intel cross-licenses); Intel avoided a potentially embarrassing loss.

The follow-on 1997 Cyrix-Intel litigation was the reverse: instead of Intel claiming that Cyrix 486 chips violated their patents, now Cyrix claimed that Intel's Pentium Pro and Pentium II violated Cyrix patents - in particular, power management and register renaming techniques. The case was expected to drag on for years but eventually was to be settled out of court. In fact it was settled quite promptly, by another mutual cross license agreement. Intel and Cyrix now had full and free access to each others patents. The settlement didn't say whether the Pentium Pro violated Cyrix patents or not, it simply allowed Intel to carry on making them either way — exactly as the previous settlement side-stepped Intel's claim that the Cyrix 486 violated Intel patents.

== Merger with National Semiconductor ==

In August 1997, while the litigation was still in progress, Cyrix merged with [[National Semiconductor]] (who also already held an Intel cross-license). This provided Cyrix with an extra marketing arm and access to National Semiconductor fab plants, which were originally constructed to produce RAM and high-speed telecommunications equipment. Since the manufacture of RAM and CPUs is similar, industry analysts at the time believed the marriage made sense. The IBM manufacturing agreement remained for a while longer, but Cyrix eventually switched all their production over to National's plant. The merger improved Cyrix's financial base and gave them much better access to development facilities.

The merger also resulted in a change of emphasis: National Semiconductor's priority was single-chip budget devices like the [[MediaGX]], rather than higher performance chips like the 6x86 and [[MII]], a revised 6x86 intended to compete more directly with Intel's Pentium II. Whether National Semiconductor doubted Cyrix's ability to produce high-performance chips or feared competing with Intel at the high end of the market is open to debate. The MediaGX, with no direct competition in the marketplace and with continual pressure on OEMs to release lower-cost PCs, looked like the safer bet.

National Semiconductor ran into financial trouble soon after the Cyrix merger, and these problems hurt Cyrix as well. By 1999, AMD and Intel were leapfrogging one another in clock speeds, reaching 450 MHz and beyond while Cyrix took almost a year to push the MII from PR-300 to PR-333. Neither chip actually ran at 300 MHz. A problem suffered by many of the MII models was that they used a non-standard 83MHz bus. The vast majority of Socket 7 motherboards used a fixed 1/2 divider to clock the [[PCI bus]], normally at 30MHz or 33MHz. With the MII's 83MHz bus, this resulted in the PCI bus running alarmingly out of spec at 41.5MHz. At this speed, many PCI devices could become unstable or fail to operate. Some motherboards supported a 1/3 divider, which resulted in the PCI bus running at 27.7MHz. This was more stable, but adversely affected system performance. The problem was only fixed in the final few models, which supported a 100MHz bus. Meanwhile, the MediaGX faced pressure from Intel's and AMD's budget chips, which also continued to get less expensive while offering much greater performance. Cyrix, whose product had been considered a performance product in 1996, had fallen to the mid-range, then the entry level, and to the fringe of the entry level and was in danger of completely losing its market.

National Semiconductor distanced itself from the CPU market, and without direction, the Cyrix engineers left one by one. By the time National Semiconductor sold Cyrix to [[VIA Technologies]], the design team was no more and the market for the MII had disappeared. VIA used the Cyrix name on a chip designed by [[Centaur Technology]], since VIA believed Cyrix had better name recognition than Centaur, or possibly even VIA.

National Semiconductor retained the MediaGX design for a few more years, renaming it the [[Geode (processor)|Geode]] and hoping to sell it as an integrated processor. They sold the Geode to AMD in [[2003]].

== Legacy ==

Although the company was short-lived and the brand name is no longer actively used by its current owner, Cyrix's competition with AMD created the market for budget CPUs, which cut the average selling price of PCs and ultimately forced Intel to release its [[Celeron]] line of budget processors and cut the prices of its faster processors more quickly in order to compete.

Additionally, the acquisition of Cyrix's intellectual property and agreements would be used by VIA to defend itself from its own legal troubles with Intel, even after [[VIA Technologies]] stopped using the Cyrix name. VIA went on to manufacture a series of [[VIA C3]] processors which are designed for ultra-low power consumption, making them ideal for sub-notebook laptops and silent computing solutions.

[[Image:VIA C3 sub notebook.jpg|right|thumb|A sub-notebook utilisting a VIA Nehemiah C3 processor]]

''This is an edited version of a document that first appeared at http://www.redhill.net.au, and is used with permission. Some of the more unsuitable material has been omitted.''

==External links==
*[http://www.cpu-collection.de/?l0=co&l1=Cyrix Cyrix processors at cpu-collection.de]
*[http://www.cpu-info.com/index2.php?mainid=html/manu/cyrix.php CPU-INFO: Cyrix, indepth processor history]

[[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States]]

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Extraterrestrial life

2005-12-30T12:57:57Z

Jackqu7:

:''This article is about the scientific study of extraterrestrial life; for treatment in popular culture, see [[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture]].
[[Image:radiotelescope.jpg|thumb|''The existence of extraterrestrial life remains hypothetical though human beings continue to search'']]

'''Extraterrestrial life''' is [[life]] that may exist and originate outside the planet [[Earth]]. Its existence is currently hypothetical: there is as yet no evidence of extraterrestrial life that has been widely accepted by [[scientist]]s.

Most scientists hold that if extraterrestial life exists, its [[evolution]] would have occurred independently in different places in the [[universe]]. An alternative hypothesis, held by a minority, is [[panspermia]], which suggests that life in the universe could have stemmed from a single initial distribution of spores that provide the basis for living beings to develop. If true, this theory would suggest that life in various forms might exist throughout the universe.

Speculative forms of extraterrestrial life range from [[humanoid]] and monstrous beings seen in works of [[science fiction]] to life at the much smaller scale of [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[virus]]es.

Extraterrestrial life forms, especially intelligent ones, are often referred to in popular culture as [[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture|aliens]] or ETs. The putative study and theorisation of ET life is known as [[astrobiology]] or xenobiology.

==''Possible basis of extraterrestrial life''<nowiki><nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki></nowiki>==

'''=== Biochemistry ==='''

''Main article: [[Alternative biochemistry]]''

All life on Earth is based on the building block element [[carbon]] with [[water]] as the solution in which bio-chemical reactions take place. Given their relative abundance and usefulness in sustaining life it has long been assumed that life forms elsewhere in the universe will also utilize these basic components. However, other elements and solvents might be capable of providing a basis for [[life]]. [[Silicon]] is usually considered the most likely alternative to carbon, though this remains improbable. Life forms based in [[ammonia]] rather than water are also considered, though less frequently. Nor can the possibility be rejected that a completely new substance may be found that may react in a similar way to carbon or that wholly unique, non-chemical life-forms may possibly flourish through exotic physics.

Along with a building block element and a solvent, life also requires an energy source. Energy from a parent [[star]] is the most obvious source for extraterrestrial life but this is not the only possibility, as the example of terrestrial [[extremophiles]] shows. [[Geothermal (geology)|Geothermal]] energy from a planet's interior, for instance, may drive sub-surface or oceanic life, while [[tidal force|tidal flexing]] (e.g., for bodies orbiting a gas giant) provides another possible motor to sustain living things.

The scientific study of the possible biochemical basis for extraterrestrial life is often called [[Astrobiology|xenobiology]].

{{seealso|Back-contamination}}

=== Theoretical Evolution and Morphology ===

Along with the biochemical basis of extraterrestrial life, there remains a broader consideration of [[evolution]] and [[comparative anatomy|morphology]]. What might an alien look like? Science fiction has long shown a bias towards humanoid or (often in the case of villains) [[reptiles|reptilian]] forms. The [[Greys|classical alien]] is light green or grey skinned, with an enormous head, small body, and the typical four limb and two to five digit structure—i.e., it is fundamentally humanoid with a large [[brain]] to indicate great intelligence. Other subjects from our animal [[mythos]] ([[cats|felines]], [[insects]]) have also featured strongly in fictional representations of aliens. While such bias is predictable, it is also curiously unimaginative and almost certain to be proven wrong should human beings encounter extraterrestrials.

In considering the subject more seriously, a useful division has [[Evolving the Alien|been suggested]] between universal and parochial characteristics. Universals are features which have evolved independently more than once on Earth (and thus presumably are not difficult to develop) and are so intrinsically useful that species will inevitably tend towards them. These include [[flight]], [[sight]], [[photosynthesis]] and [[limbs]], all of which have evolved several times here on Earth with differing materialization. There are a huge variety of eyes, for example, many of which have radically different working schematics as well as different visual foci: the [[visual spectrum]], [[infrared]], [[polarity]] and [[echolocation]]. Parochials, by contrast, are essentially arbitrary evolutionary forms which often serve little utility (or at least have a function which can be equally served by dissimilar morphology) and probably will not be replicated. Parochials include the five digits of [[mammals]], the [[genitalia]] and sexual mechanics of animals, as well as the curious and often fatal conjunction of the feeding and breathing passages found within many animals.

A consideration of which features are ultimately parochial challenges many taken for granted notions about morphological necessity. [[Skeletons]], in some form, are likely to be replicated elsewhere, yet the [[vertebrate]] [[spine]]—while a profound development on Earth—is just as likely to be unique. Similarly, it is reasonable to expect some type of egg laying amongst off-Earth creatures but the [[mammary glands]] which set apart mammals may be a singular case.

The assumption of radical diversity amongst putative extraterrestrials is by no means settled. While many exobiologists do stress that the enormously heterogeneous nature of Earth life foregrounds even greater variety in space, others point out that [[convergent evolution]] dictates substantial similarities between Earth and off-Earth life. These two schools of thought are called "divergionism" and "convergionism", respectively [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/etlifevar.html].

==Beliefs in extraterrestrial life==

===Ancient and Early Modern ideas===

{{seealso|Cosmic pluralism}}

Belief in extraterrestrial life may have been present in ancient [[Egypt]], [[Babylon]], and [[Sumer]], although in these societies, [[cosmology]] was fundamentally supernatural and the notion of aliens is difficult to distinguish from that of gods, demons, and such. The first important Western thinkers to argue systematically for a universe full of other planets and, therefore, possible extraterrestrial life were the ancient Greek writers [[Thales]] and his student [[Anaximander]] in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C.E. The [[atomists]] of Greece took up the idea, arguing that an infinite universe ought to have an infinity of populated worlds. Ancient Greek cosmology worked against the idea of extraterrestrial life in one critical respect, however: the [[geocentric]] universe, championed by [[Aristotle]] and codified by [[Ptolemy]], privileged the Earth and Earth-life (Aristotle denied there could be a plurality of worlds) and seemingly rendered extraterrestrial life impossible.
[[Image:Giordano_Bruno.jpg|thumb|[[Giordano Bruno]], ''De l'Infinito, Univirso e Mondi, 1584'']]

Ancient [[Jewish]] sources also considered extraterrestrial life. The [[Talmud]] suggests that there are at least 18,000 other worlds, but provides little elaboration. The book [[Sefer Habrit]] (Book of the Covenant) writes that extraterrestrial creatures exist but that they have no [[free will]] (and are thus equivalent to animal life). It adds that human beings should not expect creatures from another world to resemble earthly life, any more than sea creatures resemble land animals. [http://ohr.edu/ask_db/ask_main.php/318/Q1/] [http://www.torah.org/features/secondlook/extraterrestrial.html]

When [[Christianity]] spread through the West the Ptolemaic system became dogma and although the Church never issued any formal pronouncement on the question of alien life [http://www.crisismagazine.com/november2002/feature7.htm], at least tacitly the idea was heretical. In 1277 the [[Bishop of Paris]], [[Etienne Tempier]] did overturn Aristotle on one point: God ''could'' have created more than one world (given His omnipotence) yet we know by revelation he only made one. To take a further step and argue that aliens actually existed remained dangerous. The best known early-modern proponent of extra-solar planets and widespread life off Earth was [[Giordano Bruno]], who was burned at the stake for this and other unorthodox ideas in [[1600]].

The Church, however, could not contain the storm that accompanied the invention of the [[telescope]] and the [[Copernican]] assault on geocentric cosmology. Once it became clear that the Earth was merely one planet amongst countless bodies in the universe the extraterrestrial idea moved towards the scientific mainstream. In the early 17th century the Czech astronomer [[Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita]] mused that "if Jupiter has…inhabitants…they must be larger and more beautiful than the inhabitants of the Earth, in proportion to the [size] of the two spheres;" he did not dare to confirm the existence of Jovian beings due to potential theological difficulties. Later, this bold step would be taken. [[William Herschel]], the discoverer of [[Uranus]], was one of many 18th-19th century astronomers convinced that our Solar System, and perhaps others, would be well populated by alien life. Other luminaries of the period who championed "cosmic pluralism" included [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]]. At the height of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] even the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]] were considered candidates for hosting aliens. The Christian attitude towards extraterrestrials turned from denial to ambivalence. Theological criticisms had been partially stalemated by a critical counter-argument that had remained in the background since the pronouncements of 1277: God's omnipotence not only allowed for other worlds and other life, on some level it necessitated them.

===Extraterrestrials and the Modern era===
This enthusiasm towards the possibility of alien life continued well into the [[20th century]]. Indeed, the roughly three centuries from the [[Scientific Revolution]] through the beginning of the modern era of solar system probes were essentially the highpoint for belief in extraterrestrials in the West: many astronomers and other secular thinkers, at least some religious thinkers, and much of the general public were largely satisfied that aliens were a reality. This trend was finally tempered as actual probes visited potential alien abodes in the solar system. The moon was decisively ruled out as a possibility, while [[Venus]] and [[Mars]]—long the two main candidates for extraterrestrials—showed no obvious evidence of current life. The other large moons of our system which have been visited appear similarly lifeless, though interesting geothermic forces observed ([[Io]]'s volcanism, [[Europa]]'s ocean, [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]'s thick atmosphere) has underscored how broad the range of potentially habitable environments may be. Finally, the failure of [[NASA]]'s [[SETI]] program to detect anything resembling an intelligent radio signal after four decades of effort has partially dimmed the optimism that prevailed at the beginning of the space age and emboldened critics who view the search for extraterrestrials as unscientific. [http://www.crichton-official.com/speeches/speeches_quote04.html]

Thus, the three decades preceding the turn of the second millenium saw a crossroads reached in beliefs in alien life. The prospect of ubiquitous, intelligent, space-faring civilizations in our solar system appears increasingly dubious to many scientists ("All we know for sure is that the sky is not littered with powerful microwave transmitters" in the words of SETI's [[Frank Drake]]). At the same time, the data returned by space probes and giant strides in detection methods have allowed science to begin delineating [[Planetary habitability|habitability criteria]] on other worlds and to confirm that, at least, [[extrasolar planet|other planets]] are plentiful though aliens remain a question mark.

Amongst the general public belief and interest in extraterrestrials remains high and skepticism towards galaxy-exploring alien civilizations is not shared by many individuals. At present, some enthusiasts in the topic believe that extraterrestrial beings regularly visit or have visited the Earth. Some think that [[unidentified flying objects]] observed in the skies are in fact sightings of the spacecraft of intelligent extraterrestrials, and even claim to have met such beings. [[Crop circle]] patterns have also been attributed to the actions of extraterrestrials, although many were later found to be hoaxes. While at least one recent scientific paper published in a respected, peer-reviewed journal has urged a re-evaluation of the UFO phenomenon (Deardorff et al., 2005) [http://www.ufoskeptic.org/JBIS.pdf], as of this time mainstream scientific opinion holds that such claims are unsupportable by the evidence currently available and unlikely to be true.

The possible existence of primitive (microbial) life outside of Earth is much less controversial to mainstream scientists although at present no direct evidence of such life has been found. Indirect evidence has been offered for the current existence of primitive life on the planet Mars; however, the conclusions that should be drawn from such evidence remain in debate.

==Scientific search for extraterrestrial life==
The scientific search for extraterrestrial life is being carried out in two different ways, directly and indirectly.

===Direct search===
Scientists are directly searching for evidence of unicellular life within the [[solar system]], carrying out studies on the surface of Mars and examining [[meteors]] that have fallen to Earth. A mission is also proposed to [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], one of [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]]'s moons with a liquid water layer under its surface, which might contain life.

There is some limited evidence that microbial life might possibly exist or have existed on Mars. An experiment on the [[Viking program|Viking]] Mars lander reported gas emissions from heated Martian soil that some argue are consistent with the presence of microbes. However, the lack of corroborating evidence from other experiments on the Viking indicates that a non-biological reaction is a more likely hypothesis. Independently in [[1996]] structures resembling [[bacterium|bacteria]] were reportedly discovered in a meteorite, [[ALH84001]], known to be formed of rock ejected from Mars. Again, this report is vigorously disputed.

In February 2005, [[NASA]] scientists reported that they had found strong evidence of present life on [[Mars]] (Berger, 2005). The two scientists, [[Carol Stoker]] and [[Larry Lemke]] of NASA's [[Ames Research Center]], based their claims on methane signatures found in Mars' atmosphere that resemble the methane production of some forms of primitive life on Earth, as well as their own study of primitive life near the [[Rio Tinto river]] in [[Spain]]. NASA officials soon denied the scientists' claims, and Stoker herself backed off from her initial assertions (spacetoday.net, 2005). However, only a few days after Stoker and Lemke made their claims, scientists from the [[European Space Agency]] reported that their own measurements of methane on Mars suggested an organic origin (Michelson, 2005).

Though such findings are still very much in debate, support among scientists for the belief in the existence of life on Mars seems to be growing. In an informal survey of scientists attending the conference at which the European Space Agency presented its findings, 75 percent of the scientists at the conference reported to believe that life once existed on Mars; 25 percent reported a belief that life currently exists there (Michelson, 2005).

===Indirect search===
It is theorised that any technological society in space will be transmitting information. Projects such as [[SETI]] are conducting an astronomical search for radio activity that would confirm the presence of intelligent life. A related suggestion is that aliens might broadcast pulsed and continuous [[laser]] signals in the optical as well as infrared spectrum [http://www.coseti.org/]; laser signals have the advantage of not "smearing" in the interstellar medium and may prove more conducive to communication between the stars.

Astronomers also search for [[extrasolar]] planets that would be conducive to life. Current radiodetection methods have been inadequate for such a search, as the resolution afforded by recent technology is inadequate for detailed study of extrasolar planetary objects. Future telescopes should be able to image planets around nearby stars, which may reveal the presence of life (either directly or through [[Atomic absorption spectroscopy|spectrography]] which would reveal key information such as the presence of free [[oxygen]] in a planet's atmosphere). The [[Terrestrial Planet Finder]] is one NASA programme on the horizon that has generated optimism over the potential discovery of habitable planets. It has been argued that one of the best candidates for the discovery of life-supporting planets may be [[Alpha Centauri]], the closest star system to Earth, given that two of the three stars in the system are broadly sun-like.

== Extraterrestrial life in the Solar System ==

Many bodies in the Solar System have been suggested as being likely to contain life. The most commonly suggested ones are listed below; of these, four of the five are moons thought to have large bodies of underground liquid, and life may have evolved there in a similar fashion to deep sea vents.
* [[Mars]] - The best known of the other planets and moons in the Solar system. There was liquid water on Mars in the past and there may be liquid water beneath the surface. Recently, [[methane]] was found in the atmosphere of Mars.
* [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] - [[Saturn|Saturn's]] largest moon, and the only known moon with a significant atmosphere. Recently visited by the [[Huygens probe]]. Latest discoveries indicate that there is no global or widespread ocean, but small and/or seasonal liquid hydrocarbon [http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/image-details.cfm?imageID=1577 lakes] are still possible.
* [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] - probably has a [[salt]] ocean under a thick ice crust.
* [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] - [[Jupiter|Jupiter's]] largest moon, and indeed the largest moon in the entire solar system
* [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]] - Another one of Saturn's moons, may have liquid water beneath its surface. [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7159]

Numerous other bodies have been suggested as potentially life-bearing. For example, atmospheric life has been hypothesised on Venus and the gas giants. [[Fred Hoyle]] also proposed that microbial life might exist on comets. Some Earth microbes also managed to survive on a lunar probe for some years. It is considered highly unlikely that complex multicellular organisms exist in any of these places.

==Dealing with extraterrestrial life==
If intelligent extraterrestrial life is found and it is possible to communicate with it, the people of the world and their governments will need to determine how to manage those interactions. The development of policy guidelines for dealing with extraterrestrial beings and territory has been considered by authors such as Michael Salla and [[Alfred Webre]] and termed [[exopolitics]].

==See also==
*[[Alien invasion]]
*[[Anomalous phenomenon]]
*[[Are We Alone?]]
*[[Astrobiology]]
*[[Astrosociobiology]]
*[[Back-contamination]]
*[[Drake equation]]
*[[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture]]
*[[Fermi paradox]]
*[[First contact (science fiction)|First contact]]
*[[Frank Drake]]
*[[Galactic Empire]]
*[[Greys]]
*[[Habitable zone]]
*[[Kardashev scale]]
*[[List of space aliens in fiction]]
*[[Panspermia]]
*[[Planetary habitability]]
*[[Rare Earth hypothesis]]
*[[Reptoid]]
*[[Scientific skepticism]]
*[[Sentience Quotient]]
*[[Seth Shostak]]
*[[SETI]]

==References==
*[[Jack Cohen]] and [[Ian Stewart]] (2002): ''[[Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life]]'', Ebury Press, ISBN 0-091-87927-2
*{{Journal reference | Author=J. Deardorff, B. Haisch, B. Maccabee, [[Harold E. Puthoff]] | Title=Inflation-Theory Implications for Extraterrestrial Visitation | Journal=[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]] | Year=2005 | Volume=58 | Pages=43&#8211;50}} [http://www.ufoskeptic.org/JBIS.pdf (pdf file)]
* Berger, Brian (2005). [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/mars_life_050216.html Exclusive: NASA Researchers Claim Evidence of Present Life on Mars]. Posted Feb. 16, 2005.
*spacetoday.net (2005). [http://www.spacetoday.net/Summary/2804 NASA denies Mars life reports]. Posted Feb 19, 2005.
*Michelson, Marcel (2005). [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/space_mars_dc European Scientists Believe in Life on Mars]. Posted Feb 25, 2005.
*[[John C. Baird]]. 1987. ''[[The Inner Limits of Outer Space]]: A Psychologist Critiques Our Efforts to Communicate With Extraterrestrial Beings.'' Hanover: University Press of New England. ISBN 0-87451-406-1
*[[Donald Goldsmith]]. 1997. ''[[The Hunt for Life on Mars]].'' New York: A Dutton Book. ISBN 0525943366
*[[Michael T. Lemnick]]. 1998. ''Other Worlds: The Search for Life in the Universe.'' New York: A Touchstone Book.
* [[Cliff Pickover]]. 2003 ''[[The Science of Aliens]]'' New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-07315-8

== Related books and media ==
* Sagan, Carl and [[Iosif Samuilovich Shklovskii|I.S. Shklovskii]], ''[[Intelligent Life in the Universe]]''. Random House, [[1966]]
* Sagan, Carl, ''[[Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence]]''. MIT Press, [[1973]]

==External links==
*[http://www.paranormalnetwork.net/wiki/index.php/Star_cruiser Possible Extraterrestrial Ships Spotted by SOHO]
*[http://www.mysterymap.com ''MysteryMap.com'' Extra Terrestrial Sightings]
*[http://www.exopolitics.com ''Exopolitics.com'' by Alfred Webre]
*[http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/siliconlife.html ''Silicon-based life'' by David Darling]
*[http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/ammonialife.html ''Ammonia-based life'' by David Darling]
*[http://www.pbs.org/lifebeyondearth/index.html ''PBS: Life Beyond Earth'' a film by Timothy Ferris]
*[http://www.ufoskeptic.org ''ufoskeptic.org'' by Bernard Haisch]
*[http://www.rfreitas.com/Astro/Xenopsychology.htm ''Xenopsychology'' by Robert A. Freitas Jr.]
*[http://www.projectrho.com/rocket/rocket3aa.html Let's Build an Extraterrestrial]
*[http://www.ufocasebook.com UFO Casebook]
*[http://www.maar.us Malevolent Alien Abduction Research]
*[http://www.answersdepot.com/doaliensexist.html A Christian view on the possibility of aliens existing]
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/05/0520_050520_tv_aliens.html "What Aliens Might Look Like"] from [[National Geographic]]

[[Category:Astrobiology]]
[[Category:Extraterrestrials|*]]

[[da:Liv i rummet]]
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[[et:Maaväline elu]]
[[es:Vida extraterrestre]]
[[fa:زیست فرازمینی]]
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Internet protocol suite

2005-12-29T20:23:23Z

Jackqu7: /* TCP/IP Books */ remove underscores in links

The '''Internet Protocol Suite''' is the set of [[communications protocol]]s that implement the [[protocol stack]] on which the [[Internet]] and most commerical networks run. It is sometimes called the '''TCP/IP''' [[protocol suite]], after the two most important protocols in it: the [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP) and the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP), which were also the first two defined.

The Internet protocol suite is a layers protocol stack. It can be described by [[analogy]] with the [[OSI model]], which describes the layers of a [[protocol stack]], not all of which correspond well with internet practice. In a protocol stack, each layer solves a set of problems involving the transmission of data, and provides a well-defined service to the higher layers based on using services from some lower layers. Higher layers are logically closer to the user and deal with more abstract data, relying on lower layers to translate data into forms that can eventually be physically manipulated.

The Internet model was produced as the solution to a practical engineering problem. The OSI model, on the other hand, was a more theoretical approach. Therefore, some consider the OSI model as easier to understand, and the TCP/IP model as the one that fits with actual use. Some consider it helpful to have an understanding of the OSI model before learning TCP/IP, as the same principles apply, but are easier to understand in the OSI model.

==Layers in the TCP/IP stack==
There is some discussion about how to map the TCP/IP model onto the OSI model. Since the TCP/IP and OSI protocol suites do not match precisely, there is no one correct answer.

In addition, the OSI model is not really rich enough at the lower layers to capture the true layering; there needs to be an extra layer (the Internetworking layer) between the Transport and Network layers. Protocols specific to a particular network type, but which are run on top of the basic hardware framing, ought to be at the Network layer. Examples of such protocols are [[Address resolution protocol|ARP]] and the [[Spanning Tree Protocol]] (used to keep redundant [[Network bridge|bridge]]s idle until they are needed). However, they are local protocols and operate beneath the internetwork functionality. Admittedly, placing both groups (not to mention protocols which are logically part of the internetwork layer, but run on top of the internetwork protocol, such as [[ICMP]]) all at the same layer can be confusing, but the OSI model is not complex enough to do a better job.

The following diagram attempts to show where various TCP/IP and other protocols would reside in the original OSI model:

{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1"
|-
|7||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Application'''
|e.g. [[HTTP]], [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|SMTP]], [[Simple Network Management Protocol|SNMP]], [[File transfer protocol|FTP]], [[Telnet]], [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]], [[Secure Shell|SSH]], [[Network File System|NFS]], [[RTSP]], [[XMPP]], [[Whois]]
|-
|6||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Presentation'''
|e.g. [[External Data Representation|XDR]], [[Abstract Syntax Notation 1|ASN.1]], [[Server message block|SMB]], [[Apple Filing Protocol|AFP]], [[NetWare Core Protocol|NCP]]
|-
|5||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Session'''
|e.g. [[Transport_Layer_Security|TLS]], [[SSH]], ISO 8327 / CCITT X.225, [[Remote procedure call|RPC]], [[NetBIOS]], [[AppleTalk|ASP]], [[Winsock]], [[Berkeley sockets|BSD sockets]]
|-
|4||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Transport'''
|e.g. [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]], [[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]], [[Real-time_Transport_Protocol|RTP]], [[Stream Control Transmission Protocol|SCTP]], [[Sequenced packet exchange|SPX]], [[AppleTalk|ATP]]
|-
|3||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Network'''
|e.g. [[Internet Protocol|IP]], [[Internet control message protocol|ICMP]], [[Internet group management protocol|IGMP]], [[IPX]], [[Border Gateway Protocol|BGP]], [[OSPF]], [[Routing information protocol|RIP]], [[IGRP]], [[EIGRP]], [[Address resolution protocol|ARP]], [[RARP]], [[X.25]]
|-
|2||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Data Link'''
|e.g. [[Ethernet]], [[Token ring]], [[HDLC]], [[Frame relay]], [[Integrated Services Digital Network|ISDN]], [[Asynchronous Transfer Mode|ATM]], [[IEEE 802.11|802.11 WiFi]], [[Fiber distributed data interface|FDDI]], [[Point-to-Point Protocol|PPP]]
|-
|1||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Physical'''
|e.g. [[wire]], [[radio]], [[fiber optic]], [[IP over Avian Carriers|Carrier pigeon]]
|}

Commonly, the top three layers of the OSI model (Application, Presentation and Session) are considered as a single Application Layer in the TCP/IP suite. Because the TCP/IP suite has a comparatively lightweight session layer, consisting of opening and closing connections under TCP and RTP and providing different port numbers for different applications under TCP and UDP, these functions may be augmented by individual applications. Similarly, IP is designed around the idea of treating the network below it as a black box so it can be considered as a single layer for the purposes of discussing TCP/IP.

{| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1"
|-
|4||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Application''' ''(OSI layers 5 through 7)''
|e.g. [[HTTP]], [[File transfer protocol|FTP]], [[DNS]] ''(routing protocols like [[Border Gateway Protocol|BGP]] and [[Routing information protocol|RIP]], which for a variety of reasons run over TCP and UDP respectively, may also be considered part of the Internetwork layer)''
|-
|3||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Transport''' ''(OSI layers 4 and 5)''
|e.g. [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]], [[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]], [[Real-time_Transport_Protocol|RTP]], [[Stream Control Transmission Protocol|SCTP]] ''(routing protocols like [[Open shortest path first|OSPF]], which run over IP, may also be considered part of the Internetwork layer)''
|-
|2||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Internetwork''' ''(OSI layer 3)''
| For TCP/IP this is the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) ''(required protocols like [[Internet control message protocol|ICMP]] and [[Internet group management protocol|IGMP]] run over IP, but may still be considered part of the Internetwork layer; [[Address resolution protocol|ARP]] does not run over IP)''
|- style="border:1px solid black;"
|1||style="border:1px solid black;"|'''Link''' ''(OSI layers 1 and 2)''
|e.g. [[Ethernet]], [[Wi-Fi]], [[Multiprotocol Label Switching|MPLS]], etc.
|}

===The link layer===

The Link layer is not really part of the Internet protocol suite, but is the method used to pass packets from the Internet layer of one device to the Internet layer of another. This process can be controlled both in the [[software]] [[device driver]] for the [[network card]], as well as on [[firmware]] or specialist [[chipsets]]. These will perform [[data link layer|data link]] functions such as adding a [[packet header]] to prepare it for transmission, then actually transmit the frame over a [[physical layer|physical]] [[transmission medium|medium]]. On the other end, the link layer will receive data frames, strip off the packet headers, and hand the received packets to the Internet layer.

However, the link layer is not always so simple. It may also be a [[Virtual private network]] (VPN) or tunnel, where packets from the Internet layer, instead of being sent over a physical interface, are sent using a [[tunneling protocol]] and another (or the same) protocol suite. The VPN or tunnel is usually established ahead of time, and has special characteristics that direct transmission out a physical interface does not (for example, it may encrypt the data going over it). This [[recursion|recursive]] use of the protocol suite can be confusing since the link "layer" is now an entire network. But it is an elegant method for implementing often complex functions. (though care is needed to prevent a packet that is wrapped and sent through a tunnel being repeatedly re-wrapped and sent down the tunnel again).

===The Internetwork layer===

As originally defined, the [[Network layer]] solves the problem of getting packets across a single network. Examples of such protocols are [[X.25]], and the [[ARPANET]]'s [[Host/IMP Protocol]].

With the advent of the concept of [[Internet|internetworking]], additional functionality was added to this layer, namely getting data from the source [[computer network|network]] to the destination network. This generally involves routing the packet across a network of networks, known as an [[internet]].

In the internet protocol suite, [[Internet Protocol|IP]] performs the basic task of getting packets of data from source to destination. IP can carry data for a number of different higher level protocols; these protocols are each identified by a unique ''IP Protocol Number''. ICMP and IGMP are protocols 1 and 2, respectively.

Some of the protocols carried by IP, such as [[Internet Control Message Protocol|ICMP]] (used to transmit diagnostic information about IP transmission) and [[Internet Group Management Protocol|IGMP]] (used to manage [[multicast]] data) are layered on top of IP but perform internetwork layer functions, illustrating an incompatibility between the internet and OSI models. All routing protocols, such as [[Border Gateway Protocol|BGP]], [[OSPF]], and [[Routing information protocol|RIP]] are also really part of the internetwork layer, although they might seem to belong higher in the stack.

===The transport layer===
The protocols at the [[Transport layer]] can solve problems like reliability ("did the data reach the destination?") and ensure that data arrives in the correct order. In the TCP/IP protocol suite, transport protocols also determine which application any given data is intended for.

The dynamic routing protocols which technically fit at this layer in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite (since they run over IP) are generally considered to be part of the Network layer; an example is [[OSPF]] (IP protocol number 89).

[[Transmission control protocol|TCP]] (IP protocol number 6) is a "reliable", [[connection-oriented]], transport mechanism providing a [[reliable byte stream]], which makes sure data arrives complete, undamaged, and in order. TCP tries to continuously measure how loaded the network is and throttles its sending rate in order to avoid overloading the network. Furthermore, TCP will attempt to deliver all data correctly in the specified sequence. These are its main differences from UDP, and can become disadvantageous in real-time streaming or routing applications with high [[internetwork layer]] loss rates.

The newer [[Stream Control Transmission Protocol|SCTP]] is also a "reliable", [[connection-oriented]], transport mechanism. It is record rather than byte oriented, and provides multiple sub-streams multiplexed over a single connection. It also provides multi-homing support, in which a connection end can be represented by multiple IP addresses (representing multiple physical interfaces), such that if one fails the connection is not interrupted. It was developed initially for telephony applications (to transport [[SS7]] over [[Internet Protocol|IP]]), but can also be used for other applications.

[[User datagram protocol|UDP]] (IP protocol number 17) is a [[connectionless]] datagram protocol. It is a "best effort" or "unreliable" protocol - not because it is particularly unreliable, but because it does not verify that packets have reached their destination, and gives no guarantee that they will arrive in order. If an Application requires these characteristics, it must provide them itself, or use [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]].

UDP is typically used for applications such as streaming media (audio and video, etc) where on-time arrival is more important than reliability, or for simple query/response applications like [[DNS]] lookups, where the overhead of setting up a reliable connection is disproportionately large.

[[DCCP]] is currently under development by IETF. It provides TCP's flow control semantics, while keeping UDP's datagram service model visible to the user.

Both TCP and UDP are used to carry a number of higher-level applications. The applications at any given network address are distinguished by their TCP or UDP ''[[port number]]''. By convention certain ''well known ports'' are associated with specific applications.

[[Real-time Transport Protocol|RTP]] is a datagram protocol that is designed for real-time data such as streaming audio and video.
RTP is a session layer that uses the UDP packet format as a basis yet is said to sit within the transport layer of the Internet protocol stack.

===The application layer===
The [[Application layer]] is the layer that most common network-aware programs use in order to communicate across a network with other programs. Processes that occur in this layer are application specific; data is passed from the network-aware program, in the format used internally by this application, and is encoded into a standard protocol.

Some specific programs are considered to run in this layer. They provide services that directly support user applications. These programs and their corresponding protocols include [[HTTP]] (The World Wide Web), [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] (File transport), [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|SMTP]] (Email), [[Secure shell|SSH]] (Secure remote login), [[DNS]] (Name <-> IP Address lookups) and many others.

Once the data from an application has been encoded into a standard application layer protocol it will be passed down to the next layer of the IP stack.

At the Transport Layer, applications will most commonly make use of TCP or UDP, and server applications are often associated with a [[TCP and UDP port numbers|well-known port number]]. Ports for server applications are officially allocated by the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) but developers of new protocols today often choose the port numbers themselves. As it is rare to have more than a few server applications on the same system, problems with port conflicts are rare. Application software also generally allows users to specify arbitrary port numbers as [[runtime]] [[parameters]].

Client applications connecting out generally use a random port number assigned by the operating system. Applications that listen on a port and then send that port to another copy of the application via a server to set up a peer-peer link (e.g. [[Direct Client-to-Client|dcc]] file transfers on [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]]). may also use a random port but the applications usually allow specification of a specific port range to allow the ports to be mapped inwards through a router that implements [[network address translation]].

==Development==

The Internet protocol suite came from work done by [[DARPA]] in the early [[1970s]]. After doing the pioneering [[ARPANET]], DARPA started work on a number of other data transmission technologies, including packet radio, and satellite links. Wanting to be able to communicate across them, [[Robert E. Kahn]] of DARPA recruited [[Vint Cerf]] of [[Stanford University]] to work with him on the problems of connecting multiple networks, using different access protocols.

By the summer of [[1973]], they had soon worked out a fundamental reformulation, where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common [[internetwork protocol]], and instead of the network being responsible for reliability, as in the ARPANET, the hosts became responsible. (Cerf credits [[Hubert Zimmerman]] and [[Louis Pouzin]] (designer of the [[CYCLADES]] network) with important influences on this design.)

With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum, it became possible to join almost any networks together, no matter what their characteristics were, thereby solving Kahn's initial problem. (One popular saying has it that [[TCP/IP]], the eventual product of Cerf and Kahn's work, will run over "two tin cans and a string".) A computer called a ''gateway'' (later changed to ''[[router]]'' to avoid confusion with other types of ''gateway'') is provided with an interface to each network, and forwards [[packet]]s back and forth between them.

The idea was worked out in more detailed form by Cerf's networking research group at Stanford in the [[1973]]–[[1974|74]] period. (The early networking work at [[Xerox PARC]], which produced the [[PARC Universal Packet]] protocol suite, much of which was contemporaneous, was also a significant technical influence; people moved between the two.)

DARPA agreed to fund development of prototype software, and after several years of work, the first somewhat crude demonstration of what had by then become TCP/IP occurred in July [[1977]].

On [[9 November]] [[2005]] Kahn and Cerf were presented with the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] for their contribution to American culture. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4415326.stm]

==Implementations==
*[[KA9Q]] PPJ
*[[lwIP]]

Today, most commercial operating systems include and install the TCP/IP stack by default, For most users, there is no need to look for implemenetations. TCP/IP is included in all commerical Unix and Linux distributions as well as with Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows and Windows Server.

==See also==
* [[OSI Model]]
* [[TCP and UDP port numbers]]

==External links==

* [http://www.showip.org/ Show your IP address (utility)]
* [http://www.itprc.com/tcpipfaq/ TCP/IP FAQ]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/other/tcpdigest_paper.txt A Study of the ARPANET TCP/IP Digest]
* [http://www.eventhelix.com/RealtimeMantra/Networking/ TCP/IP Sequence Diagrams]
* [http://www.searchandgo.com/articles/internet/internet-practice-4.php The Internet in Practice]
* [http://cng.ateneo.edu/cng/wyu/classes/cs197/ Ateneo Network Research Group] TCP/IP research at the [[Ateneo de Manila University]]

==TCP/IP Books==

* [[Joseph G. Davies]] and [[Thomas F. Lee]]. Microsoft Windows Server 2003 TCP/IP Protocols and Services. ISBN 0735612919
* [[Craig Hunt]]. TCP/IP Network Administration. O'Reilly (1998) ISBN 1565923227
* [[W. Richard Stevens]]. The Protocols (TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1). Addison-Wesley Professional; 1st edition (December 31, 1993). ISBN 0201633469

[[Category:Internet|Internet protocol suite]]
[[Category:Internet protocols| ]]

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Time from NPL (MSF)

2005-12-29T19:53:49Z

Jackqu7: /* Protocol */

The '''MSF [[time signal]]''' is a broadcast from the [[Rugby VLF transmitter]] near [[Rugby, Warwickshire]] based on [[time standard]]s maintained by the British [[National Physical Laboratory]]. The transmitted signal has an [[effective radiated power|ERP]] of 15 [[kW]], on a frequency of 60 [[kHz]], the same frequency used by [[WWVB]].

MSF is a radio [[callsign]], and not an abbreviation. 'M' is one of the [[ITU prefix|prefixes]] allocated to the [[United Kingdom]], and the letters 'SF' were randomly allocated. However, [[General Post Office|Post Office]] staff that operated the station in 1951 insist that the name derives from the Modulated Standard Frequency scientific reference transmissions started in that year.

==Protocol==
Signal is transmitted at one bit per second, where a long pulse (200ms) is 1 and a short pulse (100ms) is 0. The entire message is 53 [[bit]]s long, and starts on the 17th second of each minute. Each field is coded in [[Binary numeral system|binary]], with the [[most significant bit]] earliest.

{| border=1
|-
!Field
!Length
!Starting in the
!Range
|-
| Year
| 8 bits
| 17th second
| 00-99
|-
| Month
| 5 bits
| 25th second
| 1 (January) - 12 (December)
|-
| Day
| 6 bits
| 30th second
| 1-31
|-
| Weekday
| 3 bits
| 36th second
| 0 (Sunday) - 6 (Saturday)
|-
| Hour
| 6 bits
| 39th second
| 0-23
|-
| Minute
| 7 bits
| 45th second
| 0-59
|-
| [[Magic number (programming)|Magic number]]
| 8 bits
| 52nd second
| = 126 (01111110 in binary)
|}

Notes
* Centuries are not represented in this transmission
* The 1's in the magic number can contain additional information, by encoding 0 as 200ms 0, and 1 as 300ms:
** Bits 54-57 are checksums
** Bit 58 is 1 during [[British summer time]] and 0 during [[Greenwich mean time]]
* The number of [[seconds]] in a [[minute]] can be between 59 and 62, so a [[leap second]] will typically not be noticed until at least 17 seconds after it happens
* Consumer clocks typically update once an hour from this signal, and use a standard [[quartz]] crystal to keep time between updates or when the signal is unavailable.

==See also==
*[[Greenwich Time Signal]]

==External links==
* http://www.npl.co.uk/time/msf.html
*[http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/r/rugby_radio/indexr69.shtml The Official History of Rugby Radio Station]
*[http://www.timetools.co.uk MSF Time Code Receivers]

{{TimeSig}}

[[de:Langwellensender MSF]]

Thorpe Park

2005-12-24T12:56:32Z

Jackqu7: rv - rocketcoaster does not exist. Other edits malformed and uneeded. 205ft correction preserved.

:''For the Lincolnshire village see [[Thorpe Park, Lincolnshire|Thorpe Park]].''
[[Image:Thorpe Park (logo).PNG|Thorpe Park logo|right]]
[[Image:tp_colossus_small.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Colossus'' has a record-breaking 10 inversions]]
'''Thorpe Park''' is an [[amusement park]] in [[Chertsey]], [[Surrey]], [[England]] built in [[1979]] on the site of a gravel pit which was partially flooded to make a water theme park. It added its first [[rollercoaster|thrill ride]] in [[1987]], the ''Thunder River'' water ride.

==Park Guide==

Like many theme parks, Thorpe Park is split up into several distinctly themed areas.

===Lost City===

This area of the park contains the majority of the thrill rides, and is loosely themed around a pre-historic lost kingdom. Rides include the ten-inversion roller coaster Colossus, Samurai (a Mondial Topscan moved to here from [[Chessington World of Adventures|Chessington]]), Vortex (a KMG Afterburner), Quantum (a Fabbri Magic Carpet ride) and Zodiac (a Huss Enterprise). Also located here, in the red and blue pyramid-shaped building is 'X:\No Way Out'; the world's first (and only) backwards in-the-dark roller coaster courtesy of Vekoma which, rumours suggest, is due for a retheme. In [[2005]], a new ride was added to this area, Rush, an [[S&S]] Screaming Swing, which currently holds the record of being the World's Largest Swing.

===Calypso Quay===

[[Image:Nemisis inferno.jpg|thumb|right|Nemesis Inferno]]
Calypso Quay is home to Nemesis Inferno, a [[Bolliger & Mabillard|B&M]]-made inverted rollercoaster of the same style as the popular Nemesis at [[Alton Towers]]. Also in this area is the drop tower Detonator, in which riders are hoisted up a tower, with legs dangling, and 'pushed' down by [[pneumatics]]. This gives a comparable amount of airtime as simply dropping from a tower twice as tall. Also in this area is Pirates 4D; a 3D cinema with water and vibrating effects in the seats, and Ribena Rumba Rapids which was updated from Thunder River in 2002.

===Canada Creek===

Themed around a [[Canada|Canadian]] creek, this area is home to the log flume Loggers Leap. Also in the area is the train station for the railways taking visitors to Thorpe Farm. This area has been almost untouched by Tussaud's after they took over the park. In 2005, life was breathed into the small area and [[Slammer]], an [[S&S]] SkySwat, was opened at the back of X:\ No Way Out. The ride carries a wooden weapon theme where riders are supposedly used as amunition for catapulting over the walls of the Lost City during a war between the two civilisations.

===Amity Cove===

A small area of the park, Amity Cove is themed around a fishing village devastated by a tidal wave. An intricately themed area, the only ride here is Tidal Wave, on which you are carried in a 4 tonne reinforced [[Glass-reinforced_plastic|GRP]] hull to a height of 85 feet over a 3 million gallon lagoon. The boat is then dropped down a track into the lagoon with an impact force of 1.5[Gee|g], forcing 3 tonnes of water into the air. Most of this water either shoots straight up and lands back on the riders, or shoots forward in a long spray that reaches the shore where spectators can stand, meant to represent a tidal wave.

===Ranger County===

With a vaguely American theme, this area is mostly home to rides aimed at smaller children, such as a small banana-themed swinging ship and a carousel.

===Neptune's Kingdom===

Themed around the mythical Neptune, this area is home to the water chute Depth Charge, and features a paddling pool for small children (swimming costume required).

===Octopus's Garden===

A small aquatic-themed area with several small rides for very young children.

===Thorpe Farm===

The Farm is reachable by the Canada Creek Railway (the boats were removed for construction of the new 2006 rollercoaster). Thorpe Farm features many live animals, such as sheep, pigs and horses.

==Timeline==

*Pre-1987
**A few attractions including the Cinema, Magic Mill, Waterbus services, Model World, Railway, Teacups, Nature Trails and Sunken Gardens.

*[[1987]]
**Thunder River water ride opened.
**[[Space Station Zero]] opened.

*[[1988]]
**Palladium Theatre opened.

*[[1989]]
**Canada Creek area opened.
***Loggers Leap (largest [[log flume]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]) opened.
***Rocky Express opened.

*[[1990]]
**Re-themed Space Station Zero into the Flying Fish.
**Carousel Kingdom opened.
**The Rangers Show opened.
**Drive in the country opened.

*[[1991]]
**Fantasy Reef area refurbished.
***Depth Charge opened.

*[[1992]]
**Children's area refurbished.
***Viking Rowers opened.
***Hudson River Rafters opened.

*[[1993]]
**Calgary Stampede opened.
**Virtual Reality Centre opened.
**Magic Mill closed.

*[[1994]]
**Ranger County area opened.
***Carousel opened.
***Mr. Monkey's Banana Ride opened.

*[[1995]]
**Mr Rabbit's Tropical Travels opened.
**Miss Hippo's Jungle Safari opened.
**Drive in the country closed.

*[[1996]]
**X:/ No Way Out, the world's first dark backwards roller coaster opened.

*[[1997]]
**''No new rides''

*[[1998]]
**[[The Tussauds Group]] purchase the park.
**Palladium Theatre closed.
**Ranger Show closed.
**Dare Devil Drivers opened.
**Wet Wet Wet! opened.
**Water Slides opened.

*[[1999]]
**Pirates 4D, a 4D cinema attraction starring [[Leslie Nielsen]] opened.
**Carousel Kingdom closed.
**Viking Rowers closed.

*[[2000]]
**Tidal Wave, a Shoot the Chute made by Hopkins Rides, opened becoming the tallest ride in the park, at that time.
**Dare Devil Drivers closed.
**Bumper Boats closed.
** On [[July 21]] a major fire broke out in the centre of the park.
*** This destroyed Wicked Witches Haunt which closed immediately.
*** An enterprise was drafted in as a replacement. This ride was themed to fit into the new lost city area and renamed zodiac.

*[[2001]] [[Image:Zodiac thorpe park.jpg|thumb|right|The Enterprise was renamed Zodiac]]
**Mr Rabbit's Tropical Travels closed.
**The lost city area was established, with zodiac and vortex as it's first rides.
**Thunder River closed, ready to be revamped into Ribena Rumba Rapids for the 2002 season
**The Enterprise ride which was drafted in after the fire, is renamed Zodiac.
**Detonator, Mega Drop made by Fabbri, opened in calypso quay.
**Vortex, a K.G.M Afterburner, opened, after an initial late delivery..

*[[2002]]
**Colossus, An intamin rollercoaster with a record-breaking 10 inversions, opened.
**Safiri High Dive show opened for one season.
**Thunder River re-opened as Ribena Rumba Rapids.

*[[2003]]
**Nemesis Inferno, a Bolliger and Mallibard inverted rollercoaster themed around a tropical volcano opened.
**Also Quantum, a '[[Motion platform|magic carpet]]' ride, opened.
**Eclipse, a [[ferris wheel]], opened.
**A spiderman show was performed in the arena. This continued into 2004 and was replaced in 2005 by Stuntzmania
**Calgary Stampede closed, to make way for Samurai from chessington

*[[2004]]
**Samurai, a Mondial Top Scan, moved from [[Chessington World of Adventures|Chessington]], opened.
**New Spiderman show opened.
**Flying Fish closed at the end of the season to make way for Project Stealth, a currently un-named intamin rocket coaster in 2006.

*[[2005]]
**Eclipse was removed from park and moved to Chessington, renamed Peeking Heights.
**Slammer, a S&S Skyswat opened
**Rush, the world’s biggest air-powered speed swing, opened 27 May after successful testing.

==Future developments==

*[[2006]]
**A new 205-foot tall [[Intamin]] accelerator [[roller coaster]] is to be built on the former site of Model World and the Flying Fish (Mack Powered Rollercoaster) with the project name "Project Stealth". The ride is due for completion on February 1st 2006 and will feature a racing theme similar to Rita: Queen of Speed at [[Alton Towers]]. The ride will accelerate from 0-80mph in around 2.5 seconds before heading vertically up a 205ft tall non-inverting Top-Hat, it will then crest the hill and start its descent again at 90 degrees. Following the top hat it will head over a large airtime hill before hitting the brakes. It has been described as a scaled down version of [[Kingda Ka]]. [http://www.thorpepark.com/explore/2006/new_for_2006.asp]

*[[2008]]
**The park's fourth major rollercoaster is due to open. Little is known about this project at present.

==See also==
*[[List of British Theme Parks]]

==External links==
* http://www.thorpepark.co.uk - Official site.

* http://www.themeparks-uk.com - Thorpe Park Guide @ TP:UK

* http://www.thorpeparkmania.co.uk - Thorpe Park Mania

* http://www.themeuk.net - Theme UK. Information on Thorpe Park and [[Chessington World Of Adventures]]

*[http://ukthemeparks.blogspot.com/ UK Theme Parks Blog.]

*[http://www.rcdb.com/qs.htm?quicksearch=thorpe+park RCDB - information on roller coasters]

* http://www.southparks.org - The southern England theme park community

* http://www.thrillfactor.org.uk - A Guide to Thorpe Park

{{Template:British theme parks}}

[[Category:Amusement parks]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in London]]
[[Category:Theme parks in the United Kingdom]]

Dental braces

2005-12-21T00:18:19Z

Jackqu7: rv

'''Dental braces''' (also known as '''orthodontic braces''' or '''tooth braces''') are a fixed appliance used in [[orthodontics]] to correct alignment of [[teeth]] and their position with regard to bite. Braces are often used to correct [[malocclusion]]s such as underbites, overbites, cross bites and open bites, or crooked teeth, and various other flaws of teeth and jaws, whether cosmetic or structural. They can be used on either upper or lower sets of teeth, or both, depending on the problem they are being used to treat. Orthodontic braces are often used in conjunction with other [[orthodontic appliance]]s to widen the palate or jaws, create spaces between teeth, or otherwise shape the teeth and jaws. Most orthodontic patients are children or teenagers; however, more and more adults are seeking out orthodontic treatment.

==The procedure==
The service of orthodontics may be delivered by either an orthodontist or general dentist. An orthodontist is a dentist who specializes in diagnosing and treating malocclusions, which are mis-alignments of the teeth, jaws, or both. Following dental school, an orthodontist completes 2-3 years of additional training resulting in a specialty certificate in orthodontics.

The first step is a consultation. During the consultation, the doctor will review the patient's teeth visually and speak with the patient. If treatment is recommended and the patient is willing, a records appointment will be set where [[X-ray]]s, molds, and impressions of the teeth will be taken to determine the problem and proper course of action. Treatment time can vary from six months to six years depending on the type and intricacy of problem. [[Orthognathic surgery]] may be required in extreme cases.

Teeth to be braced will have an etchant applied to the surface to help the cement stick to the surface of the tooth. A [[bracket]] will be applied with a dental grade cement, and then cured with a light until hardened completely. This process usually takes only a few seconds per tooth. If required, [[orthodontic spacer]]s may be inserted between the [[molar tooth|molar]]s to make room for [[molar band]]s to be placed at a later date. Molar bands are required to ensure brackets will stick. Bands are also utlized when [[dental fillings]] or other dental work make securing a bracket to a tooth unfeasible.

[[Image:Dental_braces.jpg|thumb|left|Dental braces, with a powerchain, removed after completion of treatment.]]

An [[archwire]] will be threaded between the brackets and affixed with elastic [[Ligature (orthodontics)|ligatures]]. Archwires in the past had to be bent, shaped, and tightened frequently to achieve the desired results. Modern orthodontics makes use of nickel-titanium archwires and temperature-sensitive materials. When cold, the archwire is limp and flexible, easily threaded between brackets of any configuration. Once heated to body temperature, the archwire will stiffen and seek to retain its shape, creating constant light force on the teeth.

[[Rubber band|Elastic]]s are used to close open bites, shift the [[midline]], or create a stronger force to pull teeth or jaws in the desired direction. Brackets with hooks built in can be placed, or hooks can be created and affixed to the archwire to affix the elastic to. The placement and configuration of the elastics will depend on the course of treatment and the individual patient. Elastics come in different diameters, sizes, and strengths.

In many cases there is not enough space in the mouth for all the teeth to fit properly. There are two main procedures done to make room in these cases. One is extraction: teeth are removed to create more space. The second is expansion: the palate or arch is made larger by using an [[orthodontic expander|expander]]. Expanders can be used with both children and adults. However, since the bones of adults are already fused, expanding the palate is not possible without surgery to unfuse them. An expander can still be used on an adult without surgery, but to expand the arch, and not the palate.

==How braces work==
Teeth move through the use of constant, light force. The constant force applied by the archwire pushes the tooth in a particular direction. Force on the bone in the jaw will cause the bone to break down in the direction the force is being applied. [[Osteoclast]]s will be produced by the body which break down bone and allow the tooth to slide into the space where the bone once was. Once the tooth is moved into the correct position, over time [[osteoblast]]s will be produced by the body to re-form bone behind the tooth, securing it in place. The process to break down bone takes about three days. The process to rebuild bone can take up to three months. Braces are required to be worn continually until new bone has formed to secure teeth after movement.

==History==
Historians claim that two different men deserve the title of being called "the Father of Orthodontics." One man was Norman W. Kingsley, a dentist, writer, artist, and sculptor, who wrote his "Treatise on Oral Deformities" in 1880. What Kingsley wrote influenced the new dental science greatly. The second man who deserves credit was a dentist named J. N. Farrar, who wrote two volumes entitled "A treatise on the Irregularities of the teeth and their corrections". Farrar was very good at designing brace appliances, and he was the first to suggest the use of mild force at timed intervals to move teeth.

ST. LOUIS-More than one hundred years ago, in 1900, '''Dr. Edward H. Angle''' and a dozen colleagues came together to establish dentistry's first specialty. The formation of Dr. Angle's select group marks the genesis of the organization known as the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) and the specialty today known as orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics.

==Types of braces==
[[Image:Omgggg.jpg|thumb|A man with Ceramic Braces]]
Modern orthodontists can offer many types and varieties of braces:
* Traditional metal braces are the most common and widely used. Metal braces offer many different types of brackets, including speed (or [[self-ligating]]) and damon brackets.
* Ceramic braces offer a less visible alternative. They blend in more with the natural color of the tooth and are more visually appealing, however they are not as strong as metal and may cause treatment time to be lengthened. Ceramic brackets are also slightly larger than metal brackets and may be more difficult to get used to.
* Gold braces are an alternative to metal. They are similar in strength and offer a different visual effect than traditional metal.
* Lingual braces are fitted behind the teeth, and are not visible with casual interaction. Lingual braces can be more difficult to adjust to, since they can hinder the movement of the tongue.

For some patients [[Invisalign]] might be a viable alternative to braces. The Invisalign system uses a series of clear plastic trays to move teeth into their position over a length of time. This system is not recommended for more difficult cases, or for people whose last molars have yet to erupt.

==Post-treatment==
[[Retainer (orthodontic device)|Retainers]] are required to be worn once treatment with braces has been finalized. The orthodontist will recommend a retainer based on the patient's needs. A [[hawley retainer]] is made of metal bands that surround the teeth enclosed by a plastic plate that rests on the palate. An [[Essix retainer]] is similar to the Invisalign trays; it is a clear plastic tray that is form-fitted to the shape of the teeth and stays in place by suction. A [[bonded retainer]] is a wire that is permanently bonded to the back of the teeth (usually the lower teeth only).

==Complications and risks==
[[Plaque]] gets easily caught in the fine metalwork of braces. For this reason, it is important to maintain proper oral hygiene by brushing and flossing thoroughly when wearing braces to prevent tooth decay, decalcification or unpleasant colour changes to the teeth.

There is a small chance of an allergic reaction to the rubber in elastics or the metal in braces.

Braces can also be easily damaged. It is important to wear a [[mouthguard]] to prevent breakage when playing sports. Certain sticky or hard foods and confectionaries, [[chewing gum|gum]] and [[toffee]] for example, should be avoided because they can damage braces.

Constantly breaking braces can prolong orthodontic treatment.

==Treatment time and cost==
Typical cost of braces in the United States is about 5,000 USD, although in other countries, the price can be much lower. In [[CIS]] countries for example, the price is anywhere from 200 to 500 dollars per jaw. Typical treatment time is about two years, although it can vary from six months to six years, depending on the severity of the case, location, age, etc.

In the [[United Kingdom]] orthodontic treatment is availible for free on the [[NHS]] to patients below 16.

==References in popular culture==
Like [[eyeglasses]], braces used to be seen as "geeky". However (and also like eyeglasses) that stigma is fading. For many Americans, even those without severe bite problems, braces are simply a part of growing up. Additionally, there are a growing number of adults (roughly 25% of braces patients are over 21) wearing braces to correct orthodontic issues.

[[The Simpsons]]' episode "[[Last Exit to Springfield]]" featured the memorable mantra "Dental Plan... Lisa Needs Braces" as [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] considered the fact that losing his work-based dental plan would force him to pay for [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]]'s orthodontic work.

[[Braceface]] is a cartoon where the protagonist's braces prevent her from having a normal life.

Celebrities who have been spotted wearing functional braces include [[Tom Cruise]], [[Gwen Stefani]], [[Lil Bow Wow]], [[Ashley Judd]] and [[Emma Watson]].

[[Tootie Ramsey]], a character on the long-running [[United States|U.S.]] sitcom ''[[The Facts of Life]]'', wore braces for six years.

Braces have become the subject of fetish, and fake braces are available for those who do not require treatment but enjoy the look of braces: [http://www.bracecompany.com/ Recreational Brace Company]

==External links==
*[http://www.archwired.com Archwired - A website for adults in braces]
*[http://www.braces.org American Orthodontic Association]

[[Category:Dental equipment]]

[[de:Zahnspange]]
[[pt:Aparelho ortodôntico]]

Lost season 1

2005-12-21T00:16:13Z

Jackqu7: rv

__NOTOC__
This article contains episode summaries for the first season of the [[United States|American]] [[drama]]/[[adventure]] [[television series]] '''''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'''''. The season first aired on [[September 22]], [[2004]] and concluded on [[May 25]], [[2005]].

In addition to the twenty-five episodes in season one, a special, "Lost: The Journey", was aired on [[April 27]], [[2005]] to put the mysteries of the island and the characters in perspective in the lead-up to the season finale. The original airdates ([[United States|U.S.]]) are listed here for each episode. For airdates on other networks and in other countries, see [[Airdates of Lost]].

{{spoiler}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto;"
|-
! '''#''' !! '''Title''' !! '''Flashbacks''' !! '''Original airdate'''
|-
| 1 || "[[#Pilot: Part 1|Pilot: Part 1]]" || Jack || [[September 22]], [[2004]]
|-
| 2 || "[[#Pilot: Part 2|Pilot: Part 2]]" || Charlie & Kate || [[September 29]], [[2004]]
|-
| 3 || "[[#Tabula Rasa|Tabula Rasa]]" || Kate || [[October 6]], [[2004]]
|-
| 4 || "[[#Walkabout|Walkabout]]" || Locke || [[October 13]], [[2004]]
|-
| 5 || "[[#White Rabbit|White Rabbit]]" || Jack || [[October 20]], [[2004]]
|-
| 6 || "[[#House of the Rising Sun|House of the Rising Sun]]" || Sun || [[October 27]], [[2004]]
|-
| 7 || "[[#The Moth|The Moth]]" || Charlie || [[November 3]], [[2004]]
|-
| 8 || "[[#Confidence Man|Confidence Man]]" || Sawyer || [[November 10]], [[2004]]
|-
| 9 || "[[#Solitary|Solitary]]" || Sayid || [[November 17]], [[2004]]
|-
| 10 || "[[#Raised by Another|Raised by Another]]" || Claire || [[December 1]], [[2004]]
|-
| 11 || "[[#All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues|All the Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues]]" || Jack || [[December 8]], [[2004]]
|-
| 12 || "[[#Whatever the Case May Be|Whatever the Case May Be]]" || Kate || [[January 5]], [[2005]]
|-
| 13 || "[[#Hearts and Minds|Hearts and Minds]]" || Boone & Shannon || [[January 12]], [[2005]]
|-
| 14 || "[[#Special|Special]]" || Michael & Walt || [[January 19]], [[2005]]
|-
| 15 || "[[#Homecoming|Homecoming]]" || Charlie || [[February 9]], [[2005]]
|-
| 16 || "[[#Outlaws|Outlaws]]" || Sawyer || [[February 16]], [[2005]]
|-
| 17 || "[[#... In Translation|... In Translation]]" || Jin || [[February 23]], [[2005]]
|-
| 18 || "[[#Numbers|Numbers]]" || Hurley || [[March 2]], [[2005]]
|-
| 19 || "[[#Deus Ex Machina|Deus Ex Machina]]" || Locke || [[March 30]], [[2005]]
|-
| 20 || "[[#Do No Harm|Do No Harm]]" || Jack || [[April 6]], [[2005]]
|-
| – || "Lost: The Journey" || none ([[clip-show]]) || [[April 27]], [[2005]]
|-
| 21 || "[[#The Greater Good|The Greater Good]]" || Sayid || [[May 4]], [[2005]]
|-
| 22 || "[[#Born to Run|Born to Run]]" || Kate || [[May 11]], [[2005]]
|-
| 23 || "[[#Exodus: Part 1|Exodus: Part 1]]" || Various || [[May 18]], [[2005]]
|-
| 24 || "[[#Exodus: Parts 2 and 3|Exodus: Part 2]]" || Various || [[May 25]], [[2005]]
|-
| 25 || "[[#Exodus: Parts 2 and 3|Exodus: Part 3]]" || Various || [[May 25]], [[2005]]
|}

==Pilot: Part 1==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[September 22]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard]]
*Teleplay by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]] & [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Story by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]], [[Jeffrey Lieber]] and [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Directed by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]]

The premise for the series is set forth in an indirect and incomplete manner, which has become the defining style of the series. The 14 principals are briefly introduced.

A close-up of an opening eye shows the [[pupil]] contracting. The tops of trees in a bamboo grove are seen through the eyes of a man (who is later identified as [[Jack Shephard]] ([[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]])) lying on his back in the jungle. A Golden Labrador Retriever dog trots past through the trees. Obviously confused to how he arrived there, the man gazes about at the idyllic surroundings when his memories rush back to him. With great effort, he sits upright, revealing blood on his shirt. He bolts upright and runs pell-mell through the jungle, emerging at a beach strewn with the wreckage of a [[jet airliner]] and almost 50 confused survivors of the crash. It is later revealed that the plane was torn apart in mid-air while travelling from [[Australia]] to the [[United States]]. The fuselage of the jet is still burning and one of the engines is still in operation, though its speed waxes and wanes due to no apparent cause.

On the beach, Jack moves quickly among the survivors attempting to administer medical aid, identifying himself as a [[medical doctor]]. With the help of other survivors, he pulls a man with a severed leg from underneath the fuselage. When he notices a pregnant woman (whom we later meet as [[Claire Littleton|Claire]] ([[Emilie de Ravin]])) complaining of possible [[childbirth|labor pains]], he directs a nearby survivor (whom we later meet as [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes|Hurley]] ([[Jorge Garcia]])) to help her. Chaos continues as the fuselage continues to burn and disintegrate. A male survivor is sucked into the jet engine, which explodes, sending debris raining on the beach. Jack administers [[CPR]] to a woman (later identified as [[Characters of Lost#Rose|Rose]]) unconscious on the beach. In a later flashback, it is revealed that Jack was seated across the aisle from the woman on the plane and was conversing with her at the moment that plane lost cabin pressure. She had been accompanied by her husband, who had left his seat to go the lavatory. Jack had told her that he would fill in for her husband and stay by her side until her husband came back.

After administering aid to the other survivors, Jack takes a sewing kit from a suitcase and slips off into the jungle to examine the wound on his left side. He sees a young woman (who later identifies herself to the unconscious man as [[Kate Austin|Kate]] ([[Evangeline Lilly]])) standing nearby and drafts her to sew up his wound, calming her by telling her the story of his first solo surgical procedure, where he conquered his fear during an emergency by "letting the fear" in, but only for five seconds. It is also revealed through their conversation that the plane disintegrated in the air, with the tail section of the plane having fallen off (Kate claims she saw the whole thing, while Jack says he blacked out before that).

On the beach, Jack tends to an unconscious male survivor who is badly injured by a fragment of the fuselage embedded in his torso. Kate asks Jack if he thinks the man will live, and informs him that she was sitting next to him during the flight. Other survivors (including the father and son we later meet as [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]] ([[Harold Perrineau Jr.]]) and [[Walt Lloyd|Walt]] ([[Malcolm David Kelley]])) congregate and discuss what to do with the bodies still in the fuselage. We briefly encounter the character later identified as [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]] ([[Josh Holloway]]), lounging nonchalantly on his back on the beach. The character we later meet as Hurley salvages meals from the plane's galley and distributes them, giving two to the pregnant woman he helped (her labor pains were false, but it is revealed she is eight months pregnant). A young woman whom we later meet as [[Shannon Rutherford|Shannon]] ([[Maggie Grace]]) petulantly refuses a chocolate bar offered by her male companion (whom we later meet as [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]], her step-brother ([[Ian Somerhalder]])) on the grounds that she will eat on the "rescue ship" when it arrives. Among the survivors, there is a general expectation that they will be rescued at any time. A character who identifies himself as [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]] ([[Naveen Andrews]]) organizes the clean-up of the beach.

In the evening, beyond the light of their fire, the peacefulness of the waiting is interrupted by loud terrifying noises from the nearby jungle, punctuated by the crashing of trees. The source of these noises seems invisible or hidden, and is later referred to as "The Monster". (''Note: Online fan forums also refer to the Monster as "The Creature" or "Lostzilla".'') While the survivors listen to the monster, Rose remarks that the noises sound "familiar".

The next day, Jack decides that in order to be rescued, the survivors will need to send a radio message using the [[transceiver]] of the aircraft, which is located in the [[cockpit]], which broke off in the air (In doing so, Jack reveals to Kate that he took a few flying lessons but that it "wasn't for him"). Based on Kate's descriptions of the location of smoke, he sets off into the jungle, accompanied by Kate at her insistence, as well as by a character we meet as [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]] ([[Dominic Monaghan]]). As the trio walks away from the beach, they are observed from the brush by the dog encountered in the opening scene. Kate tells Charlie he looks familiar, and he reveals to her that he is the [[bass guitar|bassist]] in a band called [[Drive Shaft]].

As the trio advances into the jungle, they are drenched by a sudden rainstorm. They encounter the nose section of the plane, which is sitting at a steep angle in the trees. The three of them, led by Jack, climb into the nose and scale the steep floor, where Jack pries open the cockpit door. Inside he and Kate find the pilot, still in his seat, and assume he is dead, only to have him awake suddenly. The pilot reveals to Jack and Kate that the plane had lost radio contact before the crash, and had changed course towards [[Fiji]]. They were, in his reckoning, 1000 miles off course and thus no one knows where they are. The pilot locates the transceiver, but he cannot get it to function.

Meanwhile on the beach during the same rainstorm, a group of the survivors huddles in part of the fuselage. The conspicuous exception is an older man (whom we later meet as [[John Locke (Lost)|John Locke]] ([[Terry O'Quinn]])) who sits alone in the rain on the beach with his arms outstretched up the air, as if glorifying in the rain itself. A young [[Korea]]n couple (whom we later meet as [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin-Soo]] and [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun-Soo Kwon]] ([[Daniel Dae Kim]] and [[Yoon-jin Kim]])) huddles under part of the fuselage. The man tells the woman in Korean to stick close to him at all times.

In the jungle, the conversation in the cockpit is interrupted by loud noises from outside the plane, accompanied by mechanical thrashing identical to the "Monster" heard by the other survivors on the beach. The pilot attempts to investigate by climbing out a broken cockpit window. To the horror of the others, he is seized by some unseen presence while halfway out the window and disappears. Jack grabs the transceiver and he and Kate exit the cockpit in terror. Kate notices that Charlie has disappeared. He suddenly emerges from the lavatory to the suspicion of Kate. As the three run from the "Monster", Charlie is nearly taken by it and Jack leaves Kate to return to fetch him. She calms herself by counting to five as Jack had suggested. Later as the three walk back towards the beach they encounter the pilot's bloodied body suspended in the tree tops.

==Pilot: Part 2==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[September 29]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Charlie Pace]] and [[Kate Austen]]
*Teleplay by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]] & [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Story by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]], [[Jeffrey Lieber]] and [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Directed by: [[J. J. Abrams|J.J. Abrams]]

Sayid (revealed to be a former communications officer with the [[Iraqi Republican Guard]]), Kate, Charlie, Boone, Sawyer, and Boone's sister Shannon take the transceiver inland in an attempt to use it to communicate with the outside world. On the way they are attacked by an unseen animal, which Sawyer kills with a gun. When they look down at the dead animal, they discover with shock that it is a [[polar bear]]. Sawyer tells the others he got the gun from the body of a dead [[US Marshal]]. Who is the prisoner he was transporting? Accusations are made between the survivors. Sayid's effort to send a message to civilization is blocked by a mysterious transmission in [[French language|French]] that has been repeating for over 16 years. Shannon reveals she can speak basic French, and translates the message as best she can. Towards the end of the message, the woman is saying "It killed them, it killed them all".

Meanwhile, back at camp, Walt has discovered some handcuffs whilst searching for his lost dog, and Jack is trying to operate on a man with shrapnel in his side. The man comes round during the operation, demanding "Where is she?". It is revealed that Kate was the US Marshal's prisoner.

==Tabula Rasa==
[[Image:Lost tabularasa 074.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ray Mullen in episode Tabula Rasa]]
*'''Original airdate:''' [[October 6]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austen]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

In a makeshift infirmary tent, Jack is tending to the Marshal who mutters the same thing over and over through his pain: "Don't trust her. She's dangerous." When Jack asks him who "she" is, the Marshal tells him to look in his jacket pocket. Jack looks in the Marshal's wallet and finds a picture of Kate.

The "Signal Party" is working their way back down the mountain. It's getting dark and some of them want to make camp for the night. Sawyer wants to press on through the jungle at night, but the others agree that it isn't a very good idea and he is convinced to stay. Sitting around the fire, they discuss what they should tell the others about the French transmission. That information has not improved their peace of mind, so they decide not to tell the others anything in order to preserve hope.

At the beach in the tent, Jack is trying to save the Marshall. Hurley enters and stumbles across Kate's picture and asks "What do you think she did?" - instantaneously, we see a flashback:

Kate, being prodded by a shotgun held by a farmer (Ray) who wants to know what she is doing sleeping in his barn. After a frank exchange, the two find that they can be of service to each other. He needs some help on the farm, she needs a job and a place to stay, and claims her name is "Annie".

Back at the Signal Party, Boone lifts the gun from Sawyer and the clip from Sayid as they sleep. They wake up and an argument ensues over who should have the gun, but they can't agree on a trustworthy candidate - until they arrive at Kate. She reluctantly agrees to keep it.

The next morning, Hurley arrives at the infirmary tent to tell Jack the "Signal Party" has returned. Kate pulls Jack aside and says she has something she wants to tell him, in private. Jack is relieved, assuming that she is going to confide in him. Instead, however, Kate tells Jack about the French transmission. He asks if there is anything else she'd like to tell him. She asks if the Marshal has regained consciousness. When Jack tells her he did briefly during the surgery, Kate asks if he said anything to Jack. Jack considers the question for a moment before answering, "No".

The Marshal's condition has deteriorated. If they don't find some stronger antibiotics, he's not going to make it. Hurley tells him he's looked everywhere, except the fuselage where the deceased are.

Jack enters the wreckage and does his best to avoid disturbing the bodies as he makes a desperate search for anything that will help the Marshal. Hearing something rustling behind him, he finds Sawyer combing the fuselage for a different reason - turns out he's doing a little personal shopping. Jack berates him for disrespecting the dead, but Sawyer tells Jack to get with the program. Jack still thinks they are back in civilization while Sawyer realizes they are "in the wild".

On the beach, Charlie is helping Claire collect luggage using a wheelchair from the plane and they begin to form a bond. Meanwhile, Sun presents a suitcase to Jin, but after closer inspection Jin determines it is the wrong one and tells Sun to keep looking. But before she does, he tells her to go and clean up her face, because she is embarrassing him. As she turns to leave, he tells her he loves her.

Hurley bumps into Kate at the infirmary tent and tries to play it cool about knowing her secret and in the process notices the gun in her waistband, despite his lying abilities. We then flashback to:

Kate, who decides it's time to move on from the Australian farm. But when she accepts a ride from Ray to the train station, she learns that he is planning on turning her in to the authorities. He saw her picture at the post office and he really needs that reward money. Kate looks in the side mirror to see the Marshal behind them. In a desperate attempt to get away, Kate jerks the wheel and crashes the truck off the road. Saving the farmer from the truck costs her a chance to escape and she is captured by the Marshal.

Back in real time, while leaning over her body, the Marshal wakes up and lunges at Kate's throat, choking her. Jack has to pull him off of her before he does any harm.

Michael struggles to forge a bond with Walt and wants to know what Locke told him yesterday. Walt says it's a secret, but when Michael presses the issue, Walt reveals that Locke told him "a miracle happened". Michael warns him to stay away from Locke.

When the rain stops, Michael searches for the dog in jungle. He hears something in the tall grass. He runs as fast as he can to get away from it and encounters Sun, who is topless and washing herself. There is an awkward moment between them.

Back on the beach, the Marshal is dying loudly. His screams are taking a physical toll on the rest of the group. Sayid asks Jack if anything can be done. Jack says he is doing all he can. The Marshal tells Jack he wants to speak to Kate alone. While she is in the tent, Hurley tells Jack about the gun he saw in her pants. Jack races back to the infirmary tent before it's too late; he sees Kate emerge from the tent, and then a shot is fired.

Sawyer walks coolly out of the tent. He says he did what had to be done; Horrible groans come from the tent again. We go in to find that the Marshal still isn't dead - Sawyer dubiously shot him in the chest. He was aiming for the heart and apparently missed. It will take hours for the Marshal to bleed out and he will suffer horribly. Jack throws an extremely shaken Sawyer out of the tent. A few moments later, the moans stop for good. Jack emerges and walks past Sawyer without a word.

==Walkabout==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[October 13]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[John Locke (Lost)|John Locke]]
*Written by: [[David Fury]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

About four days after the crash, the survivors discover that their food is exhausted, and wonder what to do; John Locke, a menacing presence in the background of the previous stories, flings a combat knife at an abandoned plane seat, narrowly missing the head of another castaway (Sawyer), and announces that they should go hunting in the jungle. While the survivors deal with mundane tasks of survival, Locke's background is set forth.

Locke is revealed to have been paralyzed and wheelchair-bound prior to the plane crash. Locke had planned on participating on a [[walkabout]] tour of the Australian [[outback]], but was turned away when the tour guide discovered that he was in a wheelchair. Locke had offered a woman named Helen, who is implied to be a girl at a phone sex agency, a ticket to travel with him, but she turned him down. Locke is shown to have been a lonely, frustrated man, constantly belittled by his much-younger boss in the cubicle farm where he worked as a regional sales representative for a box company.

Some mystery is also infused into his character as the audience is made to wonder why exactly he gets called "Colonel Locke" and why he receives a mysterious phone call speaking of a target being identified, and using military time to identify a time to "rendezvous" and the "usual place". A later scene reveals the caller to be a co-worker, confirming their lunchtime game of [[Risk (game)|Risk]].

This episode also explains Locke's comment about it being a 'miracle': the crash gave him back the use of his legs.

In the jungle, Locke is separated from his companions, who believe the Monster is closing upon Locke; however, he returns to the camp with a slain wild boar, and the other survivors believe that he has killed it himself. Locke seems to have directly encountered the mysterious Monster, but we do not know what he saw.

==White Rabbit==
*'''Original air date:''' [[October 20]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard]]
*Written by: [[Christian Taylor]]
*Directed by: [[Kevin Hooks]]

Joanna, a character who had not been previously mentioned, drowns in the ocean, despite Boone and Jack's best efforts to save her. They hold a makeshift funeral for her, with the few bits of information they can glean from her few recovered possessions.

The survivors' water supply is starting to run low, and they decide to ration the water. After Claire faints in the heat, they discover the last of it has been stolen.

Delirious from a lack of sleep, Jack believes he sees his father stalking him from a distance, and forsakes the leadership role the others have thrust upon him in order to follow the apparition and determine whether he is hallucinating. Flashbacks explain why Jack was in Australia: he was looking for his father, who had disappeared while on a drinking bender. In fact, Jack found that his father had died, and, on the ill-fated return flight, Jack was bringing his father's body back to the United States for burial. Jack's search for his father results in finding a source of fresh water for the survivors, as well as a cave that will afford shelter. Jack also finds his father's coffin, but it is empty.

We see Boone waking Claire to give her water. There is a struggle, and he is pulled to the ground. Everyone is amazed to find Boone was the water thief.

==House of the Rising Sun==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[October 27]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sun-Soo Kwon]]
*Written by: [[Javier Grillo-Marxuach]]
*Directed by: [[Michael Zinberg]]

All are shocked when Jin attacks Michael without warning; Sayid is forced to handcuff him to a portion of the plane wreckage to keep the peace. While the survivors argue whether to stay on the beach — where a rescue party could see them — or move to the cave in the jungle near fresh water, the story of Jin and Sun is revealed in a series of flashbacks. Jin went to work for Sun's father in order to gain his permission to marry her. After working years for her father, Jin returned home late one night, his clothes and hands covered with blood. Horrified by the violent life that Jin had apparently taken up, Sun plotted to run away from Jin — but at the last minute decided to join Jin on the fateful flight. Sun reveals to Michael that she can speak English, but Jin does not know. She says Jin attacked Michael over her father's watch, which Jin had been keeping, and which Michael had found after the crash and been innocently wearing. After hearing the explanation, Michael decides to cut Jin free with an axe. From this point on, Jin is always seen with a handcuff around his left hand.

Meanwhile, Jack shows Kate, Charlie and Locke the caves and freshwater supply he found in the previous episode. In one of the caves, they find some human skeletons, which Jack guesses as having died 40 years ago of natural causes. They appear to be a man and a woman. Amongst their possessions, Jack finds a pouch mysteriously containing two stones — one black, one white. The group then splits into two camps; some stay at the beach, while others move to the caves.

Locke learns of Charlie's heroin addiction and tells him that he may get his guitar back if he quits. Charlie hands over the bag of heroin and Locke points upwards to Charlie's guitar, hanging over the edge of a steep hill above them.

==The Moth==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[November 3]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Charlie Pace]]
*Written by: [[Jennifer Johnson]] & [[Paul Dini]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Charlie begins a painful journey of withdrawal from drugs, particularly [[heroin]]. Locke aides him, although his true motive for helping him remains a mystery. Locke suggests that the two of them go for a walk; that fresh air will do the profusely-sweating Charlie good.

In flashbacks, Charlie recalls his glory days playing with his band, [[Drive Shaft]], with his brother, Liam. Charlie is in church, confessing his sins, and when he comes out of the confessional, Liam holds up an envelope and says they've been signed to a record contract and will become rock gods.

On the beach, Jack is determined to leave the beach, favoring the sanctuary of the recently-found caves less than a mile away. Kate is reluctant to go with Jack, which makes him unhappy.

Sayid, meanwhile, recruits Kate, Shannon and Boone to develop antennas that he hopes can be used to triangulate the source of the French transmission, which has been running on a repeating loop for 16 years.

Back in the jungle, a frightened Charlie is being chased by a wild boar. As he enters a clearing, the boar is suddenly swooped up in a net, being operated by Locke, who is nearby. "You make good bait," Locke commends Charlie, who angrily demands the return of his heroin. Locke, however, is not intimidated and instead tries to turn withdrawal into a learning experience for Charlie. He tells Charlie that he believes he is indeed stronger than he realizes. He explains further that he wants Charlie to think about it, and that he'll give him three times to ask. On the third time, Locke will give Charlie his heroin. Locke then informs him that this was number one.

One of the caves collapses, trapping Jack inside and dislocating his shoulder. Charlie comes along and finds out what happened and goes back to see Locke. Charlie has additional flashbacks about Drive Shaft. Both he and his brother Liam were unprepared for the phenomenal success of their band, and got caught up in anonymous sex and [[drug abuse]]. The band eventually splits due to the ego-warring between the two brothers. Charlie attempts to recruit Liam for a reunion tour, but by this time Liam has settled down with a family in Australia, and Charlie is still using drugs.

On the beach, Sayid explains how the triangulation will work. Boone will stay on the beach with his antenna (however he runs off to help dig Jack out, leaving Shannon in charge of the beach antenna), Kate will go 2 kilometers into the jungle and Sayid will go to high ground. Since the batteries are so weak, Sayid provides flares that each person will fire when they are ready. Once everyone has seen the third flare, each person will switch on their antenna.

Charlie finds Locke skinning the dead boar, and apprises him of Jack's plight. When Charlie is unable to provide a good explanation as to why he's not helping, Locke surmises that Charlie came back to ask for the heroin. Charlie asks a second time, upon which Locke shows him a moth cocoon. Showing Charlie a small hole in the cocoon, Locke explains that he could help the moth by slitting the cocoon, but the moth would not survive. Instead, he said, the moth needs to struggle to break free. Nature and struggle makes people stronger, Locke explains, telling Charlie that this was the second time.

Sayid's plan is executing flawlessly, with all three firing their flares and turning on their antennas. However, just before he is able to lock onto the signal, Sayid is clubbed over the head by an unknown and knocked unconscious.

Back at the caves, Charlie is able to worm his way through the collapsed rock and into the cave with Jack. After helping Jack reset his shoulder, the two of them dig out. After getting freed, Charlie--whose self-worth has been all but obliterated--finds Locke cooking the boar and, for the third time, asks for his heroin. Locke looks disappointed and asks Charlie to confirm that's what he wants. Charlie insists and Locke gives him the heroin. Charlie looks at it briefly before tossing it into the fire, earning praise from Locke and regaining much of his own self-worth. Immediately after, Charlie and Locke see the previously cocooned moth flying freely.

==Confidence Man==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[November 10]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[James "Sawyer" Ford]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Directed by: [[Tucker Gates]]

When Shannon's [[asthma]] becomes a problem, everyone becomes convinced that Sawyer is hoarding some inhalers from the wreck. Jack and Sayid torture him, but he only agrees to give up the inhalers in return for a kiss from Kate. She kisses Sawyer, after which he reveals that he doesn't have the inhalers after all. Sun helps Shannon by making a [[eucalyptus]] salve to clear her bronchial passages.

In flashbacks, we learn that Sawyer is a [[con man|confidence man]]. His parents were ruined by another grifter named Sawyer, whose name he took as an alias when he entered a similar life of crime to pay some debts. He hates himself for this, which explains why he seems to go to such great lengths to make everyone else hate him. We do not know his real name. (Later episodes reveal that it is James Ford.)

After the torture incident, despite a plea from Kate, Sayid sets off alone to explore the island's shoreline, disgusted with himself for breaking a vow never to do anything like that again. Charlie convinces Claire to move to the caves; they seem to be striking up a close relationship.

==Solitary==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[November 17]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sayid Jarrah]]
*Written by: [[David Fury]]
*Directed by: [[Greg Yataines]]

On his own, Sayid finds a cable running out of the ocean and into the jungle. He follows it, is captured, and tortured by a mysterious woman who identifies herself as [[Characters of Lost#Danielle Rousseau|Danielle Rousseau]] ([[Mira Furlan]]). It is her voice on the automatically repeating distress call; she seems mentally unbalanced. She claims to have been stranded on the island when a "science expedition" ran aground there. She also claims to have killed most of the other expedition members after they became "infected"—controlled by some sort of disease or mind control (this is very vague). She also warns him to keep an eye on the others.

In his flashbacks, we learn of Sayid's career in the Republican Guard, and how he conspired to help a childhood friend, Noor (nicknamed Nadia), escape execution and developed feelings for her.

Meanwhile, Hurley builds a [[golf]] course (site of "the first — and hopefully only — Island Open", in his words) to improve morale among the castaways, and Locke agrees, without Michael's knowledge, to teach Walt ([[Malcolm David Kelley]]) some woodcraft. Another new character, [[Characters of Lost#Ethan Rom|Ethan]] ([[William Mapother]]), helps Locke hunt.

Sayid eventually escapes from Rousseau's bunker, but he hears the whispering voices in the jungle of which she spoke.

==Raised by Another==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[December 1]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Claire Littleton]]
*Written by: [[Lynne E. Litt]]
*Directed by: [[Marita Grabiak]]

Two nights in a row, Claire wakes up screaming; on the second, she insists that someone held her down and stabbed her stomach to hurt her unborn child, although no physical marks support this. Jack questions her and learns that the baby is due in just over a week; concerned that stress could trigger early [[childbirth|labor]], he says Claire is having [[anxiety]] [[nightmare]]s, and that an attack would have been unlikely with so many other people around. But Charlie — who has been doting on Claire — isn't so sure, and the alleged attack prompts Hurley to begin a [[census]] of the islanders.

Angered by Jack's suggestion that she wasn't really attacked and his advice to take a mild [[sedative]], Claire leaves the cave alone and heads for the beach. Charlie catches up to her shortly before she is overcome by [[contraction (childbirth)|contractions]]; on the way to get Jack, he finds Ethan and tells him to relay the message. Charlie manages to calm Claire down, and the contractions end.

In flashbacks, we learn that Claire was flying to [[Los Angeles]] on the advice of a [[psychic]] who had initially warned her not to let anyone else raise the child, but claimed he'd found a "good" couple in the [[United States|U.S.]] to [[adoption|adopt]] the baby. After she tells Charlie her story, the two conclude the psychic's insistence that Claire take the doomed flight indicated he'd known about the crash.

An ailing Sayid returns to camp and tells the others he found the woman on the recording, and Hurley reveals that one of the island's inhabitants (apparently Ethan) was not listed on the [[flight manifest]] as one of the plane's passengers. Simultaneously, Ethan ominously accosts Claire and Charlie in the jungle.

==All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[December 8]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard]]
*Written by: [[Javier Grillo-Marxuach]]
*Directed by: [[Stephen Williams]]

Haunted by flashbacks to his relationship with his alcoholic father (particularly one episode where he vainly attempts to perform CPR on a patient on the operating table after his father fatally botches the surgery), Jack follows Locke into the jungles in pursuit of Ethan, who has kidnapped Claire and Charlie. The good doctor soon splits off on his own, against Locke's suggestion to follow quietly. Eventually, Jack returns and two parties form up: Jack and Kate follow a trail left behind by Charlie, while Locke and Boone track a series of footprints.

During an episode of rain, Jack and Kate get separated. Jack stumbles down an embankment after hearing what sounds like Claire screaming, and when he comes to at the bottom, Ethan is standing over him. The two men struggle, but the mysterious outsider gets the upper hand, and he warns Jack that if he continues to follow, he will kill one of the hostages.

Kate soon comes to Jack's aid, and the pair follows Ethan's path until they come across Charlie, blindfolded and hanged by his neck from a tree branch. They cut him down, and Jack furiously performs [[CPR]] — despite Kate's pleas that it's a lost cause — until Charlie coughs his way back to life.

The episode ends at nightfall, with Jack, Kate, and Charlie back at the caves, where Charlie reveals that it was Claire that Ethan wanted all along, and with Boone and Locke somewhere in the jungle, where they discover a piece of metal embedded in the ground — which is ''not'' shrapnel from the plane. [1]

==Whatever the Case May Be==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[January 5]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austen]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Jennifer Johnson]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Kate takes an interest in a metal suitcase she and Sawyer find while swimming; she tries twice to steal it from him before going to Jack, claiming the case contains weapons and money and belonged to the U.S. Marshal (who was buried with the key). Kate and Jack dig up the marshall to get the key and they open the case to find the items, along with a small metal airplane in an envelope; when pressured, Kate says it belonged to the man she loved – and the man she killed. Flashbacks show a New Mexico bank robbery orchestrated by Kate to get into a [[safe deposit box]] (number 815, the same as the flight number) containing the envelope with the small plane.

Meanwhile, the tide moves further inland, and passengers scramble to move belongings from the beach; Rose, who maintains faith that her husband is still alive, coaxes Charlie out of his funk and gets him to help. Also, Sayid seeks Shannon’s help in translating some of Rousseau’s apparently random notes, which she later recognizes as lyrics to the song played over the credits of [[Finding Nemo|"a cartoon fish movie."]] (The song is [[Charles Trenet]]'s "[[La Mer (popular song)|La Mer]]", the French original of [[Bobby Darin]]'s classic "[[Beyond the Sea (song)|Beyond the Sea]]".)

==Hearts and Minds==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[January 12]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Boone Carlyle]]
*Written by: [[Carlton Cuse]] & [[Javier Grillo-Marxuach]]
*Directed by: [[Rod Holcomb]]

Boone mentions to Locke that others are suspicious of their apparently fruitless “boar hunting” trips — actually excursions to the mysterious metal object — and says he wants to tell Shannon; Locke responds by knocking him unconscious. Boone finds himself tied up by Locke, who puts a paste onto his head wound and leaves a knife so he'll be able to free himself, given "the proper motivation" — Shannon's screams and the sound of the Monster approaching. Despite attempts to hide, the Monster kills Shannon, and Boone finds her corpse lying along a stream. However, Boone realizes upon returning to camp that this never happened — it was a sort of [[vision quest]] Locke felt was crucial to his survival, brought on by the paste Locke had applied to his head wound. When asked how he felt seeing Shannon die, Boone replies “relieved.”

Flashbacks reveal that Boone went to [[Sydney, Australia]] to rescue Shannon — his stepsister — from an abusive boyfriend, only to realize he had been set up by Shannon to get some of his mother’s money. Boone is later approached by a drunken Shannon, who says she knows he’s always been in love with her. Their kisses apparently lead to sex, and Shannon claims that things will go back to normal. In one flashback, Boone is in a police station in Sydney, where his conversation with one of the officers is interrupted by a handcuffed Sawyer, dragged in kicking and snarling.

Meanwhile, Hurley turns to Jin for help with fishing. Kate discovers a garden Sun is planting in the jungle and figures out that she can speak English. Locke gives his compass to Sayid, to assist him with his interpretation of Rousseau's maps. Sayid figures it must be faulty because its [[magnetic north]] does not align with [[true north]].

* '''Trivia''': This is the first episode featuring flashbacks of two different characters, even though they are siblings.

==Special==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[January 19]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael Dawson]] and [[Walt Lloyd]]
*Written by: [[David Fury]]
*Directed by: [[Greg Yataines]]

An annoyed Michael confronts Walt, who has been studying knife skills under Locke, and enlists his help in scavenging parts from the wreck to build a raft. Eventually, Walt tells his dad that he is going to get some water and runs off with his dog. Michael initially accuses Locke of contributing to his son's delinquency despite his repeated warnings, but when he sees that the boy is not with Locke, the two men track Walt into the jungle. Michael risks his own life to save Walt from one of the island's unlikely predators, a polar bear, thus aiding the reconciliation between the two.

Flashbacks show that Michael and Susan (Walt's mother) were unmarried, and when Walt was only a few months old, Susan, an ambitious young lawyer, accepted a job in Amsterdam and took her child with her. She married a co-worker called Brian when Walt was two, and their work eventually brought them to Australia. Michael didn't see his son again until after Susan's death from a blood disorder. Though Brian said it was Susan's wish that Michael be given custody, it turns out Brian doesn't want custody of Walt because he is 'different'.

Walt is hinted to have some sort of supernatural power over his surroundings. As a child in Australia, Walt opens one of his books to a picture of a native bird—and shortly afterwards the bird fatally slams into a nearby window. On the island, while teaching him to throw a knife, Locke tells the boy to visualize hitting the target, and Walt fires and embeds the blade perfectly on the mark. Later, a polar bear appears soon after the [[comic book]] Walt had been looking at, which featured a picture of a polar bear, is thrown in the fire by his father.

Charlie recovers Claire's diary from Sawyer with help from Kate. As he skims through it, hoping to find some mention of him in her musings, he reads her description of a dream about a "black rock" which corresponds to a location on Sayid's stolen map. He shows this to the others, thinking it might be a clue to her whereabouts. However, while exploring, Locke and Boone are shocked by the sudden appearance of Claire, stumbling out of the jungle.

* '''Trivia''': The comic book read by Walt is ''[[Green Lantern]] / [[Flash (comics)|Flash]]: Faster Friends'' #1.

==Homecoming==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[February 9]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Charlie Pace]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]]
*Directed by: [[Kevin Hooks]]

Claire returns to camp, apparently with [[amnesia|no memory]] of anything after the flight. After Ethan confronts Charlie, threatening to kill the other castaways one by one until he gets Claire back, the islanders take security measures; however, Ethan makes good on his threat, killing Scott. With the guns from the [[#Whatever the Case May Be|briefcase]] and Claire as (willing) bait, Jack and some of the others set a trap; although the plan is to keep Ethan alive, a vengeful Charlie fires four rounds into his chest and kills him.

Through flashbacks we learn how Charlie hooked up with a wealthy girl in order to steal something to sell for drug money, but fell in love. He takes a job from the girl's father selling photocopiers, but his plan to become respectable backfires as he suffers [[withdrawal]] symptoms. He passes out after throwing up under the lid of the photocopier he is demonstrating at the time, and the prospective clients find a valuable antique in his jacket, which he had stolen from the girl's father's house to fund his habit. After he goes to see the girl to explain, she tells Charlie that he will never take care of anyone, a likely motivation for his efforts to protect Claire.

* '''Trivia''': When The wealthy girl mentions her father "buying some paper company in Slough", it is a reference to the Gervais/Merchant series "[[The Office]]"
* '''Trivia''': The model of photocopier Charlie is demonstrating in the flashback, is a C-815. Co-incidentally, the number of their flight was also 815.

==Outlaws==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[February 16]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[James "Sawyer" Ford]]
*Written by: [[Drew Goddard]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Sawyer has a nightmare about the night when (as a child) he was told by his mother to hide under his bed while she went to the door to tell his father to leave. His father forced his way into the house, kills his mother, sits on the bed the child Sawyer (actually named James) was hiding under, and kills himself, the dream ends.

Sawyer then wakes up to find a giant boar in front of him, and it attacks his tent and runs away into the trees taking Sawyer's tarp with it. Sawyer chases after it, and while he is in the jungle he hears whispering noises. Most of the noises are hard to hear, but a louder whisper clearly says "It'll come back around". Sawyer talks to Sayid about the voices Sayid heard while he was in the jungle some time before, and when Sayid asks why he wants to know, Sawyer replies: "No reason."

Later, Sawyer has a flashback wherein he is told, by a former associate, where the first Sawyer who ruined his life as a child is: Australia. He travels there, buys a gun and goes to the shrimp shop where the older Sawyer works and sees him there. He chats briefly with him, but doesn't kill him.

Meanwhile, Sawyer is obsessed with finding the boar who attacked him and goes into the jungle to find it, accompanied by Kate. The next morning the two of them wake up to find that Sawyer's belongings have been ruined while Kate's remain untouched. Locke then comes out of the jungle and tells them a story from his childhood.

He says that his sister died very young and their foster mother blamed herself, suffering a severe depression. But a few months later a dog came into the house and his foster mother suddenly felt much better. The dog even slept in his sister's room. And when his foster mother died years later the dog vanished completely. When asked if the dog was supposed to have been his sister, Locke replies "That's just silly. But my mother seemed to think so."

Sawyer then has another flashback where he goes to an Australian bar and meets a man there (recognizable from earlier episodes as Jack's father, Christian Shephard). They have a talk, and Christian tells Sawyer that if something is making him miserable, he should take care of it before it destroys him. Sawyer goes back to the shrimp shop and shoots the older Sawyer. However, it is revealed through their subsequent conversation that the man he shot isn't the real Sawyer, and that he has been duped into assassinating an innocent man. The man's last words are "It'll come back around".

Meanwhile, Sawyer catches up to the boar and decides to leave it rather than kill it, saying "It's just a boar." He returns to camp and gives Jack back the gun he was given for their previous encounter with Ethan. Now all the guns are with Jack, who returns them to the marshal's case. They start to talk, and something Jack says ("that's why the Red Sox will never win the Series," apparently without knowledge of the [[2004 World Series]]. This dates the crash to late September to late October) makes Sawyer realize the man in the Australian bar he was talking to was actually Jack's father. When Jack asks why Sawyer wants to know about his father, Sawyer responds: "No reason".

==... In Translation==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[February 23]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jin-Soo Kwon]]
*Written by: [[Javier Grillo-Marxuach]] & [[Leonard Dick]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Jin has flashbacks of when he started working for Sun's father, Mr. Paik. Mr. Paik is the head of a Korean [[chaebol]] (a large, typically family-owned corporation—in this case, a car company) and a man who is not above using violent methods to get what he wants. Jin worked for Mr. Paik to prove his commitment and worthiness to marry Sun, claiming he would do anything to marry her. Sun's father gives Jin a task of conveying a message of his displeasure to the Under-Secretary for Environmental Safety. Jin relays the message verbally and seems confused when the visibly terrified man gives him a puppy (the same puppy we saw Jin bring to Sun in [[Episodes of Lost (Season 1)#House of the Rising Sun|a previous episode]]). However, upon finding Jin has not done what was implied for him to do, Mr. Paik reprimands Jin and directs him to return to the Secretary's home with a hit man who will demonstrate how to properly deliver a message. Jin returns to the Secretary's house, but before the hit man can act, he beats up the Secretary in front of his family, to give him "the message" as Sun's father originally intended and essentially save him from being murdered.

The raft Michael had been building is burned. Immediately Michael suspects Jin due to their disagreements in the past. However, Sawyer finds Jin first, roughs him up, and brings him down to the beach with his hands tied behind his back. Later Sawyer releases Jin on the beach and he and Michael fight each other. The rest of the survivors watch the fight, hesitant to stop it until Sun yells out in English for them to stop. The survivors are dumbfounded that she speaks English and has been keeping it from them the whole time. Jin is obviously distraught at this revelation.

Later, Locke sits down to play a game of [[Backgammon]] with Walt, and asks him bluntly "Why did you burn the raft, Walt?" Walt then says that he is tired of always moving and he likes it on the island. Locke agrees with him.

In the cave, Jin has another flashback, revealing that his father is not dead (as he told Mr. Paik), but a poor fisherman who Jin was obviously ashamed of. His father asks Jin why he works for Mr. Paik, and advises him to complete the latest task he has been given - delivering watches to Sydney and Los Angeles - then remain in America with Sun to escape Mr. Paik. Back on the island, Jin disregards his father's advice and tells Sun that it is too late to save their marriage, and goes to help Michael build a new boat..

*[[Hugo Reyes|Hurley]] can also be seen on the [[television]] that the threatened man's daughter is watching. He seems to be on a [[news]] show, possibly chronicling his [[lottery]] win.
* The song [[Hugo Reyes|Hurley]] listens at the end is "Delicate" by [[Damien Rice]], though it ends abruptly when his CD player's battery dies out.

==Numbers==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[March 2]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes]]
*Written by: [[Brent Fletcher]] & [[David Fury]]
*Directed by: [[Dan Attias]]

Hurley has flashbacks of his winning the lottery with the numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42, which he claims to everyone "just came to him". In truth, Hurley had overheard them from a former U.S. Naval officer named Leonard who is currently in a mental institution where Hurley was a former patient. After winning the lottery and running into a relentless run of bad luck for everyone around him, Hurley starts thinking that the numbers are cursed, but no one else believes him. It would seem from the show that a clause in this curse is that no matter what you say or how well you document your extraordinary bad luck nobody will believe you, even if your death stops the run of bad luck for those around you. From the time he won the lottery it appears that everyone around him is hurt or has disastrous bad luck, including a box company in Tustin, CA (Note: Locke worked in a box company before he went to Australia and had spent most of his life in Tustin) that he bought with his winnings. When Jack and Hurley question Sayid about [[Characters of Lost#Danielle Rousseau|Rousseau]] Hurley notices that the French woman had written Hurley's winning lottery numbers over and over on a piece of paper. Hurley then sets out to find Rousseau and the origin of the numbers, which is paralleled in his flashbacks as he attempts to find out the origins of the numbers at that time as well. Hurley learns that, while monitoring radio signals for the Navy, Leonard and a friend overheard the numbers being repeatedly broadcast. Like Hurley, Leonard's friend used the numbers in a contest and later came to believe that the numbers were cursed. It is revealed that the transmission with the numbers originated from the island. The same transmission diverted the French woman and her companions towards the island, causing their shipwreck. When Rousseau discovered the source of the transmission, she altered it to repeat her distress call. The French woman is the only person to believe Hurley when he says the numbers are cursed.

Michael and Jin continue to build a second raft, but they are having trouble communicating. Locke enlists the help of Claire to build a mysterious object. Towards completion, Claire reveals that it is her birthday. The object turns out to be a cradle for when the baby is born—a birthday gift from the smiling survivalist/handyman.

At the end of the show, the camera shows us the metal object Boone and Locke discovered buried in the jungle (which appears to be a hatch of some sort) with the numbers embossed on it. Earlier in the show during Hurley's flashback, Hurley visited Leonard and told Leonard what he had done with the numbers. Leonard suddenly became lucid, excitedly saying that Hurley had "[[Pandora's box|opened the box]]" and how he must "get away from those numbers" or it "won't stop".

==Deus Ex Machina==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[March 30]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[John Locke (Lost)|John Locke]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Carlton Cuse]]
*Directed by: [[Robert Mandel]]

The episode begins with a younger [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]], with hair, working in a discount superstore. He demonstrates the children's game [[Mouse Trap (board game)|Mousetrap]] to a boy, calling it his favorite game. A mysterious older woman appears to be watching him in the store, and later in the parking lot. When he confronts her, she reveals that she is his birth mother, Emily Annabeth Locke. John inquires about his natural father, but she tells him that he had no father, and that he was "[[Immaculate Conception|immaculately conceived]]" (likely meaning that his was a [[Virgin Birth]].)

On the Island, the [[trebuchet]] Locke and [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]] built fails to break the glass on the metal hatch the two discovered. Locke is unaware that a broken shard has lodged itself in one of his legs until Boone tells him; he later discovers he has no feeling in his feet or legs. When asked about how they would open the hatch, he tells Boone that the Island will send them a sign, and they see a small aircraft, a [[Beechcraft 18]], crashing into the jungle. However, this turns out to be a dream, which concludes with Boone covered in blood, repeating the phrase "Theresa falls up the stairs; Theresa falls down the stairs." Later, when describing the vision he had, he asks Boone, "Who is Theresa?" and is told that she was his childhood nanny whom he believes he caused to fall to her death in his family home. Locke insists that they have to locate the plane, which is eventually found hanging in the trees.

Meanwhile, [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]] is having increasingly painful headaches, which are not helped by Sun's herbal remedies. Kate, acting as a go-between, convinces Sawyer to accept Jack's medical assistance. After a brief examination, Jack asks him a series of embarrassing questions — "Have you ever slept with a prostitute?"; "Have you ever contracted a [[sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted disease]]?"; "When was the last outbreak?" Jack finally reveals that Sawyer is suffering from [[hyperopia]] or farsightedness, and Sawyer's excessive reading is straining his eyes, giving him headaches. Sayid melts together the halves of two pairs of glasses which, when worn by Sawyer, are described by Hurley as looking like "someone steamrolled [[Harry Potter]]."

In flashback, Locke hires a [[private investigator]] to get information on his father and mother. The investigators tells him that his mother has been committed in the past, and gives him the address of his father, Anthony Cooper. He goes to his father's affluent home, where he is admitted and welcomed. His father appears to take Locke under his wing, taking him hunting several times. Arriving early one day, he sees that his father is on [[dialysis]]. His father mentions that he would need a [[kidney transplantation|transplant]], but is pessimistic about his chances on the waiting list. Locke volunteers to give his father his [[kidney]].

Back on the island, Boone climbs into the plane, at Locke's request as his legs have apparently stopped working. The plane contains statues of the [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] filled with [[heroin]], flown by [[drug smugglers]] under the guise of [[Nigeria]]n [[missionaries]]. Boone checks the radio which still works and subsequently makes contact, saying "We're the survivors of flight 815". After a brief pause, "We're the survivors of flight 815" is heard back over the radio. Just as he possibly makes contact, however, the plane falls out of the tree and crashes to the ground with Boone inside. Locke hoists a badly injured Boone on his shoulders and returns to the camp.

In his flashback, Locke wakes up in the [[hospital]] after the kidney transplant to find that his father has gone home for private care. His mother appears and reveals that his father concocted a scheme to convince Locke to give up his kidney. Locke pulls himself out of the hospital bed and drives to his father's home, where the once-friendly guard is not allowed to let him inside. Locke drives away at the guard's pained insistence and screams at the betrayal.

On the island, Locke makes it back to the cave with Boone, saying that he fell from a cliff while they were hunting. [[Jack Shephard|Jack]] springs into action but Locke disappears into the jungle to yell and scream in anguish on top of the hatch. The episode ends with a light coming on inside the structure.

'''Trivia''' 
''The Radio Transmission''

The question over what was said on the radio in response to Boone was in question for some time after this episode. Many believed the transmission said "There are no survivors of flight 815" while others believed it was "We're the survivors of flight 815."
The 2nd season episode [[Episodes of Lost (Season 2)#The Other 48 Days|The Other 48 Days]] as well as the subtitles in the first season's DVD box set give the definitive answer as well as who was on the radio talking to Boone.

''The Shows Title'' 
[[Deus Ex Machina]]

==Do No Harm==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[April 6]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard]]
*Written by: [[Janet Tamaro]]
*Directed by: [[Stephen Williams]]

The injured Boone is in bad shape after his fall from the cliff in the airplane. He's lost a lot of [[blood]], one of his lungs has collapsed and his right leg is crushed. Kate is sent to go and get alcohol from Sawyer. On her way back she discovers that Claire has gone into labor.

Sayid surprises Shannon with a "torch" lit dinner at which Shannon tells Sayid that Boone is only her step-brother, and that he is "kind of" in love with her.

Boone has lost a lot of blood and needs a transfusion of [[Blood type|type A negative]]. Jack sends Charlie to find one of the other survivors with a matching blood type. When he unsuccessfully returns (only four people knew their blood type), Jack decides to give him some of his O negative blood. Jack tries to use [[bamboo]] as a needle but can't pierce his [[skin]]. Sun comes up with a solution and retrieves a [[sea urchin]]. Using the urchin's spines, Jack begins to give Boone his blood.

Jin, working on the new raft, hears Kate's call for help and rushes to her and Claire. Despite the language barrier, Kate is able to tell Jin to go and find Jack. Jin rushes to the caves only to find Jack occupied with the [[blood transfusion]]. Jack tells Jin (with the aid of Sun translating) to take Charlie to Kate and Claire. Jack then tells Charlie to give Kate instructions on how to deliver the baby.

As Jack begins looking pale, Sun stops the transfusion. Jack then tries to heal Boone's leg but finds it beyond repair and fatal unless it is [[amputation|amputated]]. Jack seeks the help of Michael to find a way to cut off Boone's leg. Boone suddenly regains [[consciousness]] and tells Jack to just let him go.

Boone dies, but reveals to Jack that he and Locke had discovered a mysterious hatch, and Locke had told him [Boone] not to tell anybody else. Claire gives birth to a healthy baby boy. Jack goes looking for Locke, claiming that Boone was murdered.

In flashbacks, we see Jack's wedding to Sarah, a former patient whom he "fixed" after she was injured in a car wreck.

==The Greater Good==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[May 4]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sayid Jarrah]]
*Written by: [[Leonard Dick]]
*Directed by: [[David Grossman]]

The survivors bury Boone, and Locke shows up and explains what happened to them, but Jack does not believe him and is enraged. Sayid asks Shannon what he can do for her, and she replies that he can "take care" of Locke, suggesting killing or torturing him. Sayid makes Locke take him to the Beechcraft in the jungle where Boone was injured, and Locke reveals that it was he who, for the sake of the survivors (the greater good), hit Sayid over the head when he was trying to find the distress signal in [[#The Moth|an earlier episode]]. Sayid asks Locke about the gun he is hiding and Locke tells him about the dead drug runner before giving him the gun.

Charlie tells Claire that she needs to rest, and though reluctant at first she lets him take care of her baby. Charlie has a tough time getting the baby to stop crying, but finally manages to do so after seeing the baby's reaction to Sawyer's voice.

Seeing Jack's exhaustion, Kate drugs him with sleeping pills, and while he is sleeping, Shannon takes the key to the briefcase containing the guns. Shannon goes after Locke, but is confronted by Sayid, Jack, and Kate. Sayid tackles Shannon just as she fires the gun, grazing Locke in the head.

The flashback deals with Sayid becoming an informant for the [[CIA]]. The CIA knows the location of Nadia, the girl Sayid loves. When his friend Essam is chosen as the next suicide bomber for a group, Sayid is forced to convince him to accept the role and stop him only at the end so that the CIA can seize the explosives to be used otherwise Nadia would be arrested for [[insurgency]]. When Sayid reveals his identity as an informant and tries to convince Essam to back out, Essam becomes distraught and shoots himself before Sayid can stop him.

After Essam's death, the CIA tells Sayid he can find Nadia in California, and gives him a ticket for a flight leaving in two hours. Sayid asks about Essam's body and is upset when he discovers that with no one to claim it, the body will be burned, contrary to Muslim tradition. Sayid insists on claiming the body himself and tells them to change his flight.

Back on the island, Sayid visits Locke who thanks him for saving his life. Sayid tells him that he only saved him because he sensed that Locke was their best chance of survival. He then tells Locke to take him to the hatch immediately.

* Trivia
** At one point, this episode was titled ''Sides''.
** In one of Sayid's flashbacks, he is in an apartment with Essam and two other men, who are playing ''[[Half-Life]]'' on their [[PlayStation 2]].

==Born to Run==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[May 11]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austen]]
*Written by: [[Edward Kitsis]] & [[Adam Horowitz]]
*Directed by: [[Tucker Gates]]

After Charlie points out that the people rescued from the island will be surrounded by media scrutiny, Kate asks to be the fourth person on the raft, saying she has sailing experience. Michael refuses, saying the raft is full, with Michael, Walt, Jin, and Sawyer. Michael is subsequently poisoned and after Jack interrogates suspected people including Sawyer and Kate, Sawyer reveals to everyone on the island that Kate is the fugitive the U.S. Marshal was escorting, and blames her for attempting to poison Michael; it is also revealed that she kept Joanna's passport and had intentionally damaged the photo so she could use it as her own. Previously only Jack and Hurley had prior knowledge of her fugitive status. After examining the compounds left in the water bottle, Jack discovers Sun attempted to get Jin sick so that he would have to stay behind, but his water bottle was switched with Michael's by accident. Sun reveals in a conversation that Kate had suggested the poisoning, but promises Kate not to tell anyone.

Sayid and Locke reveal the hatch to Jack, who agrees with Locke to find a way to open it, much to Sayid's dismay. When Locke briefly touches Walt, who is not even aware of the hatch, Walt begs him not to open "that thing."

In the flashback, Kate returns to her home town in [[Iowa]], where she meets former boyfriend Tom Brennan, who is now a doctor. Tom and Kate had grown up together, and had always expected to be married when they grew up. Since Kate left town, however, Tom has presumably married Rachel, and they have a baby, Connor. Tom and Kate visit a tree in the middle of a cow pasture and dig up a [[lunchbox]] [[time capsule]] they had buried on [[August 15]], [[1989]] (8-15, matching the Oceanic Flight 815). Among the items in the capsule were Tom's toy airplane, which Kate retrieved from the safety deposit box in an earlier episode and now has with her on the island, and a tape recorder with a recording of the two of them talking. Tom says on the tape, "You always want to run away," and Kate replies, "Yeah, and you know why."

Kate has returned to her home town because an unknown helper has sent her a letter along with some money to tell her that her mother, Diane Jansen, is dying of cancer and is in the hospital. With Tom's help, she is able to be alone with Diane, but when Diane wakes up and sees Kate standing over her, she begins screaming for help. A guard grabs her, and Kate knocks him out. Forced to escape, she runs into Tom, who gives her the keys to his car. But when Kate tells him to get away, he refuses, and joins her in the car. When police try to block them in and begin shooting, Kate rams the police car and then crashes Tom's car into another car. Tom is immobile and bleeding; it is unclear if he was hit by one of the bullets or if he injured himself against the dashboard, though he is presumably dead. Kate leaves him (and the toy airplane) in the car and flees.

Back on the island, Walt confesses to Michael that he was responsible for the fire that destroyed the first raft. Walt tells Michael that he did it because he wanted to stay on the island. Michael agrees that they do not have to leave the island, but Walt now insists that they have to leave.

* Trivia
** This is the first appearance of [[Arzt]], the high school teacher with a doctorate in science.

==Exodus: Part 1==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[May 18]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashbacks:''' [[Walt Lloyd|Walt]], [[Jack Shephard|Jack]], [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]], [[Kate Austin|Kate]], [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun]], [[Shannon Rutherford|Shannon]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Carlton Cuse]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Rousseau comes to the beach camp to warn the castaways that enemies known only as the "[[Others]]" are coming. She tells her story again, and reveals that she was seven months pregnant when she arrived on the island; a week after her baby was born, he was taken by the "[[Others]]." She also mentions that the arrival of the "[[Others]]" was heralded by a column of black smoke.

Rousseau's warning hastens the launch of the raft. As they are pushing the raft towards the sea, Sawyer uses his lever incorrectly, and the [[mast]] of the ship is damaged. As Jin and Michael work to fix it, Sawyer feels like his work is unappreciated, and goes off into the woods to cut a new mast by himself. At this time, Walt notices a column of black smoke coming from within the forest.

Locke suggests that the only place to hide their large group would be in the metallic structure that he has found, but still has no way to open. He suggests that they try Rousseau's dynamite, which would require them to venture back into the woods. Jack plans a squad to go out. Surprisingly, [[Arzt]] volunteers to go, as he knows how to handle volatile dynamite better than anyone else. Before they leave, Jack wishes Sawyer a safe trip, and Sawyer reveals that he spoke to Jack's father before his death; he tells Jack that his father was proud of him.

Walt leaves Vincent in the custody of Shannon, saying that Vincent was good company when his mother died, and that he might do the same for Shannon after Boone's death.

Sun says goodbye to Jin, and hands him a notebook with common [[English language]] [[nautical]] words and phrases, written out [[phonetic|phonetically]] in [[Korean language|Korean]]. They make up, and he says that he will still go on the raft, as he wants to do this to rescue her. Jin, Walt, Michael and Sawyer set off in their raft, which appears to be fully operational. Vincent originally attempts to paddle out and follow them, but Walt orders him to turn around.

Jack, Kate, Rousseau, Locke, Hurley, and Arzt journey into the woods when they hear the "Monster" in the forest again. They are scared, but are left unharmed. Rousseau tells them that the "Monster" is the island's defense system. As they journey further, Rousseau states that they have arrived at "The Black Rock," which turns out not to be a geological formation, but a [[shipwreck]]ed sailing ship. However old it is, it's from a time when ships were made out of wood. She then leaves them.

Like the pilot episode, this episode featured flashbacks from multiple characters, each a single continuous scene from the perspective of one character. Each flashback shows what the main characters were doing in their final hours before the flight.

In the first, Walt is watching ''[[Power Rangers: SPD]]'' in his room, which irritates his sleeping father; after an outburst, Walt attempts to run away with Vincent, but Michael brings him back.

In his flashback, Jack is conversing in the airport bar with another passenger on Flight 815 before the boarding of the plane; she flirts with Jack, who reveals that he is no longer married. She turns out to be Ana-Lucia Cortez, who begins showing up in episodes in the second season. She says that she is sitting in seat 42F.

In Sawyer's flashback, he has been taken into the police station. This is apparently three nights after his cameo in ''[[#Hearts and Minds|Hearts and Minds]]''. The investigator tells him that he knows all about his cons, and books him on the flight out of Australia. It is revealed here that Sawyer headbutted the Australian Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Minister Warren Truss.

Kate's flashback reveals that the Marshal knew that the toy airplane was the only thing of value left to her, so he had baited her with it. When he denigrates the memory of Tom, she attacks him, but is subdued.

Sun's flashback shows her bringing Jin coffee and food in the airport prior to their flight, while a pompous American woman comments to her husband that the relationship between Sun and Jin is one of subservience thinking that Sun does not understand English. Affected by her words, Sun accidentally spills coffee into Jin's lap.

In Shannon's flashback, she is waiting for Boone to attempt to upgrade their seats to first class when Sayid asks if he can leave his bag with her. She agrees, and he walks off. When Boone returns, saying that the agent would not upgrade their seats because Shannon had been difficult during check-in, she storms off to try again, leaving Sayid's bag unattended. As Boone is questioning how immoral she can be, she notifies a guard that "some Arab guy" left a suspicious bag in the waiting area.

===Trivia===
*When Jin and Michael are repairing the raft, Michael angrily says to Jin "No, no, no. This one goes there, that one goes there" which is the exact phrase [[Han Solo]] told [[Chewbacca]] in ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' as they repaired the ''[[Millennium Falcon]].'' In the next episode Sawyer refers to Michael and Jin as "Han" and "Chewie," respectively.

*In his flashback, Jack reveals his seat number to be 23 and Ana-Lucia tells Jack her seat is 42 at the back. These are the last two numbers in the number sequence 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42.

==Exodus: Parts 2 and 3==
*'''Original airdate:''' [[May 25]], [[2005]]. Part 2 and 3 of the Exodus episode aired back to back in the US with no delineation, and are summarized as one episode here.
*'''Flashbacks:''' [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin]], [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]], [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]], [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]], [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes|Hurley]], [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]]
*Written by: [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Carlton Cuse]]
*Directed by: [[Jack Bender]]

Jack, Kate and Locke go into The Black Rock and find the crate of dynamite. While attempting to handle the dynamite carefully, Arzt himself triggers one of the sticks and is blown up. The remaining group members decide to continue their attempt to carry the dynamite, and wrap it in wet cloth. Locke suggests that they carry a redundant backup; in case one of the carriers blows up, the other will still be able to blow the hatch. Locke, Kate, and Jack all want to volunteer to carry the dynamite, so they [[drawing straws|draw straws]] for the responsibility. Jack draws the long stick, so Kate and Locke carry the dynamite. On their way back to the hatch, Jack and Kate see what seems a small cloud of [[smoke]] move in an unnatural way through some near trees, they hear the rumbling of the monster. According to plan, Jack and Locke drop their packs, but Kate forgets and keeps hers on. Locke wants to get a glimpse of the monster, and ends up getting nearly under it. His leg becomes ensnared in what sounds like a chain mechanism of some kind, which drags him through the jungle (although freeze frames of the DVD video look as if he's been seized by a tendril of the same strange smoke rather than a conventional chain). Jack grabs onto his arm and is dragged as well, and prevents Locke from being dragged into a hole in the ground. Although Locke pleads with Jack to let him get dragged under, Jack instead tells Kate to grab dynamite out of his bag and drop one down, revealing that he had in fact switched the content of their packs. Kate drops the dynamite down the tunnel, causing an underground explosion, resulting in black smoke (similar to that seen before) coming out of a nearby hole on the horizon, moving in a bizarre, almost [[supernatural]] way, and disappearing, all in less than a second. The hold on Locke slackens, and they are able to extract him. Later, Locke reveals that the reason he wanted to fall into the cavern is that it was his destiny and that he felt that the island was testing him.

On the beach, Sayid is leading the group back to the caves, awaiting Jack's party's return. Charlie and Claire are alone on the beach when Rousseau runs up, telling Charlie that she needs to see Sayid urgently. When Charlie runs off to get Sayid, Rousseau begins asking Claire to hold her baby, and Claire tries to make several excuses why she can't give Rousseau the baby. Claire sees a strange scar on Rousseau's arm and has a short ambiguous flashback to a struggle between Rousseau and herself. Soon Charlie and Sayid return to find Claire exclaiming that her baby has been taken, and Sayid surmises that Rousseau intends to attempt an exchange of Aaron (which Claire names) for her own child, Alex, with the "[[Others]]". Charlie and Sayid go toward the black smoke, with little daylight left. On their journey they encounter a trap set by Rousseau, which injures Charlie momentarily. Charlie's wound is bleeding profusely, and Sayid orders him to go back to the camp, but Charlie refuses. Sayid then cuts open a bullet, pours the gunpowder into the wound, and sets it on fire to cauterize the injury. They also encounter the downed drug smugglers' plane, and Sayid reveals to Charlie that it is full of [[heroin]], ignorant of Charlie's junkie past. When Sayid and Charlie arrive on the beach with the black smoke, there are no other people, just a [[pyre]]. The sound of the baby crying alerts them to Rousseau hiding in the bushes. She cries and tells them that she overheard them saying that they were going to go after "the boy," and she thought that if she brought him to them, they would return her child. She returns the baby, and they reunite it with Claire. It is revealed that Charlie kept at least one of the statues filled with heroin in his bag.
[[Image:Walt kidnapped.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Walt is taken by the Others.]]
On the raft, the crew is sailing according to plan, and Michael bonds with Walt. Walt learns about Sawyer's long term search for revenge. Jin gives the watch which caused a fight between them [[#House of the Rising Sun|earlier in the series]] to Michael as a gift. At one point, the rudder breaks off, and Sawyer dives into the water after it, risking his life. At this point, Michael discovers that Sawyer has a gun, but decides not to tell the others. At night, their radar sweep turns up a boat in the distance. They fire their single flare, and the boat approaches them. Though they think they are about to be saved, it turns out to be a group of strangers who demand that they hand over Walt. Sawyer tries to pull his gun, but he is shot by one of the other crewmen and falls into the water. Jin jumps into the water to try and save Sawyer, while the strangers overpower Michael and kidnap Walt. As they sail off, they throw an explosive onto the raft, destroying it.

The episode ends with Jack, Kate, Locke, and Hurley arriving at the hatch. They manage to set the dynamite up on the hinge of the hatch, and are about to set it off when Hurley notices the appearance of "The Numbers" on the side. He yells at them not to light it, but Locke lights the fuse anyway. Hurley tries to stamp out the fuse, repeating "the numbers are bad," but Jack tackles him, and the dynamite explodes. They pry open the hatch to reveal a deep, dark metal tunnel. A partial ladder (with broken rungs) can be seen near the top of the tunnel. Though we don't know what is inside yet, one thing is certain — it's a long way down...

As in [[#Exodus: Part 1|Part 1]], the flashbacks in this episode deal with each character's experiences leading up to the flight.

Jin's flashback follows Sun's flashback from the previous episode. When Jin goes to the bathroom, he encounters a casually dressed Caucasian man who conversationally asks him for a paper towel in English. When Jin indicates that he speaks no English, the man switches to Korean. Seeming somewhat more menacing now, he then reveals that he works for Mr. Paik, and knows that Jin was attempting to run away with Sun. He tells Jin to complete his delivery of a watch to an associate in San Francisco.

Charlie's flashback is of him looking for his stash before leaving for his flight. A girl from the previous night is in his bed. As Charlie finds the drugs, she asks if he has any left. He lies and says that he's out, but she can tell that he's lying and attacks him for the drugs.

Sayid's flashback is of the airport officers apologizing for harassing him about his bag.

Michael's flashback is of him and Walt in the airport waiting for their flight. Walt is absorbed in his [[Game Boy Advance SP]], and Michael is obviously frustrated that they can't connect. He gets up, claiming to need to call work, but he really calls his mother. He expresses his exasperation to his mother, and asks if she can take care of Walt, eventually offering to pay her. Locke makes a split second onscreen appearance, being pushed in his wheelchair, while Michael is on the phone. When Michael hangs up, Walt is right next to him, and may have heard the whole conversation.

Hurley's flashback is fairly comedic, and shows him waking up late for his flight due to a localized power outage. In a mad dash for the airport, he experiences several other problems, including a flat tire, arriving at the wrong terminal; he buys an electronic scooter from an old man for $1600 and manages to get to the terminal just as they are closing the gate. While Hurley is racing to the terminal, it looks like Boone makes a split second appearance in the background; it's hard to see him but it definitely looks like him with the dark hair and dark eyebrows. The boarding agent is able to get them to reopen the doors for him, and he hugs her effusively. This is the longest flashback in the episode and, as expected, the numbers feature prominently. Hurley is shown to be staying in room 2342, his digital display in his car shows that it is 23 degrees outside, and he is originally going 42 km/h; when he gets a flat tire he slows first to 16, then 15, then 8, and finally 4 before the display cuts out altogether. As he is running through the airport, he passes a team of [[soccer]] players, wearing jerseys with "the numbers" in numerical order. Another revelation from this flashback is that Hurley and Charlie stayed in the same hotel (Charlie yells at him for holding up a full [[elevator]]), and the elevator bank also looks exactly like the one in the hotel where Michael and Walt stayed. When Hurley gives his passport to the airport worker, we see that the Departure and Arrival times are 14:16 to 10:42, 16 and 42 both being numbers in the sequence. Finally, we see that Hurley boards the airport at gate 23.

In Locke's flashback, the airline staff have lost the wheelchair normally used to load disabled passengers onto the plane, and he must be carried on to the plane by two attendants. When he drops a pamphlet from his seat, he is unable to reach it. He is clearly frustrated by the whole situation, and struggles to maintain his dignity.

There is a final montage of all of the passengers getting on the plane (except for Locke, who was seated early as a disabled passenger). It is fairly uneventful, although when Hurley gets on the plane he gives a thumbs up to Walt, who looks up from his Gameboy for the first time and smiles. Hurley smiles back, sits down, puts on his headphones and starts reading his comic book - the same comic book that Walt found after the plane crash. Mr. Arzt also helps Claire put her bag in the overhead compartment. This montage basically shows how prior to the crash each of the survivors had a brief interaction with another one of the survivors.

{{LostNav}}

[[Category:Episode lists|Lost]]
[[Category:Lost]]

Doom 3

2005-12-19T12:56:08Z

Jackqu7: rv

{{Infobox CVG| title = Doom 3
|image = [[Image:Doom3box.jpg|250px|]]
|developer = [[id Software]]
|publisher = [[Activision]]
|designer =
|engine = [[Doom 3 engine]]
|released = [[August 3]], [[2004]] (Windows) [[October 4]], 2004 (Linux) [[March 14]], [[2005]] (Mac) [[April 4]], [[2005]] (Xbox)
|genre = [[First-person shooter]]
|modes = [[Single player]], [[multiplayer]]
|ratings = [[ESRB]]: Mature (M) [[BBFC]]: 18 [[PEGI]]: 18+ (violence)
|platforms = [[Mac OS X|Mac]], [[Personal Computer|PC]] ([[Linux]]/[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]), [[Xbox]]
|media = PC: [[Compact disc|CD]] (3); Mac: [[DVD]] (1)
|requirements =
|input =
}}
'''''Doom 3''''' is a [[sci-fi]] [[Horror_fiction|horror]] [[first-person shooter]] [[computer game]] developed by [[id Software]] and published by [[Activision]]. Set in 2145 in the [[Union Aerospace Corporation]] (UAC) research center on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]], it is a reimagining of the original ''[[Doom]]'', with completely new graphics and [[game engine]].

The game was developed for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and ported to [[Linux]] in [[2004]], five months later, it was also released for [[Mac OS X]] (ported by [[Aspyr]]) and [[Xbox]] (co-developed by [[Vicarious Visions]]). The Xbox version is graphically similar (with less details) to the original but features an additional two player co-operation mode.

An expansion, ''[[Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil]]'', co-developed by id Software and [[Nerve Software]], has been released.

A ''Doom'' [[Doom (movie)|movie]], loosely based on the franchise, was released on October 21st, 2005.

==History==
In [[June]] [[2000]], [[John Carmack]] posted a plan [http://finger.planetquake.com/plan.asp?userid=johnc&id=14425] announcing the start to a remake of ''[[Doom]]'' using next generation technology. This plan revealed controversy had been brewing within id over the decision.

[[Kevin Cloud]] and [[Adrian Carmack]], two of id Software's owners, were always strongly opposed to remaking ''Doom''. They thought that id was going back to the same old formulas and properties too often. However, after the warm reception of ''[[Return to Castle Wolfenstein]]'' and the latest improvements in rendering technology, most of the employees agreed that a remake was the right idea and confronted Kevin and Adrian with an ultimatum: "Allow us to remake ''Doom'' or fire us" ( including John Carmack ). After the reasonably painless confrontation (although artist [[Paul Steed]], one of the instigators, was fired in retaliation) the agreement to work on ''Doom 3'' was made.

The game was in development for four years. In [[2001]] it was first shown to the public at [[MacWorld]] in [[Tokyo]] and was later demonstrated at [[E3]] in [[2002]], where a 15 minute gameplay demo was shown in a small theater. It won five awards at E3 that year. Shortly after E3, a development version of the game leaked from [[ATI Technologies]] and quickly spread on the [[Internet]]. The game was also shown at the subsequent E3 exhibitions in [[2003]] and [[2004]], although id software's website was not updated to include the Doom 3 project until America's autumn in 2003. According to some comments by John Carmack, the development took longer than expected. Originally the game was planned for release around the same time as two other highly anticipated games, ''[[Halo 2]]'' and ''[[Half-Life 2]]'', in [[Christmas]] 2003. However none of those games managed to make Christmas season.

''Doom 3'' achieved [[Development stage|gold]] status on [[July 14]], [[2004]], and a [[Mac OS X]] release was confirmed the next day on [[July 15]], [[2004]]. ''Doom 3'' was released in the US on [[August 3]], [[2004]]. Additionally, a [[Linux]] version was released on [[October 4]], [[2004]]. Due to high demand, the game was made available at select outlets at midnight on the date of release. The game was released to the rest of the world on [[August 13]], [[2004]] (except for [[Russia]] and other countries of the former [[Soviet Union]], where official localisation was delayed, and the game was released on [[December 10]], [[2004]]).

Two days before its official release, ''Doom 3'' was released by pirate groups onto the Internet where it became possibly the fastest spreading pirated game ever. As the game's focus is its single-player mode, the need for a valid retail serial number for online multiplayer gaming was a weak deterrent against piracy. Other factors contributing to the high demand for the pirated version were the gamers' expectations for ''Doom 3'' and delayed release outside of the US.

==Features==
[[Image:Doom3Marine.jpg|thumb|right|The shadowing and lighting on the marine's face exemplify the unified lighting engine]]
[[image:Doom3UIintegration.jpg|right|thumb|Interactive displays replaced traditional switches]]

According to John Carmack, the lead graphics engine developer at id, the "tripod of features" in ''Doom 3'' technology are:

* [[Unified lighting and shadowing]]
* Complex animations and scripting that show off the real-time, fully dynamic per-pixel lighting and stencil shadowing
* [[GUI]] surfaces that add extra interactivity to the game

The key aspect of the ''Doom 3'' graphics engine is the unified lighting and shadowing. Rather than computing or rendering lightmaps during map creation and saving that information in the map data, most light sources are computed on the fly. This allows lights to cast shadows even on non-static objects such as monsters or machinery, which was impossible with static lightmaps. A shortcoming of this approach is the engine's inability to render [[soft shadows]] and [[ambient lighting]].

To create a more movie-like atmosphere, id interspersed the gameplay with many in-game animated sequences of monsters ambushing the player or just lurking around.

To increase the interactivity with the game-world, id designed hundreds of high-resolution animated screens for in-game computers. Rather than using a simple "use key", the crosshair acts as a mouse cursor over the screens allowing the player to use a computer in the game world.

Other important features of ''Doom 3'' engine were [[normal mapping]] and specular highlighting of textures, realistic handling of object physics, dynamic, ambient soundtrack and multi-channel sound.
==Weapons==

''Italic text'' in this section comes from the ''Doom 3'' manual.

* Fists - ''There's nothing like a little hand-to-hand combat.'' An entertaining way to kill a foe, or even an ally. However, it takes more skill to kill without sustaining damage than ranged weapons, thus in more serious situations it should only be used in well-lit rooms for ammunition conservation. Large enemies and enemies who fire fast projectiles (e.g. bullets) are much harder to kill using fists. Large enemies due to their longer [[mêlée]] attack distance, and fast projectiles make it difficult to approach the enemy without being hit.
* Flashlight - ''Power fluctuations and maintenance issues continue to create poor lighting at the UAC Facility and flashlights are now required for all security forces. Also works as a club in close combat.'' The flashlight's battery is infinite and so is its durability for bashing enemies. The combat differences from fists are: double the damage, slightly more range, but slower rate of fire.
* Pistol - ''Standard marine issue semi-automatic pistol. It's highly accurate and provides solid stopping power without expending too much ammo.'' Contrary to what is written in the manual, in the actual gameplay, the pistol is automatic, meaning you don't need to keep clicking in order to fire several rounds. The pistol also has little stopping power. Nevertheless, the pistol has absolutely no spread whatsoever and very high projectile velocity, making it a useful weapon for small targets at long range. The pistol is commonly used to conserve other types of ammunition.
* Shotgun - ''The weapon of choice for close combat. Use sparingly for medium or long-range targets.'' Due to this weapon's extremely high spread (22 degrees) in single-player, the damage difference between a shot towards an average-sized enemy at point-blank range and a shot a few feet away is large. But the great damage that the shotgun can inflict at point-blank makes it one of the most useful weapons, capable of dispatching most standard enemies with one well-aimed shot.
* Machinegun - ''A high rate of fire, good accuracy and excellent power makes this a perfect weapon for medium and long-range enemies and quick targetting.'' With only 1 degree of spread, the headshot is easy to maintain and if done against weak to moderate enemies, they will fall quickly. The machinegun has a good clip size of 60 rounds.
* Chaingun - This is a great short to medium range rapid-fire weapon as each bullet inflicts twice as much damage as the machinegun, but also has more spread. However, its rate of fire is not faster than the machinegun - it is about the same. One belt carries 60 bullets.
* Handgrenade - For a little more BOOM in your DOOM. Detonates either on an enemy or three seconds after being primed. Note that the user cannot obstruct the grenade or cause it to detonate by proximity, and the grenades are very bouncy.
* Plasma Gun - Shoots blue orbs of plasma, dealing moderate damage, and has a clip size of 50. Similar to the plasma gun in Classic Doom, it is rapid-fire (albeit not quite as rapid) and has no spread. However, the projectile velocity has been considerably reduced, making it an unsuitable weapon for long range.
* Rocket Launcher - Launches a fast projectile that deals great damage to the victim of a direct hit and adds splash damage to those near the explosion. In single-player, the additional height gained by [[rocketjumping]] is very small.
* BFG 9000 - An Extremely powerful energy charge weapon very capable of room clearing. One fully-charged blast will overkill almost all enemies on a direct hit, and most cannot survive within about 15 meters as the UAC video says. Each projectile contains a microchip core to determine friend or foe. When shattered, the projectile automatically detonates. Caution: the BFG 9000 can be overcharged and will instantly kill the user if done.
* Chainsaw - Very powerful [[mêlée]] weapon with a blade that never dulls. Most enemies fall to the sawing in mere seconds.
* Soul Cube - ''UAC archeologists uncovered an object they've called the "Soulcube" in an early expedition on Mars. Very little is known about the object. Deciphered text found nearby seems to indicate that the Cube grows stronger every time a "demon" is killed. After 5 demons have been killed, the Cube's energy can be released to destroy even the most powerful demons. The "souls" gather the health of the slaughtered enemy and transfer it to the user.''

==Story==
{{spoiler}}

Similar to the story of the original ''Doom'', the game focuses on the marine who was transferred to Mars and sent out on a routine mission. In contrast to its earlier disdain for storytelling, this time id Software employed a professional science-fiction writer [[Matthew Castello]] to write the script and assist in story-boarding the entire game. id focused on retelling the story and creating a tense horror atmosphere. The game's events and atmosphere show a great deal of influence from [[George Romero]]'s ''Living Dead'' series.

Unlike in previous id games, there are now cut scenes that give purpose and context for the player's actions. Similar to other science fiction action/horror games such as ''[[System Shock]]'', ''[[System Shock 2]]'' and ''[[Aliens versus Predator (computer game)|Aliens versus Predator 2]]'', hundreds of text, voice, and video messages are scattered throughout the base. The messages are internal e-mails and audio reports sent between lab workers, administrators, maintenance staff, and security personnel at the Mars base. The messages explain the background story, show the feelings and concern of the people on the Mars base and reveal information related to plot and gameplay. Video booths and televisions give planetary news, [[corporate propaganda]], visitor information and technical data about the base.

The story of ''Doom 3'' surrounds the discovery of ancient ruins underneath [[Martian]] soil. Tablets found at these sites record how an ancient Martian race developed a form of teleporter technology. They realized an important fact all too late, however; the route the teleporter took passed through [[Hell]]. Quickly invaded by demons, this alien race created and sacrificed themselves to a weapon known as the [[Soul Cube]]. This cube, powered by the souls of almost every being of this alien race, was used by their strongest warrior to defeat and contain the demons in Hell.

Having done so, the remainder of the alien race constructed warnings to any who visited Mars, warning them ''not'' to recreate this technology; to avoid opening another gate to Hell. They then teleported to an unknown location, fleeing Mars; there are hints that at least some of them fled to Earth, and that humans descended from them. It's stated that the demons once inhabited Earth in an unknown context, but lost possession of it due to an unknown cause. Consequently, the demons want to reclaim Earth.

The UAC, discovering the [[Soul Cube]] and the warnings, used them to invent the same teleporter technology. Discovering that they opened a gate to Hell, scientists decided to explore further (encouraged by the head scientist, [[Malcolm Betruger]]), sending teams in and even capturing living specimens from the realm at great loss of life. The portal experiments also had strange and disturbing effects on the Mars City research facility where the experiments were conducted. Scientists and workers, unaware of the nature of the work being performed by Dr. Betruger and his team, frequently reported strange phenomena and unlikely industrial accidents. A general sense of paranoia and fear spread throughout the facility, leading many workers to request a greater Marine presence and/or weaponry accesible by themselves.

Betruger then took the Soul Cube into Hell and apparently made some kind of deal with the creatures there. Under his direction the demons again invaded Mars, confident that the only key to their defeat lay safe in their hands. Their attack left most of the Mars City population either dead or zombified slaves. Most marines who survived the first attack were wiped out by the demons and the undead Mars security forces in a matter of hours.

One man, the marine who the player controls, survived that attack and fought his way through the facility. He learned that Betruger planned to wipe out the reinforcements that were on their way and use their ships to take the demons to Earth and conquer it. He also learned of the Soul Cube, and the portal to Hell where it was held.

Betruger used the teleporter technology to transport the marine to Hell, where he hoped the hordes of Demons could defeat him. The marine fought his way through them and defeated [[The Guardian of Hell]], a gigantic, blind demon which uses smaller creatures named seekers to "see". With the Gurardian of Hell defeated the player took the Soul Cube back through the teleporter to Mars, where he learned that while his actions had made Betruger unable to use the teleporter technology, a natural portal to Hell had been opened at the site of the alien ruins. There he used the Soul Cube to defeat "Hell's strongest warrior", the horrific [[Doom enemies#Cyberdemon|Cyberdemon]], and seal the portal. The ending scene shows the sole surviving marine being rescued by the fleet, with Betruger being shown as a reincarnated as a dragon-like demon called the Maledict.

==Atmosphere==
The most important element in the gameplay and action of ''Doom 3'' is the atmosphere. Most of the levels are very dark, to create the feeling of helplessness and scare the player. It also heavily relies on lighting effects to set the mood.

Creatures may appear just as well unexpected as anticipated. Surprising ambushes usually from dark places tend to shock player and put his reflexes into test. On the other hand, exploring new areas backgrounded by theme music makes the player expect a monster appear behind each corner.

Emergence of stronger enemies (bosses) is backed up by new lighting effects and/or cutscenes. To achieve best effect, this usually happens in a dark room or the room darkens suddenly.

Almost the whole game takes place indoors, which provides many opportunities for surprise.

==Hardware requirements==
For a modern game with an [[Unified lighting and shadowing|advanced graphics engine]], ''Doom 3'' had suitably high minimum system requirements. Early during development it was widely expected that the recommended video cards would be DirectX 8 capable, such as [[Radeon]] 8500/9000 and [[GeForce 3]] (where ''Doom 3'' made its debut in 2001), but nearing release those cards only constituted near-minimum requirements. Early reports also indicated that there was supposed to be legacy support for the widespread DirectX 7 technology such as the [[Radeon]] 7200 and [[GeForce 2]], but at release, the [[GeForce 4]] MX was the only DirectX 7 chip officially supported.

It was widely reported on various review sites that a minimally recommended 1.5 GHz processor coupled with a [[GeForce 2]] MX [[graphics card]] achieved satisfactory performance with the game (about 20 frame/s in low resolution). The Macintosh version runs satisfactorily even on a 1.25 Ghz G4 powerbook with an NVIDIA GeForce FX Go5200 GPU.

However, to make full use of the [[game engine]], newer hardware is required. A high-end CPU (based on those available in 2004) coupled with the [[GeForce]] 7800 graphics card or [[ATI Technologies|ATI]]'s [[Radeon]] X800 benchmark well over 70 frame/s in 1024x768 resolution (more than the built-in engine's framerate of 60 frame/s). A 6600GT however will also easily play the game on the same hardware at those speeds under the same conditions in most situations. [[As of 2005|As of mid 2005]] the best videocard for ''Doom 3'' is two Geforce 7800 GTX's running in SLI mode.

While the game's packaging declared that 384MB RAM was required to run the game, it was highly recommended that around 1GB RAM be present in the machine. Having 512MB RAM or lower would cause the game to freeze for lengthened periods of time when entering a new room, due to the textures being preloaded into the limited memory. This could, however, be avoided by reducing the texture size to medium, which was recommended for video cards with 128 mb of RAM in any case, and keeping the resolution at 800x600 or 640x480. It is possible, but difficult, to achieve smooth gameplay at 1024x768 with detail set to high on a machine with 512MB RAM. Alternatively, the data package containing the textures could be [[ZIP archiver|unzipped]] (the file was essentially a ZIP archive with a different file ending), speeding up file access.

==Reception==
Few games have polarized gaming as much as ''Doom 3'' has, causing the two groups reactions to the game to be wildly different.

===Critical and hardcore reception===
The most often named gameplay shortcomings of the game are:

* Reliance on traditionally overused horror techniques such as pitch black darkness, limited use of the [[flashlight]] and stock [[horror movie cliché]]s, which some feel makes the game frustrating to play rather than scary or atmospheric;
* Repetitive gameplay, similar linear levels during parts of the game
* No ability to use the flashlight and the weapon at the same time (known as "No duct tape on Mars" problem), whereas today many real-life weapons have hands-free light attachments (however, many light-mods on the internet add a flashlight to the guns);
* Somewhat stale storytelling techniques, forcing the player to read or listen to messages by hiding access codes in them, and a shortage of cut-scenes providing story exposition;
* Poor monster [[Artificial intelligence|AI]], over-reliance on scripted sequences;
* Somewhat limited use of physics
* A small [[multiplayer]] deathmatch mode (no co-op as in the original ''Doom'') of only a few people, although ''Doom 3'' was attempting to focus on the single player experience.

It has been argued that many of these criticisms are based on expectations for other types of FPS games. During development, ''Doom 3'' was often compared with the equally anticipated ''[[Half-Life 2]]''. Some have argued that since ''Doom 3'' was released before ''Half-Life 2'', many have come to expect things from it that they previously had expected from ''Half-Life 2''. For example, the common complaint about ''Doom 3'''s lack of environment interactivity could be considered a subtle complaint that ''Doom 3'' doesn't have a ''Half-Life 2''-style "Gravity Gun", a weapon which can pick up small items in the world and throw them around. Ironically, ''Doom 3'' was said to have a "Gravity Gun" item designed long before ''Half-Life 2'', but was not in the game proper. This weapon appears in the ''Doom 3'' expansion known as ''[[Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil]]'', which has drawn the ire of those who feel id is pandering to ''Half-Life 2'' fans.

Some critical reviewers consider that the technological level of ''Doom 3'' is similar to that of other games of [[2004]], and that features such as [[bump mapping]] had already become industry standard. For example, an often mentioned feature of ''Doom 3'', [[per-pixel lighting]] and [[stencil shadowing]], had already been implemented in many games released in 2003, even a budget title from [[Activision]] Value called ''[[Secret Service: Security Breach]]''.

===Rebuttals to critical reception===

Many gamers claim the apparent "shortcomings" are not shortcomings at all, but are integral to the gameplay id determined to display for Doom 3.

Since ''Doom 3'' is a remake of the original ''Doom'' - a game which did not have high-end concepts common in today's more complex games, remaking ''Doom'' with too much complexity would remove a key component that made ''Doom'' popular in the first place.

In addition, the flashlight is a key element of ''Doom 3's '' gameplay - the player must balance between seeing the enemy, and defeating it. In the default game, (without any modifications added) almost every monster has glowing eyes, or some aspect of bioluminescence which offers a target for the player. Modifying the weapons to project light, results in the mystery of "the unknown" to be less potent and frightening. Additionally, muzzle flashes can be enabled for marginally better visibility while firing.

Another rebuttal concerns the story of ''Doom 3,'' which is done through the use of audio and video logs. Using logs like this harkens back to the age of ''[[System Shock 2]]'' and aids the progression of the story. Interestingly, it has been commented that normally the type of gamer who has played ''System Shock 2'' is the breed of gamer who would be expected to be critical of the comparatively simple ''Doom 3''.

Despite its apparent 'flaws', the game was still a success for id Software, with the planned total revenue estimated by [[Activision]] at $20 million. The financial success was bolstered by the near-record number of pre-orders placed for the game. id Software also typically benefits from licensing the engine to other developers. Several games are already being developed using a modified ''Doom 3'' engine, including ''[[Quake 4]]'', ''[[Enemy Territory: Quake Wars]]'', ''[[Castle Wolfenstein (tentative title)]]'' and ''[[Prey (computer game)|Prey]]''.

As of [[August 17]], ''Doom 3'' has garnered an average review score of 88%, according to 81 media outlets on [http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/469881.asp GameRankings.com]. By the same source, it is in the top 10 [[List_of_IBM_PC_games|PC games]] of 2004.

==List of levels==

There are 27 levels in ''Doom 3''. Most of them are quite large and typically require 1+ hours each on a player's first run through the game.

{{spoiler}}

<ol>
<li>Introduction (Mars City 1) - A short tutorial on the basic features of the game. Welcome to Mars! You also pick up your first assignment here.</li>
<li>Mars City Underground - A shorter tutorial covering a few more features in the game. In the Communications Building, things start to go awry. The shooting begins here. The imp is introduced at a cutscene.</li>
<li>Mars City (2) - The same level as the Introduction, but after the demon invasion.</li>
<li>UAC Administration - The pinky (demon) is introduced at a cutscene. The growth taking over the base is seen here first, and this is where monsters start teleporting in.
<li>Alpha Labs (4 sectors) - Built in 2095 and located on Site 2, Alpha is the UAC's center research lab. Sector 1 houses the EPD (Elemental Phase Deconstructor), and the Hydrocon. Maggots are introduced.</li><li>Sector 2 - Trites appear. There is a glimpse of the Bravo Team through a window.</li><li>Sector 3 - contains a very hidden plasma gun and an optional chaingun.</li><li>Sector 4 - Player must navigate either the EFR or the bridge. There is the "they took my baby" sequence, and the Vagary (first boss) appears at the end.</li>
<li>Energy Processing (EnPro) - Bravo Team cutscene. The lost soul is introduced in a cutscene and wraiths first appear here. Some rooms are less claustrophobic but more acrophobic, and there is an abundance of plasma.</li>
<li>Communications Transfer - There are many outdoor areas in this level. The first cacodemon appears at the start. The chainsaw zombie makes its first appearances here, whose spoils are definitely worth the fight. The berserk powerup appears for the first time.
<li>Communications - Player confronts a dilemma, and must make decision to send or to not send the SOS transmission to Earth.
<li>Recycling (2 sectors) - Where trash is processed in the UAC. The Revenant is introduced in a cutscene, and this is the only level with toxic waste pools</li><li>Sector 2 - This sector is malfunctioning and is pumping toxic gas. The mancubus is introduced in a cutscene and cherubs make their first appearances.
<li>Monorail - Player must take it to reach the Delta Labs by monorail.</li>
<li>Delta Labs (4 sectors)- Sector 1 - Player must initiate power by turning on main reactor.</li><li>Sector 2A - Player goes through the teleporter for the first time</li><li>Sector 2B - Archviles start showing up with their haunting cackles and screeches. The [[Soul Cube]] backplot is revealed.</li><li>Sector 3 - Numerous teleporting trips</li><li>Sector 4 - Hellknights are introducted in the cutscene. Betruger sends you to Hell through the main teleporter after the battle.</li>
<li>Hell - The player must trek through Hell and defeat the Guardian (second boss) to retrieve the [[Soul Cube]].</li>
<li>Delta Complex (revisited) - The first and only appearance of ticks. It is revealed that Sarge has become an enemy. From hereon, there will be no more zombies other than commandos.
<li>Central Processing - The effects of the growth in the base is evident here, and Campbell is found dying at the end of the level.
<li>Central Server Banks - The player fights the third boss, Sabaoth, the demon transformation of Sergeant Kelly.</li>
<li>Site 3 - Where archaeological entities are brought to and where the research is done. This is the last time you get to see the surface of Mars.</li>
<li>Caverns (2 sectors) - The player advances towards the primary excavation site, where the Hell portal is located. Sector 1 contains the oldest, original Mars base.</li><li>Caverns 2 - Features an ancient Martian temple. The vagary makes another appearance at the end, and may come in a pair.</li>
<li>Primary Excavation - Player must defeat the Cyberdemon (fourth and final boss) and seal the Hell portal.</li>
</ol>

==Software patent controversy==
A week before the game's release, it became known that an agreement to include [[Environmental Audio Extensions|EAX]] audio technology in ''Doom 3'' reached by id Software and [[Creative Labs]] was heavily influenced by a [[software patent]] owned by the latter company. The patent dealt with a technique for rendering shadows called [[Carmack's Reverse]], which was developed independently by both John Carmack and programmers at Creative Labs. id Software would have been putting themselves under legal liability if they used the technique in the finished game, so to defuse the issue, id Software agreed to license Creative Labs sound technologies in exchange for indemnification against lawsuits. [http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/32824]

==Web-integration==
Shortly following the announcement of ''Doom 3'''s development, a promotional website was released that serves as the homepage of the fictional corporation operating on Mars in the game. Until the announcement of gold status, the site served as a teaser; later a countdown to the release date was added. The website for [[Martian Buddy]], a fictional corporation prominently featured in the game, was also revealed before the game launch.

Some other developers have also created websites for in-game companies in the past. For example, [[Rockstar Games]] created sites for most companies mentioned in commercials on the in-game radio in ''[[Grand Theft Auto (series)|Grand Theft Auto]]''.

==Linux==
''Doom 3'' continued id's long track record of creating games that were Linux compatible. This was primarily a result of id's decision to use the [[OpenGL]] standard for the graphics engine as opposed to Microsoft's proprietary [[Direct3D]] API which is only available for the Windows line of operating systems. The executable for the Linux version can be found on id's FTP [ftp://ftp.idsoftware.com/idstuff/doom3/] or [[BitTorrent]] server [http://zerowing.idsoftware.com:6969/]. It can also be downloaded from [http://www.doomwadstation.com/doom3/demo Doom Wad Station]. [[Timothee Besset|TTimo]] also has a [[Wiki]] with information regarding the Linux version [http://zerowing.idsoftware.com/linux/doom/].

==Development team==
* [[John Carmack]] — Game engine (graphics)
* [[Timothee Besset|Timothee 'TTimo' Besset]] — Network code, [[GtkRadiant]], Linux conversions (formerly a contractee hailing from Paris, now part of the team in Texas)
* [[Graeme Devine]] — Sound engine
* [[Seneca Menard]] — 3D modelling (formerly of [[DreamWorks]])
* [[Kenneth Scott]] — Lead artist
* [[Fred Nilsson]] (worked on [[Antz]] and [[Shrek]] at [[DreamWorks]] as an animator) — Animation
* [[Jim Dose]] — [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] and scripted scenes
* [[Robert Duffy]] — Lead programmer
* [[Jan Paul van Waveren]] — Game engine (physics)
* [[Tim Willits]] — Lead designer
* [[Adrian Carmack]] — Artist
* [[Patrick Duffy (game developer)|Patrick Duffy]] — GUI designer
* [[Paul Jaquays]] — Level designer
* [[Malvern Blackwell]] — Level designer
* [[Christian Antkow]] — Level designer
* [[Kevin Cloud]] — Artist

Some work was done by outside specialists:
* [[Chris Vrenna]] — (one of the first members of [[Nine Inch Nails]] who wrote the music for ''[[Quake]]'') — Music (Note: [[Trent Reznor]] left part-way through development and no longer has sound or music in ''Doom 3'')
* [[Matthew Castello]]  (a [[science fiction]] writer who worked on the famous games ''[[The 7th Guest]]'' and ''[[The 11th Hour]]'') — (non-id) — Game script
* [[Splash Damage, Ltd.]] — The company that co-developed ''Doom 3'' multiplayer maps

== See also ==
* [[Doom]]
* [[Doom II]]
* [[Final Doom]]
* [[Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil]]
* [[Doom (film)]]
* [[Doom enemies]]

==External links==
*[http://www.doom3.com/ Official ''Doom 3'' website]
*[http://www.planetdoom.com PlanetDOOM]
*[http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/469881.asp?q=Doom%203 Collection of Reviews of Doom 3]
*[http://www.ua-corp.com Union Aerospace Corporation] — A website for the fictional corporation that owns the Martian base where ''Doom 3'' is taking place
*[http://www.martianbuddy.com Martian Buddy] — A website for another fictional corporation from the game
*[http://www.doommarine.com DoomMarine] Doom museum and fansite.
*{{moby game|id=/doom-3|name=''Doom 3''}}
*[http://www.dracowyzard.com DracoWyzard] — A website mentioned perhaps only once in-game, intended to be a parody of text-based [[MUD]] games.
*[http://articles.filefront.com/Doom_3_Interview/;468;;;/article.html Interview with id CEO John Hollenshead]
*[http://www.tech-recipes.com/windows_games_tips537.html Complete List of ''Doom 3'' Console Commands] — at Tech-recipes.com
*[http://iddevnet.com idDevNet] - Official MOD support website for the [[Doom 3 engine]]
*[http://www.doom3world.org/phpbb2/index.php Doom3World.org Forums] — Technical Help Forum & Custom Content Creation for the [[Doom 3 engine]]
*[http://www.modwiki.net/wiki/Main_Page modwiki.net] - [[Doom 3 engine]] reference material
*[http://fabio.policarpo.nom.br/relief/index.htm Doom3 Relief Mapping]
*[http://doom3.ca ''Doom 3'' game info] - Reference material for ''Doom 3'' mods, weapons, walkthrough
*[http://www.doom3portal.com Doom 3 Portal] - Fansite with fanfiction, walkthrough and more
*[http://doom.freakygaming.com Doom Freaks] - Map & Mod reviews, tutorials and news.
*[http://ucguides.savagehelp.com/Doom3/Doom3Guide.htm UpsetChaps's Doom3 Guide]
*[http://www.pvv.org/~nsaa/doomcheat.html Doom 3 Cheat Codes]
*[http://www.visualwalkthroughs.com/doom3/doom3.htm VisualWalkthroughs.com] - Screenshot-based Walkthrough
*[http://lms.d3files.com/ ''Doom 3'' Cooperative Modification "Last Man Standing Coop"] - Co-op support for the PC Version

{{DOOMgames}}
[[Category:2004 computer and video games]]
[[Category:Activision games]]
[[Category:Doom]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:Apple Macintosh games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer online games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox games]]
[[Category:Computer and video game remakes]]

[[de:Doom#Doom III]]
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Thorpe Park

2005-12-17T11:12:30Z

Jackqu7: rv

:''For the Lincolnshire village see [[Thorpe Park, Lincolnshire|Thorpe Park]].''
[[Image:Thorpe Park (logo).PNG|Thorpe Park logo|right]]
[[Image:tp_colossus_small.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Colossus'' has a record-breaking 10 inversions]]
'''Thorpe Park''' is an [[amusement park]] in [[Chertsey]], [[Surrey]], [[England]] built in [[1979]] on the site of a gravel pit which was partially flooded to make a water theme park. It added its first [[rollercoaster|thrill ride]] in [[1987]], the ''Thunder River'' water ride.

==Park Guide==

Like many theme parks, Thorpe Park is split up into several distinctly themed areas.

===Lost City===

This area of the park contains the majority of the thrill rides, and is loosely themed around a pre-historic lost kingdom. Rides include the ten-inversion roller coaster Colossus, Samurai (a Mondial Topscan moved to here from [[Chessington World of Adventures|Chessington]]), Vortex (a KMG Afterburner), Quantum (a Fabbri Magic Carpet ride) and Zodiac (a Huss Enterprise). Also located here, in the red and blue pyramid-shaped building is 'X:\No Way Out'; the world's first (and only) backwards in-the-dark roller coaster courtesy of Vekoma which, rumours suggest, is due for a retheme. In [[2005]], a new ride was added to this area, Rush, an [[S&S]] Screaming Swing, which currently holds the record of being the World's Largest Swing.

===Calypso Quay===

[[Image:Nemisis inferno.jpg|thumb|right|Nemesis Inferno]]
Calypso Quay is home to Nemesis Inferno, a [[Bolliger & Mabillard|B&M]]-made inverted rollercoaster of the same style as the popular Nemesis at [[Alton Towers]]. Also in this area is the drop tower Detonator, in which riders are hoisted up a tower, with legs dangling, and 'pushed' down by [[pneumatics]]. This gives a comparable amount of airtime as simply dropping from a tower twice as tall. Also in this area is Pirates 4D; a 3D cinema with water and vibrating effects in the seats, and Ribena Rumba Rapids which was updated from Thunder River in 2002.

===Canada Creek===

Themed around a [[Canada|Canadian]] creek, this area is home to the log flume Loggers Leap. Also in the area is the train station for the railways taking visitors to Thorpe Farm. This area has been almost untouched by Tussaud's after they took over the park. In 2005, life was breathed into the small area and [[Slammer]], an [[S&S]] SkySwat, was opened at the back of X:\ No Way Out. The ride carries a wooden weapon theme where riders are supposedly used as amunition for catapulting over the walls of the Lost City during a war between the two civilisations.

===Amity Cove===

A small area of the park, Amity Cove is themed around a fishing village devastated by a tidal wave. An intricately themed area, the only ride here is Tidal Wave, on which you are carried in a 4 tonne reinforced [[Glass-reinforced_plastic|GRP]] hull to a height of 85 feet over a 3 million gallon lagoon. The boat is then dropped down a track into the lagoon with an impact force of 1.5[Gee|g], forcing 3 tonnes of water into the air. Most of this water either shoots straight up and lands back on the riders, or shoots forward in a long spray that reaches the shore where spectators can stand, meant to represent a tidal wave.

===Ranger County===

With a vaguely American theme, this area is mostly home to rides aimed at smaller children, such as a small banana-themed swinging ship and a carousel.

===Neptune's Kingdom===

Themed around the mythical Neptune, this area is home to the water chute Depth Charge, and features a paddling pool for small children (swimming costume required).

===Octopus's Garden===

A small aquatic-themed area with several small rides for very young children.

===Thorpe Farm===

The Farm is reachable by the Canada Creek Railway (the boats were removed for construction of the new 2006 rollercoaster). Thorpe Farm features many live animals, such as sheep, pigs and horses.

==Timeline==

*Pre-1987
**A few attractions including the Cinema, Magic Mill, Waterbus services, Model World, Railway, Teacups, Nature Trails and Sunken Gardens.

*[[1987]]
**Thunder River water ride opened.
**[[Space Station Zero]] opened.

*[[1988]]
**Palladium Theatre opened.

*[[1989]]
**Canada Creek area opened.
***Loggers Leap (largest [[log flume]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]) opened.
***Rocky Express opened.

*[[1990]]
**Re-themed Space Station Zero into the Flying Fish.
**Carousel Kingdom opened.
**The Rangers Show opened.
**Drive in the country opened.

*[[1991]]
**Fantasy Reef area refurbished.
***Depth Charge opened.

*[[1992]]
**Children's area refurbished.
***Viking Rowers opened.
***Hudson River Rafters opened.

*[[1993]]
**Calgary Stampede opened.
**Virtual Reality Centre opened.
**Magic Mill closed.

*[[1994]]
**Ranger County area opened.
***Carousel opened.
***Mr. Monkey's Banana Ride opened.

*[[1995]]
**Mr Rabbit's Tropical Travels opened.
**Miss Hippo's Jungle Safari opened.
**Drive in the country closed.

*[[1996]]
**X:/ No Way Out, the world's first dark backwards roller coaster opened.

*[[1997]]
**''No new rides''

*[[1998]]
**[[The Tussauds Group]] purchase the park.
**Palladium Theatre closed.
**Ranger Show closed.
**Dare Devil Drivers opened.
**Wet Wet Wet! opened.
**Water Slides opened.

*[[1999]]
**Pirates 4D, a 4D cinema attraction starring [[Leslie Nielsen]] opened.
**Carousel Kingdom closed.
**Viking Rowers closed.

*[[2000]]
**Tidal Wave, a Shoot the Chute made by Hopkins Rides, opened becoming the tallest ride in the park, at that time.
**Dare Devil Drivers closed.
**Bumper Boats closed.
** On [[July 21]] a major fire broke out in the centre of the park.
*** This destroyed Wicked Witches Haunt which closed immediately.
*** An enterprise was drafted in as a replacement. This ride was themed to fit into the new lost city area and renamed zodiac.

*[[2001]] [[Image:Zodiac thorpe park.jpg|thumb|right|The Enterprise was renamed Zodiac]]
**Mr Rabbit's Tropical Travels closed.
**The lost city area was established, with zodiac and vortex as it's first rides.
**Thunder River closed, ready to be revamped into Ribena Rumba Rapids for the 2002 season
**The Enterprise ride which was drafted in after the fire, is renamed Zodiac.
**Detonator, Mega Drop made by Fabbri, opened in calypso quay.
**Vortex, a K.G.M Afterburner, opened, after an initial late delivery..

*[[2002]]
**Colossus, An intamin rollercoaster with a record-breaking 10 inversions, opened.
**Safiri High Dive show opened for one season.
**Thunder River re-opened as Ribena Rumba Rapids.

*[[2003]]
**Nemesis Inferno, a Bolliger and Mallibard inverted rollercoaster themed around a tropical volcano opened.
**Also Quantum, a '[[Motion platform|magic carpet]]' ride, opened.
**Eclipse, a [[ferris wheel]], opened.
**A spiderman show was performed in the arena. This continued into 2004 and was replaced in 2005 by Stuntzmania
**Calgary Stampede closed, to make way for Samurai from chessington

*[[2004]]
**Samurai, a Mondial Top Scan, moved from [[Chessington World of Adventures|Chessington]], opened.
**New Spiderman show opened.
**Flying Fish closed at the end of the season to make way for Project Stealth, a currently un-named intamin rocket coaster in 2006.

*[[2005]]
**Eclipse was removed from park and moved to Chessington, renamed Peeking Heights.
**Slammer, a S&S Skyswat opened
**Rush, the world’s biggest air-powered speed swing, opened 27 May after successful testing.

==Future developments==

*[[2006]]
**A new 200-foot tall [[Intamin]] accelerator [[roller coaster]] is to be built on the former site of Model World and the Flying Fish (Mack Powered Rollercoaster) with the project name "Project Stealth". The ride is due for completion on February 1st 2006 and will feature a racing theme similar to Rita: Queen of Speed at [[Alton Towers]]. The ride will accelerate from 0-80mph in around 2.5 seconds before heading vertically up a 205ft tall non-inverting Top-Hat, it will then crest the hill and start its descent again at 90 degrees. Following the top hat it will head over a large airtime hill before hitting the brakes. It has been described as a scaled down version of [[Kingda Ka]]. [http://www.thorpepark.com/explore/2006/new_for_2006.asp]

*[[2008]]
**The park's fourth major rollercoaster is due to open. Little is known about this project at present.

==See also==
*[[List of British Theme Parks]]

==External links==
* http://www.thorpepark.co.uk - Official site.

* http://www.themeparks-uk.com - Thorpe Park Guide @ TP:UK

* http://www.thorpeparkmania.co.uk - Thorpe Park Mania

* http://www.themeuk.net - Theme UK. Information on Thorpe Park and [[Chessington World Of Adventures]]

*[http://ukthemeparks.blogspot.com/ UK Theme Parks Blog.]

*[http://www.rcdb.com/qs.htm?quicksearch=thorpe+park RCDB - information on roller coasters]

* http://www.southparks.org - The southern England theme park community

* http://www.thrillfactor.org.uk - A Guide to Thorpe Park

{{Template:British theme parks}}

[[Category:Amusement parks]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in London]]
[[Category:Theme parks in the United Kingdom]]

Bilderberg Meeting

2005-12-15T12:26:54Z

Jackqu7: /* EU Commissioners */

{{cleanup-date|August 2005}}
The '''Bilderberg Group''' is a group of influential people, mostly politicians and business people, whose existence and activities are private. Due to its secretive nature, it is the subject of numerous [[conspiracy theories]]. The group meets annually at five-star resorts throughout the world, normally in [[Europe]], although sometimes in the [[United States]] or [[Canada]]. It has an office in [[Leiden]], [[South Holland]].

Although the group has no official name, the "Bilderberg Group" title comes from what is generally recognized to be the location of its first official meeting in 1954: the Bilderberg Hotel in [[Arnhem]], the [[Netherlands]].

The group has been depicted as an international [[cabal]] of the influental and the affluent: politicians, financiers, and media and business moguls; the elite of the elite. Some believe that they have dictated national policies, rigged (or outright stolen) national elections, caused wars and recessions, and ordered murders and ousters of world leaders.

==Declared purpose==
The original intention of the Bilderberg group was to further the understanding between [[Western Europe]] and [[North America]] through informal meetings between powerful individuals. Each year, a "steering committee" devises a selected invitation list with a maximum of 100 names. Invitations are only extended to residents of Europe and [[North America]]. The location of their annual meeting is not secret, and the agenda and list of participants are openly available to the public, but the topics of the meetings are kept secret—they are not published, and attendees pledge not to divulge what was discussed. The official stance of the Bilderberg Group is that their secrecy prevents the members' discussions from being manipulated by the [[media]]. However, many consider [[class]]-related exclusivity to be the primary motive.

==Perspectives on the nature of the group==
The stated reason for the group's secrecy is that it enables people to speak freely without the need to carefully consider how every word might be interpreted by the mass media. However, as many of the attendees have gained their power through the democratic process, it is debatable if it is morally desirable for them to exercise their power off the record. This secrecy has led conspiracy theorists to claim that the meetings have a sinister purpose—that they are merely a front for the [[Round table groups]], or even a semi-public front for the [[Illuminati]] or assorted other [[secret societies]].

The Bilderberg Group has been described as:
*A "discussion group" of politicians, media moguls, academics and business leaders
*An exclusive international [[Lobbying|lobby]] of the [[power elite]] of Europe and North America, capable of influencing international policy
*A [[capitalism|capitalist]] [[secret society]] operating entirely through self-interest.

==Attendees==
Attendees of Bilderberg include [[central bank]]ers, defense experts, mass media press barons, government ministers, [[prime minister]]s, [[Royal family|royalty]], international financiers and political leaders from Europe and America.

Some of the Western world's leading financiers and foreign policy strategists attend Bilderberg. [[Donald Rumsfeld]] is an active Bilderberger, as is [[Peter Sutherland]] from [[Ireland]], a former [[European Union]] commissioner and chairman of [[Goldman Sachs]] and of [[BP]]. Rumsfeld and Sutherland served together in [[2000]] on the board of the [[Sweden|Swedish]]/[[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[energy]] [[corporation|company]] [[Asea Brown Boveri|ABB]]. Former US [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|Deputy Defense Secretary]] and current [[World Bank]] head [[Paul Wolfowitz]] is also a member, as is Roger Boothe, Jr. The group's current chairman is [[Etienne Davignon]], the Belgian politician and businessman.

===2003===
Guests in the [[2003 Bilderberg Meeting]] included:
*[[United States|US]] [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]]
*[[Richard Perle]]
*[[David Rockefeller]] as well as various other members of the Rockefeller family
*[[Henry Kissinger]]
*[[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]]
*[[Bill Gates]]
*[[Carlos M. Collazo]]
*High officials of various assorted governments

===2004===
Guests in the [[2004 Bilderberg Meeting]], held from [[June 3]] to [[June 6]] in [[Stresa]], [[Italy]]:

*Many of the people who attended in 2003
*[[BP|British Petroleum]] chief [[John Browne]]
*[[United States Senate|US Senator]] [[John Edwards]]
*[[World Bank]] president [[James Wolfensohn]]
*British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]]
*President [[George W. Bush]]
*[[Melinda Gates]], wife of [[Bill Gates]]

===2005===
Guests in the [[2005 Bilderberg Meeting]], from [[May 5]] to [[May 8]] in German [[Bavaria]] included:

*[[Josef Ackermann]] of [[Deutsche Bank]]
*[[Jorma Ollila]] of [[Nokia]]
*[[Richard Perle]]
*[[Vernon Jordan]]
*[[Jürgen Schrempp]] of [[DaimlerChrysler]]
*[[Peter Sutherland]] of [[Goldman Sachs]] International
*[[Daniel Vasella]] of [[Novartis]]
*[[James Wolfensohn]] of the [[Worldbank]]

Among others who were expected to be present (according to the [[Financial Times]] of May 2):

*[[Henry Kissinger]]
*[[Carlos M. Collazo]]
*[[Natan Sharansky]]
*[[Bernard Kouchner]]

==EU Commissioners==
European Union Commissioners who have attended include:
*[[Ritt Bjerregaard]] ([[1995]])
*[[Hans van der Broek]] ([[1995]])
*[[Emma Bonino]] ([[1998]])
*[[Leon Brittan]] ([[1998]])
*[[Mario Monti]] ([[1996]]) (former or present member of the Steering Committee and Trilateral Commission as well)
*[[Erkki Liikanen]]
*[[Pedro Solbes]]
*[[Günter Verheugen]]
*[[António Vitorino]]
*[[Frederik Bolkestein]]
*[[Romano Prodi]] (Steering Committee Member of Bilderberg in the [[1980s]])
*[[Wim Duisenberg]]
*[[Pascal Lamy]]
*[[Chris Patten]]
*[[Peter Mandelson]]
*[[Étienne Davignon]], conference chairman in [[2005]]
Refer to links to discussion at European Parliament for proof.

== See also ==
*[[Brookings Institution]]
*[[Council on Foreign Relations]]
*[[RAND Corporation]]
*[[Trilateral Commission]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4149485,00.html Guardian article on the group]
* [http://www.underreported.com/print.php?sid=1345 New York Times: Edwards passed Bilderberg muster]
* [http://www.globalgovernment.online.ms]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4290944.stm BBC Interview with Étienne Davignon, September 2005]
* [http://www.onlinejournal.com/Special_Reports/052405Estulin/052405estulin.html The world in the palm of their hands: Bilderberg 2005] article by Daniel Estulin
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3031717.stm Elite power brokers meet in secret] [[BBC News]] [[15 May]], [[2003]]
*[http://www.dod.gov/advisories/1996/p052996_p179-96.html Press Advisory] US DoD [[29 May]] [[1996]]
*[http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/html/speeches/19991104.html Strengthening the Bipartisan Center: An Internationalist Agenda for America] [[Samuel R. Berger]], Address to the Bilderberg Steering Committee [[11 November]] [[1999]]
*[http://www.thenewamerican.com/tna/2004/08-23-2004/realities.htm Conspiracy Realities] – The New American Vol. 20, No. 17 [[23 August]] [[2004]]
*[http://europa.eu.int/comm/commissioners/bolkestein/docs/speeches/20020530-governance_en.pdf Corporate Governance: Does Capitalism need fixing?] EU Commissioner [[Frits Bolkestein]]'s speech at the Bilderberg meeting [[30 May]] [[2002]]
* [http://www.parascope.com/mx/articles/bilderberg.htm Bilderberg article]
* [http://www.cc.jyu.fi/%7Epasaojan/mirror/Bilderberger-database.zip Bilderberger database] - Database of the participants of 15 of the meetings (Microsoft Access format)
* [http://www.schnews.org.uk/bilderberg/ Bilderberg meeting 1999] SchNEWS claims to have detailed documentation of the meeting
* Bilderberg under radar at [[European Parliament]]
** [http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=5&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+P-1998-3880+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN Bilderberg meetings] – MEP [[Patricia McKenna]] (V) to [[European Commission]] [[December 11]], [[1998]]
*** [http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?SAME_LEVEL=1&LEVEL=5&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y&DETAIL=&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQA+P-1998-3880-N+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN Answer given by Mr Santer on behalf of the Commission] [[19 January]], [[1999]]
**[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-1998-3899+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Participation of Commissioner Emma Bonino in the 1998 Bilderberg meeting] – McKenna [[4 January]] [[1999]]
**[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-1998-3900+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Participation of Commissioner Hans van den Broek in the 1995 Bilderberg meeting] – McKenna [[4 January]] [[1999]]
**[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-1998-3901+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Participation of Commissioner Leon Brittan in the 1998 Bilderberg meeting ] – McKenna [[4 January]] [[1999]]
**[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-1998-3902+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Participation of Commissioner Ritt Bjerregaard in the 1995 Bilderberg meeting] – McKenna [[4 January]] [[1999]]
**[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-1998-3903+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Participation of Commissioner Mario Monti in Bilderberg] – McKenna [[4 January]] [[1999]]
***[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?L=EN&OBJID=40240&LEVEL=4&SAME_LEVEL=1&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Joint answer given by Mr Santer on behalf of the Commission] [[5 February]] [[1999]]
**[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+P-1999-0583+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Commissioner Monti's membership of the Executive Committee of the Trilateral Commission] – McKenna [[3 March]] [[1999]]
***[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?L=EN&OBJID=42893&LEVEL=5&SAME_LEVEL=1&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Answer given by Mr Santer on behalf of the Commission] [[8 April]] [[1999]]
**[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?L=EN&OBJID=88236&DETAIL=H-2000-0358&MODE-CRE=NAV Commissioner Solbes Mira and Trilateral/Bilderberg] MEP Patricia McKenna [[19 May]] [[2000]]
**[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+P-2003-1370+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Commissioners' links to the Bilderberg Group] – MEP Patricia McKenna (Verts/ALE) to the Commission [[4 April]] [[2003]]
***[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?L=EN&OBJID=66797&LEVEL=4&SAME_LEVEL=1&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Answer given by Mr Prodi on behalf of the Commission] [[15 May]] [[2003]]
**[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2003-1846+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Incompatibility between the holding of a Community decision-making office and membership of the Bilderberg Club and the Trilateral Commission] MEP [[Mario Borghezio]](NI) to the Commission [[3 June]] [[2003]]
***[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?L=EN&OBJID=69328&LEVEL=4&SAME_LEVEL=1&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Answer given by Mr Prodi on behalf of the Commission] [[6 August]] [[2003]]
**Other discussions of interest:
***[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-1998-2617+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Commission policy on public opinion] [[Sören Wibe]] (PSE) to the Commission [[1 September]] [[1998]]
****[http://www2.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade2?L=EN&OBJID=39354&LEVEL=4&SAME_LEVEL=1&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y Answer given by Mr Santer on behalf of the Commission] [[20 October]] [[1998]]
**[http://ue.eu.int/cms3_applications/applications/solana/archAgendaMonth.asp?cmsid=246&month=11&year=2002 November 2002 Caledar of Javier Solana] "Address to the Steering Committee Bilderberg followed by working lunch"
*Discussion on the topic of Bilderberg at the [[House of Commons]]:
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199596/ldhansrd/vo960319/text/60319w01.htm#60319w01_sbhd0 Sir David Hannay: Attendance at Bilderberg Conference] – Lord Stoddart of [[Swindon]] asked Her Majesty's Government [[19 March]] [[1996]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/180iii/sp0304.htm Complaint against Mr Kenneth Clarke] – Memorandum submitted by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards [[22 July]] [[1997]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980330/text/80330w06.htm#80330w06.html_sbhd6 Bilderberg Group] – A question by Mr Gill and an answer by the Prime Minister [[30 March]] [[1998]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980407/text/80407w21.htm#80407w21.html_sbhd2 Bilderberg Group] – A question by Mr Winterton and an answer by Mr Rooker [[7 April]] [[1998]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980408/text/80408w33.htm#80408w33.html_sbhd4 Bilderberg Group] – A question by Mr Winterton and an answer by Mrs Roche [[8 April]] [[1998]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980615/text/80615w02.htm#80615w02.html_sbhd3 Bilderberg Group] – A question by Mr Keetch and an answer by the Prime Minister [[15 June]] [[1998]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980710/text/80710w06.htm#80710w06.html_sbhd0 Bilderberg Meeting, Turnberry] – A question by Mr Gill and an answer by Mr Robertson [[10 July]] [[1998]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980713/text/80713w07.htm#80713w07.html_sbhd1 Parliamentary Question] – A question by Mr Gill and an answer by Mr Robertson [[13 July]] [[1998]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980720/text/80720w21.htm#80720w21.html_sbhd8 Bilderberg Meeting, Turnbern] – A question by Mr Keetch and an answer by Mr Robertson [[20 July]] [[1998]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980723/text/80723w02.htm#80723w02.html_sbhd5 Bilderberg Meeting, Turnberry] – A question by Mr Gill and an answer by Mr Robertson [[23 July]] [[1998]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmstnprv/1147/114705.htm Analysis of complaints investigated] – Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Committee on Standards and Privileges [[10 November]] [[1998]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmhansrd/vo990507/text/90507w02.htm#90507w02.htm_sbhd5 Bilderberg Group] – A question by Mr Keetch and an answer by the Prime Minister [[7 May]] [[1999]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmhansrd/vo990520/text/90520w01.htm#90520w01.htm_sbhd3 Bilderberg Group] – A question by Mr Bercow and an answer by the Prime Minister, [[20 May]] [[1999]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmhansrd/vo990610/debtext/90610-28.htm#90610-28_spmin0 The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence Mr. John Spellar speech] – Commons Hansard Debates, Column 870 [[10 June]] [[1999]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmhansrd/vo990726/text/90726w08.htm#90726w08.htm_sbhd7 Bilderberg Group] – A question by Mr Bercow and an answer by the Prime Minister [[26 July]] [[1999]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmhansrd/vo990727/text/90727w58.htm#90727w58.htm_sbhd11 Bilderberg Meetings] – A question by Mr Bercow and an answer by Ms Quinn [[27 July]] [[1999]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmhansrd/vo991108/text/91108w12.htm#91108w12.htm_sbhd6 Bilderberg Meetings] – A question by Mr Bercow and an answer by the Prime Minister [[8 November]] [[1999]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmhansrd/vo991111/text/91111w09.htm#91111w09.htm_sbhd2 Bilderberg Conference] – A question by Mr Bercow and an answer by Mr Hoon [[11 November]] [[1999]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000704/text/00704w01.htm#00704w01.html_sbhd3 Bilderberg Conference] – A question by Mr Bercow and an answer by the Prime Minister [[4 July]] [[2000]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmstnprv/267/1022703.htm Committee on Standards and Privileges, Minutes of Evidence] – Mr Levitt, Question 86 to Mr Clarke [[27 February]] [[2001]]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo021107/text/21107105.htm#21107105.html_sbhd8 Turnberry Bilderberg Meeting] – A question by Mr Rosindell and an answer by Mr Blunkett [[7 November]] [[2002]]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3773019.stm BBC online article on group]
* [http://www.bilderberg.org Bilderberg.org] by Tony Gosling – The transatlantic power elite's secretive Bilderberg conferences & state terrorism research (from Bristol, England)

* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200304/ldreg/reg21.htm REGISTER OF LORDS' INTERESTS] ROLL OF IPSDEN, Lord: Member, Bilderberg Steering Committee
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmregmem/040908/memi06.htm Register of Members' Interests] CABLE, Dr. Vincent: [[3 June|3]]-[[6 June]] [[2004]], to [[Stresa]], [[Italy]], to attend Bilderberg Conference
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmregmem/memi06.htm Register of Members' Interests] CABLE, Dr. Vincent: [[15 May|15]]-[[8 May]] [[2003]], to [[Versailles]], [[France]], to attend a Bilderberg Conference
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmregmem/memi06.htm Register of Journalists' Interests] CLARKE, Rt. Hon. Kenneth: [[3 June|3]]-[[6 June]] [[1999]], to [[Portugal]], to attend Bilderberg meetings
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmregmem/memi06.htm Register of Members' Interests] CLARKE, Rt. Hon. Kenneth: [[14 May|14]]-[[17 May]] [[1998]], I attended the Bilderberg Conference at [[Turnberry]] in [[Scotland]]
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmregmem/memi19.htm Register of Journalists' Interests] MANDELSON, Rt. Hon. Peter: June [[1999]], to [[Portugal]], to attend Bilderberg Conference
* [http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/department/history/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefId=6603 Documents on Canadian External Relations] – Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
* [http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=FinalWarn08-3 Final Warning: A History of the New World Order – Chapter 8.3: The Bilderberg Group] – [[The Modern History Project]]
*[http://www.freepressinternational.com/bilderberg_12122004_founder_198h7g3.html Secretive Bilderberg Founder Dies - Free Press International - 12.12.2004]

[[Category:International organizations]]
[[Category:conspiracy theories]]

[[da:Bilderberg-gruppen]]
[[de:Bilderberg-Konferenz]]
[[nl:Bilderberg-conferentie]]
[[fi:Bilderberg-ryhmä]]

Doom 3

2005-12-14T21:48:10Z

Jackqu7: rv

{{Infobox CVG| title = Doom 3
|image = [[Image:Doom3box.jpg|250px|]]
|developer = [[id Software]]
|publisher = [[Activision]]
|designer =
|engine = [[Doom 3 engine]]
|released = [[August 3]], [[2004]] (Windows) [[October 4]], 2004 (Linux) [[March 14]], [[2005]] (Mac) [[April 4]], [[2005]] (Xbox)
|genre = [[First-person shooter]]
|modes = [[Single player]], [[multiplayer]]
|ratings = [[ESRB]]: Mature (M) [[BBFC]]: 18 [[PEGI]]: 18+ (violence)
|platforms = [[Mac OS X|Mac]], [[Personal Computer|PC]] ([[Linux]]/[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]), [[Xbox]]
|media = PC: [[Compact disc|CD]] (3); Mac: [[DVD]] (1)
|requirements =
|input =
}}
'''''Doom 3''''' is a [[sci-fi]] [[Horror_fiction|horror]] [[first-person shooter]] [[computer game]] developed by [[id Software]] and published by [[Activision]]. Set in 2145 in the [[Union Aerospace Corporation]] (UAC) research center on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]], it is a reimagining of the original ''[[Doom]]'', with completely new graphics and [[game engine]].

The game was developed for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and ported to [[Linux]] in [[2004]], five months later, it was also released for [[Mac OS X]] (ported by [[Aspyr]]) and [[Xbox]] (co-developed by [[Vicarious Visions]]). The Xbox version is graphically similar (with less details) to the original but features an additional two player co-operation mode.

An expansion, ''[[Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil]]'', co-developed by id Software and [[Nerve Software]], has been released.

A ''Doom'' [[Doom (movie)|movie]], loosely based on the franchise, was released on October 21st, 2005.

==History==
In [[June]] [[2000]], [[John Carmack]] posted a plan [http://finger.planetquake.com/plan.asp?userid=johnc&id=14425] announcing the start to a remake of ''[[Doom]]'' using next generation technology. This plan revealed controversy had been brewing within id over the decision.

[[Kevin Cloud]] and [[Adrian Carmack]], two of id Software's owners, were always strongly opposed to remaking ''Doom''. They thought that id was going back to the same old formulas and properties too often. However, after the warm reception of ''[[Return to Castle Wolfenstein]]'' and the latest improvements in rendering technology, most of the employees agreed that a remake was the right idea and confronted Kevin and Adrian with an ultimatum: "Allow us to remake ''Doom'' or fire us" ( including John Carmack ). After the reasonably painless confrontation (although artist [[Paul Steed]], one of the instigators, was fired in retaliation) the agreement to work on ''Doom 3'' was made.

The game was in development for four years. In [[2001]] it was first shown to the public at [[MacWorld]] in [[Tokyo]] and was later demonstrated at [[E3]] in [[2002]], where a 15 minute gameplay demo was shown in a small theater. It won five awards at E3 that year. Shortly after E3, a development version of the game leaked from [[ATI Technologies]] and quickly spread on the [[Internet]]. The game was also shown at the subsequent E3 exhibitions in [[2003]] and [[2004]], although id software's website was not updated to include the Doom 3 project until America's autumn in 2003. According to some comments by John Carmack, the development took longer than expected. Originally the game was planned for release around the same time as two other highly anticipated games, ''[[Halo 2]]'' and ''[[Half-Life 2]]'', in [[Christmas]] 2003. However none of those games managed to make Christmas season.

''Doom 3'' achieved [[Development stage|gold]] status on [[July 14]], [[2004]], and a [[Mac OS X]] release was confirmed the next day on [[July 15]], [[2004]]. ''Doom 3'' was released in the US on [[August 3]], [[2004]]. Additionally, a [[Linux]] version was released on [[October 4]], [[2004]]. Due to high demand, the game was made available at select outlets at midnight on the date of release. The game was released to the rest of the world on [[August 13]], [[2004]] (except for [[Russia]] and other countries of the former [[Soviet Union]], where official localisation was delayed, and the game was released on [[December 10]], [[2004]]).

Two days before its official release, ''Doom 3'' was released by pirate groups onto the Internet where it became possibly the fastest spreading pirated game ever. As the game's focus is its single-player mode, the need for a valid retail serial number for online multiplayer gaming was a weak deterrent against piracy. Other factors contributing to the high demand for the pirated version were the gamers' expectations for ''Doom 3'' and delayed release outside of the US.

==Features==
[[Image:Doom3Marine.jpg|thumb|right|The shadowing and lighting on the marine's face exemplify the unified lighting engine]]
[[image:Doom3UIintegration.jpg|right|thumb|Interactive displays replaced traditional switches]]

According to John Carmack, the lead graphics engine developer at id, the "tripod of features" in ''Doom 3'' technology are:

* [[Unified lighting and shadowing]]
* Complex animations and scripting that show off the real-time, fully dynamic per-pixel lighting and stencil shadowing
* [[GUI]] surfaces that add extra interactivity to the game

The key aspect of the ''Doom 3'' graphics engine is the unified lighting and shadowing. Rather than computing or rendering lightmaps during map creation and saving that information in the map data, most light sources are computed on the fly. This allows lights to cast shadows even on non-static objects such as monsters or machinery, which was impossible with static lightmaps. A shortcoming of this approach is the engine's inability to render [[soft shadows]] and [[ambient lighting]].

To create a more movie-like atmosphere, id interspersed the gameplay with many in-game animated sequences of monsters ambushing the player or just lurking around.

To increase the interactivity with the game-world, id designed hundreds of high-resolution animated screens for in-game computers. Rather than using a simple "use key", the crosshair acts as a mouse cursor over the screens allowing the player to use a computer in the game world.

Other important features of ''Doom 3'' engine were [[normal mapping]] and specular highlighting of textures, realistic handling of object physics, dynamic, ambient soundtrack and multi-channel sound.
==Weapons==

''Italic text'' in this section comes from the ''Doom 3'' manual.

* Fists - ''There's nothing like a little hand-to-hand combat.'' An entertaining way to kill a foe, or even an ally. However, it takes more skill to kill without sustaining damage than ranged weapons, thus in more serious situations it should only be used in well-lit rooms for ammunition conservation. Large enemies and enemies who fire fast projectiles (e.g. bullets) are much harder to kill using fists. Large enemies due to their longer [[mêlée]] attack distance, and fast projectiles make it difficult to approach the enemy without being hit.
* Flashlight - ''Power fluctuations and maintenance issues continue to create poor lighting at the UAC Facility and flashlights are now required for all security forces. Also works as a club in close combat.'' The flashlight's battery is infinite and so is its durability for bashing enemies. The combat differences from fists are: double the damage, slightly more range, but slower rate of fire.
* Pistol - ''Standard marine issue semi-automatic pistol. It's highly accurate and provides solid stopping power without expending too much ammo.'' Contrary to what is written in the manual, in the actual gameplay, the pistol is automatic, meaning you don't need to keep clicking in order to fire several rounds. The pistol also has little stopping power. Nevertheless, the pistol has absolutely no spread whatsoever and very high projectile velocity, making it a useful weapon for small targets at long range. The pistol is commonly used to conserve other types of ammunition.
* Shotgun - ''The weapon of choice for close combat. Use sparingly for medium or long-range targets.'' Due to this weapon's extremely high spread (22 degrees) in single-player, the damage difference between a shot towards an average-sized enemy at point-blank range and a shot a few feet away is large. But the great damage that the shotgun can inflict at point-blank makes it one of the most useful weapons, capable of dispatching most standard enemies with one well-aimed shot.
* Machinegun - ''A high rate of fire, good accuracy and excellent power makes this a perfect weapon for medium and long-range enemies and quick targetting.'' With only 1 degree of spread, the headshot is easy to maintain and if done against weak to moderate enemies, they will fall quickly. The machinegun has a good clip size of 60 rounds.
* Chaingun - This is a great short to medium range rapid-fire weapon as each bullet inflicts twice as much damage as the machinegun, but also has more spread. However, its rate of fire is not faster than the machinegun - it is about the same. One belt carries 60 bullets.
* Handgrenade - For a little more BOOM in your DOOM. Detonates either on an enemy or three seconds after being primed. Note that the user cannot obstruct the grenade or cause it to detonate by proximity, and the grenades are very bouncy.
* Plasma Gun - Shoots blue orbs of plasma, dealing moderate damage, and has a clip size of 50. Similar to the plasma gun in Classic Doom, it is rapid-fire (albeit not quite as rapid) and has no spread. However, the projectile velocity has been considerably reduced, making it an unsuitable weapon for long range.
* Rocket Launcher - Launches a fast projectile that deals great damage to the victim of a direct hit and adds splash damage to those near the explosion. In single-player, the additional height gained by [[rocketjumping]] is very small.
* BFG 9000 - An Extremely powerful energy charge weapon very capable of room clearing. One fully-charged blast will overkill almost all enemies on a direct hit, and most cannot survive within about 15 meters as the UAC video says. Each projectile contains a microchip core to determine friend or foe. When shattered, the projectile automatically detonates. Caution: the BFG 9000 can be overcharged and will instantly kill the user if done.
* Chainsaw - Very powerful [[mêlée]] weapon with a blade that never dulls. Most enemies fall to the sawing in mere seconds.
* Soul Cube - ''UAC archeologists uncovered an object they've called the "Soulcube" in an early expedition on Mars. Very little is known about the object. Deciphered text found nearby seems to indicate that the Cube grows stronger every time a "demon" is killed. After 5 demons have been killed, the Cube's energy can be released to destroy even the most powerful demons. The "souls" gather the health of the slaughtered enemy and transfer it to the user.''

==Story==
{{spoiler}}

Similar to the story of the original ''Doom'', the game focuses on the marine who was transferred to Mars and sent out on a routine mission. In contrast to its earlier disdain for storytelling, this time id Software employed a professional science-fiction writer [[Matthew Castello]] to write the script and assist in story-boarding the entire game. id focused on retelling the story and creating a tense horror atmosphere. The game's events and atmosphere show a great deal of influence from [[George Romero]]'s ''Living Dead'' series.

Unlike in previous id games, there are now cut scenes that give purpose and context for the player's actions. Similar to other science fiction action/horror games such as ''[[System Shock]]'', ''[[System Shock 2]]'' and ''[[Aliens versus Predator (computer game)|Aliens versus Predator 2]]'', hundreds of text, voice, and video messages are scattered throughout the base. The messages are internal e-mails and audio reports sent between lab workers, administrators, maintenance staff, and security personnel at the Mars base. The messages explain the background story, show the feelings and concern of the people on the Mars base and reveal information related to plot and gameplay. Video booths and televisions give planetary news, [[corporate propaganda]], visitor information and technical data about the base.

The story of ''Doom 3'' surrounds the discovery of ancient ruins underneath [[Martian]] soil. Tablets found at these sites record how an ancient Martian race developed a form of teleporter technology. They realized an important fact all too late, however; the route the teleporter took passed through [[Hell]]. Quickly invaded by demons, this alien race created and sacrificed themselves to a weapon known as the [[Soul Cube]]. This cube, powered by the souls of almost every being of this alien race, was used by their strongest warrior to defeat and contain the demons in Hell.

Having done so, the remainder of the alien race constructed warnings to any who visited Mars, warning them ''not'' to recreate this technology; to avoid opening another gate to Hell. They then teleported to an unknown location, fleeing Mars; there are hints that at least some of them fled to Earth, and that humans descended from them. It's stated that the demons once inhabited Earth in an unknown context, but lost possession of it due to an unknown cause. Consequently, the demons want to reclaim Earth.

The UAC, discovering the [[Soul Cube]] and the warnings, used them to invent the same teleporter technology. Discovering that they opened a gate to Hell, scientists decided to explore further (encouraged by the head scientist, Malcolm Betruger), sending teams in and even capturing living specimens from the realm at great loss of life. The portal experiments also had strange and disturbing effects on the Mars City research facility where the experiments were conducted. Scientists and workers, unaware of the nature of the work being performed by Dr. Betruger and his team, frequently reported strange phenomena and unlikely industrial accidents. A general sense of paranoia and fear spread throughout the facility, leading many workers to request a greater Marine presence and/or weaponry accesible by themselves.

Betruger then took the Soul Cube into Hell and apparently made some kind of deal with the creatures there. Under his direction the demons again invaded Mars, confident that the only key to their defeat lay safe in their hands. Their attack left most of the Mars City population either dead or zombified slaves. Most marines who survived the first attack were wiped out in a matter of hours.

One man, the marine who the player controls, survived that attack and fought his way through the facility. He learned that Betruger planned to wipe out the reinforcements that were on their way and use their ships to take the demons to Earth and conquer it. He also learned of the Soul Cube, and the portal to Hell where it was held.

Betruger used the teleporter technology to transport the marine to Hell, where he hoped the hordes of Demons could defeat him. The marine fought his way through them and defeated [[The Guardian of Hell]], a gigantic, blind demon which uses smaller creatures named seekers to "see". With the Gurardian of Hell defeated the player took the Soul Cube back through the teleporter to Mars, where he learned that while his actions had made Betruger unable to use the teleporter technology, a natural portal to Hell had been opened at the site of the alien ruins. There he used the Soul Cube to defeat "Hell's strongest warrior", the horrific [[Doom enemies#Cyberdemon|Cyberdemon]], and seal the portal. The ending scene shows the sole surviving marine being rescued by the fleet, with Betruger being shown as a reincarnated as a dragon-like demon called the Maledict.

==Atmosphere==
The most important element in the gameplay and action of ''Doom 3'' is the atmosphere. Most of the levels are very dark, to create the feeling of helplessness and scare the player. It also heavily relies on lighting effects to set the mood.

Creatures may appear just as well unexpected as anticipated. Surprising ambushes usually from dark places tend to shock player and put his reflexes into test. On the other hand, exploring new areas backgrounded by theme music makes the player expect a monster appear behind each corner.

Emergence of stronger enemies (bosses) is backed up by new lighting effects and/or cutscenes. To achieve best effect, this usually happens in a dark room or the room darkens suddenly.

Almost the whole game takes place indoors, which provides many opportunities for surprise.

==Hardware requirements==
For a modern game with an [[Unified lighting and shadowing|advanced graphics engine]], ''Doom 3'' had suitably high minimum system requirements. Early during development it was widely expected that the recommended video cards would be DirectX 8 capable, such as [[Radeon]] 8500/9000 and [[GeForce 3]] (where ''Doom 3'' made its debut in 2001), but nearing release those cards only constituted near-minimum requirements. Early reports also indicated that there was supposed to be legacy support for the widespread DirectX 7 technology such as the [[Radeon]] 7200 and [[GeForce 2]], but at release, the [[GeForce 4]] MX was the only DirectX 7 chip officially supported.

It was widely reported on various review sites that a minimally recommended 1.5 GHz processor coupled with a [[GeForce 2]] MX [[graphics card]] achieved satisfactory performance with the game (about 20 frame/s in low resolution). The Macintosh version runs satisfactorily even on a 1.25 Ghz G4 powerbook with an NVIDIA GeForce FX Go5200 GPU.

However, to make full use of the [[game engine]], newer hardware is required. A high-end CPU (based on those available in 2004) coupled with the [[GeForce]] 7800 graphics card or [[ATI Technologies|ATI]]'s [[Radeon]] X800 benchmark well over 70 frame/s in 1024x768 resolution (more than the built-in engine's framerate of 60 frame/s). A 6600GT however will also easily play the game on the same hardware at those speeds under the same conditions in most situations. [[As of 2005|As of mid 2005]] the best videocard for ''Doom 3'' is two Geforce 7800 GTX's running in SLI mode.

While the game's packaging declared that 384MB RAM was required to run the game, it was highly recommended that around 1GB RAM be present in the machine. Having 512MB RAM or lower would cause the game to freeze for lengthened periods of time when entering a new room, due to the textures being preloaded into the limited memory. This could, however, be avoided by reducing the texture size to medium, which was recommended for video cards with 128 mb of RAM in any case, and keeping the resolution at 800x600 or 640x480. It is possible, but difficult, to achieve smooth gameplay at 1024x768 with detail set to high on a machine with 512MB RAM. Alternatively, the data package containing the textures could be [[ZIP archiver|unzipped]] (the file was essentially a ZIP archive with a different file ending), speeding up file access.

==Reception==
Few games have polarized gaming as much as ''Doom 3'' has, causing the two groups reactions to the game to be wildly different.

===Critical and hardcore reception===
The most often named gameplay shortcomings of the game are:

* Reliance on traditionally overused horror techniques such as pitch black darkness, limited use of the [[flashlight]] and stock [[horror movie cliché]]s, which some feel makes the game frustrating to play rather than scary or atmospheric;
* Repetitive gameplay, similar linear levels during parts of the game
* No ability to use the flashlight and the weapon at the same time (known as "No duct tape on Mars" problem), whereas today many real-life weapons have hands-free light attachments (however, many light-mods on the internet add a flashlight to the guns);
* Somewhat stale storytelling techniques, forcing the player to read or listen to messages by hiding access codes in them, and a shortage of cut-scenes providing story exposition;
* Poor monster [[Artificial intelligence|AI]], over-reliance on scripted sequences;
* Somewhat limited use of physics
* A small [[multiplayer]] deathmatch mode (no co-op as in the original ''Doom'') of only a few people, although ''Doom 3'' was attempting to focus on the single player experience.

It has been argued that many of these criticisms are based on expectations for other types of FPS games. During development, ''Doom 3'' was often compared with the equally anticipated ''[[Half-Life 2]]''. Some have argued that since ''Doom 3'' was released before ''Half-Life 2'', many have come to expect things from it that they previously had expected from ''Half-Life 2''. For example, the common complaint about ''Doom 3'''s lack of environment interactivity could be considered a subtle complaint that ''Doom 3'' doesn't have a ''Half-Life 2''-style "Gravity Gun", a weapon which can pick up small items in the world and throw them around. Ironically, ''Doom 3'' was said to have a "Gravity Gun" item designed long before ''Half-Life 2'', but was not in the game proper. This weapon appears in the ''Doom 3'' expansion known as ''[[Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil]]'', which has drawn the ire of those who feel id is pandering to ''Half-Life 2'' fans.

Some critical reviewers consider that the technological level of ''Doom 3'' is similar to that of other games of [[2004]], and that features such as [[bump mapping]] had already become industry standard. For example, an often mentioned feature of ''Doom 3'', [[per-pixel lighting]] and [[stencil shadowing]], had already been implemented in many games released in 2003, even a budget title from [[Activision]] Value called ''[[Secret Service: Security Breach]]''.

===Rebuttals to critical reception===

Many gamers claim the apparent "shortcomings" are not shortcomings at all, but are integral to the gameplay id determined to display for Doom 3.

Since ''Doom 3'' is a remake of the original ''Doom'' - a game which did not have high-end concepts common in today's more complex games, remaking ''Doom'' with too much complexity would remove a key component that made ''Doom'' popular in the first place.

In addition, the flashlight is a key element of ''Doom 3's '' gameplay - the player must balance between seeing the enemy, and defeating it. In the default game, (without any modifications added) almost every monster has glowing eyes, or some aspect of bioluminescence which offers a target for the player. Modifying the weapons to project light, results in the mystery of "the unknown" to be less potent and frightening. Additionally, muzzle flashes can be enabled for marginally better visibility while firing.

Another rebuttal concerns the story of ''Doom 3,'' which is done through the use of audio and video logs. Using logs like this harkens back to the age of ''[[System Shock 2]]'' and aids the progression of the story. Interestingly, it has been commented that normally the type of gamer who has played ''System Shock 2'' is the breed of gamer who would be expected to be critical of the comparatively simple ''Doom 3''.

Despite its apparent 'flaws', the game was still a success for id Software, with the planned total revenue estimated by [[Activision]] at $20 million. The financial success was bolstered by the near-record number of pre-orders placed for the game. id Software also typically benefits from licensing the engine to other developers. Several games are already being developed using a modified ''Doom 3'' engine, including ''[[Quake 4]]'', ''[[Enemy Territory: Quake Wars]]'', ''[[Castle Wolfenstein (tentative title)]]'' and ''[[Prey (computer game)|Prey]]''.

As of [[August 17]], ''Doom 3'' has garnered an average review score of 88%, according to 81 media outlets on [http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/469881.asp GameRankings.com]. By the same source, it is in the top 10 [[List_of_IBM_PC_games|PC games]] of 2004.

==List of levels==

There are 27 levels in ''Doom 3''. Most of them are quite large and typically require 1+ hours each on a player's first run through the game.

{{spoiler}}

<ol>
<li>Introduction (Mars City 1) - A short tutorial on the basic features of the game. Welcome to Mars! You also pick up your first assignment here.</li>
<li>Mars City Underground - A shorter tutorial covering a few more features in the game. In the Communications Building, things start to go awry. The shooting begins here. The imp is introduced at a cutscene.</li>
<li>Mars City (2) - The same level as the Introduction, but after the demon invasion.</li>
<li>UAC Administration - The pinky (demon) is introduced at a cutscene. The growth taking over the base is seen here first, and this is where monsters start teleporting in.
<li>Alpha Labs (4 sectors) - Built in 2095 and located on Site 2, Alpha is the UAC's center research lab. Sector 1 houses the EPD (Elemental Phase Deconstructor), and the Hydrocon. Maggots are introduced.</li><li>Sector 2 - Trites appear. There is a glimpse of the Bravo Team through a window.</li><li>Sector 3 - contains a very hidden plasma gun and an optional chaingun.</li><li>Sector 4 - Player must navigate either the EFR or the bridge. There is the "they took my baby" sequence, and the Vagary (first boss) appears at the end.</li>
<li>Energy Processing (EnPro) - Bravo Team cutscene. The lost soul is introduced in a cutscene and wraiths first appear here. Some rooms are less claustrophobic but more acrophobic, and there is an abundance of plasma.</li>
<li>Communications Transfer - There are many outdoor areas in this level. The first cacodemon appears at the start. The chainsaw zombie makes its first appearances here, whose spoils are definitely worth the fight. The berserk powerup appears for the first time.
<li>Communications - Player confronts a dilemma, and must make decision to send or to not send the SOS transmission to Earth.
<li>Recycling (2 sectors) - Where trash is processed in the UAC. The Revenant is introduced in a cutscene, and this is the only level with toxic waste pools</li><li>Sector 2 - This sector is malfunctioning and is pumping toxic gas. The mancubus is introduced in a cutscene and cherubs make their first appearances.
<li>Monorail - Player must take it to reach the Delta Labs by monorail.</li>
<li>Delta Labs (4 sectors)- Sector 1 - Player must initiate power by turning on main reactor.</li><li>Sector 2A - Player goes through the teleporter for the first time</li><li>Sector 2B - Archviles start showing up with their haunting cackles and screeches. The [[Soul Cube]] backplot is revealed.</li><li>Sector 3 - Numerous teleporting trips</li><li>Sector 4 - Hellknights are introducted in the cutscene. Betruger sends you to Hell through the main teleporter after the battle.</li>
<li>Hell - The player must trek through Hell and defeat the Guardian (second boss) to retrieve the [[Soul Cube]].</li>
<li>Delta Complex (revisited) - The first and only appearance of ticks. It is revealed that Sarge has become an enemy. From hereon, there will be no more zombies other than commandos.
<li>Central Processing - The effects of the growth in the base is evident here, and Campbell is found dying at the end of the level.
<li>Central Server Banks - The player fights the third boss, Sabaoth, the demon transformation of Sergeant Kelly.</li>
<li>Site 3 - Where archaeological entities are brought to and where the research is done. This is the last time you get to see the surface of Mars.</li>
<li>Caverns (2 sectors) - The player advances towards the primary excavation site, where the Hell portal is located. Sector 1 contains the oldest, original Mars base.</li><li>Caverns 2 - Features an ancient Martian temple. The vagary makes another appearance at the end, and may come in a pair.</li>
<li>Primary Excavation - Player must defeat the Cyberdemon (fourth and final boss) and seal the Hell portal.</li>
</ol>

==Software patent controversy==
A week before the game's release, it became known that an agreement to include [[Environmental Audio Extensions|EAX]] audio technology in ''Doom 3'' reached by id Software and [[Creative Labs]] was heavily influenced by a [[software patent]] owned by the latter company. The patent dealt with a technique for rendering shadows called [[Carmack's Reverse]], which was developed independently by both John Carmack and programmers at Creative Labs. id Software would have been putting themselves under legal liability if they used the technique in the finished game, so to defuse the issue, id Software agreed to license Creative Labs sound technologies in exchange for indemnification against lawsuits. [http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/32824]

==Web-integration==
Shortly following the announcement of ''Doom 3'''s development, a promotional website was released that serves as the homepage of the fictional corporation operating on Mars in the game. Until the announcement of gold status, the site served as a teaser; later a countdown to the release date was added. The website for [[Martian Buddy]], a fictional corporation prominently featured in the game, was also revealed before the game launch.

Some other developers have also created websites for in-game companies in the past. For example, [[Rockstar Games]] created sites for most companies mentioned in commercials on the in-game radio in ''[[Grand Theft Auto (series)|Grand Theft Auto]]''.

==Linux==
''Doom 3'' continued id's long track record of creating games that were Linux compatible. This was primarily a result of id's decision to use the [[OpenGL]] standard for the graphics engine as opposed to Microsoft's proprietary [[Direct3D]] API which is only available for the Windows line of operating systems. The executable for the Linux version can be found on id's FTP [ftp://ftp.idsoftware.com/idstuff/doom3/] or [[BitTorrent]] server [http://zerowing.idsoftware.com:6969/]. It can also be downloaded from [http://www.doomwadstation.com/doom3/demo Doom Wad Station]. [[Timothee Besset|TTimo]] also has a [[Wiki]] with information regarding the Linux version [http://zerowing.idsoftware.com/linux/doom/].

==Development team==
* [[John Carmack]] — Game engine (graphics)
* [[Timothee Besset|Timothee 'TTimo' Besset]] — Network code, [[GtkRadiant]], Linux conversions (formerly a contractee hailing from Paris, now part of the team in Texas)
* [[Graeme Devine]] — Sound engine
* [[Seneca Menard]] — 3D modelling (formerly of [[DreamWorks]])
* [[Kenneth Scott]] — Lead artist
* [[Fred Nilsson]] (worked on [[Antz]] and [[Shrek]] at [[DreamWorks]] as an animator) — Animation
* [[Jim Dose]] — [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] and scripted scenes
* [[Robert Duffy]] — Lead programmer
* [[Jan Paul van Waveren]] — Game engine (physics)
* [[Tim Willits]] — Lead designer
* [[Adrian Carmack]] — Artist
* [[Patrick Duffy (game developer)|Patrick Duffy]] — GUI designer
* [[Paul Jaquays]] — Level designer
* [[Malvern Blackwell]] — Level designer
* [[Christian Antkow]] — Level designer
* [[Kevin Cloud]] — Artist

Some work was done by outside specialists:
* [[Chris Vrenna]] — (one of the first members of [[Nine Inch Nails]] who wrote the music for ''[[Quake]]'') — Music (Note: [[Trent Reznor]] left part-way through development and no longer has sound or music in ''Doom 3'')
* [[Matthew Castello]]  (a [[science fiction]] writer who worked on the famous games ''[[The 7th Guest]]'' and ''[[The 11th Hour]]'') — (non-id) — Game script
* [[Splash Damage, Ltd.]] — The company that co-developed ''Doom 3'' multiplayer maps

==External links==
*[http://www.doom3.com/ Official ''Doom 3'' website]
*[http://www.planetdoom.com PlanetDOOM]
*[http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/469881.asp?q=Doom%203 Collection of Reviews of Doom 3]
*[http://www.ua-corp.com Union Aerospace Corporation] — A website for the fictional corporation that owns the Martian base where ''Doom 3'' is taking place
*[http://www.martianbuddy.com Martian Buddy] — A website for another fictional corporation from the game
*[http://www.doommarine.com DoomMarine] Doom museum and fansite.
*{{moby game|id=/doom-3|name=''Doom 3''}}
*[http://www.dracowyzard.com DracoWyzard] — A website mentioned perhaps only once in-game, intended to be a parody of text-based [[MUD]] games.
*[http://articles.filefront.com/Doom_3_Interview/;468;;;/article.html Interview with id CEO John Hollenshead]
*[http://www.tech-recipes.com/windows_games_tips537.html Complete List of ''Doom 3'' Console Commands] — at Tech-recipes.com
*[http://iddevnet.com idDevNet] - Official MOD support website for the [[Doom 3 engine]]
*[http://www.doom3world.org/phpbb2/index.php Doom3World.org Forums] — Technical Help Forum & Custom Content Creation for the [[Doom 3 engine]]
*[http://www.modwiki.net/wiki/Main_Page modwiki.net] - [[Doom 3 engine]] reference material
*[http://fabio.policarpo.nom.br/relief/index.htm Doom3 Relief Mapping]
*[http://doom3.ca ''Doom 3'' game info] - Reference material for ''Doom 3'' mods, weapons, walkthrough
*[http://www.doom3portal.com Doom 3 Portal] - Fansite with fanfiction, walkthrough and more
*[http://doom.freakygaming.com Doom Freaks] - Map & Mod reviews, tutorials and news.
*[http://ucguides.savagehelp.com/Doom3/Doom3Guide.htm UpsetChaps's Doom3 Guide]
*[http://www.pvv.org/~nsaa/doomcheat.html Doom 3 Cheat Codes]
*[http://www.visualwalkthroughs.com/doom3/doom3.htm VisualWalkthroughs.com] - Screenshot-based Walkthrough
*[http://lms.d3files.com/ ''Doom 3'' Cooperative Modification "Last Man Standing Coop"] - Co-op support for the PC Version

{{DOOMgames}}
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[[Category:Activision games]]
[[Category:Doom]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:Apple Macintosh games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer online games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox games]]
[[Category:Computer and video game remakes]]

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Dental braces

2005-12-14T18:39:54Z

Jackqu7: /* Treatment time and cost */ Add information about UK

'''Dental braces''' (also known as '''orthodontic braces''' or '''tooth braces''') are a fixed appliance used in [[orthodontics]] to correct alignment of [[teeth]] and their position with regard to bite. Braces are often used to correct [[malocclusion]]s such as underbites, overbites, cross bites and open bites, or crooked teeth, and various other flaws of teeth and jaws, whether cosmetic or structural. They can be used on either upper or lower sets of teeth, or both, depending on the problem they are being used to treat. Orthodontic braces are often used in conjunction with other [[orthodontic appliance]]s to widen the palate or jaws, create spaces between teeth, or otherwise shape the teeth and jaws. Most orthodontic patients are children or teenagers; however, more and more adults are seeking out orthodontic treatment.

==The procedure==
The first step is a consultation. Either a [[dentist]] or an [[orthodontist]] will review the patient's teeth visually and speak with the patient. If treatment is recommended and the patient is willing, a records appointment will be set where [[X-ray]]s, molds, and impressions of the teeth will be taken to determine the problem and proper course of action. Treatment time can vary from six months to six years depending on the type and intricacy of problem. [[Orthognathic surgery]] may be required in extreme cases.

Teeth to be braced will have an etchant applied to the surface to help the cement stick to the surface of the tooth. A [[bracket]] will be applied with a dental grade cement, and then cured with a light until hardened completely. This process usually takes only a few seconds per tooth. If required, [[orthodontic spacer]]s may be inserted between the [[molar tooth|molar]]s to make room for [[molar band]]s to be placed at a later date. Molar bands are required to ensure brackets will stick. Bands are also utlized when [[dental fillings]] or other dental work make securing a bracket to a tooth unfeasible.

[[Image:Dental_braces.jpg|thumb|left|Dental braces, with a powerchain, removed after completion of treatment.]]

An [[archwire]] will be threaded between the brackets and affixed with elastic [[Ligature (orthodontics)|ligatures]]. Archwires in the past had to be bent, shaped, and tightened frequently to achieve the desired results. Modern orthodontics makes use of nickel-titanium archwires and temperature-sensitive materials. When cold, the archwire is limp and flexible, easily threaded between brackets of any configuration. Once heated to body temperature, the archwire will stiffen and seek to retain its shape, creating constant light force on the teeth.

[[Rubber band|Elastic]]s are used to close open bites, shift the [[midline]], or create a stronger force to pull teeth or jaws in the desired direction. Brackets with hooks built in can be placed, or hooks can be created and affixed to the archwire to affix the elastic to. The placement and configuration of the elastics will depend on the course of treatment and the individual patient. Elastics come in different diameters, sizes, and strengths.

In many cases there is not enough space in the mouth for all the teeth to fit properly. There are two main procedures done to make room in these cases. One is extraction: teeth are removed to create more space. The second is expansion: the palate or arch is made larger by using an [[orthodontic expander|expander]]. Expanders can be used with both children and adults. However, since the bones of adults are already fused, expanding the palate is not possible without surgery to unfuse them. An expander can still be used on an adult without surgery, but to expand the arch, and not the palate.

==How braces work==
Teeth move through the use of constant, light force. The constant force applied by the archwire pushes the tooth in a particular direction. Force on the bone in the jaw will cause the bone to break down in the direction the force is being applied. [[Osteoclast]]s will be produced by the body which break down bone and allow the tooth to slide into the space where the bone once was. Once the tooth is moved into the correct position, over time [[osteoblast]]s will be produced by the body to re-form bone behind the tooth, securing it in place. The process to break down bone takes about three days. The process to rebuild bone can take up to three months. Braces are required to be worn continually until new bone has formed to secure teeth after movement.

==History==
Historians claim that two different men deserve the title of being called "the Father of Orthodontics." One man was Norman W. Kingsley, a dentist, writer, artist, and sculptor, who wrote his "Treatise on Oral Deformities" in 1880. What Kingsley wrote influenced the new dental science greatly. The second man who deserves credit was a dentist named J. N. Farrar, who wrote two volumes entitled "A treatise on the Irregularities of the teeth and their corrections". Farrar was very good at designing brace appliances, and he was the first to suggest the use of mild force at timed intervals to move teeth.

ST. LOUIS-More than one hundred years ago, in 1900, '''Dr. Edward H. Angle''' and a dozen colleagues came together to establish dentistry's first specialty. The formation of Dr. Angle's select group marks the genesis of the organization known as the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) and the specialty today known as orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics.

==Types of braces==
[[Image:Omgggg.jpg|thumb|A man with Ceramic Braces]]
Modern orthodontists can offer many types and varieties of braces:
* Traditional metal braces are the most common and widely used. Metal braces offer many different types of brackets, including speed (or [[self-ligating]]) and damon brackets.
* Ceramic braces offer a less visible alternative. They blend in more with the natural color of the tooth and are more visually appealing, however they are not as strong as metal and may cause treatment time to be lengthened. Ceramic brackets are also slightly larger than metal brackets and may be more difficult to get used to.
* Gold braces are an alternative to metal. They are similar in strength and offer a different visual effect than traditional metal.
* Lingual braces are fitted behind the teeth, and are not visible with casual interaction. Lingual braces can be more difficult to adjust to, since they can hinder the movement of the tongue.

For some patients [[Invisalign]] might be a viable alternative to braces. The Invisalign system uses a series of clear plastic trays to move teeth into their position over a length of time. This system is not recommended for more difficult cases, or for people whose last molars have yet to erupt.

==Post-treatment==
[[Retainer (orthodontic device)|Retainers]] are required to be worn once treatment with braces has been finalized. The orthodontist will recommend a retainer based on the patient's needs. A [[hawley retainer]] is made of metal bands that surround the teeth enclosed by a plastic plate that rests on the palate. An [[Essix retainer]] is similar to the Invisalign trays; it is a clear plastic tray that is form-fitted to the shape of the teeth and stays in place by suction. A [[bonded retainer]] is a wire that is permanently bonded to the back of the teeth (usually the lower teeth only).

==Complications and risks==
[[Plaque]] gets easily caught in the fine metalwork of braces. For this reason, it is important to maintain proper oral hygiene by brushing and flossing thoroughly when wearing braces to prevent tooth decay, decalcification or unpleasant colour changes to the teeth.

There is a small chance of an allergic reaction to the rubber in elastics or the metal in braces.

Braces can also be easily damaged. It is important to wear a [[mouthguard]] to prevent breakage when playing sports. Certain sticky or hard foods and confectionaries, [[chewing gum|gum]] and [[toffee]] for example, should be avoided because they can damage braces.

Constantly breaking braces can prolong orthodontic treatment.

==Treatment time and cost==
Typical cost of braces in the United States is about 5,000 USD, although in other countries, the price can be much lower. In [[CIS]] countries for example, the price is anywhere from 200 to 500 dollars per jaw. Typical treatment time is about two years, although it can vary from six months to six years, depending on the severity of the case, location, age, etc.

In the [[United Kingdom]] orthodontic treatment is availible for free on the [[NHS]] to patients below 16.

==References in popular culture==
Like [[eyeglasses]], braces used to be seen as "geeky". However (and also like eyeglasses) that stigma is fading. For many Americans, even those without severe bite problems, braces are simply a part of growing up. Additionally, there are a growing number of adults (roughly 25% of braces patients are over 21) wearing braces to correct orthodontic issues.

[[The Simpsons]]' episode "[[Last Exit to Springfield]]" featured the memorable mantra "Dental Plan... Lisa Needs Braces" as [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] considered the fact that losing his work-based dental plan would force him to pay for [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]]'s orthodontic work.

[[Braceface]] is a cartoon where the protagonist's braces prevent her from having a normal life.

Celebrities who have been spotted wearing functional braces include [[Tom Cruise]], [[Gwen Stefani]], [[Lil Bow Wow]], [[Ashley Judd]] and [[Emma Watson]].

[[Tootie Ramsey]], a character on the long-running [[United States|U.S.]] sitcom ''[[The Facts of Life]]'', wore braces for six years.

Braces have become the subject of fetish, and fake braces are available for those who do not require treatment but enjoy the look of braces: [http://www.bracecompany.com/ Recreational Brace Company]

==External links==
*[http://www.archwired.com Archwired - A website for adults in braces]
*[http://www.braces.org American Orthodontic Association]

[[Category:Dental equipment]]

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Orthodontics

2005-12-14T18:38:15Z

Jackqu7: /* Orthodontists */ Remove western-centric wording

'''Orthodontics''' or '''orthodontia''' is the specialty of [[dentistry]] that is concerned with the study and treatment of [[malocclusion]]s, which may be a result of [[tooth]] irregularity, disproportionate [[jaw]] relationships, or both.

Orthodontic treatment can be carried out for purely aesthetic reasons - improving the general appearance of patients' teeth for cosmetic reasons- but treatment is often prescribed for practical reasons, providing the patient with a functionally improved bite (occlusion).

==Treatments==

Treatment includes fixed appliances, most commonly [[dental brace|dental braces]], which can be made from stainless steel or a more esthetic ceramic material; removable appliances, or "plates"; headgear; elastic bands; and other appliances, including expansion appliances, and functional appliances.

[[Image:Dental braces.jpg|thumb|right|Dental braces, with a powerchain, removed after completion of treatment. Administered by Dr. Leonard Weiss, [[Toronto]].]]

After a course of active orthodontic treatment, patients will often wear [[Retainer (orthodontic device)|retainers]], which will maintain the teeth in their improved position whilst the surrounding bone reforms around them. The retainers are generally worn full-time for a short period, perhaps 6 months to a year, and then worn periodically (typically nightly during sleep) for as long as the patient desires. It is possible for the teeth to stay aligned without regular retainer wear. However, there are many reasons teeth will crowd as a person ages and thus, there is no guarantee that teeth, orthodontically treated or otherwise, will stay aligned without retention.

==Orthodontists==
An orthodontist is a [[dentist]] who specializes in diagnosing and treating [[malocclusions]], which are mis-alignments of the [[teeth]], [[Jaw|jaws]], or both. Following dental school, an orthodontist completes 2-3 years of additional training resulting in a specialty certificate in orthodontics. In many orthodontic training programs, students can also earn one of three master's degree (Master of Science - MS; Master of Dental Science - MDS, or Master of Science in Dentistry - MSD) in addition to a specialty certificate.

The orthodontist will align teeth with respect to the surrounding soft tissues, with or without movement of the underlying [[Bone|bones]] (which can be moved either through orthopaedic or orthognathic movements). Orthopaedic movements are attained through the judicious use of (mainly) acrylic appliances (functional appliances), that influence the position of the jaws relative to one other and the [[face]], and will be carried out on growing children. The correct application of orthopaedic appliances can influence the development of an adolescent's [[jawline]], giving a much improved aesthetic and functional result.

Orthognathic movement is achieved by [[Surgery|surgically]] repositioning the jaw(s), in patients that have completed their growth. Such surgical treatment is carried out by maxillofacial surgeons who work closely with the orthodontic team.

One of the most common situations leading to orthodontic treatment is crowding of the teeth. In this situation, there is insufficient room for the normal complement of adult teeth, which can sometimes result in teeth being extracted. Crowding of teeth is recognised as an affliction that stems in part from a modern western lifestyle. We do not know for sure whether it is due to the consistency of western diets; a result of mouthbreathing; or the result of an early loss of [[deciduous]] (milk, baby) teeth due to decay. It is also possible that [[Homo sapiens]] have evolved smaller jaws without a reduction in the number of teeth they will house happening at the same time.

Much has been made in the media of links between tooth extraction and temporo-mandibular joint dysfunction (problems, including clicking and jamming, of the jaw joint). No research has shown a definitive link between extraction of teeth and jaw joint problems. Most temporo-mandibular joint problems are a result of the patient having a clenching habit - that is the patient bites the teeth together on a regular basis (e.g. when under stress).

==Training==

Various countries have their own systems for training and registering specialist orthodontists; generally a period of post-graduate study is required for a qualified dentist to qualify as an orthodontist.

In the [[United Kingdom]], this training period lasts three years, after completion of a fellowship diploma from a Royal College. In [[Europe]] a similar pattern is followed. It is always worth contacting the professional body responsible for registering orthodontists to ensure that the orthodontist you wish to consult is a recognized specialist.

==Pakistan==

Orthodontic education in Pakistan is run under the Semi-autonomus organization [http://www.cpsp.edu.pk/ College of Physicians and Surgeons] they confer a fellowship degree after three years of training under an accredited supervisor in an approved institution.

==United States==

A number of schools in the United States offer Advanced Orthodontic training to dentists seeking postgraduate education. The courses range from two or three years of clinical and didactic training. Generally admission criteria is an application process followed by extensive interviewing process by the insitution to select the best candidate. Candidates usually have to contact the individual school directly for the application process, a list of orthodontic schools can be obtained from the [http://www.braces.org/ American Association of Orthodonitists].

==See also==
*[[Dentistry]]
*[[Invisalign]]

{{Dentistry}}

[[Category:Dentistry]]

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[[de:Kieferorthopädie]]
[[el:Ορθοδοντική]]
[[es:Ortodoncia]]
[[fr:Orthodontie]]
[[nl:Orthodontie]]
[[ja:歯科矯正学]]
[[pl:Ortodoncja]]
[[pt:Ortondontia]]
[[sv:Ortodonti]]

List of autonomous areas by country

2005-12-12T17:50:48Z

Jackqu7: Wikify

Several countries have [[autonomous]] entities inside their territory, usually giving autonomy to [[ethnic minorities]] or isolated areas.

{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 style="border-collapse:collapse;"
|- bgcolor=#cccccc valign=top
! Sovereign states
! Category
! Short name (native)
|- valign=top
| [[Argentina]]
| 1 autonomous city
| [[Buenos Aires]]
|- valign=top
| rowspan=2 | [[Azerbaijan]]
| 1 autonomous republic
| [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] (Naxçivan)
|- valign=top
| 1 autonomous region
| [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] (Lernayin Gharabagh/Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ)
|- valign=top
| rowspan=7 | [[China]]
| rowspan=5 | 5 autonomous regions
| [[Guangxi]] (Guǎngxī Zhuàngzú/广西壮族)
|- valign=top
| [[Inner Mongolia]] (Öbür mongghul – Nèi Měnggǔ/内蒙古)
|- valign=top
| [[Ningxia]] (Níngxià Huízú/宁夏回族)
|- valign=top
| [[Xinjiang]] (Xīnjiāng Wéiwúěr/新疆维吾尔)
|- valign=top
| [[Tibet]] (Pö – Xīzàng/西藏)
|- valign=top
| rowspan=2 | 2 special administrative regions *
| [[Hong Kong]] (Xiānggǎng/香港 – Hong Kong)
|- valign=top
| [[Macau]] (Àomén/澳门 – Macau)
|- valign=top
| [[Finland]]
| 1 autonomous province under international law
| [[Åland Islands]] (Åland – Ahvenanmaa)
|- valign=top
| rowspan=2 | [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| rowspan=2 | 2 autonomous republics
| [[Abkhazia]] (Apsny – Apkazeti – Abchazija/Абхазия)
|- valign=top
| [[Ajaria]] (Acharis)
|- valign=top
| [[Greece]]
| 1 autonomous region
| [[Mount Athos|Athos]] (Ayio Oros/Άγιο Όρος)
|- valign=top
| [[Indonesia]]
| 1 autonomous region
| [[Western New Guinea|West Papua]]
|- valign=top
| rowspan=5 | [[Italy]]
| rowspan=5 | 5 autonomous regions
| [[Friuli Venezia Giulia]]
|- valign=top
| [[Sardinia]] (Sardegna)
|- valign=top
| [[Sicily]] (Sicilia)
|- valign=top
| [[Trentino-South Tyrol]] (Trentino-Alto Adige – Trentino-Südtirol)
|- valign=top
| [[Valle d'Aosta]] (Valle d'Aosta – Vallée d'Aoste)
|- valign=top
| rowspan=2 | [[Moldova]]
| rowspan=2 | 2 autonomous regions
| [[Gagauzia]] (Găgăuzia – Gagaus-Yeri)
|- valign=top
| [[Transnistria]] (Stînga Nistrului – Pridnestrovje/Приднестрове)
|- valign=top
| rowspan=2 | [[Nicaragua]]
| rowspan=2 | 2 autonomous regions
| [[North Atlantic Autonomous Region]] (Atlantico Norte)
|- valign=top
| [[South Atlantic Autonomous Region]] (Atlantico Sur)
|- valign=top
| rowspan=1 | [[Philippines]]
| rowspan=1 | 1 autonomous region
| [[Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao]] (ARMM)
|- valign=top
| rowspan=2 | [[Portugal]]
| rowspan=2 | 2 overseas autonomous regions
| [[Azores]] (Açores)
|- valign=top
| [[Madeira]]
|- valign=top
| rowspan=32 | [[Russia]]
| rowspan=21 | 21 republics
| [[Adygea]] (Adygeya/Адыгея – Adyge/Адыгэ)
|- valign=top
| [[Altai Republic|Altai]] (Altay/Алтай – Altajdyng/Алтайдынг)
|- valign=top
| [[Bashkortostan]] (Bashkortostan/Башкортостан – Bašqortostan/Башқортостаn)
|- valign=top
| [[Buryatia]] (Buryatiya/Бурятия – Burjaad/Буряад)
|- valign=top
| [[Dagestan]] (Dagestan/Дагестан)
|- valign=top
| [[Ingushetia]] (Ingushetiya/Ингушетия – Gialgiaj Mochk/Гiалгiай Мохк)
|- valign=top
| [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] (Kabardino-Balkariya/Кабардино-Балкария – K'eberdej-Bal'k'er/Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр – K'abarty-Malk'ar/Къабарты-Малкъар)
|- valign=top
| [[Kalmykia]] (Kalmykiya/Калмыкия – Chal'm Tangč/Хальм Тангч)
|- valign=top
| [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (Karachayevo-Cherkessiya/Карача́ево-Черке́ссия)
|- valign=top
| [[Republic of Karelia|Karelia]] (Kareliya/Карелия – Karjala)
|- valign=top
| [[Komi Republic|Komi]] (Komi/Коми)
|- valign=top
| [[Mari El]] (Mariy El/Марий Эл)
|- valign=top
| [[Mordovia]] (Mordoviya/Мордовия)
|- valign=top
| [[Sakha|Sakha (Yakutia)]] (Sakha-Yakutiya/Саха-Якутия – Sacha/Саха)
|- valign=top
| [[North Ossetia-Alania]] (Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya/Северная Осетия-Алания – Caegat Iryston/Цæгат Ирыстон)
|- valign=top
| [[Tatarstan]] (Tatarstan – Татарстан)
|- valign=top
| [[Tuva]] (Tyva/Тыва)
|- valign=top
| [[Udmurtia]] (Udmurtiya/Удмуртия – Udmurt El'kyn/Удмурт Элькун)
|- valign=top
| [[Khakassia]] (Khakasiya/Хакасия)
|- valign=top
| [[Chechnya]] (Chechnya/Чечня – Noxçiyçö/Нохчичьо)
|- valign=top
| [[Chuvashia]] (Chuvashiya/Чувашия – Chävaš/Чаваш)
|- valign=top
| 1 autonomous oblast
| [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] (Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast/Еврейская автономная область)
|- valign=top
| rowspan=10 | 9 autonomous districts
| [[Aga Buryatia]] (Aginsky-Buryatsky/Агинский-Бурятия)
|- valign=top
| [[Chukotka]] (Chukotksky/Чукотка)
|- valign=top
| [[Evenkia]] (Evenkiysky/Eве&#нкия)
|- valign=top
| [[Khantia-Mansia]] (Khanty-Mansiysky/Хантия-Мансиия)
|- valign=top
| [[Koryakia]] (Koryakiya/Корякия)
|- valign=top
| [[Nenetsia]] (Nenetsky – Ненеция)
|- valign=top
| [[Taymyria]] (Taymyrsky/Таймырия)
|- valign=top
| [[Ust-Orda Buryatia]] (Ust-Ordynsky Buryatsky/Усть-Ордынский Бурятия)
|- valign=top
| [[Yamalia]] (Yamalo-Nenetsky-Ненец)
|- valign=top
| [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
| 1 autonomous island
| [[Nevis]]
|- valign=top
| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
| 1 autonomous island
| [[Príncipe]]
|- valign=top
| rowspan=2 | [[Serbia and Montenegro]]
| rowspan=2 | 2 autonomous provinces inside [[Serbia]]
| [[Kosovo and Metohija]] (Kosovo i Metohija/Косово и Метохија)
|- valign=top
| [[Vojvodina]] (Vojvodina/Војводина/Vajdaság/Voivodina/Войводина/Vojvodina)
|- valign=top
| [[Tajikistan]]
| 1 autonomous province
| [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region|Gorno-Badakshan]] (Kuhistoni Badakshon/Кӯҳистони Бадахшон)
|- valign=top
| [[Tanzania]]
| 1 autonomous island
| [[Zanzibar]]
|- valign=top
| [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| 1 ward
| [[Tobago]]
|- valign=top
| [[Ukraine]]
| 1 autonomous republic
| [[Crimea]] (Krym/Крим – Krym/Крым)
|- valign=top
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| 1 autonomous republic
| [[Karakalpakstan]] (Qoraqalpog'iston – Qaraqalpaqstan)
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Some consider the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao dependencies instead of autonomous regions, regardless of their titles.

==See also==
*[[List of sovereign states]]

[[Category:Lists of subnational entities|List of autonomous entities]]

Alton Towers

2005-12-12T17:42:06Z

Jackqu7: rv - Edit was in wrong section, spelt incorrectly and out of date

'''Alton Towers''' is [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s best known [[theme park]]. It is based north of the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]] in [[Staffordshire]], on the site of an old mansion by the same name.

==History of gardens==
[[Image:Alton Towers from Morris's Seats of Noblemen and Gentlemen (1880).JPG|thumb|300px|Alton Towers in 1880]]
As an example of the Mixed Style of [[Humphrey Repton]]'s gardens, Alton Towers' garden was begun, ''ca.'' [[1814]] by the eccentric 15th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]], of whom [[J. C. Loudon]] (who was consulted on design features of which there were many) relates that he consulted every artist, only to avoid 'whatever an artist might recommend'. Loudon's published criticism remains history's wittiest pan of preposterous garden design since [[Alexander Pope]].

Alton Towers grew into a collection of gardens: a Swiss Cottage, a [[Stonehenge]], a Dutch garden, a Pagoda Fountain, said to be based on the To Ho pagoda in Canton, Lysicrates' [[Choragic Monument]] from [[Athens]] (a feature in English gardens since the 1760s), domed glasshouses (originally gilded), even a fairly large [[Matterhorn]] as a backing to one of
[[England]]'s earliest [[Alpine garden]]s.

The first [[garden gnomes]] were introduced at Alton Towers, in punishment for which the rides and slides of the modern Theme Park add to the eccentricity of a nobleman's fancy whose parkland, 'the work of a morbid imagination, joined to the command of unlimited resourses' (according to Loudon) is now also occupied by a hundred acres (400,000 m²) of 'sensational rides and attractions'.

==Modern theme park==
Alton Towers was purchased by [[The Tussauds Group]] in 1990. In [[2005]] It was brought up when the [[Dubai International Capital|DIC]] investment group purchased [[The Tussauds Group]]. Today it is notable for its extreme rides, including ''[[Nemesis roller coaster|Nemesis]],'' a [[roller coaster]] in which people hang with their legs dangling down (or up as the case may be), and ''Oblivion,'' the world's first vertical drop rollercoaster. The oldest rollercoaster at the site is ''Corkscrew'' built in 1980, a ride with two [[inversion]]s which many riders find uncomfortable due to its rough track. Billed as the first of its kind, ''Air'' is a rollercoaster, unusual in that finders find themselves suspended [[horizontal]]ly facing down, as though [[flying]]. This is known as a [[flying roller coaster]]. Inside the towers is the ride ''Hex'', a surreal attraction which is based on a [[myth]] surrounding the towers and their history.

The latest attraction at Alton Towers is ''[[Rita - Queen of Speed]]'', a ride themed around racing. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and reaches 100 kilometres per hour in just 2.5 seconds.

Guests can stay at one of two [[hotels]] on the site. When Cariba Creek, a waterpark, was first built, only hotel residents could visit. However, non-residents can now also use the water park with payment of an admission fee [http://www.altontowers.com/waterpark/openingpricing.asp].

Rumours are rife that a so-called "Project Dolphin" is being planned for the park, which will represent a massive investment in Alton Towers (where and when this money is being invested is currently unknown, however).

Project Dolphin is Alton Towers plan to change with the public's needs for extreme entertainment. This could involve moving into completly different relms of entertainment, from extreme [[golf]] to [[ice climbing]] which are both listed by the Towers as possibilities, along with many more. With DIC investing around 48 million in the towers next year, guests can expect some vast improvements.

Due to a recent court battle with local residents, Alton Towers is starting to have problems with their end of session [[fireworks]] display. However, the towers is still fighting hard to keep them running. The court battle ended in [[October]][[2005]] leaving Alton Towers with the permission to stage three of the five firework and laser displays. The park now has a noise abatement order inplace meaning that it cannot exeed 40 decibels to nearby neighbours.

==Park Guide==

The park is split into several themed areas. In order clockwise they are:

===Towers Street===

Towers Street is the first area that visitors to the park encounter, themed as a town street, which leads to views of the gardens and the tower. The street contains several shops, including the Towers Trading Co., which sells official park merchandise. Also in the area is the first Skyride station. The Skyride is a [[cable car]] system which visitors can use to reach other areas of the park.

===Merrie England===

An area themed around medieaval [[England]]. Rides include spinning tea cups and The Flume, a [[log flume]] themed around bathtime, with riders sitting in bath tubs. Also in the area are several gaming sideshows, such as hoop-tossing and basketball hoops, in which prizes can be won. Several food outlets provide food, with the Courtyard Tavern also serving alcohol, as the park's only pub.

===Katanga Canyon===

Rides include the Runaway Mine Train (an electric coaster) and the Congo River Rapids. Both are classic well-established rides in the park and meet in a tunnel where the screams of the Runaway Mine Train meet the cheers of the River Rapids. The area hosts Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut stalls with a shared indoor seating area. There is a shop located at the exits of the two rides called Katanga Cargo, hosting much strange and wonderful ancient tribal themed mechandise as well as the photo stalls for the rides.

===Gloomy Wood===

The Gloomy Wood is a small, ghosts-and-monsters themed area home to Duel: The Haunted House Strikes Back!. The ride used to be a normal haunted house ride, but in [[2003]] it was modified; given laser guns and a scoring system to make it more eye-catching and exciting.

===Forbidden Valley===

Themed around a post-apocalyptic landscape, with huge rocks and rusty chunks of metal scattering the area. One of the major rides is [[Nemesis roller coaster|Nemesis]], an inverted roller coaster based around a monster. At the far end of the valley is an "oasis", with calmer colours and plants, where the rollercoaster AIR, the world's first flying coaster, is located. There is also Ripsaw, a [[top spin ride]], and The Blade, a swinging-ship style ride, as well as a Skyride station. This part of the park is not viewable from most of the theme park areas. You get a better view on the monorail and the carpark.

===The Gardens===

The gardens fill the valley between the Forbidden Valley and the Towers. The skyride bridges the valley, but there are some steep paths which go down into the valley. Crossing the valley using these paths takes up to 30 minutes and requires good shoes, but can be worthwhile and pleasant. Dotted around the gardens are various ancient follies, including a pagoda fountain by ryan wheeler.

===Ug Land===

Themed around a comic-book style dinosaur land, Ug Land, previously called Festival Park, contains some of the oldest rides of the park. Corkscrew is a corkscrew rollercoaster containing two consecutive corkscrew elements. Built by [[Vekoma]] in 1980, the ride is now seriously uneven, and riders are advised to keep their head held firmly back against the headrest.

Other rides in the area include Ug Swinger, and the new ride for 2005, [[Rita - Queen of Speed]], a ride themed around [[Drag racing]]. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and is an Accelerator (or Launched) coaster, made by [[Intamin AG]].

===Cred Street===

Home to the [[BBC|BBC's]] [[Tweenies]], Cred Street is aimed at the younger audience of Alton Towers. There is a wide selection of bouncy castles and ball pits in the Tweenies Play Pen, as well as ice cream shops, sweet shops and a Tweenie's Store. There are also traditional rides such as [[Carousel|Carousels]] and more modern rides such as a frog hopper and a ginger bread car tour. The final Skyride station is located at the area's edge.

Toyland Tours used to be located next to Cred Street. It was recently closed for a retheme which will transform the ride into ''Charlie And The Chocolate Factory''. Similar to Toyland Tours, the new ride will use boats and the slightly modified ride system. The extensive theme will be based on [[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]] and will include a pre-show and post show. The ride is set to cost in the reigion of 2 - 4.5 Million Pounds.

===The Towers===

The towers are what gives the park its name, and is an ancient mansion house in which the family who owned the estate lived. Visitors can wander around a limited area of the towers, which also features a spooky maze during the Halloween period. Added for the 2000 season was ''Hex - the Legend of the Towers'', an indoor swing ride which made use of the history of the towers, in particularly the legend of a curse which stated that whenever a branch from a specific tree fell, a member of the Earl's family would die.

There is currently a 1.1 million pound project in place to restore the oldest parts of the castle. What will happen to the space when restored is currently unknown, however new rides or tours of the castle are both possibilities.

===X-Sector===

A futuristically-themed area, X-Sector contains the park's innovative Oblivion ride, a rollercoaster in which riders are said to experience a 90 degree drop (actually 87.5 degrees). The extra-wide roller coaster cars are held danging over the edge for a few seconds before plunging downwards into a big hole amid mist, and then re-emerging into a heavily banked turn leading back into the station. It was the first vertical drop coaster in the world and was manufactured by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]]. It's official name is a diving machine.

Also in the area are the Enterprise and Submission thrill rides, and the Black Hole rollercoaster, which features a spiral lift and is entirely indoors, in the dark. This ride closed for the 2005 season however, and is currently standing but not operating. The park is looking for a buyer for the ride.

===Adventure Land===

Adventure Land is aimed at visitors between five and ten, and is mainly made up of climbing frames, slides, swings and similar equipment. There are two rides: The Beastie, a small, child-friendly rollercoaster, and Spinball Whizzer, a pinball-themed spinning coaster.

===Storybook Land===

Storybook Land is aimed at the youngest visitors, and is themed around [[fairytales]] and other children's stories. It boasts Squirrel Nutty's Ride, a track-based ride which includes story-telling elements, and an ice show that changes every few years.

===Old MacDonald's Farm===

Themed around a traditional farm, this area contains a small petting zoo as well as a few rides for younger visitors, which include Doodle Doo Derby, a farm-themed carousel, and Riverbank Eye Spy, a recently rethemed boat ride.

==Facts and Figures==

* The monorail is from [[Expo 86]] which was held in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]].
* The theme park is home to the World's first vertical drop roller coaster, Oblivion, as well as Nemesis, Europe's first inverted rollercoaster and AIR, The World's first flying rollercoaster.

==Related links==
*[[List of British Theme Parks]]

==External links==
*[http://www.altontowers.com/ Official Alton Towers Website.]
*[http://www.towersalmanac.com/ Alton Towers Almanac (unofficial guide).]
*[http://www.gardenvisit.com/t/c4s4.html Brief garden history.]
*[http://www.altontowersmagic.com/ Alton Towers Magic]
*[http://www.themeparks-uk.com/ TP:UK Unofficial Alton Towers Guide.]
*[http://ukthemeparks.blogspot.com/ UK Theme Parks Blog.]
*[http://www.talktowers.co.uk/ Talk Towers - Detailed Fansite]

{{Template:British theme parks}}

[[Category:Amusement parks]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Theme parks in the United Kingdom]]
[[de:Alton Towers]]

Flying roller coaster

2005-12-03T11:06:34Z

Jackqu7: rv

A '''flying roller coaster''' is a [[roller coaster]] where the riders are secured in flying position with the track overhead. The loading process varies by manufacturer.

== Vekoma ==
[[Vekoma|Vekoma's]] 'Flying Dutchman' model was the first flying coaster and came with two types, the prototype and a longer version costing around 17 million [[USD]]. The first flying coaster is Stealth (now relocated to [[Carowinds|Paramount's Carowinds]] on the NC/SC line under the name BORG Assimilator.) These coasters are loaded more like a traditional seated coaster with the track below the rider. At the top of the lift hill, the track rotates a half turn to flip the riders into the flying position. This type of design is not considered to be a true flying coaster by many enthusiasts, but rather a variation on a standard steel design as the passengers do not start the circuit in the flying position and spend large ammounts of time on top of the track rather than suspended underneath it. As a result many people credit B&M with the first flying coaster, Air.

== B&M ==
[[Image:air.jpg]]
In a [[Bolliger & Mabillard|Bolliger and Mabillard]] (B&M) Flying Coaster model, the passenger takes a sitting position with their legs dangling in an similar fashion to B&M's inverted roller coaster. The coaster then tilts them forward, placing passengers in a flying position for the duration of the ride. The first B&M flyer was AIR, which opened in [[2002]] at [[Alton Towers]]. B&M's flying coaster is said to be more comfortable and features an intense [[Pretzel Loop]] element, which also debuted in 2002 - a month after AIR's opening - on Superman: Ultimate Flight at [[Six Flags Over Georgia]]. But it can be very expensive, priced at 12 million [[Euros]] (about 14 million US dollars).

== Zamperla ==
[[Zamperla|Zamperla's]] flying model is 'Volare' (Italian for To Fly). Riders lie down in the cars, which hang from an upper rail at a 45 degree angle. The car is then lifted up into a flying position while holding the riders inside. This model is very compact and cheap (estimated to be 6 million USD) and comes with a unique spiral lift hill in which a tall spinning column with 2 vertical poles connected to it which push the cars up the spiralling track. But riders have complained that it was quite uncomfortable as there is a lack of harnesses on the cars. Sometimes the ride can cause [[headaches]].

==External links==
*[http://www.uktpr.co.uk/features/brochures/B&M/flyer(pano).jpg Photo of a B&M Flyer]
*[http://rcdb.com/installationresult.htm?column=1,2,3,26,4,5&order=1,2&design=4 Search for flying coasters on rcdb.com]

[[Category:Types of roller coasters]]

Template:Lost (TV series)

2005-11-27T21:02:46Z

Jackqu7: correct others link

{| class="toccolours" align="center" margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 25em;"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! style="background: #d6d6ff; text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | '''''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'''''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center | '''Episodes:''' [[Episodes of Lost (Season 1)|Season 1]] | [[Episodes of Lost (Season 2)|Season 2]] | [[Airdates of Lost|Airdates]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! style="background: #d6d6ff; text-align: center; " | '''[[Characters of Lost|Characters]]'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| align=center |'''Major:''' [[Ana-Lucia Cortez|Ana-Lucia]] | [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]] | [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]] | [[Claire Littleton|Claire]] [[Mr. Eko|Eko]] | [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes|Hurley]] | [[Jack Shephard|Jack]] | [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin]] | [[Kate Austen|Kate]] | [[Libby (Lost)|Libby]] | [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]] [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]] | [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]] | [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]] | [[Shannon Rutherford|Shannon]] | [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun]] | [[Walt Lloyd|Walt]]

'''Minor:''' [[Characters of Lost#Secondary characters|Secondary]] | [[Characters of Lost#Flashback characters|Flashback]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! style="background: #d6d6ff; text-align: center; " | '''Organizations/Groups'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

| align=center |[[Oceanic Airlines]] | [[The Dharma Initiative]] [[The Hanso Foundation]] | [[Others_(Lost)|Others]]

Moorgate tube crash

2005-11-24T17:30:38Z

Jackqu7: moved discussion to talk page

[[image:Moorgate.jpg|right|thumb|Moorgate station]]

The '''Moorgate tube crash''' occurred at 08.46am on [[February 28]], [[1975]] in [[London]], [[England]]. A southbound [[Northern Line]] [[London Underground|tube]] train crashed into the tunnel end beyond the platform at [[Moorgate station]]. Forty-three people were killed at the scene and several more subsequently died from severe injuries, in what was the greatest loss of life on the Underground in peacetime. The cause of the incident was never conclusively determined.

The crash had two further consequences. Firstly, the southern end of the Northern City Line platforms (where the crash happened) was extensively rebuilt. Secondly, automatic systems for stopping trains at dead-ends was introduced into all dead-ends on the tube, regardless of whether the driver gives instruction to halt a train. These systems are known as Moorgate Control.

==Details of the Incident==

The train was on the 8:39am run on the [[Northern City Line]] service on short, 7-minute round trips between [[Drayton Park station|Drayton Park]] and Moorgate, terminating at platform nine of Moorgate station. At that time, plans were already afoot for the service, previously known as the Great Northern & City, to be transferred to [[British Rail]] (it is now operated by [[WAGN]]).

Instead of stopping on arrival, the train appeared to accelerate, taking the crossover at about 35 [[mph]] (56 [[km/h]]). At the end of the platform was a 66 ft (20 m) long overrun tunnel with a red stop-lamp, then a sand drag, and finally a single [[hydraulic buffer]] in front of a brick wall. The sand drag slowed the train but it smashed into the buffer at about 40 mph and then into the wall. The first emergency call was received at 08.53am.

The incident would have not been so bad had the train been in a tube-sized tunnel, but the overrun tunnel was originally built to house [[British Railways|mainline]] units and was 16 ft (4.9 m) high. The smaller diameter of the tube train meant that the second car in the set rode up above the trailing end of the driving car, and landed on top of it. The third car also split asunder lengthwise and rode over the end of the second car. The driving car suffered the most damage, buckling at two points into a V shape, crushed between the wall and the weight of the rest of its train piling up behind it.

==Investigation into the Cause==

The cause of the crash was never satisfactorily determined. The driver, who had worked for London Underground since 1969, had been in good health and took no alcohol or drugs. Police investigation showed that the driver had no reason to be suicidal, and in fact had £300 in his pocket which he was intending to use to buy a car for his daughter after the end of his shift.

When investigated, the driver was shown to have still been holding the [[Dead-man's control|dead man's switch]], a device that immediately applies the brakes when released. Not only had the driver not even put his hands up to protect his face from the impact, but he had actually increased the speed of the train.

A television documentary more recently suggested that the best explanation (albeit based on circumstantial evidence) was that shortly before the crash the driver suffered a rare kind of brain seizure that temporarily paralysed him.

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/28/newsid_2515000/2515033.stm BBC News account of the 1975 crash]

[[Category:British railway accidents]]
[[Category:History of London]]
[[Category:London Underground]]

Talk:Moorgate tube crash

2005-11-24T17:29:17Z

Jackqu7:

This text removed from article and moved here:

I haven't found any evidence for the statement that the drive "had actually increased the speed of the train"! It is false. The only evidence for that is what some passangers said that "it looked like" he was quickening or that they had the impression... which contradicted a guard who was at the station with his opinion that the train wasn't quickening. If you have ever been in subway and witnessed a train that is not stopping in the station, you probably know that it always looks like it goes unbelievably quickly and dangerously - it gives this impression...
The fact that the driver didn't put his hands in front of his face doesn't prove anything too... The only fact that is really relevant is that he was holding the emergency brake till the end - which is the only reasonable behavior, the only responsible reaction... - [[User:81.0.251.130]]

Roller coaster

2005-11-22T17:39:10Z

Jackqu7: rv

[[Image:Roller_coaster.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The track of a typical roller coaster]]

The '''roller coaster''' is a popular [[amusement ride]] developed for [[amusement park]]s and modern [[theme park]]s. [[LaMarcus Adna Thompson]] [[patent]]ed the first roller coaster on [[January 20]], [[1865]]. In essence a specialised [[railroad]] system, a coaster consists of a [[track]] that rises and falls in specially designed patterns, sometimes with one or more ''[[roller coaster inversions|inversions]]'' (the most common being [[loop (roller coaster)|loop]]s) that turns the rider briefly upside down. The track does not necessarily have to be a complete circuit (the antonym of complete circuit is "[[shuttle roller coaster|shuttle]]"), though some purists insist that it must to be a true coaster. (Not all thrill rides that run on a track are roller coasters). Most coasters have cars for two, four, or six passengers each, in which the passengers sit to travel around the circuit. An entire set of cars hooked together is called a [[Train (roller coaster)|train]].

==Mechanics==

[[Image:Roller_Coaster-Movie_World_Australia.jpg|left|thumb|A roller coaster at [[Movie World]], [[Australia]]]]

The cars on a typical roller coaster are not self-powered. A standard full-circuit lift-powered coaster works like this: after leaving the boarding area (station), the train is pulled up with a chain or cable along the [[lift hill]] to the first peak of the coaster track. Then [[potential energy]] becomes [[kinetic energy]] as the cars race down the first downward [[slope]]. Kinetic energy is converted back into potential energy as the train moves up again to the second peak. This is necessarily lower as some mechanical energy is lost due to [[friction]]. Then the train goes down again, and up, and so on. However, not all coasters run this way. The train may be set into motion by a launch mechanism (flywheel launch, linear induction motors, linear synchronous motors, hydraulic launch, [[compressed air launch]], [[drive tire]], etc.). Some coasters move back and forth along the same section of track; these roller coasters are called shuttles because of this motion and usually run the circuit once with riders moving forwards and then backwards through the same course. And there are even roller coasters which are powered by a kind of locomotive.

A properly designed roller coaster under good conditions will have enough kinetic, or moving, energy to complete the entire course, at the end of which brakes bring the train to a complete stop and it is pushed into the station. A [[brake run]] at the end of the circuit is the most common method of bringing the roller coaster ride to a stop.

===Blocking===

Most large roller coasters have the ability to run two or more trains at once. These rides use a ''block'' system, which prevents the trains from colliding. In a block system, the track is divided into multiple sections or blocks. Only one train at a time is permitted in each block. At the end of each block, there is a section of track where a train can be stopped if necessary (either by preventing dispatch from the station, closing brakes, or stopping a lift). Sensors at the end of each block detect when a train passes so that the computer running the ride is aware of which blocks are occupied. When the computer detects a train about to travel into an already occupied block, it uses whatever method is available to keep it from entering.

The above can cause a [[cascade]] effect when multiple trains become stopped at the end of each block. In order to prevent this problem, ride operators follow set procedures regarding when to release a newly-loaded train from the station. One common pattern, used on rides with 2 trains, is to do the following: hold train #1 (which has just finished the ride) right outside the station, release train #2 (which has loaded while #1 was running), and then allow #1 into the station to unload.

==History==

The earliest roller coasters descended from Russian winter [[sled]] rides held on specially constructed hills of ice, especially around [[St Petersburg]]. By the late [[1700s]] their popularity was such that entrepreneurs elsewhere began copying the idea, using wheeled cars built on tracks. One such company was 'Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville' which constructed and operated a gravity track in Paris from 1812. The first loop track was probably also built in Paris from an English design in 1846, with a single-person wheeled sled running through a 13-foot diameter loop. None of these tracks were complete circuits.

The first roller coasters in the USA were based on gravity switchback trains developed in the [[1880s]]. These primitive coasters were run to provide amusement by railroad companies on weekends when ridership was lower. The earliest complete circuit track appeared in 1884, and in 1885 Phillip Hinkle introduced the concept of the "lift hill." By [[1912]], the first [[underfriction]] coaster was developed by [[John Miller (entrepreneur)|John Miller]], often called the [[Thomas Edison]] of roller coasters. Soon, roller coasters spread to amusement parks all around the [[United States]] and the rest of the world. Perhaps the most well known historical roller coaster, [[The Cyclone]], was opened at [[Coney Island]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]] in [[1927]]. Like [[The Cyclone]], all early roller coasters were made of wood. Many old wooden roller coasters are still operational, at parks such as [[Kennywood]] near [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] and [[Blackpool Pleasure Beach]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]].

The [[Great Depression]] marked the end of the first golden age of roller coasters. Theme parks in general went into a decline that lasted until [[1972]], when the Racer was built at [[Kings Island]] in [[Mason, Ohio]] (near [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]]). Designed by John Allen, the instant success of the Racer began a second golden age, which continues through this writing ([[2003]]).

In [[1959]], the [[Disneyland]] [[theme park]] introduced a new design breakthrough in roller coasters with the ''Matterhorn Bobsleds''. This was the first roller coaster to use a tubular steel track. Unlike conventional wooden rails, tubular steel can be bent in any direction, which allows designers to incorporate loops, corkscrews, and many other manoeuvres into their designs. Most modern roller coasters are made of steel but wooden roller coasters are still being built.

[[Image:Topdragster1.jpg|190px|thumb|right|Top Thrill Dragster, the first complete circuit coaster to break the 400-ft barrier]]
Some of the major variations in contemporary roller coaster design involve the modification of the car. Some seat the passenger in a bodyless frame, with the passenger's legs dangling in the air and providing a less obstructed view of the ground, thus providing an extra scare to the passengers. Another variation involves cars that have the riders in a standing position (though still heavily strapped in). Finally, some roller coasters spend some or all of their travel time with the passengers sitting in the opposite direction to their travel, so they cannot see what direction the coaster will travel next.

New roller coaster designs and state of the art technology push the physical limits on what type of experiences can be had on the newest coasters. For example, coasters like the Incredible [[Hulk Coaster]] feature launch lift hills to create an unique experience.

[[Image:Rollercoaster_expedition_geforce_holiday_park_germany.jpg|thumb|left|Riding ''Expedition GeForce'']]

==Safety==

Because roller coasters are ''intended'' to feel risky, accidents, such as the [[September 5]], [[2003]] fatality at the seemingly tame Disneyland ''[[Big Thunder Mountain Railroad]]'', attract public attention.

Statistically, roller coasters are very safe. The U.S. [[Consumer Product Safety Commission]] estimates that 134 park guests required hospitalization in [[2001]] and that fatalities related to amusement rides average two per year. According to a study commissioned by Six Flags, 319 million people visited parks in 2001. The study concluded that a visitor has a one in one-and-a-half billion chance of being fatally injured, and that the injury rates for children's wagons, golf, and folding lawn chairs are higher than for amusement rides. In fact, driving to the amusement park has a higher risk of injury than riding the rides at the amusement park.

Nevertheless, accidents do occur. Regulations vary from one authority to another. Thus in the [[United States of America|USA]], [[California]] requires amusement parks to report any ride-related accident that requires an [[emergency room]] visit, while [[Florida]] exempts parks whose parent companies employ more than 1000 people from having to report any accidents at all. Rep. [[Ed Markey]] of [[Massachusetts]] has introduced legislation that would give oversight of rides to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).

In [[1999]], a rider who weighed more than 400 pounds (180 kg) was unable to close his lap bar properly and was thrown from the Superman coaster at [[Six Flags Darien Lake]], sustaining serious injuries. Despite this, a similar accident occurred in [[2004]] when a 230 pound (100 kg) man with cerebral palsy was permitted to board the Superman coaster at Six Flags New England and, on the last turn of the ride, was thrown from his seat and killed. Critics maintain that, despite the generally good safety record, accidents are occurring that are preventable.

In recent years, controversy has arisen about the safety of the increasingly extreme rides. There have been suggestions that these may be subjecting passengers to translational and rotational accelerations that may be capable of causing brain injuries. In 2003 the [http://www.biausa.org Brain Injury Association of America] concluded in a [http://www.biausa.org/Pages/blue_final_report.html report] that "There is evidence that roller coaster rides pose a health risk to some people some of the time. Equally evident is that the overwhelming majority of riders will suffer no ill effects."

==Types of roller coasters==
Today, there are two main types of roller coasters: [[Steel roller coaster]]s and [[Wooden roller coaster]]s (also called 'Woodies'). Steel coasters are known for their smooth ride and often convoluted shapes that frequently turn riders upside-down via inversions known as loops, corkscrews, pretzels, and other descriptive names. Wooden coasters are fondly looked at by coaster enthusiasts for their more rough ride and "air-time" produced by negative G-forces when the coaster car reaches the top of some hills along the ride. Much debate can be had regarding which coaster type is better, as they both have their pros and cons.

Regardless of the type of roller coaster being built, coasters come in a multitude of designs. Some designs take their cue from how the rider is positioned to experience the ride. Traditionally, coaster riders sit facing forward in the coaster car, while newer coaster designs have ignored this tradition in the quest for building more exciting, unique ride experiences for the riders. In addition to changing the rider's viewpoint, coaster designs also focus on track styles to make the ride fresh and different from other coasters.

One method of designing a coaster is to select one item from each of the different coaster options: height, rider experience, and track design. These three elements combine to make a unique coaster for the park.

===Rider Experience===
*Sit Down (or Standard) roller coaster
*[[Floorless roller coaster]]
*[[Flying roller coaster]]
*[[Stand-up roller coaster]]
*[[Suspended Swing roller coaster]]
*[[Virginia Reel roller coaster]]

===Height-specific===

Some names originated by Cedar Point, a pioneer in breaking height records, have become general parlance for coasters in certain height categories:

*[[Stratacoaster]] - over 400 ft tall
*[[Gigacoaster]] - over 300 ft tall
*[[Hypercoaster]] - over 200 ft tall

===Track Design===
*[[Duelling roller coaster]]
*Figure 8 roller coasters
*[[Inverted roller coaster]]
*[[Launched roller coaster]]
*[[Moebius Loop roller coaster]]
*[[Out and Back roller coaster]]
*[[Racing roller coaster]]
*[[Shuttle roller coaster]]
*[[Side friction roller coaster]]
*[[Spinning roller coaster]]
*Twister roller coaster
*[[Wild Mouse roller coaster]]

== Designers and manufacturers ==
*[[Anton Schwarzkopf]]
*[[Arrow Dynamics]]
*[[Bolliger & Mabillard]] (B&M)
*[[Chance Rides]]
*[[Custom Coasters International]]
*Dinn Corporation
*Gerstlauer
*[[Giovanola]]
*Great Coasters International
*[[Intamin]]
*Morgan Manufacturing
*[[Philadelphia Toboggan Company]]
*[[S&S Power]]
*[[Setpoint]]
*[[Werner Stengel]]
*Togo
*[[Ron Toomer]]
*[[Vekoma]]
*[[Zamperla]]
*Zierer

== See also ==
* [[Notable roller coasters]]
* [[:Category:roller coasters|List of roller coasters]]
* [[:Category:Roller coaster elements|Roller coaster elements]]
* [[:Category:Types of roller coasters|Types of roller coasters]]
* [[Rollercoaster (movie)| Rollercoaster]], a movie featuring a number of roller coasters

== External links ==
{{define}}{{pic}}
* [http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/v/a/vac3/table.html A list of roller coaster patents, with links to the U.S. Patent office]
* [http://rcdb.com/ Roller Coaster Database]
* [http://www.vast.org/vip/book/home.htm Roller Coaster Physics]
* [http://www.aceonline.org/ American Coaster Enthusiasts]
* [http://www.rccgb.co.uk/ Roller Coaster Club of Great Britain]
* [http://www.coasterclub.org/ European Coaster Club]
* [http://www.ceemr.org/ Spanish Coaster Club]
* [http://www.realcoasters.com/ Realcoasters.com - Roller Coaster Photography]
* [http://www.coasterbuzz.com/ Coasterbuzz enthusiast news and forum]
* [http://www.thrillnetwork.com/ ThrillNetwork enthusiast news and forums]
* [http://www.coasterradio.com/ Coaster Radio podcast website]

[[Category:Roller coasters| ]]
[[Category:Amusement rides]]

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Switch solo

2005-11-06T21:02:55Z

Jackqu7: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Solo (debit card)]]

Alton Towers

2005-10-31T17:16:54Z

Jackqu7: rv vandalism

'''Alton Towers''' is [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s best known [[theme park]]. It is based north of the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]] in [[Staffordshire]], on the site of an old mansion by the same name.

==History of gardens==
[[Image:Alton Towers from Morris's Seats of Noblemen and Gentlemen (1880).JPG|thumb|300px|Alton Towers in 1880]]
As an example of the Mixed Style of [[Humphrey Repton]]'s gardens, Alton Towers' garden was begun, ''ca.'' [[1814]] by the eccentric 15th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]], of whom [[J. C. Loudon]] (who was consulted on design features of which there were many) relates that he consulted every artist, only to avoid 'whatever an artist might recommend'. Loudon's published criticism remains history's wittiest pan of preposterous garden design since [[Alexander Pope]].

Alton Towers grew into a collection of gardens: a Swiss Cottage, a [[Stonehenge]], a Dutch garden, a Pagoda Fountain, said to be based on the To Ho pagoda in Canton, Lysicrates' [[Choragic Monument]] from [[Athens]] (a feature in English gardens since the 1760s), domed glasshouses (originally gilded), even a fairly large [[Matterhorn]] as a backing to one of [[England]]'s earliest [[Alpine garden]]s.

The first [[garden gnomes]] were introduced at Alton Towers, in punishment for which the rides and slides of the modern Theme Park add to the eccentricity of a nobleman's fancy whose parkland, 'the work of a morbid imagination, joined to the command of unlimited resourses' (according to Loudon) is now also occupied by a hundred acres (400,000 m²) of 'sensational rides and attractions'.

==Modern theme park==
Alton Towers was purchased by [[The Tussauds Group]] in 1990. In [[2005]] It was brought up when the [[Dubai International Capital|DIC]] investment group purchased [[The Tussauds Group]]. Today it is notable for its extreme rides, including ''[[Nemesis roller coaster|Nemesis]],'' a [[rollercoaster]] in which people hang with their legs dangling down (or up as the case may be), and ''Oblivion,'' the world's first vertical drop rollercoaster. The oldest rollercoaster at the site is ''Corkscrew'', a ride with two [[inversion]]s which many riders find uncomfortable due to its rough track. Billed as the first of its kind, ''Air'' is a rollercoaster, unusual in that finders find themselves suspended [[horizontal]]ly facing down, as though [[flying]]. This is known as a [[flying roller coaster]]. Inside the towers is the ride ''Hex'', a surreal attraction which is based on a [[myth]] surrounding the towers and their history.

The latest attraction at Alton Towers is ''[[Rita - Queen of Speed]]'', a ride themed around racing. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and reaches 100 kilometres per hour in just 2.5 seconds.

Guests can stay at one of two [[hotels]] on the site. The Best one is Splash Landings as the walls are sound proof so you can have all night sex sessions baby yea!!! if you want a go call 0 1 2 1 do 1! Doing this also gives them free admission to the [[Cariba Creek]] [[water park]]. When Cariba Creek was first built, only hotel residents could visit. However, non-residents can now also use the water park with payment of an admission fee [http://www.altontowers.com/waterpark/openingpricing.asp].

Rumours are rife that a so-called "Project Dolphin" is being planned for the park, which will represent a massive investment in Alton Towers (where and when this money is being invested is currently unknown, however).

Project Dolphin is Alton Towers plan to change with the publics needs for extreme entertainment. This could involve moving into completly different relms of entertainment, from extreme [[golf]] to [[ice climbing]] which are both listed by the Towers as possibilities, along with many more. With DIC investing around 48 million in the towers next year, guests can expect some vast improvements. The Alton Towers hotel is great for couples who like all night shagging and it holds ths best swingers night in down town history.

Due to a recent court battle with local residents, the Towers is starting to encure problems with their end of session [[fireworks]]. However, the towers is still fighting hard to keep them running. The court battle ended in [[October]][[2005]] leaving Alton Towers with the permission to stage three of the five firework and laser displays. The park now has a noise abduction order inplace meaning that it cannot exeed 40 decibels to nearby neighbours.

==Park Guide==

The park is split into several themed areas. In order clockwise they are:

===Towers Street===

Towers Street is the first area that visitors to the park encounter, themed as a town street, which leads to views of the gardens and the tower. The street contains several shops, including the Towers Trading Co., which sells official park merchandise. Also in the area is the skyrail station, which visitors can use to reach other areas of the park:)

===Merrie England===

An area themed around vintage [[England]]. Rides include spinning tea cups and The Flume, where riders float along the lake in bath tubs. Also in the area is several gaming sideshows, such as hoop-tossing and basketball hoops, in which prizes can be won. Several food outlets provide food, with the Courtyard Tavern also serving alcohol, as the park's only pub.

===Katanga Canyon===

Rides include the Runaway Mine Train (an electric coaster) and the Congo River Rapids. Both are classic well-established rides in the park and meet in a tunnel where the screams of the Runaway Mine Train meet the cheers of the River Rapids. The area hosts Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut stalls with a shared indoor seating area. There is a shop located at the exits of the two rides called Katanga Cargo, hosting much strange and wonderful ancient tribal themed mechandise as well as the photo stalls for the rides.

===Gloomy Wood===

The Gloomy Wood is a small area home to Duel: The Haunted House Strikes Back!. The ride used to be a normal haunted house ride, but it was recently modified to be a Laser Gun Ride themed around a haunted house in an attempt to make it more eye-catching.

===Forbidden Valley===

Themed around post-apocalyptic land, with huge rocks and a rusty colour. One of the major rides is nemesis, an inverted roller coaster based around a monster. AIR, loses the post-apocalyptic theme, from a rusty colour, to a more aqua colour, and AIR is the World's first flying roller coaster.

===The Gardens===

The gardens fill the valley between the Forbidden Valley and the Towers. The skyride bridges the valley, but there are some steep paths which go down into the valley. Crossing the valley using these paths takes up to 30 minutes and requires good shoes, but can be worthwhile and pleasant. Dotted around the gardens are various ancient follies, including a pagoda fountain by ryan wheeler.

===Ug Land===

Themed around a comic-book style dinosaur land, Ug Land, previously called Festival Park, contains some of the oldest rides of the park. Corkscrew is a corkscrew rollercoaster containing two consecutive corkscrew elements. Built by [[Vekoma]] in 1980, the ride is now seriously rattly, and riders are advised to keep their head held firmly back against the headrest.

Other rides in the area include Ug Swinger, and the new ride for 2005, Rita - Queen of Speed, a ride themed around [[Drag racing]]. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and is an Accelerator (or Launched) coaster, made by [[Intamin AG]].

===Cred Street===

Home to the [[BBC|BBC's]] [[Tweenies]], Cred street is aimed at the younger audiance of Alton Towers. There is a wide selection of bouncy castles and ball pits in the Tweenies Play Pen, as well as ice cream shops, sweet shops and a Tweenie's Store. There are also traditional rides such as [[Carousel|Carousels]] and more modern rides such as a frog hopper and a ginger bread car tour.

Toyland Tours used to be located next to Cred Steet. It was recently closed for a retheme which will transform the ride into ''Charlie And The Chocolate Factory''. Similar to Toyland Tours, the new ride will use boats and the slightly modified ride system. The extensive theme will be based on [[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]] and will include a pre-show and post show. The ride is set to cost in the reigion of 2 - 4.5 Million Pounds. this part of the park id also for propa minga like urself, ass hole.

===The Towers===

The towers are what gives the park its name, and is an ancient mansion house in which the family who owned the estate lived. Visitors can wander around a limited area of the towers, which also features a spooky maze during the Halloween period. Added for the 2000 season was ''Hex - the Legend of the Towers'', an indoor swing ride which made use of the history of the towers, in particularly the legend of a curse which stated that whenever a branch from a specific tree fell, a member of the Earl's family would die.

There is currently a 1.1 million pound project in place to restore the oldest parts of the castle. What will happen to the space when restored is currently unknown, however new rides or tours of the castle are both possibilities.

===X-Sector===

A futuristically-themed area, X-Sector contains the park's innovative Oblivion ride, a rollercoaster in which riders are said to experience a 90 degree drop (actually 87.5 degrees). The extra-wide roller coaster cars are held danging over the edge for a few seconds before plunging downwards into a big hole amid mist, and then re-emerging into a heavily banked turn leading back into the station. It was the first vertical drop coaster in the world and was manufactured by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]]. It's official name is a diving machine.

Also in the area are the Enterprise and Submission thrill rides, and the Black Hole rollercoaster, which features a sprial lift and is entirely indoors, in the dark. This ride closed for the 2005 season however, and is currently standing but not operating. The park is looking for a buyer for the ride.

===Adventure Land===

The storybook land, next to Towers Street, is designed for younger visitors. Rides include Squirrel Nutty's Ride, a track-based ride which includes story-telling elements, and Spinball Whizzer, a pinball themed spinning rollercoaster.

===Old MacDonalds Farm===

Themed around a traditional farm, this area contains a small petting zoo as well as a few rides for younger visitors, which include Doodle Doo Derby, a farm-themed carousel, and Riverbank Eye Spy, a recently rethemed boat ride.

==Facts and Figures==

* The monorail is from [[Expo 86]] which was held in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]].

==Related links==
*[[List of British Theme Parks]]

==External links==
*[http://www.altontowers.com/ Official Alton Towers Website.]
*[http://www.altontowersmagic.com/ Alton Towers Magic - A Guide To The Uks Number One Theme Park]
*[http://www.towersnerd.com/ Towers Nerd - Detailed Unofficial Guide.]
*[http://www.gardenvisit.com/t/c4s4.html Brief garden history.]
*[http://www.towersalmanac.com/ Alton Towers Almanac (unofficial guide).]
*[http://www.themeparks-uk.com/ TP:UK Unofficial Alton Towers Guide.]
*[http://ukthemeparks.blogspot.com/ UK Theme Parks Blog.]
*[http://www.towerstimesforum.co.uk/ Friendly and informative forum made for and by Alton Towers Enthusiasts.]
*[http://www.thrillnetwork.com/ ThrillNetwork.com Amusmement Park News and Information]

{{Template:British theme parks}}

[[Category:Amusement parks]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Theme parks in the United Kingdom]]
[[de:Alton Towers]]

Doom 3

2005-10-26T17:25:46Z

Jackqu7: /* List of levels */ Remove underground link

{{Infobox CVG| title = Doom 3
|image = [[Image:Doom3box.jpg|250px|center]]
|developer = [[id Software]]
|publisher = [[Activision]]
|designer =
|engine = [[Doom 3 engine]]
|released = [[August 3]], [[2004]] (PC) [[March 14]], [[2005]] (Mac) [[April 4]], [[2005]] (Xbox)
|genre = [[First-person shooter]]
|modes = [[Single player]], [[multiplayer]]
|ratings = [[ESRB]]: Mature (M), [[BBFC]]: 18
|platforms = [[Personal Computer|PC]] ([[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] / [[Linux]]), [[Mac OS X]], [[Xbox]]
|media = PC: [[Compact disc|CD]] (3); Mac: [[DVD]] (1)
|requirements =
|input =
}}
'''''Doom 3''''' is a [[first-person shooter]] [[computer game]] developed by [[id Software]] and published by [[Activision]]. Set in 2145 in the [[Union Aerospace Corporation]] (UAC) research center on [[Mars (planet)|Mars]], it is a reimagining of the original ''[[Doom]]'', with completely new graphics and [[game engine]].

The [[Personal Computer|PC]] version ([[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[Linux]]) was released, a [[Mac OS X|Mac]] version (ported by [[Aspyr]]) and a version for [[Xbox]] (co-developed by [[Vicarious Visions]]) followed. The Xbox version is graphically similar to the original but features an additional two player co-operation mode.

An expansion, ''[[Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil]]'', co-developed by id Software and [[Nerve Software]], has been released.

A ''Doom'' [[Doom (movie)|movie]], loosely based on the franchise, was released on October 21st, 2005.

==History==
In [[June]] [[2000]], [[John Carmack]] posted a plan [http://finger.planetquake.com/plan.asp?userid=johnc&id=14425] announcing the start to a remake of ''[[Doom]]'' using next generation technology. This plan revealed controversy had been brewing within id over the decision.

[[Kevin Cloud]] and [[Adrian Carmack]], two of id Software's owners, were always strongly opposed to remaking ''Doom''. They thought that id was going back to the same old formulas and properties too often. However, after the warm reception of ''[[Return to Castle Wolfenstein]]'' and the latest improvements in rendering technology, most of the employees agreed that a remake was the right idea and confronted Kevin and Adrian with an ultimatum: "Allow us to remake ''Doom'' or fire us" ( including John Carmack ). After the reasonably painless confrontation (although artist [[Paul Steed]], one of the instigators, was fired in retaliation) the agreement to work on ''Doom 3'' was made.

The game was in development for four years. In [[2001]] it was first shown to the public at [[MacWorld]] in [[Tokyo]] and was later demonstrated at [[E3]] in [[2002]], where a 15 minute gameplay demo was shown in a small theater. It won five awards at E3 that year. Shortly after E3, a development version of the game leaked from [[ATI Technologies]] and quickly spread on the [[Internet]]. The game was also shown at the subsequent E3 exhibitions in [[2003]] and [[2004]], although id software's website was not updated to include the Doom 3 project until America's autumn in 2003. According to some comments by John Carmack, the development took longer than expected. Originally the game was planned for release around the same time as two other highly anticipated games, ''[[Halo 2]]'' and ''[[Half-Life 2]]'', in [[Christmas]] 2003. However none of those games managed to make Christmas season.

''Doom 3'' achieved [[Development stage|gold]] status on [[July 14]], [[2004]], and a [[Mac OS X]] release was confirmed the next day on [[July 15]], [[2004]]. ''Doom 3'' was released in the US on [[August 3]], [[2004]]. Additionally, a [[Linux]] version was released on [[October 4]], [[2004]]. Due to high demand, the game was made available at select outlets at midnight on the date of release. The game was released to the rest of the world on [[August 13]], [[2004]] (except for [[Russia]] and other countries of the former [[Soviet Union]], where official localisation was delayed, and the game was released on [[December 10]], [[2004]]).

Two days before its official release, ''Doom 3'' was released by pirate groups onto the Internet where it became possibly the fastest spreading pirated game ever. As the game's focus is its single-player mode, the need for a valid retail serial number for online multiplayer gaming was a weak deterrent against piracy. Other factors contributing to the high demand for the pirated version were the gamers' expectations for ''Doom 3'' and delayed release outside of the US.

==Features==
[[Image:Doom3Marine.jpg|thumb|right|The shadowing and lighting on the marine's face exemplify the unified lighting engine]]
[[image:Doom3UIintegration.jpg|right|thumb|Interactive displays replaced traditional switches]]

According to John Carmack, the lead graphics engine developer at id, the "tripod of features" in ''Doom 3'' technology are:

* [[Unified lighting and shadowing]]
* Complex animations and scripting that show off the real-time, fully dynamic per-pixel lighting and stencil shadowing
* [[GUI]] surfaces that add extra interactivity to the game

The key aspect of the ''Doom 3'' graphics engine is the unified lighting and shadowing. Rather than computing or rendering lightmaps during map creation and saving that information in the map data, most light sources are computed on the fly. This allows lights to cast shadows even on non-static objects such as monsters or machinery, which was impossible with static lightmaps. A shortcoming of this approach is the engine's inability to render [[soft shadows]] and [[ambient lighting]].

To create a more movie-like atmosphere, id interspersed the gameplay with many in-game animated sequences of monsters ambushing the player or just lurking around.

To increase the interactivity with the game-world, id designed hundreds of high-resolution animated screens for in-game computers. Rather than using a simple "use key", the crosshair acts as a mouse cursor over the screens allowing the player to use a computer in the game world.

Other important features of ''Doom 3'' engine were [[normal mapping]] and specular highlighting of textures, realistic handling of object physics, dynamic, ambient soundtrack and multi-channel sound.
==Weapons==
* Fists - Just like in real life, you can punch, people, zombies, demons, etc.
* Flashlight - Bash zombies and demons and see in the dark, too.
* Pistol - Small handgun, holds 12 rounds. Not very powerful.
* Shotgun - The most useful gun in the game. Shreds zombies at close range. Holds 8 shells.
* Machine gun - Like a pistol, but with a bigger clip and faster rate of fire. Holds 60 rounds.
* Chaingun - Like a Machine gun, but with multiple barrels, so that you can chug away faster than ever. 60 Shots at a time.
* Plasma gun - Fires hot balls of plasma. 50 shots per clip.
* Grenades - For a little more BOOM in your DOOM.
* Rocket Launcher - Can fire 5 shots without reloading. Very powerful.
* Chainsaw - Rocks! Saws through instantly!
* Soul Cube - Kills most enemies with one blow and replenishes player's health. Is recharged by player killing any five enemies.
* BFG 9000- powerful energy charge weapon, capable of killing most creatures in a single shot.

==Story==
{{spoiler}}

Similar to the story of the original ''Doom'', the game focuses on the marine who was transferred to Mars and sent out on a routine mission. In contrast to its earlier disdain for storytelling, this time id Software employed a professional science-fiction writer [[Matthew Castello]] to write the script and assist in story-boarding the entire game. id focused on retelling the story and creating a tense horror atmosphere. The game's events and atmosphere show a great deal of influence from [[George Romero]]'s ''Living Dead'' series.

Unlike in previous id games, there are now cut scenes that give purpose and context for the player's actions. Similar to other science fiction action/horror games such as ''[[System Shock]]'', ''[[System Shock 2]]'' and ''[[Aliens versus Predator (computer game)|Aliens versus Predator 2]]'', hundreds of text, voice, and video messages are scattered throughout the base. The messages are internal e-mails and audio reports sent between lab workers, administrators, maintenance staff, and security personnel at the Mars base. The messages explain the background story, show the feelings and concern of the people on the Mars base and reveal information related to plot and gameplay. Video booths and televisions give planetary news, [[corporate propaganda]], visitor information and technical data about the base.

The story of Doom 3 surrounds the discovery of ancient ruins underneath [[Martian]] soil. These tablets record how an ancient Martian race developed a form of teleporter technology. They realized an important fact all too late, however; the route the teleporter took passed through [[Hell]]. Quickly invaded by demons, this alien race created and sacrificed themselves to a weapon known as the [[Soul Cube]]. This cube, powered by the souls of almost every being of this alien race, was used by their strongest warrior to defeat and contain the demons in Hell.

Having done so, the remainder of the alien race constructed warnings to any who visited Mars, warning them ''not'' to recreate this technology; to avoid opening Hell. They then teleported to an unknown location, fleeing Mars, although there are hints that humans may be the descendants of this race. It's stated that the demons once inhabited Earth but lost it (probably due to the martian race coming to Earth and defeating them there, or some other unknown cause) and were banished to Hell which they consider to be a prison. That shows that the demons want to reclaim Earth. The concept of the demons living on Earth could also explain the extinction of the [[dinosaurs]].

The UAC, discovering the [[Soul Cube]] and the warnings, used them to invent the same teleporter technology. Discovering that they opened a gate to Hell, scientists instead decided to explore further (encouraged by the head scientist, Malcolm Betruger), sending teams in and even capturing living specimens from the realm. After Betruger took the Soul Cube into Hell, the Demons again invaded Mars, confident that the only key to their defeat lay safe in their hands. However one man, the marine who the player controls, proves too tough for the forces of Hell to contain, and soon learns of the Soul Cube, and the portal to Hell where it is held.

Surviving many battles, the player enters Hell, and defeats [[The Guardian of Hell]]: A blind demon which uses smaller creatures named seekers to "see". With the Guardian defeated, the Soul Cube is used to defeat the horrific [[Cyberdemon]], and seal the second portal to Hell. The ending scene shows the sole surviving marine being rescued by the fleet, and Malcolm Betruger's head is briefly seen before "half becoming" a dragon-like demon called the Maledict.

==Atmosphere==
Perhaps most important element in the gameplay and action of ''Doom 3'' is the atmosphere. Most of the levels are very dark, to create the feeling of helplessness and scare the player

==Hardware requirements==
For a modern game with an [[Unified lighting and shadowing|advanced graphics engine]], ''Doom 3'' had suitably high minimum system requirements. Early during development it was widely expected that the recommended video cards would be DirectX 8 capable, such as [[Radeon]] 8500/9000 and [[GeForce 3]] (where ''Doom 3'' made its debut in 2001), but nearing release those cards only constituted near-minimum requirements. Early reports also indicated that there was supposed to be legacy support for the widespread DirectX 7 technology such as the [[Radeon]] 7200 and [[GeForce 2]], but at release, the [[GeForce 4]] MX was the only DirectX 7 chip officially supported.

It was widely reported on various review sites that a minimally recommended 1.5 GHz processor coupled with a [[GeForce 2]] MX [[graphics card]] achieved satisfactory performance with the game (about 20 frame/s in low resolution). The Macintosh version runs satisfactorily even on a 1.25 Ghz G4 powerbook with an NVIDIA GeForce FX Go5200 GPU.

However, to make full use of the [[game engine]], newer hardware is required. A high-end CPU (based on those available in 2004) coupled with the [[GeForce]] 7800 graphics card or [[ATI Technologies|ATI]]'s [[Radeon]] X800 benchmark well over 70 frame/s in 1024x768 resolution (more than the built-in engine's framerate of 60 frame/s). A 6600GT however will also easily play the game on the same hardware at those speeds under the same conditions in most situations. [[As of 2005|As of mid 2005]] the best videocard for ''Doom 3'' is two Geforce 7800 GTX's running in SLI mode.

While the game's packaging declared that 384MB RAM was required to run the game, it was highly recommended that around 1GB RAM be present in the machine. Having 512MB RAM or lower would cause the game to freeze for lengthened periods of time when entering a new room, due to the textures being preloaded into the limited memory. This could, however, be avoided by reducing the texture size to medium, which was recommended for video cards with 128 mb of RAM in any case, and keeping the resolution at 800x600 or 640x480. It is possible, but difficult, to achieve smooth gameplay at 1024x768 with detail set to high on a machine with 512MB RAM. Alternatively, the data package containing the textures could be [[ZIP archiver|unzipped]] (the file was essentially a ZIP archive with a different file ending), speeding up file access.

==Reception==
Few games have polarized gaming as much as ''Doom 3'' has, causing the two groups reactions to the game to be wildly different.

===Critical and hardcore reception===
The most often named gameplay shortcomings of the game are:

* Reliance on traditionally overused horror techniques such as pitch black darkness, limited use of the [[flashlight]] and stock [[horror movie cliché]]s, which some feel makes the game frustrating to play rather than scary or atmospheric;
* Repetitive gameplay, similar linear levels during parts of the game, no ability to use the flashlight and the weapon at the same time, whereas today many real-life weapons have hands-free light attachments (however, many light-mods on the internet add a flashlight to the guns);
* Somewhat stale storytelling techniques, forcing the player to read or listen to messages by hiding access codes in them, and a shortage of cut-scenes providing story exposition;
* Poor monster [[Artificial intelligence|AI]], over-reliance on scripted sequences;
* Somewhat limited use of physics
* A small [[multiplayer]] deathmatch mode (no co-op as in the original ''Doom'') of only a few people, although ''Doom 3'' was attempting to focus on the single player experience.

It has been argued that many of these criticisms are based on expectations for other types of FPS games. During development, ''Doom 3'' was often compared with the equally anticipated ''[[Half-Life 2]]''. Some have argued that since ''Doom 3'' was released before ''Half-Life 2'', many have come to expect things from it that they previously had expected from ''Half-Life 2''. For example, the common complaint about ''Doom 3'''s lack of environment interactivity could be considered a subtle complaint that ''Doom 3'' doesn't have a ''Half-Life 2''-style "Gravity Gun", a weapon which can pick up small items in the world and throw them around. Ironically, ''Doom 3'' was said to have a "Gravity Gun" item designed long before ''Half-Life 2'', but was not in the game proper. This weapon appears in the ''Doom 3'' expansion known as ''[[Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil]]'', which has drawn the ire of those who feel id is pandering to ''Half-Life 2'' fans.

Some critical reviewers consider that the technological level of ''Doom 3'' is similar to that of other games of [[2004]], and that features such as [[bump mapping]] had already become industry standard. For example, an often mentioned feature of ''Doom 3'', [[per-pixel lighting]] and [[stencil shadowing]], had already been implemented in many games released in 2003, even a budget title from [[Activision]] Value called ''[[Secret Service: Security Breach]]''.

===Rebuttals to critical reception===

Many gamers claim the apparent "shortcomings" are not shortcomings at all, but are integral to the gameplay id determined to display for Doom 3.

Since ''Doom 3'' is a remake of the original ''Doom'' - a game which did not have high-end concepts common in today's more complex games, remaking ''Doom'' with too much complexity would remove a key component that made ''Doom'' popular in the first place.

In addition, the flashlight is a key element of ''Doom 3's '' gameplay - the player must balance between seeing the enemy, and defeating it. In the default game, (without any modifications added) almost every monster has glowing eyes, or some aspect of bioilluminescence which offers a target for the player. Modifying the weapons to project light, results in the mystery of "the unknown" to be less potent and frightening. Additionally, muzzle flashes can be enabled for marginally better visibility while firing.

Another rebuttal concerns the story of ''Doom 3,'' which is done through the use of audio and video logs. Using logs like this harkens back to the age of ''[[System Shock 2]]'' and aids the progression of the story. Interestingly, it has been commented that normally the type of gamer who has played ''System Shock 2'' is the breed of gamer who would be expected to be critical of the comparatively simple ''Doom 3''.

Despite its apparent 'flaws', the game was still a success for id Software, with the planned total revenue estimated by [[Activision]] at $20 million. The financial success was bolstered by the near-record number of pre-orders placed for the game. id Software also typically benefits from licensing the engine to other developers. Several games are already being developed using a modified ''Doom 3'' engine, including ''[[Quake IV]]'', ''[[Enemy Territory: Quake Wars]]'', ''[[Return to Castle Wolfenstein 2]]'' and ''[[Prey (computer game)|Prey]]''.

As of [[August 17]], ''Doom 3'' has garnered an average review score of 88%, according to 81 media outlets on [http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/469881.asp GameRankings.com]. By the same source, it is in the top 10 [[List_of_IBM_PC_games|PC games]] of 2004.

==List of levels==

There are 27 levels in Doom 3. Most of them are quite large and require at least an hour each for a first-time player to complete.

{{spoiler}}

<ol>
<li>Introduction - introduces the player to the game's controls</li>
<li>Mars City Underground - in the Communications Building, things start to go awry. The shooting begins here.</li>
<li>Mars City - The same level as the Introduction, but after the demon invasion.</li>
<li>UAC Administration - the pinky demon is introduced
<li>Alpha Labs (4 sectors) - Built in 2095 and located on Site 2, Alpha is the UAC's center research lab. Sector 1 houses the EPD, and Hydrocon systems/maggots are introduced</li><li>Sector 2 - Trites appear</li><li>Sector 3 - contains a very hidden plasma gun</li><li>Sector 4 - Player must navigate the EFR, vagary (the first boss) appears, and there is the "they took my baby" sequence</li>
<li>Energy Processing (EnPro) - The player is introduced to the Lost Soul/wraiths and must repair the reactor.</li>
<li>Communications Transfer - introduction of cacodemons, most outdoor areas in the game, chainsaw makes it's appearance, berserk pack appears for the first time
<li>Communications - player has to make decision to send, or not send the SOS transmition
<li>Recycling (2 sectors) - Where trash is processed in the UAC. The Revenant is introduced, and the only level with toxic waste pools</li><li>Sector 2 - Level is filled with toxic gas, Mancubus/cherubs are introduced
<li>Monorail - The player must take it to reach the Delta Labs.</li>
<li>Delta Labs (4 sectors)- Sector 1 - player must turn on main reactor</li><li>Sector 2 South - player teleports for the first time</li><li>Sector 2 North - archviles start showing up/soulcube backplot is revealed</li><li>Sector 3 - numerous teleporting trips</li><li>Sector 4 - hellknights appear/Betruger sends you to hell</li>
<li>Hell - The player must defeat the Guardian (Boss 2) to retrieve the [[Soul Cube]].</li>
<li>Delta Labs revisited - It is revealed that Sarge has become a bad guy/ first and only appearance of ticks
<li>Central Processing - Campbell dies/player must enter lab A
<li>Central Server Banks - The player fights boss #3, Sabaoth, the demon transformation of Sergeant Kelly.</li>
<li>Site 3 - Where archaeological research is done/ the last time you see the surface of mars</li>
<li>Caverns (2 sectors) - The player advances towards the primary excavation site, where the hell-portal is located. Sector 1 contains the old mars base, and you have many vertical decents to face</li><li>Caverns 2 - features ancient martian ruins/double vagary boss battle at end of level</li>
<li>Primary Excavation - The player must defeat the Cyberdemon (4th and final boss) and seal the hell-portal.</li>
</ol>

==Software patent controversy==
A week before the game's release, it became known that an agreement to include [[Environmental Audio Extensions|EAX]] audio technology in ''Doom 3'' reached by id Software and [[Creative Labs]] was heavily influenced by a [[software patent]] owned by the latter company. The patent dealt with a technique for rendering shadows called [[Carmack's Reverse]], which was developed independently by both John Carmack and programmers at Creative Labs. id Software would have been putting themselves under legal liability if they used the technique in the finished game, so to defuse the issue, id Software agreed to license Creative Labs sound technologies in exchange for indemnification against lawsuits. [http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/32824]

==Web-integration==
Shortly following the announcement of ''Doom 3'''s development, a promotional website was released that serves as the homepage of the fictional corporation operating on Mars in the game. Until the announcement of gold status, the site served as a teaser; later a countdown to the release date was added. The website for [[Martian Buddy]], a fictional corporation prominently featured in the game, was also revealed before the game launch.

Some other developers have also created websites for in-game companies in the past. For example, [[Rockstar Games]] created sites for most companies mentioned in commercials on the in-game radio in ''[[Grand Theft Auto (series)|Grand Theft Auto]]''.

==Linux==
''Doom 3'' continued id's long track record of creating games that were Linux compatible. This was primarily a result of id's decision to use the [[OpenGL]] standard for the graphics engine as opposed to Microsoft's proprietary [[Direct3D]] API which is only available for the Windows line of operating systems (including the [[Xbox]]). The executable for the Linux version can be found on id's FTP [ftp://ftp.idsoftware.com/idstuff/doom3/] or [[BitTorrent]] server [http://zerowing.idsoftware.com:6969/]. It can also be downloaded from [http://www.doomwadstation.com/doom3/demo Doom Wad Station]. [[Timothee Besset|TTimo]] also has a [[Wiki]] with information regarding the Linux version [http://zerowing.idsoftware.com/linux/doom/].

==Development team==
* [[John Carmack]] — Game engine (graphics)
* [[Timothee Besset|Timothee 'TTimo' Besset]] — Network Code, [[GtkRadiant]], Linux conversions (formerly a contractee hailing from Paris, now part of the team in Texas)
* [[Graeme Devine]] — Sound engine
* [[Seneca Menard]] — 3D modelling (formerly of [[DreamWorks]])
* [[Kenneth Scott]] — Lead artist
* [[Fred Nilsson]] (worked on [[Antz]] and [[Shrek]] at [[DreamWorks]] as an animator) — Animation
* [[Jim Dose]] — [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] and scripted scenes
* [[Robert Duffy]] — Lead programmer
* [[Jan Paul van Waveren]] — Game engine (physics)
* [[Tim Willits]] — Lead designer
* [[Adrian Carmack]] — Artist
* [[Patrick Duffy (game developer)|Patrick Duffy]] — GUI designer
* [[Paul Jaquays]] — Level designer
* [[Malvern Blackwell]] — Level designer
* [[Christian Antkow]] — Level designer
* [[Kevin Cloud]] — Artist

Some work was done by outside specialists:
* [[Chris Vrenna]] — (one of the first members of [[Nine Inch Nails]] who wrote the music for ''[[Quake]]'') — Music (Note: [[Trent Reznor]] left part-way through development and no longer has sound or music in ''Doom 3'')
* [[Matthew Castello]]  (a [[science fiction]] writer who worked on the famous games ''[[The 7th Guest]]'' and ''[[The 11th Hour]]'') — (non-id) — Game script
* [[Splash Damage, Ltd.]] — The company that co-developed ''Doom 3'' multiplayer maps

==External links==
; Guides

* [http://ucguides.savagehelp.com/Doom3/Doom3Guide.htm UpsetChaps's Doom3 Guide] is part of their very sucessful guide site ([http://ucguides.savagehelp.com/Doom3/Doom3Guide.htm Doom3], [http://ucguides.savagehelp.com/Quake4/Quake4Guide.html Quake4], [http://ucguides.savagehelp.com/Quake3/AquaQuake3Guide.html Quake3], [http://ucguides.savagehelp.com/Tribes2/Tribes2Guide.htm Tribes2], [http://ucguides.savagehelp.com/TribesVengeance/TribesVengeanceGuide.htm Tribes Vengeance]). In depth tips, tricks and tweaks make all of these guides a must have 'bookmark'.

; Websites
*[http://www.doom3.com/ Official ''Doom 3'' website]
*[http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/469881.asp?q=Doom%203 Collection of Reviews of Doom 3]
*[http://www.ua-corp.com Union Aerospace Corporation] — A website for the fictional corporation that owns the Martian base where ''Doom 3'' is taking place
*[http://www.martianbuddy.com Martian Buddy] — A website for another fictional corporation from the game
*[http://www.doommarine.com DoomMarine] Doom museum and fansite.
*{{moby game|id=/doom-3|name=''Doom 3''}}
*[http://www.dracowyzard.com DracoWyzard] — A website mentioned perhaps only once in-game, intended to be a parody of text-based [[MUD]] games.
*[http://articles.filefront.com/Doom_3_Interview/;468;;;/article.html Interview with id CEO John Hollenshead]
*[http://www.tech-recipes.com/windows_games_tips537.html Complete List of ''Doom 3'' Console Commands] — at Tech-recipes.com
*[http://iddevnet.com idDevNet] - Official MOD support website for the [[Doom 3 engine]]
*[http://www.doom3world.org/phpbb2/index.php Doom3World.org Forums] — Technical Help Forum & Custom Content Creation for the [[Doom 3 engine]]
*[http://wiki.doom3reference.com/wiki/Main_Page ''Doom 3'' Editing Wiki] - Reference material for the [[Doom 3 engine]]
*[http://fabio.policarpo.nom.br/relief/index.htm Doom3 Relief Mapping]
*[http://doom3.ca ''Doom 3'' game info] - Reference material for ''Doom 3'' mods, weapons, walkthrough
*[http://www.doom3portal.com Doom 3 Portal] - Fansite with fanfiction, walkthrough and more
*[http://doom.freakygaming.com Doom Freaks] - Map & Mod reviews, tutorials and news.

{{DOOMgames}}
[[Category:2004 computer and video games]]
[[Category:Activision games]]
[[Category:Doom]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:Apple Macintosh games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer online games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox games]]
[[Category:Computer and video game remakes]]

[[de:Doom#Doom III]]
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[[zh:毁灭战士3]]

Lost (TV series)

2005-10-22T09:48:29Z

Jackqu7: rv

:''This article is about the drama series; for the reality series, see [[Lost (reality TV series)]].''
{{infobox television |
| show_name = Lost
| image = [[Image:lost_poster_2005.jpg|200px]]
| caption =
| format = [[Drama]]/[[Science Fiction]]
| runtime = 42 minutes
| creator = [[J.J. Abrams]] [[Damon Lindelof]] [[Jeffrey Lieber]]
| starring = ''See [[#Cast and characters|Cast and characters]] below''
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| network = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| first_aired = [[September 22]], [[2004]]
| last_aired = present
| num_episodes = 26 (plus two specials)
| imdb_id = 0411008
}}
'''''Lost''''' is an [[United States|American]] [[drama]]/[[adventure]] [[television series]] set in the aftermath of a [[plane crash]] on a mysterious tropical [[desert island|island]] somewhere in the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]].

==Overview==
The series was [http://www.lost-tv.com/exclusives/damon081804.html developed exclusively] by [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]: former studio executive [[Lloyd Braun]] pitched an idea about a plane crashing on a remote island to series creator [[J.J. Abrams]] in January 2004, after most of the new series for the 2004 fall season had already been selected and begun production. Under significant time pressure from the start, Abrams collaborated with [[Damon Lindelof]] to create the show’s unique style and characters, occasionally even creating characters to fit an actor they wished to cast. From this difficult beginning, which included the filming of the [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0411008/trivia most expensive pilot in television history], came one of the biggest critical and commercial successes of the [[2004 in television| 2004 television season]], and ''Lost'', along with fellow freshman series ''[[Desperate Housewives]]'', helped reverse the fortunes of the underperforming ABC. In September 2005, ''Lost'' won the [[Emmy Award]] for Outstanding Drama Series.

The series uniquely tracks two major, interconnected themes: first, the struggles of the forty-eight survivors of the crash as they cope with living together on the strange island, and second, the lives of the fourteen main characters before the crash, retold through [[flashbacks]]. In most episodes, the primary focus of the action is on a specific character and includes flashbacks from that character's point of view, explaining why they were on the plane and providing insight to the viewer about the character's secrets and motivations. The exceptions to this are the [[television pilot|pilot]] and season one finale episodes, in which flashbacks from several characters are featured and depiction of action on the island takes a much more general approach.

The show is produced by [[Bad Robot Production]] and [[Touchstone Television]]. The [[incidental music|music]] is composed by [[Michael Giacchino]].

==Season Synopses==
{{spoiler}}
===Season 1: 2004-2005===
{{main|Episodes of Lost (Season 1)}}
A [[plane crash]] strands the surviving passengers of Oceanic Flight 815 on a seemingly [[desert island|deserted tropical island]], forcing the group of strangers to work together to stay alive. However, their survival may also ultimately depend on unraveling the mysteries of the island, including the contents of a hatch buried in the ground, the origins of an enormous creature that roams the jungle, and the motives of the unknown "others" who may also inhabit the island.

===Season 2: 2005-2006===
{{main|Episodes of Lost (Season 2)}}
Season two began airing [[September 21]], [[2005]]. Several new characters have appeared (and will appear) in the new season, including [[Ana-Lucia Cortez]], who previously appeared in the Season 1 finale. This season begins 44 days after the crash and also introduces [[The Dharma Initiative]] and its benefactor, [[The Hanso Foundation]], which may be responsible for some or all of the strange occurrences on the island.

==Story elements==


There are several recurring story elements on ''Lost'', which drive central plot points and the development of the survivors as they try to live on the island.

===Black and White===
The colors [[black and white]], which traditionally reflect good or positive forces versus evil or negative forces, have been featured a number of times, particularly in regards to John Locke. In "[[Episodes of Lost (Season 1)#Pilot|Pilot]]", Locke shows Walt a black and a white [[backgammon]] piece and says, "two players, two sides, one is light, one is dark." In "[[Episodes of Lost (Season 1)#House of the Rising Sun|House of the Rising Sun]]", Jack finds a pouch on a pair of mummified corpses, nicknamed "[[Adam and Eve]]" by the survivors, containing one white stone and one black stone, which he then hides from Locke. In the opening sequence of "[[Episodes of Lost (Season 1)#Raised by Another|Raised by Another]]", Claire has a nightmare in which Locke has one black eyeball and one white eyeball. The black-and-white logo of [[The Dharma Initiative]] appears on various surfaces in the hatch compound; the same symbol appears on the labels of all the food in a storage room, and [[:Image:Lostsharktail.jpg|on the tail]] of a shark that circles Michael and Sawyer.

===Fathers===
Most of the major characters have fathers who are or were either absent, reluctant, or destructive. Thus far, the father issues of Locke, Jack, Sawyer and Walt have been the most well explored, with Locke in particular being the victim of a wretched betrayal in "[[Episodes of Lost (Season 1)#Deus Ex Machina|Deus Ex Machina]]". These characters are not alone, however: Aaron was abandoned by his father (Claire's boyfriend Thomas), Claire's past with her father has been alluded to, Kate's father is possibly dead, Shannon's father is dead, Hurley's father is absent, and Sun's father is a particularly destructive force. In contrast to this prevalence of father issues, the only main character whose father seems to have been a positive force is Jin's. In this instance it was Jin's shame at his father's poverty that led him to tell Sun and others his father was dead. Additionally, though previously absent, Michael is working diligently at being a good father to Walt. Up until now, there has been little to no mention of the fathers of Boone, Sayid or Charlie.

===The Numbers===
The number sequence [[4 (number)|4]], [[8 (number)|8]], [[15 (number)|15]], [[16 (number)|16]], [[23 (number)|23]], [[42 (number)|42]] is a recurring and significant story element. This string of numbers was broadcast from the island's radio transmitter, and it was this message that drew Rousseau's expedition to the island. Though she later changed the message after the deaths of her team, the numbers had also been heard by others, eventually making their way to Hurley, who used them to win the lottery. However, after his win, a series of misfortunes begin to happen to those around Hurley, leading him to believe the numbers are cursed. His search for answers leads him to Australia and, through the crash, to the island itself, where he ultimately discovers the numbers engraved on the hatch. Inside the bunker, the sum of these six numbers, [[108 (number)|108]], also becomes significant. The numbers appear as the code for the computer inside the hatch, as well as their sum being what the timer counts down from. Significantly, these numbers frequently appear individually throughout the lives of the survivors, both before and after the crash.

===Redemption===
Many of the characters are in one way or another finding redemption and second chances as a result of being on the island. Locke is the first character to do so, when he discovers that he has mystically regained use of his legs and brings back food to the survivors; after this, Locke begins to lead many of the other characters towards their own personal redemption: He gathers water for the other survivors, a move which helps encourage Jack to become the de facto leader of the group; he helps Charlie kick his heroin habit; he encourages Sawyer to face his past misdeeds involving an incident that transpired before Sawyer left Australia; he helps Boone let go of his relationship with Shannon; he finds Walt's lost dog and allows Michael to take credit, and then later helps Michael bond with/save Walt when Walt is attacked by polar bears; and his philosophizing to Shannon encourages her to pursue a relationship with Sayid.

This can also refer to the title, giving it a double meaning of people being 'lost' or 'adrift' in life, but finding themselves and getting a chance to make things right on the island.

===Philosophy===
[[John Locke]] and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], for whom the characters John Locke and Danielle Rousseau are named, were both famous social contract philosophers who dealt with the relationship between nature and civilization. Locke believed that all men were born with a "clean slate" (''[[tabula rasa]]''), which was also the name of [[Episodes_of_Lost_%28Season_1%29#Tabula_Rasa|the third episode]].

The [[Dharma Initiative#Dharma Initiative logos|Dharma Initiative logos]] resemble the [[Taoist]] symbol known as the [[Bagua (concept)|Bagua]].

==Cast and characters==

{{main|Characters of Lost}}
*[[Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje]] as [[Characters of Lost#Mr. Eko|Mr. Eko]] (Season 2)
*[[Naveen Andrews]] as [[Sayid Jarrah]]
*[[Emilie de Ravin]] as [[Claire Littleton]]
*[[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]] as [[Jack Shephard]]
*[[Jorge Garcia]] as [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes]]
*[[Maggie Grace]] as [[Shannon Rutherford]]
*[[Josh Holloway]] as [[James "Sawyer" Ford]]
*[[Malcolm David Kelley]] as [[Walt Lloyd]]
*[[Daniel Dae Kim]] as [[Jin-Soo Kwon]]
*[[Yoon-jin Kim|Yunjin Kim]] as [[Sun-Soo Kwon]]
*[[Evangeline Lilly]] as [[Kate Austen]]
*[[Dominic Monaghan]] as [[Charlie Pace]]
*[[Terry O'Quinn]] as [[John Locke (Lost)|John Locke]]
*[[Harold Perrineau Jr.]] as [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael Dawson]]
*[[Michelle Rodriguez]] as [[Ana-Lucia Cortez]] (Season 2)
*[[Ian Somerhalder]] as [[Boone Carlyle]] (Season 1)
*[[Cynthia Watros]] as [[Characters of Lost#Libby|Libby]] (Season 2)

==Syndication==
''Lost'' is syndicated worldwide, being broadcast in the following countries in order of date of first broadcast:
* [[United States]]: [[September 22]] [[2004]] on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
* [[Canada]]: [[September 22]] [[2004]] on [[CTV]]
* [[Sweden]]: [[January 31]] [[2005]] on [[TV4 AB|TV4]]
* [[Norway]]: [[February 2]] [[2005]] on [[TV Norge]]
* [[New Zealand]]: [[February 2]] [[2005]] on [[TV2]]
* [[Australia]]: [[February]] [[2005]] on [[Seven_Network]]
* [[Croatia]]: [[February]] [[2005]] on [[Nov@ tv]]
* [[Netherlands]]: [[February]] [[2005]] on [[NET5]]
* [[Hong Kong]]: [[2005]] on [[AXN]]/local tv - [[TVB]] Pearl]
* [[Singapore]]: [[2005]] on [[AXN]]/local tv - [Mediacorp Channel 5]
* [[Portugal]]: [[March 6]] [[2005]] on [[RTP1]]
* [[Brazil]]: [[March 7]] [[2005]] on [[AXN]]. Rights for open broadcast bought by Globo, no data announced yet.
* [[México]]: [[March 7]] [[2005]] on [[AXN]].
* [[Spain]]: [[April 4]] [[2005]] on [[FoX]] and [[June 5]] [[2005]] on [[TVE 1]]
* [[Germany]]: [[April 4]] [[2005]] on [[Pro 7]]
* [[Israel]]: [[April 16]] [[2005]] on [[Xtra HOT]]
* [[Italy]]: [[May]] [[2005]] on [[FoX]]
* [[Ireland]]: [[May 23]] [[2005]] on [[RTÉ Two]]
* [[South Africa]]: [[May 23]] [[2005]] on M-Net 5|Channel 5
* [[France]]: [[June 25]], [[2005]] on [[TF1]]
* [[Russia]]: [[July 10]] [[2005]] on [http://www.1tv.ru 1st TV channel]
* [[United Kingdom]]: [[August 10]] [[2005]] on [[Channel 4]]
* [[Hungary]]: [[August 26]] [[2005]] on [[RTL Klub]]
* [[Lithuania]]: [[September 10]] [[2005]] on [[Lietuvos Radijas ir Televizija|LRT]]
* [[India]]: [[September 17]] [[2005]] on [[Star Movies]]
* [[Belgium]]: [[September 19]] [[2005]] on [[VT4]]
* [[Slovenia]]: [[September 26]] [[2005]] on [[POP TV]]
* [[Serbia and Montenegro]]: [[October 1]] [[2005]] on TV Pink
* [[Japan]]: [[October 2]] [[2005]] on [[AXN]]
* [[Malaysia]]: [[October 3]] [[2005]] on [[8TV (Malaysia)|8TV]]
* [[Romania]]: [[October 14]] [[2005]] on [[TVR1]]
* [[México]]: [[October 18]] [[2005]] on [[TV Azteca]] dubbed into [[Spanish language]]

It was announced on [[October 12]] [[2005]] (to coincide with the launch of the video-capable [[iPod]]) that episodes of Lost will be made available for download from the [[ITunes Music Store|iTunes store]].

==See also==
*[[Airdates of Lost]]
*[[Characters of Lost]]
*[[Episodes of Lost (Season 1)]]
*[[Episodes of Lost (Season 2)]]
*[[Oceanic Airlines]]
*[[The Dharma Initiative]]
*[[The Hanso Foundation]]

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Lost}}
*{{imdb title|id=0411008|title=Lost (2004-present)}}



; Official tie-in sites
* [http://www.oceanic-airlines.com/ Oceanic Airlines]; contains many hidden easter eggs about characters on the show
* [http://www.thehansofoundation.org/ The Hanso Foundation], founder of the Dharma Initiative

; Production related sites
* [http://www.oceanicflight815.com/ Oceanic Flight 815] - Official LOST Website
* [http://www.thefuselage.com/ The Fuselage], forum sponsored by J.J. Abrams and the show's creative team.
* [http://www.i-am-lost.com/ I Am Lost], Flash game based on the show.

; Network sites
* [http://abc.go.com/primetime/lost/ ABC: Lost] (US)
* [http://abc.go.com/primetime/lost/episodes/2004-05/1.html ABC: Lost episode guide (Season One)] (US)
* [http://www.channel4.com/lost/ Channel 4 (UK): Lost] (United Kingdom)
* [http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/show/CTVShows/1095870160985_5/ CTV: Lost] (Canada)
* [http://www.tvazteca.com/programas/series/lost/ Azteca7: Perdidos] (Lost) (Mexico)(in Spanish)

{{LostNav}}

[[Category:2000s TV shows in the United States]]
[[Category:Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Lost| ]]

[[de:Lost (Serie)]]
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Alton Towers

2005-10-22T09:48:02Z

Jackqu7: rv

'''Alton Towers''' is [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s best known [[theme park]]. It is based north of the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]] in [[Staffordshire]], on the site of an old mansion by the same name.

==History of gardens==
[[Image:Alton Towers from Morris's Seats of Noblemen and Gentlemen (1880).JPG|thumb|300px|Alton Towers in 1880]]
As an example of the Mixed Style of [[Humphrey Repton]]'s gardens, Alton Towers' garden was begun, ''ca.'' [[1814]] by the eccentric 15th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]], of whom [[J. C. Loudon]] (who was consulted on design features of which there were many) relates that he consulted every artist, only to avoid 'whatever an artist might recommend'. Loudon's published criticism remains history's wittiest pan of preposterous garden design since [[Alexander Pope]].

Alton Towers grew into a collection of gardens: a Swiss Cottage, a [[Stonehenge]], a Dutch garden, a Pagoda Fountain, said to be based on the To Ho pagoda in Canton, Lysicrates' [[Choragic Monument]] from [[Athens]] (a feature in English gardens since the 1760s), domed glasshouses (originally gilded), even a fairly large [[Matterhorn]] as a backing to one of [[England]]'s earliest [[Alpine garden]]s.

The first [[garden gnomes]] were introduced at Alton Towers, in punishment for which the rides and slides of the modern Theme Park add to the eccentricity of a nobleman's fancy whose parkland, 'the work of a morbid imagination, joined to the command of unlimited resourses' (according to Loudon) is now also occupied by a hundred acres (400,000 m²) of 'sensational rides and attractions'.

==Modern theme park==
Alton Towers was purchased by [[The Tussauds Group]] in 1990. In [[2005]] It was brought up when the [[Dubai International Capital|DIC]] investment group purchased [[The Tussauds Group]]. Today it is notable for its extreme rides, including ''[[Nemesis roller coaster|Nemesis]],'' a [[rollercoaster]] in which people hang with their legs dangling down (or up as the case may be), and ''Oblivion,'' the world's first vertical drop rollercoaster. The oldest rollercoaster at the site is ''Corkscrew'', a ride with two [[inversion]]s which many riders find uncomfortable due to its rough track. Billed as the first of its kind, ''Air'' is a rollercoaster, unusual in that finders find themselves suspended [[horizontal]]ly facing down, as though [[flying]]. This is known as a [[flying roller coaster]]. Inside the towers is the ride ''Hex'', a surreal attraction which is based on a [[myth]] surrounding the towers and their history.

The latest attraction at Alton Towers is ''[[Rita - Queen of Speed]]'', a ride themed around racing. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and reaches 100 kilometres per hour in just 2.5 seconds.

Guests can stay at one of two [[hotels]] on the site. Doing this also gives them free admission to the [[Cariba Creek]] [[water park]]. When Cariba Creek was first built, only hotel residents could visit. However, non-residents can now also use the water park with payment of an admission fee [http://www.altontowers.com/waterpark/openingpricing.asp].

Rumours are rife that a so-called "Project Dolphin" is being planned for the park, which will represent a massive investment in Alton Towers (where and when this money is being invested is currently unknown, however).

Project Dolphin is Alton Towers plan to change with the publics needs for extreme entertainment. This could involve moving into completly different relms of entertainment, from extreme [[golf]] to [[ice climbing]] which are both listed by the Towers as possibilities, along with many more. With DIC investing around 48 million in the towers next year, guests can expect some vast improvements.

Due to a recent court battle with local residents, the Towers is starting to encure problems with their end of session [[fireworks]]. However, the towers is still fighting hard to keep them running. The court battle ended in [[October]][[2005]] leaving Alton Towers with the permission to stage three of the five firework and laser displays. The park now has a noise abduction order inplace meaning that it cannot exeed 40 decibels to nearby neighbours.

==Park Guide==

The park is split into several themed areas. In order clockwise they are:

===Towers Street===

Towers Street is the first area that visitors to the park encounter, themed as a town street, which leads to views of the gardens and the tower. The street contains several shops, including the Towers Trading Co., which sells official park merchandise. Also in the area is the skyrail station, which visitors can use to reach other areas of the park:)

===Merrie England===

An area themed around vintage [[England]]. Rides include spinning tea cups and The Flume, where riders float along the lake in bath tubs. Also in the area is several gaming sideshows, such as hoop-tossing and basketball hoops, in which prizes can be won. Several food outlets provide food, with the Courtyard Tavern also serving alcohol, as the park's only pub.

===Katanga Canyon===

Rides include the Runaway Mine Train (an electric coaster) and the Congo River Rapids. Both are classic well-established rides in the park and meet in a tunnel where the screams of the Runaway Mine Train meet the cheers of the River Rapids. The area hosts Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut stalls with a shared indoor seating area. There is a shop located at the exits of the two rides called Katanga Cargo, hosting much strange and wonderful ancient tribal themed mechandise as well as the photo stalls for the rides.

===Gloomy Wood===

The Gloomy Wood is a small area home to Duel: The Haunted House Strikes Back!. The ride used to be a normal haunted house ride, but it was recently modified to be a Laser Gun Ride themed around a haunted house so it could more eye-catching and wickedly marvolous.

BORRING this is the worlds rubbish site

===The Gardens===

The gardens fill the valley between the Forbidden Valley and the Towers. The skyride bridges the valley, but there are some steep paths which go down into the valley. Crossing the valley using these paths takes up to 30 minutes and requires good shoes, but can be worthwhile and pleasant. Dotted around the gardens are various ancient follies, including a pagoda fountain by ryan wheeler.

===Ug Land===

Themed around a comic-book style dinosaur land, Ug Land, previously called Festival Park, contains some of the oldest rides of the park. Corkscrew is a corkscrew rollercoaster containing two consecutive corkscrew elements. Built by [[Vekoma]] in 1980, the ride is now seriously rattly, and riders are advised to keep their head held firmly back against the headrest.

Other rides in the area include Ug Swinger, and the new ride for 2005, Rita - Queen of Speed, a ride themed around [[Drag racing]]. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and is an Accelerator (or Launched) coaster, made by [[Intamin AG]].

===Cred Street===

Home to the [[BBC|BBC's]] [[Tweenies]], Cred street is aimed at the younger audiance of Alton Towers. There is a wide selection of bouncy castles and ball pits in the Tweenies Play Pen, as well as ice cream shops, sweet shops and a Tweenie's Store. There are also traditional rides such as [[Carousel|Carousels]] and more modern rides such as a frog hopper and a ginger bread car tour.

Toyland Tours used to be located next to Cred Steet. It was recently closed for a retheme which will transform the ride into ''Charlie And The Chocolate Factory''. Similar to Toyland Tours, the new ride will use boats and the slightly modified ride system. The extensive theme will be based on [[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]] and will include a pre-show and post show. The ride is set to cost in the reigion of 2 - 4.5 Million Pounds.

===The Towers===

The towers are what gives the park its name, and is an ancient mansion house in which the family who owned the estate lived. Visitors can wander around a limited area of the towers, which also features a spooky maze during the Halloween period. Added for the 2000 season was ''Hex - the Legend of the Towers'', an indoor swing ride which made use of the history of the towers, in particularly the legend of a curse which stated that whenever a branch from a specific tree fell, a member of the Earl's family would die.

There is currently a 1.1 million pound project in place to restore the oldest parts of the castle. What will happen to the space when restored is currently unknown, however new rides or tours of the castle are both possibilities.

===X-Sector===

A futuristically-themed area, X-Sector contains the park's innovative Oblivion ride, a rollercoaster in which riders are said to experience a 90 degree drop (actually 87.5 degrees). The extra-wide roller coaster cars are held danging over the edge for a few seconds before plunging downwards into a big hole amid mist, and then re-emerging into a heavily banked turn leading back into the station. It was the first vertical drop coaster in the world and was manufactured by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]]. It's official name is a diving machine.

Also in the area are the Enterprise and Submission thrill rides, and the Black Hole rollercoaster, which features a sprial lift and is entirely indoors, in the dark. This ride closed for the 2005 season however, and is currently standing but not operating. The park is looking for a buyer for the ride.

===Adventure Land===

The storybook land, next to Towers Street, is designed for younger visitors. Rides include Squirrel Nutty's Ride, a track-based ride which includes story-telling elements, and Spinball Whizzer, a pinball themed spinning rollercoaster.

===Old MacDonalds Farm===

Themed around a traditional farm, this area contains a small petting zoo as well as a few rides for younger visitors, which include Doodle Doo Derby, a farm-themed carousel, and Riverbank Eye Spy, a recently rethemed boat ride.

==Facts and Figures==

* The monorail is from [[Expo 86]] which was held in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]].

==Related links==
*[[List of British Theme Parks]]

==External links==
*[http://www.altontowers.com/ Official Alton Towers Website.]
*[http://www.altontowersmagic.com/ Alton Towers Magic - A Guide To The Uks Number One Theme Park]
*[http://www.towersnerd.com/ Towers Nerd - Detailed Unofficial Guide.]
*[http://www.gardenvisit.com/t/c4s4.html Brief garden history.]
*[http://www.towersalmanac.com/ Alton Towers Almanac (unofficial guide).]
*[http://www.themeparks-uk.com/ TP:UK Unofficial Alton Towers Guide.]
*[http://ukthemeparks.blogspot.com/ UK Theme Parks Blog.]
*[http://www.towerstimesforum.co.uk/ Friendly and informative forum made for and by Alton Towers Enthusiasts.]
*[http://www.thrillnetwork.com/ ThrillNetwork.com Amusmement Park News and Information]

{{Template:British theme parks}}

[[Category:Amusement parks]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Theme parks in the United Kingdom]]
[[de:Alton Towers]]

Lost season 1

2005-10-19T19:43:06Z

Jackqu7: rv

__NOTOC__

This article contains episode summaries for the first season of the [[United States|American]] [[drama]]/[[adventure]] [[television series]] '''''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'''''. The season first aired on [[September 22]], [[2004]] and concluded on [[May 25]], [[2005]]...

In addition to the twenty-five episodes in season one, a special, "Lost: The Journey", was aired on [[April 27]], [[2005]] to put the mysteries of the island and the characters in perspective in the lead-up to the season finale. The original airdates ([[United States|U.S.]]) are listed here for each episode. For airdates on other networks and in other countries, see [[Airdates of Lost]].

{{spoiler}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto;"
|-
! '''#''' !! '''Title''' !! '''Flashbacks'''
|-
| 1 || "[[#Pilot|Pilot, Part 1]]" || Jack
|-
| 2 || "[[#Pilot|Pilot, Part 2]]" || Kate and Charlie
|-
| 3 || "[[#Tabula Rasa|Tabula Rasa]]" || Kate
|-
| 4 || "[[#Walkabout|Walkabout]]" || Locke
|-
| 5 || "[[#White Rabbit|White Rabbit]]" || Jack
|-
| 6 || "[[#House of the Rising Sun|House of the Rising Sun]]" || Sun
|-
| 7 || "[[#The Moth|The Moth]]" || Charlie
|-
| 8 || "[[#Confidence Man|Confidence Man]]" || Sawyer
|-
| 9 || "[[#Solitary|Solitary]]" || Sayid
|-
| 10 || "[[#Raised by Another|Raised by Another]]" || Claire
|-
| 11 || "[[#All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues|All the Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues]]" || Jack
|-
| 12 || "[[#Whatever the Case May Be|Whatever the Case May Be]]" || Kate
|-
| 13 || "[[#Hearts and Minds|Hearts and Minds]]" || Boone
|-
| 14 || "[[#Special|Special]]" || Michael and Walt
|-
| 15 || "[[#Homecoming|Homecoming]]" || Charlie
|-
| 16 || "[[#Outlaws|Outlaws]]" || Sawyer
|-
| 17 || "[[#... In Translation|... In Translation]]" || Jin
|-
| 18 || "[[#Numbers|Numbers]]" || Hurley
|-
| 19 || "[[#Deus Ex Machina|Deus Ex Machina]]" || Locke
|-
| 20 || "[[#Do No Harm|Do No Harm]]" || Jack
|-
| – || "Lost: The Journey" || none ([[clip-show]])
|-
| 21 || "[[#The Greater Good|The Greater Good]]" || Sayid
|-
| 22 || "[[#Born to Run|Born to Run]]" || Kate
|-
| 23 || "[[#Exodus: Part 1|Exodus: Part 1]]" || Various
|-
| 24 || "[[#Exodus: Parts 2 and 3|Exodus: Part 2]]" || Various
|-
| 25 || "[[#Exodus: Parts 2 and 3|Exodus: Part 3]]" || Various
|}

==Pilot==
*'''Original air date:''' [[September 22]], [[2004]] and [[September 29]], [[2004]] The two-hour pilot was originally split into two parts, each broadcast a week apart; it aired in its original format on [[October 2]], [[2004]].

The premise for the series is set forth in an indirect and incomplete manner, which has become the defining style of the series. The 14 principals are briefly introduced.

===Part one===
A close-up of an opening eye shows the [[pupil]] contracting. The tops of trees in a bamboo grove are seen through the eyes of man (who is later identified as [[Jack Shephard]] ([[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]]) lying on his back in the jungle. A Golden Labrador Retriever dog trots past through the trees. Obviously confused to how he arrived there, the man gazes about at the idyllic surroundings when his memories rush back to him. With great effort, he sits upright, revealing blood on his shirt. He bolts upright and runs pell-mell through the jungle, emerging at a beach strewn with the wreckage of a [[jet airliner]] and almost 50 confused survivors of the crash. It is later revealed that the plane was torn apart in mid-air while travelling from [[Australia]] to the [[United States]]. The fuselage of the jet is still burning and one of the engines is still in operation, though its speed waxes and wanes due to no apparent cause.

On the beach, Jack moves quickly among the survivors attempting to administer medical aid, identifying himself as a [[medical doctor]]. With the help of other survivors, he pulls a man with a severed leg from underneath the fuselage. When he notices a pregnant woman (whom we later meet as [[Claire Littleton|Claire]] ([[Emilie de Ravin]])) complaining of possible [[childbirth|labor pains]], he directs a nearby survivor (whom we later meet as [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes|Hurley]] ([[Jorge Garcia]])) to help her. Chaos continues as the fuselage continues to burn and disintegrate. A male survivor is sucked into the jet engine, which explodes, sending debris raining on the beach. Jack administers [[CPR]] to a woman (later identified as [[Characters of Lost#Rose|Rose]]) unconscious on the beach. In a later flashback, it is revealed that Jack was seated across the aisle from the woman on the plane and was conversing with her at the moment that plane lost cabin pressure. She had been accompanied by her husband, who had left his seat to go the lavatory. Jack had told her that he would fill in for her husband and stay by her side until her husband came back.

After administering aid to the others, Jack takes a sewing kit from a suitcase and slips off into the jungle to examine the wound on his left side. He sees a young woman (who later identifies herself to the unconscious man as [[Kate Austin|Kate]] ([[Evangeline Lilly]])) standing nearby and drafts her to sew up his wound, calming her by telling her the story of his first solo surgical procedure, where he conquered his fear during an emergency by "letting the fear" in, but only for five seconds. It is also revealed through their conversation that the plane disintegrated in the air, with the tail section of the plane having fallen off (Kate claims she saw the whole thing, while Jack says he blacked out before that).

On the beach, Jack tends to an unconscious male survivor who is badly injured by a fragment of the fuselage embedded in his torso. Kate asks Jack if he thinks the man will live, and informs him that she was sitting next to him during the flight. Other survivors (including the father and son we later meet as [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]] ([[Harold Perrineau Jr.]]) and [[Walt Lloyd|Walt]] ([[Malcolm David Kelley]])) congregate and discuss what to do with the bodies still in the fuselage. We briefly encounter the character later identified as [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]] ([[Josh Holloway]]), lounging nonchalantly on his back on the beach. The character we later meet as Hurley salvages meals from the plane's galley and distributes them, giving two to the pregnant woman he helped (her labor pains were false, but it is revealed she is eight months pregnant). A young woman whom we later meet as [[Shannon Rutherford|Shannon]] ([[Maggie Grace]]) petulantly refuses a chocolate bar offered by her male companion (whom we later meet as [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]], her step-brother ([[Ian Somerhalder]])) on the grounds that she will eat on the "rescue ship" when it arrives. Among the survivors, there is a general expectation that they will be rescued at any time. A character who identifies himself as [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]] ([[Naveen Andrews]]) organizes the clean-up of the beach.

In the evening, beyond the light of their fire, the peacefulness of the waiting is interrupted by loud terrifying noises from the nearby jungle, punctuated by the crashing of trees. The source of these noises seems invisible or hidden, and is later referred to as "The Monster". (''Note: Online fan forums also refer to the Monster as "The Creature" or "Lostzilla".'') While the survivors listen to the monster, Rose remarks that the noises sound "familiar".

The next day, Jack decides that in order to be rescued, the survivors will need to send a radio message using the [[transceiver]] of the aircraft, which is located in the [[cockpit]], which broke off in the air (In doing so, Jack reveals to Kate that he took a few flying lessons but that it "wasn't for him"). Based on Kate's descriptions of the location of smoke, he sets off into the jungle, accompanied by Kate at her insistence, as well as by a character we meet as [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]] ([[Dominic Monaghan]]). As the trio walks away from the beach, they are observed from the brush by the dog encountered in the opening scene. Kate tells Charlie he looks familiar, and he reveals to her that he is the [[bass guitar|bassist]] in a band called [[Drive Shaft]].

As the trio advances into the jungle, they are drenched by a sudden rainstorm. They encounter the nose section of the plane, which is sitting at a steep angle in the trees. The three of them, led by Jack, climb into the nose and scale the steep floor, where Jack pries open the cockpit door. Inside he and Kate find the pilot, still in his seat, who awakens suddenly. The pilot reveals to Jack and Kate that the plane had lost radio contact before the crash, and had changed course towards [[Fiji]]. They were, in his reckoning, 1000 miles off course and thus no one knows where they are. The pilot locates the transceiver, but he cannot get it to function.

Meanwhile on the beach during the same rainstorm, a group of the survivors huddles in part of the fuselage. The conspicuous exception is an older man (whom we later meet as [[John Locke (Lost)|John Locke]] ([[Terry O'Quinn]])) who sits alone in the rain on the beach with his arms outstretched up the air, as if glorifying in the rain itself. A young [[Korea]]n couple (whom we later meet as [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin-Soo]] and [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun-Soo Kwon]] ([[Daniel Dae Kim]] and [[Yoon-jin Kim]])) huddles under part of the fuselage. The man tells the woman in Korean to stick close to him at all times.

In the jungle, the conversation in the cockpit is interrupted by loud noises from outside the plane, accompanied by mechanical thrashing identical to the "Monster" heard by the other survivors on the beach. The pilot attempts to investigate by climbing out a broken cockpit window. To the horror of the others, he is seized by some unseen presence while halfway out the window and disappears. Jack grabs the transceiver and he and Kate exit the cockpit in terror. Kate notices that Charlie has disappeared. He suddenly emerges from the lavatory to the suspicion of Kate. As the three run from the "Monster", Charlie is nearly taken by it and Jack leaves Kate to return to fetch him. She calms herself by counting to five as Jack had suggested. Later as the three walk back towards the beach they encounter the pilot's bloodied body suspended in the tree tops.

===Part two===
It is Sayid, a former communications officer with the [[Iraqi Republican Guard]], joined by Kate, Charlie, Boone, the snarky Sawyer, and Boone's sister Shannon, who takes the transceiver inland in an attempt to use it to communicate with the outside world. Sayid's effort to send a message to civilization is thwarted by a mysterious transmission in French that has been repeating for over 16 years. Meanwhile, back at camp, the others discover other mysteries about their fellow passengers.

==Tabula Rasa==
[[Image:Lost tabularasa 074.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ray Mullen in episode Tabula Rasa]]
*'''Original air date:''' [[October 6]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austin|Kate]]
In a makeshift infirmary tent, Jack is tending to the Marshal who mutters the same thing over and over through his pain: "Don't trust her. She's dangerous." When Jack asks him who "She" is, the Marshal tells him to look in his Jacket pocket. Upon looking at the wallet, he finds a picture of Kate.

The "Signal Party" is working their way back down the mountain. It's getting dark and some of them want to make camp for the night. Sawyer wants to press on through the jungle at night, but anyone who has seen the last two episodes knows that isn't a very good idea and he is convinced to stay. Sitting around the fire, they discuss what they should tell the others about the French transmission. That information has not improved their peace of mind, so they decide not to tell the others anything in order to preserve hope.

At the beach in the tent, Jack is trying to save the Marshall. Hurley enters and stumbles across Kate's picture and asks "What do you think she did?" - instantaneously, we see a flashback:

Kate, being prodded by a shotgun held by a farmer (Ray) who wants to know what she is doing sleeping in his barn. After a frank exchange, the two find that they can be of service to each other. He needs some help on the farm, she needs a job and a place to stay, and claims her name is "Annie".

Back at the Signal Party, Boone lifts the gun from Sawyer and the clip from Sayid as they sleep. They wake up and an argument ensues over who should have the gun, but they can't agree on a trustworthy candidate - until they arrive at Kate. She reluctantly agrees to keep it.

The next morning, Hurley arrives at the infirmary tent to tell Jack the "Signal Party" has returned. Kate pulls Jack aside and says she has something she wants to tell him, in private. Jack is relieved, assuming that she is going to confide in him. But when they get down to it, Kate tells Jack about the French transmission. He asks if there is anything else she'd like to tell him. She asks if the Marshal has regained consciousness. When Jack tells her he did briefly during the surgery, Kate asks if he said anything to Jack. Jack considers the question for a moment before answering, "No".

The Marshal's condition has deterioated. If they don't find some stronger antibiotics, he's not going to make it. Hurley tells him he's looked everywhere, except the fuselage where the deceased are.

Jack enters the wreckage and does his best to avoid disturbing the bodies as he makes a desperate search for anything that will help the Marshal. Hearing something rustling behind him, he finds Sawyer combing the fuselage for a different reason - turns out he's doing a little personal shopping. Jack berates him for disrespecting the dead, but Sawyer tells Jack to get with the program. Jack still thinks they are back in civilization while Sawyer realizes they are "in the wild".

On the beach, Charlie is helping Claire collect luggage using a wheelchair from the plane and they begin to form a bond. Meanwhile, Sun presents a suitcase to Jin, but after closer inspection Jin determines it is the wrong one and tells Sun to keep looking. But before she does, he tells her to go and clean up her face, because she is embarrassing him. As she turns to leave, he tells her he loves her.

Hurley bumps into Kate at the infirmary tent and tries to play it cool about knowing her secret and in the process notices the gun in her waistband, despite his lieing abilities. We then flashback to:

Kate, who decides it's time to move on from the Australian farm. But when she accepts a ride from Ray to the train station, she learns that he is planning on turning her in to the authorities. He saw her picture at the post office and he really needs that reward money. Kate looks in the side mirror to see the Marshal behind them. In a desperate attempt to get away, Kate jerks the wheel and crashes the truck off the road. Saving the farmer from the truck costs her a chance to escape and she is captured by the Marshal.

Back in real time, while leaning over her body, the Marshal wakes up and lunges at Kate's throat, choking her. Jack has to pull him off of her before he does any harm.

Michael struggles to forge bond with Walt and he wants to know what Locke told him yesterday. Walt says it's a secret, but when Michael presses the issue, Walt reveals that Locke told him "a miracle happened". Michael wants him to stay away from Locke.

When the rain stops, Michael searches for the dog in jungle. He hears something in the tall grass. He runs as fast as he can to get away from it and runs smack into Sun, who is topless and washing herself. There is an awkward moment between them.

Back on the beach, the Marshal is dying; loudly. His screams are taking a physical toll on the rest of the group. Sayid asks Jack if anything can be done. Jack says he is doing all he can. The Marshal tells Jack he wants to speak to Kate alone. While she is in the tent, Hurley tells Jack about the gun he saw in her pants. Jack races back to the infirmary tent before it's too late:

Sawyer walks out of the tent, coolly. He did what had to be done; what Jack couldn't do. Horrible groans come from the tent again. We go in to find that the Marshal still isn't dead - Sawyer dubiously shot him in the chest. He was aiming for the heart - though missed. It will take hours for him to bleed out and he will suffer horribly. Jack throws an extremely shaken Sawyer out of the tent. And a few moments later the moans stop for good. Jack emerges and walks past Sawyer without a word.

==Walkabout==
*'''Original air date:''' [[October 13]], [[2004]]
the Monster is closing upon Locke; however, he returns to the camp with a slain [[boar|wild boar]], and the other survivors believe that he has killed it himself. Locke seems to have directly encountered the mysterious Monster, but we do not know what he saw.

==White Rabbit==
*'''Original air date:''' [[October 20]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard]]
Joanna, a character who had not been previously mentioned, drowns in the ocean, despite Boone and Jack's best efforts to save her. They hold a makeshift funeral for her, with the few bits of information they can glean from her few recovered possessions.

Delirious from a lack of sleep, Jack believes he sees his father stalking him from a distance, and forsakes the leadership role the others have thrust upon him in order to follow the apparition and determine whether he is hallucinating. While flashbacks explain why Jack was in Australia, Boone gets himself into trouble with the others. Jack's search for his father results in finding a source of fresh water for the survivors, as well as a cave that will afford shelter.

==House of the Rising Sun==
*'''Original air date:''' [[October 27]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun]]
All are shocked when Jin attacks Michael without warning; Sayid is forced to handcuff him to a portion of the plane wreckage to keep the peace. While the survivors argue whether to stay on the beach — where a rescue party could see them — or move to the cave in the jungle near fresh water, the story of Jin and Sun is revealed in a series of flashbacks. Jin went to work for Sun's father in order to gain his permission to marry her. After working years for her father, Jin returns home late one night, his clothes and hands covered with blood. Horrified by the violent life that Jin apparently has taken up, Sun plotted to run away from Jin — but at the last minute decided to join Jin on the fateful flight. Sun reveals to Michael that she can speak English, but Jin does not know. She says Jin attacked Michael over her father's watch, which Jin had been keeping, and which Michael had found after the crash and been innocently wearing.

==The Moth==
[[Image:Lost Charlie 1.jpg|left|thumb|Charlie Pace (played by Dominic Monaghan)]]
*'''Original air date:''' [[November 3]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]]
Charlie begins a painful journey of withdrawal from drugs, aided by Locke, whose true motive for helping Charlie is a mystery. Meanwhile, survivors—especially Charlie—struggle to find and free Jack when he's buried alive in a cave collapse, and someone might be secretly thwarting Sayid, Kate, and Boone when they enact a plan to find the source of the French transmission.

In flashbacks, Charlie recalls his glory days playing with his band, [[Drive Shaft]], with his brother, Liam. Both were unprepared for the phenomenal success of their band, and got caught up in anonymous sex and [[drug abuse]]. The band eventually splits due to the ego-warring between the two brothers. Charlie attempts to recruit Liam for a reunion tour, but by this time Liam has settled down with a family in Australia, though Charlie is still using drugs.

In the end, Charlie, whose sense of self-worth has been increasingly diminished, finds new confidence after rescuing Jack, and choosing to toss his drugs into a fire.

==Confidence Man==
[[Image:Lost Shannon 1.jpg|right|thumb|Shannon Rutherford (played by Maggie Grace)]]
*'''Original air date:''' [[November 10]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]]
When Shannon's [[asthma]] becomes a problem, everyone becomes convinced that Sawyer is hoarding some inhalers from the wreck. Jack and Sayid torture him, but he agrees to give up the inhalers in return for a kiss from Kate. She agrees, and he says that he doesn't have the inhalers after all. Sun helps Shannon by making a [[eucalyptus]] salve to clear her bronchial passages.

In flashbacks, we learn that Sawyer is a [[con man|confidence man]]. His parents were ruined by another grifter named Sawyer, whose name he took as an alias when he entered a similar life of crime to pay some debts. He hates himself for this, which explains why he seems to go to such great lengths to make everyone else hate him. We do not know his real name. (Later episodes revealed that his name is James Ford.)

After the torture incident, despite a plea from Kate, Sayid sets off alone to explore the island's shoreline, disgusted with himself for breaking a vow never to do anything like that again. Charlie convinces Claire to move to the caves; they seem to be striking up a close relationship.

==Solitary==
*'''Original air date:''' [[November 17]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]]
On his own, Sayid finds a cable running out of the ocean and into the jungle. He follows it, is captured, and tortured by a mysterious woman who identifies herself as [[Characters of Lost#Danielle Rousseau|Danielle Rousseau]] ([[Mira Furlan]]). It is her voice on the automatically repeating distress call; she seems mentally unbalanced. She claims to have been stranded on the island when a "science expedition" ran aground there. She also claims to have killed most of the other expedition members after they became "infected"—controlled by some sort of disease or mind control (this is very vague). She also warns him to keep an eye on the others.

In his flashbacks, we learn of Sayid's career in the Republican Guard, and how he conspired to help a childhood friend, Noor (nicknamed Nadia), escape execution and developed feelings for her.

Meanwhile, Hurley builds a [[golf]] course (site of "the first — and hopefully only — Island Open", in his words) to improve morale among the castaways, and Locke agrees, without Michael's knowledge, to teach Walt ([[Malcolm David Kelley]]) some woodcraft. Another new character, [[Characters of Lost#Ethan Rom|Ethan]] ([[William Mapother]]), helps Locke hunt.

Sayid eventually escapes from Rousseau's bunker, but he hears the whispering voices in the jungle of which she spoke.

==Raised by Another==
*'''Original air date:''' [[December 1]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Claire Littleton|Claire]]
Two nights in a row, Claire wakes up screaming; on the second, she insists that someone held her down and stabbed her stomach to hurt her unborn child, although no physical marks support this. Jack questions her and learns that the baby is due in just over a week; concerned that stress could trigger early [[childbirth|labor]], he says Claire is having [[anxiety]] [[nightmare]]s, and that an attack would have been unlikely with so many other people around. But Charlie — who has been doting on Claire — isn't so sure, and the alleged attack prompts Hurley to begin a [[census]] of the islanders.

Angered by Jack's suggestion that she wasn't really attacked and his advice to take a mild [[sedative]], Claire leaves the cave alone and heads for the beach. Charlie catches up to her shortly before she is overcome by [[contraction (childbirth)|contractions]]; on the way to get Jack, he finds Ethan and tells him to relay the message. Charlie manages to calm Claire down, and the contractions end.

In flashbacks, we learn that Claire was flying to [[Los Angeles]] on the advice of a [[psychic]] who had initially warned her not to let anyone else raise the child, but claimed he'd found a "good" couple in the [[United States|U.S.]] to [[adoption|adopt]] the baby. After she tells Charlie her story, the two conclude the psychic's insistence that Claire take the doomed flight indicated he'd known about the crash.

An ailing Sayid returns to camp and tells the others he found the woman on the recording, and Hurley reveals that one of the island's inhabitants (apparently Ethan) was not listed on the [[flight manifest]] as one of the plane's passengers. Simultaneously, Ethan ominously accosts Claire and Charlie in the jungle.

==All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues==
*'''Original air date:''' [[December 8]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard|Jack]]
Haunted by flashbacks to his relationship with his alcoholic father (particularly one episode where he vainly attempts to perform CPR on a patient on the operating table after his father fatally botches the surgery), Jack follows Locke into the jungles in pursuit of Ethan, who has kidnapped Claire and Charlie. The good doctor soon splits off on his own, against Locke's suggestion to follow quietly. Eventually, Jack returns and two parties form up: Jack and Kate follow a trail left behind by Charlie, while Locke and Boone track a series of footprints.

During an episode of rain, Jack and Kate get separated. Jack stumbles down an embankment after hearing what sounds like Claire screaming, and when he comes to at the bottom, Ethan is standing over him. The two men struggle, but the mysterious outsider gets the upper hand, and he warns Jack that if he continues to follow, he will kill one of the hostages.

Kate soon comes to Jack's aid, and the pair follows Ethan's path until they come across Charlie, blindfolded and hanged by his neck from a tree branch. They cut him down, and Jack furiously performs [[CPR]] — despite Kate's pleas that it's a lost cause — until Charlie coughs his way back to life.

The episode ends at nightfall, with Jack, Kate, and Charlie back at the caves, where Charlie reveals that it was Claire that Ethan wanted all along, and with Boone and Locke somewhere in the jungle, where they discover a piece of metal embedded in the ground — which is ''not'' shrapnel from the plane. [1]

==Whatever the Case May Be==
[[Image:Lost Kate 1.jpg|left|thumb|Kate (played by Evangeline Lilly)]]
*'''Original air date:''' [[January 5]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austin|Kate]]
Kate takes an interest in a metal suitcase she and Sawyer find while swimming; she tries twice to steal it from him before going to Jack, claiming the case contains weapons and money and belonged to the U.S. Marshal (who was buried with the key). Kate and Jack open the case to find the items, along with a small metal airplane; when pressured, Kate says it belonged to the man she loved – and the man she killed. Flashbacks show a New Mexico bank robbery orchestrated by Kate to get into a [[safe deposit box]] containing the envelope.

Meanwhile, the tide moves further inland, and passengers scramble to move belongings from the beach; Rose, who maintains faith that her husband is still alive, coaxes Charlie out of his funk and gets him to help. Also, Sayid seeks Shannon’s help in translating some of Rousseau’s apparently random notes, which she later recognizes as lyrics to the song played over the credits of [[Finding Nemo|"a cartoon fish movie."]] (The song is [[Charles Trenet]]'s "La Mer", the French original of [[Bobby Darin]]'s classic "[[Beyond the Sea (song)|Beyond the Sea]]".)

==Hearts and Minds==
*'''Original air date:''' [[January 12]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]]
Boone mentions to Locke that others are suspicious of their apparently fruitless “boar hunting” trips — actually excursions to the mysterious metal object — and says he wants to tell Shannon; Locke responds by knocking him unconscious. Boone finds himself tied up by Locke, who treats his head wound and leaves a knife so he'll be able to free himself, given "the proper motivation" — Shannon's screams and the sound of the Monster approaching. Despite attempts to hide, the Monster kills Shannon, and Boone finds her corpse lying along a stream. However, Boone realizes upon returning to camp that this never happened — it was a sort of [[vision quest]] Locke felt was crucial to his survival. When asked how he felt seeing Shannon die, Boone replies “relieved.”

Flashbacks reveal that Boone went to [[Sydney, Australia]] to rescue Shannon — his stepsister — from an abusive boyfriend, only to realize he had been set up by Shannon to get some of his mother’s money. Boone is later approached by a drunken Shannon, who says she knows he’s always been in love with her. Their kisses apparently lead to sex, and Shannon claims that things will go back to normal. In one flashback, Boone is in a police station in Sydney, where his conversation with one of the officers is interrupted by a handcuffed Sawyer, dragged in kicking and snarling.

Meanwhile, Hurley turns to Jin for help with fishing. Kate discovers a garden Sun is planting in the jungle and figures out that she can speak English. Locke gives his compass to Sayid, who figures it must be faulty because its magnetic [[north]] does not align with true north.

==Special==
*'''Original air date:''' [[January 19]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]]
An annoyed Michael confronts Walt, who has been studying knife skills under Locke, and enlists his help in scavenging parts from the wreck to build a raft. Eventually, Walt tells his dad that he is going to get some water and runs off with his dog. Michael initially accuses Locke of contributing to his son's delinquency despite his repeated warnings, but when he sees that the boy is not with Locke, the two men track Walt into the jungle. Michael risks his own life to save Walt from one of the island's unlikely predators, a polar bear, thus aiding the reconciliation between the two.

Flashbacks show that Michael and Susan (Walt's mother) were unmarried, and when Walt was only a few months old, Susan, an ambitious young lawyer, accepted a job in Amsterdam and took her child with her. She married a co-worker when Walt was two, and their work eventually brought them to Australia. Michael didn't see his son again until after Susan's death from a blood disorder. It was her wish that he be given custody.

Walt is hinted to have some sort of supernatural power over his surroundings. As a child in Australia, Walt opens one of his books to a picture of a native bird—and shortly afterwards the bird fatally slams into a nearby window. On the island, while teaching him to throw a knife, Locke tells the boy to visualize hitting the target, and Walt fires and embeds the blade perfectly on the mark. Later, a polar bear appears soon after the [[comic book]] Walt had been looking at, which featured a picture of a polar bear, is thrown in the fire by his father.

Charlie recovers Claire's diary from Sawyer with help from Kate. As he skims through it, hoping to find some mention of him in her musings, he reads her description of a dream about a "black rock" which corresponds to a location on Sayid's stolen map. He shows this to the others, thinking it might be a clue to her whereabouts. However, while exploring, Locke and Boone are shocked by the sudden appearance of Claire, stumbling out of the jungle.

* Trivia: The comic book read by Walt is ''[[Green Lantern]] / [[Flash (comics)|Flash]]: Faster Friends'' #1.

==Homecoming==
*'''Original air date:''' [[February 9]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]]
Claire returns to camp, apparently with [[amnesia|no memory]] of anything after the flight. After Ethan confronts Charlie, threatening to kill the other castaways one by one until he gets Claire back, the islanders take security measures; however, Ethan makes good on his threat, killing Scott. With the guns from the [[#Whatever the Case May Be|briefcase]] and Claire as (willing) bait, Jack and some of the others set a trap; although the plan is to keep Ethan alive, a vengeful Charlie fires six rounds into his chest and kills him.

Through flashbacks we learn how Charlie hooked up with a wealthy girl in order to steal something to sell for drug money, but fell in love. He takes a job from the girl's father, but his plan to become respectable backfires as he suffers [[withdrawal]] symptoms. Afterwards, the girl tells Charlie that he will never take care of anyone, a likely motivation for his efforts to protect Claire.

* Trivia: When The wealthy girl mentions her father "buying some paper company in Slough", it is a reference to the Gervais/Merchant series "[[The Office]]"

==Outlaws==
*'''Original air date:''' [[February 16]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]]
Sawyer has a nightmare about the night when (as a child) he was told by his mother to hide under his bed while she went to the door to tell his father to leave. His father forced his way into the house, kills his mother, sits on the bed the child Sawyer (actually named James) was hiding under, and kills himself, the dream ends.

Sawyer then wakes up to find a giant boar in front of him, and it attacks his tent and runs away into the trees taking Sawyer's tarp with it. Sawyer chases after it, and while he is in the jungle he hears whispering noises. Most of the noises are hard to hear, but a louder whisper clearly says "It'll come back around". Sawyer talks to Sayid about the voices Sayid heard while he was in the jungle some time before, and when Sayid asks why he wants to know, Sawyer replies: "No reason."

Later, Sawyer has a flashback wherein he is told, by a former associate, where the Sawyer who ruined his life as a child is: Australia. He buys a gun and goes to the shrimp shop where the older Sawyer works and sees him there. He chats briefly with him, but doesn't kill him.

Meanwhile, Sawyer is obsessed with finding the boar who attacked him and goes into the jungle to find it, accompanied by Kate. The next morning the two of them wake up to find that Sawyer's belongings have been ruined while Kate's remain untouched. Locke then comes out of the jungle and tells them a story from his childhood.

He says that his sister died very young and their foster mother blamed herself, suffering a severe depression. But a few months later a dog came into the house and his foster mother suddenly felt much better. The dog even slept in his sister's room. And when his foster mother died years later the dog vanished completely. When asked if the dog was supposed to have been his sister, Locke replies "That's just silly. But my mother seemed to think so."

Sawyer then has another flashback where he goes to an Australian bar and meets a man there. They have a talk, and the man tells Sawyer that if something is making him miserable he should take care of it before it destroys him. So Sawyer goes back to the shrimp shop and shoots the older Sawyer. However, it is revealed through their subsequent conversation that the man he shot isn't the real Sawyer, and that he has been duped into assassinating an innocent man. The man's last words are "It'll come back around".

Meanwhile, Sawyer catches up to the boar and decides to leave it rather than kill it. He returns to camp and gives Jack back the gun he was given for their previous encounter with Ethan. Now all the guns are with Jack, who returns them to the marshal's case. They start to talk, and something Jack says ("that's why the Red Sox will never win the Series," apparently without knowledge of the [[2004 World Series]]) makes Sawyer realize the man in the Australian bar he was talking to was actually Jack's father. When Jack asks why Sawyer wants to know about his father, Sawyer responds: "No reason".

==... In Translation==
*'''Original air date:''' [[February 23]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin]]
Jin has flashbacks of when he started working for Sun's father, the head of a Korean [[chaebol]] (a large, typically family-owned corporation—in this case, a car company) and a man who is not above using violent methods to get what he wants. He worked for Sun's father to prove his commitment and worthiness to marry Sun, claiming he would do anything to marry her. Sun's father gives Jin a task of conveying a message of his displeasure to the Under-Secretary for Environmental Safety. At the Secretary's house, Hurley can be seen getting into a car on the television in the background. Jin relays the message and seems confused when the visibly terrified man gives him the puppy we saw him bring to Sun in a previous episode. However, upon finding Jin has not done what was implied for him to do, Sun's father reprimands Jin and directs him to return to the Secretary's home, with a hit man. Jin returns to the Secretary's house, but before the hit man can act, beats up the Secretary in front of his family, to give him "the message" as Sun's father originally intended and essentially save him from being murdered.

The raft Michael had been building is burned. Immediately Michael suspects Jin due to their disagreements in the past, however, Sawyer finds Jin first, roughs him up, and handcuffs him. Later Sawyer releases Jin on the beach and he and Michael fight each other. The rest of the survivors watch the fight, hesitant to stop it until Sun yells out in English for them to stop. The survivors are dumbfounded that she speaks English and has been keeping it from them the whole time. Jin is obviously distraught at this revelation.

Later, Locke sits down to play a game with Walt, and asks him bluntly "Why did you burn the raft, Walt?" Walt then says that he is tired of always moving and he likes it on the island. Locke agrees with him.

In the cave, Jin has another flashback, revealing that his father is not dead. His father asks him why he works for Sun's father, and advises him to run with her to America. Back on the island, Jin disregards his father's advice and tells Sun that it is too late to save their marriage, and goes to help Michael build a new boat.

==Numbers==
*'''Original air date:''' [[March 2]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Hugo Reyes|Hurley]]
Hurley has flashbacks of his winning the lottery with the numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42, which he claims to everyone "just came to him". In truth, Hurley had overheard them from a former U.S. Naval officer named Leonard who is currently in a mental institution where Hurley was a former patient. After winning the lottery and running into a relentless run of bad luck for everyone around him, Hurley starts thinking that the numbers are cursed, but no one else believes him. It would seem from the show that a clause in this curse is that no mater what you say or how well you document your extraordinary bad luck nobody will believe you, even if your death stops the run of bad luck for those around you. From the time he won the lottery it appears that everyone around him is hurt or has disastrous bad luck, including a box company in Tustin, CA (Note: Locke worked in a box company before he went to Australia and had spent most of his life in Tustin) that he bought with his winnings. When Jack and Hurley question Sayid about [[Characters of Lost#Danielle Rousseau|Rousseau]] Hurley notices that the French woman had written Hurley's winning lottery numbers over and over on a piece of paper. Hurley then sets out to find Rousseau and the origin of the numbers, which is paralleled in his flashbacks as he attempts to find out the origins of the numbers at that time as well. Hurley learns that Leonard and a friend had overheard the numbers being repeatedly broadcast over the radio and used the numbers similarly to how Hurley did and also came to believe that the numbers were cursed. The transmission is the same transmission that diverted the French woman and her companions towards the island, causing their shipwreck. Rousseau is the only person to believe Hurley when he says the numbers are cursed.

Michael and Jin continue to build a second raft, but they are having trouble communicating. Locke enlists the help of Claire to build a mysterious object. Towards completion, Claire reveals that it is her birthday. The object turns out to be a cradle for when the baby is born—a birthday gift from the smiling survivalist/handyman.

At the end of the show, the camera shows us the metal object Boone and Locke discovered buried in the jungle (which appears to be a hatch of some sort) with the numbers embossed in it. Earlier in the show during Hurley's flashback, Hurley visited Leonard and told Leonard what he had done with the numbers. Leonard suddenly became lucid, excitedly saying that Hurley had "[[Pandora's box|opened the box]]" and how he must "get away from those numbers" or it "won't stop".

==Deus Ex Machina==
*'''Original air date:''' [[March 30]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]]
The episode begins with a younger [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]], with hair, working in a discount superstore. He demonstrates the children's game [[Mouse Trap (board game)|Mousetrap]] to a boy, calling it his favorite game. A mysterious older woman appears to be watching him in the store, and later in the parking lot. When he confronts her, she reveals that she is his birth mother, Emily Annabeth Locke. John inquires about his natural father, but she tells him that he had no father, and that he was "[[Immaculate Conception|immaculately conceived]]" (likely meaning that his was a [[Virgin Birth]].)

On the Island, the [[trebuchet]] Locke and [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]] built fails to break the glass on the metal hatch the two discovered. Locke is unaware that a broken shard has lodged itself in one of his legs until Boone tells him; he later discovers he has no feeling in his feet or legs. When asked about how they would open the hatch, he tells Boone that the Island will send them a sign, and they see a small aircraft crashing into the jungle. However, this turns out to be a dream, which concludes with Boone covered in blood, repeating the phrase "Theresa falls up the stairs; Theresa falls down the stairs." Later, when describing the vision he had, he asks Boone, "Who is Theresa?" and is told that she was his childhood nanny whom he believes he caused to fall to her death in his family home. Locke insists that they have to locate the plane, which is eventually found hanging in the trees.

Meanwhile, [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]] is having increasingly painful headaches, which are not helped by Sun's herbal remedies. Kate, acting as a go-between, convinces Sawyer to accept Jack's medical assistance. After a brief examination, Jack asks him a series of embarrassing questions — "Have you ever slept with a prostitute?"; "Have you ever contracted an [[sexually transmitted infection|STD]]?"; "When was the last outbreak?" — probably to irritate Sawyer and/or warn Kate. Jack reveals that Sawyer is suffering from [[hyperopia]] or farsightedness, due to Sawyer's excessive reading. Sayid melts together the halves of two pairs of glasses which, when worn by Sawyer, are described by Hurley as looking like "someone steamrolled [[Harry Potter]]."

In flashback, Locke hires a [[private investigator]] to get information on his father and mother. The investigators tells him that his mother has been committed in the past, and gives him the address of his father, Anthony Cooper. He goes to his father's affluent home, where he is admitted and welcomed. His father appears to take Locke under his wing, taking him hunting several times. Arriving early one day, he sees that his father is on [[dialysis]]. His father mentions that he would need a [[kidney transplantation|transplant]], but is pessimistic about his chances on the waiting list. Locke volunteers to give his father his [[kidney]].

Back on the island, Boone climbs into the plane, at Locke's request as his legs have apparently stopped working. The plane contains statues of the [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] filled with [[heroin]], flown by [[drug smugglers]] under the guise of [[Nigeria]]n [[missionaries]]. Boone checks the radio which still works and subsequently makes contact, saying "We're the survivors of flight 815". After a brief pause, "We're the survivors of flight 815" is heard back over the radio. Just as he possibly makes contact, however, the plane falls out of the tree and crashes to the ground with Boone inside. Locke hoists a badly injured Boone on his shoulders and returns to the camp.

In his flashback, Locke wakes up in the [[hospital]] after the kidney transplant to find that his father has gone home for private care. His mother appears and reveals that his father concocted a scheme to convince Locke to give up his kidney. Locke pulls himself out of the hospital bed and drives to his father's home, where the once-friendly guard is not allowed to let him inside. Locke drives away at the guard's pained insistence and screams at the betrayal.

On the island, Locke makes it back to the cave with Boone, saying that he fell from a cliff while they were hunting. [[Jack Shephard|Jack]] springs into action but Locke disappears into the jungle to yell and scream in anguish on top of the hatch. The episode ends with a light coming on inside the structure.

==Do No Harm==
*'''Original air date:''' [[April 6]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard|Jack]]
The injured Boone is in bad shape after his fall from the cliff in the airplane. He's lost a lot of [[blood]], one of his lungs has collapsed and his right leg is crushed. Kate is sent to go and get alcohol from Sawyer. On her way back she discovers that Claire has gone into labor.

Sayid surprises Shannon with a "torch" lit dinner at which Shannon tells Sayid that Boone is only her step-brother, and that he is "kind of" in love with her.

Boone has lost a lot of blood and needs a transfusion of [[Blood type|type A negative]]. Jack sends Charlie to find one of the other survivors with a matching blood type. When he unsuccessfully returns (only four people knew their blood type), Jack decides to give him some of his O negative blood. Jack tries to use [[bamboo]] as a needle but can't pierce his [[skin]]. Sun comes up with a solution and retrieves a [[sea urchin]]. Using the urchin's spines, Jack begins to give Boone his blood.

Jin, working on the new raft, hears Kate's call for help and rushes to her and Claire. Despite the language barrier, Kate is able to tell Jin to go and find Jack. Jin rushes to the caves only to find Jack occupied with the [[blood transfusion]]. Jack tells Jin (with the aid of Sun translating) to take Charlie to Kate and Claire. Jack then tells Charlie to give Kate instructions on how to deliver the baby.

As Jack begins looking pale, Sun stops the transfusion. Jack then tries to heal Boone's leg but finds it beyond repair and fatal unless it is [[amputation|amputated]]. Jack seeks the help of Michael to find a way to cut off Boone's leg. Boone suddenly regains [[consciousness]] and tells Jack to just let him go.

Boone dies, but reveals to Jack that he and Locke had discovered a mysterious hatch, and Locke had told him (Boone) not to tell anybody else. Claire gives birth to a healthy baby boy. Jack goes looking for Locke, claiming that Boone was murdered.

In flashbacks, we see Jack's wedding to Sarah, a former patient whom he "fixed" after she was injured in a car wreck.

==The Greater Good==
*'''Original air date:''' [[May 4]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]]
The survivors bury Boone, and Locke shows up and explains what happened to them, but Jack does not believe him and is enraged. Sayid asks Shannon what he can do for her, and she replies that he can "take care" of Locke, suggesting killing or torturing him. Sayid makes Locke take him to the Beechcraft in the jungle where Boone was injured, and Locke reveals that it was he who, for the sake of the survivors (the greater good), hit Sayid over the head when he was trying to find the distress signal in an earlier episode. Sayid asks Locke about the gun he is hiding and Locke tells him about the dead drug runner before giving him the gun.

Charlie tells Claire that she needs to rest, and though reluctant at first she lets him take care of her baby. Charlie has a tough time getting the baby to stop crying, but finally manages to do so after seeing the baby's reaction to Sawyer's voice.

Seeing Jack's exhaustion, Kate drugs him with sleeping pills, and while he is sleeping, Shannon takes the key to the briefcase containing the guns. Shannon goes after Locke, but is confronted by Sayid, Jack, and Kate. Sayid tackles Shannon just as she fires the gun, grazing Locke in the head.

The flashback deals with Sayid becoming an informant for the [[CIA]]. The CIA knows where Nadia, the girl Sayid loves, is. When his friend Essam is chosen as the next suicide bomber for a group, Sayid is forced to convince him to accept the role and stop him only at the end so that the CIA can seize the explosives to be used. When Sayid reveals his identity as an informant and tries to convince Essam to back out, Essam becomes distraught and shoots himself before Sayid can stop him.

After Essam's death, the CIA tells Sayid he can find Nadia in California, and gives him a ticket for a flight leaving in two hours. Sayid asks about Essam's body and is upset when he discovers that with no one to claim it, the body will be burned, contrary to Muslim tradition. Sayid insists on claiming the body himself and tells them to change his flight.

Back on the island, Sayid visits Locke who thanks him for saving his life. Sayid tells him that he only saved him because he sensed that Locke was their best chance of survival. He then tells Locke to take him to the hatch immediately.

Trivia: At one point, this episode was titled ''Sides''.

==Born to Run==
*'''Original air date:''' [[May 11]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austin|Kate]]
After Charlie points out that the people rescued from the island will be surrounded by media scrutiny, Kate asks to be the fourth person on the raft, saying she has sailing experience. Michael refuses, saying the raft is full, with Michael, Walt, Jin, and Sawyer. Michael is subsequently poisoned and after Jack interrogates suspected people including Sawyer and Kate, Sawyer reveals to everyone on the island that Kate is the fugitive the U.S. Marshal was escorting, and blames her for attempting to poison Michael; it is also revealed that she kept Joanna's passport and had intentionally damaged the photo so she could use it as her own. Previously only Jack and Hurley had prior knowledge of her fugitive status. After examining the compounds left in the water bottle, Jack discovers Sun attempted to get Jin sick so that he would have to stay behind, but his water bottle was switched with Michael's by accident. Sun reveals in a conversation that Kate had suggested the poisoning, but promises Kate not to tell anyone.

Sayid and Locke reveal the hatch to Jack, who agrees with Locke to find a way to open it, much to Sayid's dismay. When Locke briefly touches Walt, who is not even aware of the hatch, Walt begs him not to open "that thing."

In the flashback, Kate returns to her home town in [[Iowa]], where she meets former boyfriend Tom Brennan, who is now a doctor. Tom and Kate had grown up together, and had always expected to be married when they grew up. Since Kate left town, however, Tom has presumably married Rachel, and they have a baby, Connor. Tom and Kate visit a tree in the middle of a cow pasture and dig up a [[lunchbox]] [[time capsule]] they had buried on [[August 15]], [[1989]]. Among the items in the capsule were Tom's toy airplane, which Kate retrieved from the safety deposit box in an earlier episode and now has with her on the island, and a tape recorder with a recording of the two of them talking. Tom says on the tape, "You always want to run away," and Kate replies, "Yeah, and you know why."

Kate has returned to her home town because an unknown helper has sent her a letter along with some money to tell her that her mother, Diane Jansen, is dying of cancer and is in the hospital. With Tom's help, she is able to be alone with Diane, but when Diane wakes up and sees Kate standing over her, she begins screaming for help. A guard grabs her, and Kate knocks him out. Forced to escape, she runs into Tom, who gives her the keys to his car. But when Kate tells him to get away, he refuses, and joins her in the car. When police try to block them in and begin shooting, Kate rams the police car and then crashes Tom's car into another car. Tom is immobile and bleeding; it is unclear if he was hit by one of the bullets or if he injured himself against the dashboard, though he is presumably dead. Kate leaves him (and the toy airplane) in the car and flees.

Back on the island, Walt confesses to Michael that he was responsible for the fire that destroyed the first raft. Walt tells Michael that he did it because he wanted to stay on the island. Michael agrees that they do not have to leave the island, but Walt now insists that they have to leave.

==Exodus: Part 1==
*'''Original air date:''' [[May 18]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashbacks:''' [[Walt Lloyd|Walt]], [[Jack Shephard|Jack]], [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]], [[Kate Austin|Kate]], [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun]], [[Shannon Rutherford|Shannon]]
Rousseau comes to the beach camp to warn the castaways that enemies known only as "The Others" are coming. She tells her story again, and reveals that she was 7 months pregnant when she arrived on the island; a week after her baby was born, she was taken by "The Others". She also mentions that "The Others"' arrival was heralded by a column of black smoke.

Rousseau's warning hastens the launch of the raft. As they are pushing the raft towards the sea, Sawyer uses his lever incorrectly, and the mast of the ship is damaged. As Jin and Michael work to fix it, Sawyer feels like his work is unappreciated, and goes off into the woods to cut a new mast by himself. At this time, Walt notices a column of black smoke coming from within the forest.

Locke suggests that the only place to hide their large group would be in the metallic structure that he has found, but still has no way to open. He suggests that they try Rousseau's dynamite, which would require them to venture back into the woods. Jack plans a squad to go out. Surprisingly, Dr. Arzt volunteers to go, as he knows how to handle volatile dynamite better than anyone else. Before they leave, Jack wishes Sawyer a safe trip, and Sawyer reveals that he spoke to Jack's father before his death; he tells Jack that his father was proud of him.

Walt leaves Vincent in the custody of Shannon, saying that Vincent was good company when his Mother died, and that he might do the same for Shannon after Boone's death.

Sun says goodbye to Jin, and hands him a notebook with common [[English language]] [[nautical]] words and phrases, written out [[phonetic|phonetically]] in [[Korean language|Korean]]. They make up, and he says that he will still go on the raft, as he wants to do this to rescue her. Jin, Walt, Michael and Sawyer set off in their raft, which appears to be fully operational. Vincent originally attempts to paddle out and follow them, but Walt orders him to turn around, which he does, quite quickly.

Jack, Kate, Rousseau, Locke, Hurley, and Dr. Arzt journey into the woods when they hear the beast in the forest again. They are scared, but the beast leaves them unharmed. Rousseau states that the beast is the island's defense system. As they journey further, Rousseau states that they have arrived at "The Black Rock", which turns out not to be a geological formation, but a [[shipwreck]]ed sailing ship. She then leaves them.

Like the pilot episode, this episode featured flashbacks from multiple characters, each a single continuous scene from the perspective of one character. Each flashback shows what the main characters were doing in their final hours before the flight:

In the first, Walt is watching ''[[Power Rangers: SPD]]'' in his room, which irritates his sleeping father; after an outburst, Walt attempts to run away with Vincent, but Michael brings him back.

In another flashback, Jack is conversing in the airport bar with another passenger on flight 815 before the boarding of the plane; she flirts with Jack, who reveals that he is no longer married. She says that she is sitting in seat 42F.

In Sawyer's flashback, he has been taken into the police station. This is apparently 3 nights after his cameo in ''[[#Hearts and Minds|Hearts and Minds]]''. The investigator tells him that he knows all about his cons, and books him on the flight out of Australia. It is revealed here that Sawyer headbutted the Australian Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Minister Warren Truss. (There is a Warren Truss who was the Agriculture Minister, but shortly after that episode was aired Truss was elected deputy leader of the National Party, the junior coalition government party, and moved from Agriculture to become Transport Minister.)

Kate's flashback reveals that the Marshal knew that the toy airplane was the only thing of value left to her, so he had baited her with it. When he denigrates the memory of Tom, she attacks him, but is subdued.

Sun's flashback shows her bringing Jin coffee and food in the airport prior to their flight, while an American woman comments to her husband that the relationship between Sun and Jin is one of subservience, not realizing that Sun understands English. In response to these comments, Sun apparently intentionally spills coffee into Jin's lap.

In Shannon's flashback, she is waiting for Boone to attempt to upgrade their seats to first class when Sayid asks if he can leave his bag with her. She agrees, and he walks off. When Boone returns, saying that the agent wouldn't upgrade their seats because Shannon had been difficult during check-in, she storms off to try again, leaving Sayid's bag unattended. As Boone is questioning how immoral she can be, she notifies a guard that "Some Arab guy" left a suspicious bag in the waiting area.

Interesting Fact: When Jin and Michael are repairing the raft, Michael angrily says to Jin "No, no, no. This one goes there, that one goes there" which is the exact same thing Han Solo told Chewbacca in ''The Empire Strikes Back'' as they repaired the ''Millennium Falcon''. In the next episode Sawyer refers to Michael and Jin as Han and Chewie.

==Exodus: Parts 2 and 3==
*'''Original air date:''' [[May 25]], [[2005]]. Part 2 and 3 of the Exodus episode aired back to back in the US with no delineation, and are summarized as one episode here.
*'''Flashbacks:''' [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin]], [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]], [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]], [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]], [[Hugo Reyes|Hurley]], [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]]
Jack, Kate and Locke go into The Black Rock and find the crate of dynamite. While attempting to handle the dynamite carefully, Arzt himself triggers one of the sticks and is blown up. The remaining group members decide to continue their attempt to carry the dynamite, and wrap it in wet cloth. Locke suggests that they carry a redundant backup; in case one of the carriers blows up, the other will still be able to blow the hatch. Locke, Kate, and Jack all want to volunteer to carry the dynamite, so they [[drawing straws|draw straws]] for the responsibility. Jack draws the long stick, so Kate and Locke carry the dynamite. On their way back to the hatch, Jack and Kate see what seems a small cloud of [[smoke]] move in an unnatural way through some near trees, they hear the rumbling of the monster. According to plan, Jack and Locke drop their packs, but Kate forgets and keeps hers on. Locke wants to get a glimpse of the monster, and ends up getting nearly under it. His leg becomes ensnared in what sounds like a chain mechanism of some kind, which drags him through the jungle (although freeze frames of the DVD video look as if he's been seized by a tendril of the same strange smoke rather than a conventional chain). Jack grabs onto his arm and is dragged as well, and prevents Locke from being dragged into a hole in the ground. Although Locke pleads with Jack to let him get dragged under, Jack instead tells Kate to grab dynamite out of his bag and drop one down, revealing that he had in fact switched the content of their packs. Kate drops the dynamite down the tunnel, causing an underground explosion, resulting in black smoke (similar to that seen before) coming out of a nearby hole on the horizon, moving in a bizarre, almost [[supernatural]] way, and disappearing, all in less than a second. The hold on Locke slackens, and they are able to extract him. Later, Locke reveals that the reason he wanted to fall into the cavern is that it was his destiny and that he felt that the island was testing him.

On the beach, Sayid is leading the group back to the caves, awaiting Jack's party's return. Charlie and Claire are alone on the beach when Rousseau runs up, telling Charlie that she needs to see Sayid urgently. When Charlie runs off to get Sayid, Rousseau begins asking Claire to hold her baby, and Claire tries to make several excuses why she can't give Rousseau the baby. Claire sees a strange scar on Rousseau's arm and has a short ambiguous flashback to a struggle between Rousseau and herself. Soon Charlie and Sayid return to find Claire exclaiming that her baby has been taken, and Sayid surmises that Rousseau intends to attempt an exchange of Aaron (which Claire names) for her own child, Alex, with "The Others". Charlie and Sayid go toward the black smoke, with little daylight left. On their journey they encounter a trap set by Rousseau, which injures Charlie momentarily. Charlie's wound is bleeding profusely, and Sayid orders him to go back to the camp, but Charlie refuses. Sayid then cuts open a bullet, pours the gunpowder into the wound, and sets it on fire to cauterize the injury. They also encounter the downed drug smugglers' plane, and Sayid reveals to Charlie that it is full of [[heroin]], ignorant of Charlie's junkie past. When Sayid and Charlie arrive on the beach with the black smoke, there are no other people, just a [[pyre]]. The sound of the baby crying alerts them to Rousseau hiding in the bushes. She cries and tells them that she overheard them saying that they were going to go after "the boy," and she thought that if she brought him to them, they would return her child. She returns the baby, and they reunite it with Claire. It is revealed that Charlie kept at least one of the statues filled with heroin in his bag.

On the raft, the crew is sailing according to plan, and Michael bonds with Walt. Walt learns about Sawyer's long term search for revenge. Jin gives the watch which caused a fight between them [[#House of the Rising Sun|earlier in the series]] to Michael as a gift. At one point, the rudder breaks off, and Sawyer dives into the water after it, risking his life. At this point, Michael discovers that Sawyer has a gun, but decides not to tell the others. At night, their radar sweep turns up a boat in the distance. They fire their single flare, and the boat approaches them. Though they think they are about to be saved, it turns out to be a group of strangers who demand that they hand over Walt. Sawyer tries to pull his gun, but he is shot by one of the other crewmen and falls into the water. Jin jumps into the water to try and save Sawyer, while the strangers overpower Michael and kidnap Walt. As they sail off, they throw an explosive onto the raft, destroying it.

The episode ends with Jack, Kate, Locke, and Hurley arriving at the hatch. They manage to set the dynamite up on the hinge of the hatch, and are about to set it off when Hurley notices the appearance of "The Numbers" on the side. He yells at them not to light it, but Locke lights the fuse anyway. Hurley tries to stamp out the fuse, repeating "the numbers are bad," but Jack tackles him, and the dynamite explodes. They pry open the hatch to reveal a deep, dark metal tunnel. A partial ladder (with broken rungs) can be seen near the top of the tunnel. Though we don't know what is inside yet, one thing is certain — it's a long way down...

As in [[#Exodus: Part 1|Part 1]], the flashbacks in this episode deal with each character's experiences leading up to the flight.

Jin's flashback follows Sun's flashback from the previous episode. When Jin goes to the bathroom, he encounters a casually dressed Causasian man who conversationally asks him for a paper towel in English. When Jin indicates that he speaks no English, the man switches to Korean. Seeming somewhat more menacing now, he then reveals that he works for Mr. Paik, and knows that Jin was attempting to run away with Sun. He tells Jin to complete his delivery of a watch to an associate in San Francisco.

Charlie's flashback is of him looking for his stash before leaving for his flight. A girl from the previous night is in his bed. As Charlie finds the drugs, she asks if he has any left. He lies and says that he's out, but she can tell that he's lying and attacks him for the drugs.

Sayid's flashback is of the airport officers apologizing for harassing him about his bag.

Michael's flashback is of him and Walt in the airport waiting for their flight. Walt is absorbed in his [[Game Boy Advance SP]], and Michael is obviously frustrated that they can't connect. He gets up, claiming to need to call work, but he really calls his mother. He expresses his exasperation to his mother, and asks if she can take care of Walt, eventually offering to pay her. Locke makes a split second onscreen appearance, being pushed in his wheelchair, while Michael is on the phone. When Michael hangs up, Walt is right next to him, and may have heard the whole conversation.

Hurley's flashback is fairly comedic, and shows him waking up late for his flight due to a localized power outage. In a mad dash for the airport, he experiences several other problems, including a flat tire, arriving at the wrong terminal; he buys an electronic scooter from an old man for $1600 and manages to get to the terminal just as they are closing the gate. While Hurley is racing to the terminal, it looks like Boone makes a split second appearance in the background; it's hard to see him but it definitely looks like him with the dark hair and dark eyebrows. The boarding agent is able to get them to reopen the doors for him, and he hugs her effusively. This is the longest flashback in the episode and, as expected, the numbers feature prominently. Hurley is shown to be staying in room 2342, his digital display in his car shows that it is 23 degrees outside, and he is originally going 42 km/h; when he gets a flat tire he slows first to 16, then 15, then 8, and finally 4 before the display cuts out altogether. As he is running through the airport, he passes a team of [[soccer]] players, wearing jerseys with "the numbers" in numerical order. Another revelation from this flashback is that Hurley and Charlie stayed in the same hotel (Charlie yells at him for holding up a full [[elevator]]), and the elevator bank also looks exactly like the one in the hotel where Michael and Walt stayed.

In Locke's flashback, the airline staff have lost the wheelchair normally used to load disabled passengers onto the plane, and he must be carried on to the plane by two attendants. When he drops a pamphlet from his seat, he is unable to reach it. He is clearly frustrated by the whole situation, and struggles to maintain his dignity.

There is a final montage of all of the passengers getting on the plane (except for Locke, who was seated early as a disabled passenger). It is fairly uneventful, although when Hurley gets on the plane he gives a thumbs up to Walt, who looks up from his Gameboy for the first time and smiles. Hurley smiles back, sits down, puts on his headphones and starts reading his comic book - the same comic book that Walt found after the plane crash. Mr. Arzt also helps Claire put her bag in the overhead compartment. This montage basically shows how prior to the crash each of the survivors had a brief interaction with another one of the survivors.

==Footnotes==
:*[1] — Locke describes the piece of shrapnel as "[[steel]]". We know that this is not shrapnel from the [[aeroplane|aircraft]] because, normally, aircraft are made of lighter metals; normally [[aluminium]].

{{LostNav}}

[[Category:Episode lists|Lost]]
[[Category:Lost]]

Alton Towers

2005-10-17T21:26:04Z

Jackqu7: /* History of gardens */ remove bold

'''Alton Towers''' is [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s best known [[theme park]]. It is based north of the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]] in [[Staffordshire]], on the site of an old mansion by the same name.

==History of gardens==
[[Image:Alton Towers from Morris's Seats of Noblemen and Gentlemen (1880).JPG|thumb|300px|Alton Towers in 1880]]
As an example of the Mixed Style of [[Humphrey Repton]]'s gardens, Alton Towers' garden was begun, ''ca.'' [[1814]] by the eccentric 15th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]], of whom [[J. C. Loudon]] (who was consulted on design features of which there were many) relates that he consulted every artist, only to avoid 'whatever an artist might recommend'. Loudon's published criticism remains history's wittiest pan of preposterous garden design since [[Alexander Pope]].

Alton Towers grew into a collection of gardens: a Swiss Cottage, a [[Stonehenge]], a Dutch garden, a Pagoda Fountain, said to be based on the To Ho pagoda in Canton, Lysicrates' [[Choragic Monument]] from [[Athens]] (a feature in English gardens since the 1760s), domed glasshouses (originally gilded), even a fairly large [[Matterhorn]] as a backing to one of [[England]]'s earliest [[Alpine garden]]s.

The first [[garden gnomes]] were introduced at Alton Towers, in punishment for which the rides and slides of the modern Theme Park add to the eccentricity of a nobleman's fancy whose parkland, 'the work of a morbid imagination, joined to the command of unlimited resourses' (according to Loudon) is now also occupied by a hundred acres (400,000 m²) of 'sensational rides and attractions'.

==Modern theme park==
Alton Towers was purchased by [[The Tussauds Group]] in 1990. In [[2005]] It was brought up when the [[Dubai International Capital|DIC]] investment group purchased [[The Tussauds Group]]. Today it is notable for its extreme rides, including ''[[Nemesis roller coaster|Nemesis]],'' a [[rollercoaster]] in which people hang with their legs dangling down (or up as the case may be), and ''Oblivion,'' the world's first vertical drop rollercoaster. The oldest rollercoaster at the site is ''Corkscrew'', a ride with two [[inversion]]s which many riders find uncomfortable due to its rough track. Billed as the first of its kind, ''Air'' is a rollercoaster, unusual in that finders find themselves suspended [[horizontal]]ly facing down, as though [[flying]]. This is known as a [[flying roller coaster]]. Inside the towers is the ride ''Hex'', a surreal attraction which is based on a [[myth]] surrounding the towers and their history.

The latest attraction at Alton Towers is ''[[Rita - Queen of Speed]]'', a ride themed around racing. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and reaches 100 kilometres per hour within a few seconds of launch.

Guests can stay at one of two [[hotels]] on the site. Doing this also gives them free admission to the [[Cariba Creek]] [[water park]]. When Cariba Creek was first built, only hotel residents could visit. However, non-residents can now also use the water park with payment of an admission fee [http://www.altontowers.com/waterpark/openingpricing.asp].

Rumours are rife that a so-called "Project Dolphin" is being planned for the park, which will represent a massive investment in Alton Towers (where and when this money is being invested is currently unknown, however).

Project Dolphin is Alton Towers plan to change with the publics needs for extreme entertainment. This could involve moving into completly different relms of entertainment, from extreme [[golf]] to [[ice climbing]] which are both listed by the Towers as possibilities, along with many more. With DIC investing around 48 million in the towers next year, guests can expect some vast improvements.

Due to a recent court battle with local residents, the Towers is starting to encure problems with their end of session [[fireworks]]. However, the towers is still fighting hard to keep them running.

==Park Guide==

The park is split into several themed areas. In order clockwise they are:

===Towers Street===

Towers Street is the first area that visitors to the park encounter, themed as a town street, which leads to views of the gardens and the tower. The street contains several shops, including the Towers Trading Co., which sells official park merchandise. Also in the area is the skyrail station, which visitors can use to reach other areas of the park:)

===Merrie England===

An area themed around vintage [[England]]. Rides include spinning tea cups and The Flume ride, where riders float along the lake in bath tubs. Also in the area is several gaming sideshows, such as hoop-tossing and basketball hoops, in which prizes can be won. Several food outlets provide food, with the Courtyard Tavern also serving alcohol, as the park's only pub.

===Katanga Canyon===

Rides include the Runaway Mine Train (an electric coaster) and the Congo River Rapids. Both are classic well-established rides in the park and meet in a tunnel where the screams of the Runaway Mine Train meet the cheers of the River Rapids. The area hosts Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut stalls with a shared indoor seating area. There is a shop located at the exits of the two rides called Katanga Cargo, hosting much strange and wonderful ancient tribal themed mechandise as well as the photo stalls for the rides.

===Gloomy Wood===

The Gloomy Wood is a small area home to Duel: The Haunted House Strikes Back!. The ride used to be a normal haunted house ride, but it was recently modified to be a Laser Gun Ride themed around a haunted house so it could more eye-catching and exciting.

===Forbidden Valley===

Forbidden Valley is home to two of the park's biggest rollercoasters, ''Nemesis'', an inverted rollercoaster, and ''Air'', a flying rollercoaster, both of which are made by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]]. The area also houses some smaller rides like Ripsaw,a topspin ride, an attraction where guests go through a series of violent rotations and Blade, a giant swinging boat.

===The Gardens===

The gardens fill the valley between the Forbidden Valley and the Towers. The skyride bridges the valley, but there are some steep paths which go down into the valley. Crossing the valley using these paths takes up to 30 minutes and requires good shoes, but can be worthwhile and pleasant. Dotted around the gardens are various ancient follies, including a pagoda fountain.

===Ug Land===

Themed around a comic-book style dinosaur land, Ug Land, previously called Festival Park, contains some of the oldest rides of the park. Corkscrew is a corkscrew rollercoaster containing two consecutive corkscrew elements. Built by [[Vekoma]] in 1980, the ride is now seriously rattly, and riders are advised to keep their head held firmly back against the headrest.

Other rides in the area include Ug Swinger, and the new ride for 2005, Rita - Queen of Speed, a ride themed around [[Drag racing]]. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and is an Accelerator (or Launched) coaster, made by [[Intamin AG]].

===Cred Street===

Home to the [[BBC|BBC's]] [[Tweenies]], Cred street is aimed at the younger audiance of Alton Towers. There is a wide selection of bouncy castles and ball pits in the Tweenies Play Pen, as well as ice cream shops, sweet shops and a Tweenie's Store. There are also traditional rides such as [[Carousel|Carousels]] and more modern rides such as a frog hopper and a ginger bread car tour.

Toy Land Tours used to be located next to Cred Steet. It was recently closed for a retheme which will transform the ride into ''Willy Wonker's Chocolate Factory''. Similar to Toy Land Tours, the new ride will use boats and the same ride system. The extensive theme will be based on [[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]].

===The Towers===

The towers are what gives the park its name, and is an ancient mansion house in which the family who owned the estate lived. Visitors can wander around a limited area of the towers, which also features a spooky maze during the Halloween period. Added for the 2000 season was ''Hex - the Legend of the Towers'', an indoor swing ride which made use of the history of the towers, in particularly the legend of a curse which stated that whenever a branch from a specific tree fell, a member of the Earl's family would die.

There is currently a 1.1 million pound project in place to restore the oldest parts of the castle. What will happen to the space when restored is currently unknown, however new rides or tours of the castle are both possibilities.

===X-Sector===

A futuristically-themed area, X-Sector contains the park's innovative Oblivion ride, a rollercoaster in which riders are said to experience a 90 degree drop (actually 87.5 degrees). The extra-wide roller coaster cars are held danging over the edge for a few seconds before plunging downwards into a big hole amid mist, and then re-emerging into a heavily banked turn leading back into the station. It was the first vertical drop coaster in the world and was manufactured by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]]. It's official name is a diving machine.

Also in the area are the Enterprise and Submission thrill rides, and the Black Hole rollercoaster, which features a sprial lift and is entirely indoors, in the dark. This ride closed for the 2005 season however, and is currently standing but not operating. The park is looking for a buyer for the ride.

===Adventure Land===

The storybook land, next to Towers Street, is designed for younger visitors. Rides include Squirrel Nutty's Ride, a track-based ride which includes story-telling elements, and Spinball Whizzer, a pinball themed spinning rollercoaster.

===Old MacDonalds Farm===

Themed around a traditional farm, this area contains a small petting zoo as well as a few rides for younger visitors, which include Doodle Doo Derby, a farm-themed carousel, and Riverbank Eye Spy, a recently rethemed boat ride.

==Facts and Figures==

* The monorail is from [[Expo 86]] which was held in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]].

==Related links==
*[[List of British Theme Parks]]

==External links==
*[http://www.altontowers.com/ Official Alton Towers Website.]
*[http://www.towersnerd.com/ Towers Nerd - Detailed Unofficial Guide.]
*[http://www.gardenvisit.com/t/c4s4.html Brief garden history.]
*[http://www.towersalmanac.com/ Alton Towers Almanac (unofficial guide).]
*[http://www.themeparks-uk.com/ TP:UK Unofficial Alton Towers Guide.]
*[http://ukthemeparks.blogspot.com/ UK Theme Parks Blog.]
*[http://www.towerstimesforum.co.uk/ Friendly and informative forum made for and by Alton Towers Enthusiasts.]
*[http://www.thrillnetwork.com/ ThrillNetwork.com Amusmement Park News and Information]
{{Template:British theme parks}}

[[Category:Amusement parks]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Theme parks in the United Kingdom]]
[[de:Alton Towers]]

The Magic Circle (organisation)

2005-10-15T21:54:24Z

Jackqu7:

:''This article is about the magician's organization. For the Wiccan symbol, please visit [[Magic circle (Wicca)]]. For the term used to describe a group of law firms, please see [[Magic Circle (law)]].''

The '''Magic Circle''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[organisation]] which is a [[trade union]] for [[magician]]s. Magicians who want to join need to demonstrate their skills to existing members. Other countries have similar organizations.

The Magic Circle was founded in 1905.

The Magic Circle's headquarters are at 12 Stephenson Way, London.

The most important rule of the society is "Indocilis Privata Loqui" which means "not apt to disclose secrets." Anyone who explains how a trick is done is subject to immediate expulsion from the circle.

===External link===
*[http://www.themagiccircle.co.uk Official Site of British Magic Circle]

==Play Theory==
Term used by [[play]] theorist [[Johan Huizinga]] in the work Homo Ludens to define the conceptual space in which play occurs.

[[Category:Organizations]]

{{Magic-stub}}

Talk:Lost season 1

2005-10-14T17:29:41Z

Jackqu7: /* Why didn't anyone notice? */

==Removed from the text==

:Sun's father is an important gangster, and Jin was forced to work for him in order to marry Sun.

While a number of fans have argued that this is the case, very little has been revealed to prove this: Sun's father is apparently very wealthy & powerful, & Jin was involved in some kind of violent episode while at work for him -- but there are no clues that Sun's father is involved in a Korean version of the [[yakuza]]. As with so much in [[Lost (2004 television series)|Lost]], we are given only some pieces of the puzzle & are forced to fill in the still extensive gaps. -- [[User:Llywrch|llywrch]] 05:43, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

As there is a discussion in the [[Lost (2004 television series)| show's main category]] about whether Jack actually is a [[medical doctor|doctor]], I altered the wording of the "Tabula Rasa" description to say that he is *apparently* a doctor. [[User:Hedgey42|Hedgey42]] 07:50, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I was reading on wiki just yesterday and on the first page of LOST under THE NUMBERS it had a theory a very interesting theory that is gone now i'm totally confused about what happened and why it was removed.can anyone lead me to Rousseau's Genetic Mirror Theory? [[User:70.177.109.183|70.177.109.183]]

== DeuX ex Machina? ==

A thought occurred to me, which revisits this topic (and why I'm [[top-posting]]): the correct phrase which originated in Greek stagecraft '''is''' "[[Deus Ex Machina]]" that translates (from [[Latin]]) to "God from (or out of) the Machine," a sort of supernatural intervention which ties up plot points, often a kind of cop-out. ''Deus'' and ''Deux '' are '''not''' [[homophones]], [[synonyms]] or common misspellings. The first properly pronounced has the same "day" sound as [[deity]] should have; the second is French, [http://www.single-serving.com/French/TB/numbers/02.mp3 pronounced like "duh"]

However, the episode '''could''' have actually been called "Deux Ex Machina" -- which would be a linguistic hodgepodge: Deux is "two" in French, and thus seems very appropriate, considering the French scientific team Rousseau was a part of, and the repeating message including numbers in French. Thus, a rough punnish translation would be "Two from the machine" -- which would make a great deal of sense: the two, Locke and Boone, discover the airplane (a machine) by way of a mysterious vision (from a ''Deus''?), and Locke finally gets a sign (the light) that there's something inside the hatch (yet another machine) which may unlock the entire story. So I'm now falling on the side that "Deux" would be the clever-er way of titling the episode. (To support the suggestion below that it may have been the original title, and possible been changed.)

To add to the confusion, [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0411008/combined IMDB], '''does''' list the episode as Deux, while [http://abc.go.com/primetime/lost/episodes/2004-05/19.html ABC] reports it as "Deus" --[[User:Leflyman|LeFlyman]] 02:21, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't this be [[deus ex machina]]?? [[User:Aknorals|Aknorals]] 12:03, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

:No. It's the correct spelling according to all the sources I've seen. Deux ex Machina is also an alternative spelling (common misspelling) of Deus ex Machine, FYI. It could also be play on the spelling. Virtually every episode title can be taken literally... "Walkabout" for instance was the name of Locke's expedition type thing in Australia, but oddly enough we found that Locke could also "walk about" when the man was technically handicapped. With that said it's possible the episode will 1) Have Locke finally open the hatch revealing island mysteries OR 2) "Deux" is French...perhaps things are revealed by the "French woman". [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 17:10, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

::So I guess I should make a redirect for [[deux ex machina]] to [[deus ex machina]]... I thought it was a typo... also the [[deus ex machina]] page should list this as an alternate spelling. -[[User:Aknorals|Aknorals]] 02:20, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

:::The ABC site says ''''Dues''' Ex Machina", which seems weird, since I have never seen it spelled like that. Maybe a typo? [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 20:24, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

:::: Something must be wrong at ABC. Both tvtome.com and epguides.com lists the name of the episode as Deux. So what's correct? The fact that ABC spells it "Dues" and not "Deus" makes me think that "Deux" is correct. :) --[[User:Johan Elisson|Elisson]] 20:28, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

:::::tvtome lists it as deus ex machina. deux and dues are both incorrect. the guide on my tivo/sat box even said deus ex machina. [[User:W00d|W00d]] 02:05, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
::::::They must have just changed it, I checked earlier today and it was Deux. [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 02:40, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

:Odd. Until we get another source I guess we should go with '''Dues''' since thats what ABC says. Could be a typo.. could be a double meaning. Who knows. [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 01:02, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

tvtome has "Deus". If you search the net, you'll find "Deus" used in non-Lost contexts: [http://newark.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Terms/deusexmachina.html], [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=deus%20ex%20machina], etc. all use "Deus". I think there's little to no question about it... [[User:Cburnett|Cburnett]] 06:51, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

:You're right that "deus ex machina" (Latin for "God from the machine") is the correct spelling for the time-worn theatrical expression. "Deux" is not an "alternative spelling" for "Deus". However, the question is whether the episode title includes an intentional misspelling to create a pun on "dues" (as in paying one's dues) or "deux" (French for "two"). Our only sources for this information seem to be people who are easily confused by words they're unfamiliar with, and so they try to "correct" them or they just misspell them and move on. If I were a betting man I'd say it's probably supposed to be "Deus". I hope we don't have to wait for the DVD set to settle this. [[User:Ahkond|Ahkond]] 13:35, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

::I emailed ABC to see if I can get an answer... [[User:Cburnett|Cburnett]] 15:18, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

::"Deux Ex Machina" returns 14,100 responses on Google, which either means you're wrong or it's a very common misspelling which is virtually same thing. It should be noted that a number of these on the first few pages are references to Lost. The changes were merely going with the sources we had, which at one point were all Deux. Now some are Deux, some are "Dues" and others are Deus. It doesn't help that one misspelling turns out to be a common French word which is an important aspect of the show, and another misspelling is another English word, both coupled with the fact that most if not all episodes of this show's titles are a play on words. [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 17:05, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

:::You'll note that of those 14,100 responses, if you remove the lost and lyrics (there is a song named that) hits then you only get 7,310. Switch it from deux to deus and you get 225,000 hits. Of the 225,000 hits you'll find the first several are refering to the latin phrase while of the 7,310 hits they are mixed with music sites (seems to be the primary usage), french sites, newsgroup postings. Don't apply google blindly... [[User:Cburnett|Cburnett]] 18:57, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

::::You seem to ignore the fact (as K1Bond007 says) that many of the episode titles are plays with words and meanings. As both "Deus ex Machina" and "Deux ex Machina" (and to a lesser degree "Dues ex Machina") are highly possible titles in that aspect, we can't be 100% sure that "Deus" is the correct just because that is the way the short phrase is spellt. --[[User:Johan Elisson|Elisson]] 19:13, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

::::Blindly? Even with those cuts you made, 7000 is still a damn large number, hence a possible common misspelling as I've said, but this is really moot. I don't care. My main argument here is that the spelling may be a play on words, which you continue to ignore. It's currently at "Deus" because in all likelyhood, it's probably just a typo, but when 3 credible sources (one official) all say something different, we're not 100% sure of any spelling. I just read on a fan site that the original spelling was indeed "Deux", but was changed to "Deus", but I haven't seen this confirmed anywhere. [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 19:49, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

:Given that the episode titles are often given to irreverence, puns and snarkiness ("Whatever the case may be", "All the best cowboys have daddy issues", "Born to run"), and some are imprecise ("House of the Rising Sun" and "...In Translation" are possible references to japanese concepts, but deal with the korean characters Sun and Jin), it is possible that this misspelling is intentional for some kind of pun or intentional imprecision. Still, if someone has contacted ABC, that would be the most authoritative answer. --[[User:DropDeadGorgias|DropDeadGorgias]] [[User_talk:DropDeadGorgias|(talk)]] 18:03, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

::While it was possible, most sources have been changed to "Deus". So this ends the story on this. [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 18:16, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

== Air dates ==

Anyone have the original air date for each episode? --[[User:Pmsyyz|Pmsyyz]] 22:53, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
*You can get that info here: http://www.tvtome.com/Lost/eplist.html -- Mitluf

== It's Jack Shephard not Shepard ==

It's Jack Shephard not Shepard. Please do not change back. If you doubt this, then check this page: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Characters_of_Lost]

==Move==
Since Lost was picked up for a second season, I believe we should move this page to [[Episodes of Lost (Season 1)]]. Anyone disagree or have an alternative? [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 02:37, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
:Sounds like a good idea to me, but what about having subsections? [[User:Broco03|BRO_co03]] 04:13, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
::What do you mean by subsections? By the away, at some point we're going to have to move the list of episodes off the main page like other major multiple seasoned television shows do, I was thinking of just moving the table to here with links to Season 1, Season 2 (as previously shown above), etc. after moving the contents of this page to the new page.

Basically organized like this:
*Lost (2004 television series)
**Episodes of Lost
***Episodes of Lost (Season 1)
***Episodes of Lost (Season 2)
**Characters of Lost
[[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 04:27, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

:Yeah, that would work good. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 14:23, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

What about [[List of Lost episodes]] like most other TV shows? [[User:Cburnett]]
:There is a [[Lost (television series)#Episodes|List of Lost episodes]]. --[[User:Broco03|BRO_co03]] 18:41, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)
::At some point that list that I believe you're refering to would have to be moved. Shows with only a season of episodes is usually ok, but shows with more than one normally get moved to their own page so that the page isn't just a giant list of episodes. '''"Episodes of Lost"''' or '''List of Lost episodes''', doesn't matter to me, I just used "Episodes of Lost in my example because it's already there, no real reason to make it a redirect (after all links to it have been corrected). [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 18:46, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

== Journey ==

Since no one seems to want to, I've gone ahead and added the 'special' episode airing on April 27th. [http://www.tvtome.com/tvtome/servlet/GuidePageServlet/showid-24313/epid-399311/] --[[User:Etaonish|Etaonish]] 15:45, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
:Its just a clip show. I would add this to the top of the page along with an episode count instead of making it an actual section. [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 16:58, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

== Break up into one article per episode ==

'''Too much of a good thing?'''

The episode summary for Whatever the Case May Be is considerably longer than all the others. I'm not criticizing the quality of the entry, but I think it's too long for this article. Such text might go better in an in-depth Lost website rather than a wikipedia article where people would just want a concise summary. Maybe we could trim it down to be commensurate with the other summaries we've got.

If we're not careful this article will get too big by the end of the season and will be hard to navigate and too time-consuming to read. Bigger is not always better.

Just a suggestion ...

[[User:Ahkond|Ahkond]] 21:46, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

: I had the same thought upon seeing it. I've got it copied over to a text file on my PC and will try to whittle it down in the next day or two. I also cut down the summary I wrote for the most recent episode. --[[User:Hedgey42|Hedgey42]] 08:28, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

: Keep in mind that [[m:Wiki is not paper|Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia]] --[[User:Pmsyyz|Pmsyyz]] 17:47, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Reading around, I find Jimbo supports (see [[:m:Wiki is not paper]]) the idea that an episode is worthy of its own article. As such, I'm putting forth the move to break this up into one article per episode. Opinions? [[User:Cburnett|Cburnett]] 04:02, May 4, 2005 (UTC)
*I would probably be against this. Maybe like season finales or season premiers, but not every episode. I don't see how each one is "worthy". [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 04:08, May 4, 2005 (UTC)
*I honestly disagree. I really don't see a problem doing it like this and I much prefer it this way since more people tend to contribute to an article like this rather than 20-something different ones. [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 04:28, May 4, 2005 (UTC)
*I think that a per-season break-out would be appropriate, but not a separate article page for each episode. IMO, the episode pages should be summaries, rather than transcription of everything that happens. However, I would suggest that there might be some additional line items per episode section, which I'll address below. --[[User:Leflyman|LeFlyman]] 02:24, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
:*Change of mind: Now in favor of splitting up. As each episode's section has expanded, I think that after the season finale, it would be appropriate to break them out into separate articles-- particularly as future episodes tend to refer/change events of previous ones, it might be worthwhile to track the plot developments more in depth. --[[User:Leflyman|LeFlyman]] 17:00, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

== Additions to episodic sections ==
{{Infobox Television episode | Title = Pilot (Part 1 & 2)
| Series = [[Lost]]
| Season = 1
| Episode = 01/02
| Airdate = [[September 22]] and [[September 29]] [[2004]]
| Production = 101/102
| Writer = [[J. J. Abrams]] [[Damon Lindelof]] [[Jeffrey Lieber]]
| Director = [[J. J. Abrams]]
| Guests = [[Fredric Lehne]] (Marshall) [[Dale Radomski]] (Tourniquet Man) [[Greg Grunberg]] (Pilot)
|-
| Prev = --
| Next = "[[Episodes of Lost#Tabula Rosa|Tabula Rosa]]"
}}
Ok, to follow up on my suggestion below, using the wiki [[Template:Infobox_Television_episode|infobox episode format]], we might split out the episodes to individual articles, and include a side box, such as this: (at right)

--[[User:Leflyman|LeFlyman]] 16:39, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

I propose that additional information be included at the top of each episode summary, as line items:
#episode number before each entry
#the name(s) of the writer(s);
#the director;
#A '''special note''' pointing out if there is a first appearance of a particular mystery elements or characters, such as "The Numbers", "The Hatch", "Ethan Rom", "Rosseau", etc.

This would help skimming the episode guide. Other ideas?
--[[User:Leflyman|LeFlyman]] 02:43, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
:I think waiting for the season to conclude would be a wise decision before doing anything. Besides, I'd rather see an infobox more specific to Lost. [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 17:12, May 11, 2005 (UTC)
::If you do that, it would make sense to include a section for "Flashback(s)". --[[User:DropDeadGorgias|DropDeadGorgias]] [[User_talk:DropDeadGorgias|(talk)]] 05:11, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

:: I'm not familiar with how the wiki Infobox format is set up, but I agree that Flashback would be appropriate. On a semi-related note, I just noticed that the numbering of the episodes on the page is off-- the pilot was split into ep 1 and ep 2, thus there were 25 episodes this season (not counting the special) -- would someone please fix this? --[[User:Leflyman|LeFlyman]] 02:58, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
:::The table of centents isn't meant to be a correct numbering. We grouped pilot together and we grouped parts 2&3 of Exodus. Not a big deal. [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 03:24, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

== Did anyone notice...? ==

The television in "... In Translation":

In this episode when Jin is first delivering the "message" at the man's house, on the TV it looked like it showed a handcuffed Hurley being led into a car. Then in Numbers, Hurley was arrested after a fire broke out in the house he bought.
Did anyone else seem to notice this? [[User:Broco03|BRO_co03]] 20:45, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
:Hurley was certianly on the tv, but I'm not sure if he's being handcuffed in it. I doubt it, I think it's just him walking or something, but I would have to re-watch it. --[[User:Aknorals|Aknorals]] 23:38, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
::Well it looked like he had is hands behind his back and someone was leading him into the car. --[[User:Broco03|BRO_co03]] 00:39, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
::: That isn't the case. I watched the scene again. He isn't handcuffed and he even opens the car door himself. --[[User:Johan Elisson|Elisson]] 20:28, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
::::Well I didn't record it so I can't check back. But if you say so, I believe you. --[[User:Broco03|BRO_co03]] 04:50, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)
::::I don't have the recording anymore, but on [[TWoP]] one of the korean speaking board-posters said that the korean text on the screen while hurley is there is just a news notice about someone winning a huge lottery prize. --[[User:DropDeadGorgias|DropDeadGorgias]] [[User_talk:DropDeadGorgias|(talk)]] 17:59, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

Did anyone see that in Sayid's flashback, during "The Greater Good", that the one guy has playing [[Half-Life]]? I just thought it was cool, and that the writers or whoever just didn't makeup some generic name like "Aliens Attack 7". [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 04:24, May 5, 2005 (UTC)
:Yeah I noticed, I actually laughed because of the whole controversy about violent games inspiring people.. or whatever.. :) [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 04:40, May 5, 2005 (UTC)

== Questions/comments about changes to summaries==

'''Rousseau leaving the Black Rock'''

I think I might have added a piece of information to the wrong episode. In which episode did Rousseau leave the group at the Black Rock? [[User:Authr|Authr]] 09:30, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
:I'm prety sure it was at the beginning of Exodus Part 2. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 15:52, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

'''Exodus, Pt 3: The Others'''

I see that the identification of the boat of strangers as "The Others" has been removed. They were confirmed as "The Others" by Harold Perrineau on ABC's "[[Jimmy Kimmel]] Live" show on May 25. --[[User:Leflyman|LeFlyman]] 21:02, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Question: When Kate threw the dynamite into the hole that Locke was being dragged into and black smoke comes out of the ground, did it look to anybody else like the smoke formed some sort of shape and then kind of flew away? It didn't look natural. [[User:RickK|Rick]][[User talk:RickK|K]] 08:25, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
::Dunno...I just saw it was a black cloud. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 14:16, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

::No, it's NOT 'just a black cloud', and this is HIGHLY CRUCIAL to understanding what the "security system is, and, in fact, WHAT THE WHOLE ISLAND ID HIDING. '''The black smoke Kate and Jack see before Locke gets attacked moves sideways and at high speed, not to mention that it does a curve up and then down in an instant, impossible for any kind of smoke... then, when the dynamite blows up underground, the 'smoke' not only goes up, but it spirals for a moment ALL in unison, then goes away and down to a SINGLE POINT back in the jungle, disappearing, totally inverse to what ordinary smoke does.''' This is why there's so much commotion all over the net about the 'monster' being much more than 'just smoke', maybe some kind of [[nanotechnology|futuristic technology]], paranormal manifestations, etc. and that is why I consider it EXTREMELY IMPORTANT that it is said to put at least that the smoke behaves "in a bizarre, almost supernatural way." That's what I'll do right now, thanks! [[User:Kreachure|Kreachure]] 20:45, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

:::I know this topic hasn't been touched on for a while, but there is something definately something funny about the black smoke - see [http://img42.echo.cx/img42/1709/lostturbineenhanced1rd.gif] for proof. [[User:Squidward2602|Squidward2602]] 18:45, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

== Looong summaries ==

The summaries for Pilot and Exodus seem way longer than the other episodes, the end result is that the article looks very uneven. I think we should trim the summaries down; the shot-by-shot recap seems more like twop territory than ours. --[[User:DropDeadGorgias|DropDeadGorgias]] [[User_talk:DropDeadGorgias|(talk)]] 19:45, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
:Yeah, they are pretty long. Maybe making an seperate article for each? A while ago, a proposal was put up to have each episode its own article. Originally, I was against it, but it seems every TV show has an article for 1 episode (e.g. ''The Simpsons'' and ''South Park''.) So if there was another proposal to make an article for each episode, I would be for it. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 22:47, 13 September 2005 (UTC)
:At this point, we should either split them into separate articles or even out the summaries (shortening some, expanding some). Many of them could do with an extended synopsis, which is probably better in separate articles. [[User:KramarDanIkabu|KramarDanIkabu]] 22:17, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
:While seperate articles I'm sure has an appeal, I think a better idea at this point is to trim out all the fancruft before having to come to this decision. I read through a few episodes earlier and I thought it was horrible how much detail this page goes into. I know a lot of information here is necessary to explain some of the episodes or whatever, but I don't think we need to mention every detail and every moment of every character's life and interaction with one another. Lets cut this page down first, get rid of all the excess and unneeded information and then come back to the question of whether we need an episode per page. [[User:K1Bond007|K1Bond007]] 04:30, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
::I agree here, I don't entirely like the separate articles for each episode ideas either. I think we can take no more than two paragraphs for each episode. I still think some of these need to be expanded because they really don't provide much information. [[User:KramarDanIkabu|KramarDanIkabu]] 04:35, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
:::I like a general paragraph limit on each episode (with slight leeway given to the pilot and finale due to the double-episode). We can decide that major plot and theme elements can stay, and a short section on special references is probably a good idea too. --[[User:DropDeadGorgias|DropDeadGorgias]] [[User_talk:DropDeadGorgias|(talk)]] 16:34, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

== Summary format ==

I am hoping to get around to new summaries soon that will hopefully be more balanced out, though it will likely take a while. Anyway, what I want to ask is what kind of format we should use for the summaries as far as flashbacks go. Should they be integrated into the plot summary where they appear in the show, or should a separate paragraph be lain out for flashbacks. I ask because I believe that it is crucial to the plot of the second season premiere that Desmond be introduced in the flashback before in the hatch. What are your opinions on the matter? [[User:KramarDanIkabu|KramarDanIkabu]] [[User talk:KramarDanIkabu|(talk)]] 05:38, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

==Black Rock==

Hi there,
Can anyone tell me what the "Black Rock" is? I searched Wiki, but with no luck. It was first mentioned when Sayid follows the metal wire from the beach to her hut.
Thanks, 17:50, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

:The Black Rock is the beached ship that Danielle leads them to, where they find the Dynamite. I believe the first reveal of the Black Rock was in Exodus Part 1. --[[User:DropDeadGorgias|DropDeadGorgias]] [[User_talk:DropDeadGorgias|(talk)]] 17:54, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

== Why didn't anyone notice? ==

Why didn't anyone notice that some anonymous IP made numerous vandalism and POV's to "Tabula Rasa" for a days without anyone noticing? I have left [[User165.21.154.116|165.21.154.116]] a <nowiki>{{Test3}}</nowiki> on their talk page, and made sure [[Wikipedia:Administrator_intervention_against_vandalism|Administrator intervention against vandalism]] know about it. [[User:Kilo-Lima|Kilo-Lima]] 16:28, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

* With the number of edits to this large article it is difficult to monitor them all. I would question whether this is vandalism or simply a new user not realizing what sort of language is appropriate for wikipedia. I have continued to remove the last few bits of POV in the section. [[User:Jackqu7|Jackqu7]] 17:29, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Lost season 1

2005-10-14T17:27:12Z

Jackqu7: /* Tabula Rasa */

__NOTOC__

This article contains episode summaries for the first season of the [[United States|American]] [[drama]]/[[adventure]] [[television series]] '''''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'''''. The season first aired on [[September 22]], [[2004]] and concluded on [[May 25]], [[2005]]...

In addition to the twenty-five episodes in season one, a special, "Lost: The Journey", was aired on [[April 27]], [[2005]] to put the mysteries of the island and the characters in perspective in the lead-up to the season finale. The original airdates ([[United States|U.S.]]) are listed here for each episode. For airdates on other networks and in other countries, see [[Airdates of Lost]].

{{spoiler}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto;"
|-
! '''#''' !! '''Title''' !! '''Flashbacks'''
|-
| 1 || "[[#Pilot|Pilot, Part 1]]" || Jack
|-
| 2 || "[[#Pilot|Pilot, Part 2]]" || Kate and Charlie
|-
| 3 || "[[#Tabula Rasa|Tabula Rasa]]" || Kate
|-
| 4 || "[[#Walkabout|Walkabout]]" || Locke
|-
| 5 || "[[#White Rabbit|White Rabbit]]" || Jack
|-
| 6 || "[[#House of the Rising Sun|House of the Rising Sun]]" || Sun
|-
| 7 || "[[#The Moth|The Moth]]" || Charlie
|-
| 8 || "[[#Confidence Man|Confidence Man]]" || Sawyer
|-
| 9 || "[[#Solitary|Solitary]]" || Sayid
|-
| 10 || "[[#Raised by Another|Raised by Another]]" || Claire
|-
| 11 || "[[#All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues|All the Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues]]" || Jack
|-
| 12 || "[[#Whatever the Case May Be|Whatever the Case May Be]]" || Kate
|-
| 13 || "[[#Hearts and Minds|Hearts and Minds]]" || Boone
|-
| 14 || "[[#Special|Special]]" || Michael and Walt
|-
| 15 || "[[#Homecoming|Homecoming]]" || Charlie
|-
| 16 || "[[#Outlaws|Outlaws]]" || Sawyer
|-
| 17 || "[[#... In Translation|... In Translation]]" || Jin
|-
| 18 || "[[#Numbers|Numbers]]" || Hurley
|-
| 19 || "[[#Deus Ex Machina|Deus Ex Machina]]" || Locke
|-
| 20 || "[[#Do No Harm|Do No Harm]]" || Jack
|-
| – || "Lost: The Journey" || none ([[clip-show]])
|-
| 21 || "[[#The Greater Good|The Greater Good]]" || Sayid
|-
| 22 || "[[#Born to Run|Born to Run]]" || Kate
|-
| 23 || "[[#Exodus: Part 1|Exodus: Part 1]]" || Various
|-
| 24 || "[[#Exodus: Parts 2 and 3|Exodus: Part 2]]" || Various
|-
| 25 || "[[#Exodus: Parts 2 and 3|Exodus: Part 3]]" || Various
|}

==Pilot==
*'''Original air date:''' [[September 22]], [[2004]] and [[September 29]], [[2004]] The two-hour pilot was originally split into two parts, each broadcast a week apart; it aired in its original format on [[October 2]], [[2004]].

The premise for the series is set forth in an indirect and incomplete manner, which has become the defining style of the series. The 14 principals are briefly introduced.

===Part one===
A close-up of an opening eye shows the [[pupil]] contracting. The tops of trees in a bamboo grove are seen through the eyes of man (who is later identified as [[Jack Shephard]] ([[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]])) lying on his back in the jungle. A Golden Labrador Retriever dog trots past through the trees. Obviously confused to how he arrived there, the man gazes about at the idyllic surroundings when his memories rush back to him. With great effort, he sits upright, revealing blood on his shirt. He bolts upright and runs pell-mell through the jungle, emerging at a beach strewn with the wreckage of a [[jet airliner]] and almost 50 confused survivors of the crash. It is later revealed that the plane was torn apart in mid-air while travelling from [[Australia]] to the [[United States]]. The fuselage of the jet is still burning and one of the engines is still in operation, though its speed waxes and wanes due to no apparent cause.

On the beach, Jack moves quickly among the survivors attempting to administer medical aid, identifying himself as a [[medical doctor]]. With the help of other survivors, he pulls a man with a severed leg from underneath the fuselage. When he notices a pregnant woman (whom we later meet as [[Claire Littleton|Claire]] ([[Emilie de Ravin]])) complaining of possible [[childbirth|labor pains]], he directs a nearby survivor (whom we later meet as [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes|Hurley]] ([[Jorge Garcia]])) to help her. Chaos continues as the fuselage continues to burn and disintegrate. A male survivor is sucked into the jet engine, which explodes, sending debris raining on the beach. Jack administers [[CPR]] to a woman (later identified as [[Characters of Lost#Rose|Rose]]) unconscious on the beach. In a later flashback, it is revealed that Jack was seated across the aisle from the woman on the plane and was conversing with her at the moment that plane lost cabin pressure. She had been accompanied by her husband, who had left his seat to go the lavatory. Jack had told her that he would fill in for her husband and stay by her side until her husband came back.

After administering aid to the others, Jack takes a sewing kit from a suitcase and slips off into the jungle to examine the wound on his left side. He sees a young woman (who later identifies herself to the unconscious man as [[Kate Austin|Kate]] ([[Evangeline Lilly]])) standing nearby and drafts her to sew up his wound, calming her by telling her the story of his first solo surgical procedure, where he conquered his fear during an emergency by "letting the fear" in, but only for five seconds. It is also revealed through their conversation that the plane disintegrated in the air, with the tail section of the plane having fallen off (Kate claims she saw the whole thing, while Jack says he blacked out before that).

On the beach, Jack tends to an unconscious male survivor who is badly injured by a fragment of the fuselage embedded in his torso. Kate asks Jack if he thinks the man will live, and informs him that she was sitting next to him during the flight. Other survivors (including the father and son we later meet as [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]] ([[Harold Perrineau Jr.]]) and [[Walt Lloyd|Walt]] ([[Malcolm David Kelley]])) congregate and discuss what to do with the bodies still in the fuselage. We briefly encounter the character later identified as [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]] ([[Josh Holloway]]), lounging nonchalantly on his back on the beach. The character we later meet as Hurley salvages meals from the plane's galley and distributes them, giving two to the pregnant woman he helped (her labor pains were false, but it is revealed she is eight months pregnant). A young woman whom we later meet as [[Shannon Rutherford|Shannon]] ([[Maggie Grace]]) petulantly refuses a chocolate bar offered by her male companion (whom we later meet as [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]], her step-brother ([[Ian Somerhalder]])) on the grounds that she will eat on the "rescue ship" when it arrives. Among the survivors, there is a general expectation that they will be rescued at any time. A character who identifies himself as [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]] ([[Naveen Andrews]]) organizes the clean-up of the beach.

In the evening, beyond the light of their fire, the peacefulness of the waiting is interrupted by loud terrifying noises from the nearby jungle, punctuated by the crashing of trees. The source of these noises seems invisible or hidden, and is later referred to as "The Monster". (''Note: Online fan forums also refer to the Monster as "The Creature" or "Lostzilla".'') While the survivors listen to the monster, Rose remarks that the noises sound "familiar".

The next day, Jack decides that in order to be rescued, the survivors will need to send a radio message using the [[transceiver]] of the aircraft, which is located in the [[cockpit]], which broke off in the air (In doing so, Jack reveals to Kate that he took a few flying lessons but that it "wasn't for him"). Based on Kate's descriptions of the location of smoke, he sets off into the jungle, accompanied by Kate at her insistence, as well as by a character we meet as [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]] ([[Dominic Monaghan]]). As the trio walks away from the beach, they are observed from the brush by the dog encountered in the opening scene. Kate tells Charlie he looks familiar, and he reveals to her that he is the [[bass guitar|bassist]] in a band called [[Drive Shaft]].

As the trio advances into the jungle, they are drenched by a sudden rainstorm. They encounter the nose section of the plane, which is sitting at a steep angle in the trees. The three of them, led by Jack, climb into the nose and scale the steep floor, where Jack pries open the cockpit door. Inside he and Kate find the pilot, still in his seat, who awakens suddenly. The pilot reveals to Jack and Kate that the plane had lost radio contact before the crash, and had changed course towards [[Fiji]]. They were, in his reckoning, 1000 miles off course and thus no one knows where they are. The pilot locates the transceiver, but he cannot get it to function.

Meanwhile on the beach during the same rainstorm, a group of the survivors huddles in part of the fuselage. The conspicuous exception is an older man (whom we later meet as [[John Locke (Lost)|John Locke]] ([[Terry O'Quinn]])) who sits alone in the rain on the beach with his arms outstretched up the air, as if glorifying in the rain itself. A young [[Korea]]n couple (whom we later meet as [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin-Soo]] and [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun-Soo Kwon]] ([[Daniel Dae Kim]] and [[Yoon-jin Kim]])) huddles under part of the fuselage. The man tells the woman in Korean to stick close to him at all times.

In the jungle, the conversation in the cockpit is interrupted by loud noises from outside the plane, accompanied by mechanical thrashing identical to the "Monster" heard by the other survivors on the beach. The pilot attempts to investigate by climbing out a broken cockpit window. To the horror of the others, he is seized by some unseen presence while halfway out the window and disappears. Jack grabs the transceiver and he and Kate exit the cockpit in terror. Kate notices that Charlie has disappeared. He suddenly emerges from the lavatory to the suspicion of Kate. As the three run from the "Monster", Charlie is nearly taken by it and Jack leaves Kate to return to fetch him. She calms herself by counting to five as Jack had suggested. Later as the three walk back towards the beach they encounter the pilot's bloodied body suspended in the tree tops.

===Part two===
It is Sayid, a former communications officer with the [[Iraqi Republican Guard]], joined by Kate, Charlie, Boone, the snarky Sawyer, and Boone's sister Shannon, who takes the transceiver inland in an attempt to use it to communicate with the outside world. Sayid's effort to send a message to civilization is thwarted by a mysterious transmission in French that has been repeating for over 16 years. Meanwhile, back at camp, the others discover other mysteries about their fellow passengers.

==Tabula Rasa==
[[Image:Lost tabularasa 074.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Ray Mullen in episode Tabula Rasa]]
*'''Original air date:''' [[October 6]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austin|Kate]]
In a makeshift infirmary tent, Jack is tending to the Marshal who mutters the same thing over and over through his pain: "Don't trust her. She's dangerous." When Jack asks him who "She" is, the Marshal tells him to look in his Jacket pocket. Upon looking at the wallet, he finds a picture of Kate.

The "Signal Party" is working their way back down the mountain. It's getting dark and some of them want to make camp for the night. Sawyer wants to press on through the jungle at night, but anyone who has seen the last two episodes knows that isn't a very good idea and he is convinced to stay. Sitting around the fire, they discuss what they should tell the others about the French transmission. That information has not improved their peace of mind, so they decide not to tell the others anything in order to preserve hope.

At the beach in the tent, Jack is trying to save the Marshall. Hurley enters and stumbles across Kate's picture and asks "What do you think she did?" - instantaneously, we see a flashback:

Kate, being prodded by a shotgun held by a farmer (Ray) who wants to know what she is doing sleeping in his barn. After a frank exchange, the two find that they can be of service to each other. He needs some help on the farm, she needs a job and a place to stay, and claims her name is "Annie".

Back at the Signal Party, Boone lifts the gun from Sawyer and the clip from Sayid as they sleep. They wake up and an argument ensues over who should have the gun, but they can't agree on a trustworthy candidate - until they arrive at Kate. She reluctantly agrees to keep it.

The next morning, Hurley arrives at the infirmary tent to tell Jack the "Signal Party" has returned. Kate pulls Jack aside and says she has something she wants to tell him, in private. Jack is relieved, assuming that she is going to confide in him. But when they get down to it, Kate tells Jack about the French transmission. He asks if there is anything else she'd like to tell him. She asks if the Marshal has regained consciousness. When Jack tells her he did briefly during the surgery, Kate asks if he said anything to Jack. Jack considers the question for a moment before answering, "No".

The Marshal's condition has deterioated. If they don't find some stronger antibiotics, he's not going to make it. Hurley tells him he's looked everywhere, except the fuselage where the deceased are.

Jack enters the wreckage and does his best to avoid disturbing the bodies as he makes a desperate search for anything that will help the Marshal. Hearing something rustling behind him, he finds Sawyer combing the fuselage for a different reason - turns out he's doing a little personal shopping. Jack berates him for disrespecting the dead, but Sawyer tells Jack to get with the program. Jack still thinks they are back in civilization while Sawyer realizes they are "in the wild".

On the beach, Charlie is helping Claire collect luggage using a wheelchair from the plane and they begin to form a bond. Meanwhile, Sun presents a suitcase to Jin, but after closer inspection Jin determines it is the wrong one and tells Sun to keep looking. But before she does, he tells her to go and clean up her face, because she is embarrassing him. As she turns to leave, he tells her he loves her.

Hurley bumps into Kate at the infirmary tent and tries to play it cool about knowing her secret and in the process notices the gun in her waistband, despite his lieing abilities. We then flashback to:

Kate, who decides it's time to move on from the Australian farm. But when she accepts a ride from Ray to the train station, she learns that he is planning on turning her in to the authorities. He saw her picture at the post office and he really needs that reward money. Kate looks in the side mirror to see the Marshal behind them. In a desperate attempt to get away, Kate jerks the wheel and crashes the truck off the road. Saving the farmer from the truck costs her a chance to escape and she is captured by the Marshal.

Back in real time, while leaning over her body, the Marshal wakes up and lunges at Kate's throat, choking her. Jack has to pull him off of her before he does any harm.

Michael struggles to forge bond with Walt and he wants to know what Locke told him yesterday. Walt says it's a secret, but when Michael presses the issue, Walt reveals that Locke told him "a miracle happened". Michael wants him to stay away from Locke.

When the rain stops, Michael searches for the dog in jungle. He hears something in the tall grass. He runs as fast as he can to get away from it and runs smack into Sun, who is topless and washing herself. There is an awkward moment between them.

Back on the beach, the Marshal is dying; loudly. His screams are taking a physical toll on the rest of the group. Sayid asks Jack if anything can be done. Jack says he is doing all he can. The Marshal tells Jack he wants to speak to Kate alone. While she is in the tent, Hurley tells Jack about the gun he saw in her pants. Jack races back to the infirmary tent before it's too late:

Sawyer walks out of the tent, coolly. He did what had to be done; what Jack couldn't do. Horrible groans come from the tent again. We go in to find that the Marshal still isn't dead - Sawyer dubiously shot him in the chest. He was aiming for the heart - though missed. It will take hours for him to bleed out and he will suffer horribly. Jack throws an extremely shaken Sawyer out of the tent. And a few moments later the moans stop for good. Jack emerges and walks past Sawyer without a word.

==Walkabout==
*'''Original air date:''' [[October 13]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]]
About four days after the crash, the survivors discover that their food is exhausted, and wonder what to do; John Locke, a menacing presence in the background of the previous stories, flings a combat knife at an abandoned plane seat, narrowly missing the head of another castaway, and announces that they should go hunting in the jungle. While the survivors deal with mundane tasks of survival, Locke's background is set forth.

Locke is revealed to have been paralyzed and wheelchair-bound prior to the plane crash. Locke had planned on participating on a [[walkabout]] tour of the Australian [[outback]], but was turned away when the tour guide discovered that he was in a wheelchair. Locke had offered a woman who may be a [[phone sex]] worker a ticket to travel with him; this woman, Helen, rejected the offer and cut off communication with him. (Later episodes show that Locke once had a romantic relationship with a woman named Helen, probably not the woman heard here.) Locke is shown to have been a lonely, frustrated man, constantly belittled by his much-younger boss in the cubicle farm where he worked as a regional sales representative for a box company.

Some mystery is also infused into his character as the audience is made to wonder why exactly he gets called "Colonel Locke" and why he receives a mysterious phone call speaking of a target being identified, and using military time to identify a time to "rendezvous" and the "usual place". A later scene reveals the caller to be a co-worker, confirming their lunchtime game of [[Risk_(game)|Risk]].

This episode also explains Locke's comment about it being a 'miracle': the crash gave him back the use of his legs.

In the jungle, Locke is separated from his companions, who believe the Monster is closing upon Locke; however, he returns to the camp with a slain [[boar|wild boar]], and the other survivors believe that he has killed it himself. Locke seems to have directly encountered the mysterious Monster, but we do not know what he saw.

==White Rabbit==
*'''Original air date:''' [[October 20]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard]]
Joanna, a character who had not been previously mentioned, drowns in the ocean, despite Boone and Jack's best efforts to save her. They hold a makeshift funeral for her, with the few bits of information they can glean from her few recovered possessions.

Delirious from a lack of sleep, Jack believes he sees his father stalking him from a distance, and forsakes the leadership role the others have thrust upon him in order to follow the apparition and determine whether he is hallucinating. While flashbacks explain why Jack was in Australia, Boone gets himself into trouble with the others. Jack's search for his father results in finding a source of fresh water for the survivors, as well as a cave that will afford shelter.

==House of the Rising Sun==
*'''Original air date:''' [[October 27]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun]]
All are shocked when Jin attacks Michael without warning; Sayid is forced to handcuff him to a portion of the plane wreckage to keep the peace. While the survivors argue whether to stay on the beach — where a rescue party could see them — or move to the cave in the jungle near fresh water, the story of Jin and Sun is revealed in a series of flashbacks. Jin went to work for Sun's father in order to gain his permission to marry her. After working years for her father, Jin returns home late one night, his clothes and hands covered with blood. Horrified by the violent life that Jin apparently has taken up, Sun plotted to run away from Jin — but at the last minute decided to join Jin on the fateful flight. Sun reveals to Michael that she can speak English, but Jin does not know. She says Jin attacked Michael over her father's watch, which Jin had been keeping, and which Michael had found after the crash and been innocently wearing.

==The Moth==
[[Image:Lost Charlie 1.jpg|left|thumb|Charlie Pace (played by Dominic Monaghan)]]
*'''Original air date:''' [[November 3]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]]
Charlie begins a painful journey of withdrawal from drugs, aided by Locke, whose true motive for helping Charlie is a mystery. Meanwhile, survivors—especially Charlie—struggle to find and free Jack when he's buried alive in a cave collapse, and someone might be secretly thwarting Sayid, Kate, and Boone when they enact a plan to find the source of the French transmission.

In flashbacks, Charlie recalls his glory days playing with his band, [[Drive Shaft]], with his brother, Liam. Both were unprepared for the phenomenal success of their band, and got caught up in anonymous sex and [[drug abuse]]. The band eventually splits due to the ego-warring between the two brothers. Charlie attempts to recruit Liam for a reunion tour, but by this time Liam has settled down with a family in Australia, though Charlie is still using drugs.

In the end, Charlie, whose sense of self-worth has been increasingly diminished, finds new confidence after rescuing Jack, and choosing to toss his drugs into a fire.

==Confidence Man==
[[Image:Lost Shannon 1.jpg|right|thumb|Shannon Rutherford (played by Maggie Grace)]]
*'''Original air date:''' [[November 10]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]]
When Shannon's [[asthma]] becomes a problem, everyone becomes convinced that Sawyer is hoarding some inhalers from the wreck. Jack and Sayid torture him, but he agrees to give up the inhalers in return for a kiss from Kate. She agrees, and he says that he doesn't have the inhalers after all. Sun helps Shannon by making a [[eucalyptus]] salve to clear her bronchial passages.

In flashbacks, we learn that Sawyer is a [[con man|confidence man]]. His parents were ruined by another grifter named Sawyer, whose name he took as an alias when he entered a similar life of crime to pay some debts. He hates himself for this, which explains why he seems to go to such great lengths to make everyone else hate him. We do not know his real name. (Later episodes revealed that his name is James Ford.)

After the torture incident, despite a plea from Kate, Sayid sets off alone to explore the island's shoreline, disgusted with himself for breaking a vow never to do anything like that again. Charlie convinces Claire to move to the caves; they seem to be striking up a close relationship.

==Solitary==
*'''Original air date:''' [[November 17]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]]
On his own, Sayid finds a cable running out of the ocean and into the jungle. He follows it, is captured, and tortured by a mysterious woman who identifies herself as [[Characters of Lost#Danielle Rousseau|Danielle Rousseau]] ([[Mira Furlan]]). It is her voice on the automatically repeating distress call; she seems mentally unbalanced. She claims to have been stranded on the island when a "science expedition" ran aground there. She also claims to have killed most of the other expedition members after they became "infected"—controlled by some sort of disease or mind control (this is very vague). She also warns him to keep an eye on the others.

In his flashbacks, we learn of Sayid's career in the Republican Guard, and how he conspired to help a childhood friend, Noor (nicknamed Nadia), escape execution and developed feelings for her.

Meanwhile, Hurley builds a [[golf]] course (site of "the first — and hopefully only — Island Open", in his words) to improve morale among the castaways, and Locke agrees, without Michael's knowledge, to teach Walt ([[Malcolm David Kelley]]) some woodcraft. Another new character, [[Characters of Lost#Ethan Rom|Ethan]] ([[William Mapother]]), helps Locke hunt.

Sayid eventually escapes from Rousseau's bunker, but he hears the whispering voices in the jungle of which she spoke.

==Raised by Another==
*'''Original air date:''' [[December 1]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Claire Littleton|Claire]]
Two nights in a row, Claire wakes up screaming; on the second, she insists that someone held her down and stabbed her stomach to hurt her unborn child, although no physical marks support this. Jack questions her and learns that the baby is due in just over a week; concerned that stress could trigger early [[childbirth|labor]], he says Claire is having [[anxiety]] [[nightmare]]s, and that an attack would have been unlikely with so many other people around. But Charlie — who has been doting on Claire — isn't so sure, and the alleged attack prompts Hurley to begin a [[census]] of the islanders.

Angered by Jack's suggestion that she wasn't really attacked and his advice to take a mild [[sedative]], Claire leaves the cave alone and heads for the beach. Charlie catches up to her shortly before she is overcome by [[contraction (childbirth)|contractions]]; on the way to get Jack, he finds Ethan and tells him to relay the message. Charlie manages to calm Claire down, and the contractions end.

In flashbacks, we learn that Claire was flying to [[Los Angeles]] on the advice of a [[psychic]] who had initially warned her not to let anyone else raise the child, but claimed he'd found a "good" couple in the [[United States|U.S.]] to [[adoption|adopt]] the baby. After she tells Charlie her story, the two conclude the psychic's insistence that Claire take the doomed flight indicated he'd known about the crash.

An ailing Sayid returns to camp and tells the others he found the woman on the recording, and Hurley reveals that one of the island's inhabitants (apparently Ethan) was not listed on the [[flight manifest]] as one of the plane's passengers. Simultaneously, Ethan ominously accosts Claire and Charlie in the jungle.

==All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues==
*'''Original air date:''' [[December 8]], [[2004]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard|Jack]]
Haunted by flashbacks to his relationship with his alcoholic father (particularly one episode where he vainly attempts to perform CPR on a patient on the operating table after his father fatally botches the surgery), Jack follows Locke into the jungles in pursuit of Ethan, who has kidnapped Claire and Charlie. The good doctor soon splits off on his own, against Locke's suggestion to follow quietly. Eventually, Jack returns and two parties form up: Jack and Kate follow a trail left behind by Charlie, while Locke and Boone track a series of footprints.

During an episode of rain, Jack and Kate get separated. Jack stumbles down an embankment after hearing what sounds like Claire screaming, and when he comes to at the bottom, Ethan is standing over him. The two men struggle, but the mysterious outsider gets the upper hand, and he warns Jack that if he continues to follow, he will kill one of the hostages.

Kate soon comes to Jack's aid, and the pair follows Ethan's path until they come across Charlie, blindfolded and hanged by his neck from a tree branch. They cut him down, and Jack furiously performs [[CPR]] — despite Kate's pleas that it's a lost cause — until Charlie coughs his way back to life.

The episode ends at nightfall, with Jack, Kate, and Charlie back at the caves, where Charlie reveals that it was Claire that Ethan wanted all along, and with Boone and Locke somewhere in the jungle, where they discover a piece of metal embedded in the ground — which is ''not'' shrapnel from the plane. [1]

==Whatever the Case May Be==
[[Image:Lost Kate 1.jpg|left|thumb|Kate (played by Evangeline Lilly)]]
*'''Original air date:''' [[January 5]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austin|Kate]]
Kate takes an interest in a metal suitcase she and Sawyer find while swimming; she tries twice to steal it from him before going to Jack, claiming the case contains weapons and money and belonged to the U.S. Marshal (who was buried with the key). Kate and Jack open the case to find the items, along with a small metal airplane; when pressured, Kate says it belonged to the man she loved – and the man she killed. Flashbacks show a New Mexico bank robbery orchestrated by Kate to get into a [[safe deposit box]] containing the envelope.

Meanwhile, the tide moves further inland, and passengers scramble to move belongings from the beach; Rose, who maintains faith that her husband is still alive, coaxes Charlie out of his funk and gets him to help. Also, Sayid seeks Shannon’s help in translating some of Rousseau’s apparently random notes, which she later recognizes as lyrics to the song played over the credits of [[Finding Nemo|"a cartoon fish movie."]] (The song is [[Charles Trenet]]'s "La Mer", the French original of [[Bobby Darin]]'s classic "[[Beyond the Sea (song)|Beyond the Sea]]".)

==Hearts and Minds==
*'''Original air date:''' [[January 12]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]]
Boone mentions to Locke that others are suspicious of their apparently fruitless “boar hunting” trips — actually excursions to the mysterious metal object — and says he wants to tell Shannon; Locke responds by knocking him unconscious. Boone finds himself tied up by Locke, who treats his head wound and leaves a knife so he'll be able to free himself, given "the proper motivation" — Shannon's screams and the sound of the Monster approaching. Despite attempts to hide, the Monster kills Shannon, and Boone finds her corpse lying along a stream. However, Boone realizes upon returning to camp that this never happened — it was a sort of [[vision quest]] Locke felt was crucial to his survival. When asked how he felt seeing Shannon die, Boone replies “relieved.”

Flashbacks reveal that Boone went to [[Sydney, Australia]] to rescue Shannon — his stepsister — from an abusive boyfriend, only to realize he had been set up by Shannon to get some of his mother’s money. Boone is later approached by a drunken Shannon, who says she knows he’s always been in love with her. Their kisses apparently lead to sex, and Shannon claims that things will go back to normal. In one flashback, Boone is in a police station in Sydney, where his conversation with one of the officers is interrupted by a handcuffed Sawyer, dragged in kicking and snarling.

Meanwhile, Hurley turns to Jin for help with fishing. Kate discovers a garden Sun is planting in the jungle and figures out that she can speak English. Locke gives his compass to Sayid, who figures it must be faulty because its magnetic [[north]] does not align with true north.

==Special==
*'''Original air date:''' [[January 19]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]]
An annoyed Michael confronts Walt, who has been studying knife skills under Locke, and enlists his help in scavenging parts from the wreck to build a raft. Eventually, Walt tells his dad that he is going to get some water and runs off with his dog. Michael initially accuses Locke of contributing to his son's delinquency despite his repeated warnings, but when he sees that the boy is not with Locke, the two men track Walt into the jungle. Michael risks his own life to save Walt from one of the island's unlikely predators, a polar bear, thus aiding the reconciliation between the two.

Flashbacks show that Michael and Susan (Walt's mother) were unmarried, and when Walt was only a few months old, Susan, an ambitious young lawyer, accepted a job in Amsterdam and took her child with her. She married a co-worker when Walt was two, and their work eventually brought them to Australia. Michael didn't see his son again until after Susan's death from a blood disorder. It was her wish that he be given custody.

Walt is hinted to have some sort of supernatural power over his surroundings. As a child in Australia, Walt opens one of his books to a picture of a native bird—and shortly afterwards the bird fatally slams into a nearby window. On the island, while teaching him to throw a knife, Locke tells the boy to visualize hitting the target, and Walt fires and embeds the blade perfectly on the mark. Later, a polar bear appears soon after the [[comic book]] Walt had been looking at, which featured a picture of a polar bear, is thrown in the fire by his father.

Charlie recovers Claire's diary from Sawyer with help from Kate. As he skims through it, hoping to find some mention of him in her musings, he reads her description of a dream about a "black rock" which corresponds to a location on Sayid's stolen map. He shows this to the others, thinking it might be a clue to her whereabouts. However, while exploring, Locke and Boone are shocked by the sudden appearance of Claire, stumbling out of the jungle.

* Trivia: The comic book read by Walt is ''[[Green Lantern]] / [[Flash (comics)|Flash]]: Faster Friends'' #1.

==Homecoming==
*'''Original air date:''' [[February 9]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]]
Claire returns to camp, apparently with [[amnesia|no memory]] of anything after the flight. After Ethan confronts Charlie, threatening to kill the other castaways one by one until he gets Claire back, the islanders take security measures; however, Ethan makes good on his threat, killing Scott. With the guns from the [[#Whatever the Case May Be|briefcase]] and Claire as (willing) bait, Jack and some of the others set a trap; although the plan is to keep Ethan alive, a vengeful Charlie fires six rounds into his chest and kills him.

Through flashbacks we learn how Charlie hooked up with a wealthy girl in order to steal something to sell for drug money, but fell in love. He takes a job from the girl's father, but his plan to become respectable backfires as he suffers [[withdrawal]] symptoms. Afterwards, the girl tells Charlie that he will never take care of anyone, a likely motivation for his efforts to protect Claire.

* Trivia: When The wealthy girl mentions her father "buying some paper company in Slough", it is a reference to the Gervais/Merchant series "[[The Office]]"

==Outlaws==
*'''Original air date:''' [[February 16]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]]
Sawyer has a nightmare about the night when (as a child) he was told by his mother to hide under his bed while she went to the door to tell his father to leave. His father forced his way into the house, kills his mother, sits on the bed the child Sawyer (actually named James) was hiding under, and kills himself, the dream ends.

Sawyer then wakes up to find a giant boar in front of him, and it attacks his tent and runs away into the trees taking Sawyer's tarp with it. Sawyer chases after it, and while he is in the jungle he hears whispering noises. Most of the noises are hard to hear, but a louder whisper clearly says "It'll come back around". Sawyer talks to Sayid about the voices Sayid heard while he was in the jungle some time before, and when Sayid asks why he wants to know, Sawyer replies: "No reason."

Later, Sawyer has a flashback wherein he is told, by a former associate, where the Sawyer who ruined his life as a child is: Australia. He buys a gun and goes to the shrimp shop where the older Sawyer works and sees him there. He chats briefly with him, but doesn't kill him.

Meanwhile, Sawyer is obsessed with finding the boar who attacked him and goes into the jungle to find it, accompanied by Kate. The next morning the two of them wake up to find that Sawyer's belongings have been ruined while Kate's remain untouched. Locke then comes out of the jungle and tells them a story from his childhood.

He says that his sister died very young and their foster mother blamed herself, suffering a severe depression. But a few months later a dog came into the house and his foster mother suddenly felt much better. The dog even slept in his sister's room. And when his foster mother died years later the dog vanished completely. When asked if the dog was supposed to have been his sister, Locke replies "That's just silly. But my mother seemed to think so."

Sawyer then has another flashback where he goes to an Australian bar and meets a man there. They have a talk, and the man tells Sawyer that if something is making him miserable he should take care of it before it destroys him. So Sawyer goes back to the shrimp shop and shoots the older Sawyer. However, it is revealed through their subsequent conversation that the man he shot isn't the real Sawyer, and that he has been duped into assassinating an innocent man. The man's last words are "It'll come back around".

Meanwhile, Sawyer catches up to the boar and decides to leave it rather than kill it. He returns to camp and gives Jack back the gun he was given for their previous encounter with Ethan. Now all the guns are with Jack, who returns them to the marshal's case. They start to talk, and something Jack says ("that's why the Red Sox will never win the Series," apparently without knowledge of the [[2004 World Series]]) makes Sawyer realize the man in the Australian bar he was talking to was actually Jack's father. When Jack asks why Sawyer wants to know about his father, Sawyer responds: "No reason".

==... In Translation==
*'''Original air date:''' [[February 23]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin]]
Jin has flashbacks of when he started working for Sun's father, the head of a Korean [[chaebol]] (a large, typically family-owned corporation—in this case, a car company) and a man who is not above using violent methods to get what he wants. He worked for Sun's father to prove his commitment and worthiness to marry Sun, claiming he would do anything to marry her. Sun's father gives Jin a task of conveying a message of his displeasure to the Under-Secretary for Environmental Safety. At the Secretary's house, Hurley can be seen getting into a car on the television in the background. Jin relays the message and seems confused when the visibly terrified man gives him the puppy we saw him bring to Sun in a previous episode. However, upon finding Jin has not done what was implied for him to do, Sun's father reprimands Jin and directs him to return to the Secretary's home, with a hit man. Jin returns to the Secretary's house, but before the hit man can act, beats up the Secretary in front of his family, to give him "the message" as Sun's father originally intended and essentially save him from being murdered.

The raft Michael had been building is burned. Immediately Michael suspects Jin due to their disagreements in the past, however, Sawyer finds Jin first, roughs him up, and handcuffs him. Later Sawyer releases Jin on the beach and he and Michael fight each other. The rest of the survivors watch the fight, hesitant to stop it until Sun yells out in English for them to stop. The survivors are dumbfounded that she speaks English and has been keeping it from them the whole time. Jin is obviously distraught at this revelation.

Later, Locke sits down to play a game with Walt, and asks him bluntly "Why did you burn the raft, Walt?" Walt then says that he is tired of always moving and he likes it on the island. Locke agrees with him.

In the cave, Jin has another flashback, revealing that his father is not dead. His father asks him why he works for Sun's father, and advises him to run with her to America. Back on the island, Jin disregards his father's advice and tells Sun that it is too late to save their marriage, and goes to help Michael build a new boat.

==Numbers==
*'''Original air date:''' [[March 2]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Hugo Reyes|Hurley]]
Hurley has flashbacks of his winning the lottery with the numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42, which he claims to everyone "just came to him". In truth, Hurley had overheard them from a former U.S. Naval officer named Leonard who is currently in a mental institution where Hurley was a former patient. After winning the lottery and running into a relentless run of bad luck for everyone around him, Hurley starts thinking that the numbers are cursed, but no one else believes him. It would seem from the show that a clause in this curse is that no mater what you say or how well you document your extraordinary bad luck nobody will believe you, even if your death stops the run of bad luck for those around you. From the time he won the lottery it appears that everyone around him is hurt or has disasterous bad luck, including a box company in Tustin, CA (Note: Locke worked in a box company before he went to Australia and had spent most of his life in Tustin) that he bought with his winnings. When Jack and Hurley question Sayid about [[Characters of Lost#Danielle Rousseau|Rousseau]] Hurley notices that the French woman had written Hurley's winning lottery numbers over and over on a piece of paper. Hurley then sets out to find Rousseau and the origin of the numbers, which is paralleled in his flashbacks as he attempts to find out the origins of the numbers at that time as well. Hurley learns that Leonard and a friend had overheard the numbers being repeatedly broadcast over the radio and used the numbers similarly to how Hurley did and also came to believe that the numbers were cursed. The transmission is the same transmission that diverted the French woman and her companions towards the island, causing their shipwreck. Rousseau is the only person to believe Hurley when he says the numbers are cursed.

Michael and Jin continue to build a second raft, but they are having trouble communicating. Locke enlists the help of Claire to build a mysterious object. Towards completion, Claire reveals that it is her birthday. The object turns out to be a cradle for when the baby is born—a birthday gift from the smiling survivalist/handyman.

At the end of the show, the camera shows us the metal object Boone and Locke discovered buried in the jungle (which appears to be a hatch of some sort) with the numbers embossed in it. Earlier in the show during Hurley's flashback, Hurley visited Leonard and told Leonard what he had done with the numbers. Leonard suddenly became lucid, excitedly saying that Hurley had "[[Pandora's box|opened the box]]" and how he must "get away from those numbers" or it "won't stop".

==Deus Ex Machina==
*'''Original air date:''' [[March 30]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]]
The episode begins with a younger [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]], with hair, working in a discount superstore. He demonstrates the children's game [[Mouse Trap (board game)|Mousetrap]] to a boy, calling it his favorite game. A mysterious older woman appears to be watching him in the store, and later in the parking lot. When he confronts her, she reveals that she is his birth mother, Emily Annabeth Locke. John inquires about his natural father, but she tells him that he had no father, and that he was "[[Immaculate Conception|immaculately conceived]]" (likely meaning that his was a [[Virgin Birth]].)

On the Island, the [[trebuchet]] Locke and [[Boone Carlyle|Boone]] built fails to break the glass on the metal hatch the two discovered. Locke is unaware that a broken shard has lodged itself in one of his legs until Boone tells him; he later discovers he has no feeling in his feet or legs. When asked about how they would open the hatch, he tells Boone that the Island will send them a sign, and they see a small aircraft crashing into the jungle. However, this turns out to be a dream, which concludes with Boone covered in blood, repeating the phrase "Theresa falls up the stairs; Theresa falls down the stairs." Later, when describing the vision he had, he asks Boone, "Who is Theresa?" and is told that she was his childhood nanny whom he believes he caused to fall to her death in his family home. Locke insists that they have to locate the plane, which is eventually found hanging in the trees.

Meanwhile, [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]] is having increasingly painful headaches, which are not helped by Sun's herbal remedies. Kate, acting as a go-between, convinces Sawyer to accept Jack's medical assistance. After a brief examination, Jack asks him a series of embarrassing questions — "Have you ever slept with a prostitute?"; "Have you ever contracted an [[sexually transmitted infection|STD]]?"; "When was the last outbreak?" — probably to irritate Sawyer and/or warn Kate. Jack reveals that Sawyer is suffering from [[hyperopia]] or farsightedness, due to Sawyer's excessive reading. Sayid melts together the halves of two pairs of glasses which, when worn by Sawyer, are described by Hurley as looking like "someone steamrolled [[Harry Potter]]."

In flashback, Locke hires a [[private investigator]] to get information on his father and mother. The investigators tells him that his mother has been committed in the past, and gives him the address of his father, Anthony Cooper. He goes to his father's affluent home, where he is admitted and welcomed. His father appears to take Locke under his wing, taking him hunting several times. Arriving early one day, he sees that his father is on [[dialysis]]. His father mentions that he would need a [[kidney transplantation|transplant]], but is pessimistic about his chances on the waiting list. Locke volunteers to give his father his [[kidney]].

Back on the island, Boone climbs into the plane, at Locke's request as his legs have apparently stopped working. The plane contains statues of the [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] filled with [[heroin]], flown by [[drug smugglers]] under the guise of [[Nigeria]]n [[missionaries]]. Boone checks the radio which still works and subsequently makes contact, saying "We're the survivors of flight 815". After a brief pause, "We're the survivors of flight 815" is heard back over the radio. Just as he possibly makes contact, however, the plane falls out of the tree and crashes to the ground with Boone inside. Locke hoists a badly injured Boone on his shoulders and returns to the camp.

In his flashback, Locke wakes up in the [[hospital]] after the kidney transplant to find that his father has gone home for private care. His mother appears and reveals that his father concocted a scheme to convince Locke to give up his kidney. Locke pulls himself out of the hospital bed and drives to his father's home, where the once-friendly guard is not allowed to let him inside. Locke drives away at the guard's pained insistence and screams at the betrayal.

On the island, Locke makes it back to the cave with Boone, saying that he fell from a cliff while they were hunting. [[Jack Shephard|Jack]] springs into action but Locke disappears into the jungle to yell and scream in anguish on top of the hatch. The episode ends with a light coming on inside the structure.

==Do No Harm==
*'''Original air date:''' [[April 6]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Jack Shephard|Jack]]
The injured Boone is in bad shape after his fall from the cliff in the airplane. He's lost a lot of [[blood]], one of his lungs has collapsed and his right leg is crushed. Kate is sent to go and get alcohol from Sawyer. On her way back she discovers that Claire has gone into labor.

Sayid surprises Shannon with a "torch" lit dinner at which Shannon tells Sayid that Boone is only her step-brother, and that he is "kind of" in love with her.

Boone has lost a lot of blood and needs a transfusion of [[Blood type|type A negative]]. Jack sends Charlie to find one of the other survivors with a matching blood type. When he unsuccessfully returns (only four people knew their blood type), Jack decides to give him some of his O negative blood. Jack tries to use [[bamboo]] as a needle but can't pierce his [[skin]]. Sun comes up with a solution and retrieves a [[sea urchin]]. Using the urchin's spines, Jack begins to give Boone his blood.

Jin, working on the new raft, hears Kate's call for help and rushes to her and Claire. Despite the language barrier, Kate is able to tell Jin to go and find Jack. Jin rushes to the caves only to find Jack occupied with the [[blood transfusion]]. Jack tells Jin (with the aid of Sun translating) to take Charlie to Kate and Claire. Jack then tells Charlie to give Kate instructions on how to deliver the baby.

As Jack begins looking pale, Sun stops the transfusion. Jack then tries to heal Boone's leg but finds it beyond repair and fatal unless it is [[amputation|amputated]]. Jack seeks the help of Michael to find a way to cut off Boone's leg. Boone suddenly regains [[consciousness]] and tells Jack to just let him go.

Boone dies, but reveals to Jack that he and Locke had discovered a mysterious hatch, and Locke had told him (Boone) not to tell anybody else. Claire gives birth to a healthy baby boy. Jack goes looking for Locke, claiming that Boone was murdered.

In flashbacks, we see Jack's wedding to Sarah, a former patient whom he "fixed" after she was injured in a car wreck.

==The Greater Good==
*'''Original air date:''' [[May 4]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]]
The survivors bury Boone, and Locke shows up and explains what happened to them, but Jack does not believe him and is enraged. Sayid asks Shannon what he can do for her, and she replies that he can "take care" of Locke, suggesting killing or torturing him. Sayid makes Locke take him to the Beechcraft in the jungle where Boone was injured, and Locke reveals that it was he who, for the sake of the survivors (the greater good), hit Sayid over the head when he was trying to find the distress signal in an earlier episode. Sayid asks Locke about the gun he is hiding and Locke tells him about the dead drug runner before giving him the gun.

Charlie tells Claire that she needs to rest, and though reluctant at first she lets him take care of her baby. Charlie has a tough time getting the baby to stop crying, but finally manages to do so after seeing the baby's reaction to Sawyer's voice.

Seeing Jack's exhaustion, Kate drugs him with sleeping pills, and while he is sleeping, Shannon takes the key to the briefcase containing the guns. Shannon goes after Locke, but is confronted by Sayid, Jack, and Kate. Sayid tackles Shannon just as she fires the gun, grazing Locke in the head.

The flashback deals with Sayid becoming an informant for the [[CIA]]. The CIA knows where Nadia, the girl Sayid loves, is. When his friend Essam is chosen as the next suicide bomber for a group, Sayid is forced to convince him to accept the role and stop him only at the end so that the CIA can seize the explosives to be used. When Sayid reveals his identity as an informant and tries to convince Essam to back out, Essam becomes distraught and shoots himself before Sayid can stop him.

After Essam's death, the CIA tells Sayid he can find Nadia in California, and gives him a ticket for a flight leaving in two hours. Sayid asks about Essam's body and is upset when he discovers that with no one to claim it, the body will be burned, contrary to Muslim tradition. Sayid insists on claiming the body himself and tells them to change his flight.

Back on the island, Sayid visits Locke who thanks him for saving his life. Sayid tells him that he only saved him because he sensed that Locke was their best chance of survival. He then tells Locke to take him to the hatch immediately.

Trivia: At one point, this episode was titled ''Sides''.

==Born to Run==
*'''Original air date:''' [[May 11]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashback:''' [[Kate Austin|Kate]]
After Charlie points out that the people rescued from the island will be surrounded by media scrutiny, Kate asks to be the fourth person on the raft, saying she has sailing experience. Michael refuses, saying the raft is full, with Michael, Walt, Jin, and Sawyer. Michael is subsequently poisoned and after Jack interrogates suspected people including Sawyer and Kate, Sawyer reveals to everyone on the island that Kate is the fugitive the U.S. Marshal was escorting, and blames her for attempting to poison Michael; it is also revealed that she kept Joanna's passport and had intentionally damaged the photo so she could use it as her own. Previously only Jack and Hurley had prior knowledge of her fugitive status. After examining the compounds left in the water bottle, Jack discovers Sun attempted to get Jin sick so that he would have to stay behind, but his water bottle was switched with Michael's by accident. Sun reveals in a conversation that Kate had suggested the poisoning, but promises Kate not to tell anyone.

Sayid and Locke reveal the hatch to Jack, who agrees with Locke to find a way to open it, much to Sayid's dismay. When Locke briefly touches Walt, who is not even aware of the hatch, Walt begs him not to open "that thing."

In the flashback, Kate returns to her home town in [[Iowa]], where she meets former boyfriend Tom Brennan, who is now a doctor. Tom and Kate had grown up together, and had always expected to be married when they grew up. Since Kate left town, however, Tom has presumably married Rachel, and they have a baby, Connor. Tom and Kate visit a tree in the middle of a cow pasture and dig up a [[lunchbox]] [[time capsule]] they had buried on [[August 15]], [[1989]]. Among the items in the capsule were Tom's toy airplane, which Kate retrieved from the safety deposit box in an earlier episode and now has with her on the island, and a tape recorder with a recording of the two of them talking. Tom says on the tape, "You always want to run away," and Kate replies, "Yeah, and you know why."

Kate has returned to her home town because an unknown helper has sent her a letter along with some money to tell her that her mother, Diane Jansen, is dying of cancer and is in the hospital. With Tom's help, she is able to be alone with Diane, but when Diane wakes up and sees Kate standing over her, she begins screaming for help. A guard grabs her, and Kate knocks him out. Forced to escape, she runs into Tom, who gives her the keys to his car. But when Kate tells him to get away, he refuses, and joins her in the car. When police try to block them in and begin shooting, Kate rams the police car and then crashes Tom's car into another car. Tom is immobile and bleeding; it is unclear if he was hit by one of the bullets or if he injured himself against the dashboard, though he is presumably dead. Kate leaves him (and the toy airplane) in the car and flees.

Back on the island, Walt confesses to Michael that he was responsible for the fire that destroyed the first raft. Walt tells Michael that he did it because he wanted to stay on the island. Michael agrees that they do not have to leave the island, but Walt now insists that they have to leave.

==Exodus: Part 1==
*'''Original air date:''' [[May 18]], [[2005]]
*'''Flashbacks:''' [[Walt Lloyd|Walt]], [[Jack Shephard|Jack]], [[James "Sawyer" Ford|Sawyer]], [[Kate Austin|Kate]], [[Sun-Soo Kwon|Sun]], [[Shannon Rutherford|Shannon]]
Rousseau comes to the beach camp to warn the castaways that enemies known only as "The Others" are coming. She tells her story again, and reveals that she was 7 months pregnant when she arrived on the island; a week after her baby was born, she was taken by "The Others". She also mentions that "The Others"' arrival was heralded by a column of black smoke.

Rousseau's warning hastens the launch of the raft. As they are pushing the raft towards the sea, Sawyer uses his lever incorrectly, and the mast of the ship is damaged. As Jin and Michael work to fix it, Sawyer feels like his work is unappreciated, and goes off into the woods to cut a new mast by himself. At this time, Walt notices a column of black smoke coming from within the forest.

Locke suggests that the only place to hide their large group would be in the metallic structure that he has found, but still has no way to open. He suggests that they try Rousseau's dynamite, which would require them to venture back into the woods. Jack plans a squad to go out. Surprisingly, Dr. Arzt volunteers to go, as he knows how to handle volatile dynamite better than anyone else. Before they leave, Jack wishes Sawyer a safe trip, and Sawyer reveals that he spoke to Jack's father before his death; he tells Jack that his father was proud of him.

Walt leaves Vincent in the custody of Shannon, saying that Vincent was good company when his Mother died, and that he might do the same for Shannon after Boone's death.

Sun says goodbye to Jin, and hands him a notebook with common [[English language]] [[nautical]] words and phrases, written out [[phonetic|phonetically]] in [[Korean language|Korean]]. They make up, and he says that he will still go on the raft, as he wants to do this to rescue her. Jin, Walt, Michael and Sawyer set off in their raft, which appears to be fully operational. Vincent originally attempts to paddle out and follow them, but Walt orders him to turn around, which he does, quite quickly.

Jack, Kate, Rousseau, Locke, Hurley, and Dr. Arzt journey into the woods when they hear the beast in the forest again. They are scared, but the beast leaves them unharmed. Rousseau states that the beast is the island's defense system. As they journey further, Rousseau states that they have arrived at "The Black Rock", which turns out not to be a geological formation, but a [[shipwreck]]ed sailing ship. She then leaves them.

Like the pilot episode, this episode featured flashbacks from multiple characters, each a single continuous scene from the perspective of one character. Each flashback shows what the main characters were doing in their final hours before the flight:

In the first, Walt is watching ''[[Power Rangers: SPD]]'' in his room, which irritates his sleeping father; after an outburst, Walt attempts to run away with Vincent, but Michael brings him back.

In another flashback, Jack is conversing in the airport bar with another passenger on flight 815 before the boarding of the plane; she flirts with Jack, who reveals that he is no longer married. She says that she is sitting in seat 42F.

In Sawyer's flashback, he has been taken into the police station. This is apparently 3 nights after his cameo in ''[[#Hearts and Minds|Hearts and Minds]]''. The investigator tells him that he knows all about his cons, and books him on the flight out of Australia. It is revealed here that Sawyer headbutted the Australian Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Minister Warren Truss. (There is a Warren Truss who was the Agriculture Minister, but shortly after that episode was aired Truss was elected deputy leader of the National Party, the junior coalition government party, and moved from Agriculture to become Transport Minister.)

Kate's flashback reveals that the Marshal knew that the toy airplane was the only thing of value left to her, so he had baited her with it. When he denigrates the memory of Tom, she attacks him, but is subdued.

Sun's flashback shows her bringing Jin coffee and food in the airport prior to their flight, while an American woman comments to her husband that the relationship between Sun and Jin is one of subservience, not realizing that Sun understands English. In response to these comments, Sun apparently intentionally spills coffee into Jin's lap.

In Shannon's flashback, she is waiting for Boone to attempt to upgrade their seats to first class when Sayid asks if he can leave his bag with her. She agrees, and he walks off. When Boone returns, saying that the agent wouldn't upgrade their seats because Shannon had been difficult during check-in, she storms off to try again, leaving Sayid's bag unattended. As Boone is questioning how immoral she can be, she notifies a guard that "Some Arab guy" left a suspicious bag in the waiting area.

Interesting Fact: When Jin and Michael are repairing the raft, Michael angrily says to Jin "No, no, no. This one goes there, that one goes there" which is the exact same thing Han Solo told Chewbacca in ''The Empire Strikes Back'' as they repaired the ''Millennium Falcon''. In the next episode Sawyer refers to Michael and Jin as Han and Chewie.

==Exodus: Parts 2 and 3==
*'''Original air date:''' [[May 25]], [[2005]]. Part 2 and 3 of the Exodus episode aired back to back in the US with no delineation, and are summarized as one episode here.
*'''Flashbacks:''' [[Jin-Soo Kwon|Jin]], [[Charlie Pace|Charlie]], [[Sayid Jarrah|Sayid]], [[Michael Dawson (Lost)|Michael]], [[Hugo Reyes|Hurley]], [[John Locke (Lost)|Locke]]
Jack, Kate and Locke go into The Black Rock and find the crate of dynamite. While attempting to handle the dynamite carefully, Arzt himself triggers one of the sticks and is blown up. The remaining group members decide to continue their attempt to carry the dynamite, and wrap it in wet cloth. Locke suggests that they carry a redundant backup; in case one of the carriers blows up, the other will still be able to blow the hatch. Locke, Kate, and Jack all want to volunteer to carry the dynamite, so they [[drawing straws|draw straws]] for the responsibility. Jack draws the long stick, so Kate and Locke carry the dynamite. On their way back to the hatch, Jack and Kate see what seems a small cloud of [[smoke]] move in an unnatural way through some near trees, they hear the rumbling of the monster. According to plan, Jack and Locke drop their packs, but Kate forgets and keeps hers on. Locke wants to get a glimpse of the monster, and ends up getting nearly under it. His leg becomes ensnared in what sounds like a chain mechanism of some kind, which drags him through the jungle (although freeze frames of the DVD video look as if he's been seized by a tendril of the same strange smoke rather than a conventional chain). Jack grabs onto his arm and is dragged as well, and prevents Locke from being dragged into a hole in the ground. Although Locke pleads with Jack to let him get dragged under, Jack instead tells Kate to grab dynamite out of his bag and drop one down, revealing that he had in fact switched the content of their packs. Kate drops the dynamite down the tunnel, causing an underground explosion, resulting in black smoke (similar to that seen before) coming out of a nearby hole on the horizon, moving in a bizarre, almost [[supernatural]] way, and disappearing, all in less than a second. The hold on Locke slackens, and they are able to extract him. Later, Locke reveals that the reason he wanted to fall into the cavern is that it was his destiny and that he felt that the island was testing him.

On the beach, Sayid is leading the group back to the caves, awaiting Jack's party's return. Charlie and Claire are alone on the beach when Rousseau runs up, telling Charlie that she needs to see Sayid urgently. When Charlie runs off to get Sayid, Rousseau begins asking Claire to hold her baby, and Claire tries to make several excuses why she can't give Rousseau the baby. Claire sees a strange scar on Rousseau's arm and has a short ambiguous flashback to a struggle between Rousseau and herself. Soon Charlie and Sayid return to find Claire exclaiming that her baby has been taken, and Sayid surmises that Rousseau intends to attempt an exchange of Aaron (which Claire names) for her own child, Alex, with "The Others". Charlie and Sayid go toward the black smoke, with little daylight left. On their journey they encounter a trap set by Rousseau, which injures Charlie momentarily. Charlie's wound is bleeding profusely, and Sayid orders him to go back to the camp, but Charlie refuses. Sayid then cuts open a bullet, pours the gunpowder into the wound, and sets it on fire to cauterize the injury. They also encounter the downed drug smugglers' plane, and Sayid reveals to Charlie that it is full of [[heroin]], ignorant of Charlie's junkie past. When Sayid and Charlie arrive on the beach with the black smoke, there are no other people, just a [[pyre]]. The sound of the baby crying alerts them to Rousseau hiding in the bushes. She cries and tells them that she overheard them saying that they were going to go after "the boy," and she thought that if she brought him to them, they would return her child. She returns the baby, and they reunite it with Claire. It is revealed that Charlie kept at least one of the statues filled with heroin in his bag.

On the raft, the crew is sailing according to plan, and Michael bonds with Walt. Walt learns about Sawyer's long term search for revenge. Michael returns Jin the watch which caused a fight between them [[#House of the Rising Sun|earlier in the series]]. At one point, the rudder breaks off, and Sawyer dives into the water after it, risking his life. At this point, Michael discovers that Sawyer has a gun, but decides not to tell the others. At night, their radar sweep turns up a boat in the distance. They fire their single flare, and the boat approaches them. Though they think they are about to be saved, it turns out to be a group of strangers who demand that they hand over Walt. Sawyer tries to pull his gun, but he is shot by one of the other crewmen and falls into the water. Jin jumps into the water to try and save Sawyer, while the strangers overpower Michael and kidnap Walt. As they sail off, they throw an explosive onto the raft, destroying it.

The episode ends with Jack, Kate, Locke, and Hurley arriving at the hatch. They manage to set the dynamite up on the hinge of the hatch, and are about to set it off when Hurley notices the appearance of "The Numbers" on the side. He yells at them not to light it, but Locke lights the fuse anyway. Hurley tries to stamp out the fuse, repeating "the numbers are bad," but Jack tackles him, and the dynamite explodes. They pry open the hatch to reveal a deep, dark metal tunnel. A partial ladder (with broken rungs) can be seen near the top of the tunnel. Though we don't know what is inside yet, one thing is certain — it's a long way down...

As in [[#Exodus: Part 1|Part 1]], the flashbacks in this episode deal with each character's experiences leading up to the flight.

Jin's flashback follows Sun's flashback from the previous episode. When Jin goes to the bathroom, he encounters a casually dressed Causasian man who conversationally asks him for a paper towel in English. When Jin indicates that he speaks no English, the man switches to Korean. Seeming somewhat more menacing now, he then reveals that he works for Mr. Paik, and knows that Jin was attempting to run away with Sun. He tells Jin to complete his delivery of a watch to an associate in San Francisco.

Charlie's flashback is of him looking for his stash before leaving for his flight. A girl from the previous night is in his bed. As Charlie finds the drugs, she asks if he has any left. He lies and says that he's out, but she can tell that he's lying and attacks him for the drugs.

Sayid's flashback is of the airport officers apologizing for harassing him about his bag.

Michael's flashback is of him and Walt in the airport waiting for their flight. Walt is absorbed in his [[Game Boy Advance SP]], and Michael is obviously frustrated that they can't connect. He gets up, claiming to need to call work, but he really calls his mother. He expresses his exasperation to his mother, and asks if she can take care of Walt, eventually offering to pay her. Locke makes a split second onscreen appearance, being pushed in his wheelchair, while Michael is on the phone. When Michael hangs up, Walt is right next to him, and may have heard the whole conversation.

Hurley's flashback is fairly comedic, and shows him waking up late for his flight due to a localized power outage. In a mad dash for the airport, he experiences several other problems, including a flat tire, arriving at the wrong terminal; he buys an electronic scooter from an old man for $1600 and manages to get to the terminal just as they are closing the gate. While Hurley is racing to the terminal, it looks like Boone makes a split second appearance in the background; it's hard to see him but it definitely looks like him with the dark hair and dark eyebrows. The boarding agent is able to get them to reopen the doors for him, and he hugs her effusively. This is the longest flashback in the episode and, as expected, the numbers feature prominently. Hurley is shown to be staying in room 2342, his digital display in his car shows that it is 23 degrees outside, and he is originally going 42 km/h; when he gets a flat tire he slows first to 16, then 15, then 8, and finally 4 before the display cuts out altogether. As he is running through the airport, he passes a team of [[soccer]] players, wearing jerseys with "the numbers" in numerical order. Another revelation from this flashback is that Hurley and Charlie stayed in the same hotel (Charlie yells at him for holding up a full [[elevator]]), and the elevator bank also looks exactly like the one in the hotel where Michael and Walt stayed.

In Locke's flashback, the airline staff have lost the wheelchair normally used to load disabled passengers onto the plane, and he must be carried on to the plane by two attendants. When he drops a pamphlet from his seat, he is unable to reach it. He is clearly frustrated by the whole situation, and struggles to maintain his dignity.

There is a final montage of all of the passengers getting on the plane (except for Locke, who was seated early as a disabled passenger). It is fairly uneventful, although when Hurley gets on the plane he gives a thumbs up to Walt, who looks up from his Gameboy for the first time and smiles. Hurley smiles back, sits down, puts on his headphones and starts reading his comic book - the same comic book that Walt found after the plane crash. Mr. Arzt also helps Claire put her bag in the overhead compartment. This montage basically shows how prior to the crash each of the survivors had a brief interaction with another one of the survivors.

==Footnotes==
:*[1] — Locke describes the piece of shrapnel as "[[steel]]". We know that this is not shrapnel from the [[aeroplane|aircraft]] because, normally, aircraft are made of lighter metals; normally [[aluminium]].

{{LostNav}}

[[Category:Episode lists|Lost]]
[[Category:Lost]]

PPTV

2005-10-13T19:27:03Z

Jackqu7: /* Content */

'''PPLive''' is a peer-to-peer streaming video network created in the [[People's Republic of China]]. It is part of a new generation of P2P applictions, that combine P2P and IPTV. These [[P2PTV]] applications include:

*[[Feidian]]
*[[PPLive]]
*[[CoolStreaming]]
*[[Cybersky-TV]]
*[[PeerCast]]
*[[Open Media Network]]
*[[PPStream]]
*[[SopCast]]

PPLive and Feidian seem to be the most successful applications so far.

=== Basic Operation ===
# After a user selects a TV station from the list, which is accessed by right-clicking the PPLive icon in the [[Microsoft Windows]] system tray, the program will then connect to peers and buffer the stream. PPLive typically uses ports 8008 TCP and 4004 UDP to connect to peers.
# When the buffer is reasonably full, PPLive launches your media player, either [[RealPlayer]] or [[Windows Media Player]], pointing it to read a stream from a local port (usually 8080),
# Closing down your Media player 'will not' end the stream. The PPLive program will remain in the background streaming data until you close it from the tray or change the channel.

=== Problems & Limitations ===
PPLive will fail when there are not enough peers available. This happens quite often, even on the more popular stations.

=== Content ===
Much of the content is [[Mandarin_(linguistics)]], [[Cantonese_(linguistics)]], or [[Korean_language]].

Some of the more notable channels usually available include [[China Central Television|CCTV]], [[Phoenix Television]], soccer matches and Hong Kong movie channels.

=== Compatibility ===
The PPLive program is installable on Asian and English language versions of Windows XP.
By default, it uses Windows Media Player and RealPlayer. The media player that is opened
depends on the type of stream.

[http://www.pplive.com/index.shtml PPLive Homepage]

{{China-stub}}
{{com-stub}}

Film producer

2005-10-13T18:39:34Z

Jackqu7: rv

A '''film producer''' oversees the making of [[film|movie]]s. The producer initiates, coordinates, supervises and controls matters such as raising funding, hiring key personnel, and arranging for distributors. The producer is involved throughout all phases of the filmmaking process from inception to completion of a project.

In the early [[20th century]], the producer also tended to wield ultimate creative control on a film project. However, with the demise of [[Hollywood]]'s [[Movie studio|studio]] system in the [[1950s]], creative control began to shift into the hands of the [[film director|director]].

Changes in movie [[distribution]] and [[marketing]] in the [[1970s]] and [[1980s|80s]] gave rise to the modern-day phenomenon of the Hollywood [[blockbuster]], which tended to bring power back into the hands of the producer. While marketing and advertising for films accentuates the role of the director, apart from a few well-known film makers it is usually the producer who has the greatest degree of control in the American industry.

==Types of Producers==
*[[Executive Producer]]: usually a representative, if not the CEO, of a [[motion picture production company]] that is producing a film, although the title may be given as an honorarium to a major investor.
*[[Producer]]: the classic producer who typically has the greatest involvement and oversight among a film's various producers. In smaller companies or independent projects, may be the equivalent of the Executive Producer.
*[[Co-Producer]]: usually reports to the Producer and is more involved in the day-to-day production
*[[Associate Producer]]: typically a title granted as a courtesy or to one who played some role in getting the film made
*[[Production Director]]: ^European^ A representative of the [[motion picture production company]] assigned to the set and given the authority to act in behalf of the senior production team members.
*[[Line Producer]]: oversees a film's budget and day-to-day activities
*[[Production supervisor]]
*[[Production manager]]

==Some notable film producers==
*[[Albert R. Broccoli]], [[Michael G. Wilson]], and [[Barbara Broccoli]] - The [[James Bond]] series
*[[Jerry Bruckheimer]] - ''[[Top Gun]]'', ''[[Crimson Tide (movie)|Crimson Tide]]'', ''[[Con Air]]''
*[[Dino de Laurentiis]] - ''[[Waterloo (movie)|Waterloo]]'', ''[[Death Wish]]'', ''[[U-571]]'', ''[[Hannibal (movie)|Hannibal]]''
*[[Robert Evans]]- ''[[Love Story]]'', ''[[The Godfather]]'', ''[[Chinatown]]'', ''[[The Saint]]''
*[[Howard Kazanjian]] - ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', ''[[Return Of The Jedi]]'', ''[[Demolition Man]]''
*[[Alexander Korda]] - ''[[Things to Come]]'', ''[[The Four Feathers]]'' ([[1939]]), ''[[The Thief of Bagdad]]'' ([[1940]])
*[[Walter Mirisch]] - ''[[West Side Story]]'', ''[[The Sound Of Music]]''
*[[Harry Saltzman]] - The [[James Bond]] series, ''[[Battle of Britain (film)|Battle of Britain]]'', ''[[The Ipcress File]]''
*[[David O. Selznick]] - ''[[King Kong]]'', ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]''
*[[Sam Spiegel]] - ''[[The African Queen]]'', ''[[Bridge on the River Kwai]]'', ''[[Lawrence of Arabia]]''
*[[Irving Thalberg]] - ''[[Mutiny on the Bounty (fiction)#The 1935 Version|Mutiny on the Bounty]]'', ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'', ''[[Grand Hotel (film)|Grand Hotel]]'', ''[[A Night at the Opera (movie)|A Night at the Opera]]''
*[[Hal B. Wallis]] - ''[[The Maltese Falcon]]'', ''[[Casablanca (movie)|Casablanca]]'', [[Elvis Presley]] films
*[[Saul Zaentz]] - ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'', ''[[Amadeus]]'', ''[[The English Patient]]''
*[[Darryl F. Zanuck]] - many [[Shirley Temple]] movies, ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'', ''[[All About Eve]]'', ''[[The Longest Day (film)|The Longest Day]]''

==See also==
*[[List of Hollywood movie studios]]
*[[List of movie-related topics]]
*[[Producers Guild of America]]
*[[Television producer]]
*Contrast with [[Film director]]

==External links==
*[http://www.producersguild.org/pg/about_a/faq.asp Producers Guild of America Frequently Asked Questions]

[[category:Entertainment occupations]]
[[Category:Film crew]]
[[Category:Film producers|*]]

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Reality

2005-10-13T18:34:03Z

Jackqu7: rv

'''Reality''' in everyday usage means "everything that exists." The term "Reality," in its most liberal sense, includes everything that is, whether or not it is observable, accessible or understandable by science, philosophy, theology or any other system of analysis. Reality in this sense may include both [[being]] and [[Nothing|nothingness]], whereas "[[existence]]" is often restricted to being.

In the strict sense of [[European-German philosophy]], there are levels or gradation to the nature and conception of reality. These levels include, from the most subjective to the most rigorous:

* [[Phenomenology|Phenomenological reality]]
* [[Truth]]
* [[Fact]]
* [[Axiom]]

Other cultural traditions, particularly those based on [[Buddhism]], have different concepts of the nature of reality: see, for example, [[samsara]] and [[Maya (illusion)|maya]].

== Simple reality ==

In the simplest sense, our reality consists of our four-dimensional world: height, width, depth and time. What happens when we lose one of these dimensions from our reality? What if we lose depth, for instance? Most people would reply that we'd then have a cinematic effect, as in a movie. When we view a motion picture, what we are watching has height, width and time, but no depth. One dimension of our reality is mad screwed.

What happens if we remove the fourth dimension? Here we have a photograph. A photo has height and width, but no time or depth. Lose one more dimension and we have a line. Lose another and we are left with a point. We have position but no longer have magnitude. People know these four dimensions well. For us they make up our simple reality: the [[space-time continuum]].

As humans travel along the space-time continuum, our scientific method works and the rules of [[logic]] apply. Everything flows nicely. Many people actually view this continuum as though it were the entire [[universe]]. It is not. What rattles our complacency is that from time to time we step outside of our four-dimensional world. One-third of our life is spent outside what we call reality. For the eight hours that we [[sleep]] every solar day, the rules of logic and time do not exist. Around 300 B.C., the ancient philosopher [[Chuang Tzu]] stated: "Last night I dreamed I was a butterfly. I do not know whether I was a man dreaming I was a butterfly or whether I am now a butterfly dreaming I am a man." In Western thought [[Heraclitus]] has provided similar observations on [[the Absolute]].

However, sleep is only a minor mystery. The real problem arises on that day when we go to sleep and do not wake up. On that day, we permanently step outside the space-time continuum. We [[death|die]]. This event is the mother of most religion and some philosophy.

==Phenomenological reality==

On a much broader and more subjective level, the private experiences, curiosity, inquiry, and selectivity involved in the personal interpretation of an event, shapes reality as seen by one and only one individual and hence is called [[Phenomenology|phenomenological]]. This form of reality might be common to others as well, but at times could also be so unique to oneself as to be never experienced or agreed upon by any one else. Much of the [[Spirituality|spiritual]] experience of an individual occurs on this level of reality.

==Truth==

When two or more individuals agree upon the interpretation and experience of a particular event, a consensus about an event and its experience begins to be formed. This being common to a few individuals or a larger group, then becomes the 'truth' as seen and agreed upon by a certain set of people. Thus one particular [[Group (sociology)|group]] may have a certain set of agreed truths, while another group might have still different set of truths that have reached consensus. This lets different [[communities]] and [[societies]] have varied and extremely different [[Notion (philosophy)|notions]] of reality and truth of the external world. The [[Religion|religion]] and beliefs of people or communities are a fine example of this level of reality. This is well expressed in the famous quote by [[Henry David Thoreau|Henry Thoreau]], "It takes two to speak the truth — one to speak and another to hear."

Other views of truth assert that truth is that which is considered to be the supreme reality and to have the ultimate meaning and value of existence, regardless of subjective inference. Truth can not merely be discerned by deductive reasoning but can only be more deeply understood by inductive study and acceptance.

==Fact==

A fact or factual entity is a phenomenon that is perceived as an elemental principle. It is rarely one that could be subject to personal interpretation. Instead it is most often the observed phenomena of the natural world. The proposition 'the sun rises in the east', is a fact. It is a fact for people belonging to any group or nationality regardless of which language they speak or which part of the hemisphere they come from. The [[Galileo Galilei|Galilean]] proposition in support of the [[Copernicus|Copernican]] [[theory]], that the [[sun]] is the centre of the [[solar system]] is one that states the fact of the [[Nature|natural world]]. However during his lifetime Galileo was ridiculed for that factual proposition, because far too few people had a consensus about it in order to accept it as a truth. Fewer propositions are factual in content in the world, as compared to the many truths shared by various communities, which are also fewer to the innumerable individual phenomenological realities. Much of [[Science|scientific exploration]], [[experimentation]], [[hermeneutics|interpretation]] and [[Scientific method|analysis]] is done on this level.

This view of reality is well expressed by [[Philip K. Dick]]'s statement that "Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go away."

==Axiom==

[[Axiom]]s are [[self-evidence|self-evident]] realities, the existence of which is accepted as given and on which further [[concept]]ions are generated.

The facts of a natural world would hold true only in the systemic construction of that world. Hence in a different system, the facts of another world might no longer hold valid. The fact that 'the sun rises in the east', might not be valid in a different solar system where the planet might be tilted in a different angle, or revolving in a different direction around its star, so that the star might rise on the [[Planet|planet's]] [[horizon]] in the west instead of the east. Hence the facts of a systemic entity might not be universal outside the realms of that system. However, exceptionally rare conceptions might be universal in ethos. For example, the [[Axiomatic set theory|mathematical-set theoretic]] idea that the union of a set of one entity and another set of four entities would create a set that contains five entities,

:<var>A</var> = {a}; B = { b, c, d, e}; <var>A</var> ∪ B = { a, b, c, d, e}

would be valid in any systemic process or in any universe. It is in effect a conception more rigorous and pervasive than a fact. It can be argued that statements of this nature are only trivially true, since the definitions of the concepts "set", "entity", "union", "one", "four", and "five" are all defined in terms of each other, and that these concepts have no inherent reality apart from this self-referencing structure.

[[Mathematics|Mathematical]] formulations and propositions in [[mathematical logic]] are based on axioms, and hence these fields are often referred to as pure disciplines. The validity of the set theoretic proposition would hold true in any systemic process or [[universe]]. Its validity is self evident in ontological existence and works on the axiomatic level of reality.

Some portion of [[ultimate reality]] may lie beyond our scope to examine or even imagine. Many of the concepts of science and philosophy are often defined [[culture|culturally]] and [[sociology|socially]]. This idea was well elaborated by [[Thomas Kuhn]] in his book [[The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]] ([[1962]]). See [[socially constructed reality]] for more discussion on this point.

Most of the [[Culture|cultural]] [[Conflict theory|conflict]] in the world occurs when certain individuals or groups try to impose their phenomenological realities or truths on other people or communities.

== What reality is not ==

"Reality," the concept, is contrasted with a wide variety of other concepts, largely depending upon the intellectual discipline. It can help to understand what we mean by "reality" to note what we say ''is not'' real.

In [[philosophy]], reality is contrasted with [[nonexistence]] (e.g., unicorns do not exist; so they are not real) and mere [[possibility]] (a mountain made of gold is merely possible, but is not real) unless they are discovered. Sometimes philosophers speak as though reality is contrasted with [[existence]] itself, though ordinary language and many other philosophers would treat these as synonyms. They have in mind the notion that there is ''a kind'' of reality--a mental or [[intensionality|intensional]] reality, perhaps--that imaginary objects, such as the aforementioned golden mountain, have. [[Alexius Meinong]] is famous, or infamous, for holding that such things have so-called [[subsistence]], and thus a kind of reality, even while they do not actually exist. Most philosophers find the very notion of "subsistence" mysterious and unnecessary, and one of the shibboleths and starting points of [[20th century]] [[analytic philosophy]] has been the forceful rejection of the notion of subsistence--of "real" but nonexistent objects.

It is worth saying at this point that many philosophers are not content with saying merely what reality ''is not''--some of them have positive theories of what broad categories of objects are real, in addition. See [[ontology]] as well as [[realism (philosophy)]]; these topics are also briefly treated below.

In [[ethics]], [[Political science|political theory]], and the [[arts]], reality is often contrasted with what is ''[[Idealism|ideal]]''.

In ethics, discussions of [[ethical perfectionism]], what might be called "moral idealism" or the notion that we are obligated to be morally perfect human beings, runs up against notions of what is real about [[human nature]] and the [[human condition]].

In political theory there is an old and distinguished tradition of inventing [[utopia]]s and [[utopianism]]--those of [[Plato]] and [[Thomas More]] are the most famous--but these are often accused of ignoring the so-called facts of reality concerning human nature. Political [[liberalism]], by contrast with [[conservatism]], is usually thought of as being of the contrary view--that human nature is inherently changeable, and that there are no "facts of reality" concerning human nature, a view advocated in the twentieth century by the [[existentialism|existentialists]]. And, consequently, utopianism is more often a feature of liberalism than conservatism. (This perspective is further explored in the Austrian economist [[Friedrich Hayek]]'s book ''[[The Road to Serfdom]]'' (ISBN 0226320618), defending the theory that efforts towards utopia inevitably lead to totalitarianism, theories further explored by the [[Public Choice]] school of [[economics]], applying the study of human incentives on political and group behavior through rational choice.)

In the arts there was a broad movement beginning in the [[19th century]], [[realism]] (which led to [[naturalism]]), which sought to portray characters, scenes, and so forth, realistically. This was in contrast and reaction to [[romanticism]], which portrayed their subjects idealistically. Commentary about these artistic movements is sometimes put in terms of the contrast between the real and the ideal: on the one hand, the average, ordinary, and natural, and on the other, the superlative, extraordinary, improbable, and sometimes even supernatural. Obviously, when speaking in this sense, "real" (or "realistic") does not have the same meaning as it does when, for example, a philosopher uses the term to distinguish, simply, what exists from what does not exist.

In the arts, and also in ordinary life, the notion of reality (or realism) is also often contrasted with illusion. A painting that precisely indicates the visually-appearing shape of a depicted object is said to be realistic in that respect; one that distorts features, as [[Pablo Picasso]]'s paintings are famous for doing, are said to be unrealistic, and thus some observers will say, but with questionable grammatical correctness, that they are "not real." But there are also tendencies in the visual arts toward so-called [[realism]] and more recently [[photorealism]] that invite a different sort of contrast with the real. ''[[Trompe l'oeil]]'' (French, "fool the eye") paintings render their subjects so "realistically" that the casual observer might temporarily be deceived into thinking that he is seeing something, indeed, ''real''--but in fact, it is merely an illusion, and an intentional one at that.

In psychiatry, reality, or rather, the idea of being ''in touch with reality'' is integral to the notion of [[schizophrenia]], since it has often been defined in part by reference to being "out of touch" with reality. The schizophrenic is said to have ''hallucinations'' and ''delusions'' which concern people and events that are not ''real''. However, there is controversy over what is considered ''out of touch with reality'', particularly due to the noticeable comparison of the process of forcefully instituting individuals for expressing their beliefs in society to [[reality enforcement]]. The practice's possible covert use as a political tool can perhaps be illustrated by the 18th Century psychiatric sentences in the U.S of black slaves for 'crazily' attempting to escape. See also [[anti-psychiatry]] and one its prominent figures, the ex-psychiatrist [[Thomas Szasz]].

In each of these cases, discussions of reality, or what counts as "real," take on quite different casts; indeed, what we say about reality often depends on what we want to say it ''is not.''

== Reality, world views, and theories of reality ==

A common colloquial usage would have "reality" mean "perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes toward reality," as in "My reality is not your reality." This is often used just as a colloquialism indicating that the parties to a conversation agree, or should agree, not to quibble over deeply different conceptions of what is real. For example, in a religious discussion between friends, one might say (attempting humor), "You might disagree, but in my reality, everyone goes to heaven."

But occasionally--and particularly in the case of those who have been exposed to certain ideas from philosophy, sociology, literary criticism, and other fields--it is thought that there simply and literally ''is'' no reality beyond the perceptions or beliefs we each have about reality. Such attitudes indicate [[anti-realism]], that is, the view that there is no objective reality, whether acknowledged explicitly or not. These topics will be discussed in greater detail below.

If we really do literally mean by "reality" simply "beliefs about reality," then our article about reality would necessarily, to be complete, have to outline every ''world view'' (this is how the German word ''[[Weltanschauung]]'' is usually translated)--every broadly different way of "seeing" reality. In this sense, the topic of reality encompasses many other topics: [[perception]], [[psychology]] generally, [[cognitive psychology]] and [[cognitive science]], [[religion]], [[sociology]] and [[anthropology]], and topics in [[philosophy]].

But there is a way to make the topic of reality less cumbersome for present purposes: restrict the discussion to theories about the general topic of reality itself. Thus, for example, a certain Christian world view would not count as a theory of reality, but the theory that the Christian world view ''is'' a "construction" of reality ''would'' count as a theory about reality. It is theories about reality, in this sense, that philosophers discuss as part of [[metaphysics]]; such theories are also sometimes discussed in [[literary theory]] (which is, today, heavily influenced by [[Continental philosophy]] and heavily anti-realist) as well as in [[sociology]] and [[cultural anthropology]].

== Philosophical views of reality ==

Philosophy addresses two different aspects of the topic of reality: the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the mind (as well as language and culture) and reality.

On the one hand, [[ontology]] is the study of being, and the central topic of the field is couched, variously, in terms of being, existence, "what is," and reality. The task in ontology is to describe the most general [[category of being|categories of reality]] and how they are interrelated. If--what is rarely done--a philosopher wanted to proffer a positive definition of the concept "reality," it would be done under this heading. As explained above, some philosophers draw a distinction between reality and existence. In fact, many analytic philosophers today tend to avoid the term "real" and "reality" in discussing ontological issues. But for those who would treat "is real" the same way they treat "exists," one of the leading questions of analytic philosophy has been whether existence (or reality) is a property of objects. It has been widely held by analytic philosophers that it is ''not'' a property at all, though this view has lost some ground in recent decades.

On the other hand, particularly in discussions of [[Objectivity (philosophy)|objectivity]] that have feet in both metaphysics and [[epistemology]], philosophical discussions of "reality" often concern the ways in which reality is, or is not, in some way ''dependent upon'' (or, to use fashionable jargon, "constructed" out of) mental and cultural factors such as perceptions, beliefs, and other mental states, as well as cultural artifacts, such as religions and political movements, on up to the vague notion of a common cultural [[world view]] or [[Weltanschauung]].

The view that there is a reality independent of any beliefs, perceptions, etc., is called [[realism]]. More specifically, philosophers are given to speaking about "realism ''about''" this and that, such as realism about universals or realism about the external world. Generally, where one can identify any class of object the existence or essential characteristics of which is said to depend on perceptions, beliefs, language, or any other human artifact, one can speak of "realism ''about''" that object.

One can also speak of ''anti-''realism about the same objects. "Anti-realism" is the latest in a long series of terms for views opposed to realism. Perhaps the first was [[idealism (philosophy)|idealism]], so called because reality was said to be in the mind, or "ideal" in that special sense. [[Berkeleyan idealism]] is the view, propounded by the Irish [[empiricism|empiricist]] [[George Berkeley]], that the objects of perception are actually ideas in the mind. On this view, one might be tempted to say that reality is a "mental construct"; this is not quite accurate, however, since on Berkeley's view perceptual ideas are created and coordinated by God. By the twentieth century, views similar to Berkeley's were called [[phenomenalism]]. Phenomenalism differs from Berkeleyan idealism primarily in that Berkeley believed that minds, or souls, are not merely ideas nor made up of ideas, whereas varieties of phenomenalism, such as that advocated by Russell, tended to go farther to say that the mind itself is merely a collection of perceptions, memories, etc., and that there is no mind or soul over and above such [[mental event]]s. Finally, [[anti-realism]] became a fashionable term for ''any'' view which held that the existence of some object depends upon the mind or cultural artifacts. The view that the so-called external world is really merely a social, or cultural, artifact, called [[social constructionism]], is one variety of anti-realism. [[Cultural relativism]] is the view that social issues such as morality are not absolute, but at least partially cultural artifact.

== See also ==

* [[Consensus reality]]
* [[Hyperreality]]
* [[Illusion]]
* [[Meaning of life]]
* [[Ontology]]
* [[Simulated reality]]
* [[The Absolute]]
* [[Virtual reality]]

[[Category:Reality| ]]
[[Category:Philosophical terminology]]
[[Category:Core issues in ethics]]
[[Category:Ontology]]

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Alton Towers

2005-10-12T17:12:55Z

Jackqu7: rv

'''Alton Towers''' is [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s best known [[theme park]]. It is based north of the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]] in [[Staffordshire]], on the site of an old mansion by the same name.

==History of gardens==
[[Image:Alton Towers from Morris's Seats of Noblemen and Gentlemen (1880).JPG|thumb|300px|Alton Towers in 1880]]
As an example of the Mixed Style of [[Humphrey Repton]]'s gardens, Alton Towers' garden was begun, ''ca.'' [[1814]] by the eccentric 15th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]], of whom [[J. C. Loudon]] (who was consulted on design features of which there were many) relates that he consulted every artist, only to avoid 'whatever an artist might recommend'. Loudon's published criticism remains history's wittiest pan of preposterous garden design since [[Alexander Pope]].

Alton Towers grew into a collection of gardens: a Swiss Cottage, a [[Stonehenge]], a Dutch garden, a Pagoda Fountain, said to be based on the To Ho pagoda in Canton, Lysicrates' [[Choragic Monument]] from [[Athens]] (a feature in English gardens since the 1760s), domed glasshouses (originally gilded), even a fairly large [[Matterhorn]] as a backing to one of [[England]]'s earliest [[Alpine garden]]s.

'''The first [[garden gnomes]]''' were introduced at Alton Towers, in punishment for which the rides and slides of the modern Theme Park add to the eccentricity of a nobleman's fancy whose parkland, 'the work of a morbid imagination, joined to the command of unlimited resourses' (according to Loudon) is now also occupied by a hundred acres (400,000 m²) of 'sensational rides and attractions'.

==Modern theme park==
Alton Towers was purchased by [[The Tussauds Group]] in 1990. In [[2005]] It was brought up when the [[Dubai International Capital|DIC]] investment group purchased [[The Tussauds Group]]. Today it is notable for its extreme rides, including ''[[Nemesis roller coaster|Nemesis]],'' a [[rollercoaster]] in which people hang with their legs dangling down (or up as the case may be), and ''Oblivion,'' the world's first vertical drop rollercoaster. The oldest rollercoaster at the site is ''Corkscrew'', a ride with two [[inversion]]s which many riders find uncomfortable due to its rough track. Billed as the first of its kind, ''Air'' is a rollercoaster, unusual in that finders find themselves suspended [[horizontal]]ly facing down, as though [[flying]]. This is known as a [[flying roller coaster]]. Inside the towers is the ride ''Hex'', a surreal attraction which is based on a [[myth]] surrounding the towers and their history.

The latest attraction at Alton Towers is ''[[Rita - Queen of Speed]]'', a ride themed around racing. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and reaches 100 kilometres per hour within a few seconds of launch.

Guests can stay at one of two [[hotels]] on the site. Doing this also gives them free admission to the [[Cariba Creek]] [[water park]]. When Cariba Creek was first built, only hotel residents could visit. However, non-residents can now also use the water park with payment of an admission fee [http://www.altontowers.com/waterpark/openingpricing.asp].

Rumours are rife that a so-called "Project Dolphin" is being planned for the park, which will represent a massive investment in Alton Towers (where and when this money is being invested is currently unknown, however).

Project Dolphin is Alton Towers plan to change with the publics needs for extreme entertainment. This could involve moving into completly different relms of entertainment, from extreme [[golf]] to [[ice climbing]] which are both listed by the Towers as possibilities, along with many more. With DIC investing around 48 million in the towers next year, guests can expect some vast improvements.

Due to a recent court battle with local residents, the Towers is starting to encure problems with their end of session [[fireworks]]. However, the towers is still fighting hard to keep them running.

==Park Guide==

The park is split into several themed areas.

===Forbidden Valley===

Forbidden Valley is home to two of the park's biggest rollercoasters, ''Nemesis'', an inverted rollercoaster, and ''Air'', a flying rollercoaster, both of which are made by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]]. The area also houses some smaller rides like Ripsaw,a topspin ride, an attraction where guests go through a series of violent rotations and Blade, a giant swinging boat.

===Gloomy Wood===

The Gloomy Wood is a small area home to Duel: The Haunted House Strikes Back!. The ride used to be a normal haunted house ride, but it was recently modified to be a Laser Gun Ride themed around a haunted house so it could more eye-catching and exciting.

===Merrie England===

An area themed around vintage [[England]]. Rides include spinning tea cups and The Flume ride, where riders float along the lake in bath tubs. Also in the area is several gaming sideshows, such as hoop-tossing and basketball hoops, in which prizes can be won. Several food outlets provide food, with the Courtyard Tavern also serving alcohol, as the park's only pub.

===Old MacDonalds Farm===

Themed around a traditional farm, this area contains a small petting zoo as well as a few rides for younger visitors, which include Doodle Doo Derby, a farm-themed carousel, and Riverbank Eye Spy, a recently rethemed boat ride.

===Adventure Land===

The storybook land, next to Towers Street, is designed for younger visitors. Rides include Squirrel Nutty's Ride, a track-based ride which includes story-telling elements, and Spinball Whizzer, a pinball themed spinning rollercoaster.

===The Gardens===

The gardens fill the valley between the Forbidden Valley and the Towers. The skyride bridges the valley, but there are some steep paths which go down into the valley. Crossing the valley using these paths takes up to 30 minutes and requires good shoes, but can be worthwhile and pleasant. Dotted around the gardens are various ancient follies, including a pagoda fountain.

===The Towers===

The towers are what gives the park its name, and is an ancient mansion house in which the family who owned the estate lived. Visitors can wander around a limited area of the towers, which also features a spooky maze during the Halloween period. Added for the 2000 season was ''Hex - the Legend of the Towers'', an indoor swing ride which made use of the history of the towers, in particularly the legend of a curse which stated that whenever a branch from a specific tree fell, a member of the Earl's family would die.

There is currently a 1.1 million pound project in place to restore the oldest parts of the castle. What will happen to the space when restored is currently unknown, however new rides or tours of the castle are both possibilities.

===Towers Street===

Towers Street is the first area that visitors to the park encounter, themed as a town street, which leads to views of the gardens and the tower. The street contains several shops, including the Towers Trading Co., which sells official park merchandise. Also in the area is the skyrail station, which visitors can use to reach other areas of the park:)

===Ug Land===

Themed around a comic-book style dinosaur land, Ug Land, previously called Festival Park, contains some of the oldest rides of the park. Corkscrew is a corkscrew rollercoaster containing two consecutive corkscrew elements. Built by [[Vekoma]] in 1980, the ride is now seriously rattly, and riders are advised to keep their head held firmly back against the headrest.

Other rides in the area include Ug Swinger, and the new ride for 2005, Rita - Queen of Speed, a ride themed around [[Drag racing]]. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and is an Accelerator (or Launched) coaster, made by [[Intamin AG]].

===X-Sector===

A futuristically-themed area, X-Sector contains the park's innovative Oblivion ride, a rollercoaster in which riders are said to experience a 90 degree drop (actually 87.5 degrees). The extra-wide roller coaster cars are held danging over the edge for a few seconds before plunging downwards into a big hole amid mist, and then re-emerging into a heavily banked turn leading back into the station. It was the first vertical drop coaster in the world and was manufactured by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]]. It's official name is a diving machine.

Also in the area are the Enterprise and Submission thrill rides, and the Black Hole rollercoaster, which features a sprial lift and is entirely indoors, in the dark. This ride closed for the 2005 season however, and is currently standing but not operating. The park is looking for a buyer for the ride.

===Cred Street===

Home to the [[BBC|BBC's]] [[Tweenies]], Cred street is aimed at the younger audiance of Alton Towers. There is a wide selection of bouncy castles and ball pits in the Tweenies Play Pen, as well as ice cream shops, sweet shops and a Tweenie's Store. There are also traditional rides such as [[Carousel|Carousels]] and more modern rides such as a frog hopper and a ginger bread car tour.

Toy Land Tours used to be located next to Cred Steet. It was recently closed for a retheme which will transform the ride into ''Willy Wonker's Chocolate Factory''. Similar to Toy Land Tours, the new ride will use boats and the same ride system. The extensive theme will be based on [[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]].

===Katanga Canyon===

Rides include the Runaway Mine Train (an electric coaster) and the Congo River Rapids. Both are classic well-established rides in the park and meet in a tunnel where the screams of the Runaway Mine Train meet the cheers of the River Rapids. The area hosts Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut stalls with a shared indoor seating area. There is a shop located at the exits of the two rides called Katanga Cargo, hosting much strange and wonderful ancient tribal themed mechandise as well as the photo stalls for the rides.

==Facts and Figures==

* The monorail is from [[Expo 86]] which was held in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]].

==Related links==
*[[List of British Theme Parks]]

==External links==
*[http://www.altontowers.com/ Official Alton Towers Website.]
*[http://www.towersnerd.com/ Towers Nerd - Detailed Unofficial Guide.]
*[http://www.gardenvisit.com/t/c4s4.html Brief garden history.]
*[http://www.towersalmanac.com/ Alton Towers Almanac (unofficial guide).]
*[http://www.themeparks-uk.com/ TP:UK Unofficial Alton Towers Guide.]
*[http://ukthemeparks.blogspot.com/ UK Theme Parks Blog.]
*[http://www.towerstimesforum.co.uk/ Friendly and informative forum made for and by Alton Towers Enthusiasts.]
*[http://www.thrillnetwork.com/ ThrillNetwork.com Amusmement Park News and Information]
{{Template:British theme parks}}

[[Category:Amusement parks]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Theme parks in the United Kingdom]]
[[de:Alton Towers]]

Gregory Olsen

2005-10-11T15:50:00Z

Jackqu7: Cleanup

{{current}}
[[Image:Gregory Olsen.jpg|thumb|Gregory Olsen]]
[[United States|American]] entrepreneur and scientist Dr. '''Gregory Hammond "Greg" Olsen''' (b. [[April 20]], [[1945]] in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]) graduated from Ridgefield Park High School, Ridgefield Park, [[NJ]] in [[1962]], is the co-founder and present [[chairman]] of [[Sensors Unlimited|Sensors Unlimited Inc.]], a company developing [[optoelectronic]] devices such as sensitive near-[[infrared]] (NIR) and shortwave-infrared (SWIR) [[infrared photography|camera]]s. One of Sensors Unlimited's major customers is [[NASA]].

Gregory Olsen was the son of a [[International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers|IBEW]] Local 3 electrician. After being written off as a failure by teachers due to poor grades in high school, Gregory Olsen planned to join the U.S. Army until he was counselled to try college for several months. Through an IBEW Local 3 scholarship, Olsen attempted college, kept his grades high, and graduated ''[[Latin honors|magna cum laude]]'' with multiple degrees from [[Fairleigh Dickinson University]].

Flown to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) with [[Soyuz TMA-7]] (launched [[October 1]], [[2005]], docked [[October 3]], landed [[October 10]]), Dr. Olsen is the third "fee-paying" [[space tourist]] (all prior space tourists flew at government expense) to visit the ISS, following [[Dennis Tito]] ([[2001]]) and [[Mark Shuttleworth]] ([[2002]]). Gregory Olsen has made some comments indicating that he is unhappy with the "space tourist" designation, since he conducted several experiments in [[remote sensing]] and [[astronomy]] while aboard the space station. The price Olsen paid for the trip has not been disclosed, but media sources speculate it was approximately 21 million [[USD]].

{{US-bio-stub}}
{{astronaut-stub}}

== See also ==
*[[List of astronauts by name]]

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4298814.stm 'Space tourist' blasts off to ISS] – [[BBC]], 1 October 2005
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4303596.stm 'Space tourist' arrives at Space Station] – BBC, 3 October 2005
*[http://www.spacedaily.com/news/tourism-05zk.html Trek to Space Station Is 'A Dream Come True']
*[http://www.sensorsinc.com/bio_olsen.html Dr. Gregory Olsen, Ph.D. Chairman] – Sensors Unlimited's biographical information
*[http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/olsen_gregory.htm Spacefacts biography of Gregory Olsen]

[[Category:Astronauts|Olsen, Gregory]]
[[Category:Space tourism|Olsen, Gregory]]
[[Category:U.S. businesspeople|Olsen, Gregory]]
[[Category:1945 births|Olsen, Gregory]]

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Moorgate tube crash

2005-10-09T09:11:27Z

Jackqu7: rv - Moorgate Control redirects to this article

[[image:Moorgate.jpg|right|thumb|Moorgate station]]

The '''Moorgate tube crash''' occurred at 08.46am on [[February 28]], [[1975]] in [[London]], [[England]], with the first emergency call received at 08.53am. A southbound [[Northern Line]] [[London Underground|tube]] train crashed into the tunnel end beyond the platform at [[Moorgate station]], killing 43 people, one of the greatest losses of life on the Underground in peacetime.

The train was on the [[Northern City Line]] service on short, seven-minute round trips between [[Drayton Park station|Drayton Park]] and Moorgate. At that time, plans were already afoot for the service, previously known as the Great Northern & City, to be transferred to [[British Rail]] (it is now operated by [[WAGN]]).

When investigated, the driver was shown to have still been holding the [[dead man's switch|dead man's handle]], a device that immediately applies the brakes when released. Not only had the driver not even put his hands up to protect his face from the impact, but he had actually increased the speed of the train. Police investigation showed that the driver had no reason to be suicidal, and in fact had £300 in his pocket which he was intending to use to buy a car for his daughter after the end of his shift.

The incident would have not been so bad had the train been in a tube-sized tunnel, as the other carriages would not have been able to rise above the first and land on top of it. Nor would this have been quite so bad had the platforms been those of the average tube station, for similar reasons. However, the train was a tube train, but the platform tunnels were designed for mainline trains which are much larger.

The crash had two results. Firstly, the southern end of the Northern City Line platforms (where the crash happened) was extensively rebuilt. Secondly, automatic systems for stopping trains at dead-ends, such as at these platforms, were introduced into all dead-ends on the Underground. These systems are known as ''Moorgate Control''.

As for the incident itself, the cause was never determined.

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/28/newsid_2515000/2515033.stm BBC News account of the 1975 crash]

[[Category:London history]]
[[Category:British railway accidents]]
[[Category:London Underground]]

Roller coaster

2005-09-27T20:12:09Z

Jackqu7: /* Mechanics */

[[Image:Roller_coaster.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The track of a typical roller coaster]]

The '''roller coaster''' is a popular [[amusement ride]] developed for [[amusement park]]s and modern [[theme park]]s. [[LaMarcus Adna Thompson]] [[patent]]ed the first roller coaster on [[January 20]], [[1865]]. In essence a specialised [[railroad]] system, a coaster consists of a [[track]] that rises and falls in specially designed patterns, sometimes with one or more ''[[roller coaster inversions|inversions]]'' (the most common being [[loop (roller coaster)|loop]]s) that turns the rider briefly upside down. The track does not necessarily have to be a complete circuit (the antonym of complete circuit is "[[shuttle roller coaster|shuttle]]"), though some purists insist that it must to be a true coaster. (Not all thrill rides that run on a track are roller coasters). Most coasters have cars for two, four, or six passengers each, in which the passengers sit to travel around the circuit. An entire set of cars hooked together is called a [[Train (roller coaster)|train]].

==Mechanics==

[[Image:Roller_Coaster-Movie_World_Australia.jpg|left|thumb|A roller coaster at [[Movie World]], [[Australia]]]]

The cars on a typical roller coaster are not self-powered. A standard full-circuit lift-powered coaster works like this: after leaving the boarding area (station), the train is pulled up with a chain or cable along the [[lift hill]] to the first peak of the coaster track. Then [[potential energy]] becomes [[kinetic energy]] as the cars race down the first downward [[slope]]. Kinetic energy is converted back into potential energy as the train moves up again to the second peak. This is necessarily lower as some mechanical energy is lost due to [[friction]]. Then the train goes down again, and up, and so on. However, not all coasters run this way. The train may be set into motion by a launch mechanism (flywheel launch, linear induction motors, linear synchronous motors, hydraulic launch, [[compressed air launch]], [[drive tire]], etc.). Some coasters move back and forth along the same section of track; these roller coasters are called shuttles because of this motion and usually run the circuit once with riders moving forwards and then backwards through the same course. And there are even roller coasters which are powered by a kind of locomotive.

A properly designed roller coaster under good conditions will have enough kinetic, or moving, energy to complete the entire course, at the end of which brakes bring the train to a complete stop and it is pushed into the station. A [[brake run]] at the end of the circuit is the most common method of bringing the roller coaster ride to a stop.

===Blocking===

Some roller coasters have the ability to run two or more trains at once. These rides use a ''block'' system, which prevents the trains from colliding. Block systems work by having the track divided into multiple sections or blocks. Only one train is permitted to be in a block at once. At the end of each block, there is a section of track where a train can be stopped if necessary. This can be done multiple ways, including holding it in the station, stopping the lift, or using brakes in the middle or end of the circuit. Sensors at the end of each block detect when a train passes, so the computer running the ride can tell which blocks are occupied. When the computer detects a train about to travel into an occupied block, it uses whatever method is available to keep it from entering. This can cause a [[cascade]] effect when multiple trains become stopped at the end of each block.

In order to prevent these kinds of problems, ride operators follow set procedures regarding when to release a newly-loaded train from the station. One common pattern, used on rides with 2 trains, is to hold train #1, which has just finished the ride, right outside the station, release train #2 (which has loaded while #1 was running), then allow #1 into the station to unload.

==History==

The earliest roller coasters descended from Russian winter [[sled]] rides held on specially constructed hills of ice, especially around [[St Petersburg]]. By the late [[1700s]] their popularity was such that entrepreneurs elsewhere began copying the idea, using wheeled cars built on tracks. One such company was 'Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville' which constructed and operated a gravity track in Paris from 1812. The first loop track was probably also built in Paris from an English design in 1846, with a single-person wheeled sled running through a 13-foot diameter loop. None of these tracks were complete circuits.

The first roller coasters in the USA were based on gravity switchback trains developed in the [[1880s]]. These primitive coasters were run to provide amusement by railroad companies on weekends when ridership was lower. The earliest complete circuit track appeared in 1884, and in 1885 Phillip Hinkle introduced the concept of the "lift hill." By [[1912]], the first [[underfriction]] coaster was developed by [[John Miller (entrepreneur)|John Miller]], often called the [[Thomas Edison]] of roller coasters. Soon, roller coasters spread to amusement parks all around the [[United States]] and the rest of the world. Perhaps the most well known historical roller coaster, [[The Cyclone]], was opened at [[Coney Island]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]] in [[1927]]. Like [[The Cyclone]], all early roller coasters were made of wood. Many old wooden roller coasters are still operational, at parks such as [[Kennywood]] near [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] and [[Blackpool Pleasure Beach]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]].

The [[Great Depression]] marked the end of the first golden age of roller coasters. Theme parks in general went into a decline that lasted until [[1972]], when the Racer was built at [[Kings Island]] in [[Mason, Ohio]] (near [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]]). Designed by John Allen, the instant success of the Racer began a second golden age, which continues through this writing ([[2003]]).

In [[1959]], the [[Disneyland]] [[theme park]] introduced a new design breakthrough in roller coasters with the ''Matterhorn Bobsleds''. This was the first roller coaster to use a tubular steel track. Unlike conventional wooden rails, tubular steel can be bent in any direction, which allows designers to incorporate loops, corkscrews, and many other manoeuvres into their designs. Most modern roller coasters are made of steel but wooden roller coasters are still being built.

[[Image:Topdragster1.jpg|190px|thumb|right|Top Thrill Dragster, the first complete circuit coaster to break the 400-ft barrier]]
Some of the major variations in contemporary roller coaster design involve the modification of the car. Some seat the passenger in a bodyless frame, with the passenger's legs dangling in the air and providing a less obstructed view of the ground, thus providing an extra scare to the passengers. Another variation involves cars that have the riders in a standing position (though still heavily strapped in). Finally, some roller coasters spend some or all of their travel time with the passengers sitting in the opposite direction to their travel, so they cannot see what direction the coaster will travel next.

New roller coaster designs and state of the art technology push the physical limits on what type of experiences can be had on the newest coasters. For example, coasters like the Incredible [[Hulk Coaster]] feature launch lift hills to create an unique experience.

[[Image:Rollercoaster_expedition_geforce_holiday_park_germany.jpg|thumb|left|Riding ''Expedition GeForce'']]

==Safety==

Because roller coasters are ''intended'' to feel risky, accidents, such as the [[September 5]], [[2003]] fatality at the seemingly tame Disneyland ''[[Big Thunder Mountain Railroad]]'', attract public attention.

Statistically, roller coasters are very safe. The U.S. [[Consumer Product Safety Commission]] estimates that 134 park guests required hospitalization in [[2001]] and that fatalities related to amusement rides average two per year. According to a study commissioned by Six Flags, 319 million people visited parks in 2001. The study concluded that a visitor has a one in one-and-a-half billion chance of being fatally injured, and that the injury rates for children's wagons, golf, and folding lawn chairs are higher than for amusement rides. In fact, driving to the amusement park has a higher risk of injury than riding the rides at the amusement park.

Nevertheless, accidents do occur. Regulations vary from one authority to another. Thus in the [[United States of America|USA]], [[California]] requires amusement parks to report any ride-related accident that requires an [[emergency room]] visit, while [[Florida]] exempts parks whose parent companies employ more than 1000 people from having to report any accidents at all. Rep. [[Ed Markey]] of [[Massachusetts]] has introduced legislation that would give oversight of rides to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).

In [[1999]], a rider who weighed more than 400 pounds (180 kg) was unable to close his lap bar properly and was thrown from the Superman coaster at Six Flags Darien Lake, sustaining serious injuries. Despite this, a similar accident occurred in [[2004]] when a 230 pound (100 kg) man with cerebral palsy was permitted to board the Superman coaster at Six Flags New England and, on the last turn of the ride, was thrown from his seat and killed. Critics maintain that, despite the generally good safety record, accidents are occurring that are preventable.

In recent years, controversy has arisen about the safety of the increasingly extreme rides. There have been suggestions that these may be subjecting passengers to translational and rotational accelerations that may be capable of causing brain injuries. In 2003 the [http://www.biausa.org Brain Injury Association of America] concluded in a [http://www.biausa.org/Pages/blue_final_report.html report] that "There is evidence that roller coaster rides pose a health risk to some people some of the time. Equally evident is that the overwhelming majority of riders will suffer no ill effects."

==Types of roller coasters==
Today, there are two main types of roller coasters: [[Steel roller coaster]]s and [[Wooden roller coaster]]s (also called 'Woodies'). Steel coasters are known for their smooth ride and often convoluted shapes that often turn riders upside-down via inversions known as loops, corkscrews, pretzels, and other descriptive names. Wooden coasters are fondly looked at by coaster enthusiasts for their more rough ride and "air-time" produced by negative G-forces when the coaster car reaches the top of some hills along the ride. Much debate can be had regarding which coaster type is better, as they both have their pros and cons.

Regardless of the type of roller coaster being built, coasters come in a multitude of designs. Some designs take their cue from how the rider is positioned to experience the ride. Traditionally, coaster riders sit facing forward in the coaster car, while newer coaster designs have ignored this tradition in the quest for building more exciting, unique ride experiences for the riders. In addition to changing the rider's viewpoint, coaster designs also focus on track styles to make the ride fresh and different from other coasters.

One method of designing a coaster is to select one item from each of the different coaster options: height, rider experience, and track design. These three elements combine to make a unique coaster for the park.

===Rider Experience===
*[[Floorless roller coaster]]
*[[Flying roller coaster]]
*[[Stand-up roller coaster]]
*[[Suspended Swing roller coaster]]
*[[Virginia Reel roller coaster]]

===Height-specific===
Cedar Point was the first park to have coasters break specific height barriers, so as they (their marketing team, perhaps) were the first ones to create and use names for coasters of a particular height, those names became part of general use. Some coaster enthusiasts expect that coasters that break the 500 ft mark (the next major record-breaking height) would be refered to as "Terracoasters," in order to stay within established [[metric]] naming conventions.

*[[Stratacoaster]] - over 400 ft tall
*[[Gigacoaster]] - over 300 ft tall
*[[Hypercoaster]] - over 200 ft tall

===Track Design===
*[[Duelling roller coaster]]
*Figure 8 roller coasters
*[[Inverted roller coaster]]
*[[Launched roller coaster]]
*[[Moebius Loop roller coaster]]
*[[Out and Back roller coaster]]
*[[Racing roller coaster]]
*[[Shuttle roller coaster]]
*[[Side friction roller coaster]]
*[[Spinning roller coaster]]
*Twister roller coaster
*[[Wild Mouse roller coaster]]

== Designers and manufacturers ==
*[[Anton Schwarzkopf]]
*[[Arrow Dynamics]]
*[[Bolliger & Mabillard]] (B&M)
*[[Chance Rides]]
*[[Custom Coasters International]]
*Dinn Corporation
*Gerstlauer
*[[Giovanola]]
*Great Coasters International
*[[Intamin]]
*Morgan Manufacturing
*[[Philadelphia Toboggan Company]]
*[[S&S Power]]
*[[Setpoint]]
*Togo
*[[Ron Toomer]]
*[[Vekoma]]
*Zierer

== See also ==
* [[Notable roller coasters]]
* [[:Category:roller coasters|List of roller coasters]]
* [[:Category:Roller coaster elements|Roller coaster elements]]
* [[:Category:Types of roller coasters|Types of roller coasters]]
* [[Rollercoaster (movie)| Rollercoaster]], a movie featuring a number of roller coasters

== External links ==
{{define}}{{pic}}
* [http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/v/a/vac3/table.html A list of roller coaster patents, with links to the U.S. Patent office]
* [http://rcdb.com/ Roller Coaster Database]
* [http://www.vast.org/vip/book/home.htm Roller Coaster Physics]
* [http://www.aceonline.org/ American Coaster Enthusiasts]
* [http://www.rccgb.co.uk/ Roller Coaster Club of Great Britain]
* [http://www.coasterclub.org/ European Coaster Club]
* [http://www.ceemr.org/ Spanish Coaster Club]

[[Category:Roller coasters| ]]
[[Category:Amusement rides]]

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Thorpe Park

2005-09-27T20:05:22Z

Jackqu7: /* Timeline */ Clean up 2000 section

:''For the Lincolnshire village see [[Thorpe Park, Lincolnshire|Thorpe Park]].''
[[Image:Thorpe Park (logo).PNG|Thorpe Park logo|right]]
[[Image:tp_colossus_small.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Colossus'' has a record-breaking 10 inversions]]
'''Thorpe Park''' is an [[amusement park]] in [[Chertsey]], [[Surrey]] built in [[1979]] on the site of a gravel pit which was partially flooded to make a water theme park. It added its first [[rollercoaster|thrill ride]] in [[1987]], the ''Thunder River'' water ride.

==Park Guide==

Like many theme parks, Thorpe Park is split up into several distinctly themed areas.

===Lost City===

This area of the park contains the majority of the thrill rides, and is loosely themed around a pre-historic lost kingdom. Rides include the ten-inversion roller coaster Colossus, Samurai (a Mondial Topscan moved to here from [[Chessington World of Adventures|Chessington]]), Vortex (a KMG Afterburner), Quantum (a Fabbri Magic Carpet ride) and Zodiac (a Huss Enterprise). Also located here, in the red and blue pyramid-shaped building is 'X:\No Way Out', an ageing indoor backwards rollercoaster which rumours suggest is due for imminent replacement. In [[2005]], a new ride was added to this area, Rush, an [[S&S]] Screaming Swing, which currently holds the record of being the World's Largest Swing.

===Calypso Quay===

[[Image:Nemisis inferno.jpg|thumb|right|Nemesis Inferno]]
Calypso Quay is home to the Nemesis Inferno, a [[Bollinger & Mallard|B&M]]-made inverted rollercoaster modelled on the popular Nemesis at [[Alton Towers]]. Also in this area is the drop tower Detonator, in which riders are hoisted up a tower, with legs dangling, and 'pushed' down by [[pneumatics]]. This gives a comparable amount of airtime as simply dropping from a tower twice as tall.

Also in Calypso Quay is a river-rapids ride, recently sponsored by the [[Ribena]] drinks company and renamed to 'Ribena Rumba Rapids', and Pirates 4D, a cinema showing a 3D film, with an added 'dimension' of special effects such as air blowing and water spraying. Calypso Quay also has a teacup ride and boats which take visitors over to Thorpe Farm.

===Canada Creek===

Themed around a [[Canada|Canadian]] creek, this area is home to the log flume Loggers Leap. Also in the area is the train station for the railways taking visitors to Thorpe Farm. This area has been almost untouched by Tussaud's after they took over the park. In 2005, life was breathed into the small area and [[Slammer]], an [[S&S]] SkySwat, was opened at the back of X:\ No Way Out. The ride carries a wooden weapon theme where riders are supposedly used as amunition for catapulting over the walls of the Lost City during a war between the two civilisations.

===Amity Cove===

A small area of the park, Amity Cove is themed around a fishing village devastated by a tidal wave. An intricately themed area, the only ride here is Tidal Wave, you are carried in a 4 tonne reinforced GRP hull up to a hight of 85 feet over a 3 million gallon lagoon. The boat is then dropped at 1.5G's, forcing 3 tonnes of water into the air to then plunge down onto not only riders... but also most of the surrounding area.

===Ranger County===

With a vaguely American theme, this area is mostly home to rides aimed at smaller children, such as a small banana-themed swinging ship and a carousel.

===Neptune's Kingdom===

Themed around the mythical Neptune, this area is home to the water chute Depth Charge, and features a paddling pool for small children (swimming costume required).

===Octopus's Garden===

A small aquatic-themed area with several small rides for very young children.

===Thorpe Farm===

The Farm is reachable by the Canada Creek Railway (the boats were removed for construction of the new 2006 rollercoaster). Thorpe Farm features many live animals, such as sheep, pigs and horses.

==Timeline==

*Pre-1987
**A few attractions including the Cinamea, Magic Mill, Waterbus services, Model World, Railway, Teacups, Nature Trails and Sunken Gardens.

*[[1987]]
**Thunder River water ride opened.
**[[Space Station Zero]] opened.

*[[1988]]
**Palladium Theatre opened.

*[[1989]]
**Canada Creek area opened.
***Loggers Leap (largest [[log flume]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]) opened.
***Rocky Express opened.

*[[1990]]
**Re-themed Space Station Zero into the Flying Fish.
**Carousel Kingdom opened.
**The Rangers Show opened.
**Drive in the country opened.

*[[1991]]
**Fantasy Reef area refurbished.
***Depth Charge opened.

*[[1992]]
**Children's area refurbished.
***Viking Rowers opened.
***Hudson River Rafters opened.

*[[1993]]
**Calgary Stampede opened.
**Virtual Reality Centre opened.
**Magic Mill closed.

*[[1994]]
**Ranger County area opened.
***Carousel opened.
***Mr. Monkey's Banana Ride opened.

*[[1995]]
**Mr Rabbit's Tropical Travels opened.
**Miss Hippo's Jungle Safari opened.
**Drive in the country closed.

*[[1996]]
**X:/ No Way Out, the world's first dark backwards roller coaster opened.

*[[1997]]
**''No new rides''

*[[1998]]
**[[The Tussauds Group]] purchase the park.
**Palladium Theatre closed.
**Ranger Show closed.
**Dare Devil Drivers opened.
**Wet Wet Wet! opened.
**Water Slides opened.

*[[1999]]
**Pirates 4D, a 4D cinema attraction starring [[Leslie Nielsen]] opened.
**Carousel Kingdom closed.
**Viking Rowers closed.

*[[2000]]
**Tidal Wave, a Shoot the Chute made by Hopkins Rides, opened becoming the tallest ride in the park, at that time.
**Dare Devil Drivers closed.
**Bumper Boats closed.
** On [[July 21]] a major fire broke out in the centre of the park.
*** This destroyed Wicked Witches Haunt which closed immediately.
*** An enterprise was drafted in as a replacement. This ride was themed to fit into the new lost city area and renamed zodiac.

*[[2001]] [[Image:Zodiac thorpe park.jpg|thumb|right|The Enterprise was renamed Zodiac]]
**Mr Rabbit's Tropical Travels closed.
**The lost city area was established, with zodiac and vortex as it's first rides.
**Thunder River closed, ready to be revamped into Ribena Rumba Rapids for the 2002 season
**The Enterprise ride which was drafted in after the fire, is renamed Zodiac.
**Detonator, Mega Drop made by Fabbri, opened in calypso quay.
**Vortex, a K.G.M Afterburner, opened, after an initial late delivery..

*[[2002]]
**Colossus, An intamin rollercoaster with a record-breaking 10 inversions, opened.
**Safiri High Dive show opened for one season.
**Thunder River re-opened as Ribena Rumba Rapids.

*[[2003]]
**Nemesis Inferno, a Bolliger and Mallibard inverted rollercoaster themed around a tropical volcano opened.
**Also Quantum, a '[[Motion platform|magic carpet]]' ride, opened.
**Eclipse, a [[ferris wheel]], opened.
**A spiderman show was performed in the arena. This continued into 2004 and was replaced in 2005 by Stuntzmania
**Calgary Stampede closed, to make way for Samurai from chessington

*[[2004]]
**Samurai, a Mondial Top Scan, moved from [[Chessington World of Adventures|Chessington]], opened.
**New Spiderman show opened.
**Flying Fish closed at the end of the season to make way for Project Stealth, a currently un-named intamin rocket coaster in 2006.

*[[2005]]
**Eclipse was removed from park and moved to Chessington, renamed Peeking Heights.
**Slammer, a S&S Skyswat opened
**Rush,the world’s biggest air-powered speed swing, opens 27 May after successful testing.

==Future developments==

*[[2006]]
**A new 200 foot tall [[Intamin]] accelerator [[roller coaster]] is to be built on the former site of Model World and the Flying Fish (Mack Powered Rollercoaster). The ride is due for completion on February 1st 2006 and will feature a racing theme similar to Rita: Queen of Speed at [[Alton Towers]]. The ride will accelerate from 0-80mph in around 2.5 seconds before heading vertically up a 205ft tall non-inverting Top-Hat, it will then crest the hill and start its descent again at 90 degrees. Following the top hat it will head over a large airtime hill before hitting the brakes. It has been described as a scaled down verison of [[Kingda Ka]].

*[[2008]]
**The park's fourth major rollercoaster is due to open. Little is known about this project at present.

==See also==
*[[List of British Theme Parks]]

==External links==
* http://www.thorpepark.co.uk - Official site.

* http://www.themeparks-uk.com - Thorpe Park Guide @ TP:UK

* http://www.thorpeparkmania.co.uk - Thorpe Park Mania

* http://www.themeuk.net - Theme UK. Information on Thorpe Park and [[Chessington World Of Adventures]]

*[http://ukthemeparks.blogspot.com/ UK Theme Parks Blog.]

*[http://www.rcdb.com/qs.htm?quicksearch=thorpe+park RCDB - information on roller coasters]

{{Template:British theme parks}}

[[Category:Amusement parks]]
[[Category:British theme parks]]
[[Category:London attractions]]

Reality

2005-09-26T20:34:58Z

Jackqu7: /* Simple reality */

'''Reality''' in everyday usage means "everything that exists." The term "Reality," in its most liberal sense, includes everything that is, whether or not it is observable, accessible or understandable by science, philosophy, theology or any other system of analysis. Reality in this sense may include both [[being]] and [[Nothing|nothingness]], whereas "[[existence]]" is often restricted to being.

In the strict sense of [[European-German philosophy]], there are levels or gradation to the nature and conception of reality. These levels include, from the most subjective to the most rigorous:

* [[Phenomenology|Phenomenological reality]]
* [[Truth]]
* [[Fact]]
* [[Axiom]]

Other cultural traditions, particularly those based on [[Buddhism]], have different concepts of the nature of reality: see, for example, [[samsara]] and [[Maya (illusion)|maya]].

== Simple reality ==

In the simplest sense, our reality consists of our four-dimensional world: height, width, depth and time. What happens when we lose one of these dimensions from our reality? What if we lose depth, for instance? Most people would reply that we'd then have a cinematic effect, as in a movie. When we view a motion picture, what we are watching has height, width and time, but no depth. One dimension of our reality is missing.

What happens if we remove the fourth dimension? Here we have a photograph. A photo has height and width, but no time or depth. Lose one more dimension and we have a line. Lose another and we are left with a point. We have position but no longer have magnitude. People know these four dimensions well. For us they make up our simple reality: the [[space-time continuum]].

As humans travel along the space-time continuum, our scientific method works and the rules of logic apply. Everything flows nicely. Many people actually view this continuum as though it were the entire universe. It is not. What rattles our complacency is that from time to time we step outside of our four-dimensional world. One-third of our life is spent outside what we call reality. For the eight hours that we [[sleep]] every solar day, the rules of logic and time do not exist. The Ancient philosopher Chuang Tzu, around 300 B.C. stated: "Last night I dreamed I was a butterfly. I do not know whether I was a man dreaming I was a butterfly or whether I am now a butterfly dreaming I am a man." In western thought [[Heraclitus]] has provided very similar observations on [[The Absolute]].

However, sleep is only a minor mystery. The real problem arises on that day when we go to sleep and do not wake up. On that day, we permanently step outside the space-time continuum. We [[death|die]]. This event is the mother of most religion and some philosophy.

==Phenomenological reality==

On a much broader and more subjective level, the private experiences, curiosity, inquiry, and selectivity involved in the personal interpretation of an event, shapes reality as seen by one and only one individual and hence is called [[Phenomenology|phenomenological]]. This form of reality might be common to others as well, but at times could also be so unique to oneself as to be never experienced or agreed upon by any one else. Much of the [[Spirituality|spiritual]] experience of an individual occurs on this level of reality.

==Truth==

When two or more individuals agree upon the interpretation and experience of a particular event, a consensus about an event and its experience begins to be formed. This being common to a few individuals or a larger group, then becomes the 'truth' as seen and agreed upon by a certain set of people. Thus one particular [[Group (sociology)|group]] may have a certain set of agreed truths, while another group might have still different set of truths that have reached consensus. This lets different [[communities]] and [[societies]] have varied and extremely different [[Notion (philosophy)|notions]] of reality and truth of the external world. The [[Religion|religion]] and beliefs of people or communities are a fine example of this level of reality. This is well expressed in the famous quote by [[Henry David Thoreau|Henry Thoreau]], "It takes two to speak the truth — one to speak and another to hear."

Other views of truth assert that truth is that which is considered to be the supreme reality and to have the ultimate meaning and value of existence, regardless of subjective inference. Truth can not merely be discerned by deductive reasoning but can only be more deeply understood by INDUCTIVE study and acceptance.

==Fact==

A fact or factual entity is a phenomenon that is perceived as an elemental principle. It is rarely one that could be subject to personal interpretation. Instead it is most often the observed phenomena of the natural world. The proposition 'the sun rises in the east', is a fact. It is a fact for people belonging to any group or nationality regardless of which language they speak or which part of the hemisphere they come from. The [[Galileo Galilei|Galilean]] proposition in support of the [[Copernicus|Copernican]] [[theory]], that the [[sun]] is the centre of the [[solar system]] is one that states the fact of the [[Nature|natural world]]. However during his life time he (Galileo) was ridiculed for that factual proposition, because far too few people had a consensus about it in order to accept it as a truth. Fewer propositions are factual in content in the world, as compared to the many truths shared by various communities, which are also fewer to the innumerable individual phenomenological realities. Much of [[Science|scientific exploration]], [[experimentation]], [[hermeneutics|interpretation]] and [[Scientific method|analysis]] is done on this level.

This view of reality is well expressed by [[Philip K. Dick]]'s statement that "Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go away."

==Axiom==

[[Axiom]]s are [[self-evidence|self-evident]] realities, the existence of which is accepted as given and on which further [[concept]]ions are generated.

The facts of a natural world would hold true only in the systemic construction of that world. Hence in a different system, the facts of another world might no longer hold valid. The fact that 'the sun rises in the east', might not be valid in a different solar system where the planet might be tilted in a different angle, or revolving in a different direction around its star, so that the star might rise on the [[Planet|planet's]] [[horizon]] in the west instead of the east. Hence the facts of a systemic entity might not be universal outside the realms of that system. However, exceptionally rare conceptions might be universal in ethos. For example, the [[Axiomatic set theory|mathematical-set theoretic]] idea that the union of a set of one entity and another set of four entities would create a set that contains five entities,

:<var>A</var> = {a}; B = { b, c, d, e}; <var>A</var> ∪ B = { a, b, c, d, e}

would be valid in any systemic process or in any universe. It is in effect a conception more rigorous and pervasive than a fact. It can be argued that statements of this nature are only trivially true, since the definitions of the concepts "set", "entity", "union", "one", "four", and "five" are all defined in terms of each other, and that these concepts have no inherent reality apart from this self-referencing structure.

[[Mathematics|Mathematical]] formulations and propositions in [[mathematical logic]] are based on axioms, and hence these fields are often referred to as pure disciplines. The validity of the set theoretic proposition would hold true in any systemic process or [[universe]]. Its validity is self evident in ontological existence and works on the axiomatic level of reality.

Some portion of [[ultimate reality]] may lie beyond our scope to examine or even imagine. Many of the concepts of science and philosophy are often defined [[culture|culturally]] and [[sociology|socially]]. This idea was well elaborated by [[Thomas Kuhn]] in his book [[The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]] ([[1962]]). See [[socially constructed reality]] for more discussion on this point.

Most of the [[Culture|cultural]] [[Conflict theory|conflict]] in the world occurs when certain individuals or groups try to impose their phenomenological realities or truths on other people or communities.

== What reality is not ==

"Reality," the concept, is contrasted with a wide variety of other concepts, largely depending upon the intellectual discipline. It can help to understand what we mean by "reality" to note what we say ''is not'' real.

In [[philosophy]], reality is contrasted with [[nonexistence]] (e.g., unicorns do not exist; so they are not real) and mere [[possibility]] (a mountain made of gold is merely possible, but is not real) unless they are discovered. Sometimes philosophers speak as though reality is contrasted with [[existence]] itself, though ordinary language and many other philosophers would treat these as synonyms. They have in mind the notion that there is ''a kind'' of reality--a mental or [[intensionality|intensional]] reality, perhaps--that imaginary objects, such as the aforementioned golden mountain, have. [[Alexius Meinong]] is famous, or infamous, for holding that such things have so-called [[subsistence]], and thus a kind of reality, even while they do not actually exist. Most philosophers find the very notion of "subsistence" mysterious and unnecessary, and one of the shibboleths and starting points of [[20th century]] [[analytic philosophy]] has been the forceful rejection of the notion of subsistence--of "real" but nonexistent objects.

It is worth saying at this point that many philosophers are not content with saying merely what reality ''is not''--some of them have positive theories of what broad categories of objects are real, in addition. See [[ontology]] as well as [[realism (philosophy)]]; these topics are also briefly treated below.

In [[ethics]], [[Political science|political theory]], and the [[arts]], reality is often contrasted with what is ''[[Idealism|ideal]]''.

In ethics, discussions of [[ethical perfectionism]], what might be called "moral idealism" or the notion that we are obligated to be morally perfect human beings, runs up against notions of what is real about [[human nature]] and the [[human condition]].

In political theory there is an old and distinguished tradition of inventing [[utopia]]s and [[utopianism]]--those of [[Plato]] and [[Thomas More]] are the most famous--but these are often accused of ignoring the so-called facts of reality concerning human nature. Political [[liberalism]], by contrast with [[conservatism]], is usually thought of as being of the contrary view--that human nature is inherently changeable, and that there are no "facts of reality" concerning human nature, a view advocated in the twentieth century by the [[existentialism|existentialists]]. And, consequently, utopianism is more often a feature of liberalism than conservatism. (This perspective is further explored in the Austrian economist [[Friedrich Hayek]]'s book ''[[The Road to Serfdom]]'' (ISBN 0226320618), defending the theory that efforts towards utopia inevitably lead to totalitarianism, theories further explored by the [[Public Choice]] school of [[economics]], applying the study of human incentives on political and group behavior through rational choice.)

In the arts there was a broad movement beginning in the [[19th century]], [[realism]] (which led to [[naturalism]]), which sought to portray characters, scenes, and so forth, realistically. This was in contrast and reaction to [[romanticism]], which portrayed their subjects idealistically. Commentary about these artistic movements is sometimes put in terms of the contrast between the real and the ideal: on the one hand, the average, ordinary, and natural, and on the other, the superlative, extraordinary, improbable, and sometimes even supernatural. Obviously, when speaking in this sense, "real" (or "realistic") does not have the same meaning as it does when, for example, a philosopher uses the term to distinguish, simply, what exists from what does not exist.

In the arts, and also in ordinary life, the notion of reality (or realism) is also often contrasted with illusion. A painting that precisely indicates the visually-appearing shape of a depicted object is said to be realistic in that respect; one that distorts features, as [[Pablo Picasso]]'s paintings are famous for doing, are said to be unrealistic, and thus some observers will say, but with questionable grammatical correctness, that they are "not real." But there are also tendencies in the visual arts toward so-called [[realism]] and more recently [[photorealism]] that invite a different sort of contrast with the real. ''[[Trompe l'oeil]]'' (French, "fool the eye") paintings render their subjects so "realistically" that the casual observer might temporarily be deceived into thinking that he is seeing something, indeed, ''real''--but in fact, it is merely an illusion, and an intentional one at that.

In psychiatry, reality, or rather, the idea of being ''in touch with reality'' is integral to the notion of [[schizophrenia]], since it has often been defined in part by reference to being "out of touch" with reality. The schizophrenic is said to have ''hallucinations'' and ''delusions'' which concern people and events that are not ''real''. However, there is controversy over what is considered ''out of touch with reality'', particularly due to the noticeable comparison of the process of forcefully instituting individuals for expressing their beliefs in society to [[reality enforcement]]. The practice's possible covert use as a political tool can perhaps be illustrated by the 18th Century psychiatric sentences in the U.S of black slaves for 'crazily' attempting to escape. See also [[anti-psychiatry]] and one its prominent figures, the ex-psychiatrist [[Thomas Szasz]].

In each of these cases, discussions of reality, or what counts as "real," take on quite different casts; indeed, what we say about reality often depends on what we want to say it ''is not.''

== Reality, world views, and theories of reality ==

A common colloquial usage would have "reality" mean "perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes toward reality," as in "My reality is not your reality." This is often used just as a colloquialism indicating that the parties to a conversation agree, or should agree, not to quibble over deeply different conceptions of what is real. For example, in a religious discussion between friends, one might say (attempting humor), "You might disagree, but in my reality, everyone goes to heaven."

But occasionally--and particularly in the case of those who have been exposed to certain ideas from philosophy, sociology, literary criticism, and other fields--it is often thought that there simply and literally ''is'' no reality beyond the perceptions or beliefs we each have about reality. Such attitudes indicate [[anti-realism]], that is, the view that there is no objective reality, whether acknowledged explicitly or not. These topics will be discussed in greater detail below.

If we really do literally mean by "reality" simply "beliefs about reality," then our article about reality would necessarily, to be complete, have to outline every ''world view'' (this is how the German word ''[[Weltanschauung]]'' is usually translated)--every broadly different way of "seeing" reality. In this sense, the topic of reality encompasses many other topics: [[perception]], [[psychology]] generally, [[cognitive psychology]] and [[cognitive science]], [[religion]], [[sociology]] and [[anthropology]], and topics in [[philosophy]].

But there is a way to make the topic of reality less cumbersome for present purposes: restrict the discussion to theories about the general topic of reality itself. Thus, for example, a certain Christian world view would not count as a theory of reality, but the theory that the Christian world view ''is'' a "construction" of reality ''would'' count as a theory about reality. It is theories about reality, in this sense, that philosophers discuss as part of [[metaphysics]]; such theories are also sometimes discussed in [[literary theory]] (which is, today, heavily influenced by [[Continental philosophy]] and heavily anti-realist) as well as in [[sociology]] and [[cultural anthropology]].

== Philosophical views of reality ==

Philosophy addresses two different aspects of the topic of reality: the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the mind (as well as language and culture) and reality.

On the one hand, [[ontology]] is the study of being, and the central topic of the field is couched, variously, in terms of being, existence, "what is," and reality. The task in ontology is to describe the most general [[category of being|categories of reality]] and how they are interrelated. If--what is rarely done--a philosopher wanted to proffer a positive definition of the concept "reality," it would be done under this heading. As explained above, some philosophers draw a distinction between reality and existence. In fact, many analytic philosophers today tend to avoid the term "real" and "reality" in discussing ontological issues. But for those who would treat "is real" the same way they treat "exists," one of the leading questions of analytic philosophy has been whether existence (or reality) is a property of objects. It has been widely held by analytic philosophers that it is ''not'' a property at all, though this view has lost some ground in recent decades.

On the other hand, particularly in discussions of [[objectivity]] that have feet in both metaphysics and [[epistemology]], philosophical discussions of "reality" often concern the ways in which reality is, or is not, in some way ''dependent upon'' (or, to use fashionable jargon, "constructed" out of) mental and cultural factors such as perceptions, beliefs, and other mental states, as well as cultural artifacts, such as religions and political movements, on up to the vague notion of a common cultural [[world view]] or [[Weltanschauung]].

The view that there is a reality independent of any beliefs, perceptions, etc., is called [[realism]]. More specifically, philosophers are given to speaking about "realism ''about''" this and that, such as realism about universals or realism about the external world. Generally, where one can identify any class of object the existence or essential characteristics of which is said to depend on perceptions, beliefs, language, or any other human artifact, one can speak of "realism ''about''" that object.

One can also speak of ''anti-''realism about the same objects. "Anti-realism" is the latest in a long series of terms for views opposed to realism. Perhaps the first was [[idealism (philosophy)|idealism]], so called because reality was said to be in the mind, or "ideal" in that special sense. [[Berkeleyan idealism]] is the view, propounded by the Irish [[empiricism|empiricist]] [[George Berkeley]], that the objects of perception are actually ideas in the mind. On this view, one might be tempted to say that reality is a "mental construct"; this is not quite accurate, however, since on Berkeley's view perceptual ideas are created and coordinated by God. By the twentieth century, views similar to Berkeley's were called [[phenomenalism]]. Phenomenalism differs from Berkeleyan idealism primarily in that Berkeley believed that minds, or souls, are not merely ideas nor made up of ideas, whereas varieties of phenomenalism, such as that advocated by Russell, tended to go farther to say that the mind itself is merely a collection of perceptions, memories, etc., and that there is no mind or soul over and above such [[mental event]]s. Finally, [[anti-realism]] became a fashionable term for ''any'' view which held that the existence of some object depends upon the mind or cultural artifacts. The view that the so-called external world is really merely a social, or cultural, artifact, called [[social constructionism]], is one variety of anti-realism. [[Cultural relativism]] is the view that social issues such as morality are not absolute, but at least partially cultural artifact.

== See also ==

* [[Consensus reality]]
* [[Hyperreality]]
* [[Illusion]]
* [[Meaning of life]]
* [[Ontology]]
* [[Simulated reality]]
* [[The Absolute]]
* [[Virtual reality]]

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[[Category:Core issues in ethics]]
[[Category:Ontology]]

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Alton Towers

2005-09-26T19:26:21Z

Jackqu7: rv edits by 194.8.54.251 - no need for link to be below template

'''Alton Towers''' is [[United Kingdom|Britain]]'s best known [[theme park]]. It is based north of the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]] in [[Staffordshire]], on the site of an old mansion by the same name.

==History of gardens==
[[Image:Alton Towers from Morris's Seats of Noblemen and Gentlemen (1880).JPG|thumb|300px|Alton Towers in 1880]]
As an example of the Mixed Style of [[Humphrey Repton]]'s gardens, Alton Towers' garden was begun, ''ca.'' [[1814]] by the eccentric 15th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]], of whom [[J. C. Loudon]] (who was consulted on design features of which there were many) relates that he consulted every artist, only to avoid 'whatever an artist might recommend'. Loudon's published criticism remains history's wittiest pan of preposterous garden design since [[Alexander Pope]].

Alton Towers grew into a collection of gardens: a Swiss Cottage, a [[Stonehenge]], a Dutch garden, a Pagoda Fountain, said to be based on the To Ho pagoda in Canton, Lysicrates' [[Choragic Monument]] from [[Athens]] (a feature in English gardens since the 1760s), domed glasshouses (originally gilded), even a fairly large [[Matterhorn]] as a backing to one of [[England]]'s earliest [[Alpine garden]]s.

'''The first [[garden gnomes]]''' were introduced at Alton Towers, in punishment for which the rides and slides of the modern Theme Park add to the eccentricity of a nobleman's fancy whose parkland, 'the work of a morbid imagination, joined to the command of unlimited resourses' (according to Loudon) is now also occupied by a hundred acres (400,000 m²) of 'sensational rides and attractions'.

==Modern theme park==
Alton Towers was purchased by [[The Tussauds Group]] in 1990. In [[2005]] It was brought up when the [[Dubai International Capital|DIC]] investment group purchased [[The Tussauds Group]]. Today it is notable for its extreme rides, including ''Nemesis,'' a [[rollercoaster]] in which people hang with their legs dangling down (or up as the case may be), and ''Oblivion,'' the world's first vertical drop rollercoaster. The oldest rollercoaster at the site is ''Corkscrew'', a ride with two [[inversion]]s which many riders find uncomfortable due to its rough track. Billed as the first of its kind, ''Air'' is a rollercoaster, unusual in that finders find themselves suspended [[horizontal]]ly facing down, as though [[flying]]. This is known as a [[flying roller coaster]]. Inside the towers is the ride ''Hex'', a surreal attraction which is based on a [[myth]] surrounding the towers and their history.

The latest attraction at Alton Towers is ''Rita: Queen of Speed'', a ride themed around racing. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]]. Rita: Queen of Speed claims to reach 100 kilometres per hour within a few seconds of launch.

Guests can stay at one of two [[hotels]] on the site. Doing this also gives them free admission to the [[Cariba Creek]] [[water park]]. When Cariba Creek was first built, only hotel residents could visit. However, non-residents can now also use the water park with payment of an admission fee [http://www.altontowers.com/waterpark/openingpricing.asp].

Rumours are rife that a so-called "Project Dolphin" is being planned for the park, which will represent a massive investment in Alton Towers (where and when this money is being invested is currently unknown, however).

Project Dolphin is Alton Towers plan to change with the publics needs for extreme entertainment. This could involve moving into completly different relms of entertainment, from extreme [[golf]] to [[ice climbing]] which are both listed by the Towers as possibilities, along with many more. With DIC investing around 48 million in the towers next year, guests can expect some vast improvements.

Due to a recent court battle with local residents, the Towers is starting to encure problems with their end of session [[fireworks]]. However, the towers is still fighting hard to keep them running.

==Park Guide==

The park is split into several themed areas.

===Forbidden Valley===

Forbidden Valley is home to two of the park's biggest rollercoasters, ''Nemesis'' and ''Air'', both of which are made by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]]. The area also houses some smaller rides like Ripsaw, an attraction where guests go through a series of violent rotations and Blade, a giant swinging boat.

===Gloomy Wood===

The Gloomy Wood is a small area home to Duel: The Haunted House Strikes Back!. The ride used to be a normal haunted house ride, but it was recently modified to be a Laser Gun Ride themed around a haunted house so it could more eye-catching and exciting.

===Merrie England===

An area themed around vintage [[England]]. Rides include spinning tea cups and The Flume ride, where riders float along the lake in bath tubs. Also in the area is several gaming sideshows, such as hoop-tossing and basketball hoops, in which prizes can be won. Several food outlets provide food, with the Courtyard Tavern also serving alcohol, as the park's only pub.

===Old MacDonalds Farm===

Themed around a traditional farm, this area contains a small petting zoo as well as a few rides for younger visitors, which include Doodle Doo Derby, a farm-themed carousel, and Riverbank Eye Spy, a recently rethemed boat ride.

===Adventure Land===

The storybook land, next to Towers Street, is designed for younger visitors. Rides include Squirrel Nutty's Ride, a track-based ride which includes story-telling elements, and Spinball Whizzer, a pinball themed spinning rollercoaster.

===The Gardens===

The gardens fill the valley between the Forbidden Valley and the Towers. The skyride bridges the valley, but there are some steep paths which go down into the valley. Crossing the valley using these paths takes up to 30 minutes and requires good shoes, but can be worthwhile and pleasant. Dotted around the gardens are various ancient follies, including a pagoda fountain.

===The Towers===

The towers are what gives the park its name, and is an ancient mansion house in which the family who owned the estate lived. Visitors can wander around a limited area of the towers, which also features a spooky maze during the Halloween period. Added for the 2000 season was ''Hex - the Legend of the Towers'', an indoor swing ride which made use of the history of the towers, in particularly the legend of a curse which stated that whenever a branch from a specific tree fell, a member of the Earl's family would die.

There is currently a 1.1 million pound project in place to restore the oldest parts of the castle. What will happen to the space when restored is currently unknown, however new rides or tours of the castle are both possibilities.

===Towers Street===

Towers Street is the first area that visitors to the park encounter, themed as a town street, which leads to views of the gardens and the tower. The street contains several shops, including the Towers Trading Co., which sells official park merchandise. Also in the area is the skyrail station, which visitors can use to reach other areas of the park:)

===Ug Land===

Themed around a comic-book style dinosaur land, Ug Land, previously called Festival Park, contains some of the oldest rides of the park. Corkscrew is a corkscrew rollercoaster containing two consecutive corkscrew elements. Built by [[Vekoma]] in 1980, the ride is now seriously rattly, and riders are advised to keep their head held firmly back against the headrest.

Other rides in the area include Ug Swinger, and the new ride for 2005, Rita: Queen of Speed, a ride themed around [[Drag racing]]. It opened on [[1 April]] [[2005]] and is an Accelerator (or Launched) coaster, made by [[Intamin]].

===X-Sector===

A futuristically-themed area, X-Sector contains the park's innovative Oblivion ride, a rollercoaster in which riders are said to experience a 90 degree drop (actually 87.5 degrees). The extra-wide roller coaster cars are held danging over the edge for a few seconds before plunging downwards into a big hole amid mist, and then re-emerging into a heavily banked turn leading back into the station. It was the first vertical drop coaster in the world and was manufactured by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]].

Also in the area are the Enterprise and Submission thrill rides, and the Black Hole rollercoaster, which features a sprial lift and is entirely indoors, in the dark. This ride closed for the 2005 season however, and is currently standing but not operating. The park is looking for a buyer for the ride.

===Cred Street===

Home to the [[BBC|BBC's]] [[Tweenies]], Cred street is aimed at the younger audiance of Alton Towers. There is a wide selection of bouncy castles and ball pits in the Tweenies Play Pen, as well as ice cream shops, sweet shops and a Tweenie's Store. There are also traditional rides such as [[Carousel|Carousels]] and more modern rides such as a frog hopper and a ginger bread car tour.

Toy Land Tours used to be located next to Cred Steet. It was recently closed for a retheme which will transform the ride into ''Willy Wonker's Chocolate Factory''. Similar to Toy Land Tours, the new ride will use boats and the same ride system. The extensive theme will be based on [[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]].

===Katanga Canyon===

Rides include the Runaway Mine Train (an electric coaster) and the Congo River Rapids. Both are classic well-established rides in the park and meet in a tunnel where the screams of the Runaway Mine Train meet the cheers of the River Rapids. The area hosts Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut stalls with a shared indoor seating area. There is a shop located at the exits of the two rides called Katanga Cargo, hosting much strange and wonderful ancient tribal themed mechandise as well as the photo stalls for the rides.

==Facts and Figures==

* The monorail is from [[Expo 86]] which was held in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]].

==Related links==
*[[List of British Theme Parks]]

==External links==
*[http://www.altontowers.com/ Official Alton Towers Website.]
*[http://www.towersnerd.com/ Towers Nerd - Detailed Unofficial Guide.]
*[http://www.gardenvisit.com/t/c4s4.html Brief garden history.]
*[http://www.towersalmanac.com/ Alton Towers Almanac (unofficial guide).]
*[http://www.themeparks-uk.com/ TP:UK Unofficial Alton Towers Guide.]
*[http://ukthemeparks.blogspot.com/ UK Theme Parks Blog.]
*[http://www.towerstimesforum.co.uk/ Friendly and informative forum made for and by Alton Towers Enthusiasts.]
*[http://www.thrillnetwork.com/ ThrillNetwork.com Amusmement Park News and Information]
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