Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Template talk:Operating systems

2014-11-04T01:37:22Z

Joad.marshal: /* "List" (i.e., list1 and group6) should be more definitively named */ new section

{{WikiProject Computing |class=template}}

==Kernel designs==

I don't understand this part of the template:

Kernel: 
General: Microkernel · Nanokernel 
Types: monolithic · hybrid · exokernel

What is "general"? General kernel designs are [[microkernel]] and [[monolithic kernel]]. A hybrid would then be one that possesses qualities of both. [[Exokernel]] is orthogonally different design, but it either fits in one or the other category. [[Nanokernel]] is a microkernel even more miniaturized. So there are two basic designs. Considering that, what does the above "general" and "types" mean? --[[User:Paxcoder|Paxcoder]] ([[User talk:Paxcoder|talk]]) 16:40, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

== Removal of 'Nanokernel' architecture subtype ==

Nanokernel has been redirecting to Microkernel since 2008. Why is Nanokernel still listed as an architecture subtype when it is apparently not notable enough to get its own article? The Nanokernel-part of the Microkernel article looks a lot like a disambiguation-page; if Nanokernel doesn't even have a proper definition why does it count as a subtype? I suggest removing Nanokernel from the Operating system template. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/81.70.160.55|81.70.160.55]] ([[User talk:81.70.160.55|talk]]) 16:41, 21 January 2012 (UTC) 

== Adding long mode to CPU modes ==
I believe long mode is more than prevalent to warrant its addition into the cpu modes field. (It is one after all!)
Edit: After I get to 10 edits :p
[[User:Jon.weldon|Added by Jon Weldon II: ]] ([[User talk:Jon.weldon|talk]]) 04:21, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

== Edit request on 26 August 2013 ==

{{edit semi-protected|answered=yes}}

Hi, May I Edit This? Thank You.


[[User:Folofolo jljj|Folofolo jljj]] ([[User talk:Folofolo jljj|talk]]) 10:51, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
: This is a highly visable template. Please post your proposed changes here to get consensus before they are put in. [[User:RudolfRed|RudolfRed]] ([[User talk:RudolfRed|talk]]) 03:59, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

== Edit request on 10 November 2013 ==


The [[list of operating systems]] includes Oberon and a large collection of other OSes. I understand it may look awkward to have such a long list under the "list" section of the template. However, as is, it is confusing and inadequate. Despite there is already a link on the left field to "list", there should also be a [[list of operating systems|more...]] link at the end of the pseudo-full list that points to the true full list as well.
[[User:Luggerhead|Luggerhead]] ([[User talk:Luggerhead|talk]]) 10:18, 10 November 2013 (UTC)


== Please edit GNU to GNU Hurd ==
{{edit semi-protected|answered=yes}}
As GNU is a software project, and GNU Hurd is the operating system. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.56.183.105|86.56.183.105]] ([[User talk:86.56.183.105|talk]]) 23:58, 5 December 2013 (UTC) 
:{{Done}}. --[[User:W163|Jeff Ogden (W163)]] ([[User talk:W163|talk]]) 05:32, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

== "List" (i.e., list1 and group6) should be more definitively named ==

The one-word title "List" is ambiguous, but "List of operating systems" would surely seem redundant. 
Consider one of the following: 
List of software suites 
Operating system suites 
[[User:Joad.marshal|Joad Marshal]] ([[User talk:Joad.marshal|talk]]) 01:37, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Biological imperative

2014-06-16T16:07:34Z

Joad.marshal:

===[[Biological imperative]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|T}}

:{{la|Biological imperative}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Biological imperative|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2014 June 14#{{anchorencode:Biological imperative}}|View log]]</noinclude>{{int:dot-separator}} [http://toolserver.org/~snottywong/cgi-bin/votecounter.cgi?page=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Biological_imperative Stats])
:({{Find sources|Biological imperative}})
Besides having no sources and external links which are all dead or seemingly unrelated to the topic, this appears to be a case of original research – while the term “biological imperative” appears to be a real one used in a wide variety of contexts, there doesn’t seem to be a verifiable list of any specific things defined as biological imperatives per se. While the phrase should (and does) have an entry on the wiktionary, that seems entirely sufficient given the topics ambiguity when it comes to specifics. [[User:Buddy23Lee|Buddy23Lee]] ([[User talk:Buddy23Lee|talk]]) 22:42, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

*'''Undecided''' - I'll wait until there is more discussion before I vote. It drives me nuts when articles are created and then no attempt to source the thing is made. However, I think this could be a very good article if it is written right. Hopefully someone will see the AFD and do a little work on it. [[User:Bali88|Bali88]] ([[User talk:Bali88|talk]]) 22:53, 6 June 2014 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' - I'm not sure if its worth noting, but this article has existed in one form or another [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biological_imperative&oldid=15380285 since 2005], when it appeared to focus on "genetic imperative". I've tried a few times over the last couple years to find some worthy citations before finally giving up and conceding to myself this is probably best option. I do hope you're right though. [[User:Buddy23Lee|Buddy23Lee]] ([[User talk:Buddy23Lee|talk]]) 23:02, 6 June 2014 (UTC)
:Note: This debate has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Philosophy|list of Philosophy-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Gene93k|• Gene93k]] ([[User talk:Gene93k|talk]]) 18:39, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
:Note: This debate has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Science|list of Science-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Gene93k|• Gene93k]] ([[User talk:Gene93k|talk]]) 18:39, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' - Tricky one. From what I can tell there's not an agreed upon definition of "biological imperative" that clearly distinguishes it from basic [[need]]. I think the best case for keeping will frame it as a term used by particular notable researchers, in a certain theoretical context, or something more discipline-specific. As a general concept it seems like a less used term for ideas we already have articles for. --— <tt>[[User:Rhododendrites|Rhododendrites]] [[User_talk:Rhododendrites|talk]]</tt> |  18:55, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
*'''Delete'''. There is not much to be said for this article. There is not much to be said of it, that Buddy Lee has not said already. But there is the subject of the scientific consensus on this topic, or rather lack of it. It is sad to me that genetics has allowed this discussion to go unaddressed, so that a thousand scientists can opine in scholarly articles that a particular thing is a biological imperative, while ten of those scientists selected randomly could not agree on a list of ten biological imperatives, much less this list. There is a specific WP guideline that covers the premature creation of science articles, but I cannot find it, unfortunately. Basically, the coverage of this term in Scholar amounts to trivial coverage: it is used in passing, in discussions about other topics. For example, two of the articles where it is used as a title, both put question marks at the end of the title: "Physical illness: Social construction or biological imperative?" and "Aggression: A Biological Imperative?". Scientists cannot even seriously, before the scrutiny of their peers, put forth the combination of the term and a hypothetical example. Even worse, the whole subject reminds me of the History Channel-level stabs at explaining evolution, where evolution is described as ab "arms race" and species are said to "prefer" a particular genetic variation. This is putting the emphasis on success, as though it were chosen by the species, and those species who do not choose it, well, they are just sorry losers. The extinction of species can be influenced by cataclysmic factors, and the success, by dumb luck (birds on islands that have no snake predators, for example, with their extravagant plumage and mating dances that serve only an aesthetic purpose). [[User:Anarchangel|Anarchangel]] ([[User talk:Anarchangel|talk]]) 01:26, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
<hr style="width:55%;" />
:'''[[WP:RELIST|Relisted]] to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.''' 
:Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, [[User:Northamerica1000|NorthAmerica]][[User_talk:Northamerica1000|1000]] 00:38, 14 June 2014 (UTC)[[Category:Relisted AfD debates|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<hr style="width:55%;" />
*'''Broaden''' - I came across this article while researching the "breed imperatives" of Jack Russell Terriers (i.e., behaviors they will exhibit no matter how well trained). I suggest that the page be kept; In time, I believe its scope may change. [[User:Joad.marshal|Joad Marshal]] ([[User talk:Joad.marshal|talk]]) 16:07, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

Apropos

2014-05-13T23:29:24Z

Joad.marshal: Added "Canadian radio program" entry

{{Wiktionary|apropos}}
'''Apropos''' may refer to:

*[[apropos (Unix)|<tt>apropos</tt> (Unix)]], a program used to search for program manual pages
*A rootkit created by [[Phorm|121Media]] to install adware
*[[À_Propos|À Propos]], a Canadian radio program

{{disambig}}

Codenomicon

2014-05-01T03:44:20Z

Joad.marshal: /* AbuseSA */ Corrected typo, removed forced paragraph style

{{Infobox Company
| name = Codenomicon
| logo =
| type = [[Privately held company]]
| genre =
| foundation = 2001
| founder =
| location_city = [[Oulu]]
| location_country = [[Finland]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = worldwide
| key_people =
| industry =
| products = Fuzz (Robustness) Testing Tools, Situation Awareness Tools
| services = Security Testing Services
| market cap =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = Private
| num_employees = 105
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.codenomicon.com/}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
{{Infobox Software
| name = Codenomicon
| logo = [[Image:Codenomicon-logo-and-type2.png]]
| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]
| genre = [[Computer security]], [[Fuzzing]], [[Robustness testing]], [[Network analysis (electronics)|Network Analysis]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.codenomicon.com/}}
}}
'''Codenomicon''' is a private company founded in late 2001, and develops [[fuzz testing]] tools (also called [[robustness]] testing tools) for manufacturers, service providers, government/defense and enterprise customers. The company has raised Venture money mid-2000s and has been profitable since 2008, with more than 40% growth in sales each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.codenomicon.com/news/newsletter/archive/2010-12.html#1 |title=Codenomicon Newsletter 2010/12 |publisher=Codenomicon.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref> In 2011, the company acquired [[Clarified Networks]], a situation awareness company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eon.businesswire.com/news/eon/20110523005695/en |title=Acquisition Expands Codenomicon’s Offering of Proactive Defense Solutions. News on EON |publisher=Eon.businesswire.com |date=2011-05-23 |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref>

Codenomicon is based in [[Oulu]], [[Finland]] ([[Europe]]), and has offices in [[Saratoga, California]], [[United States|US]] ([[North America]]), [[Hong Kong]] ([[Asia]]/Pacific) and [[Singapore]] ([[Asia]]/Pacific).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.codenomicon.com/company/history.shtml |title=Codenomicon history |publisher=Codenomicon.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref>

Codenomicon is also known for having t-shirts that say "GO HACK YOURSELF", which they usually have at their booth during security conferences. This comes from the goal of Codenomicon to enable testers and system administrators to find their own zero-day vulnerabilities, instead of depending on external security consultants, and special hacker skills.

==Product lines==

===Defensics===
Codenomicon's flagship product is Defensics, a fuzz testing platform for
locating unknown vulnerabilities in any type of software. Over 240 Defensics
test suites are available for fuzzing specific network protocols and file
formats.

Defensics test suites use generational fuzzing, a technique in which the test
suite fully understands the protocol or file format being tested. For fuzzing
network protocols or file formats for which no test suite exists, Codenomicon
also offers template fuzz test suites for IP network protocols and file formats.

===AppCheck===
AppCheck is a static binary scanner for executable files and firmware images.
Using proprietary technology, it performs a software composition analysis on supplied firmware or application, and identifies third-party code that was used to build the binary and provides the following information:

* Third-party code and libraries in scanned application or firmware
* Known vulnerabilities in detected third party code
* Associated software licenses (AGPL, GPLv2, GPLv3, BSD,...)

AppCheck supports scanning mobile applications for Android, iPhone and BlackBerry mobile ecosystems. It also supports Windows (32/64 bit), Linux Intel (32/64 bit), ARM, PPC, Java and several other architectures. Both individual applications, and complete firmware images can be scanned. AppCheck operates purely on supplied binary and does not require source code of the scanned application. It’s available as an online managed service or as an on-site appliance.

===AbuseSA===
AbuseSA is a threat intelligence aggregator that monitors indicators of compromise from various sources, and produces highly accurate and actionable events and reports. It ingests well known feeds such as ShadowServer, abuse.ch, Zone-H, Malc0de, and more. AbuseSA funnels feeds together into a single homogenous information stream, then filters for a specific network or organization. Integration with a customer database gives AbuseSA the ability to automatically respond to incoming abuse events by generating an email, notifying an incident responders, generating reports, or taking other kinds of actions. AbuseSA also includes visualizations of the live data stream, which gives security personnel the opportunity to analyze and examine abuse events in real time.

==Robustness testing==
Robustness testing is a model based fuzzing technique and overall [[Black box testing]], an extension of syntax testing, that systematically will explore the input space defined by various communication interfaces or data formats, and will generate intelligent test cases that find crash-level flaws and other failures in software.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lwn.net/Articles/228366/ |title=LWN Security |publisher=Lwn.net |date= |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref> The technique was first described in a University of Oulu white paper on robustness testing published in 2000, by Kaksonen et al.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ee.oulu.fi/research/ouspg/PROTOS_WP2000-robustness |title=Kaksonen R., Laakso M., Takanen A. Vulnerability Analysis of Software through Syntax Testing. White paper. OUSPG 2001 |publisher=Ee.oulu.fi |date= |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref> and Licentiate Thesis by Kaksonen,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/2001/P448.pdf |title=Kaksonen, Rauli. A Functional Method for Assessing Protocol Implementation Security (Licentiate thesis). Published in 2001 by Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Publications 447. 128 p. + app. 15 p. ISBN 951-38-5873-1 (soft back ed.) ISBN 951-38-5874-X (on-line ed.). |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref> published in 2001. Fault injection and specification mutations were other names they used for the same approach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ee.oulu.fi/research/ouspg/protos/analysis/CMS2001-spec-centered/ |title=Kaksonen R., Laakso M., Takanen A.. "Software Security Assessment through Specification Mutations and Fault Injection". In Proceedings of Communications and Multimedia Security Issues of the New Century / IFIP TC6/TC11 Fifth Joint Working Conference on Communications and Multimedia Security (CMS'01) May 21-22, 2001, Darmstadt, Germany; edited by Ralf Steinmetz, Jana Dittmann, Martin Steinebach. ISDN 0-7923-7365-0 |publisher=Ee.oulu.fi |date= |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref>

Codenomicon's Defensics Product line is also known as a "Fuzzer that does not fuzz"<ref>{{cite web|last=Takanen |first=Ari |url=http://crashatatime.blogspot.com/2009/08/fuzzer-that-does-not-fuzz.html |title=The Fuzzer That Does Not Fuzz |publisher=Crashatatime.blogspot.com |date=2009-08-11 |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref> - means - it uses smart anomalies instead of random Fuzzing structures. This enables fast test execution, extensive test documentation and better test coverage. Defensics tools address all fields in the protocols with all effective combinations of anomalies. Traditional fuzzing lacks this capability as with random inputs that would take too much time to be effective in fast paced test cycles.

==History==

Codenomicon and its founders have been developing fuzzing tools since 1996.

The first ideas for the engine were based on ideas the founders had while working at OUSPG, where systematic fuzzing was first used to break ASCII/MIME contents in email clients and web services.<ref>[http://netscape.1command.com/relnotes/details.phtml#10 Mime bugs in Netscape.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunsite.uakom.sk/sunworldonline/swol-08-1998/swol-08-emailbug.html |title=The buzz on the bug - How does the e-mail security bug affect Solaris users? By Stephanie Steenbergen, SunWorld staff |publisher=Sunsite.uakom.sk |date=1998-08-01 |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref> Later, the same technique was applied to ASN.1 structures in such protocols as SNMP, LDAP and X.509.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-2001-18.html |title=CERT Advisory CA-2001-18 Multiple Vulnerabilities in Several Implementations of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) |publisher=Cert.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/protocols/snmp_and_potential_asn_1_vulnerabilities_912 |title=Edmund Whelan. SNMP and Potential ASN.1 Vulnerabilities. December 2002. SANS Institute InfoSec Reading Room. |date= |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref>

After Codenomicon was founded in 2001, its DEFENSICS product line has grown to cover over 200 industry-standard network protocols and file formats, including wireless interfaces such as Bluetooth and WLAN. DEFENSICS for XML provides an added capability for testing common XML-based protocols and file formats more efficiently than before.<ref>XML Security and Fuzzing. http://www.codenomicon.com/labs/xml/</ref>

After Codenomicon was founded, The research side span out into PROTOS Genome project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ee.oulu.fi/research/ouspg/protos/sota/woot08-experiences/ |title=Viide J., Helin A., Laakso M., Pietikäinen P., Seppänen M., Halunen K., Puuperä R., Röning J. "Experiences with Model Inference Assisted Fuzzing". In proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT '08). San Jose, CA. July 28, 2008 |publisher=Ee.oulu.fi |date= |accessdate=2011-11-03}}</ref>

In 2014 Codenomicon set up [http://heartbleed.com heartbleed.com] as a summary and Q&A about the OpenSSL [[Heartbleed|Heartbleed bug]]. Codenomicon has made available a free scanner to analyze if your firmware images or applications contain OpenSSL code that is vulnerable to Heartbleed at [http://appcheck.codenomicon.com appcheck.codenomicon.com]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{Official site|http://www.codenomicon.com/}}
* [http://www.prweb.com/releases/2007/8/prweb545287.htm AlwaysOn as an 100 Top Private Company Award Winner]
* [http://www.techguideonline.com/esecurity/datasheet.php?ds=21 eSecurity DEFEND THEN DEPLOY.]
* [http://www.tmcnet.com/wifirevolution/articles/13638-codenomicon-introduces-defensics-wlan.htm Codenomicon Introduces DEFENSICS for WLAN]
* [http://www.itcinstitute.com/display.aspx?id=4632 Codenomicon Offers Preemptive Security and Quality Testing]
* [http://www.bapcojournal.com/news/fullstory.php/aid/361/CODENOMICON_DEFENDS_AGAINST_NETWORK_DATA_STORAGE_THREATS.html CODENOMICON DEFENDS AGAINST NETWORK DATA STORAGE THREATS]
* [http://www.joltawards.com/press/030608.htm Jolt Productivity Award 2008]
* Dr. Dobbs interview with Ari Takanen: Fuzzing, Model-based Testing, and Security http://www.drdobbs.com/security/207000941
* Dr. Dobbs article on Automated Penetration Testing Toolkit Released (based on Codenomcion press release) http://www.drdobbs.com/security/224600546

===Security advisory links===
* [http://www.codenomicon.com/labs/advisories/ Codenomicon Advisories]
* [https://www.cert.fi/en/reports/2009/vulnerability2009085.html CERT-FI Advisory on XML libraries]
* [http://www.cert.fi/haavoittuvuudet/advisory-gnutls.html CERT-FI Vulnerability Advisory on GnuTLS]
* [http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2004-0786 CVE-2004-0786] DoS, IPv6 URI parsing
* [http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2004-0081 CVE-2004-0081] DoS, OpenSSL 0.9.6 before 0.9.6d
* [http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2014-0160 CVE-2014-0160] Buffer overreach, OpenSSl 1.0.1 before 1.0.1g (Heartbleed) 

===Video links===
* [https://vimeo.com/album/2805910 Fuzz testing and unknown vulnerability management - theory and practice] on Vimeo
* [https://vimeo.com/album/2807365 Hands on with Codenomicon Defensics] on Vimeo
* {{youtube|KAoBCe9coIM| Heikki Kortti - Designing Inputs That Make Software Fail}}

[[Category:Computer security companies]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of Finland]]
[[Category:Software companies of Finland]]
[[Category:Software testing]]
[[Category:Software testing tools]]

Reference Daily Intake

2014-04-22T02:59:40Z

Joad.marshal: /* External links */ Changed broken link to point to Internet Archive capture (most recent, non 404 capture)

The '''Reference Daily Intake''' or '''Recommended Daily Intake''' ('''RDI''') is the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic in the [[United States]] (where it was developed, but has since been used in other places).

The RDI is used to determine the '''Daily Value''' ('''DV''') of foods, which is printed on [[nutrition facts label]]s in the United States and [[Canada]], and is regulated by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) and [[Health Canada]] respectively.

The RDI is based on the older '''Recommended Dietary Allowance''' ('''RDA''') from 1968;<ref name="crnusa1">{{cite web|url=http://www.crnusa.org/about_recs4.html |title=Council for Responsible Nutrition |publisher=Crnusa.org |date= |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref> newer RDAs have since been introduced in the [[Dietary Reference Intake]] system, but the RDI is still used for [[nutrition labeling]].

== Food labeling reference tables ==
DVs used by the FDA for the following [[macronutrient]]s are Daily Reference Values (DRV).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/FDAC/special/foodlabel/dvs.html |title=Information for Consumers (Drugs) |publisher=Fda.gov |date=2008-10-29 |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=8c5344f04a8ae103e5b0ff5a17c7fa97&rgn=div8&view=text&node=21:2.0.1.1.2.4.1.1&idno=21 |title=Electronic Code of Federal Regulations: |publisher=Ecfr.gpoaccess.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref>

The following table lists the DVs based on a caloric intake of 2,000 [[calories|cal]] (8400 k[[Joule|J]]), for adults and children four or more years of age.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Total [[Fat]]
| 65 [[Gram|g]]
|-
| [[Saturated Fatty Acid]]s
| 20 g
|-
| [[Cholesterol]]
| 300 [[Milligram|mg]]
|-
| [[Sodium]]
| 2400 mg
|-
| [[Potassium]]
| 4700 mg
|-
| Total [[Carbohydrate]]
| 300 g
|-
| [[Dietary Fiber]]
| 25 g
|-
| [[Protein (nutrient)|Protein]]
| 50 g
|}

For vitamins and minerals, the RDIs are given in the following table, along with the more recent RDAs of the [[Dietary Reference Intake]]s (maximized over sex and age groups):<ref name="crnusa1"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Nutrient
!RDI
!highest [[Dietary Reference Intake|RDA of DRI]]
|-
|[[Vitamin A]] ||900 [[microgram|μg]] ||900 μg
|-
|[[Ascorbic Acid]] [[Vitamin C]] ||60 [[milligram|mg]] ||90 mg
|-
|[[Calcium]] ||1000 mg ||1300 mg
|-
|[[Iron]] ||18 mg ||18 mg
|-
|[[Cholecalciferol]] [[Vitamin D]] ||400 IU (10 [[microgram|μg]]) ||600 IU
|-
|[[Tocopherol]] [[Vitamin E]] ||30 IU ||15 mg (33 IU of synthetic)
|-
|[[Vitamin K]] ||80 [[microgram|μg]] ||120 μg
|-
|[[Thiamin]] [[Vitamin B1]] ||1.5 mg ||1.2 mg
|-
|[[Riboflavin]] [[Vitamin B2]] ||1.7 mg ||1.3 mg
|-
|[[Niacin]] [[Vitamin B3]]||20 mg ||16 mg
|-
|[[Pyridoxine]] [[Vitamin B6]] ||2 mg ||1.7 mg
|-
|[[Folate]] ||400 μg ||400 μg
|-
|[[Cobalamine]] [[Vitamin B12]]||6 μg ||2.4 μg
|-
|[[Biotin]] ||300 μg ||30 μg
|-
|[[Pantothenic acid]] [[Vitamin B5]] ||10 mg ||5 mg
|-
|[[Phosphorus]] ||1000 mg ||1250 mg
|-
|[[Iodine]] ||150 μg ||150 μg
|-
|[[Magnesium]] ||400 mg ||420 mg
|-
|[[Zinc]] ||15 mg ||11 mg
|-
|[[Selenium]] ||70 μg ||55 μg
|-
|[[Copper]] ||2000 μg ||900 μg
|-
|[[Manganese]] ||2 mg ||2.3 mg
|-
|[[Chromium]] ||120 μg ||35 μg
|-
|[[Molybdenum]] ||75 μg ||45 μg
|-
|[[Chloride]] ||3400 mg ||2300 mg
|}

== History ==
The RDA was developed during [[World War II]] by [[Lydia J. Roberts]], [[Hazel Stiebeling]] and [[Helen S. Mitchell]], all part of a committee established by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences to investigate issues of nutrition that might "affect national defense" (Nestle, 35). The committee was renamed the Food and Nutrition Board in 1941, after which they began to deliberate on a set of recommendations of a standard daily allowance for each type of nutrient. The standards would be used for nutrition recommendations for the armed forces, for civilians, and for overseas population who might need food relief. Roberts, Stiebeling, and Mitchell surveyed all available data, created a tentative set of allowances for "energy and eight nutrients", and submitted them to experts for review (Nestle, 35). The final set of guidelines, called RDAs for Recommended Dietary Allowances, were accepted in 1941. The allowances were meant to provide superior nutrition for civilians and military personnel, so they included a "margin of safety". Because of food rationing during the war, the food guides created by government agencies to direct citizens' nutritional intake also took food availability into account.

The Food and Nutrition Board subsequently revised the RDAs every five to ten years. In the early 1950s, USDA nutritionists made a new set of guidelines that also included the number of servings of each food group to make it easier for people to receive their RDAs of each nutrient.

In 1997, at the suggestion of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy, RDA became one part of a broader set of dietary guidelines called the [[Dietary Reference Intake]] used by both the United States and [[Canada]].

==Disputed value==

The value of RDA/RDIs is disputed among nutritionists. Indeed, even the "definition of RDAs and their relevance to health" is disputed.<ref>Peter L. Pellett, "Commentary: The R.D.A. Controversy Revisited" ''Ecology of Food and Nutrition'' '''21''':315, 1988</ref>

e.g., the daily maximum for some nutrients, like [[sodium]] are higher in the U.S. than in other parts of the developed world, and are far above established safe minimums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12818 |title=IOM Salt Reduction Strategies Report |publisher=.nationalacademies.org |date=2010-04-20 |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/salt_up2.htm |title=Statement from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program |publisher=Nhlbi.nih.gov |date=1999-10-14 |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref> For instance, the National Research Council (in the USA) has found that 500 mg of sodium per day (approximately the amount in a quarter-teaspoon of table salt) is a safe minimum level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1349&page=253 |title=Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition |publisher=Nap.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the daily allowance for salt is 6g (approximately 2.5 teaspoons, about the upper limit in the U.S.), but are still considered "too high".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8376701.stm |title=Daily salt intake allowances 'were set too high' |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-11-25 |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3650578.stm |title=Health | Britons told to cut salt intake |publisher=BBC News |date=2004-09-13 |accessdate=2011-03-30}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Dietary Reference Values]] (United Kingdom)
*[[Canada's Food Guide]]
*[[Dietary mineral]]
*[[Essential amino acid]]
*[[Essential fatty acid]]
*[[Essential nutrient]]
*[[Food guide pyramid]]
*[[Healthy diet]]
*[[Nutrient]]
*[[Vitamins]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
Nestle, Marion. ''Food Politics''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. ISBN 9780520224650.

== External links ==
* [http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=4&tax_level=The Food and Nutrition Information Center]
* [http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes USDA Reference Daily Intakes]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110429103457/http://www.nassdb.org.uk/f2/Vitamins_Minerals.htm Differences in RDA set by medical authorities] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the [[European Union]] and the [[United States|USA]] ''(via Internet Archive)''.
{{Inborn errors of metal metabolism}}

[[Category:Nutrition]]
[[Category:Vitamins]]

[[cs:Doporučená denní dávka]]
[[da:ADI]]
[[de:Recommended Daily Allowance]]
[[es:Dosis diaria recomendada]]
[[hr:RDA]]
[[lt:Rekomenduojama paros norma]]
[[nl:Aanbevolen dagelijkse hoeveelheid]]
[[sk:Odporúčaná denná dávka]]
[[sv:RDI]]

Hibiscus

2014-02-20T23:43:15Z

Joad.marshal: tweak to gallery code syntax, tweak to frlht.org links

{{Other uses}}
{{taxobox
|image = Hibiscus flower TZ.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|classis = [[Eudicots]]
|ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Malvales]]
|familia = [[Malvaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Malvoideae]]
|tribus=[[Hibisceae]]
|genus = '''''Hibiscus'''''
|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms = ''Bombycidendron'' Zoll. & Moritzi 
''Bombycodendron'' Hassk. 
''Brockmania'' W.Fitzg. 
''Pariti'' Adans. 
''Wilhelminia'' Hochr.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?5665 |title=Genus: ''Hibiscus'' L |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2007-10-05 |accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
|subdivision = [[#Species|232 species]]
|}}

'''''Hibiscus''''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ɨ|ˈ|b|ɪ|s|k|ə|s}}<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''</ref> or {{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|ˈ|b|ɪ|s|k|ə|s}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref>) is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Malva|mallow]] family, [[Malvaceae]]. It is quite large, containing several hundred species that are native to warm-[[temperate]], [[Subtropics|subtropical]] and [[Tropics|tropical]] regions throughout the world. Member species are often noted for their showy [[flower]]s and are commonly known simply as '''hibiscus''', or less widely known as '''rose mallow'''. The genus includes both [[Annual plant|annual]] and [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous plant]]s, as well as [[Woody plant|woody]] [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s. The generic name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ἱβίσκος (''hibískos''), which was the name [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] (ca. 40–90) gave to ''[[Althaea officinalis]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=VSEbamKS5uQC |title=Hibiscus: Hardy and Tropical Plants for the Garden |first=Barbara Perry |last=Lawton |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-654-5 |year=2004 |page=36}}</ref>

==Description==
The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[Phyllotaxis|alternate]], ovate to lanceolate, often with a toothed or lobed margin. The [[flower]]s are large, conspicuous, trumpet-shaped, with five or more [[petal]]s, color from white to pink, red, orange, purple or yellow, and from 4–18 cm broad. Flower color in certain species, such as ''[[Hibiscus mutabilis|H. mutabilis]]'' and ''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus|H. tiliaceus]]'', changes with age.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=M3e5wyFJY-8C |title=Nature's Palette: the Science of Plant Color |first=David Webster |last=Lee |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-226-47052-8 |page=183}}</ref> The [[fruit]] is a dry five-lobed [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]], containing several [[seed]]s in each lobe, which are released when the capsule [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehisces]] (splits open) at maturity. It is of red and white colours. It is an example of complete flowers.

==Uses==
[[Image:Hawaiian Flower.JPG|right|thumb|A white ''[[Hibiscus arnottianus]]'' in Hawaii.]]
[[File:Hibiscus hirtus Lesser Mallow flower Yeleswaram EastGodavari.JPG|thumb|''[[Hibiscus hirtus]]'']]
[[File:Hibiscus lobatus (Lahan Jaswand) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9075.jpg|thumb|''[[Hibiscus lobatus]]'']]
[[File:Hibiscus hispidissimus at Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|''[[Hibiscus hispidissimus]]'' (Wild Hibiscus)]]
===Landscaping===
Many species are grown for their showy [[flower]]s or used as landscape [[shrub]]s, and are used to attract butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds.<ref>[http://www.floridata.com/lists/butterfly_plants.cfm Floridata: Plants That Attract Butterflies]</ref>

===Paper===
One species of ''Hibiscus'', known as [[kenaf]] (''Hibiscus cannabinus''), is extensively used in [[paper]]-making.

===Beverage===
{{See also|Hibiscus tea}}

The tea made of hibiscus flowers is known by many names in many countries around the world and is served both hot and cold. The beverage is well known for its color, tanginess and flavor.

It is known as ''bissap'' in West Africa, ''karkadé'' in Egypt{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} and Sudan, ''agua de [[jamaica]]'' in Mexico and Honduras (the flower being'' flor de jamaica''), ''gudhal'' (गुड़हल) in India and ''gongura'' in Brazil. Some refer to it as ''roselle'', a common name for the hibiscus flower.

In Jamaica, [[Trinidad]] and many other islands in the Caribbean, the drink is known as [[Hibiscus tea|sorrel]] (''[[Hibiscus sabdariffa]]''; not to be confused with ''[[Rumex acetosa]]'', a species sharing the common name sorrel).

Roselle is typically boiled in an enamel-coated large stock pot as most West Indians believe the metal from aluminum, steel or copper pots will destroy the natural minerals and vitamins.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

In [[Cambodia]], a cold beverage can be prepared by first steeping the petals in hot water until the colors are leached from the petals, then adding lime juice (which turns the beverage from dark brown/red to a bright red), sweeteners (sugar/honey) and finally cold water/ice cubes.

===Food===
Dried hibiscus is edible, and is often a delicacy in Mexico. It can also be candied and used as a garnish.<ref>[http://www.nrn.com/landingPage.aspx?menu_id=1380&coll_id=616&id=375762 Nation's Restaurant News: Hibiscus blossoms as a food, drink ingredient]</ref>

The [[Roselle (plant)|roselle]] (''Hibiscus sabdariffa'') is used as a [[vegetable]].

Certain species of hibiscus are also beginning to be used more widely as a natural source of [[food coloring]] ([[Anthocyanin|E163]]),{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} and replacement of [[Erythrosine|Red #3 / E127]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

''Hibiscus'' species are used as food plants by the [[Caterpillar|larvae]] of some [[Lepidoptera]]n species, including ''[[Chionodes|Chionodes hibiscella]]'', ''[[Hypercompe|Hypercompe hambletoni]]'', the [[Nutmeg (moth)|nutmeg moth]], and the [[Turnip Moth|turnip moth]].

===Symbolism and culture===

Hibiscus species represent nations: ''[[Hibiscus syriacus]]'' is the national flower of [[South Korea]], and ''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]'' is the national flower of [[Malaysia]]. The hibiscus is the national flower of the [[Republic of Haiti]]. The red hibiscus is the flower of the [[Hindu]] [[goddess]] [[Kali]], and appears frequently in depictions of her in the [[art]] of [[Bengal]], [[India]], often with the goddess and the flower merging in form. The hibiscus is used as an offering to goddess [[Kali]] and Lord [[Ganesha]] in [[Hindu]] worship.

''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]'' is considered to have a number of medical uses in [[Chinese herbology]].<ref name="pfaf">[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php? Plants for a Future: ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'']. (accessed 07/05/2009)</ref>

In the Philippines, the ''gumamela'' (local name for hibiscus) is used by children as part of a bubble-making pastime. The flowers and leaves are crushed until the sticky juices come out. Hollow [[papaya]] stalks are then dipped into this and used as straws for blowing bubbles.

The hibiscus flower is traditionally worn by [[Tahiti]]an women. If the flower is worn behind the left ear, the woman is married or in a relationship. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single.

[[Nigerian]] author [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] named her first novel ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]'' after the delicate flower.

The bark of the hibiscus contains strong [[bast fibre]]s that can be obtained by letting the stripped bark set in the sea to let the organic material rot away.

===Health benefits===
[[File:Bunga raya belum kembang.jpg|thumb|left|Hibiscus bud]]
[[File:Hujung bunga raya merah.jpg|thumb|left|Hibiscus stigma]]
The tea is popular as a natural diuretic; it contains [[vitamin C]] and minerals, and is used traditionally as a mild medicine.

Dieters or people with kidney problems often take it without adding sugar for its beneficial properties and as a natural [[diuretic]].

A 2008 USDA study shows consuming hibiscus tea lowers [[blood pressure]] in a group of pre[[Hypertension|hypertensive]] and mildly hypertensive adults. Three cups of tea daily resulted in an average drop of 8.1 mmHg in their systolic blood pressure, compared to a 1.3 mmHg drop in the volunteers who drank the placebo beverage. Study participants with higher blood pressure readings (129 or above) had a greater response to hibiscus tea: their systolic blood pressure went down by 13.2 mmHg. These data support the idea that drinking hibiscus tea in an amount readily incorporated into the diet may play a role in controlling blood pressure, although more research is required.<ref name="USDA_BP">[http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2008/081110.htm Study Shows Consuming Hibiscus Tea Lowers Blood Pressure] (accessed 05/10/2009)</ref>

''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]'' has a number of medical uses in [[Chinese herbology]].<ref name="pfaf" />
Lokapure s.g.et al. their research indicates some potential in cosmetic skin care; for example, an extract from the flowers of ''Hibiscus rosa- sinensis'' has been shown to function as an anti-solar agent by absorbing [[ultraviolet radiation]].<ref>Nevade Sidram A., Sachin G. Lokapure and N.V. Kalyane. 2011. [http://www.rjptonline.org/RJPT/RJPT_4_3_2011_Abstract.pdf Study on anti-solar activity of ehanolic extract of flower of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' Linn]. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 4(3): 472–473.</ref>

In the Indian traditional system of medicine, [[Ayurveda]], hibiscus, especially white hibiscus and red hibiscus (''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''), is considered to have medicinal properties. The roots are used to make various concoctions believed to cure ailments such as cough, hair loss or hair greying. As a hair treatment, the flowers are boiled in oil along with other spices to make a medicated hair oil. The leaves and flowers are ground into a fine paste with a little water, and the resulting lathery paste is used as a shampoo plus conditioner.

==Species==
In temperate zones, probably the most commonly grown [[ornamental plant|ornamental]] species is ''[[Hibiscus syriacus]]'', the common garden hibiscus, also known in some areas as the "Rose of Althea" or "Rose of Sharon" (but not to be confused with the unrelated ''[[Hypericum calycinum]]'', also called "Rose of Sharon"). In tropical and subtropical areas, the [[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis|Chinese hibiscus]] (''H. rosa-sinensis''), with its many showy [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]], is the most popular hibiscus.

Several hundred species are known, including:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*''[[Hibiscis acapulcensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus acetosella]]'' [[Welw.]] ex [[William Philip Hiern|Hiern.]]—False Roselle
*''[[Hibiscus acicularis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus aculeatus]]''—Comfortroot
*''[[Hibiscus altissimus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus andongensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus angolensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus aponeurus]]''<ref>Bussmann, R. W., et al. (2006). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475560/ Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya.] ''J Ethnobiol Ethnomed'' 2 22.</ref>
*''[[Hibiscus archeri]]''—Archer's Hibiscus
*''[[Hibiscus aridicola]]''
*''[[Hawaiian hibiscus|Hibiscus arnottianus]]'' [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]—''Koki{{okina}}o {{okina}}ula'' ([[Hawaii]])
*''[[Hibiscus asper]]''—Bush Roselle
*''[[Hibiscus austroyunnanensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus barbosae]]''
*''[[Hibiscus benguellensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus berberidifolius]]''
*''[[Hibiscus bernieri]]''
*''[[Hibiscus bifurcatus]]''—Fork-bracted Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus biseptus]]''—Arizona Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus bojerianus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus boryanus]]''—Foulsapate Marron
*''[[Hibiscus brackenridgei]]'' A.Gray—[[Hawaiian hibiscus]] ''Ma{{okina}}o hau hele''
*''[[Hibiscus burtt-davyi]]''
*''[[Hibiscus caerulescens]]''
*''[[Hibiscus caesius]]''—Dark-eyed Hibiscus ([[South Africa]])
*''[[Hibiscus calyphyllus]]''—Lemonyellow Rosemallow ([[Tropical Africa]])
*''[[Hibiscus cameronii]]''—Cameron's Hibiscus, Pink Hibiscus
*''[[Hibiscus cannabinus]]'' L.—[[Kenaf]]
*''[[Hibiscus castroi]]''
*''[[Hibiscus cisplatinus]]''—Rosa Del Rio
*''[[Hibiscus citrinus]]''-
*''[[Hawaiian hibiscus|Hibiscus clayi]]'' [[Otto Degener|O.Deg.]] & [[Isa Degener|I.Deg.]]—Hawaiian red hibiscus (Hawaii)
*''[[Hibiscus clypeatus]]''—Congo Mahoe
*''[[Hibiscus coccineus]]'' ([[Friedrich Kasimir Medikus|Medik.]]) [[Thomas Walter (botanist)|Walter]]—Scarlet Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus colimensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus columnaris]]''—Mahot Rempart
*''[[Hibiscus comoensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus congestiflorus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus costatus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus coulteri]]''—Desert Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus cuanzensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus dasycalyx]]''—Neches River Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus denudatus]]'' [[George Bentham|Benth.]]—Pale Face ([[Southwestern United States]], Northwestern [[Mexico]])
*''[[Hibiscus dimidiatus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus dioscorides]]'' {{ill2|Anthony G. Miller{{!}}A.G.Mill.|es|Anthony G. Miller|pt|Anthony G. Miller}} (Yemen)
*''[[Hibiscus diplocrater]]''
*''[[Hibiscus diriffan]]'' A.G.Mill. (Yemen)
*''[[Hibiscus diversifolius]]''—Swamp Hibiscus
*''[[Hibiscus dongolensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus donianus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus elatus]]''—Mahoe
*''[[Hibiscus elegans]]''
*''[[Hibiscus engleri]]''—Wild Hibiscus
*''[[Hibiscus escobariae]]''
*''[[Hibiscus excellii]]''
*''[[Hibiscus ferrugineus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus ficalhoanus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus flavoroseus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus fragilis]]'' DC.—Mandrinette ([[Mascarene Islands]])
*''[[Hibiscus fragrans]]''
*''[[Hibiscus fritzscheae]]''
*''[[Hawaiian hibiscus|Hibiscus furcellatus]]'' [[Louis Auguste Joseph Desrousseaux|Desr.]]—Lindenleaf rosemallow ([[Caribbean]], [[Florida]], [[Central America]], [[South America]], [[Hawaii]])
*''[[Hibiscus fugosioides]]''
*''[[Hibiscus furcellatus]]''—Salad Hibiscus
*''[[Hibiscus fuscus]]''
{{col-2}}
*''[[Hibiscus genevii]]'' Bojer (Mauritius)
*''[[Hibiscus gilletii]]''
*''[[Hibiscus gossweileri]]''
*''[[Hibiscus grandidieri]]''
*''[[Hibiscus grandiflorus]]'' [[André Michaux|Michx.]]—Swamp rosemallow ([[Southeastern United States]])
*''[[Hibiscus grandistipulatus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus grewiifolius]]''
*''[[Hibiscus hamabo]]''
*''[[Hibiscus hastatus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus heterophyllus]]''—Native rosella
*''[[Hibiscus hirtus]]''—Lesser Mallow
*''[[Hibiscus hispidissimus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus huellensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus hybridus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus indicus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus insularis]]'' [[Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]]—Phillip Island hibiscus ([[Phillip Island (Norfolk Island)|Phillip Island]])
*''[[Hibiscus integrifolius]]''
*''[[Hibiscus jaliscensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus kochii]]''
*''[[Hibiscus kokio]]''—Red Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus labordei]]''
*''[[Hibiscus laevis]]'' [[Carlo Allioni|All.]] (=''H. militaris'')—Halberd-leaved rosemallow (central and eastern [[North America]])
*''[[Hibiscus lasiocarpos]]''—Woolly Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus lasiococcus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus lavaterioides]]''
*''[[Hibiscus laxiflorus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus leptocladus]]'' ([Northwest Australia])
*''[[Hibiscus leviseminus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus lilacinus]]''—Lilac Hibiscus
*''[[Hibiscus liliiflorus]]''—Rodrigues Tree Hibiscus
*''[[Hibiscus longifolius]]''
*''[[Hibiscus longisepalus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus ludwigii]]''
*''[[Hibiscus lunariifolius]]''
*''[[Hibiscus macrogonus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus macrophyllus]]''—Largeleaf Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus macropodus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus makinoi]]''—Okinawan Hibiscus
*''[[Hibiscus malacophyllus]]'' [[Isaac Bayley Balfour|Balf.f.]] ([[Yemen]])
*''[[Hibiscus malacospermus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus martianus]]''—Heartleaf Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus moscheutos]]'' [[Friedrich Welwitsch|Welw.]] ex [[William Philip Hiern|Hiern.]]—Crimsoneyed Rosemallow (Central and Eastern North America)
*''[[Hibiscus mutabilis]]'' L.—Cotton Rosemallow, Confederate Rose (East Asia)
*''[[Hibiscus paramutabilis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus pedunculatus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus pernambucensis]]''—Seaside Mahoe
*''[[Hibiscus phoeniceus]]''—Brazilian Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus platanifolius]]''
*''[[Hibiscus quattenensis]]''
*''[[Hibiscus poeppigii]]''—Poeppig's Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus radiatus]]''—Monarch Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]'' L.—Chinese hibiscus ([[East Asia]])
*''[[Roselle (plant)|Hibiscus sabdariffa]]'' L.—Roselle, Omutete, or Sorrel
*''[[Hibiscus schizopetalus]]''—Fringed Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus scottii]]''
*''[[Hibiscus socotranus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus sinosyriacus]]''
*''[[Hibiscus splendens]]''
*''[[Hibiscus stenanthus]]'' Balf.f. (Yemen)
*''[[Hibiscus striatus]]''—Striped Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus syriacus]]'' L. (Type species)—Rose of Sharon ([[Asia]])
*''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]'' L.—Sea hibiscus ([[Australia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Oceania]])
*''[[Hibiscus trilobus]]''—Threelobe Rosemallow
*''[[Hibiscus trionum]]'' L.—Flower-of-an-Hour
*''[[Hibiscus vitifolius]]''—Tropical Rose Mallow
*''[[Hibiscus waimeae]]'' [[Amos Arthur Heller|A.Heller]]—''Koki{{okina}}o ke{{okina}}oke{{okina}}o'' (Hawaii)
{{col-end}}

===Formerly placed here===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*''[[Okra|Abelmoschus esculentus]]'' (L.) Moench (as ''H. esculentus'' L.)
*''[[Abelmoschus ficulneus]]'' (L.) Wight & Arn. (as ''H. ficulneus'' L.)
*[[Abelmoschus manihot|''Abelmoschus manihot'' subsp. ''manihot'']] (as ''H. manihot'' L.)
*[[Abelmoschus manihot|''Abelmoschus manihot'' var. ''pungens'']] (Roxb.) Hochr. (as ''H. pungens'' Roxb.)
*[[Abelmoschus manihot|''Abelmoschus manihot'' var. ''tetraphyllus'']] (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Borss. Waalk. (as ''H. tetraphyllus'' Roxb. ex Hornem.)
*[[Abelmoschus moschatus|''Abelmoschus moschatus'' subsp. ''moschatus'']] (as ''H. abelmoschus'' L.)
*[[Abelmoschus moschatus|''Abelmoschus moschatus'' subsp. ''tuberosus'']] (Span.) Borss. Waalk. (as ''H. sagittifolius'' Kurz)
*''[[Alyogyne cuneiformis]]'' (DC.) Lewton (as ''H. cuneiformis'' DC.)
*''[[Alyogyne hakeifolia]]'' (Giord.) Alef. (as ''H. hakeifolius'' Giord.)
*''[[Alyogyne huegelii]]'' (Endl.) Fryxell (as ''H. wrayae'' Lindl.)
*''[[Alyogyne pinoniana]]'' (Gaudich.) Fryxell (as ''H. pinonianus'' Gaudich.)
{{col-2}}
*''[[Firmiana simplex]]'' (L.) W.Wight (as ''H. simplex'' L.)
*[[Lagunaria|''Lagunaria patersonia'' subsp. ''patersonia'']] (as ''H. patersonius'' Andrews)
*''[[Kosteletzkya adoensis]]'' (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Mast. (as ''H. adoensis'' Hochst. ex A.Rich.)
*''[[Kosteletzkya pentacarpos]]'' (L.) Ledeb. (as ''H. pentacarpos'' L.)
*''[[Kosteletzkya tubiflora]]'' (DC.) Blanch. & McVaugh (as ''H. tubiflorus'' DC.)
*''[[Kosteletzkya virginica]]'' (L.) C.Presl ex A.Gray (as ''H. virginicus'' L.)
*''[[Pavonia arabica]]'' Hochst. & Steud. ex Boiss. (as ''H. flavus'' Forssk.)
*''[[Pavonia spinifex]]'' (L.) Cav. (as ''H. spinifex'' L.)
*''[[Radyera farragei]]'' (F.Muell.) Fryxell & S.H.Hashmi (as ''H. farragei'' F.Muell.)
*''[[Thespesia lampas]]'' (Cav.) Dalzell (as ''H. lampas'' Cav.)
*''[[Thespesia populnea]]'' (L.) Sol. ex Corrêa (as ''H. populneoides'' Roxb. or ''H. populneus'' L.)<ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5665 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Hibiscus'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-02-10}}</ref>
{{col-end}}

==Photos ==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="170px" perrow="5" caption="Plants ">
Image:Hibiscus-Yellow-5-09.jpg|A yellow hibiscus from [[Houston]].
File:Hibiscus_flower_in_Waikiki,_Hawaii.jpg|Hibiscus flower in [[Waikiki]], [[Hawaii]]
File:Hibiscus 8800.jpg|A hibiscus, showing [[pistil]] and [[stamen]]s
File:Hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.jpg|Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, [[Mallorca]].
File:Hibiscus (4909573650).jpg|Hibiscus
File:Hibiscus from Kerala, India 01.JPG|Hibiscus from [[Kerala]], [[India]]
File:Multilayer_Yellow_Hibiscus.png|MultiLayer Yellow hibiscus [[Velachery]]
File:Hibiscus Yellow Alone.JPG|Yellow hibiscus
File:Hibiscus six.jpg| Yellow hibiscus with red
File:Hibiscus one.jpg|Orange coloured hibiscus
File:2007-07-09Hibiscus syriacus05.jpg|Hibiscus syriacus
File:Hibiscus (8).jpg|White hibiscus with pink touch
Image:Hibiscus white at Karnal.jpg|All white hibiscus in [[Karnal]]
File:Hibiscus moscheutos9.jpg|Hibiscus moscheutos
File:Hibiscus (4).jpg|Pink and white hibiscus
File:Hibiscus Painted Lady.jpg
File:Hibiscus Brilliant.jpg|Hibiscus Brilliant
File:Hibiscus bleu 1.jpg
File:Hibiscus sdd1.JPG
File:Hibiscus eight.jpg
File:Hibiscus pink.jpg
File:Hibiscus furcellatus (5112678927).jpg|Hibiscus furcellatus
File:Hibiscus Falcon.jpg
File:Sleepy Hibiscus (Hibiscus furcellatus) (8058834522).jpg
File:Bunga Hibiscus.jpg|Hibiscus in Bhopal
Image:Hibiscus-stages.jpg|<center>At left, a flower emerges from a bud. At right, the same flower less than 18 hours later.</center>
Image:Hibiscus splendens.JPG|<center>[[Hibiscus splendens]], a [[rainforest]] plant from eastern [[Australia]].</center>
File:Giant Hibiscus (13).JPG|Hardy Giant Hibiscus
File:2007-07-09Hibiscus syriacus05.jpg|Hibiscus syriacus in Bensheim.
Image:Hibiscus Aish.JPG|Red-layered hibiscus in [[Trivandrum]]
Image:Japanese Lantern (Hibiscus schizopetalus).jpg|''Hibiscus schizopetalus'' flower in Trivandrum, [[Kerala]], India.
File:Hibiscus Tricolor.jpg|Tricolor hibiscus in [[Malaysia]]
File:Hibiscus from Kerala, India 10.JPG|Hibiscus from Kerala, India
File:Spain, autumn 2011 097.jpg|Red hibiscus in [[Alicante]].
File:Bunga Raya Merah.jpg|Red hibiscus : The National Flower of [[Malaysia]]
File:Hibiscus from Kerala, India 04.JPG|Hibiscus from Kerala, India
File:Hibiscus from Kerala, India 05.JPG|Hibiscus from Kerala, India
File:Hibiscus Yellow.jpg|Pink hibiscus in [[Malaysia]]
File:Hibiscus Costa Rica La Fortuna.JPG|Hibiscus from [[La Fortuna, Costa Rica]]
File:Hibiscus in Washington, D.C.jpg|A hibiscus at the United States Botanic Garden located in Washington, D.C
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikispecies}}
* [http://www.americanhibiscus.org/ American Hibiscus Society (AHS)]
* [http://www.australianhibiscus.com/ Australian Hibiscus Society]
* [http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org/ International Hibiscus Society]
* [http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=1134&parname=0/ Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions]

[[Category:Hibiscus| ]]
[[Category:Flowers]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]

Killzone Shadow Fall

2013-12-08T23:48:23Z

Joad.marshal: /* Story */ Corrected local link to characters list

{{lead too short|date=August 2013}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox VG
| title = Killzone: Shadow Fall
| image = [[File:Killzone Shadow Fall Box.jpg]]
| developer = [[Guerrilla Games]]
| publisher = [[Sony Computer Entertainment]]
| director = Steven ter Heide<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.killzone.com/kz3/en_US/blog/interviews/2013-06-28_steven-ter-heide.html|title=Fan Q&A with Game Director Steven ter Heide|date=28 June 2013|last=Zuylen|first=Victor|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment Europe]]|work=Killzone.com|accessdate=28 June 2013}}</ref>
| producer =
| designer = Eric Boltjes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowgamer.com/news/1963498/killzone_shadow_fall_we_still_need_to_improve.html |title=Killzone: Shadow Fall: "We Still Need To Improve" |publisher=NowGamer |date=3 June 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref>
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer = [[Tyler Bates]] [[Lorn (musician)|Lorn]]
| series = ''[[Killzone (series)|Killzone]]''
| engine = In-house engine, Umbra3
| platforms = [[PlayStation 4]]
| released = {{vgrelease|NA=15 November 2013|EU=29 November 2013}}{{vgrelease|JP=22 February 2014}}
| genre = [[First-person shooter]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
| media = [[Blu-ray Disc]], [[Digital distribution|download]]
}}

'''''Killzone: Shadow Fall''''' is a [[science fiction]] [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]], developed by [[Guerrilla Games]] and published by [[Sony Computer Entertainment]]. It is the sixth game to be released for the [[Killzone (series)|''Killzone'' series]] and the fourth game in the series to be developed for home consoles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2013/02/20/killzone-shadowfall-announced-for-ps4/ |title='Killzone Shadowfall' Announced For PS4 |publisher=Forbes |date=20 February 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://venturebeat.com/2013/02/20/sony-unveils-killzone-shadow-fall-for-the-playstation-4/ |title=Sony unveils Killzone: Shadow Fall for the PlayStation 4 | GamesBeat |publisher=Venturebeat.com |date=20 February 2013 |accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref>

''Killzone: Shadow Fall'' was released on November 15, 2013 as a [[launch title]] for the [[PlayStation 4]] in North America and November 29, 2013 in Europe. The game will be released on February 22, 2014 in Japan. ''Killzone: Shadow Fall'' has received a generally favorable reception.

==Gameplay==
Like its predecessors, ''Killzone: Shadow Fall'' is a first-person shooter in a science fiction setting. Staple weapons such as the M82 Assault Rifle, stA-52 Assault Rifle, and stA-18 pistol return from the earlier Killzone games. New weapons include the LSR44, a recoil-free, hybrid assault/charge sniper rifle that functions much like a miniaturized rail-gun, and the OWL, an advanced hovering attack drone (used by the Shadow Marshals) that can attack/stun when it is adjacent to an adversary, as well as deploy an instant zip line, protect the player from enemy fire with an energy shield, and hack/scan terminals and enemy alarms to prevent reinforcements from arriving.

While the previous games in the ''Killzone'' series portrayed a dark and gritty war-zone with numerous allies by your side at any given time and an overall linear design, ''Killzone: Shadow Fall'' opts for a more open-ended, stealth-based approach. Levels are much more open than in previous games, allowing for multiple ways/routes to complete objectives. Also in ''Shadow Fall'', for the first half of the campaign, the player is alone in firefights, with the OWL as your only "companion" able to lay down cover fire. During the second half onward, the player is occasionally joined by Echo as an ally, where she is able to snipe enemies marked by the player.

Multiplayer ships with 10 maps, with more on the way. Users are encouraged to create their own custom map presets called "Warzones," which then can be shared with others or promoted by the Killzone community.<ref>[http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-10-24-what-does-killzone-shadow-falls-multiplayer-look-like What does Killzone Shadow Fall's multiplayer look like? • Videos • PlayStation 4 • Eurogamer.net]</ref> Classes, abilities and weapons are unlocked from the start. The class system has been simplified to just three: Assault, Scout and Support (with some medic abilities from previous Killzones now subsumed under "Support").<ref>[http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/10/07/killzone-shadow-falls-character-classes-explained Killzone: Shadow Fall’s Character Classes Explained - IGN]</ref> The player unlocks skill enhancements based on completing challenges unique to his class.

==Plot==

===Setting===
Following the Petrusite detonation that rendered the planet Helghan uninhabitable in [[Killzone 3]], now referred to as "the Terracide", the ISA grants refuge to the Helghast survivors on the planet Vekta, allowing them to colonize half the planet, with that half of the planet dubbed New Helghan. A massive security fortification called The Wall is constructed to separate the two civilizations from each other, due to the resentment they bear over the previous war. Both the Vektans and Helghast routinely perform covert operations against each other in the hope of finishing the war each claims the other started. The majority of the game takes place in Vekta City, home to the Vektan Security Agency (VSA) headquarters, as well as a prison in New Helghan, and Helghan, the original home to the Helghast, now dead and shattered due to the Petrusite detonation.

===Story===
The game begins on the year 2370, several years after the construction of The Wall, during the forced relocation of Vektans out of New Helghan. Michael Kellan and his young son, Lucas, attempt to sneak through New Helghan to The Wall. Along the way, they meet Sinclair, a Shadow Marshall, who aids them in making it through to safety. Just as the group makes it to The Wall, Helghast forces spot them and kill Michael. After Sinclair dispatches the remaining forces, he promises Lucas that he will look after him. A brief cutscene plays, showing Lucas rising through the ranks of the Shadow Marshall Academy, eventually becoming a full-fledged Shadow Marshall and working under the command of Sinclair.

In 2390 (around 30 years after the events of ''Killzone 3''), tensions between the Vektans and Helghast have reached a boiling point. Kellan, who let himself be captured by the Helghast as part of an investigation, is being brought across The Wall as part of a prisoner exchange for a Helghast agent named Echo. After the exchange, Kellan is ordered to return to the Helghan side of The Wall in order to retrieve classified data. Kellan recovers the classified information and makes a bold escape out of the area. Using the recovered data, Sinclair sends Kellan to the ''ISA Cassandra'', a bio-tech research station, to destroy evidence of a bio-tech weapon being created by head scientist Dr. Hillary Massar. Once on the station, Kellan encounters Echo, who escapes with Massar in tow while Kellan makes it off the station just as it falls into the sun.

Upon arriving at VSA headquarters, a massive explosion rips through the building, killing several civilians and soldiers. Through the confusion, Kellan meets up with Sinclair; just as a broadcast comes through from Vladko Tyran, leader of "The Black Hand", a paramilitary terrorist group claiming responsibility for the attack. As a result of the terrorism, all Helghast citizens residing on the Vektan side of The Wall are deported to New Helghan. Sinclair sends Kellan under-cover with the rest of the refugees in order to locate Tyran. Eventually he finds Tyran and learns that he is working for [[List of Killzone characters#Jorhan Brimve Stahl|Jorhan Brimve Stahl]] (having survived the events of ''Killzone 3''), who plans to use Massar's bio-tech weapon that has been altered to target Vektans. Shortly after, Kellan is taken captive.

Kellan is approached by Echo in his cell. He informs her that Stahl plans to use Massar's bio-tech weapon to kill Vektans and half-breeds alike, including Echo (who is half-Vektan, half-Helghast). Echo (who is revealed to be Lady Hera Visari's daughter) is displeased with Visari for being in league with Stahl and planning to ignite another war. She helps Kellan escape his cell and returns him to the Vektan side of The Wall in order to convince the VSA to stand down. Upon his return, Sinclair ignores Kellan's pleas to stand down, outraged that he is siding with Echo. Instead, Sinclair informs him that the VSA discovered massive mining spires in orbit over the planet Helghan. Kellan infiltrates the main spire and finds Massar. She states that the weapon is now with Stahl, being prepped for its final test. Sinclair orders Kellan to take Massar into custody, but Echo arrives and kills Massar. Now viewed as a traitor by Sinclair, Kellan teams up with Echo, and the two descend to Helghan to stop Stahl.

Once the duo arrive on the destroyed surface of Helghan and head to Stahl's base, they confront and defeat Tyran. Kellan then radios Sinclair, warning him to abort the ISA assault on Stahl, but Sinclair ignores him. As the ISA begin their attack on Stahl's base, Stahl activates Massar's weapon, destroying all of the ISA ships. Echo and Kellan are separated in the chaos. Kellan makes his way towards Stahl's base and confronts Stahl, who is strapped to a life support system. Stahl justifies his reasons for going to war, but is suddenly shot dead by Sinclair, who enters the room and also shoots Kellan. As Kellan dies, Sinclair states that with the newly-reacquired weapon, they can end the Helghast threat forever. Sinclair then apologizes to Kellan before finally executing him.

A mid-credits scene shows Echo sneaking into Vekta City to assassinate Sinclair during a speech he gives to the Vektans, calling for war against the Helghast. Echo comes to a perch overlooking the ceremony, lines up her shot with a sniper rifle and whispers "For Kellan..." before pulling the trigger, killing Sinclair and preventing a new war from beginning.

===Characters===
* Lucas Kellan (voiced by Gene Farber): the main protagonist of ''Shadow Fall''. Harboring a strong hatred with the Helghast after Witnessing his fathers death during the relocation over the wall, Kellan is adopted by Sinclair, who enrolls him into the Shadow Marshal Academy, eventually rising to become one of Sinclair's most trusted agents.
* Thomas Sinclair (voiced by [[David Harewood]]<ref name="Heide">{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/07/09/killzone-shadow-fall-actors-revealed/|title=Killzone: Shadow Fall Actors Revealed|date=9 July 2013|last=Heide|first=Steven Ter|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment America]]|work=[[PlayStation.Blog]]|accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref>): a Shadow Marshal and later head of the Vektan Security Agency. Adopting Lucas Kellan during the events of the relocation, Sinclair is shown to be very trusting and protective towards Kellan. At the same time, he shares Kellan's universal contempt towards the Helghast, as he believes that every Helghast seeks the destruction of the Vektans, and that as long as the Helghast exist, the war will never end.
* Maya Visari (voiced by Jamie Gray Hyder):<ref name="Heide"/> code-named "Echo"; a half-Vektan/half-Helghast covert intelligence agent who seeks to end the Vektan-Helghast War for good. She is the daughter of Lady Visari.
* Vladko Tyran (voiced by Crispian Belfrage): the main antagonist for most of the campaign and psychopathic leader of "The Black Hand" (a terrorist organization of former Helghast agents and soldiers) who seeks to reignite the war.
* Dr. Hillary Massar (voiced by Azura Skye): an ISA scientist conducting dangerous experiments on Helghast captives with a lethal bio-tech weapon.
* Lady Hera Visari (voiced by Lisa Banes): the current leader of the Helghast, daughter of the deceased Emperor Scolar Visari and mother of Maya.
* Anton Saric (voiced by Andreas Beckett): the sadistic head of Helghast Security forces. Saric holds a fiery hatred for the Vektans, blaming them for the destruction of his home planet (which he lived through.)
* Jorhan Stahl (voiced by Gideon Emery): the primary antagonist of ''Killzone 3'' and revealed to be the main antagonist of ''Shadow Fall'', who plots to invade Vekta for the Helghast by killing all of the Vektans, using Massar's bio-tech weapon.
* Michael Kellan (voiced by Jeff Branson): Lucas' father who is killed by Helghast forces during the relocation over the wall (was only seen once).

==Development==
''Killzone: Shadow Fall'' was seen, by Guerrilla Games, as an opportunity to revitalize the franchise, since it was established early in development that they would be working on a new platform. The main point during development was to give players more options on how to proceed, particularly during the single-player mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2013/10/29/guerrilla-games-lead-designer-eric-boltjes-talks-killzone-shadow-fall-dlc-and-development/|title=Guerrilla Game’s Lead Designer Eric Boltjes Talks Killzone: Shadow Fall DLC and Development|date=29 October 2013|last=Oravasaari|first=Dan|publisher=CraveOnline|work=PlayStationLifeStyle|accessdate=21 November 2013}}</ref> According to Guerrilla Games, the original size of ''Killzone: Shadow Fall'' was 290GB because the game has no assets designed for lower spec systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/169559-the-ps4-is-so-powerful-that-killzone-shadow-fall-was-originally-290gb|title=The PS4 is so powerful that Killzone Shadow Fall was originally 290GB|date=25 October 2013|last=Plafke|first=James|publisher=Ziff Davis, Inc.|work=ExtremeTech|accessdate=21 November 2013}}</ref>

The demo of ''Killzone: Shadow Fall'' shown during the PlayStation 4's announcement only used 4GB of memory – not the full 8GB GDDR5 RAM available to developers in the final hardware, Guerrilla has revealed. According to the studio, 3072MB (3GB) of the PS4's 8GB were dedicated to video resources powering the demo, with 1,536MB used for system resources. A further 128MB were shared between the two. Of the 3GB reserved for video memory, 1,321 MB were used by non-streaming textures. According to Guerrilla, the demo featured 8200 physics objects, 500 particle systems and real-time reflections - which include "a lot of Guerrilla secret sauce". Guerrilla's decision to stick with 4GB suggest that the developer may not have been aware of Sony's decision to include 8GB in final retail hardware – something Just Add Water CEO Stewart Gilray told VideoGamer.com had been kept secret from third-party developers until the console's announcement. "We were told [PS4] was 4GB originally and we first knew it had 8GBs when Mark said at the event's stage, 'And it has 8GB of memory.' We'd had kits at that point for a good while."

''Killzone: Shadow Fall'' ended development and "went gold" on October 21, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gamingbolt.com/killzone-shadow-fall-has-gone-gold|title=Killzone: Shadow Fall Has Gone Gold|date=21 October 2013|last=Sinha|first=Ravi|publisher=GameRevolution|work=GamingBolt.com|accessdate=21 November 2013}}</ref>

==Release==
[[File:E3 2013 Killzone.jpg|thumb|Promotion of the game at [[E3 2013]].]]
The game was released on 15 November 2013 in North America, and will be released on 29 November 2013 in Europe, and on 22 February 2014 in Japan, as a launch title<ref>{{cite web|last=Sliva|first=Marty|title=E3 2013: Infamous, Killzone, Knack, DriveClub PS4 Launch Window Titles|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/06/11/e3-2013-infamous-killzone-knack-driveclub-ps4-launch-window-titles|publisher=IGN|accessdate=21 August 2013}}</ref> for the PlayStation 4.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Brien|first=Terrence|title=PlayStation 4 hitting shelves on November 15th in the US for $399, November 29th in Europe|url=http://www.engadget.com/2013/08/20/playstation-4-hitting-shelves-on-november-15/|accessdate=20 August 2013|newspaper=Engadget|date=20 August 2013}}</ref>
Participating retailers offered the Shadow Pack as a pre-order bonus. The Shadow Pack includes three exclusive skins for the OWL combat drone, the MP Spotlight Move (a special victory move to humiliate fallen opponents in multiplayer), and the ''Killzone: Shadow Fall'' Official Soundtrack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2013/07/11/killzone-shadow-fall-owl-drone-detailed-pre-order-bonuses-unveiled/|title=Killzone: Shadow Fall: OWL Drone Detailed, Pre-Order Bonuses Unveiled|date=11 July 2013|last=Torkan|first=Poria|publisher=[[Sony Computer Entertainment America]]|work=[[PlayStation.Blog]]|accessdate=11 July 2013}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Reception==
{{expand section|date=December 2013}}
{{VG reviews
| MC = 74/100<ref name="mc">{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/killzone-shadow-fall|title=Killzone: Shadow Fall for PlayStation 4 Reviews|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| Polygon = 5/10
| Giantbomb = 6/10
| IGN = 8/10
| EuroG = 7/10
| GSpot = 7/10
| GT = 8.8/10
| rev1 = [[Destructoid]]
| rev1Score = 9/10
}}

Critical reception for ''Killzone: Shadow Fall'' has been mainly positive. The game has gained a score of 74 out of 100 on the aggregate review website Metacritic.<ref name="mc" /> It was highly praised for its visuals and multiplayer mode, while criticism was directed at the game's story and AI problems to name a few.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/killzone-shadow-fall-review/1900-6415536/|title=Killzone: Shadow Fall Review|publisher=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://wayback.archive.org/web/20130918180012/http://www.killzone.com/kz3/en_US/killzone-shadowfall/campaign/overview.html}}

{{Killzone}}
{{Guerrilla Games}}
{{Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios}}

[[Category:2013 video games]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]
[[Category:Killzone]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4-only games]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Sony Computer Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Video game sequels]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Terrorism in fiction]]
[[Category:Discrimination in fiction]]

Windows shell

2013-11-23T07:12:31Z

Joad.marshal: /* Desktop */ Added a missing closing parenthesis

The '''Windows shell''' is the [[graphical user interface]] for the desktop in [[Microsoft Windows]]. The Windows shell includes well-known Windows components such as the [[taskbar]] and the [[Start menu]]. The Windows shell is also not to be confused with Windows' window manager (the [[Desktop Window Manager]] in Windows Vista and forward or the [[Windows USER|USER subsystem]] in previous versions), which displays [[Window (computing)|window]]s and controls how they look. Starting with [[Windows 8]], the legacy Windows Shell has been supplemented by the Immersive shell, designed based on [[Metro (design language)|Metro design language]].

==Features==

===Desktop===
{{Details|Desktop metaphor}}
The Windows shell [[desktop metaphor|desktop]] is an array of [[computer icon]]s, rendered behind all open windows. The typical icons displayed on the desktop represent:
;User's files and folders
: Users and software may store [[computer file]]s and [[folder (computing)|folders]] on desktop. Naturally, on a newly-installed version of Windows, such items do not exist. Software installers commonly place files known as [[file shortcut|shortcuts]] on desktop, allowing users to launch installed software. Users may store personal documents on desktop.
;Special folders
: Apart from ordinary files and folders, [[special folder]]s may appear on desktop. Unlike ordinary folders, special folders do not point to an absolute location on [[hard disk drive]]. Rather, they may open a folder whose location differs from computer to computer (e.g. [[My Documents|Documents]]), a virtual folder whose contents is an aggregate of several folders on disk (e.g. [[Recycle Bin (Windows)|Recycle Bin]] or [[Features new to Windows 7#Libraries|Libraries]]) or a folder window whose content is not files, but rather user interface elements rendered as icons for convenience (e.g. [[My Network Places|Network]]). They may even open windows that do not resemble a folder at all (e.g. [[Control Panel (Windows)|Control Panel]]).
:The special folders that appear on desktop by default and the special folders than can appear on desktop depend on which version of Windows is installed. Starting with [[Windows XP]], only Recycle Bin appears on desktop by default, but [[Windows Vista]] and newer versions allows Computer, Network, User's Files, Control Panel and Recycle Bin to be placed on desktop.

Starting with [[Windows Vista]] and [[Windows Server 2008]], [[Windows Desktop Gadgets]] may appear on desktop. These gadgets are discontinued with [[Windows Server 2012]] and [[Windows 8]].

===Taskbar===
{{Details|Taskbar}}
Windows taskbar a [[toolbar]]-like element that by default, appears as horizontal bar at the bottom of the desktop. It may be relocated to the top, left or right edges of the screen. Starting with [[Windows 98]], its size can be changed. Taskbar can be configuration to stay on top of all applications or to collapse and hide when it is not used.

Depending on the version of operating system installed, the following elements may appear on taskbar:
* '''Start button''': Provides access to the [[Start menu]]. Removed in [[Windows 8]], in favor of the Start charm (see below), only to be reinstated in [[Windows 8.1]]. In most versions of Windows, it appear on the left-hand corner; in Arabic, Hebrew or Persian variants of Windows, it appears on the right-hand corner.
* '''List of open windows''': Most of the taskbar area is by default dedicated to the list open windows. Active window appears as a depressed button in this list.
* '''Shortcuts''': An update to [[Windows 95]] and [[Windows NT 4]] added a Quick Launch Bar that could hold file shortcuts, similar to desktop. Windows 7 [[Features new to Windows 7#Taskbar|merged this area into list of open windows]] by adding "pinning" and "jump list" features.
* '''Deskbands''': Toolbars provided by Windows or other programs for easier access to that program's functions; for more information, see {{section link|Taskbar|Desktop toolbars}}
* '''Notification area''': Display from a speech bubble which pops out from the relevant notification icons, while system icons provide access to commonly accessed functions like volume control and network status. Date and time also appears in this area.

===The charms===
{{Expand section|date=June 2013}}
Windows 8 introduced [[Taskbar#The charms|the charms]], a secondary taskbar that holds five buttons that open functional areas of Windows.

===Start screen===
{{Anchor|Start menu}}
{{Details|Start menu}}
The ''Start screen'', formerly the ''Start menu'', as its name suggests, is a form of [[start menu]] in Microsoft Windows. Depending on the version of Windows, the Start screen features the following:
*'''Launching applications''': Start screen's primary function is to present a list of [[file shortcut|shortcuts]] for installed software, allowing users to launch them.
*'''Invoking special folders''': Until Windows 8, the Start menu was a mean of invoking special folders such as Computer, Network, Control Panel, etc. In Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, the only special folder that can be invoked from Start screen is Desktop.
*'''Searching''': Starting with [[Windows Vista]], searching for installed software, and by extensions files and folders became a function of the Start menu.
*'''Ending user session''': [[Log off|Logging off]] and [[shutdown (computing)|shutdown]] has always been a function of the Start menu. In Windows 8, the shutdown function was moved out of the Start screen, only to be brought back in Windows 8.1.

===Autoplay===
{{main|Autoplay}}
Autoplay is a feature introduced in Windows XP that examines newly inserted removable media for content and displays a dialog containing options related to that media.

==History==

===Windows 1.0 and 2.0: The MS-DOS Executive===
[[File:Msdos-executive.png|thumb|MS-DOS Executive file manager.]]
The first public demonstration of Windows, in 1983, had a simplistic shell called the Session Control Layer, which served as a constantly visible menu at the bottom of the screen. Clicking on Run would display a list of programs that one could launch, and clicking on Session Control would display a list of programs already running so one could switch between them.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://toastytech.com/guis/win1983.html | title=Microsoft Windows: A Mouse With Modest Requirements | author=Phil Lemmons | publisher=[[BYTE Magazine]] | date=December 1983 | accessdate=2011-05-07 }}</ref>

When [[Windows 1.0]] shipped in November 1985, it used the MS-DOS Executive as its shell. MS-DOS Executive was a simple file manager that differentiated between files and folders by bold type, since it lacked support for icons, although this made the program somewhat faster than the file manager that came with Windows 3.0. Programs could be launched by double-clicking on them. Files could be filtered for executable type, or by a user-selected wildcard, and the display mode could be toggled between full and compact descriptions. But the file date column was not Y2K compliant.

[[Windows 2.0]] also shipped with MS-DOS Executive as the shell. This version bore little change from its predecessor.

[[Image:Windows 3.11 workspace.png|thumb|180px|Windows 3.x GUI]]

===Windows 3.x, NT 3.x: Program Manager===
[[Windows 3.0]], introduced in May 1990, shipped with a new shell, called [[Program Manager]]. Based on Microsoft's work with OS/2 1.0's Desktop Manager, Program Manager sorted program shortcuts into groups (although unlike Desktop Manager, these were housed in a single window, in order to show off Microsoft's new Multiple Document Interface.

Program Manager in [[Windows 3.1]] introduced the new Startup group, which Program Manager would check on launch and start any programs it found in it, and wrappable icon titles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/83245 | title=New Features in Windows 3.1 | publisher=[[Microsoft Corporation]] | accessdate=2011-05-07 }}</ref> Program Manager was also ported to [[Windows NT 3.1]], and retained in [[Windows NT 3.51]].

===Windows 95: Start menu replaces Program Manager===
[[File:Windows 95 Desktop screenshot.png|thumb|Windows 95 GUI]]
Windows 95 introduced a new shell. The desktop became a container for files (including [[file shortcut]]s), folders and [[special folder]]s such as [[Special folder#Virtual folders|My Computer]], [[My Network Places|Network Neighborhood]] and [[Recycle Bin (Windows)|Recycle Bin]]. Folders and special folders were opened in [[Windows Explorer]], which also replaced [[File Manager (Windows)|File Manager]]. The [[taskbar]] was introduced, with an area consisting of buttons representing open windows, a digital clock, a "notifications area" for background processes and system notifications, and the Start button, which launched the [[Start menu]]. The Start menu contained links to settings, recently used files and, like Program Manager before it, shortcuts and program groups.

Program Manager was also included in Windows 95 for backward compatibility, in case the user disliked the new interface.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/gg213851.aspx | title=Windows Confidential: Leftovers from Windows 3.0 |first=Raymond |last=Chen | authorlink=Raymond Chen (Microsoft) | work=[[TechNet Magazine]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] | date=October 2010 | accessdate=2011-05-07 }}</ref> This was included with all versions of Windows up to and including Windows XP Service Pack 1. In SP2 and SP3, PROGMAN.EXE is just an icon library, and it was completely removed from Windows Vista in 2006.

The new shell was also ported to Windows NT, first as the NewShell update for Windows NT 3.51 and then integrated fully into [[Windows NT 4.0]].

===Nashville: The Windows Desktop Update===

In early 1996, [[Netscape]] announced that the next release of its browser, codenamed "Constellation", would completely integrate with Windows and add a new shell, codenamed "HomePort", which would present the same files and shortcuts no matter which machine a user logged in to.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/news2/netscape-constellation-beta-due-in-june | title=Netscape Constellation beta due in June | author=[[Paul Thurrott]] | publisher=[[Windows IT Pro]] | date=March 3, 1997 | accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://notes.kateva.org/2008/12/why-google-loves-chrome-netscape.html | title=Why Google Loves Chrome: Netscape Constellation | author=Jon Gordon | date=December 24, 2008 | accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.itwriting.com/blog/2426-jewels-from-the-loft-launch-of-delphi-netscapes-constellation-html-to-die-longhorn-for-developers.html | title=Jewels from the loft: launch of Delphi, Netscape’s Constellation, HTML to die, Longhorn for developers | author=Tim Anderson | date=April 4, 2010 | accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> Microsoft started working on a similar Internet Explorer release, codenamed "[[Windows Nashville|Nashville]]". [[Internet Explorer 4.0]] was redesigned and resulted in two products: the standalone IE4 and the [[Windows Desktop Update]], which updated the shell with features such as [[Active Desktop]], [[Active Channel]]s, Web folders, desktop toolbars such as the Quick Launch bars, ability to minimize windows by clicking their button on the taskbar, HTML-based folder customization, single click launching, image thumbnails, folder infotips, web view in folders, ''Back'' and ''Forward'' navigation buttons, larger toolbar buttons with text labels, favorites, file attributes in Details view, and an address bar in Windows Explorer, among other features. It also introduced the [[My Documents]] shell folder.

Future Windows releases, like Windows 95C (OSR 2.5) and [[Windows 98]], included Internet Explorer 4 and the features of the Windows Desktop Update already built in, and improvements were made in Windows 2000 and Windows Me, such as personalized menus, ability to drag and sort menu items, sort by name function in menus, cascading Start menu special folders, customizable toolbars for Explorer, auto-complete in Windows Explorer address bar and Run box, displaying comments in file shortcuts as tooltips, advanced file type association features, extensible columns in Details view (IColumnProvider interface), icon overlays, places bar in common dialogs, high-color notification area icons and a search pane in Explorer.


===The 2000s: Taskbar and Start Menu Improvements===

[[Windows XP]] introduced a new Start Menu, with shortcuts to shell locations on the right and a list of most frequently used applications on the left. It also grouped taskbar buttons from the same program if the taskbar got too crowded, and hid notification icons if they had not been used for a while. For the first time, Windows XP hid most of the shell folders from the desktop by default, leaving only the recycle bin (although the user could get them back if they desired). Windows XP also introduced [[Features new to Windows XP#Other shell and UI improvements|numerous other shell enhancements]].

In the early days of the Longhorn project, an experimental sidebar, with plugins similar to taskbar plugins and a notifications history was built into the shell. However, when Longhorn was reset this was ditched in favor of a [[Windows Sidebar|separate program]] that provided Web-enabled gadgets, replacing Active Desktop.


[[Windows Vista]] introduced to the shell a searchable Start menu and live taskbar previews. It also introduced a redesigned Alt-Tab switcher, also with live previews. [[Windows 7]] added 'pinned' shortcuts and 'jump lists' to the taskbar, and automatically grouped program windows into one icon (although this could be reversed.) The Windows 7 shell also re-absorbed the responsibility of rendering gadgets.

[[Windows Server 2008]] introduced the possibility to have a Windows install without the shell, resulting in less services loaded and running.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd184075.aspx|title=What Is Server Core?|accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Understanding Windows Server 2008 Server Core|url=http://www.petri.co.il/understanding-windows-server-2008-core.htm}}</ref>

==Shell replacements==
{{Main|Windows shell replacement}}
Windows supports the ability to replace the Windows shell with another program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms838576%28v=winembedded.5%29.aspx|title=Different Shells for Different Users|accessdate=18 March 2013}}</ref> There also exists a number of third party shells designed to be used in place of the standard Windows shell.

==See also==
*[[DOS Shell]]
*[[Command Prompt]]

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb773177%28v=vs.85%29.aspx | title=Windows Shell | publisher=[[MSDN]] | work=Windows Development Reference | accessdate=September 10, 2012}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Windows Components}}

[[Category:Windows components|Shell]]
[[Category:Graphical user interfaces]]

Frank Pallone

2013-10-29T15:03:18Z

Joad.marshal: /* Committee assignments */ Corrected typo

{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Frank Pallone
|image = Frank Pallone, Official Portrait, 113th Congress.jpg
|state = [[New Jersey]]
|district = {{ushr|New Jersey|6|6th}}
|term_start = January 3, 1993
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Bernard J. Dwyer|Bernard Dwyer]]
|successor =
|state1 = [[New Jersey]]
|district1 = {{ushr|New Jersey|3|3rd}}
|term_start1 = November 8, 1988
|term_end1 = January 3, 1993
|predecessor1 = [[James J. Howard|James Howard]]
|successor1 = [[Jim Saxton]]
|state_senate2 = New Jersey
|district2 = 11th
|term_start2 = January 10, 1984
|term_end2 = November 8, 1988
|predecessor2 = [[Brian T. Kennedy|Brian Kennedy]]
|successor2 = [[Joseph A. Palaia|Joseph Palaia]]
|birthname = Frank Joseph Pallone, Jr.
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|10|30}}
|birth_place = [[Long Branch, New Jersey|Long Branch]], [[New Jersey]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse = Sarah Hospodor
|children = Rose Marie Celeste Teresa Frank Andrew
|alma_mater = [[Middlebury College]] [[The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy|Tufts University]] [[Rutgers School of Law–Camden|Rutgers University, Camden]]
|religion = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]
|website = [http://www.house.gov/pallone/ Government website]
}}
'''Frank Joseph Pallone, Jr.''' (born October 30, 1951) is the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for {{ushr|NJ|6}}, serving since 1993. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. He previously represented the 3rd district from 1988 to 1993.

==Early life, education, and early political career==
Pallone is a graduate of [[Middlebury College]], [[The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]] at [[Tufts University]], and [[Rutgers School of Law–Camden]]. Prior to being elected to the House, Pallone was a member of the [[Long Branch, New Jersey|Long Branch]] city council from 1982 to 1988.

He was a member of the [[New Jersey Senate]] (the upper house of the [[New Jersey Legislature]]), from the 11th district, from 1984 to 1988. In 1983, he defeated incumbent Republican State Senator [[Brian T. Kennedy]] 50%-49%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=52286 |title=NJ State Senate 11 Race - Nov 08, 1983 |publisher=Our Campaigns |date= |accessdate=February 21, 2012}}</ref> In 1987, he won re-election with 60% of the vote, defeating Councilwoman Gerri C. Popkin of Neptune City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=52259 |title=NJ State Senate 11 Race - Nov 03, 1987 |publisher=Our Campaigns |date= |accessdate=February 21, 2012}}</ref>

==U.S. House of Representatives==
===Elections===
;1988–1990
In March 1988, incumbent U.S. Congressman [[James J. Howard|James Howard]] (D-Spring Lake Heights) of [[New Jersey's 3rd congressional district]] died. In November, Pallone defeated Republican State Representative Joe Azzolina 52%-47% and Libertarian Laura Stewart. In 1990, he won re-election with 49% of the vote, against a Republican, and independent, Libertarian Bill Stewart, and a Populist.

;1992–2008
After redistricting, he decided to run in [[New Jersey's 6th congressional district]]. In the Democratic primary of 1992, he defeated State Representative [[Robert G. Smith|Robert Smith]] 55%-37%. In the general election, he defeated Republican State Senator [[Joseph Kyrillos, Jr.|Joe Kyrillos]] 52%-45% and nine other candidates. Since then, he has won re-election with at least 60% in all but two elections (1998 and 2010). In 1998, he defeated Republican teacher [[Mike Ferguson (New Jersey politician)|Mike Ferguson]] 57%-40%.

;2010
{{See also|United States House of Representatives elections in New Jersey, 2010#District 6}}
Pallone was challenged by Republican nominee [[Anna C. Little]]. Little is a former Monmouth County Freeholder and served as Mayor of [[Highlands, New Jersey]] in addition to working full-time as an attorney specializing in immigration law. On November 3, 2010, Pallone defeated Little by over 16,000 votes, 55% to 43% in what analysts considered a terrible year for Democrats. However, for the first time in his career, Pallone failed to carry his home county of Monmouth.

===Tenure===
Pallone is a Progressive Caucus Member. He serves as Vice Chairman of the Native American Caucus, where he has worked on a bipartisan basis to protect the inherent sovereignty of tribal governments and promote the needs of Indian Country. As a senior member of the House Resources Committee — the committee with jurisdiction over all matters regarding the relations of the United States with American Indians and Alaska Natives — he has been a defender of the sovereign status of Indian Tribal governments as independent from the United States.

He also serves as a co-chairman of the Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues along with Congressman [[Ed Royce]] (previously [[Joe Knollenberg]] and [[Mark Kirk]]) and was instrumental in garnering the support of 127 members (30%) of the U.S. House of Representatives for the Armenian Caucus.<ref>{{cite web|last=Avakian |first=Florence |url=http://www.armeniafundusa.org/news/20031114-gala-success.htm |title=Karabakh president Ghoukassian starts US tour with successful tribute gala in New York |publisher=Armenia Fund USA |date=November 14, 2003 |accessdate=February 21, 2012}}</ref> In 2002 he was awarded the Mkhitar Gosh Medal by the President of the [[Republic of Armenia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armeniaemb.org/DiplomaticMission/Ambassador/RemarksandStatements/Remarks/HonoringPallone.htm |title=Remarks by Ambassador Arman Kirakossian at the Ceremony honoring Representative Frank Pallone, Co-Chair of the Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues |publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Armenia in the USA |date=June 12, 2002 |accessdate=February 21, 2012}}</ref>

In 2002, he was awarded [[India]]'s third highest civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]] for his contributions as member of the India Caucus in the Congress.<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040112/asp/nation/story_2776242.asp "Fund push to AIDS war"], ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' ([[Calcutta]]), January 12, 2004. Accessed May 26, 2007. "Pallone, a Democrat {{sic}} Congressman from New Jersey and recipient of the Padma Bhushan in 2002 for his contribution towards bringing India and the US closer, said America has promised to make $15 billion available to combat AIDS in 14 hard-hit countries ranging from Haiti to Kenya."</ref>

He was one of the 31 who voted in the House to not count the [[electoral vote]]s from [[Ohio]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll007.xml |title=2005 - FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 7 |publisher=[[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]] |date=2005-01-06 |accessdate=2010-08-30}}</ref>

Pallone received an A on the [[Drum Major Institute]]'s 2005 Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues.<ref>[http://www.drummajorinstitute.com/congress/drum-major-voting-summary.php?name=Pallone&state=NJ&database=house Congress at the Midterm: Their 2005 Middle-Class Record]. Retrieved June 28, 2006.</ref> while the [[National Taxpayers Union]] has consistently given Pallone an F ranking on votes that affect taxes, spending, and debt.<ref>[http://www.ntu.org/on-capitol-hill/ntu-rates-congress/p10-02-18-ntu-rating-final-pages.pdf NTU Rates Congress Results for the First Session of the 111th Congress]. Retrieved September 19, 2010.</ref>

Pallone has questioned the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA) on its update of flood plain maps in Monmouth County, specifically in the [[Raritan Bayshore|Bayshore area]].<ref>"Pallone looks for FEMA flood map intermission". Gaffney, Melissa. ''The Courier''. May 8, 2008. May 31, 2008.</ref>

Pallone has introduced a bill to modify the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, the U.S.'s most important set of [[fishery|fisheries]] regulations.;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:HR1584: |title=Bill Summary & Status - 111th Congress (2009 - 2010) - H.R.1584 - THOMAS (Library of Congress) |publisher=Thomas.loc.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Editorial: Of Fish and Flexibility|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/13/opinion/13sat3.html?th&emc=th|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 12, 2009}}</ref>

On October 3, 2008 Rep. Pallone voted in favor of the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2008/roll681.xml |title=2008 - FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 681 |publisher=[[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]] |date=2008-10-03 |accessdate=2010-08-30}}</ref> believing that [[Article One of the United States Constitution|the enumerated powers]] grant congress the authority to "purchase assets and equity from financial institutions in order to strengthen its financial sector."

===Committee assignments===
[[File:Obama signs Ryan White extension.jpg|thumb|Frank Pallone beside [[Barack Obama|President Obama]] who signs the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009.]]
*'''[[United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce|Committee on Energy and Commerce]]'''
**[[United States House Energy Subcommittee on Communications and Technology|Subcommittee on Communications and Technology]]
**[[United States House Energy Subcommittee on Environment and Economy|Subcommittee on Environment and Economy]]
**[[United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health|Subcommittee on Health]] (Ranking Member)
*'''[[United States House Committee on Natural Resources|Committee on Natural Resources]]'''
**[[United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs|Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs]]

===Caucus memberships===
*Congressional Boating Caucus
*Congressional Coastal Caucus (Co-Chair)
*Congressional Steel Caucus
*[[United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus|International Conservation Caucus]]
*School Health and Safety Caucus
*Congressional Arts Caucus
*Armenian Caucus (Co-Chair)

;Party leadership
*Communications Chair of the Democratic Policy Committee

==Other political offices==
In 2002, Pallone turned down an offer to replace embattled Sen. [[Bob Torricelli]] as the Democratic Nominee for US Senate by Democratic Party leaders. The slot eventually went to Sen. [[Frank Lautenberg]] who ended up winning the general election. In 2004-2005, Pallone considered a gubernatorial bid against embattled and unpopular Gov. [[Jim McGreevey]] but ended up supporting eventual party nominee winner, then-Senator [[Jon Corzine]].

Early in 2005, Pallone announced his intentions to seek the [[United States Senate]] position held at the time by [[Jon Corzine]]. Corzine won the Democratic nomination for [[Governor of New Jersey]] in June 2005, and Pallone was the first New Jersey politician to officially seek Corzine's senate seat. Pallone launched "[http://www.pallonefornewjersey.com/ Pallone for New Jersey]" to inform New Jersey citizens of his work in the House and his desire to be New Jersey's next Senator. In January 2006, Pallone announced his endorsement of [[Bob Menendez]] for Senate in the November 2006 Election, ending his bid for the seat.

Pallone was an early and strong endorser of Sen. [[Hillary Clinton]] in the 2008 Democratic Party primaries. Pallone traveled to [[New Hampshire]] to campaign for Clinton. Clinton eventually lost the primary to Sen. [[Barack Obama]] who went on to become President. Pallone also endorsed [[Frank Lautenberg]] over Congressman [[Rob Andrews]].

==2013 U.S. Senate election==
On January 3, 2013, it was revealed that Pallone is considering another bid for the Senate should Senator [[Frank Lautenberg]] elect not to pursue another term in office in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|title=Frank Pallone joins Cory Booker in eyeing New Jersey Senate seat|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/frank-pallone-joins-cory-booker-in-eyeing-new-jersey-senate-seat-85740.html|accessdate=4 January 2013|newspaper=Politico|date=3 January 2013}}</ref> On June 9, 2013, Pallone said he is officially in the race to fill Lautenberg's senate seat, due to the Senator's death, and can win the Democratic primary against [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark Mayor]] [[Cory Booker]] by running on his progressive congressional record.<ref>{{cite web|title=PALLONE SAYS HE'S IN NJ SENATE RACE|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/apnewsbreak-pallone-says-hes-nj-senate-race#overlay-context=article/explosions-heard-nato-site-afghan-airport|publisher=AP|accessdate=10 June 2013}}</ref> The family of the late Senator Frank Lautenberg endorsed Pallone on July 8, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lautenberg family endorses Pallone over 'celebrity' Cory Booker in NJ Senate race|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/senate-races/309537-lautenberg-family-endorses-pallone-over-booker?utm_source=buffer&utm_campaign=Buffer&utm_content=buffer3be0f&utm_medium=twitter|publisher=The Hill|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> The state council of sheet metal workers also endorsed Pallone.<ref>NJToday.net June 19, 2013 "Sheet Metal Workers State Council Endorses Pallone For U.S. Senate" http://njtoday.net/2013/06/19/sheet-metal-workers-state-council-endorses-pallone-for-u-s-senate/#ixzz2ZOSgo4m2</ref>

In the August 13, 2013 primary election, Pallone lost to [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] mayor [[Cory Booker]]. <ref name="Democratic and Republican Primary Results">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/13/new-jersey-senate-election_n_3749759.html | title=New Jersey Senate Election: Cory Booker Wins Democratic Primary | date=August 13, 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pallone lives with his wife Sarah Hospodor-Pallone who works as Deputy Associate Administrator of Intergovernmental Relations at the [[EPA]] in [[Washington, DC]] <ref>[http://www.epa.gov/ocir/contacts.htm EPA.gov-Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations Contacts]. Retrieved September 19, 2010.</ref> and their three children who reside with them in Washington, DC. He married Hospodor-Pallone in August 1992.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.house.gov/pallone/ Congressman Frank Pallone, Jr.] official U.S. House site
*[http://pallonefornewjersey.com/ Frank Pallone for Congress]
*{{CongLinks | congbio = p000034 | ballot = Frank_Pallone | nndb = 091/000039971 | votesmart = 26951 | govtrack = 400308 | opencong = 400308 | rollcall = 320 | politifact = frank-pallone-jr | fec = H8NJ03073 | opensecrets = N00000781 | assets = frank-pallone | legistorm = 410/Rep_Frank_Pallone_Jr.html | followthemoney = | ontheissues = NJ/Frank_Pallone.htm | congress = frank-pallone/887 | worldcat = np-pallone,%20frank | cspan = 6107 | imdb = | bloomberg = frank-pallone | nyt = p/frank_jr_pallone | washpo = gIQAMsEdKP }}
*[http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Frank_Pallone Profile] at [[SourceWatch]]
*[http://www.tamilsydney.com/content/view/62/37/ US Congressman Frank Pallone, supports autonomy to ethnic minorities like the Tamils in Sri Lanka] Tamil Sydney (no date)

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[James J. Howard|James Howard]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from New Jersey|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[New Jersey's 3rd congressional district]]|years=1988–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jim Saxton]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Bernard J. Dwyer|Bernard Dwyer]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from New Jersey|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[New Jersey's 6th congressional district]]|years=1993–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-prec|usa}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nancy Pelosi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority|United States Representatives by seniority]]|years=28th}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jimmy Duncan (U.S. politician)|Jimmy Duncan]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{NJ-FedRep}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Pallone, Frank
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American politician
| DATE OF BIRTH =October 30, 1951
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Long Branch, New Jersey]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pallone, Frank}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:American people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Middlebury College alumni]]
[[Category:New Jersey Democrats]]
[[Category:New Jersey elections, 2014]]
[[Category:New Jersey lawyers]]
[[Category:New Jersey State Senators]]
[[Category:People from Long Branch, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan]]
[[Category:Rutgers School of Law–Camden alumni]]
[[Category:Tufts University alumni]]
[[Category:United States Senate elections in New Jersey]]

User talk:Pollinator

2013-09-07T19:27:47Z

Joad.marshal: /* Paper wasp 9051 */ new section

*[[User talk:Pollinator/Archive 1]] September 2003 to July 28, 2005
*[[User talk:Pollinator/Archive 2]] August 1, 2005 to June 12, 2006

== Williamsport fault line photo ==

I was admiring your fault line photo file:Junction_fault_0112.jpg. I'm from the area and trying to figure out exactly where this was taken. I'm familiar with the whole run up to Trout Run. Do you have a GPS location or Google Maps marker? Thanks [[User:Aubreybailey|Aubreybailey]] ([[User talk:Aubreybailey|talk]]) 05:56, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

== Talk archive ==

This talk page is becoming ''very long''. Please consider [[Wikipedia:How_to_archive_a_talk_page|archiving]]. [[User:Hipocrite|Hipocrite]] - [[User talk:Hipocrite|«Talk»]] 19:15, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

== [[Earth sandwich]] reply ==

Here's what I posted on the DVD guy's talk page:

:I'm particularly upset that the entry was deleted without either your: a) contacting me (if you look at my contribuition history, I'm clearly not a vandal) or b) opening up your deletion decision to at least some public comment. However, I didn't know that it had been deleted earlier (there was no notice of such prior action when I created the article), so I can understand why you just went a

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMCHOCOLATE head and deleted it. Next time, I hope you'll be just a little more careful. For now, apology accepted.

:Considering that people actually went to the trouble to place pieces of bread on opposite sides of the planet, though, it's hard to see it as "patent nonsense"...at least look at it as the kind of Internet meme that's usually covered on this website.

:In response to some administrator's comment left on my talk page, I don't consider my comment on here abusive. I regularly use words like "asshole" to convey my frustration. Please be tolerant of my own cultural norms and don't try to impose yours on me. If I had threatened to Fedex a tarantula to DVD guy, or left repeated messages with "foul language" on his talkpage, then I would consider such a warning deserved. But to rush off to formally warn me of abuse after only trying to express my frustration over my article's being wrongfully deleted--I wouldn't say that creates a welcoming atmosphere here at Wikipedia.

:Still, I'm sorry ''if'' you were hurt by my comment. (Yes, this is one of those half-assed apologies with a conditional phrase attached. That's the best you're gonna get from me.)--[[User:Plainsong|Plainsong]] 20:30, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Now I look and see that the Earth sandwich article has been deleted yet AGAIN! What's going on? I don't like being a troublemaker. Look at my record and see for yourself; I've made many valuable contributions on here. Why is my most recent not being respected? I hope that you, as an administrator, might be able to help me.--[[User:Plainsong|Plainsong]] 20:35, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

== [[Robert Mills (architect)]] ==

I see that you are an architect. Some time ago I started the article on [[Robert Mills (architect)]], and it hasn't grown much. You might be interested in taking a look and see if you can add anything from your expertise. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 21:06, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
:It looks like a good start. I don't know anything about him off the top of my head, but I'll keep it in mind, and check my resources. Maybe I can add something later. Also, thanks for handling that other matter.[[User:DVD R W| DVD]]+[[User_talk:DVD R W| R/W]] 21:25, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
::P.s. it looks like you could archive your talk page :).[[User:DVD R W| DVD]]+[[User_talk:DVD R W| R/W]] 21:25, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
::I already thought of some things, a section on the [[Washington monument]], and mention or another section, on his architecture in the overall climate of [[neo-classicism]], [[colonial architecture]], [[federal style architecture]] and [[Beaux-Arts architecture]]. I am busy studying for the GRE today, but I will do some more research and try to write this evening.[[User:DVD R W| DVD]]+[[User_talk:DVD R W| R/W]] 22:35, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

== Hi Pollinator ==

<s>Hi, requesting the unblock on [[User:Plainsong]]. While I agree his actions were not appropriate, he is a veteran here and can self-soothe as opposed to being given a mandated cool down. Appreciate if you could reconsider. Thanks </s> -- [[User:Samir_(The_Scope)|Samir]] [[User_talk:Samir_(The_Scope)|धर्म]] 07:41, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
:Retracted, I just read his unblock diatribe. Do as you see fit. Cheers -- [[User:Samir_(The_Scope)|Samir]] [[User_talk:Samir_(The_Scope)|धर्म]] 07:42, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

== Regarding [[Valleyfair!]] Linkspam ==
It isn't my site, and I didn't originally add it. It's a "Unofficial Valleyfair site". Lots of other parks have links to "Unofficial" sites on their pages. As far as I can tell, the only reason you're removing it is that it happens to have adsense adds, non-prominantly displayed at the bottom of the page. Since the page has a lot of content about [[Valleyfair!]] I feel it belongs on the page. But, I guess we'll have to see what others think on the Talk page. --[[User:Tim fischer|Rehcsif]] 14:22, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

You're not alone, Tim. Pollinator has been doing this in several topics. There is nothing wrong with your site and it is well within Wiki's own External Links rules. I'm sure Pollinator, and perhaps others, will disgree. But that's one of the problems with Wiki vigilantes. Making quick and swift judgement with the delete key in a topic they understand little about. It's very subjective and completely Pollinator's opinion. I'm sure he means well and feels justified, but he is actually contributing to one of Wiki's biggest issues. The Blackpool section below shows the problem in full, where he was shown to be wrong, but telling the user to challenge it. Slash, burn, and then ask questions later. It's very unfortunate. --[[User:Midwayfan|Midwayfan]] 14:35, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

:Sorry guys. If you propose a site with ads, and much more so, if it is YOUR site, it's YOUR job to justify the link on Wikipedia, not the spam patrollers. The spam patrol is just getting going. While people weren't watching, Wikipedia has been being sold. A lot more people that are making money off Wikipedia will be unhappy, but that's the way it is. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 14:49, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
::Pollinator, you still don't get it? It's NOT MY SITE! Is it that you don't believe me, or do you simply have a really hard time understanding English? As for the "selling out" of Wikipedia, I'd personally be a lot more concerned with the 10,000 squatter sites that mirror Wikipedia content to boost their google ratings than having links to informative sites that happen to have a few ads on them, but that's just me. --[[User:Tim fischer|Rehcsif]] 14:55, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
:::The External Link page does not say, "a site with an ad is bad." Maybe you should review your own rules? Wiki was such a nice place before it became the Wild, Wild West. http://www.roughtype.com/archives/2006/06/a_bureaucracy_o.php" - "Wikipedia’s plethora of bureaucratic levels and rules really does bother me precisely because it is a bureaucracy. But it is impossible to take Wikipedia’s bureaucracy seriously qua responsible editorial structure. If Wikipedia must have a bureaucracy, at least it could be a bureaucracy of people who possess genuine editorial skill and who lack ideological drums to beat." The drum, in this case, is blind fight against spam causing unnecessary casualties. There is a Wiki problem, and you are part of it, Pollinator. See, also [[Cutting off the nose to spite the face]] --[[User:Midwayfan|Midwayfan]] 15:35, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
::::Ahem. Time to slow down and read things a bit more carefully. My statements and the External links policy are both being misquoted. And yes, the mirror sites are a major problem that needs to be dealt with. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 20:57, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
:::::If you wish to deal with mirror sites, take a look at the [[Double Bluff Beach Access]] page and hit them with copyright violation. I contributed the image there licensed for sole use on wikipeida and not for use anywhere else. If requested, I will perform the complaint myself as copyright holder.

::::: The image itself links to my site which may take on commercial content, but that will always be me and my photos any commercial gain will be for image sales (prints and licensing and perhaps ads[i.e., I fund it now and do not intend to change but the future rolls its own dice]). But the images will remain free for viewing at no cost (period). And the link (on the image) is simply a credit to me (i.e., my website that notes the creator). Does that go to far?

::::: thanks,

::::: Sean

== sharpshooter ==

Hi. They don't cause much trouble in their native range (SE US and NE Mexico) - and I'm thinking there may be some other type of Xylella that they vector elsewhere, but it's the lack of control agents in California that turns them into a bonafide pest. Anyway, I've made use of that photo, though not the others. They can find homes easily enough now that they're IDed. Peace, [[User:Dyanega|Dyanega]] 16:23, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
:Thanks for your help. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 16:33, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

== [[Blackpool Pleasure Beach]] 235 Club ==

I applaud your spam fighting vigour but I feel your actions and message on my talk page were just a little harsh and unwarranted, I had restored that link to the 235 club [[Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith|good faith]]. I have no connection with the club but I don't feel a link to it is spam, it's the ''official'' club of [[Blackpool Pleasure Beach]] with plenty of information that is pertinent to the article and of course it charges for memberships as you would expect with a club. Funnily enough Blackpool Pleasure Beach itself charges for park entry and is very much a commercial entity yet theres a link to that on the wikipedia page. Maybe I don't know enough about wikipedia external link policy, but I do think you should at least know a little about the links you so quickly remove. I won't add the link back myself, I've had my wrists slapped by you. Just be careful in future you'll put people off editing all together if you threaten to block people when they disagree with you. --[[User:Etf|ericthefish]] 09:14, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
:Generally, if a commercial enterprize is notable enough to have a page on Wikipedia, they get a free pass to one link to their official site, even if there is advertising. Otherwise, I don't mean to be harsh, but quickly re-adding a link when it's been deleted as spam immediately sets off the spam alarms. There are a lot of spammers making a lot of money off Wikipedia; they are persistent; and they don't care about the rules. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 16:30, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
::Pollinator, perhaps you need to review [[WP:AGF]]. You've labeled me a spammer, even though I didn't even add the link you accused me of adding (I merely challenged your revert). And it seems others are now taking issue with your overly-strict ideas of the linkspamming policy... Before you slap people on the wrist for 'spamming' perhaps you need to understand a few of the facts about the links you consider spam...--[[User:Tim fischer|Rehcsif]] 17:18, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
:::Note that I did not say you were a spammer, nor did I say you put the link there at first - just that you followed the pattern of spammers with your instant revert. And, sure, there's a lot of heat. In many of these cases the heat comes from someone's pocketbook being touched. Others are cases where someone has an overly high view of or great emotional involvement with his own page. In the cases of worthy pages that might be exceptions, be advised that we are working on a process where they can be reviewed by an impartial admin. You are welcome to initiate that if you wish. Contact an uninvolved admin and ask for a review. Then they can put the link back. It would be best to put an invisible note to that effect, of course.[[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 17:27, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
::::But you are, by definition, assuming bad faith. You saw my revert, even though my edit comment said that I felt the page had merits and the advertising was minimal (and have repeatedly stated I have absolutely no connection to the page), yet you immediately re-reverted it, assumed I must be "one of those bad spammers", etc, e.g. "assumed bad faith". To you, it seems, anyone who adds, or supports the adding of, an external link, is immediately held with great suspicion -- directly violating [[WP:AGF]]. As for 'not calling me a spammer', you added a blurb on my user talk page, which essentially labels me a link-spammer, and as I understand it, I have no way to challenge it and am not allowed to remove it. --[[User:Tim fischer|Rehcsif]] 17:38, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
:::::I just suggested a simple way to challenge it. As far as any "stain" on your talk page, I wouldn't be too concerned about it. Everything ever posted on my talk page (except blatant vandalism) is still there. Openness is one of the characteristics of Wikipedia. On the other had it's YOUR talk page. It's very bad form to remove an administrator's warning or an ongoing dispute; however, once this is worked out, I have no problem with you removing the section, and, as far as I know there is no rule against that. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 17:56, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

== Removal of external link ==

Thank you for your efforts to keep Wikipedia clean of link spam. I sympathize with your efforts.

However, you removed an external link that I do not believe qualifies as link spam. You removed the link to [http://www.phogle.com/en/photos/1229.html a close-up photo of a popcorn] from the [[Popcorn]] entry with the motivation "do not add links to pages with advertisements".

To my knowledge there is no Wikipedia policy against external links to pages with a reasonable, limited amount of advertising. [[Wikipedia:External_links]] says links to pages with "objectionable amounts of advertising" are not to be made, but I don't think you can argue that that is the case here. If there is a policy like you mention, please point me to it.

There is no equivalent close-up photo of a popcorn in the Wikimedia Commons, so I believe the photo does add value to the article.

I have added links to photos in various Wikipedia articles, but I do so in good faith to add photos as information where there are no similar photos previously in the articles. I am always up front about adding links, and try to enter good edit summaries of why. If you want to argue against a link to a photo, I will accept it if you motivate it by there being equivalent or better photos, or if you believe the photos are of too poor quality.

I have reverted your removal of the link. If you want to further motivate the removal this link, let's have a discussion here or on the Popcorn talk page!

I am a relatively new Wikipedia editor, and I hope to have a constructive discussion in good faith!

[[User:Erl|Erland Lewin]] 22:10, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

:I don't know of any applicable Wikipedia policy on linking solely to photos on another page, but the problem here more general, as Internet protocol. Linking to a photo on a page, rather than to a page is coloquially known as "stealing bandwidth," and it is at least frowned upon across the Internet. If these are not your pages, do you have the webmasters' permissions to use their bandwidth in this fashion? If these are from your page or pages, why not upload them to Wikipedia? [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 04:40, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

::Regardless of permission and better shots, the referenced photo had horribly boosted underexposed shadow and it is out of focus. I know I could craft a better shot in 15 minutes and that includes microwaving a bag of popcorn and washing my hands before touching the camera due to posing a greasy subject. i.e., the shot is not of particular value and is photographically a notch below a snapshot (i.e., there is not visible person that adds value to a technically damaged shot).

::my $0.02,

:: Sean

== RfC for Alienus ==
Pollinator, I know you have had problems with Alienus constantly reverting your edits in the past. If you are interested, I am collecting information to use in an [[User_talk:DavidBailey#RfC:_Alienus|RfC here]]. [[User:DavidBailey|DavidBailey]] 03:26, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

== Spam ==

No problem, it's my pleasure. =) --[[User:Larry V|Larry V]] ([[User talk:Larry V|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Larry V|contribs]]) 23:21, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

== Larvacide ==

Should it perhaps be "larv'''i'''cide"? That would look better to me, and gets more web hits. Both names should at least be mentioned in the article, unless they mean different things. Good work, by the way. --[[User:Stemonitis|Stemonitis]] 11:31, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
:Done. And thanks. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 13:00, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

== Your removal of relevant external links ==

Hi, this is a curious question, not a complaint ;) You've recently removed two external links from [[inkjet printer]], with a rather severe sounding edit summary, "rem linkspam - do not add commercial pages to Wikipedia". I didn't add these links, and have no personal interest in them. But the removal of them surprises me, and to be honest, if you weren't an admin (or other long-term editor) I'd have reverted your revert. They are at commercial sites, but they're not adverts. One is a mainstream British newspaper and the page consists of user comments on a relevant topic. The other is a commercial site but it's a help/resource page, not an advertisment. So, basically, I'm wondering if you're on a project/mission/crusade to remove all links to profit-making companies from Wikipedia, or if you know something I don't about the motives of the person who added those links... or what? Regards, – [[User:kierant|Kieran T]] ([[User talk:kierant|''talk'']] | [[Special:Contributions/User:kierant|contribs]]) 10:41, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

:I'll take another look when I have a chance. But generally I look over a site with the question: Is this site here to make money? If so, Wikipedia is not here for free advertising, and the sites need to find commercial venues for that. Information can be added to the article. Remember the particular wording may be copyright, but information is free. We also remove sites that are apparently vanity sites to promote someone's interests, or to try to gain Google ranking, etc. See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam]] for more info. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 21:47, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

One of the pages I'm watching is Letterpress. I noticed that you deleted an External link to a Youtube movie. I was going to just put it back, but since I'm also fairly new to Wikipedia, I wasn't exactly sure on the policy, I thought I'd raise the question with you. In the strict sense, the movie may be about a commercial entitiy. However, I haven't seen anything better that demonstrates how letterpress printing works. And, this guy is not really advertising. He's obviously an artist, not a big commercial printing company. He's showing what has now become an artistic process in a really interesting video. I think it's a worthwhile link. Also, are "required third party software" websites not allowed on Wikipedia? Wouldn't that cut out Quicktime or Flash Movies and all databases? Thanks, [[User:Maberry|Sue Maberry]] 00:19, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

==Wood Preservation==
Please review the changes that I have to the article [[Timber treatment]]. --[[User:Lumber Jack second account|Lumber Jack]] 17:40, 4. Jul 2006 (CEST)

== Cuculoupe ==

''Copied from [[User talk:Leon7]]''

Hello Pollinator: You recently deleted an edit I made on the [[Cucumber]] article regarding Cuculoupes. Within the last week, this info was on the AP news service and was picked up by hundreds of news web sites, television and radio stations, etc. I though that it would be of interest to the reader of the article because of it's unusual nature. Your stated reason for the delete was, "rem nonsense "documented" only by pulp magazine." I don't know what kind of documentation you are looking for on breaking news. Obviously, it's too soon for it to hit the print magazines... yet. But, [http://www.nola.com/newsflash/national/index.ssf?/base/national-6/115243087011660.xml&storylist=national Here's one from a New Orleans newspaper.] [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/10/ap/tech/mainD8IPBO806.shtml Here's one from CBS News.] I found at least 500 news stories of this on Google. So what kind of documentation would you like to see? I could not find anything in "pulp magazine" that was relevant, so I don't know what "nonsense" you are referring to. I would, maybe understand it, if you were to say that it's not encyclopedic or professional or something along those lines, and I would respect your opinion. So please reconsider your edit. Otherwise, please educate me on proper citing, since I'm relatively new to WP. Thanks. [[User:Leon7|Leon7]] 03:01, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

:Crosses among cucurbits are not impossible, but the story has some of the earmarks of a hoax, so I'd be cautious. Note the breathless tone of the story, as presented in the pulp magazine you provided as a reference. You half expect to hear them say it was fathered by Elvis.
:Another thing that is conspicuous to anyone who works with cucurbits is the gaps in the story. The quoted "expert" says the cucumber and cantaloupe were planted "close together." The terminology seems unlikely, as this "expert" surely must know that simply being close together would not produce a cross. It's as if the pollen magically jumped from one plant to another. Cucurbit pollen is heavy and sticky and will not be airborne; it needs a pollinator, such as a bee, to carry it from one plant to another. Of course the "expert" could be talking down to a reporter, or the reporter might not be listening very well.
:The fact that it was picked up by major news sources like CBS (''why didn't you link to that in the first place?'') reduces the possibility of a hoax, as they supposedly would check the story out. I'm still not entirely convinced though, as the major news agencies have been hoaxed as well. If you want to put it back in (with better sources), I won't remove it, as the onus will be on them, if it proves to be a phony. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 03:34, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
::Yes, you are right. I should have been more careful and had linked the story to a better source, like CBS. I also found out that [http://www.shreveporttimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060713/LIVING/307140005/1004 Regis & Kelly] had a taste on their [http://www.houmatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/frontpage show], which lessens the chance that it's a hoax. Thanks. [[User:Leon7|Leon7]] 07:35, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
* When you deleted it from the [[cantaloupe]] article, I had already added a real news citiation. I've restored it there as well, and added a cite for the AP story about Regis & Kelly. -- [[User:JHunterJ|JHunterJ]] 12:29, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

== Images on [[Squash vine borer]] ==

I'm pretty sure you provided these... I have a question about how to link them into a wikibook (with instructions on prevention and control, etc.). However, they are on WP, (not on commons), so I'm not sure if I need permission to use them there (or even how to do it).

In case you're wondering, the WB chapter is [[b:A_Wikimanual_of_Gardening_Volume_10/Arthropod_Pests/Lepidopteran_Pests/Squash_Vine_Borer#Control|here]]. [[User:SB Johnny|SB Johnny]] 01:45, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

==removal of relevant external links==
Hi! I'm writing in reference to your deletion of the links I added to the [[Muscadine]] article. I know that they are commercial sites, but I thought it would be informative to include links to wineries producing this varietal in order to give Wikipedia users outlets by which to learn more about the wine. They weren't intended to be spam--I have no stake in the profits of either winery. Is there a Wikipedia regulation barring any external links containing commercial information? If not, I'd like to either re-add the links or agree on a criteria by which to judge whether commercial sites are appropriate. Best! [[User: Havardj|Havardj]] 10:29, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi again. I'm going to re-add the links for now, at least until you have time to respond to my query.
[[User: Havardj|Havardj]] 13:01, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

:I've removed them; they are clearly commercial sites, with no information that could not be added to the articles. See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam]] [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 18:11, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the advice. These guidelines are open to interpretation, but I'm going to say that what I ought to do is incorporate some of the information from the sites into the article, with citations. Are citations to commercial sites ok? [[User:Havardj|Havardj]] Jack 17:15, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

== external links - not clear on policy ==

Re: [[Tomato]], sorry if the link violated Wikipedia policy, but I did read [[Wikipedia:External_links]], and thought it would be okay. I am really just trying to learn a little about Wikipedia before signing up for an account... I'm not sure if you can see a history for IPs, but I've just added an internal link on one page and an external on two others, so I'm not a bot. The site linked to was not spam, had real info, and did not require membership. Are all sites with ads off limits?

:It's not an absolute, but sites with ads have to be extremely good and have info not available elsewhere, to be an exception. In this case the nutrition info is freely available and in the public domain from the USDA, so it can be added to the article. There's no need to help someone sell something (or raise their Google rankings). Wikipedia is not about advertizing. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 21:02, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

==South Carolina==
I've been trying to find people interested in improving the articles only related to York County, so I was rather disappointed to see what a shell the entire South Carolina project actually is (can a project page be marked "stub"?). Is there any hope for revitalizing (or just vitalizing) the project? What has been done? I've done some work with articles for local people and places, but would like to have a group to discuss certain points with, especially others actually in South Carolina. I appreciate your time and look forward to hearing from you! Cheers! --[[User:Chuchunezumi|Chuchunezumi]] 19:33, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
:I've not been around York County much. I hope to be contributing more on South Carolina as I have time, but am much more familiar with the Capital area, Greenville/Spartanburg, Charleston, and Myrtle Beach. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 21:42, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

== green lynx ==

hi,

i uploaded your picture of a green lynx spider to the commons: [[:Image:Greenlynx5640.JPG]]. do you remember where you took it exactly, and when? maybe we could this way tell if it is a [[Peucetia viridans]] or a ''P. longipalpis''. Did you notice that we have now a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Spiders|WikiProject Spiders]]? Feel free to check it out, and contribute if you want :) --[[User:Sarefo|Sarefo]] 09:07, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

:Georgetown, SC. Wish I could contribute, but I'm more at home with six-legged critters... [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 21:36, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

== Image:Sphinx 0889.JPG ==

Wow, how did you come up with [[:Image:Sphinx 0889.JPG]] so quickly? Well, as long as you're helping out with [[Pollination syndrome]], I wonder if you have a picture that focuses on the flower a little more? Cheers, [[User:Melchoir|Melchoir]] 04:47, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

:Probably do, but I'll have to look when I have more time. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 21:38, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

::Okay. Meanwhile, can you think of a good line for a [[Template talk:Did you know]] submission? [[User:Melchoir|Melchoir]] 05:04, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

==My mosquito edits==

I have repeatedly cited wikipedia policy that specifically supports my edits. Fact is, much of this article reads as original research, for example: "Since many mosquitoes breed in [[standing water]], source reduction can be as simple as overturning an old [[tin can]], or can be as complex as permanently draining [[marsh|marshes]]. Much source reduction is a matter of education. For example, homeowners can eliminate mosquito breeding grounds by removing unused plastic [[swimming pool|pools]], old [[tire]]s, or [[bucket]]s; by clearing clogged [[gutter]]s and repairing leaks around [[faucet]]s; by regularly changing water in [[bird bath]]s; and by filling or draining puddles, swampy areas, and tree stumps. Eliminating such mosquito breeding areas can be an extremely effective and permanent way to reduce mosquito populations without resorting to insecticides." Fact is, to be includable on wikipedia, info must be notable and verifiable. Your assertion that "everybody" or "experts in this field" know about the information you add is not a sufficient basis for inclusion per wikipedia guidelines. I know you get that warm feeling of self righteousness when you revert my edits on sight (since our disagreement over [[There's a Skeeter on My Peter]]), but I was discriminating when I deleted what I did and I have wikipedia policy on my side. [[User:Interestingstuffadder|Interestingstuffadder]] 02:42, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

:Obviously you haven't bothered to check any of the external links, several of which give references on source reduction. I don't suppose you've noticed either that I'm also discriminating in reverting your edits. If you make a good one, great! If you are getting far afield I revert. Since you seem to find this controversial, why don't you check the many common sources on this, and add the cites yourself, rather than just deleting useful information. My time on Wikipedia is very limited; and you seem to have a lot of it. And your remarks above show that your edits have at least an element of a personal grudge in them, so I mention again, [[WP:POINT]] which obviously is very relevant. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 02:52, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

:::::Please assume good faith (as wikipedia policy require syou to do). This has nothing to do with a personal grudge. Cites should be at the end of individual sentences; users and editors should not have to dig through "common sources" to verify what is stated in articles. Wikipedia policy on verifiability clearly puts the burden of providing sources on the person who inserts information -- I can legitimately remove unsourced information and policy imposes no obligation to add citations upon me. [[User:Interestingstuffadder|Interestingstuffadder]] 03:11, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

:::::Yes, Please assume good faith (as wikipedia policy requires you to do) and re-read your first comment above... Thank you. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 03:16, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

::::::Fine, I happily retract my comment regarding self righteousness if you read that as a violation as assume good faith. I still stand by my assertion that all of my actions are absolutely supported by wikipedia policy. Please be nice and a touch less condescending; also try actually considerting my arguments and responding to them with something other than snappy one liners or arguments not rooted in wikipedia policy. If you do these things maybe we can get past this silly bickering and move towards what I sincerely to be out shared goal of building a better wikipedia. [[User:Interestingstuffadder|Interestingstuffadder]] 03:34, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

::::::::On another note, great job on the source reduction cite. That is exactly what I am looking for. [[User:Interestingstuffadder|Interestingstuffadder]] 04:36, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

==Replacing photos==

I'm sorry if I offended you with my edits. I did not "delete" your photo as you accuse, evidenced by the fact that you seemingly had no trouble re-adding it to the article. Considering that the whole theory of Wikipedia is built on editing, changing, and removing others' work, I'm a bit perplexed by your harsh reaction to this. Your image was good but it was of low resolution and does not clearly show the form of a paper mill. There is no reason to have two images on such a short article. Wikipedia is not an image gallery. I requested the image for Wikipedia directly from the mill's management and was furnished with it and given explicit permission to use it for this purpose. If this is insufficient or my tags are inappropriate, please correct me on this. Furtheremore, I would greatly appreciate you [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|assuming good faith]] in the future, as I can assure you my intentions were nothing but. Thank you.--[[User:Daveswagon|Daveswagon]] 00:44, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

== Jesus Camp linkspam?? ==

Hi. You left a rather stern linkspam warning regarding [[Jesus Camp]] on [[User talk:Twisted86|my talk page]] today.

I have to admit I am a bit confused, as so far as I know, I have not added any external links to websites with which I am either directly or indirectly affiliated to any Wikipedia articles, with the exception of three external links on my user page, all of which are clearly labeled as "full disclosure" so as to let Wikipedians know my affiliation openly.

Additionally, I have not posted any external links regarding this film or this subject on any pages except the article itself.

I have gone through the article again and the only external links that I have had anything to do with are to the movie's official website, the website of the distribution company (synopsis), the website of the organization depicted in the film. All of these appear to fall within [[WP:EL]].

Perhaps you have me confused with some other Wikipedian??? If not, I would appreciate a clearer explanation of my specific activities that constitute linkspamming — especially as I remove linkspam when I identify it as such. Thanks!

Puzzledly, 
[[User:Twisted86|Twisted86]] 05:45, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

:Hello, again. I haven't heard back from you regarding the above question. I can see from your contributions page that you have been busily editing, but if you could take just a moment to answer my questions, either here or on my talk page, I would appreciate it. If I am doing something wrong, I would certainly like to know what it is so that I can avoid doing it again. Thank you. — [[User:Twisted86|Twisted86]] - [[User talk:Twisted86|Talk]] - at 17:31, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

== [[logo]] change ==

Hi
You removed two links in [[Logo]]. Why are the remaining links acceptable? [[User:Cochese8|Cochese8]] 18:35, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

== BrandsOfTheWorld.com ==

Hi Pollinator,

I just wanted to leave you an note that I'm incredibly frustrated by something you did on the [[Logo]] page. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logo&diff=77647844&oldid=77423529 (→External links - rem linkspam - Wikipedia is not a medium for advertising)] I found that site several weeks ago (probably here on Wikipedia) and found it to be a tremendous resource. Unfortunately I didn't bookmark it and I have since looked all over for it. My first stop was Wikipedia of course, but it wasn't there. So then I looked all over God's green earth and wasted literally about three (3) hours trying to find it. I gave up and went to the [[Talk:Logo|Talk]] page to leave a request asking for someone to add it if anyone knows about it. After saving, I noticed that [[User:Mrqva|Mrqva]] had left a note about the site asking why the link had been removed, and it was removed just four days ago!!! If you are sensing intense frustrated by an overly pendantic deletion that wasted three hours of my time *and* kept many others from learning about that great site, then you are very perceptive. Hmmmfgh.

[[User:MikeSchinkel|MikeSchinkel]] 15:16, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

==Unspecified source for Image:Burn9582.JPG==

Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Burn9582.JPG]]'''. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the [[copyright]] status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the file also doesn't have a copyright tag, then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the {{tl|GFDL-self}} tag can be used to release it under the [[GFDL]]. If you believe the media meets the criteria at [[Wikipedia:Fair use]], use a tag such as {{tlp|Non-free fair use in|article name}} or one of the other tags listed at [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags#Fair_use]]. See [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]] for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=upload&user={{PAGENAMEE}}}} this link]. '''Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been uploaded''', as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you. [[User:Nv8200p|Nv8200p]] [[User_talk:Nv8200p|talk]] 21:50, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

== WikiProject Beekeeping ==

Hi - would you be interested in joining [[WP:BEES|WikiProject Beekeeping]]? It's a new project, but it's my hope that it will quickly grow as we spread the word about it to whoever may be interested. Thanks, [[User:Martinp23|M]][[User:Martinp23/Esperanza|a]][[User_talk:Martinp23|rtinp23]] 11:00, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
==License tagging for Image:Hendersonville downtown 9230.JPG==
Thanks for uploading [[:Image:Hendersonville downtown 9230.JPG]]. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags|image tag]] applied to the [[Wikipedia:Image description page|image description page]] indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

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This is an automated notice by [[User:OrphanBot|OrphanBot]]. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]. 04:06, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

== Image:Bee scale 8948.JPG ==

Just dropping by to pay you a compliment. [[:Image:Bee scale 8948.JPG]] is superb. Thanks for contributing this great shot! — [[User:Coelacan|Coelacan]] | [[User talk:Coelacan|talk]] 03:12, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

== Carpenter bees ==

Hi there. I saw your note about carpenter bees in response to a question on the Bumblebee:Talk page. That's hilaaaarious! I checked out the [[Carpenter bee]] page linked from it, but found only a watered down version about patrolling and pursuing in the [behaviour section]. Is it possible for you to go and add more detail along those lines? You clearly seem fairly knowledgeable in the area... Thanks! --[[User:Arvedui|Arvedui]] 12:53, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

== Images on commons... ==

Hi Pollinator... I keep running across really amazing photos of garden pests on wikipedia articles that I've imported to wikibooks, and you're the creator of most. Just curious: is there any particular reason you're not uploading them on commons instead? I've moved several of your images to commons, and will do a bunch more, but if you'd be willing to save me a step with future downloads, that would be most appreciated :). --[[User:SB_Johnny|'''SB_Johnny''']]|[[User talk:SB_Johnny|talk]]|[[b:User:SBJohnny|books]] 21:48, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Oh, just to make the problem clear: to move them, I have to download the image, and then re-upload it to commons. Aside from allowing use on wikibooks, uploading to commons also allows image use on other-language wikipedias... a much better way th share your works with the world! :-) Also, I really prefer the dual-licence format, just in case someone wanted to use the images in a classroom without having to print out the 2-page GFDL in a handout.... just something to think about. --[[User:SB_Johnny|'''SB_Johnny''']]|[[User talk:SB_Johnny|talk]]|[[b:User:SBJohnny|books]] 21:57, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

== apostrophocide ==

Heh, I saw one of your "apostrophocide" edits and liked the term. Looks like you're the only person [http://www.google.com/search?q=apostrophocide Google] has for this one. You're a vocabulary pioneer! - ([[User:Nuggetboy|Nuggetboy]]) ([[User talk:Nuggetboy|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Nuggetboy|contribs]]) 05:43, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

== Pollination project (book version) ==

Hi Pollinator, I'm redoing the SVB page now (used import to bring the full article over and reworking from there... there's a lot more templates now too), and it reminded me that you had started a stub volume on pollination. Would you be interested in helping get that kick started?

I think the best way to proceed would be to come up with a list of pollination-related wikipedia articles, which I could then import to wikibooks (we have [[Special:Import]] enabled), and then start rewriting them as book chapters. I'm looking for general articles on the subject, as well as articles on pollinating insects (and other creatures), beekeeping, good nectar-source plants, etc. I'm also writing stuff up about garden chemicals (pesticides, herbicides, etc.), and I get the feeling you might know which ones are safe around bees.

In case you're not familiar with the Import tool, this brings the article ''and all it's revisions'' over to wikibooks in one step (only admins can use it, but I'm an admin, so no problem there). For this kind of project it couls save a lot of time and effort, since the chapters don't need to all be written from scratch, and they're fully GFDL compliant.

Anyway, do you have a good list somewhere to get me started (and, would you be into helping on the books side)? You're sort of the resident expert on this, which is why I'm asking you. --[[User:SB_Johnny|'''SB_Johnny''']]|[[User talk:SB_Johnny|talk]]|[[b:User:SBJohnny|books]] 14:44, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

:Yes, a lot more work is needed on pollination. And many plant species don't have anything on their pollination specifics, so I've been wishing I had the time to do a lot of work on it. But that probably won't happen unless I retire again (went back to work); my time on Wikipedia is quite limited.

:Also, I have no idea how to use the "import tool" or even what it is. And what is SVB? I uploaded some images to commons once, then could not find out how to link them, so I suppose they are "lost." Can you explain a little more specifically, as I don't have a lot of time to go into the tech aspects?

:Finally, please keep in mind that, unless you would say "Catholics and Christians," you ought not to say "herbicides and pesticides," because herbicides ARE pesticides. And "it's" is a contraction of "it is" not a possessive form... [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 04:33, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

::OK... I'll do some research on the pollination stuff, though primarily on chemical sensitivity. Though one thing I'm wondering about: have you heard any bad things about [[Beauveria bassiana]] when it comes to collateral damage to pollinators? I'm researching that today (it's a fungal biocontrol of unknown selectivity).

::Linking to commons images is the exact same as linking to a file in wikipedia's Image: namespace. For example, if you look now at [[:Image:Hawk_moth_7294.jpg]] (your upload), you'll notice that the wikipedia page is actually just a copy of the commons page (the image here was actually deleted after I moved it to commons). The one thing to watch for on commons though is to make sure to add the licence tag as you're loading it, because unlicenced images are speedy-delete candidates the second they appear.

::SVB -- Squash Vine Borer. The import tool is a tool that makes a full copy of an article and moves it to wikibooks, ''with all revisions'', so you can look through the edit history on either copy, and it's better for copyright reasons.

::I use "herbicide" vs. "pesticide" because that's how the words are used in the trade. I will be switching that to "herbicide", "insecticide", "acaricide", molluscicide", etc. as I get around to more substances. And yeah, "it's" is a bad keyboarding habit :). I don't do that when writing long-hand, but it tends to pop out of my keyboard. Feel free to correct me. --[[User:SB_Johnny|'''SB_Johnny''']]|[[User talk:SB_Johnny|talk]]|[[b:User:SBJohnny|books]] 12:14, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

:::Ah, thanks for the link to [[Beauveria bassiana]]. I think I've seen it on maggots and caterpillars, but never knew what it is. In fact, I think I have some photos, if I can find the time to find them. I've never noticed it on bees or bee larvae. Other than that, it's a brand new item to me. I'll be watching for more on it now. I might pose a question about it to some of my entomological friends.

:::And thanks for the explanation of the photo links. I guess it was too simple for me to get it... [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 02:57, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

::::Oh sorry, I ''did'' find some mention in the literature about possible hazards to pollinating insects (as well as some other scary things). See [[b:A Wikimanual of Gardening/Beauveria bassiana]]. Looks like pretty much any arthropod not adapted to live in soil is vulnerable (which makes me wonder whether and how it would affect Bumblebees and Yellow Jackets). My guess is that it would be a total nightmare if this stuff was introduced into a beehive (there are formulations labeled for both fire ants and termites, so I assume it can be brought back to the colony by individuals).

::::Speaking of photos... do you happen to have any of mealybugs or aphid mummies? I can't find either on commons. --[[User:SB_Johnny|'''SB_Johnny''']]|[[User talk:SB_Johnny|talk]]|[[b:User:SBJohnny|books]] 11:33, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

== Photo of slab-on-ground under heading "concrete" ==

In the caption to this phote there is a small error. The word "rebar" is slang for reinforcement bar. What the workers are placing is not rebar but welded wire reinforcement, abbreviated WWR, sometimes called welded wire mesh. (Comment by 75.46.23.109) [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 14:40, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

:Look at the enlarged photo. It's not welded, it's wired together - and I'm pretty sure it's rebar. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 14:38, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

== Seneca nation ==

Hello Pollinator.

I understand that you recent reverted the Seneca Nation page based on some rationale that the page was edited heavy handily and in a biased manner. Please understand that this page has been edited in the past in a heavy handed and biased manner and requires some serious edits to correct.

Also, keep in mind that there are individuals that wish to edit the Seneca Nation page in a manner that reflects extremely negatively on the Seneca Nation. Do you know who these individuals are? I do, and their name is constantly on the page. If you want to get involved then please do so, but do not do so in a manner that assist people that are considered by every native nation to be racists and extremely anti-native.

If you do not know what is going on with this page, then please provide assistance, not some robotic knee jerk reaction to an edit that does not conform to the ideals of wikipedia. It may not conform for a serious reason that requires exposure to the light of day beyond the normal means of communication.

As such, did you read the content I edited into the page. It is all factual and based on information the comes directly from the Seneca Nation. I should know, because this is the information that I work with everyday. Other editors to this page have an agenda against the Seneca Nation and do not want the Seneca Nation to provide its voice to the page that describes it. I feel that you are not one of these people (from your content, it appears that you are very much devoted to Wikipedia). Please keep in mind that Wikipedia is not a forum to promote hate against a group of people, especially a discreet and insular minority. My edits do not promote animosity, but provide a well rounded truth about the Seneca Nation.

I expect you to review the edits you made to the Seneca Nation page and evaluate the content prior to upholding your reaction to my edits. If you perceive that I am out of line and wish to uphold your revert, then I will insist to Wikipedia monitors that the page be monitored due to the seriousness of the implications involved.

Thank you for your time and effort in making wikipedia a better place. Onigeahyoh.

[[User:Scuggy|Scuggy]] 23:05, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

: Responded at [[Talk:Seneca nation]] [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 14:43, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

==Plants and pollinators==
I like your [[:Category:Plants and pollinators]] category, which I just saw you add to ''[[Banksia brownii]]''. I'll keep it in mind for other articles I'm involved in; for example, I'm about to tag [[Ecology of Banksia|Ecology of ''Banksia'']] into it. Do you think it appropriate for any article that mentions pollination, however briefly? For example, would you put ''[[Banksia epica]]'' in this category? ''[[Banksia integrifolia]]''? ''[[Banksia]]''? [[User talk:Hesperian|Hesperian]] 04:43, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
:Up to now, mere mention of pollination has not been added to the category. I think it should be treated a little more extensively, don't you? Can you add info on pollination, as you add it to the category? [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 04:46, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
::Sorry, I don't understand you. By "it should be treated a little more extensively", do you mean that we should tag articles into the category more extensively, i.e. mere mention of pollination should be enough to warrant inclusion in the category? Or that we should require a more extensive discussion of pollination before admitting it into the category? I guess I prefer the latter approach; I would prefer to include only articles that attempt an extensive discussion on pollination, rather than just mentioning it in passing.
::''[[Banksia epica]]'' remains a thorny example. Very little is known of the species, so the brief paragraph on pollination is not only extensive but exhaustive, yet it remains not really very much:
:::''Pollinators of B. epica include the New Holland Honeyeater and the Yellow-rumped Thornbill. No other pollinators have been recorded, but the species is poorly surveyed, and studies of other Banksia species have consistently indicated a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate pollinators. For example, a survey of the closely related and co-occurring B. media found that "honeyeater birds and marsupial nectarivores were abundant in the study area and most carried the pollen of Banksia media while it flowered... self-pollination and pollination by insects clearly also play major roles in seed production."''
::[[User talk:Hesperian|Hesperian]] 05:07, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
:::Yes, the latter approach is what I intended, although, as you note ''B. epica'' could be a candidate simply because so little is known...and the article summarizes that in entirety [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 05:10, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

== silversword pollinators ==
I removed the mention of pollinator loss being a factor in silversword rarity. I studied the native bees (which are almost certainly the main pollinators), and Haleakala has one of the highest densities of native bees in Hawaii. As for the Mauna Kea silversword, it's probably more of a problem that the plants have been pushed into areas where the bees don't live. [[User:KarlM|KarlM]] 04:01, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

== [[Dizzy Gillespie]] ==

noticed you did some edits there a while back - check it out now. I noticed you uploaded the picture of his statue - seen it often on my drives from NC though SC and would have uploaded a picture if you hadn't already (I think the statue is more than life size.) Anyway lot's of changes and a touch of controversy about the opening paragraph.--[[User:Smkolins|Smkolins]] 23:35, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

==[[Talk:Southern United States]]==
Please don't delete other people's comments from Talk pages. [[User:Zoe]]|[[User talk:Zoe|(talk)]] 23:18, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

:I didn't. Apparently there was a glitch in the software due to an edit conflict. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 23:20, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

== Article: Fertilizer - External link to Fertilizer Institute (Your edit @ 05:46, 9 January 2007) ==
I have restored the correct link to The Fertilizer Institute (http://www.tfi.org/factsandstats/fertilizer.cfm) which had been vandalised by an unknown "contributor" (24.162.76.235). I am not sure how one can protect against this kind of subversion of external links. Any useful suggestions? [[User:81.131.52.110|81.131.52.110]] 18:44, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

OK so you have nothing to say about your careless deletion. Why did you not revert to the previous version which would have restored the correct link. Perhaps you prefer wikipedia to be a blank page. [[User:81.131.32.119|81.131.32.119]] 18:27, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

:I haven't been on Wikipedia so did not see your previous message. But the link is a spam link, and has such will be removed. I note that another editor also removed it. Wikipedia is not a medium for advertising. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 21:38, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

== Lepidoptera ==

Hi Pollinator, just been on Wikibreak so just got your message. I will see what I can do with your lep pics but it may be a little generalized as I don't know much about American species [[User:Richard Barlow|Richard Barlow]] 12:57, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
==Bees and inebriation==
Please take a look at my rough draft at [[User talk:Filll/beedrunk]] and give me your opinion.--[[User:Filll|Filll]] 21:28, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
:With the help of [[User:Dyanega]], I have now revised [[User talk:Filll/beedrunk]] and I am pondering publishing it on WP as [[Bees and intoxication]] or some such title. Comments?--[[User:Filll|Filll]] 23:20, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

== SPAM message ==

Hi. This is a dynamic IP from Poland. So please delete your message. --[[User:83.11.78.93|83.11.78.93]] 09:16, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:83.11.78.93&diff=cur]

==Chilean edits==
Hello, {{PAGENAME}}, since you have made several edits to articles about Chile, you may be interested in looking at the [[Wikipedia:Chile-related regional notice board]] to pick up on other topics that need attention, or to express needs which you perceive pertaining to Chile. [[User:Jaxhere|'''J''''''A''''''X''''''HERE''']] | [[User_talk:Jaxhere|'''T''''''a''''''l''''''k''']] 02:43, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

== A quick thanks ==

For your astrophocidal tendencies. --[[User:Ginkgo100|Ginkgo100]][[User talk:Ginkgo100|''talk'']] 03:56, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

==[[Short Hills Bench]]==
I found your name in the edit history for the Niagara Escarpment article. Would you cleanup this article after the initial contributor gets done with creating it? It is in poor shape, and I am not qualified to do it. Thanks & Cheers! [[User:Royalbroil|'''Royal''''''broil''']] [[User talk:Royalbroil|T]] : [[Special:Contributions/Royalbroil|C]] 21:54, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

==Unspecified source for Image:Jesamine9493.JPG==

Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Jesamine9493.JPG]]'''. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the [[copyright]] status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the {{tl|GFDL-self}} tag can be used to release it under the [[GFDL]]. If you believe the media meets the criteria at [[Wikipedia:Fair use]], use a tag such as {{tlp|Non-free fair use in|article name}} or one of the other tags listed at [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags#Fair use]]. See [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]] for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [{{fullurl:Special:Log|type=upload&user={{PAGENAMEE}}}} this link]. '''Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged''', as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If the image is copyrighted under a [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Fair use|non-free license]] (per [[Wikipedia:Fair use]]) then '''the image will be deleted [[WP:CSD#I7|48 hours]] after 19:11, 3 February 2007 (UTC)'''. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you. [[User:BigDT|BigDT]] 19:11, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

== Serpent Mound Image ==

Hi, I noticed you are the contributor of the main image in the [[Serpent Mound]] article. This image looks like a photo-manipulation. It is far too green and far over saturated. Can you check to ensure the version you uploaded is not a photo-manip and is in fact authentically what was recorded by your camera or that your camera was not in a setting to record a very saturated picture. I live in Ohio and it is defnly not this green ;) Perhaps you have a problem with the color profile calibration in your monitor?

If you don't have a more natural representation of the Serpent Mound, I can donate one of mine. Nature is beautiful, just as olive and drab as it really is. I think making it greener just makes it look false, not more esthetic. [[User:John187|John187]] 20:08, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

:No, the photo is not manipulated in any way. It was a crisp, clear day with very low humidity, which made the images vivid. It was only cropped slightly and resized. I think the criticism is grossly unjustified, and therefore somewhat insulting. If you want to add a drab image from a blah day, please feel free, but I defend this photo as accurate.

:By the way, when you add a comment on a user talk page, please put it at the bottom. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 20:32, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

==Rationale==
I don't understand your rationale of "cleanup" by eliminating the link to the main article in [[Mexico]] Languages of Mexico. --[[User:Dúnadan|theDúnadan]] 00:52, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

:If I did, it wasn't intentional. There was an edit conflict. Sorry. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 00:59, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
::I fully agree with grammar corrections here and there, but deleting pictures (soccer stadium) and sourced information (GDP according to CIA) doesn't seem justifiable as mere "cleanup". In spite of your amazing history of constructive contributions I am tempted to revert at least these two particular changes. If, there is a rule in Wikipedia of which I am unaware pertaining to the "clenaup" of articles, then please let me know. --[[User:Dúnadan|theDúnadan]] 01:02, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
:::I just added back the link you requested. as well as fix an error. The others all are due to the edit conflict, I think. I didn't intentionally do any of them. Because of the edit conflict, I had to do some cutting and pasting, which, I guess is error prone. Please go ahead and fix them, if you wish. If not, I'll try to do it. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 01:07, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
::::OK, I understand. Thanks for clarifying. --[[User:Dúnadan|theDúnadan]] 01:09, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for removing the commercial links on the "Skopelos". They bothered me for "unencyclopedianess" so I'm glad they're gone. I would have removed them myself but I wasn't sure on what grounds. Now I know.[[User:Skopelos-slim|Skopelos-Slim]] 16:16, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

==callery pear discussion continued==
saw this from a friend of mine from the NY Times. it goes directly to the point i was illustrating about unsourced tags. it allows for no further verification of any of the claims on that page:
February 21, 2007
A History Department Bans Citing Wikipedia as a Research Source
By NOAM COHEN

When half a dozen students in Neil Waters's Japanese history class at
Middlebury College asserted on exams that the Jesuits supported the
Shimabara Rebellion in 17th-century Japan, he knew something was
wrong. The Jesuits were in "no position to aid a revolution," he said;
the few of them in Japan were in hiding.

He figured out the problem soon enough. The obscure, though incorrect,
information was from Wikipedia, the collaborative online encyclopedia,
and the students had picked it up cramming for his exam.

Dr. Waters and other professors in the history department had begun
noticing about a year ago that students were citing Wikipedia as a
source in their papers. When confronted, many would say that their
high school teachers had allowed the practice.

But the errors on the Japanese history test last semester were the
last straw. At Dr. Waters's urging, the Middlebury history department
notified its students this month that Wikipedia could not be cited in
papers or exams, and that students could not "point to Wikipedia or
any similar source that may appear in the future to escape the
consequences of errors."

With the move, Middlebury, in Vermont, jumped into a growing debate
within journalism, the law and academia over what respect, if any, to
give Wikipedia articles, written by hundreds of volunteers and subject
to mistakes and sometimes deliberate falsehoods. Wikipedia itself has
restricted the editing of some subjects, mostly because of repeated
vandalism or disputes over what should be said.

Although Middlebury's history department has banned Wikipedia in
citations, it has not banned its use. Don Wyatt, the chairman of the
department, said a total ban on Wikipedia would have been impractical,
not to mention close-minded, because Wikipedia is simply too handy to
expect students never to consult it.

At Middlebury, a discussion about the new policy is scheduled on
campus on Monday, with speakers poised to defend and criticize using
the site in research.

Jimmy Wales, the co-founder of Wikipedia and chairman emeritus of its
foundation, said of the Middlebury policy, "I don't consider it as a
negative thing at all."

He continued: "Basically, they are recommending exactly what we
suggested — students shouldn't be citing encyclopedias. I would hope
they wouldn't be citing Encyclopaedia Britannica, either.

"If they had put out a statement not to read Wikipedia at all, I would
be laughing. They might as well say don't listen to rock 'n' roll
either."

Indeed, the English-language version of the site had an estimated 38
million users in the United States in December, and can be hard to
avoid while on the Internet. Google searches on such diverse subjects
as historical figures like Confucius and concepts like torture give
the Wikipedia entry the first listing.

In some colleges, it has become common for professors to assign
students to create work that appears on Wikipedia. According to
Wikipedia's list of school and university projects, this spring the
University of East Anglia in England and Oberlin College in Ohio will
have students edit articles on topics being taught in courses on the
Middle East and ancient Rome.

In December 2005, a Columbia professor, Henry Smith, had the graduate
students in his seminar create a Japanese bibliography project, posted
on Wikipedia, to describe and analyze resources like libraries,
reference books and newspapers. With 16 contributors, including the
professor, the project comprises dozens of articles, including 13 on
different Japanese dictionaries and encyclopedias.

In evaluations after the class, the students said that creating an
encyclopedia taught them discipline in writing and put them in contact
with experts who improved their work and whom, in some cases, they
were later able to interview.

"Most were positive about the experience, especially the training in
writing encyclopedia articles, which all of them came to realize is
not an easy matter," Professor Smith wrote in an e-mail message. "Many
also retained their initial ambivalence about Wikipedia itself."

The discussion raised by the Middlebury policy has been covered by
student newspapers at the University of Pennsylvania and Tufts, among
others. The Middlebury Campus, the student weekly, included an opinion
article last week by Chandler Koglmeier that accused the history
department of introducing "the beginnings of censorship."

Other students call the move unnecessary. Keith Williams, a senior
majoring in economics, said students "understand that Wikipedia is not
a responsible source, that it hasn't been thoroughly vetted." Yet he
said, "I personally use it all the time."

Jason Mittell, an assistant professor of American studies and film and
media culture at Middlebury, said he planned to take the pro-Wikipedia
side in the campus debate. "The message that is being sent is that
ultimately they see it as a threat to traditional knowledge," he said.
"I see it as an opportunity. What does that mean for traditional
scholarship? Does traditional scholarship lose value?"

For his course "Media Technology and Cultural Change," which began
this month, Professor Mittell said he would require his students to
create a Wikipedia entry as well as post a video on YouTube, create a
podcast and produce a blog for the course.

Another Middlebury professor, Thomas Beyer, of the Russian department,
said, "I guess I am not terribly impressed by anyone citing an
encyclopedia as a reference point, but I am not against using it as a
starting point."

And yes, back at Wikipedia, the Jesuits are still credited as
supporting the Shimabara Rebellion.
[[User:Vargob|Vargob]] 17:31, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

== Power Trip ==

How is it that you can justify erasing links that are important to a particular town, when you do not live in this town and cannot know the impact of what this particular link means, nor it's importance in recognizing certain places of interest within the town?

I think you need to get off your high horse and allow one little link to escape your desire to hit your precious delete key. It is powertripping editors like you that keep articles bare and underwhelming.

We have had several people contribute the link, only for you to arbitrarily delete it. Obviously we feel it is important to the town as well as awareness within it. ''(Edit by [[198.22.123.105]] - Please sign your edits and place at the end of the talk page [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 02:52, 25 February 2007 (UTC))''

== Stop it ==

Seriously, you are lying when you said I have made no attempt to justify my inclusion of a link on the Spartanburg page. Plain out lying. Look at my talk page, look at Spartanburg's talk page. Several people have contributed the link, only to have you remove it. Seems like you are violating the 3 revert rule and contributing to an edit war, not to mention letting your own selfishness dictate what you think does and doesn't belong to an article.

There are many of these types of photo archive external links on Wiki articles about cities, towns, etc. There is no self-promotion, no submission of the link by any owners of the website, and they provide valuable info about the cities.

SINCE YOU DO NOT LIVE HERE, you have NO IDEA the impact these pictures have had on the town and its citizens. It has brought about awareness and attention to certain areas people knew nothing about before, and has even contributed to the contents of the Spartanburg Wiki article, as many of the places are featured in the photo archive provided as an external link. --[[User:Darklight1138|Darklight1138]] 20:12, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

:Likewise, you have no idea whether I live here or not, but that is irrelevant. What is relevant is Wikipedia policy. Railing at me does not qualify as an attempt to gain consensus. And the proper place to do so is on the Spartanburg talk page.
:You should realize (as a newbie here) that I have repeately given you opportunity to make your case (hopefully in a civil manner). I could have blocked you for 3 reverts, or for replacing a link identified as spam, without justifying it and gaining consensus, or for your personal attacks. Wikipedia is not a collection of links. And the link referenced is cute, of course, but not encyclopedic.
:Furthermore "several people" includes a couple anonymous editors (which proves nothing), and one account that has made only two edits - to the Slobot page and to the Spartanburg page. This gives the appearance of a sock puppet here. Is it? [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 02:10, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

:: I have made my case...several times. Go to the New York wiki article. At the bottom is basically the same thing; a collection of photos of various points of interest about the area. So why does that exist and you continually erase a link provided by several editors, NOT SOCK PUPPETS? And with the whole "sock puppet" claim, why are you hardcore editors so prone to assumption? That's a terrible quality to have when dealing with what people think is important to content.

:: Obviously there is a plurality to the opinion that the link belongs. And there is your sole opinion that it doesn't. Sounds like consensus to me. At it looks to me you yourself are in violation of the '3 revert rule', or does it not apply to people like you?

:: The link provides an archive to pictures posted on the Herald-Journal's official online site. These pictures show different areas of Spartanburg that can appeal to both residents and outsiders who wish to visit these places. It is not a personal website nor a source of income (therefore, the whole self-promotion assumption is rubbish), and it certainly is not spam (which seems like yet another poor and outright wrong opinion).

:: It also serves as a photo reference to many of the points brought up in the actual Wiki article. The Chapman Cultural Center, The Showroom, Glendale Mills, Lawson's Fork Creek... All of these are featured in many pictures provided by the external link. There isn't much in terms of online content in relation to Spartanburg, so any kind of sites that can provide content is a welcome thing, not a hinderance.

:: I know it isn't Wiki policy for you to justify its deletion (which is a serious policy flaw), but can you honestly say why the link does not belong there? It IS relevant that you do not live here; how can you say how relevant and beneficial the site is towards awareness of the areas of interest within Spartanburg? --[[User:Darklight1138|Darklight1138]] 03:26, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

::: Nothing to say to that, huh? Thought so... [[User:Darklight1138|Darklight1138]] 22:39, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

== Need your Help ==
Hi, my name is Sandy. I work at the Wikimedia Foundation. There is a reporter that would like to talk to active wikipedians in South Carolina. Do you think you could help out? Please email me when you get a chance. My email is [email protected]. Thanks, Sandy

== Featured picture candidates ==

Could you please vote in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_picture_candidates/Park_of_the_Greater_Colombia_-_C%C3%BAcuta%2C_Colombia my image]?

--[[User:Ricardocolombia|Ricardo Ramírez]] 21:58, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

== Black bear track? ==

Dave,

I noticed your photo of a bear track on the black bear article. Having seen literally hundreds of bear tracks, my wife and I think that your picture does not look at all like a bear track. If it is one, it is very atypical--either it slipped in the mud, or it is something different, something with longer toes (racoon?). What were the circumstances of the photo? If you say it was a bear track I will believe you, but I'm wondering if a different picture wouldn't be better. I don't guarantee I'll be quick about it, but I can get one of our track photos scanned in--something more typical. In fact, I might get inspired to scan photos of scat, cubs, claw marks on trees, torn-open logs, etc. (we spent several years involved with black bear studies). Hopefully I do not sound too critical of your photo. Just glancing at all you do on Wikipedia, I must say it is very impressive. Folks like you are behind the greatness of this site. [[User:Provophys|Provophys]] 08:23, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

== Nonsense edits, muchly sorry ==

Extremely extreme apologies. I've been assessing articles in various projects, and obviously got a little mixed up. Normally I can multi-task better than that. Thanks for the notification; I'll be more careful in the future. --[[User:Ebyabe|Ebyabe]] 15:11, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

== Wasp ==

Hi Pollinator.

Just to let you know the duplicate linkmania on wasps won't be long lived. I've literally just doubled the article in size and i'm not working my way back through it to clear up the new stuff. Sorry for the excessive linking but its where old stuff has been linked then I've added new stuff and linked it in. Will sort it out as I'm cleaning up the article. I'm trying to push it towards g.a. or even f.a. status as I think it really has the potential. Any help you can offer is greatly appreaciated. Thanks. [[User:WikipedianProlific|WikipedianProlific]][[User_Talk:WikipedianProlific|(Talk)]] 01:29, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

== Honey Bee vs Hoverfly ==

Thank you for correcting about [[:Image:Honey bee on purple flower.jpg]], now called [[:Image:Syrphid fly on Virginia Bluebells.jpg]]. I guess I was just as fooled as any predator looking at it. I looked at the Honey Bee images and they looked very similar, but looking at the Hoverfly images I see how I made my mistake. How do you tell the difference? [[User:HighInBC|HighInBC]](Need help? [[User_talk:HighInBC|Ask me]]) 14:12, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

:Never mind, I figured it out. Different legs, wings, eyes, antenna. [[User:HighInBC|HighInBC]](Need help? [[User_talk:HighInBC|Ask me]]) 16:39, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

== "Inappropriate Links" ==

Just prior to posting this, I found a message from you, "Please do not add inappropriate external links to Wikipedia.". I tried to email a response, but--though I have an email address in my profile--WP seems not to want to send it. I don't want eat space here discussing it, but would appreciate an email from you with a response address so that I can make my case off WP space. I am at [email protected] (and, of course, believe the links to be appropriate). —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Owlcroft|Owlcroft]] ([[User talk:Owlcroft|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Owlcroft|contribs]]) 04:01, 27 March 2007 (UTC{{{3|}}}) [[User:Shenme|Shenme]] 04:24, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
:Hello, I'm going to make the same response on their user talk page as I did an hour ago at someone else's. Off-Wikipedia is not appropriate because any 'evidence' needs to be visible to ''any'' editor, now and in the future. Space on Wikipedia is expressly ''for'' discussing issues ''at'' Wikipedia. [[User:Shenme|Shenme]] 04:24, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
::Very well, then.

::The links I added were one link each to WP pages on certain vegetables, and the links were to pages I maintain on a non-commercial site dedicated to home-garden growing of vegetables, herbs, and fruits; each linked page is wholly about the corresponding vegetable, and includes not only pretty comprehensive information about growing that vegetable, and some background biology and history of the vegetable, but--and this is the unique focus of the site--more or less (depending on the particular vegetable) extensive discussion of the ''best-tasting'' cultivars for the home gardener, whose concerns are very different from those of commercial growers.

::If one examines the [[WP:EL]] (Wikipedia criteria for External Links), one finds the following here-relevant material:

::''What should be linked:'' "Sites that contain neutral and accurate material that cannot be integrated into the Wikipedia article due to copyright issues, '''amount of detail''' . . . or other reasons." [emphasis added] An extensive treatise on selecting varieties of and planting and growing a particular vegetable qualifies, I daresay, as material that cannot be integrated into the article owing to amount of detail.

:: ''What should not be linked:'' There are 13 criteria, and I will not rehearse them all here. The only ones that I can conceive anyone even remotely thinking salient are #3, "Links mainly intended to promote a website", and #4, "Links to sites that primarily exist to sell products or services". Taking last first, anyone who visits the site (growingtaste.com) can, I think, see that it is not primarily (or secondarily) to sell anything; there is an associated Amazon bookshop on the site, and some small AdSense ads, but I really think no one visiting any of the linked pages could rationally say they are there to sell anything. As to #3, again I put it to anyone who wants to visit first the WP page on some vegetable--say [[Beet|Beets, WP]]--and then visit the page I had linked (the links have been removed, I presume by Pollinator), in that case [[http://growingtaste.com/vegetables/beet.shtml Beets, external site]], and see for yourself whether or not the link is relevant to the WP page or is "mainly to promote" the website. And, as everyone knows, External Links are all nofollow'ed anyway. (Or select ''any'' common vegetable you want and make the same comparison.)

::It was my intent, now that the 2007 updates are all done, to add a link for each detail page I have to the WP page for the corresponding vegetable, herb, or fruit (assuming I don't find a reasonably equivalent link, which I never have). I may add that so far as I got before Pollinator exercised his veto, I saw no other links to articles on selecting and growing cultivars of the vegetable in question.

::If I am astray here, I would be interested in knowing exactly how, with reference to particular points in the [[WP:EL]]. I need to know whether I will be able to re-insert the links without raising anyone's hackles.

::I have worked long and hard on that site--just about every page is the product of literally tens of hours spent reviewing material on the subject vegetable, and in composing the text--and have to do a lot of it all anew every season as new cultivars become available (or disappear); it would be nice to think that the end results are things people with an interest home-growing in this or that vegetable can readily find. ([http://hendry.ifas.ufl.edu/Veg_Gard.htm "Gardening is the # 1 hobby in the United States."])

[[User:Owlcroft|Eric Walker]] 22:54, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

:Adding links to multiple pages is one of the identifying characteristics of spammers (not to speak of the ads on your page). It would be a rare case where multiple links would be allowed by the spam patrol. Pick ONE page you wish to link to and make your case on that page's talk. It might be a good idea to note this and link to your request at [[Wikipedia talk:Spam]]. If you can convince and get an administrator to add your link, I won't remove it. But if you try adding multiple links again, you'll likely get blocked by one of the spam patrol. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 16:36, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

::So far as I can see, the objections boil down to these two propositions:

::1. No site can have more than one page that any WP article or articles could legitimately have reason to include as an External Link.

::2. Any page containing a Google adsense insert is ''perforce'' a page existing primarily to sell things.

::When the actual positions are set out clearly and honestly like that--let me phrase this as delicately as I can--certain deficiencies in the argument seem to manifest themselves.

::Consider #1: any one WP page can and should link (if at all) only once to any particular external site; that is clear and unquestioned. But that different particular WP articles ''cannot''--as a supposed matter of general principle--each have valid reasons to link to some one different page of a large, diverse web site is a strange concept. A site on pets with a long page on dogs, another long page on cats, and a third long page on parrots--such a site can only ever be linked from ''one'' WP page? Which one? Why that one? Why none of the others? If all such pages were simply made into separate sites--a dog site, a cat site, a parrot site--would the individual WP page links to the new dog site, the cat site, the parrot site, and so then be ok? Apparently so. But how does that differ in any meaningful way from the actual situation?

::Repetition apparently being necessary here, let me again set forth the substance, in nearly the exact words, of what [[WP:EL]] so clearly says on the matter: an External Link is appropriate if 1) it contains neutral and accurate material that cannot be integrated into the Wikipedia article due to amount of detail, 2) is not present mainly to promote a website, and 3) does not lead to a site that primarily exists to sell products or services. Simple as 1-2-3.

::Now what are we to take the meanings of the [[WP:EL]] words ''mainly'' and ''primarily'' to be? Is there any reason to suppose they are not what any desk dictionary supplies for them? Google's own policies require that adsense not be placed on any page whose main purpose is to present the ads, and I daresay they police their policies at least as well as any "spam patrol" polices WP. To determine whether a particular page exists "primarily" to sell things, via adsense or otherwise, all that is needed is to '''take a look at the actual page'''; if it is useful and relevant, then it is useful and relevant, and the adsense insert is immaterial. (If it is not, register a complaint with Google, who will soon enough settle that site's hash.)

::While we're quoting actual policy, since [[Wikipedia:Spam]] was mentioned, let's repeat what ''it'' says about External Links; in fact, it essentially repeats [[WP:EL]], to wit: "Adding external links to an article or user page for the purpose of promoting a website or a product is not allowed, and is considered to be spam." That is ''all'' it says that is remotely pertinent here.

::My guess is that the "spam patrol" has not, in fact, looked at any of the link pages in question. I cannot dream how anyone who had would not agree that the individual pages, each dedicated to a particular vegetable or fruit, are each appropriate to a WP article on the corresponding vegetable or fruit. If there is a question of their usefulness, or the accuracy of the material, or any ''content-related'' matter, fine: I would be happy to discuss those things. But a blanket claim that all pages--those or any others from anywhere else--are disqualified merely by the presence of adsense on them is a private conception, not WP policy.

::I ask again for you to please ''look'' at the site, and/or any of the individual pages at issue here, consider the words of [[WP:EL]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]], and ''then'' state your exact '''WP-policy-based''' objections, if any remain, to the proposed links.

::It can be reliably shown that virtually all spammers eat bread, often just hours before spamming; moreover, the great majority have noses. That does not make everyone with a nose who eats bread a spammer, ok?

::Let me finish by noting that the one poor devil whose interests seem never to be discussed or considered in these sorts of discussions is the WP '''user'''. The first and foremost question that should be in the mind of anyone who creates or edits a WP page is "What is the typical visitor likely to be coming here in search of?" WP is not a playing field for The Bold and Pure Knights of Castle Niggle to tourney upon: it is a resource for the general public, one whose goal is (or is supposed to be) to assist and inform that public. What is the typical visitor to an article on carrots likely to be looking for? It could be any of several things: what, in general, is a carrot? What is the botanical status of carrots? How are carrots used? Where can they be grown and where are they grown? What is their economic and social history? How can they be eaten? And, yes, ''how might one grow them in a home vegetable garden?'' No one article on carrots can--or should--answer all those questions in great depth. A WP article should try to touch on each of them, then give links to various pages that answer the individual questions in greater depth. If such a page exists within WP, it would be the first choice, if it is at a suitable depth. If there are no good WP pages on a given point, then an external page is linked, provided it answers the corresponding question at some depth and is not in some way offensive. The End.
::[[User:Owlcroft|Eric Walker]] 22:05, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

:::What about my suggestions? Have you tried them? Note that adding your site to multiple pages is one of the quickest ways to alert the spam patrol. ''"...a [[spammer]] will often add the same link to multiple articles. This is often confirmation that the user is not editing in good faith."'' If you are editing in good faith, you may also wish to spend some time perusing [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam]].

:::Also note that ads such as your bookstore and the Google ads count against you. There are some links on Wikipedia to sites that have Google ads, to be sure, but when evaluated as spam, the ads can tip the scales against a page when there is any question. Please don't bother to try to convince me. Actually I've looked at your pages extensivly and though fairly good, there was too much weight against them in terms of your ads and bookstore, and your multiple listing. I've made my judgement. You now have to convince the community, which is not impossible - and if you do, I will happy to abide by it. But you would be wise to start with the suggestions I made, and not argue your case here where few will see it. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 02:35, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

::::Hello, hello--is anyone listening?

::::Quote: ''"...a [[spammer]] will often add the same link to multiple articles"'' '''THIS ISN'T THE SAME LINK!''' Sorry to shout, but apparently conversational tones are not being heard. I was posting a different page link at each WP page. The WP page on carrots was linked to a page on selecting flavorsome carrot cultivars and growing them; the WP page on beets was linked to a page on selecting the best beet cultivar and growing it.

::::This is delightful: ''there was too much weight against them in terms of your ads and bookstore, and your multiple listing.'' The "multiple listing", of course, has nothing to do with the pages themselves. The bookstore is related to the pages only in that every site page has a site directory; the ads--well, we have rehearsed that more than enough.

::::"I've made my judgement." In other words, you will take it on yourself to censor all links to a "fairly good" site owing to personal bias (I say "bias" advisedly, since you still, after all these explicit requests, have yet to demonstrate how your personal preferences are to be supposed to comport with the published Wikipedia standards).

::::"You now have to convince the community...." OK, if I find enough spare time, I will post advisory requests on the various Talk pages. But that one peckinsniff can oblige a good netizen to go through that trouble 87 times (48 vegetables, 27 herbs, and 12 fruits) shows clearly what is wrong these days with Wikipedia, which is now acquiring the same effluvium that has so long wafted over from dmoz: the elevation of power games over the needs of the user. No wonder [[http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Main_Page Citizendium]] has come into being.

::::(Actually, I exaggerate: many links have long been in place on the corresponding WP pages, and no one has had any problem with them; but I suppose the sheriff's posse will now ride down and root those out, too. I really think these sorts of folk will never be happy till External Links are flat-out banned from WP. "The perfect bureaucracy administers nothing but itself.")

::::I am not the loser here; the visitors to Wikipedia pages on vegetables, herbs, and fruits who are looking for home-gardening information are. How big their loss is a matter of judgement on the merits of the pages, which is not for me to comment on; but if they are unsatisfactory, then someone should put up links to some better external pages on the same topic. Not having these links up costs me nothing, in any sense, and having them up would gain me nothing save perhaps some pleasant feelings of having been useful. And we can't be having with that.... —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Owlcroft|Owlcroft]] ([[User talk:Owlcroft|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Owlcroft|contribs]]) 04:34, 29 March 2007 (UTC).

:::::Sigh! You try to help someone and all they do is get into a snit. Listen, there are many other editors who will remove your links as quickly as I did. The fact that there are such links on some pages doesn't mean a thing - they are also subjec to periodic review. You can neither bully your way in, nor play martyr to get in. But I gave you some suggestions - which is to say that I thought your pages have some merit. Otherwise I wouldn't have bothered. Get over it. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 00:57, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

::::::Sigh. You try to explain something to someone, quoting the exact words of official WP policy, and all he does is get into a snit. The first thing I did in my first post was quote posted WP policy, in its original words. After all these exchanges, I have yet to see any references to that policy or those words save as I make them; all I have seen is one individual's determination that WP will be what he says and wants. If the determination were to enforce WP policy, that would be acceptable behavior; subject to discussion on the applicability, perhaps, but nothing any reasonable person could object to. But objurgations derived from personal taste, even--or especially--when that taste is idiosyncratic and does not comport with WP theory or practice, is another matter.

::::::I am going to put the links back, one by one, over a period of time (perhaps one a day, maybe two), with, in each case, ''a note on the corresponding Talk page''; let us see if anyone ''else'' has problems with them. I note in a quick review of the pages for the vegetables at issue that for many, possibly most, the External Links section is a messy hodge-podge of often marginally relevant pages, many with lots of blatant sales pitches on them. I will try to clean some of those things up as I go along. If I do, I will do so by applying established WP policy, not non-policy whims.

::::::[[User:Owlcroft|Eric Walker]] 02:20, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

:::::::Good luck. Maybe you'll get lucky. But you may wish to have a look at [[User talk:Cmgunn]] to see the end result of one user who persisted in adding his/her own page links. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 04:40, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

::::::::Well, Eric, I've purposely kept my hands off your edits, despite your defiant response that you would continue (above). You would not follow my suggestion to get the consensus FIRST on the talk page -- and you ran into trouble right away. You are on the verge of a permanant ban (nothing I had anything to do with); the question is: will you learn that friendly advice from an experienced Wikipedian might be helpful, or will you continue to your own destruction here? Sad. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 02:55, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

== Larger version of [[:Image:Aphids1533.JPG|Aphids1533.JPG]]? ==

Do you have a larger version of [[:Image:Aphids1533.JPG|Aphids1533.JPG]]? I wanted to nominate it for FP here or for QI on Commons, but it's too small for either. Could you upload a full-resolution copy? [[User:Grendelkhan|grendel]]|[[User_talk:Grendelkhan|khan]] 19:25, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

:I think I do. The picture was added back in the days when Wikipedia wanted ones no larger than 300 pixels wide. I'll look back through my files to see if I can find it. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 02:35, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

== honey bees and cotton pollination ==

Hi. Much as I hate to disagree with a colleague I respect, none of the literature I have on hand indicates that honey bees will collect cotton pollen unless there is absolutely nothing else available. For example, the "Bible" of crop pollination, USDA Agriculture Handbook #496 ("Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants"), is quite explicit: "When a honey bee enters a cotton flower, it may emerge coated with pollen, then alight on a leaf, and comb much of the pollen off without attempting to pack it in the pollen baskets on the hind legs." and goes on to state "At times, honey bees collect small amounts of cotton pollen and transport it to the hive. This usually occurs only when no other pollen is available for the bees. Minkov (1956) concluded that honey bees can collect pollen but seldom do so."

The point is that simply because the bees are pollinating the flowers does not imply that the bees are actually using the pollen as a food resource. If you have some published citations that indicate that bees will store significant amounts of cotton pollen in the hive, then by all means, insert them in the article, but until then, I'm going to restore the text pretty much as it was - under all but exceptional circumstances, honey bees do not use cotton pollen as food. Unsigned comment by [[User:Dyanega]]

:Well, unfortunately I cannot provide a citation. I agree that cotton pollen is very low-grade and is not a preferred food for the bees. And I have seen both honey bees and bumblebees combing off pollen, when they were so thickly coated that you wondered if they did it simply so they could fly. But I have worked bees in cotton country for many years and use the returning bees with cotton pollen pellets as indicator of the times that bees are actually working cotton. It's hard to believe, even if they throw out some, that some pollen is not added to the mix in the combs. Furthermore, I've seen plenty of pesticide poisonings from cotton, and the pollen is apt to be the primary means of conduct of the insecticide - at least the part you see at the hives. Bees that are poisoned by contact or nectar contamination don't make it back to the hive. I've seen them in the rows between the plants as well - it depends a lot on the type of insecticide and mode of operation. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 20:57, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

:Incidently, I have not personally seen the slightest shred of evidence that Bt cotton poses any risks. For years, as much as possible (not entirely possible when it's all through the area) I've tried to keep bees away from cotton, because of poisonings and lack of enforcement of label directions to protect bees. As the GM cotton came in, the difference was remarkable. Previously hives would at least be greatly weakened and unproductive - now they usually remain strong and can even make a fair amount of nice quality honey from cotton. There is still usually one or two sprays that can do little, or a lot of damage, depending mostly on the time of application. But it used to be a spray every week, and much of it during the hours that the bees were most active. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 21:14, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

==Bees and Cell Phones==
Hi Pollinator. As you will note, I reverted your reversion of the inclusion of the reference to cell phones and CCD. Here's why: it's not really Wikipolicy to evaluate the quality of published research, however nutty it may seem at first glance. At the risk of seeming to glorify a unproven left-field theory by invidiously comparing it to one that is truly monumental, it's nonetheless relevant to note that Wegener's theory of continental drift was also regarded as nutty (indeed, "junk science") for the first several decades after he proposed it. I agree that the cell phone and CCD connection seems unlikely. The research in question, however, comes from a researcher at a legitimate and respected university, and so the article should acknowlege the fact that this has been proposed as a possible explaination behind a phenomenon that isn't itself universally acknowledged as coherent. The article should state this, present a context if necessary, and then let science do its thing (test, confirm/reject). Although this may well turn out to be a theory wholly without merit, unless such a hypothesis comes from a dubious source -- which this one does not -- it shouldn't be for Wikipedia to judge what is and what is not legitimate science. The perjorative term "junk science" is pretty strong, and really should be limited to approaches that are driven by a particular external agenda, in which evidence is sought to verify a pre-existing hypothesis, rather than a hypothesis being proposed to fit the evidence. There is no evidence that this is the case with the German researcher (indeed, it was published four years ago, and I haven't seen any evidence that he is involved in an advocacy group against cell phones). Unless and until that can be demonstrated, I hope you will refrain from using that term (although if this turns out to be the case I will be right alongside you in shouting it).

All this said, I appreciate your efforts to keep the article sober-minded when the trolls are always out there. Aloha, [[User:Arjuna808|Arjuna]] 08:44, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

:I'll chime in here with the following observations; (1) the work cited was published in 2006, not four years ago (2) it was performed by physicists, using the labor of environmental sciences students - no evidence that anyone trained in beekeeping was involved (3) there were no statistical analyses, and only 4 hives were used (2 control, 2 experimental). Most significantly, a link to CCD was NOT proposed in this study! The hypothetical link was effectively proposed by the bloggers who wrote the news article - please note the only actual attribution to a scientist is apparently a response to the questioning of the reporters: "Dr Jochen Kuhn, who carried it out, said this could provide a "hint" to a possible cause." That doesn't sound to me like a scientist claiming that cell phones cause CCD. That sounds like sensationalism by overzealous bloggers. That being said, it should be possible to make room for this theory - since it does seem to be proliferating rapidly in the media - without giving it any more credence than it deserves. The simple and obvious fact that CCD has not been an issue every single year for the last decade is alone enough to disprove any connection, since EMF "pollution" has been pretty constant over that interval. [[User:Dyanega|Dyanega]] 18:01, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

::I will chime in with a few more observations: (1) I pretty much agree with Dyanege (2) The experiment was done with a Cordless Phone and not a Cellular or PCS phone. DECT is a cordless phone standard. (3) The study was not a double-blind study (4) the paper was not peer reviewed (5) Sterver and Kuhn (2004) http://www.bienenarchiv.de/forschung/2004_lernprozesse/Electromagnetic%20Exposure_Learning%20Processes.doc.pdf
points out that bees are so small that their resonant frequency is above 375 GHz. (6) DECT and Cellphones did not exist prior to the mid 80's. And CCD's have been seen since the early 70's.

My guess is that the bees are probably being killed off by pesticides. And this whole cellphone story is a red herring. I am very concerned about the large amount of [[Endocrine disruptor|Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals]] (EDC's) used in pesticides that have been polluting our waters and air. [[User:Kgrr|Kgrr]] 19:34, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

== If you have a photo... ==

I'd like to include a photo of a butterfly caterpillar eating an Asclepias plant on [[b:A_Wikimanual_of_Gardening/Asclepias_tuberosa|this wikibooks page]], and I struck me that you might have one. If not, I'll try to take one this summer (and if you see one, please take a pic for me!) --[[User:SB_Johnny|'''SB_Johnny''']]|[[User talk:SB_Johnny|talk]]|[[b:User:SBJohnny|books]] 16:12, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

==Planting==
Plant a nice large grapefruit seed into a warm, sunny area where the soil drains well. If you plant near a south-facing wall or next to a large expanse of concrete, reflected heat will be maximized around the tree and will help sweeten fruit. Water deeply once every 7 to 10 days in midsummer (newly planted grapefruit may need more frequent watering until established). Water less often if it rains or if the weather is cool. Fertilize every four to six weeks from February to August. If you do all the that is required then you will probably have a nice and strong tree with large and sweet fruits.{{fact}}

You can rewrite it and add it. [[User:LecDer|LecDer]] 05:04, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

:I don't have any references on it. But getting a quality fruit this way is iffy. It could happen, could even be a great fruit, but it's more likely to be inferior. Grafting of a proven clone is much more reliable. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 12:52, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
==[[User:24.82.209.203]]==
I saw that you blocked this user for spamming; I think that was a good idea. But now they're on the unblock mailing list, saying that they were sorry for the one edit I can find that isn't obvious spam... ironic, isn't it? Anyway, would an unblock, with an explanation of what exactly they did wrong and the promise/threat of a longer one in case they act up again be OK with you? [[User:Veinor|Veinor]] [[User_talk:Veinor|(talk to me)]] 18:37, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
:OK, I couldn't find the user's unblock request - but you are obviously well experienced in these matters, so ... be my guest. I'll be away for a couple days anyway, so I can't deal with it now. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 02:42, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
:The unblock request was on the mailing list; sorry I forgot to say that. [[User:Veinor|Veinor]] [[User_talk:Veinor|(talk to me)]] 02:51, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

== Beekeeping Wikia ==

Hi Pollinator! You do great work around here, enough that your name has remained on my mental list of "good editors". I couldn't help but think of you when I saw a nice little beekeeping project getting off the ground at http://beekeeping.wikia.com/ -- I thought it might interest you, and I think they'd certainly like to know about your wonderful pictures. Hope you might have a little time to have a look and maybe contribute a bit. Best wishes — [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine]]\[[User_talk:CatherineMunro|talk]] 17:39, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
:Thank you for your kind comment. I'll take a look, however, I'm already so busy that I don't have a lot of time for Wikipedia, so I make no promises. Good luck. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 04:55, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

== FAR of [[Niagara Falls]] ==

[[Niagara Falls]] has been nominated for a [[Wikipedia:Featured_article_review|featured article review]]. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to [[Wikipedia:What is a featured article?|featured quality]]. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, articles are moved onto the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Remove" the article from featured status. The instructions for the review process are [[Wikipedia:Featured_article_review|here]]. Reviewers' concerns are [[Wikipedia:Featured_article_review/{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|Niagara Falls}}|here]].
'''[[User:Vishwin60|V60]]''' [[User talk:Vishwin60|干什么？]] · [[Special:Contributions/Vishwin60|喝掉的酒]] · [[Wikipedia:Editor review/Vishwin60 4|'''ER 4''']] 19:53, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

== Image:Liriodendronleaf0124.JPG listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Liriodendronleaf0124.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2007 June 6#Image:Liriodendronleaf0124.JPG|discussion]] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. -- [[User:Ram-Man|RM]] 12:14, 6 June 2007 (UTC) 

== That was not spam ==

Hi Pollinator

Clearly you need a refresher on what spam is.

This is a very appropriate link, as it has to do with nightlife in Columbia. There isn't any mention of the subject in the article.

It is full of unique content, which primarily consists of Columbia residents.

Thank you

No one said that it was a travel or entertainment guide, now did they? The nightlife culture is apart of Columbia whether you like it or not. What you consider "entertainment" is a way of life for others. The world does not revolve around you.

Above unsigned remarks by [[User:71.75.17.250]] [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 03:25, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

:How about following directions? Dubious links need to be discussed on the talk page. You can't bully your way into Wikipedia. [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 03:07, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

You are the bully, you ass! I did discuss it, and no one objected Look on the talk page!
Above unsigned remark by [[User:24.172.118.10]] [[User:Pollinator|Pollinator]] 00:53, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

== Please comment on AFA article debate ==

Pollinator, your opinion is requested in the AFA talk page regarding whether or not the article belongs in the category "Censorship". Please read the discussion which ends with the phrase, '''Pollinator, please comment''' on the talk page (or just the last 60,000 comments if you don't have time to read them all). I fear that this debate could go on indefinitely and stray far away from the topic at hand without an outside opinion. Thanks. [[User:Citadel18080|Citadel18080]] 20:15, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

==A new task force that could use your help!==

Hi, Pollinator. Since I admire your work for the community, I wanted to draw your attention to the below. Please consider taking a look! Thanks, [[User:Benzocane|Benzocane]] 19:05, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

{| style="width:100%; background:#e0ffff; display: block;"
| style="width:60px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" | [[Image:Leaf 1 web.jpg|80px|]]
|style=line-height:20px;text-align:justify|You are being recruited by the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment/Environmental record task force|Environmental Record Task Force]], a collaborative project committed to accurately and consistently representing the environmental impact of policymakers, corporations, and institutions throughout the encyclopedia.[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment/Environmental_Record_Task_Force#Members | Join us!]]
|}

== Your edit on [[American Family Association]] ==
If you have problems with my category edits that is one thing, but please don't change a paragraph back into a bulleted list with excessive capital letters when I previously changed it. On Wikipedia, bullets should not be used when not necessary and excessive capital letters should never be used. Revering just grammar edits is not constructive and I would appreciate it if you would reframe from this in the future. Thank you. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Family_Association&diff=143655696&oldid=143650828 Your edit]. —[[User:Christopher Mann McKay|Christopher Mann McKay]][[User talk:Christopher Mann McKay|talk]] 14:35, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

==Image:Sweetbay1082.jpg==

[[Image:Commons-logo-en.svg|left|50px]]Thank you for uploading images/media {{#if:Image:Sweetbay1082.jpg|such as [[:Image:Sweetbay1082.jpg]]}} to Wikipedia! There is however another [[Wikimedia foundation]] project called [[Wikimedia Commons]], a central media repository for all [[free content|free]] media. In the future, please consider [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Userlogin&type=signup creating an account] and uploading media there instead. That way, all the other language [[Wikipedia]]s can use them too, as well as our many [[Wikimedia:Our projects|sister projects]]. This will also allow our visitors to search for, view and use our media in one central location. If you wish to move previous uploads to Commons, see [[Wikipedia:Moving images to the Commons]]. Please note that [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|non-free]] content, such as images claimed as [[Fair use (US trademark law)|fair use]], cannot be uploaded to the Wikimedia Commons. Help us spread the word about Commons by informing other users, and please continue uploading!
[[User:Richard001|Richard001]] 03:13, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
::I enjoyed seeing your images of insects on flowers. I second Raichard001's suggestion. Thanks for a pleasant moment. [[User:AshLin|AshLin]] 10:10, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

== American Family Association ==

Hello, again Pollinator. It appears that an administrator called [[User:Philippe]] arbitrarily decided to protect the AFA page from editing and then went on a two-week vacation. A month ago, I would have understood the purpose behind this, but we are very close to reaching a consensus regarding the disputed categories. If we can finalize an agreement, I would like to be able to implement it quickly. Since you are an admin, can you unprotect the page? Thanks. [[User:Citadel18080|Citadel18080]] 23:17, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

== Racism in the Christian Right ==

Hi! I noticed you have shown interest in the [[Christian Right]] section on racism. [[User:Hrafn]] and I have been working on that section (now beginning [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right#Attitudes_to_Diversity.2C_Apartheid.2C_and_Indigenous_Rights Attitudes to Diversity...] ). I would appreciate your input/resolution in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Christian_right#Christian_Right_and_Segregation the discussion], if time allows. Thanks! --Anoop [[User:74.192.49.12|74.192.49.12]] 20:15, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

==Image:Lamium 8229.jpg==
{{un-c|Image:Lamium 8229.jpg}}[[User:Richard001|Richard001]] 09:09, 27 August 2007 (UTC)
==Wikimania in Atlanta!==

{{User:Mike Halterman/WM2008Atlanta}} [[User:Mike Halterman|Mike H.]] [[User talk:Mike Halterman|I did "That's hot" first!]] 06:29, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

== cites for text in [[Stingless bee]] ==

Another editor has flagged this article as having insufficient citations; a fair bit of the text was placed there by you, and I figured you might want to address this if you have an opportunity. Peace, [[User:Dyanega|Dyanega]] 21:23, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

== what for ==

Say me
what for a new version of this image
I posted at deitsch wiki HAWWER
http://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oats9834.jpg
penarc —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Penarc|Penarc]] ([[User talk:Penarc|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Penarc|contribs]]) 18:26, 16 September 2007 (UTC) 

== Photo for magazine ==
Hello! I'm a designer from a children's magazine that is interested in your photo of bee colonies being moved by truck. I wasn't sure how else to contact you (I don't know much about wikipedia) so I thought I'd try this way. Would you be able to drop me a line at [email protected] ? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.68.143.101|24.68.143.101]] ([[User talk:24.68.143.101|talk]]) 20:59, 1 October 2007 (UTC) 

== New ''Erwinia'' article ==
Hi, Pollinator. I am new to wikipedia and I just posted my first article, [[Bacterial Wilt]]. I noticed that you contributed to the article on Erwinia amylovora and you seem to be very knowledgable on the standards and expectations of wikipedia users. Could you offer me any feedback on my article? It would be greatly appreciated! [[User:Eeshie|Eeshie]] 07:19, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

== Random questions ==

Hey there! I appologize that these are not article-related questions, but I need to ask someone because I am about at my wit's end. I'm taking a honey-bee biology class and have been working on an assignment for quite some time and can't seem to come up with some of the information I need. I see that you have done lots of work on insect and bee related articles so I thought I might pose a couple questions to you, if you don't mind...

I was wondering (1) if you knew what age worker bee was responsible (in general) for capping drone cells? The larvae themselves? Adults? Both? and (2) if you had any idea if the wax they use for capping has some propolis mixed in with it? :P

Thanks, --[[User:Nahallac Silverwinds|Naha]]|[[User talk:Nahallac Silverwinds|(talk)]] 16:19, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

== I apologize ==

Between December 14, 2005 and June 7, 2007, I vandalized Wikipedia under my previous username (YechielMan) and under various [[IP address]]es and [[WP:SOCK|alternate accounts]].

I recently reviewed the contribution logs of all the accounts and IP addresses that I can recall having used. My goal was to identify all of the intentionally harmful edits I caused, and to apologize to the individual users who reverted those edits, or warned me, or blocked me.

Hence, I apologize to you and to all of the following users:

:Adam Bishop, Amarkov, Antandrus, AntiVandalBot, Bdj (Badlydrawnjeff), Conk 9, CanbekEsen, DLand, Downwards, Eagle 101, Ericbronder, Gogo Dodo, High on a tree, Hut 8.5, Interiot, Jayjg, Jrwallac, Kingboyk, Kuru, Noclip, Patrick Berry, PFHLai, PhantomS, Pollinator, Rachack, Ranma9617, Rx StrangeLove, SlimVirgin, Tfrogner, TommyBoy, Vary, Woohookitty, Zzuuzz, and some anonymous IPs. (I also reverted one edit myself after it went unnoticed for three weeks.)

Thank you for maintaining the integrity of Wikipedia against everyone who has attacked it, including my old self.

If you wish to respond, please do so at [[User talk:Shalom#I apologize|my talk page]].

Best regards, [[User:Shalom|Shalom]] ([[User talk:Shalom|Hello]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shalom|Peace]]) 19:26, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

==[[:Template:Dominionism]]==
As you participated in the prior TfD, I thought you would be interested that it has been proposed for deletion once again. You can find the discussion [[Wikipedia:Templates for deletion#Template:Dominionism|here]]. [[User:SkierRMH|SkierRMH]] 02:47, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

==Wikibooks Garden Book (you're [[b:Special:Contributions/Pollinator|a contributor!]])==
Hi Pollinator. While setting up [[b:A_Wikimanual_of_Gardening/Contributors|a contributor's page]] for the Wikibooks [[b:A_Wikimanual_of_Gardening|gardening manual]], your name came up as a top contributor due to the magic of [[Special:Import]] (the book is largely based on imported Wikipedia articles). This list (or updated versions of it) will be included in print versions for attribution purposes (since there are of course no "history pages" in print versions).

I'm sending this note to see if (a) you would like your real name used rather than your username, and (b) to make sure you have an account on Wikibooks. If your username is "taken" there and there are no contributions (or if perhaps you just lost your password), please feel free to [[b:User_talk:SB_Johnny|leave me a note]] so I can help you fix the problem (I am a b'crat).

We're working on ways to make this attribution work better in the future, so also let me know if you want to be kept up to date on that. Thanks for contributing to the plant, insect, and other articles that have been so helpful in the creation of the garden book!--[[User talk:SB_Johnny|'''SB_Johnny''']] | [[User_talk:SB_Johnny|talk]] 19:42, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

== Serpent Mound photo in video ==

I swear this video uses your Wikipedia Serpent Mound picture:
http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=cms.goto&_i=3954f1c4-00b9-41df-9f8a-f48fcc2f37c6&_u=http://www.msplinks.com/MDFodHRwOi8vY3JlYXRpdmUubXlzcGFjZS5jb20vYXUvX21oL3NjaWZpL3ZpZGVvL2Vwcy92aWRfMjYuaHRtbA==

Oh, um, poop. Just search for te sci-fi TV's afterlife series, episode 26 called 47 minutes. Your picture is used in the explanation of the Serpent Mound. I'm not sure if that fits into fair use, or allowed use. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/58.168.249.212|58.168.249.212]] ([[User talk:58.168.249.212|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2007 (UTC) 
==AfD nomination of [[Water well]]==
[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|left|48px|]]An editor has nominated [[Water well]], an article on which you have worked or that you created, for [[Wikipedia:Deletion process|deletion]]. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at {{#if:Water well | [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Water well]] | [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Water well]] }} and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the [[WP:AfD|articles for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. [[User:BJBot|BJBot]] ([[User talk:BJBot|talk]]) 22:44, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

== Can you help??? ==

[http://wiki-you.wikispaces.com/ this] is a wiki that I made. Can you please help me with this project?? thanks.[[User:Sternhe|Sternhe]] ([[User talk:Sternhe|talk]]) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Sternhe|Sternhe]] ([[User talk:Sternhe|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sternhe|contribs]]) 15:52, 12 April 2008 (UTC) 

== Possibly unfree Image:Brookgreen pledge 9741.JPG ==
An image that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Brookgreen pledge 9741.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images]] because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the [[:Image:Brookgreen pledge 9741.JPG|image description page]]. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at [[Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images/2008 April 15#Image:Brookgreen pledge 9741.JPG|the discussion]] if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. [[User:Simonxag|Simon Speed]] ([[User talk:Simonxag|talk]]) 21:06, 15 April 2008 (UTC) 

== Image: Fire ant queens 3589.JPG ==

Hi Pollinator. I am writing to ask whether you would be able to grant permission for Image: Fire ant queens 3589.JPG to be used in an educational chemistry textbook. If so, I would be very grateful if you could reply to me at [email protected]. Many thanks in advance. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/193.63.239.150|193.63.239.150]] ([[User talk:193.63.239.150|talk]]) 10:44, 9 July 2008 (UTC) 

== [[:Image:Aphids1533.JPG]] ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Image%3AAphids1533.JPG&diff=232647815&oldid=223733071 would you please verify this?]

Cheers mate!

[[User:Aua|Λuα]] ([[User talk:Aua|Operibus anteire]]) 08:35, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

== NowCommons: Image:Mantis1.jpg ==
[[:Image:Mantis1.jpg]] is now available on [[Wikimedia Commons]] as [[:Commons:Image:Mantis headshot.jpg]]. This is a repository of free media that can be used on all Wikimedia wikis. The image will be deleted from Wikipedia, but this doesn't mean it can't be used anymore. You can embed an image uploaded to Commons like you would an image uploaded to Wikipedia, in this case: <nowiki>[[Image:Mantis headshot.jpg]]</nowiki>. Note that this is an automated message to inform you about the move. This bot did not copy the image itself. --[[User:Erwin85Bot|Erwin85Bot]] ([[User talk:Erwin85Bot|talk]]) 06:02, 28 August 2008 (UTC)
:[[:Image:Quince8317.JPG]] is now available as [[:Commons:Image:Quince8317.jpg]]. --[[User:Erwin85Bot|Erwin85Bot]] ([[User talk:Erwin85Bot|talk]]) 19:59, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
:[[:File:Fire ant queens 3589.JPG]] is now available as [[:Commons:File:Fire ant queens 3589.jpg]]. --[[User:Erwin85Bot|Erwin85Bot]] ([[User talk:Erwin85Bot|talk]]) 20:20, 2 February 2009 (UTC)
:[[:File:Anchorbug8479.JPG]] is now available as [[:Commons:File:Stiretrus anchorago.JPG]]. --[[User:Erwin85Bot|Erwin85Bot]] ([[User talk:Erwin85Bot|talk]]) 15:30, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
:[[:File:Pumpkin pollination4365.jpg]] is now available as [[:Commons:File:Pumpkin pollination4365.jpg]]. --[[User:Erwin85Bot|Erwin85Bot]] ([[User talk:Erwin85Bot|talk]]) 10:34, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
:[[:File:Cane syrup evaporator 1330.jpg]] is now available as [[:Commons:File:Cane syrup evaporator 1330.jpg]]. --[[User:Erwin85Bot|Erwin85Bot]] ([[User talk:Erwin85Bot|talk]]) 05:22, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
:[[:File:Tallow2232.JPG]] is now available as [[:Commons:File:Tallow2232.JPG]]. --[[User:Erwin85Bot|Erwin85Bot]] ([[User talk:Erwin85Bot|talk]]) 05:56, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
:[[:File:Flood plain 7991.JPG]] is now available as [[:Commons:File:Flood plain 7991.JPG]]. --[[User:Erwin85Bot|Erwin85Bot]] ([[User talk:Erwin85Bot|talk]]) 08:12, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
:[[:File:Georgetown6183.JPG]] is now available as [[:Commons:File:Georgetown6183.JPG]]. --[[User:Erwin85Bot|Erwin85Bot]] ([[User talk:Erwin85Bot|talk]]) 16:17, 28 October 2009 (UTC)
:[[:File:Oil drilling3420.jpg]] is now available as [[:Commons:File:Oil drilling3420.jpg]]. --[[User:Erwin85Bot|Erwin85Bot]] ([[User talk:Erwin85Bot|talk]]) 12:18, 29 October 2009 (UTC)


== Image:Polistes2650.JPG listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Polistes2650.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2008 November 19#Image:Polistes2650.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Calliopejen1|Calliopejen1]] ([[User talk:Calliopejen1|talk]]) 01:19, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

== Image:Monarch_6650.JPG listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Monarch_6650.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2008 November 19#Image:Monarch_6650.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Calliopejen1|Calliopejen1]] ([[User talk:Calliopejen1|talk]]) 14:51, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

== Image:Monarch_6650.JPG listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Monarch_6650.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2008 November 19#Image:Monarch_6650.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Calliopejen1|Calliopejen1]] ([[User talk:Calliopejen1|talk]]) 15:11, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

== Image:Gumballs8311.JPG listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Gumballs8311.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2008 November 19#Image:Gumballs8311.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Calliopejen1|Calliopejen1]] ([[User talk:Calliopejen1|talk]]) 16:22, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

== Image:Redbuckeye-143f.jpg listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Redbuckeye-143f.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2008 November 19#Image:Redbuckeye-143f.jpg|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Calliopejen1|Calliopejen1]] ([[User talk:Calliopejen1|talk]]) 16:27, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

== Image:Alderblossom.jpg listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Alderblossom.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2008 November 20#Image:Alderblossom.jpg|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Calliopejen1|Calliopejen1]] ([[User talk:Calliopejen1|talk]]) 13:11, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

== Input requested at WP:FPC ==

Hi Pollinator,

Having made a quick check on the history of [[Pollinator]] I noticed you've made quite a few contributions to the article (which was not too surprising given your username!). I recently nominated an image I added to this article, [[:Image:Australian painted lady feeding closeup.jpg]] [[Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Image:Australian painted lady feeding closeup.jpg 02|at FPC]]. One recurring argument, and one which I disagree, is that the image in question has no encyclopaedic value in this article. I was wondering if you, as an editor of the article in question, could help resolve this issue? Thanks, --[[User:Fir0002|Fir0002]] 01:21, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

== Image:Teaselbloom2664.JPG listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Teaselbloom2664.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2008 November 24#Image:Teaselbloom2664.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Calliopejen1|Calliopejen1]] ([[User talk:Calliopejen1|talk]]) 02:34, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

== Image:Feijoablossom.jpg listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Feijoablossom.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2008 December 2#Image:Feijoablossom.jpg|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Calliopejen1|Calliopejen1]] ([[User talk:Calliopejen1|talk]]) 14:06, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

== Image:Skipper5222.JPG listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:Skipper5222.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion/2008 December 3#Image:Skipper5222.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Calliopejen1|Calliopejen1]] ([[User talk:Calliopejen1|talk]]) 13:57, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

== Now Commons ==
[[:File:Sassafras1979.JPG]], an image uploaded to Wikipedia from this account in March 2004, is now [[:File:Sassafras1979.jpg]] ([[:Commons:File:Sassafras1979.jpg]]). Similarly, [[:File:Sassafras1592.JPG]] is now [[:File:Sassafras1592.jpg]] ([[:Commons:File:Sassafras1592.jpg]]). — [[User:Athaenara|Athaenara]] [[User talk:Athaenara| ✉ ]] 21:48, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

== Carlong Publishers' URGENT request to reproduce copyrighted material ==

February 17, 2009

Dear Dave

I am the Trainee Publishing Services Executive at Carlong Publishers (Caribbean) Ltd. Carlong Publishers is a Jamaican-based publishing house whose list focuses on textbooks for children between the ages of 6-17 years in Jamaica and the wider Caribbean. We formally request permission on behalf of the authors to reproduce your photograph of a female corn flower (corn silk) in our upcoming textbook '''''Carlong Revision Guide Junior Science'''''.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cornsilk_7091.jpg]

'''''Carlong Revision Guide Junior Science''''' is a primary-level text used by students preparing for the Grade Six Achievement Tests (GSAT) and other high school entrance examinations in Jamaica and across the Caribbean. The book will be for sale.

Should permission be granted, please indicate how you would like the material to be acknowledged and any other condition to which we are bound. If possible, please respond by emaililng me at [email protected]. Also, please visit our website: [http://www.carlongpublishers.com].

Thanks for your kind assistance.

T.Wisdom Trainee Publishing Services Executive [[User:CarlPub|CarlPub]] ([[User talk:CarlPub|talk]]) 16:19, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

== Possibly unfree File:Marion 1017.JPG ==
An image that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Marion 1017.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images]] because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the [[:Image:Marion 1017.JPG|image description page]]. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at [[Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images/2009 February 24#File:Marion 1017.JPG|the discussion]] if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. ~ '''[[User:JohnnyMrNinja|JohnnyMrNinja]]''' 06:42, 24 February 2009 (UTC)  --~ '''[[User:JohnnyMrNinja|JohnnyMrNinja]]''' 06:42, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

==Speedy deletion of [[:File:Marion 1017.JPG]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning_pn.svg|48px|left]] A tag has been placed on [[:File:Marion 1017.JPG]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#I4|section I4 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because it is an image with an unknown source or an unknown copyright status which has been tagged as such for more than 7 days, and it still lacks the necessary information.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding <code>{{tl|hangon}}</code> to '''the top of [[:File:Marion 1017.JPG|the page that has been nominated for deletion]]''' (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on '''[[ Talk:File:Marion 1017.JPG|the talk page]]''' explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for ''speedy'' deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.   ▫ '''[[User:JohnnyMrNinja|JohnnyMrNinja]]''' 13:19, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
==Image tagging for File:Potato blossom 0502.JPG==
Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:Potato blossom 0502.JPG]]'''. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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* [[Wikipedia:Image use policy]]
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This is an automated notice by [[User:OrphanBot|OrphanBot]]. For assistance on the image use policy, see [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]. 07:04, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
==Image tagging for File:Sassafras1978.JPG==
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* [[Wikipedia:Image use policy]]
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This is an automated notice by [[User:OrphanBot|OrphanBot]]. For assistance on the image use policy, see [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]. 06:08, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
==Image tagging for File:Tobacco greenhouse8980.JPG==
Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:Tobacco greenhouse8980.JPG]]'''. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
* [[Wikipedia:Image use policy]]
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This is an automated notice by [[User:OrphanBot|OrphanBot]]. For assistance on the image use policy, see [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]. 06:44, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

== [[:File:Jessamine9493.JPG]] missing description details ==

<div style="padding:5px; background-color:#E1F1DE;">'''Dear uploader:''' The media file you uploaded as [[:File:Jessamine9493.JPG]] is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors to make better use of the image, and it will be more informative for readers.

If you have any questions please see [[Help:Image page#Description of the image|Help:Image page]]. Thank you. [[User:Sfan00 IMG|Sfan00 IMG]] ([[User talk:Sfan00 IMG|talk]]) 00:25, 5 May 2009 (UTC)</div>

==RCC or CC==
You took part in [[Talk:Catholic Church/Archive 3#REQUESTED MOVE to Catholic Church]] there is a new requested move see [[Talk:Catholic Church#Requested Move]] --[[User:Philip Baird Shearer|PBS]] ([[User talk:Philip Baird Shearer|talk]]) 08:32, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

== File:RoyRogers8479.JPG listed for deletion ==
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:RoyRogers8479.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2009 September 24#File:RoyRogers8479.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  [[User:Nv8200p|Nv8200p]] [[User_talk:Nv8200p|talk]] 14:05, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

==File source problem with File:Jessamine9493.JPG==
[[File:Copyright-problem.svg|64px|left|File Copyright problem]]
Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:Jessamine9493.JPG]]'''. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the [[copyright]] status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=upload&user=Pollinator this link]. '''Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged''', as described on [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If the image is copyrighted under a [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags/Fair use|non-free license]] (per [[Wikipedia:Fair use]]) then '''the image will be deleted [[WP:CSD#I7|48 hours]] after 14:30, 26 September 2009 (UTC)'''. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|Media copyright questions page]]. Thank you. [[User:Salavat|Salavat]] ([[User talk:Salavat|talk]]) 14:30, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

==Unreferenced BLPs==
[[File:Information.svg|30px]] Hello Pollinator! Thank you for your contributions. I am a [[WP:BOT|bot]] alerting you that '''1''' of the articles that you created is tagged as an[[Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Sources| Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person]]. The [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]] policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure [[WP:VERRIFY|verifiability]], all biographies should be based on [[WP:RELIABLE|reliable sources]]. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current ''[[:Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:All_unreferenced_BLPs}}]]'' article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the {{tl|unreferencedBLP}} tag. Here is the article:

# [[Joseph L. Goldstein]] - {{findsources|Joseph L. Goldstein}}
Thanks!--[[User:DASHBot|DASHBot]] ([[User talk:DASHBot|talk]]) 19:38, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

==[[Onondaga (geological formation)]]==
I suggest this article, which I believe you initially created, be renamed Onondaga Ridge or something of the sort. There is an Onondaga Formation, or mapped bedrock unit, that occurs in throughout the Ridge and Valley province of PA and other states (above the [[Old Port Formation]]). The feature you discuss is one manifestation of this bedrock unit. [[Special:Contributions/64.32.197.101|64.32.197.101]] ([[User talk:64.32.197.101|talk]]) 22:44, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

== File:Polygonum0772.JPG listed for deletion ==
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Polygonum0772.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2010 April 2#File:Polygonum0772.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  '''[[User:Fastily|<big>F</big>ASTILYsock]]'''[[User talk:Fastily|(TALK)]] 03:36, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

== File:Sandhillshornet7893.JPG listed for deletion ==
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Sandhillshornet7893.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2010 April 3#File:Sandhillshornet7893.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  '''[[User:Fastily|<big>F</big>ASTILYsock]]'''[[User talk:Fastily|(TALK)]] 01:23, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

== File:Waspgatheringwood1813.JPG listed for deletion ==
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Waspgatheringwood1813.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2010 April 3#File:Waspgatheringwood1813.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  '''[[User:Fastily|<big>F</big>ASTILYsock]]'''[[User talk:Fastily|(TALK)]] 01:23, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

== File:Halictid6265.JPG listed for deletion ==
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Halictid6265.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2010 April 3#File:Halictid6265.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  '''[[User:Fastily|<big>F</big>ASTILYsock]]'''[[User talk:Fastily|(TALK)]] 02:30, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

== File:Winterdewberry 8040.JPG listed for deletion ==
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Winterdewberry 8040.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2010 April 3#File:Winterdewberry 8040.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  '''[[User:Fastily|<big>F</big>ASTILYsock]]'''[[User talk:Fastily|(TALK)]] 03:03, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

== File:Femalesquash small 3747.jpg listed for deletion ==
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Femalesquash small 3747.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2010 April 6#File:Femalesquash small 3747.jpg|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  '''[[User:Fastily|<big>F</big>ASTILYsock]]'''[[User talk:Fastily|(TALK)]] 05:47, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

== File:Crapemyrtle 8047.JPG listed for deletion ==
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Crapemyrtle 8047.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2010 April 13#File:Crapemyrtle 8047.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  '''[[User:Fastily|<big>F</big>ASTILYsock]]'''[[User talk:Fastily|(TALK)]] 07:54, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

== File:Ice storm 7710.JPG listed for deletion ==
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== File:Heron9805.JPG listed for deletion ==
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== File:Birch blossom.jpg listed for deletion ==
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== File:Peachblossom9202.JPG listed for deletion ==
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== File:Star thistle4708.JPG listed for deletion ==
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== File:Milkweed3660.JPG listed for deletion ==
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== File:Logskidder7981.JPG listed for deletion ==
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== File:Japanese magnolia 8849.JPG listed for deletion ==
A file that you uploaded or altered, [[:File:Japanese magnolia 8849.JPG]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion]]. Please see the [[Wikipedia:Files for deletion/2010 June 16#File:Japanese magnolia 8849.JPG|'''discussion''']] to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}  '''[[User:Fastily|<big>F</big>ASTILYsock]]'''[[User talk:Fastily|(TALK)]] 22:05, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

== Mail Pouch barn picture ==
Where was the picture of the barn taken? Was it in Southwestern Pennsylvania because I swear that thing looks extremely familiar [[User:Androsyn|Androsyn]] ([[User talk:Androsyn|talk]]) 21:38, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

== [[WP:AFD|AfD]] nomination of [[Characteristics of common wasps and bees]] ==

<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|42px]]</div>An article that you have been involved in editing, [[Characteristics of common wasps and bees]], has been listed for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]]. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/{{str trim|Characteristics of common wasps and bees}}]]. Thank you.{{-}}Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. [[User:Ninjatacoshell|Ninjatacoshell]] ([[User talk:Ninjatacoshell|talk]]) 22:20, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

== Thistledown image ==

Hi Dave, aka Pollinator,
I love your thistledown photograph and wanted to let you know that I was interested in using it as part of the cover design for an e-book titled The Thistledown Chronicles, a children's story that I recently completed. Here is a short description as well as the introductory paragraph. I would certainly like to give you approprite credit and so I'm trying to sift through the licensing legalize regarding how best to do so. Let me know if you have any preferences and I would be happy to do so. Thanks again for the great photographs, in this case truly capturing a moment in time as the thistledown tuft is caught in the act of leaving the plant to float on the wind.

The Thistledown Chronicles is a charming children’s story about a courageous little tuft named Wisp who dares to control his flight on an amazing adventure to see the Grand Canyon. Wisp discovers his purpose in life as he embarks on the journey of a lifetime, learning the values of faith, friendship, commitment and sacrifice along the way. Wisp and his friends prove that even a tiny thistledown tuft can make a difference.

It’s that time of year again. The days are getting hot and thistledown tufts are spiraling in the air all around you, just like bubbles at a birthday party. One minute they may look like tiny tumbleweeds blowing down the road. Then the wind shifts and an entire flotilla of hot air balloons drifts before your eyes. Run, jump, and be quick! If you are lucky enough to catch one, you will find that it has soft, silky strands sticking out in all directions from a tiny seed. Those white strands allow them to lift high in the air whenever the wind blows, often performing amazing acrobatics. Be careful, though. They pull apart easily and you may find that all you have left are memories. Until, that is, another group floats by, beckoning you to begin the chase anew. Consider this however. What if those acrobatics are not just random swirls from the breeze?[[Special:Contributions/138.88.198.111|138.88.198.111]] ([[User talk:138.88.198.111|talk]]) 03:59, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

== [[:File:Brookgreen reading 9739.JPG]] ==
Much appreciated if you could explain how this image can be licensed under a free license?
[[User:Sfan00 IMG|Sfan00 IMG]] ([[User talk:Sfan00 IMG|talk]]) 21:24, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

== Opportunity to comment on [[Batavia]] ==

There is a discussion starting up at [[Talk:Batavia (disambiguation)]], that may be of interest to you. The subject is technically a page move discussion, but the purpose of the discussion is to decide where [[Batavia]] should redirect. Until earlier today, [[Batavia]] redirected to [[History of Jakarta]], but during this discussion, it is redirecting to [[Batavia (disambiguation)]]. Your comments and suggestions are welcome.

Thanks for your help. [[User:HuskyHuskie|HuskyHuskie]] ([[User talk:HuskyHuskie|talk]]) 22:40, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

You are receiving this because you are one of the principal editors of one of the articles that is linked to [[Batavia (disambiguation)]]. This notice is being posted to '''all''' of the top three editors of each of these articles (in terms of total edits), with the following exceptions:
*editors who are blocked
*anonymous IP editors
*editors who, despite ranking in the top three of edits to an article, have only a single edit to said article
This is an attempt to be a neutrally-phrased posting in keeping with the principles of [[WP:CANVASS]]. If you find anything in the wording or the manner posted to be a violation of that guideline, please notify me at [[User talk:HuskyHuskie|my talk page]].

== [[:File:Dahoon7683.JPG]] ==
Nice picture, but I not think this is a Dahoon Holly. It looks more like Burford Holly (Ilex cornuta burfordii), which is a very popular landscaping plant. See this link, for example: http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/growgreen/plantguide/viewdetails.cfm?plant_id=92

The Ilex cornuta wikipedia page doesn't have a picture -- you might move your image there.
[[User:Bigcypress|Bigcypress]] ([[User talk:Bigcypress|talk]]) 14:45, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

==Copyright problem: [[Black River (South Carolina)]]==
Hello. The Wikimedia Foundation has received a complaint regarding this article, indicating that content you placed into the article was copied from [http://www.dnr.sc.gov/water/envaff/river/scenic/black.html] and an eligibility study publication. (Members of the volunteer response team can see the correspondence at [[Ticket:2011051710021201]].) The article has been blanked pending investigation of the matter. Content does seem to follow very closely on the alleged source which is visible. For example, you added this to the article:
{{quotation|It is a free-flowing blackwater river shouldered by a ribbon of dense, undisturbed swamp forest. The water is stained with inky black color due to organic chemicals known as tannins leached from tree leaves and other organic material decomposing in the surrounding swamps. This river has white sandbars at low water levels and unique alternating ‘lake-like’ and ‘narrow’ river areas. This ribbon of wild and undeveloped land provides high quality habitat for a variety of plant and animal species including some rare, threatened and [[endangered species]] such as American chaffseed and the swallow-tailed kite.}}
The website says:
{{quotation|This is a free-flowing blackwater river shouldered by a ribbon of dense, undisturbed swamp forest. The water has a dark inky black color due to chemicals known as tannins leached from tree leaves and other organic material decomposing in the surrounding swamps. This river has white sandbars at low water levels and unique alternating ‘lake-like’ and ‘narrow’ river areas. This ribbon of wild and undeveloped land provides high quality habitat for a variety of plant and animal species including some rare, threatened and endangered species such as American chaffseed and the swallow-tailed kite.}}

I realize that you are an administrator, but under the circumstances I have to point out to you that Wikipedia is not able to use content previously published in other sources unless it is compatibly licensed with Wikipedia's; content from the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources is fully reserved. Unless they choose to license the material, the article may be deleted or stubbed to remove the contested text. I realize that this article was created quite some time ago in your Wikipedia career, but it's important that we make sure you are aware of these policies. The United States law that governs Wikipedia requires that, when copyright issues are raised, we notify contributors of the site's policies and also alert them that repeated violation of the policies will lead to the suspension of their accounts.

If you are able to verify that you did, in fact, author this content, please let us know. If you did copy this content and have created any other articles by copying content from other websites which you are not absolutely sure are public domain or compatibly licensed, please let us know so that we can resolve the concerns on our own without waiting for complaint to the Wikimedia Foundation from the copyright holder.

Thank you. --[[User:Moonriddengirl|Moonriddengirl]] [[User talk:Moonriddengirl|(talk)]] 21:03, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

{{you've got mail}}[[User:UOJComm|UOJComm]] ([[User talk:UOJComm|talk]]) 06:36, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

== What type of Crape myrtle is this? ==

Your name is on File:Crapeblossom 1211.JPG. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Science/2011_July_8#What_looks_like_peas.3F_We_may_soon_know Here] is more detail about what I was asking. For the first time since I first asked the question, I am seeing the blooms. The [[Lagerstroemia]] article doesn't specify what specific type this is, but I'm seeing a lot of them. Do you know?[[User:Vchimpanzee|Vchimpanzee]] '''·''' [[User talk:Vchimpanzee| talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Vchimpanzee|contributions]] '''·''' 20:18, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

==Orphaned non-free image File:McNair memorial 1313.JPG==
'''[[Image:Ambox warning blue.svg|35px|left|⚠|link=]]''' Thanks for uploading '''[[:File:McNair memorial 1313.JPG]]'''. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[WP:FU|claim of fair use]]. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).

Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described in the [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#F5|criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you.— [[User:Moe Epsilon|Moe]] [[User talk:Moe Epsilon|ε]] 22:32, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

==AfD of article you worked on==
Please see: [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Conservative Christianity]] [[User:BigJim707|BigJim707]] ([[User talk:BigJim707|talk]]) 18:50, 3 December 2011 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Fellows v. Blacksmith/archive1]] ==

[[:File:Genesee_map_large.jpg]] has been called into question at [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Fellows v. Blacksmith/archive1]]. Could you please clarify how you created the image on that page? It's a great map, and I hope to be able to continue to use it (or, rather, a derivative of it) in ''[[Fellows v. Blacksmith]]'', but I will have to remove it if you are unable to resolve the reviewer's concerns. [[User:Savidan|Savidan]] 22:27, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

== FYI: Used your media file ==

This is a courtesy note. One of your media files is featured in a new commercial eBook in Apple’s iBooks store: http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/dr.-kemps-kids-love-bugs/id497852225?mt=11

I’ve contributed images to Wikipedia for over seven years now (including several POTD and Featured Images) and I designed the WikiSpecies logo. I respect your work here and the CC-BY-SA license we all labor under.

I know commercializing Wikipedia work is tricky and so I’ve taken great pains to follow your CC-BY-SA license requirements. I also plan to donate 10% of my proceeds to the Wikimedia Foundation directly. This is the very first self-published e-book created with Apple’s new tools and sold in the store.

I’ve given your file a credit line in the “Image and Video Credits” section starting at page 24 as required here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License

This compilation features many of the finest Wikipedia media files in their exact form and not as derivative works. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verbatim_copying_under_the_GFDL#Making_verbatim_copies_of_images

If I did alter your work -- such as cutting out an insect part or adding a video sound track -- I shared a Share Alike version of the new media in a DRM-free format and listed the web address in the credits section.

Thank you very much for uploading your work to Wikipedia and releasing it for the world to use in enriching educational formats.

-- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jeremykemp

:: In six months the book has earned $293 and so I made a donation this morning to Wikipedia Foundation for $29.30. The book is now a featured selection in [http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/kids-love-bugs!/id524894176?mt=13 iTunes > Books > Textbooks > Science & Nature]. Thanks again! [[User:Jeremykemp|jk]] ([[User talk:Jeremykemp|talk]]) 13:39, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

== Happy Adminship Anniversary ==

<div style="align: upperright; padding: 1em; border: solid 3px #2B547E; background-color: #E6E6FA;">[[Image:Wikipe-tan Birthday.svg|left|60px| ]] '''Wishing [[User:{{PAGENAME}}|{{PAGENAME}}]] a very happy birthday on behalf of the [[WP:BDC|Birthday Committee]]! [[User:Armbrust|Armbrust, B.Ed.]] [[User talk:Armbrust|Let's talk]][[Special:Contributions/Armbrust|about my edits?]] 15:09, 27 March 2012 (UTC)</div>

== honey ==

can honey be a hormone rooting source? Micky — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/67.167.20.144|67.167.20.144]] ([[User talk:67.167.20.144|talk]]) 02:16, 24 August 2012 (UTC) 

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Chaloklowa Chickasaw]] ==
[[Image:Ambox warning yellow.svg|left|link=|48px|]]

The article [[Chaloklowa Chickasaw]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]] because of the following concern:
:'''mostly unreferenced since 2007, non-notable group with very spurious historical claims'''

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be [[WP:DEL#REASON|deleted for any of several reasons]].

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{Tlc|proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]] or on [[Talk:Chaloklowa Chickasaw|the article's talk page]].

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing {{Tlc|proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion process]], but other [[Wikipedia:deletion process|deletion process]]es exist. In particular, the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion]] process can result in deletion without discussion, and [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|articles for deletion]] allows discussion to reach [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] for deletion. [[User:Uyvsdi|Uyvsdi]] ([[User talk:Uyvsdi|talk]]) 02:47, 6 September 2012 (UTC)Uyvsdi

{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chaloklowa Chickasaw}}

==Notification of pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity==
[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Following a [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/suspend sysop rights of inactive admins|community discussion]] in June 2011, consensus was reached to [[Wikipedia:Administrators#Procedural removal for inactive administrators|provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year]] (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next month. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard]] and the userright will be restored per the [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats#Resysopping|re-sysopping process]] (i.e., as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised and that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions). This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts.  [[User:MadmanBot|MadmanBot]] ([[User talk:MadmanBot|talk]]) 03:30, 1 October 2012 (UTC)

==Notification of imminent suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity==
[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Following a [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/suspend sysop rights of inactive admins|community discussion]] in June 2011, consensus was reached to [[Wikipedia:Administrators#Procedural removal for inactive administrators|provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year]] (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions will be removed pending your return if you do not return to activity within the next several days. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated should this occur, please post to the [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard]] and the userright will be restored per the [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats#Resysopping|re-sysopping process]] (i.e., as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised and that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions). This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts.  [[User:MadmanBot|MadmanBot]] ([[User talk:MadmanBot|talk]]) 17:26, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

==Suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity==
[[Image:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]]
Following a [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/suspend sysop rights of inactive admins|community discussion]] in June 2011, consensus was reached to [[Wikipedia:Administrators#Procedural removal for inactive administrators|provisionally suspend the administrative permissions of users who have been inactive for one year]] (i.e. administrators who have not made any edits or logged actions in over one year). As a result of this discussion, your administrative permissions have been removed pending your return. If you wish to have these permissions reinstated, please post to the [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats' noticeboard]] and the userright will be restored per the [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats#Resysopping|re-sysopping process]] (i.e. as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised and that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions). This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. Regards, — [[User:Moe Epsilon|Moe]] [[User talk:Moe Epsilon|Epsilon]] 15:33, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

==Notice of change==
Hello. You are receiving this message because of a [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Administrators&oldid=526254016#Restoration_of_the_tools_.28proposal.29 recent change] to the [[WP:ADMIN|administrator policy]] that alters what you were told at the time of your desysopping. The effect of the change is that if you are inactive for a continuous three year period, you will be unable to request return of the administrative user right. This includes inactive time prior to your desysopping if you were desysopped for inactivity and inactive time prior to the change in policy. Inactivity is defined as the absence of edits or logged actions. Until such time as you have been inactive for three years, you may request return of the tools at the [[WP:BN|bureaucrats' noticeboard]]. After you have been inactive for three years, you may seek return of the tools only through [[WP:RFA]]. Thank you. '''[[User:MBisanz|MBisanz]]''' [[User talk:MBisanz|talk]] 00:20, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

== Paper wasp 9051 ==

With regard to your image found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paper_wasp_9051.JPG

I believe this is a Yellow Jacket (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespula_squamosa) rather than a Paper Wasp (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polistes_dominula). My reason being that Paper Wasps have remarkably orange antennae.

Anno 2070

2013-08-05T22:27:22Z

Joad.marshal: Undid revision 567321882 by Joad.marshal (talk)

{{Infobox video game
|title = Anno 2070
|image = [[File:Anno2070EuropeanBoxArtPC.jpg|250px|Anno 2070]]
|caption = European cover art
|developer = [[Related Designs]] [[Ubisoft Blue Byte]]
|publisher = [[Ubisoft]]
|distributor =
|engine = InitEngine
|version = 2.0.7780 (4 October 2012) including ''Deep Ocean''
|released = {{vgrelease|EU=17 November 2011<ref>{{cite video |url=http://ubitv.de.ubi.com/index.php?vid=6151&listsort=3&theme_id=0&pid=0&games_id=7&side=1 |title=Ubisoft-TV - Show 10/2011 (ANNO 2070, Assassin's Creed: Revelations) |publisher=Ubisoft|language=German |date=October 2011 |accessdate=25 October 2011|time=01:25}}</ref>}}{{vgrelease|NA=17 November 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shop.ubi.com/store/ubina/en_US/pd/productID.227893100?utm_source=DP_US&utm_medium=ubi&utm_content=buynow_ubishop&utm_campaign=anno2070_pc_UBI_buynow_US |title=Buy Anno 2070 PC Download - UBIShop - The Official Ubisoft Online Store |publisher=Shop.ubi.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.direct2drive.com/11685/product/Buy-Anno-2070-Download |title=Download Games - PC Games and Mac Game Downloads - www.gamefly.co.uk |publisher=Direct2drive.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>}}
|genre = [[City-building game|City-building]] [[Real-time Strategy]]
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]] [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]
|platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]
|ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=7|USK=6}}
|media = [[DVD]], [[Digital distribution|download]]
|series = [[Anno series]]
|requirements =
}}

'''''Anno 2070''''' is a [[city-building game]] and [[Business simulation game|economic simulation game]], with [[real-time strategy]] elements. It is the 5th game of the [[Anno series]]. It was released on 17 November 2011, and was co-developed by the [[Germany|German]] studios [[Related Designs]] and [[Ubisoft Blue Byte]], and published by [[Ubisoft]]. Anno 2070 requires [[Uplay]] to operate.

==Plot==
The scenario is set in the year 2070. [[Global warming]] has melted the [[Arctic ice cap]], which has raised the global [[sea level]] so that the coasts were inundated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/preview-anno-2070-209519.phtml|title=Preview: Anno 2070|publisher=ModernMethod|date=21 August 2011|accessdate=22 September 2011}}</ref> As a result, many old cities have vanished under the ocean, and much of what was once highland has been turned into chains of new islands. Responsibility for settling and exploiting these new frontiers is given to a select group of people, who captain mobile ocean-going bases known as Arks.

The game has three factions: The Eden Initiative (referred to as the "Ecos"), Global Trust (referred to as the "Tycoons"), and the S.A.A.T. (referred to as the "Techs"). Ecos are [[environmentalism|environmental]] and build [[sustainability|sustainable]] cities, but are inefficient and slow to expand. Tycoons are [[industry|industrious]] and expand quickly, but have problems with [[pollution]] and dwindling [[natural resources|resources]]. The Tech is a support faction available to the other two, and they are useful in researching the latest and most powerful technologies. The Techs are only available later in the game when you donate 10,000 credits to their cause.

==Gameplay==
In ''Anno 2070'', politics are no longer defined by countries, boundaries, religions, races, etc., but how humans choose to produce energy. All humankind rally under one global government where the three main factions of the game control the world's decisions. Players can also vote for a World President and vote in Senate Council. Participation will give different effects to all players, depending on who is president or what bill was passed, until the next cycle of voting begins. For example, voting for the Tycoons' CEO Skylar Banes will increase productivity of manufacturing buildings.

Players can also gain achievement and rewards from just playing the game. Players can customize their Ark to fit personal preference, which only is for aesthetic, as well as gaining special rewards that affect gameplay.

Resources and technology upgrades can be carried on Arks, and be used in another game in "Continuous Mode".

===Events===
The gameplay includes "World Events"; special missions offered only for a limited time, allowing all players to band together and complete the missions. Completing missions will reward players depending on how many people participate.

*'''First event: Neo Skullz Pirates''' - players answer the World Council's call to war against the pirates who threaten humanity with nuclear missiles.
*'''Second event: Project Eden''' - players help the Eden Initiative activate "Former" technologies, which are high-performance air and water filtration systems, to fight pollution on islands.
*'''Third event: Global Distrust''' - players help the Global Trust to prevent a global recession by expanding trades and decrease taxes to attract more inhabitants.
*'''Fourth event: The Nordamark Conflict''' - players need to mediate a confrontation between Global Trust and Eden Initiative in a region called Nordamark with diplomats and a nuclear submarine, Orca.
*'''Fifth event: The Secret of the Ebashi Trench''' - players help the Tech faction to develop a geothermal power plant. This event is the prelude of the Deep Ocean expansion.

There are also "Current Events", where a player can complete a particular quest for one of the three factions to gain rewards. Current Events change daily, unlike World Events, which can be around for several months.

===Factions===
*'''Tycoon''' - Leader: Skylar Banes, CEO. This faction is representative of the Global Trust, Earth's number one leading energy supplier in 2070. Tycoons like to exploit resources quickly for immediate use, which leads to workers that are richer and can pay more taxes. The economy of a Tycoon player accelerates early in the game and declines gradually near the end, as their non-renewable resources run out (Tech's technologies can mitigate this setback however). In turn, Tycoons decrease the eco balance and affect the environment negatively. Tycoons rely on coal and nuclear plants for power, and their citizens enjoy hamburgers, wine and spending time at the Casino. Tycoon citizens do not worry about negative eco balance as much as their Eco counterparts, but they can't gain benefits from positive eco balance. To increase eco balance, Tycoons can build, for example, CO2 reservoirs and waste compactors.
*'''Eco''' - Leader: Seamus Green, founder and spiritual leader. This faction is representative of the Eden Initiative, Earth's most influential environmental organization. Ecos rely on green technology to create their cities, which preserve nature and help the eco balance. Their cities are inefficient and slow to prosper, but Ecos' economy will be steady and reliable until the game's end. Ecos rely on wind and solar power, and their citizens enjoy drinking tea, eating health food and listening to orchestral music. Ecos are affected by negative eco balance more than Tycoons, but they can also benefit from a positive eco balance. To increase the eco balance, Ecos use ozone generators and weather changing stations, etc.
*'''Tech''' - Leader: F.A.T.H.E.R., super-intelligent AI. This faction is representative of the S.A.A.T. (Scientific Academy for Advanced Technologies), and are the supreme inventors of technology and masters of the underwater world. They designed the Ark and E.V.E. (the player's in-game advisor), as well as building plans for aircraft, submarines, and missiles. Tech is the only faction that can live and work underwater on submerged plateaus. Farming algae and mining diamonds are a few things they can do underwater. Tech can research hydroelectric dams for energy and utilize marine current power plants underwater. Their people are scientists and like to study in research buildings. To advance to a higher level, their citizens need algae processed food from underwater cities, and they like to drink energy drinks (made from coffee and sugar).

==Development==
{{VG requirements
|caption = System Requirements
|useminandrec = yes
|collapse =
|align = none
|width = 
|pad = 

|platform1 = PC
|os1 = Windows XP (SP3) / Vista / 7
|os1rec = Windows Vista (64-bit), Windows 7 (64-bit)
|cpu1 = Intel Core 2 Duo 2 GHz or equivalent
|cpu1rec = Intel Core2 Quad or equivalent
|memory1 = 2 GB RAM
|memory1rec = 4 GB RAM
|gpu1 = DirectX 9.0c compatible and 512 MB with Shader 3.0
|gpu1rec = DirectX 9.0c compatible and 1 GB with Shader 3.0
|sound1 = DirectX 9.0c compatible
|sound1rec = DirectX 9.0c compatible
|network1 = One-time connectivity for registration & All-time connectivity required for functional play
|network1rec =
|hdspace1 = 5 GB
|hdspace1rec = 5 GB

|platform2 = 
|os2 =
|cpu2 =
|cpu2rec =
|memory2 =
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|gpu2 =
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|sound2 =
|sound2rec =
|network2 =
|hdspace2 =

}}

===Digital rights management===
The game contains Solidshield Tages SAS 3 machine activation limit.

The three-machine activation limit has caused some criticism. Where changing hardware can use up one activation, doing so two times would render the game completely useless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guru3d.com/news/why-guru3d-probably-never-will-review-ubisoft-titles-anymore/ |title=DRM Criticism|publisher=Guru3D|date=14 January 2012|accessdate=27 January 2012}}</ref> However, customers can still contact Ubisoft at 919-460-9778 to request additional activations.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}

==Downloadable content==
The first DLC packs were announced on 13 February 2012.
*The Keeper Package - S.A.A.T. version of Former technology tool with unique skin as well as access to high-end upgrades.
*The Development Package - Two exclusive bonus missions on the history of Former technology and a new portrait of the inventor Josh "the Ghost" Steen.
*The Eden Series Package - Elaborate decorations for the Eco faction, like new Park Systems layouts, Flower Beds, Fountain.etc.

Three DLC packs were added 26 March 2012, these with a Tycoon theme in contrast to the previous Eco-themed DLCs.
*The Central Statistical Package - Global Trust skinned version of the Statistics Center building and all its upgrades.
*The Crisis Response Package - Two exclusive missions focused on restoring the Tycoon's former economic glory after a stock market crash.
*The Distrust Series Package - Ornamental, decorative buildings for the Tycoon faction, including underground Shopping Malls, Searchlights, Security Fences, etc.

Three DLC packs were added with the new World Event The Nordamark Conflict.
*The E.V.E. Package - Give a new portrait of EVE in red theme.
*The Silent Running Package - Give players access to a nuclear submarine Erebos, and its various upgrades.
*The Nordamark Line Package - Various harbor ornamental buildings are added, including a lighthouse which can change the time of day to dawn, noon, dusk, and night.

==''Deep Ocean''==
In October 2012, Ubisoft published an expansion to the game called ''Deep Ocean'', which adds a new civilization level for the tech faction and new resources and products to satisfy that faction's new needs. It also offers a new energy source, the geothermal power plant, which may cause a new natural disaster: a tsunami. Five new campaign missions introduce these new features. It also adds many new factors to the game, which completely changes the way the game is played, most notably when playing with the Tech Faction.

Players who don't have the Deep Ocean Expansion can not play a multiplayer game with other players who do have the expansion unless the expansion is deactivated.

==Reception==

Reviews for ''Anno 2070'' have been primarily positive since the game's release, with a majority of critics considering it an improvement in the ''Anno'' series.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

{{Video game reviews
| title = Anno 2070
| state =

| GR = 84.77%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/626105-anno-2070/index.html |title=Anno 2070 for PC |publisher=GameRankings |date=2011-11-18 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| MC = 83/100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/anno-2070 |title=Anno 2070 for PC Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More |publisher=Metacritic |date=2011-11-17 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>

| agg1 =
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| G4 =
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| GameRev =
| GMaster =
| GSpot = 8.5/10<ref>{{cite web|author=December 16, 2011 3:06PM PST |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/anno-2070/reviews/anno-2070-review-6347765/ |title=Anno 2070 Review - GameSpot.com |publisher=uk.gamespot.com |date=2011-11-18 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| GSpy =
| GTM =
| GRadar =
| GT =
| GW =
| GameZone =
| Hyper =
| IGN = 8.5/10<ref>{{cite web|author=Nathan Meunier |url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/121/1213873p1.html |title=Anno 2070 Review - PC Review at IGN |publisher=uk.pc.ign.com |date=2011-12-02 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
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| rev1 = [[Destructoid]]
| rev1Score = 9.0/10<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/review-anno-2070-216180.phtml |title=Review: Anno 2070 |publisher=Destructoid |date=2011-11-20 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Canard PC]]''
| rev2Score = 8/10{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}
| rev3 = [[Eurogamer]] Italy
| rev3Score = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.it/articles/2011-11-22-videogiochi-anno-2070-recensione |title=Anno 2070 - review • Recensioni • PC • |publisher=Eurogamer.it |date=2011-11-22 |accessdate=2012-07-09|language=Italian}}</ref>
| rev4 = Eurogamer Portugal
| rev4Score = 7/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2012-01-04-anno-2070-analise?page=2 |title=Anno 2070 - Anрlise • Página • Análises • PC • |publisher=Eurogamer.pt |date=2012-01-04 |accessdate=2012-07-09|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
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{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://anno-game.ubi.com/anno-2070/en-GB/home}}
*{{Steam powered|id=48240}}
*[http://forums-de.ubi.com/eve/forums/a/frm/f/3231027629 Official English forums]
*[http://anno2070.wikia.com/wiki/Anno_2070_Wiki Anno 2070 Wiki]

{{Anno series}}

[[Category:2011 video games]]
[[Category:Anno (video game series)]]
[[Category:City-building games]]
[[Category:Real-time strategy video games]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Ubisoft Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Germany]]
[[Category:Video games set in the 2070s]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:2070]]

Anno 2070

2013-08-05T22:26:58Z

Joad.marshal: Undid revision 567321957 by Joad.marshal (talk)

{{Infobox video game
|title = Anno 2070
|image = [[File:Anno2070EuropeanBoxArtPC.jpg|250px|Anno 2070]]
|caption = European cover art
|developer = [[Related Designs]] [[Ubisoft Blue Byte]]
|publisher = [[Ubisoft]]
|distributor =
|engine = InitEngine
|version = 2.0.7780 (4 October 2012) including ''Deep Ocean''
|released = {{vgrelease|EU=17 November 2011<ref>{{cite video |url=http://ubitv.de.ubi.com/index.php?vid=6151&listsort=3&theme_id=0&pid=0&games_id=7&side=1 |title=Ubisoft-TV - Show 10/2011 (ANNO 2070, Assassin's Creed: Revelations) |publisher=Ubisoft|language=German |date=October 2011 |accessdate=25 October 2011|time=01:25}}</ref>}}{{vgrelease|NA=17 November 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shop.ubi.com/store/ubina/en_US/pd/productID.227893100?utm_source=DP_US&utm_medium=ubi&utm_content=buynow_ubishop&utm_campaign=anno2070_pc_UBI_buynow_US |title=Buy Anno 2070 PC Download - UBIShop - The Official Ubisoft Online Store |publisher=Shop.ubi.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.direct2drive.com/11685/product/Buy-Anno-2070-Download |title=Download Games - PC Games and Mac Game Downloads - www.gamefly.co.uk |publisher=Direct2drive.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>}}
|genre = [[City-building game|City-building]] [[Real-time Strategy]]
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]] [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]
|platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]
|ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=7|USK=6}}
|media = [[DVD]], [[Digital distribution|download]]
|series = [[Anno series]]
|requirements =
}}

'''''Anno 2070''''' is a [[city-building game]] and [[Business simulation game|economic simulation game]], with [[real-time strategy]] elements. It is the 5th game of the [[[[Category:Anno (video game series)|Anno series]]]]. It was released on 17 November 2011, and was co-developed by the [[Germany|German]] studios [[Related Designs]] and [[Ubisoft Blue Byte]], and published by [[Ubisoft]]. Anno 2070 requires [[Uplay]] to operate.

==Plot==
The scenario is set in the year 2070. [[Global warming]] has melted the [[Arctic ice cap]], which has raised the global [[sea level]] so that the coasts were inundated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/preview-anno-2070-209519.phtml|title=Preview: Anno 2070|publisher=ModernMethod|date=21 August 2011|accessdate=22 September 2011}}</ref> As a result, many old cities have vanished under the ocean, and much of what was once highland has been turned into chains of new islands. Responsibility for settling and exploiting these new frontiers is given to a select group of people, who captain mobile ocean-going bases known as Arks.

The game has three factions: The Eden Initiative (referred to as the "Ecos"), Global Trust (referred to as the "Tycoons"), and the S.A.A.T. (referred to as the "Techs"). Ecos are [[environmentalism|environmental]] and build [[sustainability|sustainable]] cities, but are inefficient and slow to expand. Tycoons are [[industry|industrious]] and expand quickly, but have problems with [[pollution]] and dwindling [[natural resources|resources]]. The Tech is a support faction available to the other two, and they are useful in researching the latest and most powerful technologies. The Techs are only available later in the game when you donate 10,000 credits to their cause.

==Gameplay==
In ''Anno 2070'', politics are no longer defined by countries, boundaries, religions, races, etc., but how humans choose to produce energy. All humankind rally under one global government where the three main factions of the game control the world's decisions. Players can also vote for a World President and vote in Senate Council. Participation will give different effects to all players, depending on who is president or what bill was passed, until the next cycle of voting begins. For example, voting for the Tycoons' CEO Skylar Banes will increase productivity of manufacturing buildings.

Players can also gain achievement and rewards from just playing the game. Players can customize their Ark to fit personal preference, which only is for aesthetic, as well as gaining special rewards that affect gameplay.

Resources and technology upgrades can be carried on Arks, and be used in another game in "Continuous Mode".

===Events===
The gameplay includes "World Events"; special missions offered only for a limited time, allowing all players to band together and complete the missions. Completing missions will reward players depending on how many people participate.

*'''First event: Neo Skullz Pirates''' - players answer the World Council's call to war against the pirates who threaten humanity with nuclear missiles.
*'''Second event: Project Eden''' - players help the Eden Initiative activate "Former" technologies, which are high-performance air and water filtration systems, to fight pollution on islands.
*'''Third event: Global Distrust''' - players help the Global Trust to prevent a global recession by expanding trades and decrease taxes to attract more inhabitants.
*'''Fourth event: The Nordamark Conflict''' - players need to mediate a confrontation between Global Trust and Eden Initiative in a region called Nordamark with diplomats and a nuclear submarine, Orca.
*'''Fifth event: The Secret of the Ebashi Trench''' - players help the Tech faction to develop a geothermal power plant. This event is the prelude of the Deep Ocean expansion.

There are also "Current Events", where a player can complete a particular quest for one of the three factions to gain rewards. Current Events change daily, unlike World Events, which can be around for several months.

===Factions===
*'''Tycoon''' - Leader: Skylar Banes, CEO. This faction is representative of the Global Trust, Earth's number one leading energy supplier in 2070. Tycoons like to exploit resources quickly for immediate use, which leads to workers that are richer and can pay more taxes. The economy of a Tycoon player accelerates early in the game and declines gradually near the end, as their non-renewable resources run out (Tech's technologies can mitigate this setback however). In turn, Tycoons decrease the eco balance and affect the environment negatively. Tycoons rely on coal and nuclear plants for power, and their citizens enjoy hamburgers, wine and spending time at the Casino. Tycoon citizens do not worry about negative eco balance as much as their Eco counterparts, but they can't gain benefits from positive eco balance. To increase eco balance, Tycoons can build, for example, CO2 reservoirs and waste compactors.
*'''Eco''' - Leader: Seamus Green, founder and spiritual leader. This faction is representative of the Eden Initiative, Earth's most influential environmental organization. Ecos rely on green technology to create their cities, which preserve nature and help the eco balance. Their cities are inefficient and slow to prosper, but Ecos' economy will be steady and reliable until the game's end. Ecos rely on wind and solar power, and their citizens enjoy drinking tea, eating health food and listening to orchestral music. Ecos are affected by negative eco balance more than Tycoons, but they can also benefit from a positive eco balance. To increase the eco balance, Ecos use ozone generators and weather changing stations, etc.
*'''Tech''' - Leader: F.A.T.H.E.R., super-intelligent AI. This faction is representative of the S.A.A.T. (Scientific Academy for Advanced Technologies), and are the supreme inventors of technology and masters of the underwater world. They designed the Ark and E.V.E. (the player's in-game advisor), as well as building plans for aircraft, submarines, and missiles. Tech is the only faction that can live and work underwater on submerged plateaus. Farming algae and mining diamonds are a few things they can do underwater. Tech can research hydroelectric dams for energy and utilize marine current power plants underwater. Their people are scientists and like to study in research buildings. To advance to a higher level, their citizens need algae processed food from underwater cities, and they like to drink energy drinks (made from coffee and sugar).

==Development==
{{VG requirements
|caption = System Requirements
|useminandrec = yes
|collapse =
|align = none
|width = 
|pad = 

|platform1 = PC
|os1 = Windows XP (SP3) / Vista / 7
|os1rec = Windows Vista (64-bit), Windows 7 (64-bit)
|cpu1 = Intel Core 2 Duo 2 GHz or equivalent
|cpu1rec = Intel Core2 Quad or equivalent
|memory1 = 2 GB RAM
|memory1rec = 4 GB RAM
|gpu1 = DirectX 9.0c compatible and 512 MB with Shader 3.0
|gpu1rec = DirectX 9.0c compatible and 1 GB with Shader 3.0
|sound1 = DirectX 9.0c compatible
|sound1rec = DirectX 9.0c compatible
|network1 = One-time connectivity for registration & All-time connectivity required for functional play
|network1rec =
|hdspace1 = 5 GB
|hdspace1rec = 5 GB

|platform2 = 
|os2 =
|cpu2 =
|cpu2rec =
|memory2 =
|memory2rec =
|gpu2 =
|gpu2rec =
|sound2 =
|sound2rec =
|network2 =
|hdspace2 =

}}

===Digital rights management===
The game contains Solidshield Tages SAS 3 machine activation limit.

The three-machine activation limit has caused some criticism. Where changing hardware can use up one activation, doing so two times would render the game completely useless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guru3d.com/news/why-guru3d-probably-never-will-review-ubisoft-titles-anymore/ |title=DRM Criticism|publisher=Guru3D|date=14 January 2012|accessdate=27 January 2012}}</ref> However, customers can still contact Ubisoft at 919-460-9778 to request additional activations.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}

==Downloadable content==
The first DLC packs were announced on 13 February 2012.
*The Keeper Package - S.A.A.T. version of Former technology tool with unique skin as well as access to high-end upgrades.
*The Development Package - Two exclusive bonus missions on the history of Former technology and a new portrait of the inventor Josh "the Ghost" Steen.
*The Eden Series Package - Elaborate decorations for the Eco faction, like new Park Systems layouts, Flower Beds, Fountain.etc.

Three DLC packs were added 26 March 2012, these with a Tycoon theme in contrast to the previous Eco-themed DLCs.
*The Central Statistical Package - Global Trust skinned version of the Statistics Center building and all its upgrades.
*The Crisis Response Package - Two exclusive missions focused on restoring the Tycoon's former economic glory after a stock market crash.
*The Distrust Series Package - Ornamental, decorative buildings for the Tycoon faction, including underground Shopping Malls, Searchlights, Security Fences, etc.

Three DLC packs were added with the new World Event The Nordamark Conflict.
*The E.V.E. Package - Give a new portrait of EVE in red theme.
*The Silent Running Package - Give players access to a nuclear submarine Erebos, and its various upgrades.
*The Nordamark Line Package - Various harbor ornamental buildings are added, including a lighthouse which can change the time of day to dawn, noon, dusk, and night.

==''Deep Ocean''==
In October 2012, Ubisoft published an expansion to the game called ''Deep Ocean'', which adds a new civilization level for the tech faction and new resources and products to satisfy that faction's new needs. It also offers a new energy source, the geothermal power plant, which may cause a new natural disaster: a tsunami. Five new campaign missions introduce these new features. It also adds many new factors to the game, which completely changes the way the game is played, most notably when playing with the Tech Faction.

Players who don't have the Deep Ocean Expansion can not play a multiplayer game with other players who do have the expansion unless the expansion is deactivated.

==Reception==

Reviews for ''Anno 2070'' have been primarily positive since the game's release, with a majority of critics considering it an improvement in the ''Anno'' series.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

{{Video game reviews
| title = Anno 2070
| state =

| GR = 84.77%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/626105-anno-2070/index.html |title=Anno 2070 for PC |publisher=GameRankings |date=2011-11-18 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| MC = 83/100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/anno-2070 |title=Anno 2070 for PC Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More |publisher=Metacritic |date=2011-11-17 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>

| agg1 =
| agg1Score =
| agg2 =
| agg2Score =

| 1UP =
| AAction =
| AdvGamers =
| Allgame =
| Amtix =
| CRASH =
| CVG =
| Dragon =
| Edge =
| EGM =
| EuroG =
| Fam =
| G4 =
| GameFan =
| GI =
| GamePro =
| GameRev =
| GMaster =
| GSpot = 8.5/10<ref>{{cite web|author=December 16, 2011 3:06PM PST |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/anno-2070/reviews/anno-2070-review-6347765/ |title=Anno 2070 Review - GameSpot.com |publisher=uk.gamespot.com |date=2011-11-18 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| GSpy =
| GTM =
| GRadar =
| GT =
| GW =
| GameZone =
| Hyper =
| IGN = 8.5/10<ref>{{cite web|author=Nathan Meunier |url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/121/1213873p1.html |title=Anno 2070 Review - PC Review at IGN |publisher=uk.pc.ign.com |date=2011-12-02 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| MaxPC =
| N64 =
| NP =
| NWR =
| ONM =
| OPM =
| OPMUK =
| OPMAU =
| OXM =
| OXMUK =
| PALGN =
| PCF =
| PCGUK =
| PCGUS =
| PCPP =
| PCZone =
| Play =
| PSM =
| PSM3 =
| SUser =
| TX =
| VG =
| XPlay =
| YSinclair =
| YSpectrum =

| rev1 = [[Destructoid]]
| rev1Score = 9.0/10<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/review-anno-2070-216180.phtml |title=Review: Anno 2070 |publisher=Destructoid |date=2011-11-20 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Canard PC]]''
| rev2Score = 8/10{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}
| rev3 = [[Eurogamer]] Italy
| rev3Score = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.it/articles/2011-11-22-videogiochi-anno-2070-recensione |title=Anno 2070 - review • Recensioni • PC • |publisher=Eurogamer.it |date=2011-11-22 |accessdate=2012-07-09|language=Italian}}</ref>
| rev4 = Eurogamer Portugal
| rev4Score = 7/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2012-01-04-anno-2070-analise?page=2 |title=Anno 2070 - Anрlise • Página • Análises • PC • |publisher=Eurogamer.pt |date=2012-01-04 |accessdate=2012-07-09|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
| rev5 =
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}}

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://anno-game.ubi.com/anno-2070/en-GB/home}}
*{{Steam powered|id=48240}}
*[http://forums-de.ubi.com/eve/forums/a/frm/f/3231027629 Official English forums]
*[http://anno2070.wikia.com/wiki/Anno_2070_Wiki Anno 2070 Wiki]

{{Anno series}}

[[Category:2011 video games]]
[[Category:Anno (video game series)]]
[[Category:City-building games]]
[[Category:Real-time strategy video games]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Ubisoft Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Germany]]
[[Category:Video games set in the 2070s]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:2070]]

Anno 2070

2013-08-05T22:25:57Z

Joad.marshal:

{{Infobox video game
|title = Anno 2070
|image = [[File:Anno2070EuropeanBoxArtPC.jpg|250px|Anno 2070]]
|caption = European cover art
|developer = [[Related Designs]] [[Ubisoft Blue Byte]]
|publisher = [[Ubisoft]]
|distributor =
|engine = InitEngine
|version = 2.0.7780 (4 October 2012) including ''Deep Ocean''
|released = {{vgrelease|EU=17 November 2011<ref>{{cite video |url=http://ubitv.de.ubi.com/index.php?vid=6151&listsort=3&theme_id=0&pid=0&games_id=7&side=1 |title=Ubisoft-TV - Show 10/2011 (ANNO 2070, Assassin's Creed: Revelations) |publisher=Ubisoft|language=German |date=October 2011 |accessdate=25 October 2011|time=01:25}}</ref>}}{{vgrelease|NA=17 November 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shop.ubi.com/store/ubina/en_US/pd/productID.227893100?utm_source=DP_US&utm_medium=ubi&utm_content=buynow_ubishop&utm_campaign=anno2070_pc_UBI_buynow_US |title=Buy Anno 2070 PC Download - UBIShop - The Official Ubisoft Online Store |publisher=Shop.ubi.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.direct2drive.com/11685/product/Buy-Anno-2070-Download |title=Download Games - PC Games and Mac Game Downloads - www.gamefly.co.uk |publisher=Direct2drive.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>}}
|genre = [[City-building game|City-building]] [[Real-time Strategy]]
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]] [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]
|platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]
|ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=7|USK=6}}
|media = [[DVD]], [[Digital distribution|download]]
|series = [[Anno series]]
|requirements =
}}

'''''Anno 2070''''' is a [[city-building game]] and [[Business simulation game|economic simulation game]], with [[real-time strategy]] elements. It is the 5th game of the [[Category:Anno (video game series)|Anno series]]. It was released on 17 November 2011, and was co-developed by the [[Germany|German]] studios [[Related Designs]] and [[Ubisoft Blue Byte]], and published by [[Ubisoft]]. Anno 2070 requires [[Uplay]] to operate.

==Plot==
The scenario is set in the year 2070. [[Global warming]] has melted the [[Arctic ice cap]], which has raised the global [[sea level]] so that the coasts were inundated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/preview-anno-2070-209519.phtml|title=Preview: Anno 2070|publisher=ModernMethod|date=21 August 2011|accessdate=22 September 2011}}</ref> As a result, many old cities have vanished under the ocean, and much of what was once highland has been turned into chains of new islands. Responsibility for settling and exploiting these new frontiers is given to a select group of people, who captain mobile ocean-going bases known as Arks.

The game has three factions: The Eden Initiative (referred to as the "Ecos"), Global Trust (referred to as the "Tycoons"), and the S.A.A.T. (referred to as the "Techs"). Ecos are [[environmentalism|environmental]] and build [[sustainability|sustainable]] cities, but are inefficient and slow to expand. Tycoons are [[industry|industrious]] and expand quickly, but have problems with [[pollution]] and dwindling [[natural resources|resources]]. The Tech is a support faction available to the other two, and they are useful in researching the latest and most powerful technologies. The Techs are only available later in the game when you donate 10,000 credits to their cause.

==Gameplay==
In ''Anno 2070'', politics are no longer defined by countries, boundaries, religions, races, etc., but how humans choose to produce energy. All humankind rally under one global government where the three main factions of the game control the world's decisions. Players can also vote for a World President and vote in Senate Council. Participation will give different effects to all players, depending on who is president or what bill was passed, until the next cycle of voting begins. For example, voting for the Tycoons' CEO Skylar Banes will increase productivity of manufacturing buildings.

Players can also gain achievement and rewards from just playing the game. Players can customize their Ark to fit personal preference, which only is for aesthetic, as well as gaining special rewards that affect gameplay.

Resources and technology upgrades can be carried on Arks, and be used in another game in "Continuous Mode".

===Events===
The gameplay includes "World Events"; special missions offered only for a limited time, allowing all players to band together and complete the missions. Completing missions will reward players depending on how many people participate.

*'''First event: Neo Skullz Pirates''' - players answer the World Council's call to war against the pirates who threaten humanity with nuclear missiles.
*'''Second event: Project Eden''' - players help the Eden Initiative activate "Former" technologies, which are high-performance air and water filtration systems, to fight pollution on islands.
*'''Third event: Global Distrust''' - players help the Global Trust to prevent a global recession by expanding trades and decrease taxes to attract more inhabitants.
*'''Fourth event: The Nordamark Conflict''' - players need to mediate a confrontation between Global Trust and Eden Initiative in a region called Nordamark with diplomats and a nuclear submarine, Orca.
*'''Fifth event: The Secret of the Ebashi Trench''' - players help the Tech faction to develop a geothermal power plant. This event is the prelude of the Deep Ocean expansion.

There are also "Current Events", where a player can complete a particular quest for one of the three factions to gain rewards. Current Events change daily, unlike World Events, which can be around for several months.

===Factions===
*'''Tycoon''' - Leader: Skylar Banes, CEO. This faction is representative of the Global Trust, Earth's number one leading energy supplier in 2070. Tycoons like to exploit resources quickly for immediate use, which leads to workers that are richer and can pay more taxes. The economy of a Tycoon player accelerates early in the game and declines gradually near the end, as their non-renewable resources run out (Tech's technologies can mitigate this setback however). In turn, Tycoons decrease the eco balance and affect the environment negatively. Tycoons rely on coal and nuclear plants for power, and their citizens enjoy hamburgers, wine and spending time at the Casino. Tycoon citizens do not worry about negative eco balance as much as their Eco counterparts, but they can't gain benefits from positive eco balance. To increase eco balance, Tycoons can build, for example, CO2 reservoirs and waste compactors.
*'''Eco''' - Leader: Seamus Green, founder and spiritual leader. This faction is representative of the Eden Initiative, Earth's most influential environmental organization. Ecos rely on green technology to create their cities, which preserve nature and help the eco balance. Their cities are inefficient and slow to prosper, but Ecos' economy will be steady and reliable until the game's end. Ecos rely on wind and solar power, and their citizens enjoy drinking tea, eating health food and listening to orchestral music. Ecos are affected by negative eco balance more than Tycoons, but they can also benefit from a positive eco balance. To increase the eco balance, Ecos use ozone generators and weather changing stations, etc.
*'''Tech''' - Leader: F.A.T.H.E.R., super-intelligent AI. This faction is representative of the S.A.A.T. (Scientific Academy for Advanced Technologies), and are the supreme inventors of technology and masters of the underwater world. They designed the Ark and E.V.E. (the player's in-game advisor), as well as building plans for aircraft, submarines, and missiles. Tech is the only faction that can live and work underwater on submerged plateaus. Farming algae and mining diamonds are a few things they can do underwater. Tech can research hydroelectric dams for energy and utilize marine current power plants underwater. Their people are scientists and like to study in research buildings. To advance to a higher level, their citizens need algae processed food from underwater cities, and they like to drink energy drinks (made from coffee and sugar).

==Development==
{{VG requirements
|caption = System Requirements
|useminandrec = yes
|collapse =
|align = none
|width = 
|pad = 

|platform1 = PC
|os1 = Windows XP (SP3) / Vista / 7
|os1rec = Windows Vista (64-bit), Windows 7 (64-bit)
|cpu1 = Intel Core 2 Duo 2 GHz or equivalent
|cpu1rec = Intel Core2 Quad or equivalent
|memory1 = 2 GB RAM
|memory1rec = 4 GB RAM
|gpu1 = DirectX 9.0c compatible and 512 MB with Shader 3.0
|gpu1rec = DirectX 9.0c compatible and 1 GB with Shader 3.0
|sound1 = DirectX 9.0c compatible
|sound1rec = DirectX 9.0c compatible
|network1 = One-time connectivity for registration & All-time connectivity required for functional play
|network1rec =
|hdspace1 = 5 GB
|hdspace1rec = 5 GB

|platform2 = 
|os2 =
|cpu2 =
|cpu2rec =
|memory2 =
|memory2rec =
|gpu2 =
|gpu2rec =
|sound2 =
|sound2rec =
|network2 =
|hdspace2 =

}}

===Digital rights management===
The game contains Solidshield Tages SAS 3 machine activation limit.

The three-machine activation limit has caused some criticism. Where changing hardware can use up one activation, doing so two times would render the game completely useless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guru3d.com/news/why-guru3d-probably-never-will-review-ubisoft-titles-anymore/ |title=DRM Criticism|publisher=Guru3D|date=14 January 2012|accessdate=27 January 2012}}</ref> However, customers can still contact Ubisoft at 919-460-9778 to request additional activations.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}

==Downloadable content==
The first DLC packs were announced on 13 February 2012.
*The Keeper Package - S.A.A.T. version of Former technology tool with unique skin as well as access to high-end upgrades.
*The Development Package - Two exclusive bonus missions on the history of Former technology and a new portrait of the inventor Josh "the Ghost" Steen.
*The Eden Series Package - Elaborate decorations for the Eco faction, like new Park Systems layouts, Flower Beds, Fountain.etc.

Three DLC packs were added 26 March 2012, these with a Tycoon theme in contrast to the previous Eco-themed DLCs.
*The Central Statistical Package - Global Trust skinned version of the Statistics Center building and all its upgrades.
*The Crisis Response Package - Two exclusive missions focused on restoring the Tycoon's former economic glory after a stock market crash.
*The Distrust Series Package - Ornamental, decorative buildings for the Tycoon faction, including underground Shopping Malls, Searchlights, Security Fences, etc.

Three DLC packs were added with the new World Event The Nordamark Conflict.
*The E.V.E. Package - Give a new portrait of EVE in red theme.
*The Silent Running Package - Give players access to a nuclear submarine Erebos, and its various upgrades.
*The Nordamark Line Package - Various harbor ornamental buildings are added, including a lighthouse which can change the time of day to dawn, noon, dusk, and night.

==''Deep Ocean''==
In October 2012, Ubisoft published an expansion to the game called ''Deep Ocean'', which adds a new civilization level for the tech faction and new resources and products to satisfy that faction's new needs. It also offers a new energy source, the geothermal power plant, which may cause a new natural disaster: a tsunami. Five new campaign missions introduce these new features. It also adds many new factors to the game, which completely changes the way the game is played, most notably when playing with the Tech Faction.

Players who don't have the Deep Ocean Expansion can not play a multiplayer game with other players who do have the expansion unless the expansion is deactivated.

==Reception==

Reviews for ''Anno 2070'' have been primarily positive since the game's release, with a majority of critics considering it an improvement in the ''Anno'' series.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

{{Video game reviews
| title = Anno 2070
| state =

| GR = 84.77%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/626105-anno-2070/index.html |title=Anno 2070 for PC |publisher=GameRankings |date=2011-11-18 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| MC = 83/100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/anno-2070 |title=Anno 2070 for PC Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More |publisher=Metacritic |date=2011-11-17 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>

| agg1 =
| agg1Score =
| agg2 =
| agg2Score =

| 1UP =
| AAction =
| AdvGamers =
| Allgame =
| Amtix =
| CRASH =
| CVG =
| Dragon =
| Edge =
| EGM =
| EuroG =
| Fam =
| G4 =
| GameFan =
| GI =
| GamePro =
| GameRev =
| GMaster =
| GSpot = 8.5/10<ref>{{cite web|author=December 16, 2011 3:06PM PST |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/anno-2070/reviews/anno-2070-review-6347765/ |title=Anno 2070 Review - GameSpot.com |publisher=uk.gamespot.com |date=2011-11-18 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| GSpy =
| GTM =
| GRadar =
| GT =
| GW =
| GameZone =
| Hyper =
| IGN = 8.5/10<ref>{{cite web|author=Nathan Meunier |url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/121/1213873p1.html |title=Anno 2070 Review - PC Review at IGN |publisher=uk.pc.ign.com |date=2011-12-02 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| MaxPC =
| N64 =
| NP =
| NWR =
| ONM =
| OPM =
| OPMUK =
| OPMAU =
| OXM =
| OXMUK =
| PALGN =
| PCF =
| PCGUK =
| PCGUS =
| PCPP =
| PCZone =
| Play =
| PSM =
| PSM3 =
| SUser =
| TX =
| VG =
| XPlay =
| YSinclair =
| YSpectrum =

| rev1 = [[Destructoid]]
| rev1Score = 9.0/10<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/review-anno-2070-216180.phtml |title=Review: Anno 2070 |publisher=Destructoid |date=2011-11-20 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Canard PC]]''
| rev2Score = 8/10{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}
| rev3 = [[Eurogamer]] Italy
| rev3Score = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.it/articles/2011-11-22-videogiochi-anno-2070-recensione |title=Anno 2070 - review • Recensioni • PC • |publisher=Eurogamer.it |date=2011-11-22 |accessdate=2012-07-09|language=Italian}}</ref>
| rev4 = Eurogamer Portugal
| rev4Score = 7/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2012-01-04-anno-2070-analise?page=2 |title=Anno 2070 - Anрlise • Página • Análises • PC • |publisher=Eurogamer.pt |date=2012-01-04 |accessdate=2012-07-09|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
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{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://anno-game.ubi.com/anno-2070/en-GB/home}}
*{{Steam powered|id=48240}}
*[http://forums-de.ubi.com/eve/forums/a/frm/f/3231027629 Official English forums]
*[http://anno2070.wikia.com/wiki/Anno_2070_Wiki Anno 2070 Wiki]

{{Anno series}}

[[Category:2011 video games]]
[[Category:Anno (video game series)]]
[[Category:City-building games]]
[[Category:Real-time strategy video games]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Ubisoft Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Germany]]
[[Category:Video games set in the 2070s]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:2070]]

Anno 2070

2013-08-05T22:25:24Z

Joad.marshal: Linked "Anno Series" to the category page rather than an empty page

{{Infobox video game
|title = Anno 2070
|image = [[File:Anno2070EuropeanBoxArtPC.jpg|250px|Anno 2070]]
|caption = European cover art
|developer = [[Related Designs]] [[Ubisoft Blue Byte]]
|publisher = [[Ubisoft]]
|distributor =
|engine = InitEngine
|version = 2.0.7780 (4 October 2012) including ''Deep Ocean''
|released = {{vgrelease|EU=17 November 2011<ref>{{cite video |url=http://ubitv.de.ubi.com/index.php?vid=6151&listsort=3&theme_id=0&pid=0&games_id=7&side=1 |title=Ubisoft-TV - Show 10/2011 (ANNO 2070, Assassin's Creed: Revelations) |publisher=Ubisoft|language=German |date=October 2011 |accessdate=25 October 2011|time=01:25}}</ref>}}{{vgrelease|NA=17 November 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shop.ubi.com/store/ubina/en_US/pd/productID.227893100?utm_source=DP_US&utm_medium=ubi&utm_content=buynow_ubishop&utm_campaign=anno2070_pc_UBI_buynow_US |title=Buy Anno 2070 PC Download - UBIShop - The Official Ubisoft Online Store |publisher=Shop.ubi.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.direct2drive.com/11685/product/Buy-Anno-2070-Download |title=Download Games - PC Games and Mac Game Downloads - www.gamefly.co.uk |publisher=Direct2drive.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>}}
|genre = [[City-building game|City-building]] [[Real-time Strategy]]
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]] [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]
|platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]
|ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=7|USK=6}}
|media = [[DVD]], [[Digital distribution|download]]
|series = [[Anno series]]
|requirements =
}}

'''''Anno 2070''''' is a [[city-building game]] and [[Business simulation game|economic simulation game]], with [[real-time strategy]] elements. It is the 5th game of the [[[[Category:Anno (video game series)|Anno series]]]]. It was released on 17 November 2011, and was co-developed by the [[Germany|German]] studios [[Related Designs]] and [[Ubisoft Blue Byte]], and published by [[Ubisoft]]. Anno 2070 requires [[Uplay]] to operate.

==Plot==
The scenario is set in the year 2070. [[Global warming]] has melted the [[Arctic ice cap]], which has raised the global [[sea level]] so that the coasts were inundated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/preview-anno-2070-209519.phtml|title=Preview: Anno 2070|publisher=ModernMethod|date=21 August 2011|accessdate=22 September 2011}}</ref> As a result, many old cities have vanished under the ocean, and much of what was once highland has been turned into chains of new islands. Responsibility for settling and exploiting these new frontiers is given to a select group of people, who captain mobile ocean-going bases known as Arks.

The game has three factions: The Eden Initiative (referred to as the "Ecos"), Global Trust (referred to as the "Tycoons"), and the S.A.A.T. (referred to as the "Techs"). Ecos are [[environmentalism|environmental]] and build [[sustainability|sustainable]] cities, but are inefficient and slow to expand. Tycoons are [[industry|industrious]] and expand quickly, but have problems with [[pollution]] and dwindling [[natural resources|resources]]. The Tech is a support faction available to the other two, and they are useful in researching the latest and most powerful technologies. The Techs are only available later in the game when you donate 10,000 credits to their cause.

==Gameplay==
In ''Anno 2070'', politics are no longer defined by countries, boundaries, religions, races, etc., but how humans choose to produce energy. All humankind rally under one global government where the three main factions of the game control the world's decisions. Players can also vote for a World President and vote in Senate Council. Participation will give different effects to all players, depending on who is president or what bill was passed, until the next cycle of voting begins. For example, voting for the Tycoons' CEO Skylar Banes will increase productivity of manufacturing buildings.

Players can also gain achievement and rewards from just playing the game. Players can customize their Ark to fit personal preference, which only is for aesthetic, as well as gaining special rewards that affect gameplay.

Resources and technology upgrades can be carried on Arks, and be used in another game in "Continuous Mode".

===Events===
The gameplay includes "World Events"; special missions offered only for a limited time, allowing all players to band together and complete the missions. Completing missions will reward players depending on how many people participate.

*'''First event: Neo Skullz Pirates''' - players answer the World Council's call to war against the pirates who threaten humanity with nuclear missiles.
*'''Second event: Project Eden''' - players help the Eden Initiative activate "Former" technologies, which are high-performance air and water filtration systems, to fight pollution on islands.
*'''Third event: Global Distrust''' - players help the Global Trust to prevent a global recession by expanding trades and decrease taxes to attract more inhabitants.
*'''Fourth event: The Nordamark Conflict''' - players need to mediate a confrontation between Global Trust and Eden Initiative in a region called Nordamark with diplomats and a nuclear submarine, Orca.
*'''Fifth event: The Secret of the Ebashi Trench''' - players help the Tech faction to develop a geothermal power plant. This event is the prelude of the Deep Ocean expansion.

There are also "Current Events", where a player can complete a particular quest for one of the three factions to gain rewards. Current Events change daily, unlike World Events, which can be around for several months.

===Factions===
*'''Tycoon''' - Leader: Skylar Banes, CEO. This faction is representative of the Global Trust, Earth's number one leading energy supplier in 2070. Tycoons like to exploit resources quickly for immediate use, which leads to workers that are richer and can pay more taxes. The economy of a Tycoon player accelerates early in the game and declines gradually near the end, as their non-renewable resources run out (Tech's technologies can mitigate this setback however). In turn, Tycoons decrease the eco balance and affect the environment negatively. Tycoons rely on coal and nuclear plants for power, and their citizens enjoy hamburgers, wine and spending time at the Casino. Tycoon citizens do not worry about negative eco balance as much as their Eco counterparts, but they can't gain benefits from positive eco balance. To increase eco balance, Tycoons can build, for example, CO2 reservoirs and waste compactors.
*'''Eco''' - Leader: Seamus Green, founder and spiritual leader. This faction is representative of the Eden Initiative, Earth's most influential environmental organization. Ecos rely on green technology to create their cities, which preserve nature and help the eco balance. Their cities are inefficient and slow to prosper, but Ecos' economy will be steady and reliable until the game's end. Ecos rely on wind and solar power, and their citizens enjoy drinking tea, eating health food and listening to orchestral music. Ecos are affected by negative eco balance more than Tycoons, but they can also benefit from a positive eco balance. To increase the eco balance, Ecos use ozone generators and weather changing stations, etc.
*'''Tech''' - Leader: F.A.T.H.E.R., super-intelligent AI. This faction is representative of the S.A.A.T. (Scientific Academy for Advanced Technologies), and are the supreme inventors of technology and masters of the underwater world. They designed the Ark and E.V.E. (the player's in-game advisor), as well as building plans for aircraft, submarines, and missiles. Tech is the only faction that can live and work underwater on submerged plateaus. Farming algae and mining diamonds are a few things they can do underwater. Tech can research hydroelectric dams for energy and utilize marine current power plants underwater. Their people are scientists and like to study in research buildings. To advance to a higher level, their citizens need algae processed food from underwater cities, and they like to drink energy drinks (made from coffee and sugar).

==Development==
{{VG requirements
|caption = System Requirements
|useminandrec = yes
|collapse =
|align = none
|width = 
|pad = 

|platform1 = PC
|os1 = Windows XP (SP3) / Vista / 7
|os1rec = Windows Vista (64-bit), Windows 7 (64-bit)
|cpu1 = Intel Core 2 Duo 2 GHz or equivalent
|cpu1rec = Intel Core2 Quad or equivalent
|memory1 = 2 GB RAM
|memory1rec = 4 GB RAM
|gpu1 = DirectX 9.0c compatible and 512 MB with Shader 3.0
|gpu1rec = DirectX 9.0c compatible and 1 GB with Shader 3.0
|sound1 = DirectX 9.0c compatible
|sound1rec = DirectX 9.0c compatible
|network1 = One-time connectivity for registration & All-time connectivity required for functional play
|network1rec =
|hdspace1 = 5 GB
|hdspace1rec = 5 GB

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===Digital rights management===
The game contains Solidshield Tages SAS 3 machine activation limit.

The three-machine activation limit has caused some criticism. Where changing hardware can use up one activation, doing so two times would render the game completely useless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guru3d.com/news/why-guru3d-probably-never-will-review-ubisoft-titles-anymore/ |title=DRM Criticism|publisher=Guru3D|date=14 January 2012|accessdate=27 January 2012}}</ref> However, customers can still contact Ubisoft at 919-460-9778 to request additional activations.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}

==Downloadable content==
The first DLC packs were announced on 13 February 2012.
*The Keeper Package - S.A.A.T. version of Former technology tool with unique skin as well as access to high-end upgrades.
*The Development Package - Two exclusive bonus missions on the history of Former technology and a new portrait of the inventor Josh "the Ghost" Steen.
*The Eden Series Package - Elaborate decorations for the Eco faction, like new Park Systems layouts, Flower Beds, Fountain.etc.

Three DLC packs were added 26 March 2012, these with a Tycoon theme in contrast to the previous Eco-themed DLCs.
*The Central Statistical Package - Global Trust skinned version of the Statistics Center building and all its upgrades.
*The Crisis Response Package - Two exclusive missions focused on restoring the Tycoon's former economic glory after a stock market crash.
*The Distrust Series Package - Ornamental, decorative buildings for the Tycoon faction, including underground Shopping Malls, Searchlights, Security Fences, etc.

Three DLC packs were added with the new World Event The Nordamark Conflict.
*The E.V.E. Package - Give a new portrait of EVE in red theme.
*The Silent Running Package - Give players access to a nuclear submarine Erebos, and its various upgrades.
*The Nordamark Line Package - Various harbor ornamental buildings are added, including a lighthouse which can change the time of day to dawn, noon, dusk, and night.

==''Deep Ocean''==
In October 2012, Ubisoft published an expansion to the game called ''Deep Ocean'', which adds a new civilization level for the tech faction and new resources and products to satisfy that faction's new needs. It also offers a new energy source, the geothermal power plant, which may cause a new natural disaster: a tsunami. Five new campaign missions introduce these new features. It also adds many new factors to the game, which completely changes the way the game is played, most notably when playing with the Tech Faction.

Players who don't have the Deep Ocean Expansion can not play a multiplayer game with other players who do have the expansion unless the expansion is deactivated.

==Reception==

Reviews for ''Anno 2070'' have been primarily positive since the game's release, with a majority of critics considering it an improvement in the ''Anno'' series.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

{{Video game reviews
| title = Anno 2070
| state =

| GR = 84.77%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/626105-anno-2070/index.html |title=Anno 2070 for PC |publisher=GameRankings |date=2011-11-18 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| MC = 83/100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/anno-2070 |title=Anno 2070 for PC Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More |publisher=Metacritic |date=2011-11-17 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>

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| GSpot = 8.5/10<ref>{{cite web|author=December 16, 2011 3:06PM PST |url=http://uk.gamespot.com/anno-2070/reviews/anno-2070-review-6347765/ |title=Anno 2070 Review - GameSpot.com |publisher=uk.gamespot.com |date=2011-11-18 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
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| IGN = 8.5/10<ref>{{cite web|author=Nathan Meunier |url=http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/121/1213873p1.html |title=Anno 2070 Review - PC Review at IGN |publisher=uk.pc.ign.com |date=2011-12-02 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
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| rev1 = [[Destructoid]]
| rev1Score = 9.0/10<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/review-anno-2070-216180.phtml |title=Review: Anno 2070 |publisher=Destructoid |date=2011-11-20 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Canard PC]]''
| rev2Score = 8/10{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}
| rev3 = [[Eurogamer]] Italy
| rev3Score = 9/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.it/articles/2011-11-22-videogiochi-anno-2070-recensione |title=Anno 2070 - review • Recensioni • PC • |publisher=Eurogamer.it |date=2011-11-22 |accessdate=2012-07-09|language=Italian}}</ref>
| rev4 = Eurogamer Portugal
| rev4Score = 7/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.pt/articles/2012-01-04-anno-2070-analise?page=2 |title=Anno 2070 - Anрlise • Página • Análises • PC • |publisher=Eurogamer.pt |date=2012-01-04 |accessdate=2012-07-09|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
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{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://anno-game.ubi.com/anno-2070/en-GB/home}}
*{{Steam powered|id=48240}}
*[http://forums-de.ubi.com/eve/forums/a/frm/f/3231027629 Official English forums]
*[http://anno2070.wikia.com/wiki/Anno_2070_Wiki Anno 2070 Wiki]

{{Anno series}}

[[Category:2011 video games]]
[[Category:Anno (video game series)]]
[[Category:City-building games]]
[[Category:Real-time strategy video games]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Ubisoft Entertainment games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Germany]]
[[Category:Video games set in the 2070s]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:2070]]

Jack of all trades

2013-07-17T06:18:04Z

Joad.marshal: Added internal Wikipedia link to "Renaissance man"

"'''Jack of all trades, master of none'''" is a [[figure of speech]] used in reference to a person that is competent with many skills but is not necessarily outstanding in any particular one.

The earliest recorded versions of the phrase do not contain the second part. Indeed they are broadly positive in tone. Such a ''Jack of all trades'' may be a master of integration, as such an individual knows enough from many learned trades and skills to be able to bring his or her [[Interdisciplinarity|disciplines together]] in a practical manner. This person is a [[generalist]] rather than a [[expert|specialist]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}

==Origins==
In [[Elizabethan]] [[English language|English]] the quasi-[[New Latin]] term '''Johannes factotum''' ("Johnny do-it-all") was sometimes used, with the same negative connotation<ref>[http://www.sourcetext.com/sourcebook/essays/greene/OED.hctm Sourcetext.com]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref> that "Jack of all trades" sometimes has today. The term was famously used by [[Robert Greene (16th century)|Robert Greene]] in his 1592 booklet ''[[Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit]]'',<ref>"There is an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his tiger's heart wrapped in a player's hide supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes Factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country." ''Groatsworth of Wit''; cited from William Shakespeare (ed. Stephen Orgel and A. R. Braunmuller) The Complete Works (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2002) p. xlvii.</ref> in which he dismissively refers to [[William Shakespeare]] with this term, the first published mention of the writer.

In 1612, the English language version of the phrase appeared in the book "Essays and Characters of a Prison" by English writer Geffray Mynshul (Minshull)<ref>[http://www.giga-usa.com/quotes/lists/qubiomin.htm Geffray Minshull (Mynshul), English miscellaneous writer (1594? - 1668)]</ref> originally published in 1618,<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iqVa6p6Q-H4C&dq=Geffray+Minshull&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=zTzPxSpjfh&sig=Iju58Y77emVWC02BpWvr8fb9zdE&hl=en&ei=Ram9SvaeB8ifjAep25BO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Essayes and characters of a Prison and Prisoners originally published in 1618]</ref> and probably based on the author's experience while held at [[Gray's Inn]], [[London]], when imprisoned for debt.<ref>[http://library.halton.gov.uk/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=link=1100003~!S244503~!1100001~!1100002#focus]{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref>

Mynshul uses only the first half of the phrase in the book, which may indicate that the phrase was in common usage at the time he wrote his account. Indeed, the 'jack of all trades' part of the phrase was in common use during the 17th century and was generally used as a term of praise. 'Jack' in those days was a generic term for 'man'.

=="Master of none"==
The 'master of none' element appears to have been added later and the expression ceased to be very flattering. Today, the phrase used in its entirety generally describes a person whose knowledge, while covering a number of areas, is superficial in all of them, whilst when abbreviated as simply 'jack of all trades' is more ambiguous and the user's intention may vary, dependent on context.<ref>"Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins" by William and Mary Morris (HarperCollins, New York, 1977, 1988)</ref> In North America, the phrase has been in use since 1721,<ref>"Random House Dictionary of Popular Proverbs and Sayings" by Gregory Y. Titelman (Random House, New York, 1996)</ref> typically in its short form.

The phrase is occasionally extended further into a rhyming couplet which restores the earlier positive meaning,{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}<blockquote>
"Jack of all trades, master of none, 
Certainly better than a master of one"</blockquote>
Other versions appear as:
<blockquote>"Jack of all trades, master of none, 
Often times better than a master of one"</blockquote>
<blockquote>"Jack of all trades, master of none, 
Better than Jack of one trade, master of none"</blockquote>

Another way to counter-act the negative tone of the "master of none" part, is to change it to "Jack of all trades, master of '''some'''", which leans more towards the "[[Renaissance man]]" sort of person.

==In other languages==
Sayings and terms resembling 'jack of all trades' appear in almost all languages. Whether they are meant positively or negatively vary, and are dependent on the context. While many of these refer to a "jack of all trades" or "jill of all trades" in them, the fundamental idea they are trying to convey may be entirely different.

* [[Arabic language]]:
** [[Najdi Arabic]]: صاحب الصنعتين كذاب ("The one who knows two trades is a liar")
** [[Egyptian Arabic]]: سبع صنايع والبخت ضايع ("The one who knows seven trades but is so unlucky")
** [[Syrian Arabic]]: مسبع الكارات ("rolling stone gathers")
* [[Bengali (language)|Bengali]]: জ্যাক, কোনটি মাস্টার সব কাজে
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]]:
** [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] ([[Simplified Chinese|Simplified]]): 门门懂,样样瘟 ([[Traditional Chinese|Traditional]]): 樣樣通,樣樣鬆 ("All trades known, all trades dull")
** [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] ([[Simplified Chinese|Simplified]]): 万金油－ The "10,000 gold oil", also the name of [[Tiger Balm]], can be used to refer to someone who meets this description<ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/view/4402.htm Baidu article on Tigerbalm (in Chinese)]</ref>
** [[Shanghainese]] ([[Simplified Chinese|Simplified]]): 三脚猫 ("A cat with only 3 legs")
** [[Cantonese Chinese|Cantonese]]: 周身刀,無張利 ("Equipped with knives all over, yet none is sharp")
* [[Croatian language|Croatian]]: ''Katica za sve'' ("Kate for everything")
* [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''Devatero řemesel, desátá bída.'' ("Nine crafts, tenth is misery")
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Manusje-van-alles'' ("Man-of-all"), usually meant positively. Also: ''Handige Harry'' ("Handy Harry"), ''12 ambachten, 13 ongelukken'' ("12 trades, 13 accidents").
* [[Esperanto language|Esperanto]]: ''Kiu ĉasas du leporojn, kaptas neniun.'' ("Who chases two jackrabbits catches none")<ref>[http://www.robkeetlaer.nl/esperanto/proverbaro/proverbo_000976.htm Robkeetlaer.nl]</ref>
* [[Estonian language|Estonian]]: ''Üheksa ametit, kümnes nälg'' ("Nine trades, the tenth one — hunger").
* [[Finnish language|Finnish]]: ''Jokapaikanhöylä'' ("[[Plane (tool)|Plane]] for all purposes"). Usually a compliment, but sometimes implies irony: a tool designed for all purposes is not really good for any specific purposes.
* [[French language|French]]: ''Homme-à-tout-faire'' ("Do-all man" but the meaning is now used more for the job of 'handy-man' than for anything else), ''Touche-à-tout'' ("Touch everything"), ''Qui trop embrasse, mal étreint'' ("he who embraces too much, has a weak grasp"), ''Avoir plusieurs cordes à son arc'' (''To have many strings to one's bow''), ''Avoir plusieurs casquettes'' ("To have many caps"). Occasionally the expression ''Maître Jacques'' (literally "Master Jack") is used.
* [[German language|German]]: ''Ein Multitalent kann Vieles, aber nichts richtig'' ("A multi-talent knows much, but nothing properly"). Also the older figure ''[[:de:Hansdampf in allen Gassen|Hansdampf in allen Gassen]]'' (literally: "Jack Steam in every alley", with "Hans Dampf" being a personal name) exists.
* [[Greek language|Greek]]: Πολυτεχνίτης και ερημοσπίτης ("A man of many crafts and a deserted home"). The empty house – without a spouse and children – implies poverty and lack of prosperity.
* [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: תפסת מרובה לא תפסת (short) or תפסת מרובה לא תפסת - תפסת מועט תפסת (full) ("He who has seized a lot, has not seized" (short) or "[[Tafasta meruba lo tafasta|He who has seized a lot, has not seized — He who has seized little, seized]]").
* [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: ''Aki sokat markol, keveset fog'' ("He who grasps much, retains but little"). ''Ezermester'' ("master (of a) thousand (things)").
* [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]: ''Þúsundþjalasmiður'' ("A craftsman of a thousand rasps").
* [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Esperto di tutto, maestro in niente'' ("Expert of everything, master of none").
* [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 多芸は無芸 ("Many talents is no talent")
* [[Korean language|Korean]]: 열 두 가지 재주 가진 놈이 저녁거리가 없다 ("A man of twelve talents has nothing to eat for dinner")
* [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: ''Devyni amatai, dešimtas – badas'' ("When you have nine trades, then your tenth one is famine/starvation"). There is also ''Barbė šimtadarbė'' ("Barbie with hundred professions"). ''Visų krūmų neapšiksi'' ("It's impossible to shit in every bush").
* [[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Yang dikejar tak dapat, yang dikendong berciciran'' ("The pursued is not acquired, the held is dropped")
* [[Persian language|Persian]]: همه کاره و هیچ کاره ("All trades and no trades")
* [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Siedem fachów, ósma bieda'' ("Seven trades, the eighth one — poverty"), ''Złota rączka'' ("Handyman").
* [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Pau pra toda obra'' ("Wood for any building"); ''João-Faz-Tudo'' ("john-handyman"); ''Homem dos sete ofícios'' ("man of seven trades")
* [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Bun la toate și la nimic'' ("Good at everything and at nothing")
* [[Russian language|Russian]]: Специалист широкого профиля ("Specialist in wide range") — being an oxymoron widely used with irony, though some people use it in positive sense. Мастер на все руки ("Master in all hands"). Used only as a term of praise. За десять дел возьмется, ни одно не закончит ("Starts ten things, finishes none"). К каждой бочке затычка ("A peg for every barrel") — someone who wants to participate in every deal. И швец, и жнец, и на дуде игрец ("Can sew, mow and play the flute") — the most ironical description.
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]:
** [[Chilean Spanish|Chile]]: ''Maestro Chasquilla'' ("Fringe Master")
** [[Castilian Spanish|Spain]], [[Argentinian Spanish|Argentina]], [[Mexican Spanish|Mexico]], [[Uruguayan Spanish|Uruguay]], [[Colombian Spanish|Colombia]]: ''Quien mucho abarca poco aprieta'' ("He who embraces too much, has a weak grasp")
** [[Castilian Spanish|Spain]], ''[[Colombian Spanish|Colombia]]'': ''Aprendiz de mucho, maestro de nada'' ("Apprentice of a lot, master of nothing")
** [[Castilian Spanish|Spain]]: ''Maestro Liendre, que de todo sabe y de nada entiende.'' ("Knows about everything but understands nothing")
** [[Castilian Spanish|Spain]]: ''Aprendiz de todo, maestro de nada.'' ("Apprentice of everything, master of nothing")
** [[Castilian Spanish|Spain]]: ''Un océano de conocimiento de una pulgada de profundidad'' ("An ocean of knowledge of an inch deep")
** [[Mexican Spanish|Mexico]]: ''A todo le tiras, y a nada le pegas'' ("You aim for everything, but you hit nothing") ''Chambitas'' ("Little jobs") ''Mil usos'' ("One thousand jobs")
* [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: දන්න ඉලව්වකුත් නෑ.නොදන්න මළ ඉලව්වකුත් නෑ. ("Pretends to be a wit of everything, but certainly not.")
*[[Shona Language|Zimbabwe]]:"mbeva zhinji hadzina mashe" ("too many cooks spoil the broth")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrmars.com/admin/pics/1634.pdf}}</ref>
*[[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Mångsysslare'' ("Multi tasker") ''Tusenkonstnär'' ("thousand tasks artist")
* [[Filipino Language|Tagalog]]: ''Marunong sa lahat, magaling sa wala'' ("Knows everything, masters none")
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பல தொழில் கற்றவன் ஒரு தொழிலும் செய்யான் ("A man who knew so many businesses but thinks for ever to choose which one to master")
* [[Thai language|Thai]]: รู้อย่างเป็ด ("Know like duck")
* [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Her şeyin ehli, hiçbir şeyin ustası.'' ("competent in all, master in none.").
* [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Một nghề cho chín, còn hơn chín nghề'' ("Being master in one job is better than being average in nine jobs")

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wiktionary-inline|jack of all trades}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jack Of All Trades, Master Of None}}
[[Category:English idioms]]
[[Category:Jack tales]]

Talk:Chuck Grassley

2013-06-15T00:52:14Z

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==Neutrality==
The neutrality of this article isn't actually in question, since it's a lovefest for the Senator. If it wasn't edited by his Senate staff, it was edited by a member of his family. On top of that, it doesn't cite any sources for its clear campaign-headline claims. [[User:Info999|Info999]] 00:38, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

And the mention of his prospective opponent has anything to do with his record or his conduct in office? Move on with the ad plants. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.191.24.173|71.191.24.173]] ([[User talk:71.191.24.173|talk]]) 06:53, 11 April 2009 (UTC) 

The current issue of The New Republic (09.10.07) discusses Senator Grassley in "The strange heroism of Chuck Grassley. Earnest Goes to Washington" by Eve Fairbanks at https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=20070910&s=fairbanks091007 (subscription required). The New Republic, described in Wikipedia as "socially liberal," paints a more positive picture of the Senator than this contested Wikipedia entry does.[[User:Drienstra|Drienstra]] 03:09, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

: This article highlight the senator's environmental record in a way that suggest it's a more important issue than it really is. Grassley has never pretended to be a champion of the environment, yet the long section suggest scandal. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/12.216.238.81|12.216.238.81]] ([[User talk:12.216.238.81|talk]]) 00:47, 27 June 2008 (UTC) 

:: Of course, probably needs shortened or to have more 'substance' of importance. [[User:Kopf1988|Kopf1988]] ([[User talk:Kopf1988|talk]]) 03:50, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

::: I'd probably just chop it and put it in the same section as the other interest-group ratings. Unless there's evidence that his votes on some of these issues caused particular interest (e.g. attracting news stories), I don't see any reason to highlight at length "group X says he voted the wrong way on issues A, B, and C, but the right way on issues D, E, and F" with a long laundry list. And even if we were, why the environmental ones, and not similarly verbose treatment of the other interest groups' ratings? --[[User:Delirium|Delirium]] ([[User talk:Delirium|talk]]) 10:05, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

:::: I agree that the environmental section is too large, and should be put into the same section as other interest group ratings. I do not agree that this article as it stands is partisan in favor of Grassley, and I say that as a person considerably to his left. I would argue for removing the challenge to this article's neutrality. [[User:Dlbarber|Douglas Barber]] ([[User talk:Dlbarber|talk]]) 00:15, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Position against medicinal marijuana has nothing to do w/ investigation into health care kickbacks==>gone. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.191.24.173|71.191.24.173]] ([[User talk:71.191.24.173|talk]]) 06:55, 11 April 2009 (UTC) 

== Interesting ==

Noticed this article was edited by the same IP belonging to the US Senate [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=156.33.30.37] that removed vietname related claims from [[Tom_Harkin]]'s article.

See slashdot and related article on misuse of wiki by politicians
[http://politics.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/02/09/0433252]

—The preceding ''[[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]]'' comment was added by [[User:Coaxial|Coaxial]] ([[User talk:Coaxial|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Coaxial|contribs]]){{#ifeq:16:51, 9 February 2006 | | | on 16:51, 9 February 2006 (UTC)}}; ''[[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|Please sign your posts]]!''

== Contributions To American Slang ==

PORKULUS: A term used by Sen. Grassley to describe the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]. The word is a succinct portmanteau of the words [[pork barrel]] and stimulus. As of Feburary 10, 2009 it can be found on over 80,000 web pages and has gained popular informal use in many Republican and politically-conservative discussions. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/99.154.123.191|99.154.123.191]] ([[User talk:99.154.123.191|talk]]) 21:39, 9 February 2009 (UTC) 

The term refers to the largest single government spending program, in USA history and in the world, and therefore is not a trivial matter. Wikipedia's verifiability criteria are met by the reference to Sen. Grassley's own Twitter 'tweet' of Feb. 2, 2009. Inclusion of the word, the discussion surrounding it and the context of its usage are [[encyclopedic]], having met the letter and spirit of Wikipedia's own entry on the word [[encyclopedic]]. A direct link to the word "encyclopedic" in other online dictionaries would violate copyright, therefore such links are not provided here but can easily be found online.

Open discussion is welcome and encouraged. I respectfully ask that all undo's be explained at least as well as I have explained myself here. That's fair and promotes a deeper, more objective understanding of this subject at hand. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/99.154.123.191|99.154.123.191]] ([[User talk:99.154.123.191|talk]]) 22:04, 9 February 2009 (UTC) 
:Can you find a reliable source other than Senator Grassley's tweet that uses that term? Also, can you be certain that it came from an official Grassley Twitter account? Some alleged senatorial twitter accounts are actually run by people unaffiliated with that office. Also, WPs standards would require more than just this one source to prove notability. [[WP:RS]] requires multiple, reliable sources. Also, you have to consider whether Grassley's use of the word was fleeting. Just because he used the word does not make it notable. If you want to discuss it in the terms of his speech about the stimulus bill, that would be OK, such as "Senator Grassley, a leading critic of the stimulus bill decried the bill as little more than pork barrel spending disguised as a stimulus package, humrously referring to it as a 'porkulus'" Obviously, those are only my words; you'd have to formulate the description based on exactly what was said in the reliable source. I just don't see the term as adding anything to the discussion. Grassley's opposition to the stimulus bill is notlable, and warrants a broader discussion. His use of the term porkulus may be warranted as part of that broader discussion. But as a stand alone paragraph where the term, rather than a [[WP:NPOV|non-POV]] discussion of his views on the bill doesn't quite cut it in my opinion.[[User:Dcmacnut|DCmacnut]][[User talk:Dcmacnut|<>]] 22:15, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Grassley's Twitter Tweet is directly referenced by his Senate web page at http://grassley.senate.gov/info/civics_room.cfm and can therefore be considered first-hand information, consistent with Wikipedia's criteria for Verifiability.
[[Special:Contributions/99.154.123.191|99.154.123.191]] ([[User talk:99.154.123.191|talk]]) 22:20, 9 February 2009 (UTC)
::[[WP:RS|Wikipedia's policy on reliable sources]] requires "reliable, third-party, published sources." Grassley's website and his twitter account would be considered a primary source. Can you provide links to a reliable, third-party source (i.e. an account from a non-senate website like a newspaper) that specifically discusses use of the term porkulus, where the term itself if the subject of the article? As I've said before, I have no objection to using the term, but only as part of a discussion supported by reliable, third-party sources of Grassley's views on the stimulus bill. Members of his senate staff are probably the ones updating his Twitter account. I see that Grassley did use the term just once in the Senate debate on February 3 ({{USCongRec|2009|S1377}}, but the debate itself is still a primary source that needs additional support from third-party sources.[[User:Dcmacnut|DCmacnut]][[User talk:Dcmacnut|<>]] 22:29, 9 February 2009 (UTC)
::Moreover, Rush Limbaugh was the [http://thinkprogress.org/2009/02/08/limbaugh-gop-reins/ first to use the term on January 23], and Grassley merely adopted the term in his debate. So the original edit was wrong, in that Grassley wasn't the one to coin the phrase.[[User:Dcmacnut|DCmacnut]][[User talk:Dcmacnut|<>]] 22:37, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for those references. Your [http://thinkprogress.org/2009/02/08/limbaugh-gop-reins/ referenced video] shows Grassley using the term but as you pointed out, it was Limbaugh who appears to have first used the term, not Grassley. At this point, I don't believe Grassley coined the term "porkulus." If I found otherwise, I'll post it here along with any further references for everyone's objective consideration. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/99.154.123.191|99.154.123.191]] ([[User talk:99.154.123.191|talk]]) 22:53, 9 February 2009 (UTC) 

== "Coattails", etc. ==

Clearly POV. You can keep in the reference to his voting record as per veterans issues, but the editorializing about coattails is POV and should not be in a wiki article. The potential opponent in 2010 information is also superfluous, and I'd encourage its deletion. [[User:HandsomeSam57|HandsomeSam57]] ([[User talk:HandsomeSam57|talk]]) 00:06, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

== The Family ==

Why is this sentence here?
"Grassley is a member of The Family, a secretive Christian political organization that organizes the National Prayer Breakfast and made headlines in the summer of 2009 for its involvement in the adulterous affairs of Senator John Ensign, Governor Mark Sanford and ex-Representative Chip Pickering."
It sounds like he is a member of the masons or something. Does the membership of Ensign and Sanford have any relevance to Grassley? Is it meant to associate him with individuals who cheated on their wives? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:SarahJaneSmith|SarahJaneSmith]] ([[User talk:SarahJaneSmith|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/SarahJaneSmith|contribs]]) 18:28, 31 July 2009 (UTC) 
:I've removed the irrelevant information. --''[[User:Philosopher|Philosopher]]'' [[User talk:Philosopher|Let us reason together.]] 23:04, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

== Typo? ==

What are the symbols |} doing at the beginning of this page? [[User:Dblandford|David Blandford]] ([[User talk:Dblandford|talk]]) 07:30, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

== Wendell Potter's criticism of Grassley ==

As per [[WP:Weight]], [[WP:RS]], and [[WP:NPOV]] concerns, it seems bad to me to cite information from highly biased, opinion based sources (which are [[Jack Cafferty]]'s blog and [[Democracy Now!]]) on an article that is a [[WP:BLP]].

After all, conservative columnists have called health care reform malicious socialism. We don't include that in biographical articles about Obama or Pelosi or Reid et cetera because these article have a higher standard. [[User:The Squicks|The Squicks]] ([[User talk:The Squicks|talk]]) 05:08, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

:He's no more biased than Saul on the road to Damascus. He's an expert, an insider who knows where bodies are buried. Run-of-the-mill "conservative columnists" have no such expertise. [[Teabagger]]s have equivocated Obama and Hitler. I favor showing it all, trusting that truth eventually will out, from comparison. -[[User:Mbhiii|MBHiii]] ([[User talk:Mbhiii|talk]]) 15:53, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

::Please don't bring religion into this, as for you to insult my Christian beliefs like that is both unhelpful and unnecessary to the discussion.
::As well, please delete your silly sexual slur about me.
::There '''are''' healthcare experts such as people at the [[CATO Institute]] and the [[Heritage Foundation]] who have criticized government managed health care advocates. But that material is not in pages for Obama or other characters.
::Why is that? It's because of [[WP:BLP]] rules that advise against giving [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] to certain types of information to preserve [[WP:NPOV]]. As well, highly biased opinion based sources are to be used with extreme reservations as per [[WP:V]] and [[WP:RS]]. [[User:The Squicks|The Squicks]] ([[User talk:The Squicks|talk]]) 16:32, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

::A RFC seems like a good idea given that there are editors who used to work on this page but have left (and I would like their input). It would serve as a beacon to let them know. [[User:The Squicks|The Squicks]] ([[User talk:The Squicks|talk]]) 16:48, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

==RfC: Should opinion criticism from [[Wendell Potter]] and [[Jack Cafferty]] be in the article ==

Should the opinion criticism from [[Wendell Potter]] and [[Jack Cafferty]] be mentioned in the article? [[User:The Squicks|The Squicks]] ([[User talk:The Squicks|talk]]) 16:44, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

:If the criticism is factual and not diatribe, then I'm good with it. --[[User:JRStutler|averagejoe]] ([[User talk:JRStutler|talk]]) 17:26, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

::I don't know whether or not the term "diatribe", which is rather subjective, applies here. You can see the exact words used in>
:::(=) http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/30/insurance_industry_whistleblower_wendell_potter_blasts
::[[User:The Squicks|The Squicks]] ([[User talk:The Squicks|talk]]) 19:54, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

::The other reference, the CNN reporter's blog, is here>
:::(=) http://caffertyfile.blogs.cnn.com/2009/09/03/six-lobbyists-per-lawmaker-enough-on-health-care/
::[[User:The Squicks|The Squicks]] ([[User talk:The Squicks|talk]]) 20:03, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

:::No, we should not give such an asymmetric amount of space to opinions. Simply because they criticize him does not mean create a section and act as if they represent a [[WP:UNDUE|mainstream view that is critical of him]]. Crap like this has no place in the article. Let's not turn this into a [[Wikipedia:Coatrack|coatrack article]]. [[User:Richard|''Richard'']] ([[User talk:Richard|talk]]) 04:11, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

::::It seems to me that Potter's statement is opinion, without citing any fact to substantiate the position asserted. Average Iowans favor single-payer or government-option, so Chuck isn't listening to his constituents, but without citing some facts it's just opinion. I'm not comfortable with that being in the article, even though I'm watching Chuck make his every-six-years dash to the right, pandering to a small but vocal minority of Iowans, to stave off a primary fight.
::::The rest of the section seems to be a statement of fact, with reference cited. Chuck has taken quite a bit of money from the special interests in question, and now he's showing he's been bought and paid for. While some folks might not like his shortcomings exposed, sorry. Show some counter-facts, show some proof he's not beholden to those who bought him the seat he occupies.
::::My $0.02. --[[User:JRStutler|averagejoe]] ([[User talk:JRStutler|talk]]) 14:27, 2 October 2009 (UTC)
:::::I'm not sure how different you see these guys to be. Cafferty must cite sources to avoid giving mere opinions. Potter is the source; he dealt directly with these guys in industry soirées, and his accusations go utterly uncontested by them. -[[Special:Contributions/74.162.155.166|74.162.155.166]] ([[User talk:74.162.155.166|talk]]) 04:53, 3 October 2009 (UTC)
:::::Although Potter would be more convincing if he justified his assertion with facts, I think that because he is so well qualified to comment, having been a long-time top pharmaceutical company exec and spokesman, his statement is worthy of note and should pass muster in this context. And I see nothing inappropriate in including Cafferty's statement of relevant fact. Cafferty is a respected journalist, who criticizes both sides of US politics. He does not quote any official source, but since the statement, which can easily be checked, was made on a network television program and apparently went undisputed, there seems vanishingly small risk in accepting it--Insert non-formatted text here--

::::::Sorry, but the tiny sub section is clearly taking a side on an issue and is incredibly POV. We should not give a disproportionate amount of space to particular viewpoints. Also the sources provided are [[Wikipedia:Primary sources|primary]] and should be avoided. [[User:Richard|''Richard'']] ([[User talk:Richard|talk]]) 05:15, 4 October 2009 (UTC)
:::::::Potter is primary and unusually trustworthy, due to his former position. Cafferty is secondary and certainly established as a reputable journalist. [[User:Mbhiii|MBHiii]] ([[User talk:Mbhiii|talk]]) 19:52, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

:I don't think DemocracyNow should be used as a WP:RS. They are an advocacy site, it would be like using conservative sites like Weekly Standard as references except DemocracyNow is even more extreme.

:I don't have an opinion on the specific quotes here, except that it may be overweight in a bio. [[User:Jmcnamera|Jmcnamera]] ([[User talk:Jmcnamera|talk]]) 20:32, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

:Btw, one of the previous statements from [[User:74.162.155.166]] is by a probable sockpuppet of [[User:Mbhiii]] who also commented here and has had some of his other socks banned in the past. [[User:Jmcnamera|Jmcnamera]] ([[User talk:Jmcnamera|talk]]) 20:35, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
::You can't say "other sock" if that IP is not being used as a sock. -[[Special:Contributions/74.162.152.98|74.162.152.98]] ([[User talk:74.162.152.98|talk]]) 03:14, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

:::Well I think this issue is nearly resolved. JRStutler's defense was rather odd and making accusations of him being bought appear to be nothing more than original research. The Caferty blog only mentions how much he received and we cannot conclude that he was bought out. It seems that this section is nothing more than undue weight. [[User:Richard|''Richard'']] ([[User talk:Richard|talk]]) 20:12, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
::::...Stutler?... From another WP article: "Commentator [[Jack Cafferty]] and representatives from the [[Physicians for a National Health Program]] and [[Campaign Money Watch]] have argued that this lobbying creates a conflict of interest for the Senators" (Baucus, Lincoln, Grassley et al).<ref>{{citenews|author=[[Jack Cafferty]]|url=http://caffertyfile.blogs.cnn.com/2009/09/03/six-lobbyists-per-lawmaker-enough-on-health-care/|title=Six lobbyists per lawmaker enough on health care?|publisher=[[CNN.com]]|date=September 3, 2009|accessdate=October 5, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|first=Paul|last=Blumenthal|url=http://www.opencongress.org/articles/view/1199-Key-Democrat-in-Health-Care-Talks-Receives-Most-Health-Industry-Contributions-in-2009|title=Key Democrat in Health Care Talks Receives Most Health Industry Contributions in 2009|date=September 2, 2009|publisher=[[opencongress.org]]|accessdate=October 5, 2009}}</ref> -[[User:Mbhiii|MBHiii]] ([[User talk:Mbhiii|talk]]) 21:41, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
{{reflist}}
:::I believe [[User:Richard|Richard]] was referring to me. Not sure what he was confused about my response. First part said that even though I think Grassley is ten-up-two-down and one part of the issue at hand supports my perspective, it is nonetheless opinion and should be removed or at least rewritten. Second part said I think the other relevant issue, Caferty, is fine and should stay. Nowhere did I say I thought my opinions or 'original research' should be included in the article. I'm sure Richard, upon reflection, will get it. --[[User:JRStutler|averagejoe]] ([[User talk:JRStutler|talk]]) 22:34, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

::::Thank you for clarifying your response. It seems we can agree that democracynow should not be included. However, if it is removed, then we are left with a one sentence stub section. I would support moving this elsewhere in the article and changing ''lobbyists for anti-health reform'' with simply ''health-care companies''. [[User:Richard|''Richard'']] ([[User talk:Richard|talk]]) 06:07, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

:::::[[User:Mbhiii]] is again using sockpuppets to ignore this discussion and put his POV edits into the article. [[Special:Contributions/70.62.49.53|70.62.49.53]] ([[User talk:70.62.49.53|talk]]) 16:36, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
The section was removed and re-added today, with the latter edit operating on the assumption that we need a vote. Of course, that is wrong. I think the section gives undue weight to the this criticism. If there has been longstanding criticism of him as being in the pocket of the insurance industry, then that should be explained. Since it isn't, this just violates [[WP:UNDUE]]. It seems to be of huge importance because we are in the midsts of this debate, but when it is over, it won't seem so notable. Fleeting notability is not enough for Wikipedia.

<s>I also think consensus has already developed against inclusion of the section, so I am going to remove it.</s> -[[User:Rrius|Rrius]] ([[User talk:Rrius|talk]]) 03:39, 16 October 2009 (UTC)
:So far it seems the consensus is against the Wendell Potter part, but is unclear on Cafferty. In the interests of clarifying this, JRStutler (or averagejoe, I'm not sure what to call you), could you please address the point that including the Cafferty passage gives undue weight to that opinion? Specifically, it presents only a view in opposition to Grassley's (thus lacking balance), highlights an implication of corruption, and places too heavy of emphasis on his role in a current event, which role is questionable in terms of its importance to explaining Chuck Grassley. -[[User:Rrius|Rrius]] ([[User talk:Rrius|talk]]) 00:12, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Before we do anything else, the consensus that [[Wendell Potter]]'s speculation should be removed means that that material should not be in this article. After all, there's something like a five editors to one support for removal. [[User:The Squicks|The Squicks]] ([[User talk:The Squicks|talk]]) 00:27, 18 October 2009 (UTC)
:Because of the legitimate [[WP:BLP]] concerns, none of it should be in until there is consensus in favour of it. -[[User:Rrius|Rrius]] ([[User talk:Rrius|talk]]) 00:50, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Sorry I seem to have come late to this party. I have reinstated the section with the reference to this discussion. I see nothing wrong with with either the source or the content. It is an opinion that is true, but Potter does give a reason for his opinion and as someone who ran an entire organization on behalf of insurance companies before his epiphany, his views are quire significant. --[[User:Hauskalainen|Hauskalainen]] ([[User talk:Hauskalainen|talk]]) 16:14, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

== Helth Care Reform Opponents ==

This statement: "At an August 12, 2009, meeting in Iowa, Senator Grassley supported the claims by health care reform opponents that end-of-life counseling provisions in the House health care bill" is slanted, equating a particular proposal with "health care reform" and implying those supporting different reforms are "reform opponents." [[Special:Contributions/173.21.26.11|173.21.26.11]] ([[User talk:173.21.26.11|talk]]) 05:04, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

== Edit request from Blosspara, 13 July 2010 ==

{{tlf|editsemiprotected}}

Edit link number 40 to http://www.center4research.org/news-events/previous-foremother-awards/


[[User:Blosspara|Blosspara]] ([[User talk:Blosspara|talk]]) 02:17, 13 July 2010 (UTC)
:{{done}} [[User:Davtra| '''Davtra''' ]] ([[User talk:Davtra|talk]]) 03:22, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

== Source 7 (position on medical marijuana) ==

Source #7, for the following quote:
Grassley is against the use of medical marijuana; even in instances involving cancer or AIDS.
just leads to a short bit about his views on meth, and doesn't actually mention anything about marijuana.

[[Special:Contributions/173.27.1.58|173.27.1.58]] ([[User talk:173.27.1.58|talk]]) 21:37, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

I noticed too that the webpage doesn't actually say anything about medical marijuana, let alone if he supports it or not. This is very misleading. ([[Special:Contributions/129.186.253.45|129.186.253.45]] ([[User talk:129.186.253.45|talk]]) 21:27, 2 November 2010 (UTC)).
: I removed it for now. I don't know what if any his position is in this area, but I agree that the cited source did not verify the claim. [[User:Tijfo098|Tijfo098]] ([[User talk:Tijfo098|talk]]) 21:32, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

== succession box for GOP nominee?! ==

Isn't that a bit much? He's been Senator - why have yet another box pointing out he was also the GOP nominee? Seems pretty pointless to me - as I missing something? [[User:Flatterworld|Flatterworld]] ([[User talk:Flatterworld|talk]]) 22:03, 2 August 2010 (UTC)
:The reason for it is that not every GOP nominee becomes a Senator, so if we want to track the GOP nominees AND Senators, we need two separate boxes. --''[[User:Philosopher|Philosopher]]'' [[User talk:Philosopher|Let us reason together.]] 20:08, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

== In Science news again ==

[http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/10/grassley-questions-nih-travel-on.html Grassley Questions NIH Travel on Sponsors' Dime]. [[User:Tijfo098|Tijfo098]] ([[User talk:Tijfo098|talk]]) 11:13, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Older ones:
* [http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/01/grassley-goes-f.html Grassley Goes Fishing] and shortly thereafter...
* [http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/03/nihs-mental-health-chief-speaks-.html NIH's Mental Health Chief Speaks Out on Drug Money in Psychiatry] :-)
* [http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/02/on-conflicts-of.html On Conflicts of Interest, Grassley Not Conflicted]
* [http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2008/09/23-03.html Senator Accuses NIH of Evading Ethics Rules]
* [http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2008/11/grassley-to-nih.html Grassley to NIH: Crack the Whip]
* [http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2008/10/14-01.html NIH Suspends Grant to Emory University]
* [http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2008/12/university-bans.html University Bans Researcher From Industry Talks]
* [http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/01/can-nay-should.html Smut Makes NSF Fans Squirm]
* [http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/02/nih-and-nsf-dod.html NIH and NSF Dodge the Grassley Bullet]
* [http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2007/09/28-01.html FDA Oversight of Trials Found Lacking]

Apparently his tenure in that area will be over soon:
[http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2010/09/new-post-for-senates-medical-res.html New Post for Senate's Medical Research Watchdog]

[[User:Tijfo098|Tijfo098]] ([[User talk:Tijfo098|talk]]) 18:17, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

== Requested change ==

Going through the current senators' articles, I have standardized all those that were not locked, with the style, in every case, of the majority of pages. Please italicize the list of senate seniority in the order of precedence. All other items match this article's. Missing parties and states have been filled in elsewhere, and sized where needed. Thanks. [[Special:Contributions/75.203.4.199|75.203.4.199]] ([[User talk:75.203.4.199|talk]]) 06:03, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

==Requested change==
{{Tld|edit semi-protected}}
Under votes and ratings, the May 2009 quote, and citation, state soldiers have been fighting the flag for 200 years... seems to be at least one word missing, and a thought process. [[Special:Contributions/75.203.4.199|75.203.4.199]] ([[User talk:75.203.4.199|talk]]) 03:01, 3 December 2010 (UTC)[[Special:Contributions/75.204.49.226|75.204.49.226]] ([[User talk:75.204.49.226|talk]]) 01:19, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

{{ESp|pd}} I checked the source, and apparently Grassley actually made the error. It should say "fought for for over 200 years." However, since it's in a quote, I can't change it; instead, I added the "sic" template. [[User:Qwyrxian|Qwyrxian]] ([[User talk:Qwyrxian|talk]]) 08:36, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

==2010==
'''[[United States Senate election in Iowa, 2010]]'''

{|
|-
|'''Chuck Grassley (R) (inc.) 64.51%'''
|-
|Roxanne Conlin (D) 33.23%
|-
|John Heiderscheit (Lib.) 2.26%
|}

:There is an article on the 2010 election which references the New York Times. Perhaps some diligent soul would grab that reference and add the above chart thingy to this article's Electoral history section chart thingies? - [[Special:Contributions/67.224.51.189|67.224.51.189]] ([[User talk:67.224.51.189|talk]]) 00:12, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

== Update 112th Congress ==

{{Tld|edit semi-protected}} Alpha Quadrant kindly updated the order of precedence position at my request, but my request did not include changing Sen. Dodd or Sen. Specter, before & after, to Carl Levin D Michigan and Jeff Bingaman D New Mexico,respectively (see Seniority in the United States Senate). Thanks in advance. [[Special:Contributions/75.202.165.24|75.202.165.24]] ([[User talk:75.202.165.24|talk]]) 17:53, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

{{ESp|d}} Took me a little bit to figure out where you were referring to, but I think I got it updated correctly now. [[User:Qwyrxian|Qwyrxian]] ([[User talk:Qwyrxian|talk]]) 05:53, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

== Family "Research" Council ==

Their rating should also say "hate group Family Research Coulcil.." It's not POV to say what they are. They spend their time hating particular groups of people and trying to make laws against them. [[Special:Contributions/174.58.138.200|174.58.138.200]] ([[User talk:174.58.138.200|talk]]) 13:06, 3 January 2012 (UTC)
:I tweaked it to indicate that, with appropriate reference.--[[User:JRStutler|averagejoe]] ([[User talk:JRStutler|talk]]) 13:33, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

== His college majors ==

What were Grassley's undergraduate and graduate majors?[[User:CountMacula|CountMacula]] ([[User talk:CountMacula|talk]]) 09:23, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

== Edit request on 8 October 2012 ==

{{edit semi-protected|answered=yes}}

External links, CongLinks, change parameter to washpo=gIQAxsWx9O

[[Special:Contributions/184.78.81.245|184.78.81.245]] ([[User talk:184.78.81.245|talk]]) 04:55, 8 October 2012 (UTC)
:Done, thanks for the update! --''[[User:Philosopher|Philosopher]]'' [[User talk:Philosopher|Let us reason together.]] 06:35, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

== SOPA / PIPA ==

Grassley co-sponsored PIPA, but nothing mentioning that entire fiasco is given on the page. I plan to start or contribute at least some mention of it when I don't have overworked programmer's brain strangling my motivation. [[User:Joad.marshal|Joad Marshal]] ([[User talk:Joad.marshal|talk]]) 00:52, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act

2013-06-11T04:18:20Z

Joad.marshal: Changed http://house.gov to https://house.gov - only for tested & working links

{{Redirect|CISPA|other uses|Cayman Islands Society of Professional Accountants}}
{{Use mdy dates | date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act
| fullname = To provide for the sharing of certain cyber threat intelligence and cyber threat information between the intelligence community and cybersecurity entities, and for other purposes.
| acronym = CISPA
| enacted by = 
| title amended = 
| sections created = 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d113:HR00624:@@@L&summ2=m&
| introducedin = [[United States Congress|House]]
| introducedbill = H.R. 3523
| introducedby = [[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[List of United States Representatives from Michigan|MI]])
| introduceddate = November 30, 2011
*'''Passed the House''' on April 26, 2012 (248–168) (failed to become law when it did not pass the Senate in the same session)
* '''Reintroduced in the''' [[United States Congress|House]] '''as''' H.R. 624 '''by''' [[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[List of United States Representatives from Michigan|MI]]) '''on''' February 12, 2013
| committees = [[United States House Select Committee on Intelligence|House Select Committee on Intelligence]]
| passedbody1 =
| passeddate1 =
| passedvote1 =
}}

The '''Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act''' ('''CISPA''' {{USBill|112|HR|3523}} (112th Congress), {{USBill|113|HR|624}} (113th Congress)) is a proposed law in the United States which would allow for the sharing of Internet traffic information between the U.S. government and technology and manufacturing companies. The stated aim of the bill is to help the U.S government investigate cyber threats and ensure the security of networks against cyberattacks.<ref>{{cite web | title=HR 3523 as reported to the House Rules Committee | url=http://www.rules.house.gov/Media/file/PDF_112_2/LegislativeText/CPRT-112-HPRT-RU00-HR3523.pdf}}</ref>

The legislation was introduced on November 30, 2011 by Representative [[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Michael Rogers]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[List of United States Representatives from Michigan|MI]]) and 111 co-sponsors.<ref>{{cite web | title=H.R. 3523 | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:H.R.3523: | publisher=Library of Congress | accessdate=April 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Current Status of CISPA | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr3523 | publisher=GovTrack | accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref> It was passed in the House of Representatives on April 26, 2012, but was not passed by the [[U.S. Senate]].<ref>{{cite web | title=FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 192 | url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll192.xml | accessdate=April 26, 2012}}</ref> [[Barack Obama|President Obama]]'s advisers have argued that the bill lacks confidentiality and civil liberties safeguards, and the White House said he would [[veto]] it.<ref>{{cite news | title=Cyber-security bill Cispa passes US House | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17864539 | newspaper=[[BBC News]] | date=April 26, 2012 | accessdate=May 1, 2012}}</ref> In February 2013 the House reintroduced the bill<ref name=CISPA-reintroduced>[http://www.informationweek.com/security/cybercrime/cispa-cybersecurity-bill-reborn-6-key-fa/240148600 "CISPA Cybersecurity Bill, Reborn: 6 Key Facts"], Mathew J. Schwartz, ''Information Week'', February 14, 2013</ref> and it passed in the [[House of Representatives]] on April 18, 2013,<ref name=Final-Vote-Results>[http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2013/roll117.xml "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 117"]. Retrieved April 18, 2013</ref> but stalled and ultimately was not voted on by the [[Senate]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Senate Won't Vote On CISPA, Deals Blow To Controversial Cyber Bill | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/25/cispa-cyber-bill_n_3158221.html | newspaper=[[Huffington Post]] | date=April 25, 2013 | accessdate=April 26, 2013}}</ref>

CISPA has been criticized by advocates of [[Internet privacy]] and [[civil liberties]], such as the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], [[Free Press (organization)|Free Press]], [[Fight for the Future]], and [[Avaaz.org]], as well as various [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] and [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] groups including the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]], TechFreedom, [[FreedomWorks]], [[Americans for Limited Government]], [[Liberty Coalition]], and the [[American Conservative Union]]. Those groups argue CISPA contains too few limits on how and when the government may monitor a private individual’s Internet browsing information. Additionally, they fear that such new powers could be used to spy on the general public rather than to pursue malicious hackers.<ref name="techdirt1">{{cite web | last=Masnick | first=Mike | url=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120402/04425118325/forget-sopa-you-should-be-worried-about-this-cybersecurity-bill.shtml | title=Forget SOPA, You Should Be Worried About This Cybersecurity Bill | publisher=Techdirt | date=April 2, 2012 | accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://techland.time.com/2012/04/19/5-reasons-the-cispa-cybersecurity-bill-should-be-tossed/ 5 Reasons the CISPA Cybersecurity Bill Should Be Tossed] Time Techland, By Matt Peckham</ref> CISPA had garnered favor from corporations and lobbying groups such as [[Microsoft]], [[Facebook]], [[AT&T]], [[IBM]], [[Apple Inc.]] and the [[United States Chamber of Commerce]], which look on it as a simple and effective means of sharing important cyber threat information with the government.<ref>{{cite news | title=CISPA: Who’s for it, who’s against it and how it could affect you | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/cispa-whos-for-it-whos-against-it-and-how-it-could-affect-you/2012/04/27/gIQA5ur0lT_story.html | author=Hayley Tsukayama | newspaper=[[Washington Post]] | date=April 27, 2012 | accessdate=May 1, 2012}}</ref>

Some critics saw CISPA as a second attempt at strengthening digital piracy laws after the [[Stop Online Piracy Act]] and the [[Protect Intellectual Property Act]] both met huge opposition.<ref>{{cite news | title=CISPA legislation seen by many as SOPA 2.0 | author=Morgan Little | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/09/news/la-pn-cispa-legislation-seen-by-many-as-sopa-20-20120409 | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=April 9, 2012 | accessdate=April 30, 2012}}</ref> [[Intellectual property]] theft was initially listed in the bill as a possible cause for sharing Web traffic information with the government, though it was removed in subsequent drafts.<ref>{{cite web | title=House Cybersecurity Bill Backs Off On IP Theft Provisions | url=http://www.law360.com/articles/330398/house-cybersecurity-bill-backs-off-on-ip-theft-provisions | accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref>

==Content==
CISPA is an amendment to the [[National Security Act of 1947]], which does not currently contain provisions pertaining to cybercrime. It adds provisions to the Act describing cyber threat intelligence as "information in the possession of an element of the intelligence community directly pertaining to a vulnerability of, or threat to, a system or network of a government or private entity, including information pertaining to the protection of a system or network from either 'efforts to degrade, disrupt, or destroy such system or network'.<ref>[http://intelligence.house.gov/sites/intelligence.house.gov/files/documents/CyberBillDiscussion113011.pdf H.R. 3523 Discussion Draft] - U.S. House of Representatives - November 29, 2011</ref> In addition, CISPA requires the Director of National Intelligence to establish procedures to allow [[United States Intelligence Community|intelligence community]] elements to share cyber threat intelligence with private-sector entities and encourage the sharing of such intelligence.<ref>{{cite web | title=CRS report on CISPA | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d112:HR03523:@@@D&summ2=m& | publisher=Congressional Research Service | accessdate=April 5, 2012}}</ref>

In an April 16, 2012, press release, the [[United States House Select Committee on Intelligence|House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] announced the approval of several amendments to CISPA, including the addition of a new provision "to permit federal lawsuits against the government for any violation of restrictions placed on the government’s use of voluntarily shared information, including the important privacy and civil liberties protections contained in the bill," the inclusion of an anti-tasking provision to "explicitly prohibit the government from conditioning its sharing of cyber threat intelligence on the sharing of private sector information with the government," and the prevention of the government from using the information for "any other lawful purpose unless the government already has a significant cybersecurity or national security purpose in using the information." Relevant provisions were also clarified to "focus on the fact that the bill is designed to protect against unauthorized access to networks or systems, including unauthorized access aimed at stealing private or government information."<ref>{{cite web | title=Discussion Draft HR 3523 | url=http://intelligence.house.gov/press-release/bill-status-update-hr-3523 | publisher=[[U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] | accessdate=April 17, 2012}}</ref> In addition, already collected cyberthreat data can also be used to investigate "the imminent threat of bodily harm to an individual" or "the exploitation of a minor," bringing the bill into line with existing law codified by the [[Patriot Act]] and the [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s1738 PROTECT Our Children Act] in which these two conditions already allow for protected entities to share data voluntarily with the United States government, law enforcement agencies, and the [[National Center for Missing and Exploited Children]].

==Recent developments==
Bill sponsors [[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]] and [[Dutch Ruppersberger]], the chairman and ranking member of the House Intelligence Committee, respectively, said on April 25, 2012 that the Obama administration's opposition is mostly based on the lack of critical infrastructure regulation, something outside of the jurisdiction of the Intelligence committee; they have also since introduced a package of amendments to the legislation that, "address nearly every single one of the criticisms leveled by the Administration, particularly those regarding privacy and civil liberties of Americans."<ref>{{cite web | last=Albanesius | first=Chloe | title=White House Threatens to Veto CISPA | url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2403549,00.asp | publisher=PC Magazine}}</ref>

Due to the opposition the bill has experienced, the co-sponsors are planning to amend the bill to address many of the concerns of its opponents — including limiting its scope to a narrower definition of cyber-threats, and stating that the "theft of intellectual property" refers to the theft of [[research and development]]. In addition, there will now be penalties if private companies or the government uses data from CISPA for purposes "unrelated to cyberthreats."<ref>[http://www.digitaltrends.com/web/new-cispa-amendments-expected-but-the-fight-will-go-on/ New CISPA amendments expected - but the fight will go on] - Digitaltrends.com - April 10, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.digitaltrends.com/web/cispa-and-sopa-like-apples-and-oranges-say-chief-co-sponsors/ CISPA and SOPA like 'apples and oranges,' say chief co-sponsors] - Digitaltrends.com - April 10, 2012</ref>

However, Sharan Bradford Franklin, of the [[Constitution Project]] states, "Although we appreciate the Intelligence Committee's efforts to improve the bill and willingness to engage in a dialogue with privacy advocates, the changes in its most current draft do not come close to addressing the civil liberties threats posed by the bill, and some of the proposals would actually make CISPA worse. Therefore, Congress should not pass CISPA."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/debate-club/should-the-congress-pass-cispa/cispa-lacks-protections-for-individual-rights | title=CISPA Lacks Protections for Individual Rights | publisher=USNews | accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref>

Rainey Reitman, of the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] states, "To date, the authors of the bill have been unresponsive to these criticisms, offering amendments that are largely cosmetic. Dismissing the grave concerns about how this bill could undermine the core privacy rights of everyday Internet users, Rep. Mike Rogers characterized the growing protests against CISPA as 'turbulence' and vowed to push for a floor vote without radical changes."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/debate-club/should-the-congress-pass-cispa/cispa-is-dangerously-vague | title=CISPA Is Dangerously Vague | publisher=USNews | accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref>

Kendall Burman of the [[Center for Democracy and Technology]] states, "The authors of CISPA have made some positive changes recently. Unfortunately, none of the changes gets to the heart of the privacy concerns that Internet users and advocacy groups have expressed."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/debate-club/should-the-congress-pass-cispa/cispa-not-the-right-way-to-achieve-cybersecurity | title=CISPA Not the Right Way to Achieve Cybersecurity | publisher=USNews | accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref>

In April 2012, the [[Office of Management and Budget]] of the Executive Office of the President of the United States released a statement strongly opposing the current bill and recommending to veto it.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/legislative/sap/112/saphr3523r_20120425.pdf Statement of Administration Policy - H.R. 3523 - Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act] - Office of Management and Budget, April 25, 2012.</ref>

On April 26, 2012, the House of Representatives passed CISPA.

On February 13, 2013, United States Representative Mike Rogers reintroduced the CISPA bill in the 113th Congress as H.R. 624.<ref name=CISPA-reintroduced/>

On April 18, 2013, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 624.<ref name=Final-Vote-Results/> The Senate has reportedly refused to vote on the measure and is drafting competing legislation.<ref>{{cite news | last=Smith | first=Gerry | title=Senate Won't Vote On CISPA, Deals Blow To Controversial Cyber Bill | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/25/cispa-cyber-bill_n_3158221.html | accessdate=April 29, 2013 | newspaper=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=April 25, 2013}}</ref>

===House voting counts===
<blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=4 | House vote on April 26, 2012 passing CISPA
|-
! Affiliation
! Yes votes
! No votes
! Did not vote
|-
| Democratic
| align=center | 42
| align=center | 140
| align=center | 8
|-
| Republican
| align=center | 206
| align=center | 28
| align=center | 7
|-
| '''Total'''
| align=center | ''248''
| align=center | 168
| align=center | 15
|}
</blockquote>

A full list can be seen at the [https://house.gov/ House.gov] site.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll192.xml | title=FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 192 | publisher=clerk.house.gov | accessdate=April 20, 2013}}</ref>

<blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=4 | House vote on April 18, 2013 passing CISPA
|-
! Affiliation
! Yes votes
! No votes
! Did not vote
|-
| Democratic
| align=center | 92
| align=center | 98
| align=center | 11
|-
| Republican
| align=center | 196
| align=center | 29
| align=center | 6
|-
| '''Total'''
| align=center | ''288''
| align=center | 127
| align=center | 17
|}
</blockquote>

A full list can be seen at the [https://house.gov/ House.gov] site.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2013/roll117.xml | title=FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 117 | publisher=clerk.house.gov | accessdate=April 18, 2013}}</ref>

==Supporters==
CISPA is supported by several trade groups containing more than eight hundred private companies, including the [[Business Software Alliance]], [[CTIA – The Wireless Association]], [[Information Technology Industry Council]], [[Internet Security Alliance]], [[National Cable & Telecommunications Association]], [[National Defense Industrial Association]], [[TechAmerica]] and [[United States Chamber of Commerce]], in addition to individual major telecommunications and information technology companies like [[AT&T]], [[IBM]], [[Intel]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Symantec]], and [[Verizon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://intelligence.house.gov/hr-3523-letters-support | title=H.R. 3523 - Letters of Support | publisher=House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence | accessdate=April 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/web/cispa-supporters-list-800-companies-that-could-help-uncle-sam-snag-your-data/ | title=CISPA supporters list: 800+ companies that could help Uncle Sam snag your data | publisher=Digital Trends | accessdate=April 12, 2012}}</ref> Google has not taken a public position on the bill<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/223069-google-acknowledges-lobbying-on-cybersecurity-bill-cispa | title=Google acknowledges lobbying on cybersecurity bill CISPA | accessdate=May 9, 2012 | date=April 23, 2012 | author=Brendan Sasso | publisher=Hillicon Valley}}</ref> but has shown previous support for it, and now says they support the idea but believe the bill needs some work.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rt.com/usa/congress-house-bill-cispa-031/ | title=US House of Representatives passes CISPA cybersecurity bill | publisher=Rt.com | date=April 18, 2013 | accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref>

==Opposition==
*Former Representative [[Ron Paul]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[List of United States Representatives from Texas|TX]]) has publicly opposed the bill calling it "Big Brother writ large."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-57419540-281/opposition-grows-to-cispa-big-brother-cybersecurity-bill/ | title=Opposition grows to CISPA 'Big Brother' cybersecurity bill | publisher=CNET | accessdate=April 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/apr/23/ron-paul-cispa-cyberterrorism-bill | title=Ron Paul says Cispa cyberterrorism bill would create 'Big Brother' culture | publisher=GuardianUK | accessdate=April 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/technology/223067-cispa-is-the-new-sopa | title=CISPA is the new SOPA | publisher=The Hill | accessdate=April 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/congress/item/11021-cispa-is-big-brothers-friend | title=CISPA is Big Brother’s Friend | publisher=The New American | accessdate=April 5, 2013}}</ref>
*36 groups currently oppose CISPA<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.privacylives.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/36-groups-on-CISPA-04162012.pdf | title=Letter To Congress | publisher=Privacy Lives | accessdate=April 23, 2012}}</ref> with an addition of 6 groups as of April 21.<ref name="https">{{cite web | url=http://cei.org/news-releases/free-market-coalition-amend-cispa-preserve-freedom-prevent-govt-overreach | title=Free Market Coalition: Amend CISPA to Preserve Freedom, Prevent Gov't Overreach | publisher=CEI | accessdate=April 23, 2012}}</ref> The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] lists a growing list of opposition<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/04/Voices-Against-CISPA | title=Voices of Opposition Against CISPA | publisher=EFF | accessdate=April 23, 2012}}</ref> as well as a list of security experts, academics, and engineers in opposition of the bill.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/04/open-letter-academics-and-engineers-us-congress | title=An Open Letter From Security Experts, Academics and Engineers to the U.S. Congress: Stop Bad Cybersecurity Bills | publisher=EFF | accessdate=April 23, 2012}}</ref> They also published the statement ''Don’t Let Congress Use "Cybersecurity" Fears to Erode Digital Rights''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://action.eff.org/o/9042/p/dia/action/public/?action_KEY=8444 | title=Don’t Let Congress Use "Cybersecurity" Fears to Erode Digital Rights | publisher=EFF | accessdate=April 7, 2012}}</ref>
*Opposition to CISPA includes more than 840,000 online petitioners who have signed global civic organization [[Avaaz.org|Avaaz.org's]] petition to members of the US Congress entitled "Save the Internet from the US".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.avaaz.org/en/stop_cispa/ | title=Save the Internet from the US | publisher=Avaaz | accessdate=April 19, 2012}}</ref> Avaaz also has a petition to [[Facebook]], [[Microsoft]], and [[IBM]] entitled "The end of Internet privacy", signed by more than 840,000 people.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://avaaz.org/en/stop_cispa_corporate_global/ | title=The end of Internet privacy | publisher=Avaaz | accessdate=April 19, 2012}}</ref>
*The [[Center for Democracy and Technology]] (CDT) published a statement titled "[https://www.cdt.org/blogs/greg-nojeim/2803cybersecuritys-8-step-plan-internet-freedom Cybersecurity's 7-Step Plan for Internet Freedom]". The CDT openly opposes the Mike Rogers bill based on these 7-step criteria.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cdt.org/blogs/greg-nojeim/2803cybersecuritys-8-step-plan-internet-freedom | title=Cybersecurity's 7-Step Plan for Internet Freedom | publisher=CDT | accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref> The CDT has also openly supported a competing bill in the house sponsored by Representative [[Dan Lungren]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[List of United States Representatives from California|CA]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cdt.org/blogs/greg-nojeim/22lungren-cybersecurity-bill-takes-careful-balanced-approach | title=Lungren Cybersecurity Bill Takes Careful, Balanced Approach | publisher=CDT | accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref> that has yet to be reported by the committee.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr3674 | title=H.R. 3674: PRECISE Act of 2011 | publisher=GovTrack.us | accessdate=April 10, 2012}}</ref>
*The [[Constitution Project]] (TCP) "believes cybersecurity legislation currently pending before Congress possess major risks to civil liberties that must be addressed before any bill is enacted into law."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs092/1101561619973/archive/1109744955764.html | title=ISSUE ALERT: Cybersecurity Bills Pending in U.S. House Threaten Privacy Rights and Civil Liberties | publisher=TCP | accessdate=April 11, 2012}}</ref>
*The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) has also issued a statement opposing the bill stating, "The Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act would create a cybersecurity exception to all privacy laws and allow companies to share the private and personal data they hold on their American customers with the government for cybersecurity purposes." As the statement continues, "Beyond the potential for massive data collection authorization, the bill would provide no meaningful oversight of, or accountability for, the use of these new information-sharing authorities."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aclu.org/technology-and-liberty/aclu-opposition-hr-3523-cyber-intelligence-sharing-and-protection-act-2011 | title=ACLU Opposition to H.R. 3523, the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act of 2011 | publisher=ACLU | accessdate=April 13, 2012}}</ref>
*The [[Sunlight Foundation]] states, "The new cybersecurity bill, CISPA, or HR 3523, is terrible on transparency. The bill proposes broad new information collection and sharing powers (which many other organizations are covering at length). Even as the bill proposes those powers, it proposes to limit public oversight of this work."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2012/04/13/cispa-is-terrible-for-transparency/ | title=CISPA is Terrible for Transparency | publisher=Sunlight Foundation | accessdate=April 14, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Cenk Uygur]], from [[Current TV]], opposed the bill highlighted one of Mike Rogers' speech about the bill to the business community. He also attempted to summarize the bill to his audience.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://current.com/shows/the-young-turks/videos/ron-paul-is-right-about-cispa-it-must-be-stopped | title=Ron Paul is right about CISPA: It must be stopped | publisher=Current TV | accessdate=April 25, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Demand Progress]] opposes CISPA, stating "The Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act, or CISPA, would obliterate any semblance of online privacy in the United States."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://act.demandprogress.org/letter/cispa/ | title=CISPA Is The New SOPA: Help Kill It | publisher=Demand Progress | accessdate=April 14, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] joins with [[TechFreedom]], [[FreedomWorks]], [[Americans for Limited Government]], [[Liberty Coalition]], [[Al Cardenas]], and [[American Conservative Union]] to write a letter to Congress.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cei.org/sites/default/files/Ryan%20Radia%20-%20Free%20Market%20Letter%20on%20CISPA.pdf | title=Letter to Rogers and Ruppersburger | publisher=CEI | accessdate=April 23, 2012}}</ref> [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] states, "Despite the bill's noble intentions, however, it risks unduly expanding federal power, undermining freedom of contract, and harming U.S. competitiveness in the technology sector." The [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] lists 6 problems within the bill itself and how to fix those problems.<ref name="https"/>
*[[Reporters Without Borders]] states, "Reporters Without Borders is deeply concerned with the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act of 2011 (CISPA), the [[cyber security]] bill now before the US Congress. In the name of the war on cyber crime, it would allow the government and private companies to deploy draconian measures to monitor, even censor, the Web. It might even be used to close down sites that publish classified files or information."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.rsf.org/etats-unis-draconian-cyber-security-bill-06-04-2012,42283.html | title=Draconian cyber security bill could lead to Internet surveillance and censorship | publisher=RWB | accessdate=April 15, 2012}}</ref>
*[[testPAC]] opposes CISPA stating "CISPA would effectively take the door off the hinge of every household in America, but lacks the tools necessary to distinguish whether there is a criminal hiding in the attic. Why surrender the core of our privacy for the sake of corporate and governmental convenience?"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.popvox.com/orgs/testpac | title=Legislative Agenda | publisher=PopVox | accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref>
*[[Mozilla]], the makers of the [[Firefox]] Web-Browser, opposes CISPA stating, "While we wholeheartedly support a more secure Internet, CISPA has a broad and alarming reach that goes far beyond Internet security."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/225041-mozilla-breaks-ranks-with-silicon-valley-comes-out-against-cispa | title=Mozilla breaks ranks with Silicon Valley, comes out against CISPA | publisher=The Hill | accessdate=May 3, 2012}}</ref>
*The [[Association of Computing Machinery]] believes that "More effective information sharing in support of cybersecurity is a laudable goal, but CISPA is seriously flawed in its approach to PII. Better approaches to information sharing are certainly possible if privacy goals are also considered."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://usacm.acm.org/images/documents/USACMCISPAStatement.pdf | title=Letter in regards to CISPA | publisher=ACM | accessdate=June 6, 2012}}</ref>
*[[IGDA]], the [[International Game Developers Association]] is against this bill, urging Congress and the President to reject it saying, in part, "The version of CISPA which just emerged from the House Intelligence Committee does not address the privacy failings in the previous version, which the White House wisely rejected. The bill still retains its dangerously over-broad language, still lacks civilian control, still lacks judicial oversight, and still lacks clear limits on government monitoring of our Internet browsing information. The House should vote against it."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.igda.org/node/1043370 | title=Letter in regards to CISPA | accessdate=April 17, 2013}}</ref>
*The [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] protested it by blacking out much of their Facebook, and encouraged others to follow suit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151554598042726&set=a.10150700811822726.426859.5978057725&type=1&theater}}</ref>

===Week of Action===
Dubbed the "Stop [[Cyber Spying]] Week", starting on April 16, 2012, many civil liberties groups and advocates raised the awareness of CISPA (through a Twitter campaign with the hash-tags #CISPA and #CongressTMI,) including, but not limited to, the [[Constitution Project]], [[American Civil Liberties Union]], [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], [[Center for Democracy and Technology]], [[Demand Progress]], [[Fight for the Future]], [[Free Press (organization)|Free Press]], [[Reporters Without Borders]], [[Sunlight Foundation]], and [[TechFreedom]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aclu.org/blog/national-security-technology-and-liberty/kicking-stop-cyber-spying-week | title=Kicking off "Stop Cyber Spying Week" | publisher=ACLU | accessdate=April 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eff.org/press/releases/stop-cyber-spying-week-launches-protest-cispa | title=Stop Cyber Spying Week Launches to Protest CISPA | publisher=EFF | accessdate=April 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cdt.org/pr_statement/week-action-cispa-preceding-cybersecurity-week-house | title=Week of Action On CISPA Preceding "Cybersecurity Week" in the House | publisher=CDT | accessdate=April 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.savetheinternet.com/ | title=Save The Internet | publisher=Free Press | accessdate=April 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.rsf.org/etats-unis-internet-advocacy-coalition-16-04-2012,42283.html | title=Internet Advocacy Coalition Announces Twitter Campaign to Fight Privacy-Invasive Bill (CISPA | publisher=En.rsf.org | date= | accessdate=April 22, 2013}}</ref>

[[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]], a [[hacktivist]] group, has criticized the bill and called for an "Internet blackout day" to protest the bill. The date of the blackout was April 22, 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://anonnews.org/press/item/2290/ | title=Everything Anonymous | publisher=AnonNews.org | date= | accessdate=April 22, 2013}}</ref>

==Prior Attempts for U.S. Cybersecurity Bills==
Since legislation must pass the House and the Senate within the same Congress, anything introduced during the [[112th United States Congress|112th]] or earlier Congresses has to pass both chambers again.

===Senate===
* {{USBill|112|S.|2151}} ([[Secure IT]]), introduced by [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[John McCain]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[List of United States Representatives from Arizona|AZ]]) on March 1, 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s2151 | title=S. 2151: SECURE IT | publisher=GovTrack.us | accessdate=April 13, 2012}}</ref>
* {{USBill|112|S.|2105}} ([[Cybersecurity Act]]), reported by committee on February 15, 2012. Sponsored by [[United States Senator|Senator]] [[Joseph Lieberman]] ([[Independent Party (United States)|I]]-[[List of United States Representatives from Connecticut|CT]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s2105 | title=S. 2105: Cybersecurity Act of 2012 | publisher=GovTrack.us | accessdate=April 13, 2012}}</ref> Failing to gain enough support for passage, the bill, entitled "Cybersecurity Act of 2012", was reintroduced on July 19, 2012 in a revised form which omitted federal imposition of security standards on IP providers, as well as including stronger privacy and civil liberties protections.<ref name=GIS72012>{{cite news | title=Senators Purge Regulations from Cybersecurity Bill: Obama Calls for Passage of Revised Cybersecurity Act of 2012 | url=http://www.govinfosecurity.com/senators-purge-regulations-from-cybersecurity-bill-a-4969/ | accessdate=July 20, 2012 | newspaper=gov info security | date=July 19, 2012 | author=Eric Chabrow}}</ref>

===House of Representatives===
* {{USBill|112|HR|3674}} ([[Precise Act]]), reported by committee April 18, 2012 by Representative [[Dan Lungren]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[List of United States Representatives from California|CA]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr3674 | title=H.R. 3674: PRECISE Act of 2011 | publisher=GovTrack.us | accessdate=April 13, 2012}}</ref> The bill has recently changed as "Lungren dropped many of the critical infrastructure and DHS provisions" due to the house.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mobile.nationaljournal.com/tech/house-homeland-security-panel-fights-to-stay-in-cybersecurity-debate-20120418 | title=House Homeland Security Panel Fights to Stay in Cybersecurity Debate | publisher=nationaljournal | accessdate=April 20, 2012}}</ref> The bill will be debated alongside CISPA and H.R. 4257 ([[Federal Information Security Amendment Act]] of 2012) depending on House Speaker Boehner.
* {{USBill|112|HR|4257}} [[Federal Information Security Amendment Act of 2012]], reported by committee April 18, 2012<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr4257 | title=Federal Information Security Amendments Act of 2012 | publisher=GovTrack.us | accessdate=April 18, 2012}}</ref> by Representative [[Darrell Issa]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[List of United States Representatives from California|CA]]).

==See also==
{{Commons category|Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act}}
* [[Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement]]
* [[Chinese intelligence operations in the United States]]
* [[Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act]]
* [[Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002]]
* [[Freedom of information laws by country]]
* [[Intellectual Property Attache Act]]
* [[National Security Agency]]
* [[PROTECT IP Act]]
* [[United States Department of Homeland Security]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pcworld.com/article/253800/cispa_just_the_facts.html CISPA: Just the Facts (PC World)], April 13, 2012

[[Category:Computer security]]
[[Category:Copyright enforcement]]
[[Category:Cybercrime]]
[[Category:Internet in the United States]]
[[Category:United States proposed federal legislation]]
[[Category:2012 in the United States]]
[[Category:Internet censorship]]
[[Category:United States proposed federal legislation of the 113th Congress]]

PRISM

2013-06-08T22:42:18Z

Joad.marshal: Added the Kulturdenkmal Revision - if AACS encryption keys are shown, so to should this information be shown

{{current|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Cover slide of PRISM.jpg|thumb|Slide from a leaked NSA presentation explaining the PRISM electronic surveillance program.]]
'''PRISM''' is an [[Computer surveillance|electronic surveillance program]], classified as [[Top Secret|top secret]], that has been run by the [[United States]] [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) since 2007.<ref name="WaPo1">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/us-intelligence-mining-data-from-nine-us-internet-companies-in-broad-secret-program/2013/06/06/3a0c0da8-cebf-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html?hpid=z1 |title=U.S. intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program |work=The Washington Post |date=June 6, 2013 |accessdate=June 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nytsavage060613/> PRISM is a government codename for a collection effort known officially as US-984XN.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/06/07/11-questions-you-probably-have-about-u-s-domestic-spying-answered/ |title= GOVERNMENT: 11 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT U.S. DOMESTIC SPYING |publisher=The Blaze, Inc. |date=2013-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/06/189321612/nsa-reportedly-mines-servers-of-u-s-internet-firms-for-data |title=NSA Reportedly Mines Servers Of U.S. Internet Firms For Data |publisher=NPR |date=6 June 2013}}</ref>

Reports based on leaked documents describe the PRISM program as enabling in-depth surveillance on live communications and stored information.<ref name=Greenwald1/> It provides for the targeting of any customers of participating corporations who live outside the [[United States]], or American citizens whose communications include people outside the United States.<ref name=Greenwald1/> Data that the NSA is able to obtain under PRISM allegedly includes email, video and voice chat, videos, photos, [[voice over IP]] conversations, file transfers, login notifications and [[social networking]] details.<ref name=Greenwald1/>

''The Washington Post'' noted that the leaked document indicated that the PRISM [[SIGINT Activity Designator|SIGAD]] is "the number one source of raw intelligence used for NSA analytic reports."<ref name="wp_slides"/> The [[President's Daily Brief]], an all-source intelligence product, cited PRISM data as a source in 1,477 items in 2012.<ref name="chi_trib">{{ cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-nsa-prism-scandal-20130607,0,301166.story|title=Prism scandal: Government program secretly probes Internet servers|date=06-07-2013}}</ref>

The leaked information came to light one day after the revelation that the United States government had secretly been requiring the telecommunications company [[Verizon]] to turn over to the NSA logs tracking all of its customers' telephone calls on an ongoing daily basis.<ref name=nsaphones>{{cite news|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nytsavage060613/>

NSA [[whistleblower]] [[William Binney]] has stated that PRISM is just another source of input of information. The [[Telecommunication |telecoms]] were giving NSA access to their communication lines. The [[Narus (company)|Narus]] devices that the NSA put in different rooms around the [[AT&T]] fiber-optic network, or [[Verizon Communications|Verizon’s]] network, couldn’t collect everything. They could get most of it, but they couldn’t get it all. So in order to get all the data, they had to go to the service providers to fill in the blanks. That’s what the PRISM program is for—to fill in the blanks. It also gives the FBI basis for introducing evidence into court.<ref>http://libertasutah.org/interview/nsa-whistleblower-speaks-out-on-verizon-prism-and-the-utah-data-center/</ref>

[[United States Senate|U.S Senators]] [[Mark Udall]] and [[Ron Wyden]] have commented in 2011 that the government has secretly interpreted [[Section summary of the Patriot Act, Title II|Section 215]] of the [[Patriot Act]] in a way that they portray as twisted, allowing the Federal Bureau of Investigation to conduct some kind of unspecified domestic surveillance that they say does not dovetail with a plain reading of the statute.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/us/politics/justice-dept-is-accused-of-misleading-public-on-patriot-act.html?_r=0</ref>In June 2013 NSA whistleblower William Binney has confirmed and clarified the Senators allegation by stating "the government is using a secret interpretation of Section 215 of the Patriot Act which allows the government to obtain any data in any [[third party]], like any service provider … any third party … any commercial company – like a telecom or internet service provider, libraries, medical companies – holding data about anyone, any U.S. citizen or anyone else. In other words, the government was using the antiquated, bogus legal argument that it was not acting [[color of law]] using governmental powers, and that it was private companies just doing their thing (which the government happened to order all of the private companies to collect and fork over)"
<ref>http://www.zerohedge.com/contributed/2013-06-08/we-call-top-nsa-whistleblower-and-get-real-scoop-spying</ref>

==History==
[[File:Prism slide 2.jpg|thumb|Slide showing that much of the world's communications flow through the US.]]
PRISM replaced the [[Terrorist Surveillance Program]], which was implemented in the wake of the [[September 11 attacks]] under the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush Administration]]. While the Terrorist Surveillance Program was widely criticized and had its legality questioned because it was not conducted subject to the approval of the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]] (FISC),<ref name="Dean1">Dean, John W. [http://writ.corporate.findlaw.com/dean/20051230.html George W. Bush as the New Richard M. Nixon: Both Wiretapped Illegally, and Impeachable; Both Claimed That a President May Violate Congress' Laws to Protect National Security], FindLaw, December 30, 2005</ref><ref name="Holtzman1">[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060130/holtzman The Impeachment of George W. Bush] by [[Elizabeth Holtzman]], [[The Nation]], January 11, 2006</ref><ref name="ABA1">[http://www.abanet.org/op/greco/memos/aba_house302-0206.pdf Adopted By The House Of Delegates], [[American Bar Association]], February 13, 2006</ref><ref name="Lawyers1">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/13/AR2006021302006.html Lawyers Group Criticizes Surveillance Program], [[Washington Post]], February 14, 2006</ref> PRISM was authorized by an order of the Court.<ref name="wp_slides">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/prism-collection-documents/ |date=June 6, 2013 |title=NSA slides explain the PRISM data-collection program |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> The NSA access was enabled by changes to US surveillance law introduced under President Bush and renewed under President Obama in December 2012.<ref name=Greenwald1>{{cite news|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|title=NSA taps in to internet giants' systems to mine user data, secret files reveal|work=The Guardian|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data|accessdate=June 6, 2013|date=June 6, 2013}}</ref>

PRISM was first publicly revealed on June 6, 2013, after classified documents about the program were leaked to the ''[[Washington Post]]''<ref name="WaPo1" /> and ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=Greenwald1 /> The leaked documents included 41 Power Point slides, four of which were presented to the public in newspaper articles.<ref name="WaPo1" /><ref name=Greenwald1 /> The documents identified several technology companies as participants in the PRISM program, including (date of joining PRISM in parentheses) [[Microsoft]] (2007), [[Yahoo!]] (2008), [[Google]] (2009), [[Facebook]] (2009), [[Paltalk]] (2009), [[YouTube]] (2010), [[AOL]] (2011), [[Skype]] (2011), and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] (2012).<ref name=usa1>{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Michael|title=Reports: NSA siphons data from 9 major Net firms|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/06/06/nsa-surveillance-internet-companies/2398345/|accessdate=June 6, 2013|work=USA Today|date=June 6, 2013}}</ref> The speaker's notes in the briefing document reviewed by the ''Washington Post'' indicated that "98 percent of PRISM production is based on Yahoo, Google and Microsoft."<ref name=WaPo1/>

The documents included a slide presentation which stated that much of the world's electronic communications pass through the United States because electronic communications data tend to follow the least expensive route rather than the most physically direct route and the bulk of the world's internet infrastructure is based in the United States.<ref name=wp_slides/> The presentation noted that these facts provide United States intelligence analysts with opportunities for intercepting the communications of foreign targets as their electronic data pass into or through the United States.<ref name=wp_slides/><ref name=Greenwald1/>

According to the ''Washington Post'', the intelligence analysts search PRISM data using terms intended to identify suspicious communications of targets whom the analysts suspect with at least 51 percent confidence to not be United States citizens, but in the process, communication data of some United States citizens is also collected unintentionally.<ref name=WaPo1/> Training materials for analysts tell them that while they should periodically report such accidental collection of non-foreign United States data, "it's nothing to worry about."<ref name=WaPo1/>
[[File:PRISM Collection Details.jpg|thumb|Details of information collected via PRISM.]]
Former employees of the National Security Agency added further information:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/former_employees_reports_suggest_VAXjsXaFNVYGqOvmExDS2H?utm_medium=rss&utm_content=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20National |title=Former employees say NSA has been logging calls 'for years' as reports suggest agency taps servers at major internet companies |publisher=NYPOST.com |date=2013-06-06 |accessdate=2013-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Dan Roberts and Spencer Ackerman |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/obama-administration-nsa-verizon-records |title=Anger swells after NSA phone records court order revelations |publisher=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2013-06-07}}</ref> The [[United States Bill of Rights]] article 6 states that "the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause [...]".

* In an interview on [[ABC News]] in January 2006 NSA [[whistleblower]] [[Russ Tice]] stated "...the number of Americans subject to eavesdropping by the NSA could be in the millions if the full range of secret NSA programs is used. That would mean for most Americans that if they conducted, or you know, placed an overseas communication, more than likely they were sucked into that vacuum."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Investigation/story?id=1491889 |title=NSA Whistleblower Alleges Illegal Spying – ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date=2006-01-10 |accessdate=2013-06-07}}</ref>
* In an interview on [[RT (TV network)|RT]] in December 2012 NSA whistleblower [[William Binney (U.S. intelligence official)|William Binney]] had stated "...the [[FBI]] has access to the data collected, which is basically the emails of virtually everybody in the country. And the FBI has access to it. All the congressional members are on the surveillance too, no one is excluded. They are all included. So, yes, this can happen to anyone. If they become a target for whatever reason – they are targeted by the government, the government can go in, or the FBI, or other agencies of the government, they can go into their database, pull all that data collected on them over the years, and we analyze it all. So, we have to actively analyze everything they’ve done for the last 10 years at least."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/usa/surveillance-spying-e-mail-citizens-178/ |title='Everyone in US under virtual surveillance' – NSA whistleblower – RT USA |publisher=Rt.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-07}}</ref> On June 6, 2013 he estimated that the NSA also collects records on 3 billion calls per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/nsa-whistleblowers-say-agency-casts-wide-net-verizon-order-is-part-of-routine/2013/06/06/6bc26bf2-cee3-11e2-8573-3baeea6a2647_story.html |title=NSA whistleblowers say agency casts wide net, Verizon order is part of ‘routine’ |publisher=The Washington Post |date= |accessdate=2013-06-07}}</ref>

In a technology conference in March 2013, Ira "Gus" Hunt, the [[Chief Technology Officer]] for the [[Chief Information Officer]] at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afceadc.org/events/bios-presentations/ira-gus-hunt-biography |title=Ira "Gus" Hunt – Biography – AFCEA Washington, DC |publisher=Afceadc.org |date= |accessdate=2013-06-07}}</ref> stated "The government collects vast amounts of data that become valuable when you can connect it with something else that arrives at a future point in time. Since you can’t connect dots you don’t have, it drives us into a mode of we fundamentally try to collect everything and hang onto it forever – forever being in quotes, of course”.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ratnam |first=Gopal |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-07/billions-of-phone-calls-mined-by-u-s-seeking-terrorists.html |title=Billions of Phone Calls Mined by U.S. Seeking Terrorists |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2013-05-06 |accessdate=2013-06-07}}</ref>

==Response from companies==
[[File:Prism slide 5.jpg|thumb|Slide listing which companies and the date at which they joined PRISM.]]
Corporate executives of several companies identified in the leaked documents told ''The Guardian'' that they had no knowledge of the PRISM program in particular.<ref name=Greenwald1/><ref name="GenCoop">{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/06/new-leak-feds-can-access-anything-in-your-google-facebook-and-more/ |title=New leak shows feds can access user accounts for Google, Facebook and more |work=Ars Technica |date=June 6, 2013 |accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref> Statements of several of the companies named in the leaked documents were reported by [[TechCrunch]] as follows:<ref name="TechCrunch">{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2013/06/06/google-facebook-apple-deny-participation-in-nsa-prism-program/ |title=Google, Facebook, Dropbox, Yahoo, Microsoft And Apple Deny Participation In NSA PRISM Surveillance Program |work=Tech Crunch |date=June 6, 2013 |accessdate=June 6, 2013}}</ref>

*'''Facebook''': "We do not provide any government organization with direct access to Facebook servers. When Facebook is asked for data or information about specific individuals, we carefully scrutinize any such request for compliance with all applicable laws, and provide information only to the extent required by law."<ref name="TechCrunch"/>

*'''Google''': "Google cares deeply about the security of our users' data. We disclose user data to government in accordance with the law, and we review all such requests carefully. From time to time, people allege that we have created a government ‘[[Backdoor (computing)|back door]]' into our systems, but Google does not have a backdoor for the government to access private user data."<ref name="TechCrunch"/>

*'''Apple''': "We have never heard of PRISM. We do not provide any government agency with direct access to our servers, and any government agency requesting customer data must get a court order."<ref name="AllThingsD">{{cite web|url=http://allthingsd.com/20130606/google-and-apple-outright-deny-theyre-helping-the-nsa-mine-data/ |title=Google, Apple and Facebook Outright Deny They're Helping the NSA Mine Data |work=AllThingsD |date=June 6, 2013 |accessdate=June 6, 2013}}</ref>

*'''Microsoft''': "We provide customer data only when we receive a legally binding order or [[subpoena]] to do so, and never on a voluntary basis. In addition we only ever comply with orders for requests about specific accounts or identifiers. If the government has a broader voluntary national security program to gather customer data we don't participate in it."<ref name="TechCrunch"/>

*'''Yahoo!''': "Yahoo! takes users' privacy very seriously. We do not provide the government with direct access to our servers, systems, or network."<ref name="TechCrunch"/>

*'''Dropbox''': "We've seen reports that Dropbox might be asked to participate in a government program called PRISM. We are not part of any such program and remain committed to protecting our users' privacy."<ref name="TechCrunch"/>

The ''Associated Press'' pointed out that these company denials were "carefully worded" to be technically true and yet make it impossible to determine how much information was actually provided to the NSA. Lee Tien, an attorney with the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] pointed out that: "A company could say 'We've never heard of the PRISM program.' Well, maybe the government didn't call it that. Or the company could say 'We don't allow backdoor access!' Well, maybe they allow front door access."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonguardian.com/denials-surveillance-program-require-decoding|title=Denials in surveillance program require decoding|date=06-08-2013}}</ref> ''Bloomberg News'' noted that "it's hard to imagine" the companies "were unaware of the arrangement, however they choose to describe it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-08/does-google-have-an-ethical-obligation-not-to-spy-.html|title=Does Google Have an Ethical Obligation Not to Spy?|date=06-08-2013}}</ref>

In response to the technology companies' denials of the NSA being able to directly access the companies' servers, the ''New York Times'' reported that sources had stated the NSA was gathering the surveillance data from the companies using other technical means in response to court orders for specific sets of data.<ref name=nytsavage060613/> The ''Washington Post'' suggested, "It is possible that the conflict between the PRISM slides and the company spokesmen is the result of imprecision on the part of the NSA author. In another classified report obtained by The Post, the arrangement is described as allowing 'collection managers [to send] content tasking instructions directly to equipment installed at company-controlled locations,' rather than directly to company servers."<ref name=WaPo1/> "If these companies received an order under the FISA amendments act, they are forbidden by law from disclosing having received the order and disclosing any information about the order at all," Mark Rumold, staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, told ABC News.<ref name="abc_wordplay">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/nsa-prism-dissecting-technology-companies-adamant-denial-involvement/story?id=19350095|title=Dissecting Big Tech's Denial of Involvement in NSA's PRISM Spying Program|date=06-07-2013|accessdate=06-07-2013}}</ref>

On May 28, 2013, Google was ordered by United States District Court Judge [[Susan Illston]] to comply with [[National Security Letters|National Security Letter]] issued by the FBI to provide user data without a warrant.<ref name="Google_NSLs">{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/judge-orders-google-turn-over-data-fbi-000951138.html|title=Judge orders Google to turn over data to FBI|date=2013-05-31|accessdate=06-07-2013}}</ref> Kurt Opsahl, a senior staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, in an interview with ''VentureBeat'' said "I certainly appreciate that Google put out a transparency report, but it appears that the transparency didn’t include this. I wouldn’t be surprised if they were subject to a [[gag order]]."<ref name="vb_goog">{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2013/06/06/google-tried-to-resist-fbi-requests-for-data-but-the-fbi-took-it-anyway/|title=Google tried to resist FBI requests for data, but the FBI took it anyway|date=06-06-2013|accessdate=06-07-2013}}</ref>

The ''New York Times'' reported on June 7, 2013 that "Twitter declined to make it easier for the government. But other companies were more compliant, according to people briefed on the negotiations."<ref name="nyt_techconcede">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/08/technology/tech-companies-bristling-concede-to-government-surveillance-efforts.html?ref=global-home&_r=1&&pagewanted=all|title=Tech Companies Concede to Surveillance Program|date=06-07-2013|accessdate=06-08-2013}}</ref> The other companies held discussions with national security personnel on how to make available data more efficiently and securely.<ref name="nyt_techconcede"/> In some cases, these companies made modifications to their systems in support of the intelligence collection effort.<ref name="nyt_techconcede"/> The dialogues have continued in recent months, as [[Martin E. Dempsey]], [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], has met with executives including those at Facebook, Microsoft, Google and [[Intel]].<ref name="nyt_techconcede"/> These details on the discussions provide insight into the disparity between initial descriptions of the government program including a training slide which states "Collection directly from the servers"<ref name="guard_collectslide">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/08/nsa-prism-server-collection-facebook-google|title=NSA's Prism surveillance program: how it works and what it can do|date=06-08=2013|accessdate=06-08=2013}}</ref> and the companies" initial denials.<ref name="nyt_techconcede"/>

While providing data in response to a legitimate FISA request approved by FISC is a legal requirement, modifying systems to make it easier for the government to collect the data is not. This is why Twitter could legally decline to provide enhanced access to its systems.<ref name="nyt_techconcede"/> Other than Twitter, the companies were effectively asked to construct a locked mailbox and provide the key to the government, people briefed on the negotiations said.<ref name="nyt_techconcede"/> Facebook, for instance, built such a system for requesting and sharing the information. <ref name="nyt_techconcede"/>

==Response from United States government==
Shortly after publication of the reports by the ''Guardian'' and the ''Washington Post'', the United States [[Director of National Intelligence]], [[James Clapper]], released a statement confirming that for nearly 6 years the government of the United States had been using large internet services companies such as Google and Facebook to collect information on foreigners outside the United States as a defense against national security threats.<ref name=nytsavage060613>{{cite news|last=Savage|first=Charlie|last2=Wyatt|first2=Edward|last3=Baker|first3=Peter|title=U.S. says it gathers online data abroad|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/07/us/nsa-verizon-calls.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 6, 2013}}</ref> The statement read in part, "The Guardian and The Washington Post articles refer to collection of communications pursuant to Section 702 of the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]]. They contain numerous inaccuracies."<ref name="Clapper">{{cite web|url=http://www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/191-press-releases-2013/869-dni-statement-on-activities-authorized-under-section-702-of-fisa |title=DNI Statement on Activities Authorized Under Section 702 of FISA |work=Office of the Director of National Intelligence |date=June 6, 2013 |accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref> He went on to say, "Section 702 is a provision of FISA that is designed to facilitate the acquisition of foreign intelligence information concerning non-U.S. persons located outside the United States. It cannot be used to intentionally target any U.S. citizen, any other U.S. person, or anyone located within the United States."<ref name="Clapper"/> Clapper concluded his statement by stating "The unauthorized disclosure of information about this important and entirely legal program is reprehensible and risks important protections for the security of Americans."<ref name="Clapper"/> On March 12, 2013, Clapper had told the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that the NSA does "not wittingly" collect any type of data on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans.<ref name="Denial">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/06/06/watch-top-u-s-intelligence-officials-repeatedly-deny-nsa-spying-on-americans-over-the-last-year-videos |title=Top U.S. Intelligence Officials Repeatedly Deny NSA Spying On Americans |work=Andy Greenberg, Forbes Staff |date=June 6, 2013 |accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref>

[[Investigative journalist]] [[Russ Baker]] has commented on the government statement in an interview on [[RT (television network)|RT]] "Claims that the NSA is not spying on Americans are absurd because anybody could potentially commit a terrorist act. The reality is they're looking at all of us. They're trying to establish networks of communication but it's kind of ridiculous because you're looking for a needle in a haystack. You're looking at virtually the entire world trying to find just a handful of plots and, as we know, many of these plots turn out to be more complicated, with FBI informants involved right from the beginning."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/usa/nsa-prism-classified-data-collection-348/ |title=Classified docs reveal NSA's vast real-time warrantless Web surveillance – RT USA |publisher=Rt.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-07}}</ref>

[[President of the United States]] [[Barack Obama]] defended the government's surveillance programs, saying that they were legally authorized and had helped prevent terrorist attacks.<ref name=nytobama060713>{{cite news|last=Savage|first=Charlie|last2=Wyatt|first2=Edward|last3=Baker|first3=Peter|last4=Shear|first4=Michael D.|title=Obama calls surveillance programs legal and limited|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/08/us/national-security-agency-surveillance.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 7, 2013}}</ref> "What you’ve got is two programs that were originally authorized by Congress, have been repeatedly authorized by Congress. Bipartisan majorities have approved them. Congress is continually briefed on how these are conducted. There are a whole range of safeguards involved. And federal judges are overseeing the entire program throughout.”<ref name=nytobama060713/> He also said that having a debate about how to balance security issues with privacy concerns is healthy for democratic government, but he cautioned, "You can’t have 100 percent security and then also have 100 percent privacy and zero inconvenience. You know, we’re going to have to make some choices as a society."<ref name=nytobama060713/>

In contrast to their swift and forceful reactions the previous day to allegations that the government had been conducting surveillance of United States citizens' telephone records, Congressional leaders had little to say about the PRISM program the day after leaked information about the program was published.<ref name=waposilence>{{cite news|last=Blake|first=Aaron|title=Congress all but silent on surveillance of Internet records|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/06/07/congress-all-but-silent-on-surveillance-of-internet-records/|newspaper=Washington Post|date=June 7, 2013}}</ref> Several lawmakers declined to discuss PRISM, citing its top-secret classification,<ref name=waposilence/> and others said that they had not been aware of the program.<ref>{{cite news|last=Everett|first=Burgess|last2=Sherman|first2=Jake|title=Republican lawmakers: NSA surveillance news to me|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/republicans-nsa-surveillance-92418.html|newspaper=Politico|date=June 7, 2013}}</ref>

==Involvement of other countries==
In the United Kingdom, [[Government Communications Headquarters]] (GCHQ) has had access to the PRISM system on or before June 2010.<ref name=UK1>{{cite news|last=Hopkins|first=Nick|title=UK gathering secret intelligence via covert NSA operation|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2013/jun/07/uk-gathering-secret-intelligence-nsa-prism|accessdate=7 June 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="indepenent">{{cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/thousands-of-britains-may-have-been-spied-on-by-gchq-as-link-to-prism-scandal-is-laid-bare-8650001.html | title=Thousands of Britain's may have been spied on by GCHQ as link to Prism scandal is laid bare | publisher=Independent | date=06-07-2013 | accessdate=06-07-2013 | author=Morris, Nigel; Sengupta, Kim; Burrell, Ian}}</ref>

== Counter measures ==
*'''Google Search:''' The European [[search engine]] [[Ixquick#Startpage|Startpage.com]] forwards the users search query to Google and then shows the original Google search results without saving the users IP adresses or cookies. This [[proxy]]-mechanism bypasses the NSA. For its high privacy standards startpage.com was awarded as the only search engine worldwide by the European privacy award [[EuroPriSe]].<ref>https://www.european-privacy-seal.eu/press-room/press-releases/20080714-europrise-press-release-de.html</ref>
*'''Skype / Paltalk / VoIP:''' Open source alternatives to Skype and other proprietary VoIP clients include [[Jitsi]] and [[Ekiga]]. Their multiplatform clients (Windows, Mac and Linux) can fully encrypt chats, calls and video-calls. Unlike proprietary software such as Skype—-where it is possible to implement mechanisms to intercept "encrypted" communication—-the NSA cannot analyze the truely encrypted conversations in clients such as Jitsi because of the open source encryption implementation.
*'''Email:''' To bypass email surveillance there are free open source encryption tools such as [[GNU Privacy Guard]]. Alternatively there is a new "email" concept called [[Bitmessage]] which uses peer2peer networks to transfer fully encrypted messages without a central email provider.<ref>http://cryptojunky.com/blog/2013/03/09/setting-up-and-using-bitmessage-an-encrypted-communications-platform-based-on-bitcoin/</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Government of the United States|Intelligence}}
*[[ECHELON]]
*[[Information Awareness Office]]
*[[NSA call database]]
*[[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy]]
*[[Room 641A]]
*[[Signals intelligence]]
*[[Stellar Wind (code name)|Stellar Wind]]
*[[Utah Data Center]]
*[[SORM]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|PRISM (surveillance program)}}
*[http://www.nsa.gov/sigint/ NSA's overview of SIGINT]
*[http://video.mit.edu/watch/the-government-is-profiling-you-13260/ William Bennie explains the recent history of domestic spying at NSA]

{{intelligence cycle management}}
{{War on Terrorism|state=collapsed}}
{{National Security Agency}}

[[Category:Counter-terrorism policy of the United States]]

[[Category:Espionage| ]]
[[Category:National Security Agency]]
[[Category:Obama administration controversies]]
[[Category:Privacy of telecommunications]]
[[Category:Privacy in the United States]]
[[Category:Secret government programs]]
[[Category:Surveillance]]
[[Category:Surveillance scandals]]
[[Category:United States national security policy]]
[[Category:War on Terror]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in the United States]]

Matroska

2013-04-16T08:00:58Z

Joad.marshal: Added to Container formats category

{{about|the file format||Matryoshka (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox file format
| name = Matroska
| icon = [[Image:Logo3 mkv 256x256-1.svg|64px|MKV Extension Icon]]
| logo =
| extension = .mkv .mk3d .mka .mks
| mime = video/x-matroska audio/x-matroska
| owner = {{URL|www.matroska.org}}
| genre = [[container format (digital)|Container format]]
| container for = [[Multimedia]]
| free = [[#License|Yes]]
}}

The '''Matroska Multimedia Container''' is an [[open standard]] [[free file format|free]] [[container format (digital)|container format]], a [[file format]] that can hold an unlimited number of video, audio, picture, or subtitle tracks in one file.<ref>[http://www.matroska.org/technical/specs/index.html#track Matroska Format Specifications], Matroska.org.</ref> It is intended to serve as a universal format for storing common multimedia content, like movies or TV shows. Matroska is similar in concept to other containers like [[Audio Video Interleave|AVI]], [[MPEG-4 Part 14|MP4]], or [[Advanced Systems Format]] (ASF), but is entirely open in specification, with implementations consisting mostly of [[open source]] software. Matroska file extensions are .MKV for video (with subtitles and audio), .MK3D for [[stereoscopic]] video, .MKA for audio-only files, and .MKS for subtitles only.<ref name="mk3d">See FAQ. "What file extensions does Matroska use?" http://www.matroska.org/technical/guides/faq/index.html</ref>

The name "Matroska" is derived from the Russian word ''Matryoshka'' ({{lang-ru|матрёшка}} {{IPA-ru|mɐˈtrʲoʂkə|}}), which means ''[[Matryoshka doll|nesting doll]]'' (the common Russian cylindrical-shaped doll within a doll, also known as a babushka doll). This is a play on the container (media within a form of media/doll within a doll) aspect of the matryoshka as it is a container for visual and audio data. The loose transliteration may be confusing to Russian speakers, as the Russian word ''matroska'' ({{lang-ru|матроска}}) actually refers to a [[sailor suit]]. (The logo, however, uses "Matroška".)

==History==
The project was announced on 6 December 2002<ref>{{cite web |title=Matroska: Older Archives |url=http://www.matroska.org/news/archives2.html |accessdate=9 September 2009}}</ref> as a [[fork (software development)|fork]] of the [[Multimedia Container Format]] (MCF), after disagreements between MCF lead developer Lasse Kärkkäinen and soon-to-be Matroska founder Steve Lhomme about the use of the [[Extensible Binary Meta Language]] (EBML) instead of a binary format.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} This coincided with a long coding break by the MCF's lead developer, during which most of the community quickly migrated to the new project.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

In 2010, it was announced that the [[WebM]] audio/video format would be based on a [[profile (engineering)|profile]] of the Matroska container format together with [[VP8]] video and [[Vorbis]] audio.<ref>[http://www.webmproject.org/about/faq/ ''Frequently Asked Questions''], the [[WebM]] project</ref>

==Goals==
The use of [[EBML]] allows extension for future format changes. The Matroska team have openly expressed some of their long term goals on [[Doom9.org]] and hydrogenaudio.org.

Thus, the following are "goals",<ref name="matroska.org">http://www.matroska.org/technical/whatis/index.html</ref> not necessarily existing features, of Matroska:
* creating a modern, flexible, extensible, cross-platform multimedia container format
* developing robust [[streaming media|streaming]] support
* developing a menu system similar to that of DVDs based on EBML
* developing a set of tools for the creation and editing of Matroska files
* developing libraries that can be used to allow developers to add Matroska support to their applications
* working with hardware manufacturers to include Matroska support in embedded multimedia devices
* working to provide native Matroska support in various [[operating systems]] and hardware platforms

==Software support==
A range of software has native Matroska support. Those include media players such as Zoom Player, [[PotPlayer]], [[MPlayer]], [[VLC media player|VLC]], [[GOM Player]], [[ALLPlayer]], Elmedia Player, [[foobar2000]] and [[PowerDVD]] and media centers such as [[Plex (software)|Plex]], [[Boxee]], [[PS3 Media Server]] and [[XBMC]], and the web browser [[Google Chrome]]. A number of software tools such as [[FFmpeg]], [[HandBrake]], [[XMedia Recode]], [[Format Factory]] and [[Pinnacle Studio]] also support Matroska. 
[[Android (operating system)|Android 4.0]] could read [[VP8]] and [[Vorbis]] inside a mkv's file<ref>https://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0-highlights.html#DeveloperApis</ref>

==Hardware support==
A number of companies produce hardware such as Blu-ray Disc players and media centres that support the Matroska container including [[Asus]],<ref>[http://www.asus.com/ProductGroup2.aspx?PG_ID=deBXUzMkKnQuGLGK ASUS Digital Media Player]</ref> [[OPPO Digital]],<ref>[http://www.oppodigital.com/blu-ray-bdp-83/ Oppodigital.com] OPPO BDP-83 Blue-ray Disc Player</ref> [[Panasonic]],<ref>[http://gizmodo.com/5120212/samsungs-2009-hdtv-lineup-leaked Gizmodo.com], Samsung's 2009 HDTV Lineup Leaked</ref> [[LG]],<ref>[http://asia.cnet.com/how-to-select/tvs/lg/ Asia.cnet.com] How to select the right LG HDTV</ref> [[Samsung]], [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], [[Sony]], [[LaCie]], [[Philips]], and [[Western Digital]].

[[Research In Motion|RIM]]'s [[Blackberry Playbook]] are among the few mobile devices that support the Matroska format.

==License==
CoreCodec owns the copyrights and trademarks for the Matroska specification, but the specifications are open to everybody. The Matroska project is a [[royalty-free]] [[open standard]] which is free to use and the technical specifications are available for private and commercial use. The Matroska development team licenses its libraries under the [[LGPL]], with parsing and playback libraries available under [[BSD licenses]].<ref name="matroska.org"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[Combined Community Codec Pack]]
* [[Comparison of container formats]]
* [[Open source codecs and containers]]
* [[SubStation Alpha]] (SSA/ASS Subtitles)

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.matroska.org}}

{{Compression formats}}

[[Category:2002 introductions]]
[[Category:Computer file formats]]
[[Category:Free container formats]]
[[Category:Open formats]]
[[Category:Container formats]]

Matroska

2013-04-16T07:55:51Z

Joad.marshal: Added to Open formats category