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<div>{{Short description|Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere}}<br />
{{Featured article}}<br />
{{Infobox constellation<br />
| name = Pavo<br />
| abbreviation = Pav<br />
| genitive = Pavonis<br />
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|eɪ|v|oʊ}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|a:|v|oʊ}},<br />genitive {{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|v|oʊ|n|ᵻ|s}}<br />
| symbolism = the [[Peafowl|Peacock]]<br />
| RA = {{RA|18|10.4}} to {{RA|21|32.4}}<ref name="boundary"/><br />
| dec= {{DEC|-56|35.4}} to {{DEC|−74|58.8}}<ref name="boundary"/><br />
| family = [[Bayer Family|Bayer]]<br />
| quadrant = SQ4<br />
| areatotal = 378<br />
| arearank = 44th<br />
| numbermainstars = 7<br />
| numberbfstars = 24<br />
| numberstarsplanets = 6<br />
| numberbrightstars = 1<br />
| numbernearbystars = 4<br />
| brighteststarname = [[Alpha Pavonis|α Pav]] (Peacock)<br />
| starmagnitude = 1.91<br />
| numbermessierobjects = 0<br />
| meteorshowers = Delta Pavonids<ref name="deltapavs" /><br />
| bordering = [[Octans]]<br />[[Apus]]<br />[[Ara (constellation)|Ara]]<br />[[Telescopium]]<br />[[Indus (constellation)|Indus]]<br />
| latmax = [[30th parallel north|30]]<br />
| latmin = [[South Pole|90]]<br />
| month = August<br />
| notes=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pavo''' is a [[constellation]] in the [[Southern Celestial Hemisphere|southern sky]] whose name is [[Latin]] for {{gloss|[[peafowl|peacock]]}}. Pavo first appeared on a 35-cm (14&nbsp;in) diameter celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by [[Petrus Plancius]] and [[Jodocus Hondius]] and was depicted in [[Johann Bayer]]'s star atlas ''[[Uranometria]]'' of 1603, and was likely conceived by Plancius from the observations of [[Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser]] and [[Frederick de Houtman]]. French explorer and astronomer [[Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille]] gave its stars [[Bayer designation]]s in 1756. The constellations Pavo, [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]], [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]] and [[Tucana]] are collectively known as the "Southern Birds".<br />
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The constellation's brightest member, [[Alpha Pavonis]], is also known as Peacock and appears as a 1.91-[[Apparent magnitude|magnitude]] blue-white star, but is actually a [[spectroscopic binary]]. [[Delta Pavonis]] is a nearby [[Sun]]-like star some 19.9 [[light-year]]s distant. Six of the [[star system]]s in Pavo have been found to host planets, including [[HD 181433]] with a [[super-Earth]], and [[HD 172555]] with evidence of a major interplanetary collision in the past few thousand years. The constellation contains [[NGC 6752]], the fourth-brightest [[globular cluster]] in the sky, and the [[spiral galaxy]] [[NGC 6744]], which closely resembles the [[Milky Way]] but is twice as large. Pavo displays an annual [[meteor shower]] known as the Delta Pavonids, whose [[radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] is near the star [[Delta Pavonis|δ Pav]].<ref name="deltapavs">{{cite web |url=http://meteorshowersonline.com/showers/delta_pavonids.html |title=Delta Pavonids |work=Meteor Showers On-line |access-date=23 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928035123/http://meteorshowersonline.com/showers/delta_pavonids.html |archive-date=2013-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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==History and mythology==<br />
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===History of the modern constellation===<br />
[[File:Johann Bayer - Uraniometria - Southern Birds.jpg|thumb|right|Pavo (upper right), with the other southern birds, in its first appearance in a celestial atlas, [[Johann Bayer]]'s ''[[Uranometria]]'']]<br />
Pavo was one of the twelve constellations established by [[Petrus Plancius]] from the observations of the southern sky by explorers [[Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser]] and [[Frederick de Houtman]], who had sailed on the first Dutch trading expedition, known as the ''[[First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia|Eerste Schipvaart]]'', to the [[East Indies]]. It first appeared on a 35 cm (14&nbsp;in) diameter celestial globe published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius with [[Jodocus Hondius]]. The first depiction of this constellation in a [[celestial atlas]] was in German cartographer [[Johann Bayer]]'s ''[[Uranometria]]'' of 1603.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/bayer-southern.html |title=Bayer's Southern Star Chart |work=Star Tales |last1=Ridpath |first1=Ian |author-link=Ian Ridpath |publisher=self-published |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref><!-- cites previous three sentences --> De Houtman included it in his southern star catalogue the same year under the Dutch name ''De Pauww'' {{gloss|The Peacock}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/startales1c.html#houtman |title=Frederick de Houtman's Catalogue |last1=Ridpath |first1=Ian |publisher=self-published |work=Star Tales |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> Pavo and the nearby constellations [[Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]], [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]], and [[Tucana]] are collectively called the "Southern Birds".<ref name="binocs">{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Moore |title=Exploring the Night Sky with Binoculars |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |date=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/exploringnightsk00moor/page/48 48] |isbn=978-0-521-79390-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/exploringnightsk00moor|url-access=registration }}</ref><br />
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===The peacock in Greek mythology===<br />
According to Mark Chartrand, former executive director of the [[National Space Institute]], Plancius may not have been the first to designate this group of stars as a peacock: "In Greek myth the stars that are now the Peacock were Argos [or Argus], builder of the ship Argo. He was changed by the goddess Juno into a peacock and placed in the sky along with his ship."<ref>Mark R. Chartrand III (1983) Skyguide: A Field Guide for Amateur Astronomers, p. 172 ({{ISBN|0-307-13667-1}}).</ref><ref>See also Mike Dixon-Kennedy (1998) ''Greco-Roman Mythology'', pp. 45, 153 ({{ISBN|1-57607-129-4}}).</ref> Indeed, the peacock "symboliz[ed] the starry firmament" for the Greeks,<ref>J.C. Cooper (Thames & Hudson 1987) ''An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols'' Paperback, p. 127 ({{ISBN|978-0500271254}})</ref> and the goddess Hera was believed to drive through the heavens in a chariot drawn by peacocks.<ref>Ian Ridpath (James Clark & Co. 1988) ''Star Tales'', p. 99 ({{ISBN|978-0718826956}}).</ref><br />
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The peacock and the "Argus" nomenclature are also prominent in a different myth, in which [[Io (mythology)|Io]], a beautiful princess of Argos, was lusted after by [[Zeus]] (Jupiter). Zeus changed Io into a heifer to deceive his wife (and sister) [[Hera]] and couple with her. Hera saw through Zeus's scheme and asked for the heifer as a gift. Zeus, unable to refuse such a reasonable request, reluctantly gave the heifer to Hera, who promptly banished Io and arranged for [[Argus Panoptes]], a creature with one hundred eyes, to guard the now-pregnant Io from Zeus. Meanwhile, Zeus entreated [[Hermes]] to save Io; Hermes used music to lull Argus Panoptes to sleep, then slew him. Hera adorned the tail of a peacock—her favorite bird—with Argus's eyes in his honor.<ref>{{cite book |last=Berens |first=E.M. |title=The Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome: A Handbook of Mythology |publisher=Europaeischer Hochschulverlag GmbH & Co |location=Bremen |page=26 |isbn=978-3-86741-511-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MGG8_rFhrkC&pg=PA26 |orig-year=1894 |date=2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/The_Myths/Zeus_s_Lovers/Io_/io_.html "Io"], Greek Mythology.com (accessed 11/19/2013).</ref><br />
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As recounted in [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', the death of Argus Panoptes also contains an explicit celestial reference: "Argus lay dead; so many eyes, so bright quenched, and all hundred shrouded in one night. Saturnia [Hera] retrieved those eyes to set in place among the feathers of her bird [the peacock, Pavo] and filled his tail with starry jewels."<ref>Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.720.</ref><br />
[[File:Johan Doppelmayr's celestial chart of Pavo and Indus.jpg|thumb|right|The constellations Pavo and Indus, featured (reversed) in the chart of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere by [[Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr]] in his Atlas Cœlestis, {{Circa|1742}}]]<br />
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It is uncertain whether the Dutch astronomers had the Greek mythos in mind when creating Pavo but, in keeping with other constellations introduced by Plancius through Keyser and De Houtmann, the "peacock" in the new constellation likely referred to the [[Green peafowl|green peacock]], which the explorers would have encountered in the East Indies, rather than the [[blue peafowl|blue peacock]] known to the ancient Greeks.<ref name="ridpathpav">{{cite web |url=http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/pavo.html |work=Star Tales |title=Pavo – the Peacock |last1=Ridpath |first1=Ian |publisher=self-published |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref><br />
Another possible inspiration for the name Pavo may be from the major financial supporter of the dutch missions, who was [[Reynier Pauw]] (Pauw means Pavo/peacock in Dutch). Despite the fact [[Reynier Pauw]] does not have any streetname nor school named after him, this fact would honor his contribution to the Dutch history in a brilliant way<ref>Menno Witteveen: ''Reinier Pauw (1564–1636) en Amsterdam. De macht van een man en een stad.'' Boom Onderwijs, Amsterdam 2022, ISBN 978-90-244-4680-3.</ref>.<br />
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===Equivalents in other cultures===<br />
The [[Wardaman people]] of the [[Northern Territory]] in Australia saw the stars of Pavo and the neighbouring constellation [[Ara (constellation)|Ara]] as [[flying fox]]es.<ref name="darksparklers">{{cite book |last=Harney |first=Bill Yidumduma |author2=Cairns, Hugh C. |title=Dark Sparklers |publisher=Hugh C. Cairns |location=Merimbula, New South Wales |date=2004 |orig-year=2003 |edition=Revised |page=201 |isbn=978-0-9750908-0-0}}</ref><br />
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==Characteristics==<br />
Pavo is bordered by [[Telescopium]] to the north, [[Apus]] and Ara to the west, [[Octans]] to the south, and [[Indus (constellation)|Indus]] to the east and northeast. Covering 378 square degrees, it ranks 44th of the 88 [[modern constellations]] in size and covers 0.916% of the night sky.<ref name=bagnall>{{cite book |last=Bagnall |first=Philip M. |title=The Star Atlas Companion: What You Need to Know about the Constellations |publisher=Springer |location=New York |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-4614-0830-7 |page=338 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcIg02TKW6QC&pg=PA338}}</ref> The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the [[International Astronomical Union]] in 1922, is "Pav".<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal |last=Russell |first=Henry Norris |author-link=Henry Norris Russell |title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations |journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] |volume=30 |pages=469–471 |bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R |date=1922}}</ref> The official constellation boundaries, as set by Belgian astronomer [[Eugène Joseph Delporte|Eugène Delporte]] in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 10 segments. In the [[equatorial coordinate system]], the [[right ascension]] coordinates of these borders lie between {{RA|18|10.4}} and {{RA|21|32.4}}, while the [[declination]] coordinates are between −56.59° and −74.98°.<ref name="boundary">{{Cite journal |title=Pavo, constellation boundary |journal=The Constellations |publisher=International Astronomical Union |url=http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/#pav |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> As one of the deep southern constellations, it remains below the horizon at latitudes north of the [[30th parallel north|30th parallel]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and is circumpolar at latitudes south of the [[50th parallel south|50th parallel]] in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref name="motz">{{cite book |last=Motz |first=Lloyd |author2=Nathanson, Carol |title=The Constellations: An Enthusiast's Guide to the Night Sky |publisher=Aurum Press |location=London|date=1991 |pages=385, 388–389 |isbn=978-1-85410-088-7}}</ref><br />
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==Features==<br />
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===Stars===<br />
{{Further|List of stars in Pavo}}<br />
[[File:Constellation Pavo.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The constellation Pavo as it can be seen by the naked eye]]<br />
Although he depicted Pavo on his chart, Bayer did not assign its stars [[Bayer designation]]s. French explorer and astronomer [[Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille]] labelled them Alpha to Omega in 1756, but omitted Psi and Xi, and labelled two pairs of stars close together Mu and Phi Pavonis. In 1879, American astronomer [[Benjamin Apthorp Gould|Benjamin Gould]] designated a star Xi Pavonis as he felt its brightness warranted a name, but dropped Chi Pavonis due to its faintness.<ref name="wagman">{{cite book |last=Wagman |first=Morton |date=2003 |title=Lost Stars: Lost, Missing and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others |publisher=The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company |location=Blacksburg, [[Virginia]] |isbn=978-0-939923-78-6 |pages=231–232}}</ref><!-- cites previous three sentences --><br />
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Lying near the constellation's northern border with Telescopium is [[Alpha Pavonis]], the brightest star in Pavo.<ref name="motz" /> Its [[Stellar designation#Proper names|proper name]]—Peacock—is an English translation of the constellation's name.<ref name=bagnall/> It was assigned by the British [[HM Nautical Almanac Office]] in the late 1930s; the [[Royal Air Force]] insisted that all bright stars must have names, the star hitherto having lacked a proper name.<ref name="sadler1993">{{citation |last1=Sadler |first1=D.H. |title=A Personal History of H.M. Nautical Almanac Office |page=48 |publisher=Edited and privately published by Wilkins, G.A. |date=1993 |url=http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/nao/history/dhs_gaw/nao_perhist_0802_dhs.pdf |access-date=2013-08-27 |archive-date=2012-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403214348/http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/nao/history/dhs_gaw/nao_perhist_0802_dhs.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alpha has an [[apparent magnitude|apparent]] (or visual) magnitude of 1.91 and [[Stellar classification|spectral type]] B2IV.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Alpha+Pavonis |title=Peacock – Spectroscopic Binary |work=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> It is a [[spectroscopic binary]] system, one estimate placing the distance between the pair of stars as 0.21 [[astronomical unit]]s (AU), or half the distance between [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and the Sun.<ref name="kaleralpha">{{cite web |url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/peacock.html |title=Peacock |last=Kaler |first=James B. |author-link=James B. Kaler |work=Stars |publisher=University of Illinois |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> The two stars rotate around each other in a mere 11 days and 18 hours.<ref name="motz" /> The [[star system]] is located around 180 light years away from Earth.<ref name="kaleralpha" /><br />
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With an apparent magnitude of 3.43, [[Beta Pavonis]] is the second-brightest star in the constellation. A white [[giant star|giant]] of spectral class A7III,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=beta+pav&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id |title=Beta Pavonis |work=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> it is an aging star that has used up the hydrogen fuel at its core and has expanded and cooled after moving off the [[main sequence]]. It lies 135 light years away from the [[Solar System]].<ref name="kalerbeta">{{cite web |url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/betapav.html |title=Beta Pavonis |last=Kaler |first=James B. |work=Stars |publisher=University of Illinois |access-date=23 August 2013 |date=24 September 2010}}</ref><br />
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Lying a few degrees west of Beta is [[Delta Pavonis]], a nearby Sun-like but more [[stellar evolution|evolved]] star;<ref name="motz" /> this is a yellow subgiant of spectral type G8IV and apparent magnitude 3.56 that is only 19.9 light years distant from Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=delta+pav&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id |title=Delta Pavonis – Variable Star |work=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> East of Beta and at the constellation's eastern border with Indus is [[Gamma Pavonis]], a fainter, [[solar-type star]] 30 light years from Earth with a magnitude of 4.22 and stellar class F9V.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mosser, B. |display-authors=4 |last2=Deheuvels |first2=S. |last3=Michel |first3=E. |last4=Thévenin |first4=F. |last5=Dupret |first5=M.A. |last6=Samadi |first6=R. |last7=Barban |first7=C. |last8=Goupil |first8=M.J. |title=HD 203608, a Quiet Asteroseismic Target in the Old Galactic Disk |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |year=2008 |volume=488 |issue=2 |pages=635–642 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810011 |bibcode=2008A&A...488..635M |arxiv=0804.3119|s2cid=15871263 }}</ref> Other nearby stars in Pavo are much fainter: [[SCR 1845-6357]] (the nearest star in Pavo) is a binary system with an apparent magnitude of 17.4 consisting of a [[red dwarf]] and [[brown dwarf]] companion lying around 12.6 light years distant, while [[Gliese 693]] is a red dwarf of magnitude 10.78 lying 19 light years away.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?submit=display&bibdisplay=refsum&bibyear1=1850&bibyear2=%24currentYear&Ident=%403464606&Name=GJ+++693#lab_bib |title=GJ 693 – Variable Star |work=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref><br />
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Pavo contains several variable stars of note. [[Lambda Pavonis]] is a bright [[irregular variable]] ranging between magnitudes 3.4 and 4.4; this variation can be observed with the unaided eye. Classed as a Gamma Cassiopeiae variable or [[shell star]],<ref name="inglis">{{cite book |last=Inglis |first=Mike |title=Astronomy of the Milky Way: Observer's Guide to the Southern Sky |publisher=Springer |location=New York |date=2004 |pages=153–154 |isbn=978-1-85233-742-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1r0qvMjSCGAC&q=Circinus+inglis&pg=SA3-PA31}}</ref> it is of spectral type B2II-IIIe and lies around 1430 light years distant from Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=lambda+pavonis&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id |title=Lambda Pavonis – Be Star |work=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> [[Kappa Pavonis]] is a [[W Virginis variable]]—a subclass of [[Type II Cepheid]].<ref name="inglis" /> It ranges from magnitude 3.91 to 4.78 over 9 days and is a yellow-white [[supergiant]] pulsating between spectral classes F5I-II and G5I-II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=25119 |title=Kappa Pavonis |publisher=AAVSO |work=International Variable Star Index |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> [[NU Pavonis|NU]] and [[V Pavonis]] are pulsating [[semiregular variable star|semiregular variable]] [[red giant]] stars. NU has a spectral type M6III and ranges from magnitude 4.9 to 5.3,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=25016 |title=NU Pavonis |publisher=AAVSO |work=International Variable Star Index |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> while V Pavonis ranges from magnitude 6.3 to 8.2 over two periods of 225.4 and 3735 days concurrently.<ref name="inglis" /> V is a [[carbon star]]<ref name="gray_corbally" group="note">C6 is equivalent to a class M2–M3 star, the 4 shows the strength of the [[Swan bands]] on a scale of 1 (weak) to 5 (strong), and the Nb indicates bands of the chemical element [[niobium]]. See:<br />{{cite book |author=Gray, Richard O. |author2=Corbally, Christopher J. |title=Stellar Spectral Classification |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |page=309 |isbn=978-0-691-12511-4}}</ref> of spectral type C6,4(Nb)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=24725 |title=V Pavonis |publisher=AAVSO |work=International Variable Star Index |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> with a prominent red hue.<ref name="inglis" /><br />
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Located in the west of the constellation and depicting the peacock's tail are [[Eta Pavonis|Eta]] and [[Xi Pavonis]].<ref name="streicher">{{cite web |last=Streicher |first=Magda |date=October 2010 |title=Pavo{{snd}}A Fanciful Bird |publisher=The Astronomical Society of Southern Africa |work=Deepsky Delights |url=http://assa.saao.ac.za/sections/deepsky/delights/2010_oct_deepsky_delights.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927073955/http://assa.saao.ac.za/sections/deepsky/delights/2010_oct_deepsky_delights.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> At apparent magnitude 3.6, Eta is a luminous orange giant of spectral type K2II some 350 light years distant from Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Eta+Pavonis&submit=SIMBAD+search |title=Eta Pavonis |work=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Xi Pavonis is a multiple star system visible in small telescopes as a brighter orange star and fainter white companion.<ref name="inglis" /> Located around 470 light years from Earth, the system has a magnitude of 4.38.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Xi+Pavonis&submit=SIMBAD+search |title=Xi Pavonis |work=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> [[AR Pavonis]] is a faint but well-studied [[Eclipsing binaries|eclipsing binary]] composed of a red giant and smaller hotter star some 18000 light years from Earth. It has some features of a [[cataclysmic variable]], the smaller component most likely having an [[accretion disc]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Skopal, A. |display-authors=4 |author2=Djurašević, G. |author3=Jones, A. |author4=Drechsel, H. |author5=Rovithis-Livaniou, H. |author6=Rovithis, P. |date=2000 |title=A Photometric Study of the Eclipsing Symbiotic Binary AR Pavonis |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=311 |issue=2 |pages=225–233 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03040.x |bibcode=2000MNRAS.311..225S|doi-access=free }}</ref> The visual magnitude ranges from 7.4 to 13.6 over 605 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=24791 |title=AR Pavonis |publisher=AAVSO |work=International Variable Star Index |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref><br />
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In November 2018, the 8th magnitude star, [[HD 186302]] became the second star identified to be a solar sibling, this one being particularly sun like, same spectra G2, virtually the same mass as well, with a twin spectra revealing identical metallicity.<ref>[http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2018/11/24/did-astronomers-just-find-the-suns-sister Did Astronomers Just Find The Sun’s Sister?] [[Bob P. King]], November 24, 2018</ref><br />
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===Planetary systems and debris disks===<br />
Six stars with [[planetary systems]] have been found. Three planets have been discovered in the system of the orange star [[HD 181433]], an inner super-Earth with an orbital period of 9.4 days and two outer gas giants with periods of 2.6 and 6 years respectively.<ref name="bouchy2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810669 |title=The HARPS Search for Southern Extra-solar Planets. XVII. Super-Earth and Neptune-mass Planets in Multiple Planet Systems HD 47186 and HD 181433 |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2009/11/aa10669-08/aa10669-08.html |last1=Bouchy |first1=François |last2=Mayor | first2=Michel |last3=Lovis |first3=Christophe |last4=Udry |first4=Stéphane |last5=Benz |first5=Willy |last6=Bertaux |first6=Jean-Loup |last7=Delfosse |first7=Xavier |last8=Mordasini |first8=Christoph |last9=Pepe |first9=Francesco |last10=Queloz |first10=Didier |last11=Ségransan |first11=Damien |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=496 |issue=2 |pages=527–531 |year=2009 |arxiv=0812.1608 |bibcode=2009A&A...496..527B |s2cid=117778593 }}</ref> [[HD 196050]] and [[HD 175167]] are yellow G-class Sun-like stars, while [[HD 190984]] is an F-class main sequence star slightly larger and hotter than the Sun; all three are accompanied by a gas giant companion.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jones |title=Extrasolar Planets around HD 196050, HD 216437 and HD 160691 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |date=2002 |volume=337 |issue=4 |pages=1170–1178 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05787.x |display-authors=4 |last2=Butler |first2=R. Paul |last3=Marcy |first3=Geoffrey W. |last4=Tinney |first4=Chris G. |last5=Penny |first5=Alan J. |last6=McCarthy |first6=Chris |last7=Carter |first7=Brad D. |doi-access=free |arxiv=astro-ph/0206216 |bibcode=2002MNRAS.337.1170J|s2cid=119520409 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arriagada |first1=Pamela |display-authors=4 |last2=Butler |first2=R. Paul |last3=Minniti |first3=Dante |last4=López-Morales |first4=Mercedes |last5=Shectman |first5=Stephen A. |last6=Adams |first6=Fred C. |last7=Boss |first7=Alan P. |last8=Chambers |first8=John E. |title=Five Long-period Extrasolar Planets in Eccentric Orbits from the Magellan Planet Search Program |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |date=2010 |arxiv=1001.4093 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/1229 |volume=711 |issue=2 |pages=1229–1235 |bibcode=2010ApJ...711.1229A|s2cid=118682009 }}</ref><ref name="santos2010">{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200913489 |title=The HARPS Search for Southern Extra-solar Planets XXI. Three New Giant Planets Orbiting the Metal-poor Stars HD 5388, HD 181720, and HD 190984 |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2010/04/aa13489-09/aa13489-09.html |last1=Santos |first1=Nuno C. |display-authors=4 |last2=Mayor |first2=Michel |last3=Benz |first3=Willy |last4=Bouchy |first4=François |last5=Figueira |first5=Pedro |last6=Lo Curto |first6=Gaspare |last7=Lovis |first7=Christophe |last8=Melo |first8=Claudio |last9=Moutou |first9=Claire |last10=Naef |first10=Dominique |last11=Pepe |first11=Francesco |last12=Queloz |first12=Didier |last13=<!-- de -->Sousa |first13=Sérgio <!-- António -->Gonçalves |last14=Udry |first14=Stéphane |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=512 |issue=A47 |page=A47 |date=2010 |arxiv=0912.3216 |bibcode=2010A&A...512A..47S |s2cid=118675798 }}</ref> [[HD 172555]] is a young white A-type main sequence star, two planets of which appear to have had a major collision in the past few thousand years. [[Spectrographic]] evidence of large amounts of [[silicon dioxide]] gas indicates the smaller of the two, which had been at least the size of Earth's moon, was destroyed, and the larger, which was at least the size of Mercury, was severely damaged. Evidence of the collision was detected by NASA's [[Spitzer Space Telescope]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Abundant Circumstellar Silica Dust And Sio Gas Created By A Giant Hypervelocity Collision In The ~12 Myr HD172555 System |first=C. M. |last=Lisse |display-authors=4 |author2=Chen, C.H. |author3=Wyatt, M.C. |author4=Morlok, A. |author5=Song, I. |author6=Bryden, G. |author7=Sheehan, P. |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |date=16 June 2009 |pages=984–997 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/701/2/2019 |volume=701 |bibcode=2009ApJ...701.2019L |issue=2 |arxiv=0906.2536|s2cid=56108044 }}</ref> In the south of the constellation, [[Epsilon Pavonis]] is a 3.95-magnitude white main sequence star of spectral type A0Va located around 105 light years distant from Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Epsilon+Pavonis&submit=SIMBAD+search |title=Epsilon Pavonis |work=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |access-date=29 August 2013}}</ref> It appears to be surrounded by a narrow ring of dust at a distance of 107&nbsp;AU.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Booth, Mark |display-authors=4 |author2=Kennedy, Grant |author3=Sibthorpe, Bruce |author4=Matthews, Brenda C. |author5=Wyatt, Mark C. |author6=Duchêne, Gaspard |author7=Kavelaars, J.J. |author8=Rodriguez, David |author9=Greaves, Jane S.|author10=Koning, Alice |author11=Vican, Laura |author12=Rieke, George H. |author13=Su, Kate Y.L. |author14=Moro-Martín, Amaya |author15=Kalas, Paul |year=2013 |title=Resolved Debris Discs Around A Stars in the Herschel DEBRIS Survey |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=428 |issue=2 |pages=1263–1280 |bibcode=2013MNRAS.428.1263B |arxiv=1210.0547 |doi=10.1093/mnras/sts117|doi-access=free |s2cid=53072716 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Deep-sky objects===<br />
[[File:Star cluster NGC 6752.jpg|thumb|The globular cluster NGC 6752 contains an estimated 100,000 stars.]]<br />
The [[deep-sky object]]s in Pavo include [[NGC 6752]], the fourth-brightest [[globular cluster]] in the sky, after <!-- in decreasing order of brightness (or increasing order of apparent magnitude) -->[[Omega Centauri]], [[47&nbsp;Tucanae]] and [[Messier&nbsp;22]].{{r|APODNASA<!-- stating that ngc 6752 is in the direction of pavo -->}}<ref name="nasa.messier22">{{Cite web | title = Messier 22 | author = | work = NASA | date = | access-date = 21 July 2023 | url = https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-22/ | quote = | archive-date = 18 July 2023 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20230718052546/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/messier-22/ | url-status = bot: unknown }}<!-- stating that messier 22 has an apparent magnitude of 5.1 --></ref><ref name="nasa.ngc6752">{{Cite web | title = Caldwell 93 | author = | work = NASA | date = | access-date = 21 July 2023 | url = https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/caldwell-93/ | quote = | archive-date = 18 July 2023 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20230718054846/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/caldwell-93/ | url-status = bot: unknown }}<!-- stating that ngc 6752 has an apparent magnitude of 5.4 --></ref> An estimated 100 light years across, it is thought to contain 100,000 stars.<ref name="APODNASA">{{Cite APOD|title=Globular Star Cluster NGC 6752 |date=5 July 2013|access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref><!-- cites previous two sentences --> Barely visible behind the cluster is a [[dwarf spheroidal galaxy]] known as [[Bedin I]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=ESA/Hubble Information Centre|title=Hubble fortuitously discovers a new galaxy in the cosmic neighbourhood|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-01-hubble-fortuitously-galaxy-cosmic-neighbourhood.html|website=[[Phys.org]]|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201050615/https://phys.org/news/2019-01-hubble-fortuitously-galaxy-cosmic-neighbourhood.html|archive-date=1 February 2019|date=31 January 2019|quote=Bedin 1, which lies far behind the foreground globular cluster NGC 6752.|url-status=live}}</ref> Lying three degrees to the south is [[NGC 6744]],<ref name="motz" /> a [[spiral galaxy]] around 30 million light years away from Earth that resembles the [[Milky Way]], but is twice its diameter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1118/ |title=A Postcard from Extragalactic Space? A spiral galaxy that resembles our Milky Way |last=Hook |first=Richard |date=1 June 2011 |work=European Southern Observatory |publisher=ESO Images and Downloads |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> A [[Type Ib and Ic supernovae|type 1c supernova]] was discovered in the galaxy in 2005;<ref name="mobberley">{{cite book |title=The Caldwell Objects And How to Observe Them |first=Martin |last=Mobberley |author-link=Martin Mobberley |pages=208–209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amPrWoOWgHcC&q=supernova+pavo&pg=PA208 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |date=1999 |isbn=978-1-4419-0326-6}}</ref> known as SN2005at, it peaked at magnitude 16.8.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2005/ |title=Bright Supernovae – 2005 |last=Bishop |first=David |date=10 September 2013 |work=Astronomy Section |publisher=Rochester Academy of Science |access-date=22 September 2013 |location=Rush, New York}}</ref> The dwarf galaxy [[IC 4662]] lies 10 [[Minute of arc|arcminutes]] northeast of Eta Pavonis,<ref name="inglis" /> and is of magnitude 11.62.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=IC+4662 |title=IC 4662 – Blue compact Galaxy |work=SIMBAD Astronomical Database |publisher=Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> Located only 8 million light years away, it has several regions of [[Starburst region|high star formation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0919d/ |title=Hubble ACS image of IC 4662 |last=McQuinn |first=K. |date=30 April 2009 |work=Hubble website |publisher=European Space Agency (ESA) |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> The 14th-magnitude galaxy [[IC 4965]] lies 1.7 degrees west of Alpha Pavonis, and is a central member of the [[Shapley Supercluster]].<ref name="streicher" /> The [[galactic superwind|galactic wind]] bearing [[NGC 6810]] and the interacting [[NGC 6872]]/[[IC 4970]] galaxies lie 87 and 212 million light-years away from Earth respectively.<br />
<br />
===Meteor showers===<br />
Pavo is the [[radiant (meteor shower)|radiant]] of two annual [[meteor showers]]: the [[Delta Pavonids]] and [[August Pavonids]]. Appearing from 21 March to 8 April and generally peaking around 5 and 6 April, Delta Pavonids are thought to be associated with [[comet Grigg-Mellish]].{{sfn|Levy|2008|p = 109}} The shower was discovered by Michael Buhagiar from Perth, Australia,<ref>{{cite book |first=Petrus Matheus Marie |last=Jenniskens |title=Meteor Showers and Their Parent Comets |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |page=315 |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-85349-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpajMuyXG8AC&pg=PA315}}</ref> who observed meteors on six occasions between 1969 and 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteorshowersonline.com/showers/delta_pavonids.html |title=Delta Pavonids |last=Kronk |first=Gary W. |work=Meteor Showers Online |publisher=self-published |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928035123/http://meteorshowersonline.com/showers/delta_pavonids.html |archive-date=2013-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The August Pavonids peak around 31 August and are thought to be associated with the [[Halley's Comet|Halley]]-type [[C/1991 L3 (Levy)|Comet Levy (P/1991 L3)]].{{sfn|Levy|2008|p = 117}}<br />
<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pavo in Chinese astronomy]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group="note"|refs=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=David H. |title=David Levy's Guide to Observing Meteor Showers |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK|date=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-69691-3}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Pavo (constellation)-article.ogg|date=2023-06-28}}<br />
* [http://astrojan.nhely.hu/pavo.htm The clickable Pavo]<br />
* {{Commons and category-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Stars of Pavo}}<br />
{{Constellations}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Sky|20|00|00|-|65|00|00|10}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pavo (Constellation)}}<br />
[[Category:Pavo (constellation)| ]]<br />
[[Category:Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius]]<br />
[[Category:Southern constellations]]<br />
[[Category:Constellations]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aramid&diff=759810574Aramid2017-01-13T08:07:06Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Polymer preparation */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kevlar chemical structure.png|thumb|400px|Structure of [[Kevlar]], a [[Para- (chemistry)|''para'']]-aramid ]]<br />
'''Aramid''' fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong [[synthetic fiber]]s. They are used in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic-rated [[bulletproof vest|body armor]] [[cloth|fabric]] and ballistic composites, in bicycle tires, and as an [[asbestos]] substitute.<ref name=Hillermeier>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/004051758405400903 |title= Prospects of Aramid as a Substitute for Asbestos |author=Hillermeier, Karlheinz |pages=575–580 |journal= Textile Research Journal |volume= 54 |issue= 9 |date=1984}}</ref> The name is a [[portmanteau]] of "[[aromatic]] [[polyamide]]". They are fibers in which the chain molecules are highly oriented along the fiber axis, so the strength of the [[chemical bond]] can be exploited.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Aromatic polyamides were first introduced in commercial applications in the early 1960s, with a [[meta- (chemistry)|meta]]-aramid fiber produced by [[DuPont]] as HT-1 and then under the trade name [[Nomex]].<ref name=Kent>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology |editor=James A. Kent |page=483 |publisher=Springer |date=2006 |isbn=0-387-27842-7}}</ref> This fiber, which handles similarly to normal textile apparel fibers, is characterized by its excellent resistance to heat, as it neither melts nor ignites in normal levels of oxygen. It is used extensively in the production of protective apparel, air filtration, thermal and electrical insulation as well as a substitute for [[asbestos]]. Meta-aramid is also produced in the Netherlands and Japan by [[Teijin]] under the trade name Conex,<ref name=Kent /> in Korea by [[Toray]] under the trade name Arawin, in China by Yantai Tayho under the trade name New Star, by SRO Group (China) under the trade name [[X-Fiper]], and a variant of meta-aramid in France by Kermel under the trade name Kermel.<br />
<br />
Based on earlier research by [[Monsanto Company]] and [[Bayer]], [[para- (chemistry)|para]]-aramid fiber with much higher [[tensile strength|tenacity]] and [[elastic modulus]] was also developed in the 1960s–1970s by DuPont and [[Akzo Nobel]], both profiting from their knowledge of [[rayon]], [[polyester]] and [[nylon]] processing.<br />
<br />
Much work was done by [[Stephanie Kwolek]] in 1961 while working at DuPont, and that company was the first to introduce a para-aramid called [[Kevlar]] in 1973. A similar fiber called [[Twaron]] with roughly the same chemical structure was introduced by Akzo in 1978. Due to earlier patents on the production process, Akzo and DuPont engaged in a patent dispute in the 1980s. Twaron is currently owned by the [[Teijin Aramid|Teijin]] company (see [[#Production|Production]]).<br />
<br />
Para-aramids are used in many high-tech applications, such as aerospace and military applications, for "bullet-proof" [[bulletproof vest|body armor]] [[cloth|fabric]].<br />
<br />
The [[Federal Trade Commission]] definition for aramid fiber is:{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}<br />
<blockquote><br />
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85% of the [[peptide bond|amide linkages, (−CO−NH−)]] are attached directly to two aromatic rings.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
==Health==<br />
During the 1990s, an ''[[in vitro]]'' test of aramid fibers showed they exhibited "many of the same effects on [[epithelial cell]]s as did [[asbestos]], including increased [[radiolabel]]ed [[nucleotide]] incorporation into DNA and induction of ODC ([[ornithine decarboxylase]]) enzyme activity", raising the possibility of [[carcinogenic]] implications.<ref name=toxicology-effects>{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first=J. P.|author2=Mossman, B. T.|author3=Driscoll, K. E.|author4=Schins, R. F.|author5=Borm, P. J. A.|title=Effects of Aramid, a high Strength Synthetic Fiber, on Respiratory Cells in Vitro|journal=Drug and Chemical Toxicology|date=1 January 1994| volume=17| issue=2| pages= 75–92| doi=10.3109/01480549409014303|pmid=8062644|url=http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/01480549409014303|accessdate=15 August 2011|publisher=Informa Healthcare}}</ref> However, in 2009, it was shown that inhaled aramid fibrils are shortened and quickly cleared from the body and pose little risk.<ref name=toxicology-review>{{cite journal|last=Donaldson|first=K.|title=The inhalation toxicology of p-aramid fibrils|journal=Critical Reviews in Toxicology|date=1 July 2009| volume=39| issue=6| pages= 487–500| doi=10.1080/10408440902911861|pmid=19545198|url=http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408440902911861|accessdate=1 October 2012|publisher=Informa Healthcare}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
World capacity of para-aramid production was estimated at about 41,000 [[tonne]]s per year in 2002 and increases each year by 5–10%.<ref name=capacity>{{cite book|url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11268&page=34 |title=High-Performance Structural Fibers for Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites |date=2005|isbn=0-309-09614-6|author=Committee on High-Performance Structural Fibers for Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites, National Research Council |publisher=The National Academies Press |page=34}}</ref> In 2007 this means a total production capacity of around 55,000 tonnes per year.<br />
<br />
===Polymer preparation===<br />
Aramids are generally prepared by the reaction between an [[amine]] group and a [[carboxylic acid]] [[halide]] group. Simple AB [[homopolymer]]s may look like<br />
:''n'' NH<sub>2</sub>−Ar−COCl → −(NH−Ar−CO)<sub>''n''</sub>− + ''n'' HCl<br />
<br />
The most well-known aramids ([[Kevlar]], [[Twaron]], [[Nomex]], New Star and Teijinconex) are AABB polymers. Nomex, Teijinconex and New Star contain predominantly the meta-linkage and are poly-''[[metaphenylene isophthalamide]]''s (MPIA).<br />
Kevlar and Twaron are both ''p''-[[phenylene terephthalamide]]s (PPTA), the simplest form of the AABB para-polyaramide. PPTA is a product of ''p''-phenylene diamine ([[P-Phenylenediamine|PPD]]) and [[Terephthaloyl chloride|terephthaloyl dichloride (TDC or TCl)]].<br />
<br />
Production of PPTA relies on a [[co-solvent]] with an [[ion]]ic component ([[calcium chloride]] (CaCl<sub>2</sub>)) to occupy the [[hydrogen bond]]s of the amide groups, and an organic component ([[Methylpyrrolidone|N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)]]) to dissolve the [[aromatic]] [[polymer]]. This process was invented by Leo Vollbracht, who worked at the Dutch chemical firm Akzo. Apart from the [[carcinogenic]] Hexamethylphosphorous Triamide ([[Hexamethylphosphoramide|HMPT]]), still no practical alternative of dissolving the polymer is known. <br />
The use of the NMP/CaCl<sub>2</sub> system led to an extended patent dispute between Akzo and DuPont.<br />
<br />
===Spinning===<br />
After production of the polymer, the aramid fiber is produced by [[spinneret (polymers)|spinning]] the dissolved polymer to a [[solid]] fiber from a [[liquid]] chemical blend. Polymer solvent for spinning PPTA is generally 100% [[anhydrous]] [[sulfuric acid]] (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>).<br />
<br />
===Appearances===<br />
* [[Fiber]]<br />
* Chopped fiber<br />
* [[Powder (substance)|Powder]]<br />
* [[Pulping|Pulp]]<br />
<br />
==Other types of aramids==<br />
<br />
Besides meta-aramids like Nomex, other variations belong to the aramid fiber range. These are mainly of the '''copolyamide''' type, best known under the brand name [[Technora]], as developed by [[Teijin]] and introduced in 1976. The manufacturing process of Technora reacts [[P-Phenylenediamine|PPD]] and 3,4'-diaminodiphenylether (3,4'-ODA) with [[Terephthaloyl chloride|terephthaloyl chloride (TCl)]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Ozawa S |title=A New Approach to High Modulus, High Tenacity Fibers| journal= Polym. J. Japan | date= 1987| volume= 19 | page= 199| doi=10.1295/polymj.19.119|url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/polymj/19/1/19_119/_article }}</ref><br />
This relatively simple process uses only one amide solvent, and therefore spinning can be done directly after the polymer production.<br /><br />
In Europe, there is a POD (poly-oxadiazole polymer) known under the brand name '''[[Arselon]]''', which was developed in the beginning of 70s at Research and Production Association "Khimvolokno" (Moscow region).<br /><br />
Since 1975 Arselon based on polyphenylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole is produced at '''OJSC "SvetlogorskKhimvolokno" (Svetlogorsk, Belarus).''' <br /><br />
[[File:Arselon Staple Fiber UV-stabilized (left) and Non-Stabilized (right).JPG|thumb|Arselon Staple Fiber UV-stabilized (left) and Non-Stabilized (right)]]<br /><br />
This fiber made from terephthalic acid (PTA), hydrazine-sulphate and oleum.<br /><br />
Arselon fiber can resist 250&nbsp;°C and withstands short-term heat shock at 400&nbsp;°C with no shrinkage or melting. LOI of Arselon - 30%.<br /> [[File:Arselon filament yarn UV-Stabilized.JPG|thumb|Arselon filament yarn UV-Stabilized]]<br /><br />
'''Range of products based on Arselon:'''<br />
* filament yarns;<br />
* staple fiber;<br />
* milled fiber;<br />
* spun yarns;<br />
* non-woven felt '''Filars''';<br />
* FR fabrics and ready made PPE;<br />
* bag filters for hot gas filtration<br />
<br />
==Aramid fiber characteristics==<br />
Aramids share a high degree of orientation with other fibers such as [[ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene]], a characteristic that dominates their properties.<br />
<br />
===General===<br />
* good resistance to [[Wear#Abrasive wear|abrasion]]<br />
* good resistance to organic solvents<br />
* nonconductive<br />
* no [[melting point]]<br />
* low flammability<br />
* good fabric integrity at elevated [[temperature]]s<br />
* sensitive to acids and salts<br />
* sensitive to [[ultraviolet]] [[radiation]]<br />
* prone to electrostatic charge build-up unless finished<ref name=textiles/><br />
<br />
===Para-aramids===<br />
* para-aramid fibers, such as Kevlar and Twaron, provide outstanding strength-to-weight properties<br />
* high [[Young's modulus]]<br />
* high [[tensile strength|tenacity]]<br />
* low [[Creep (deformation)|creep]]<br />
* low elongation at break (~3.5%)<br />
* difficult to dye – usually [[Wet processing engineering#Solution dyeing|solution-dyed]]<ref name=textiles>{{cite book |author= Kadolph, Sara J. Anna L. Langford| title= Textiles| journal= Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ| date= 2002}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
* flame-resistant [[clothing]] (for example, military MIL-G-181188B suits).<br />
* heat-protective clothing and [[helmet]]s<br />
* [[bulletproof vest|body armor]],<ref name=bulletproof>{{cite journal |author=Reisch, Marc S | title= High-performance fiber makers respond to demand from military and security users|journal=Chemical and Engineering News| date= 2005| volume= 83| issue=31 | pages=18–22 | url= http://pubs.acs.org/email/cen/html080205142022.html |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n050.p018 }}<br />
</ref> competing with [[polyethylene|PE]]-based fiber products such as [[Dyneema]] and [[Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene|Spectra]]<br />
* [[composite material]]s<br />
* [[asbestos]] replacement (e.g. [[brake lining]]s)<br />
* hot air [[filtration]] [[Textile|fabric]]s<br />
* [[tire]]s, newly as [[Sulfron]] (sulfur-modified [[Twaron]])<br />
* mechanical [[rubber]] goods reinforcement<br />
* [[rope]]s and [[cable]]s<br />
* wicks for [[fire dancing]]<br />
* [[optical fiber cable]] systems<br />
* [[sail]] [[cloth]] (not necessarily racing [[boat]] sails)<br />
* [[sport]]ing goods<br />
* [[drum]]heads<br />
* wind instrument [[Reed (instrument)|reed]]s, such as the Fibracell brand<br />
* [[loudspeaker]] diaphragms<br />
* boathull material<br />
* [[fiber-reinforced concrete]]<br />
* [[reinforced thermoplastic pipe]]s<br />
* tennis strings (e.g. by Ashaway and Prince tennis companies)<br />
* hockey sticks (normally in composition with such materials as wood and carbon)<br />
* snowboards<br />
* [[jet engine]] enclosures<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
'''Para-aramid'''<br />
* [[Kevlar]]<br />
* [[Technora]]<br />
* [[Twaron]]<br />
* [[Heracron]]<br />
<br />
'''Meta-aramid'''<br />
* [[Nomex]]<br />
<br />
'''Others'''<br />
* [[Innegra S]]<br />
* [[Nylon]]<br />
* [[Textile]]<br />
* [[Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene]]<br />
* [[Vectran]]<br />
<br />
==Notes and references==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{commons category|Aramids}}<br />
* {{cite journal |doi= 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.09.002 |author= J M Garcia |author2= F C Garcia |author3= F Serna|author4= J L de la Peña | title= High-performance aromatic polyamides | journal= Progress in Polymer Science | date= 2010| volume= 35 | issue= 5| pages= 623–686| url= http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TX2-4X9NV3D-1&_user=10&_coverDate=05/31/2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a42efc36ac54dfa47199d5a08f3e54e7}}<br />
* {{cite journal |author= JWS Hearle | title= High-performance fibers | journal= Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Abington, UK – the Textile Institute | date= 2000| ISBN =1-85573-539-3}}<br />
* {{cite journal | author= Doetze J. Sikkema | title= Manmade fibers one hundred years: Polymers and polymer design | journal= J Appl Polym Sci | publisher= John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | date= 2002 | issue= 83 | pages= 484–488}}<br />
* {{cite journal |author= Kh. Hillermeier |author2= H.G. Weijland |last-author-amp= yes | title= An aramid yarn for reinforcing plastics | journal= Plastica | date= 1977| issue= 11| pages= 374–380}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041014224129/http://www.compositesworld.com/hpc/issues/2004/September/548 DuPont and Teijin to expand aramid production] – September 2004<br />
<br />
{{fibers}}<br />
{{Types of armour}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Synthetic fibers]]<br />
[[Category:Materials]]<br />
[[Category:Organic polymers]]<br />
[[Category:Polyamides]]<br />
[[Category:Brand name materials]]<br />
[[Category:Personal armour]]<br />
[[Category:Airship technology]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aramid&diff=759809999Aramid2017-01-13T08:00:13Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Polymer preparation */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kevlar chemical structure.png|thumb|400px|Structure of [[Kevlar]], a [[Para- (chemistry)|''para'']]-aramid ]]<br />
'''Aramid''' fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong [[synthetic fiber]]s. They are used in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic-rated [[bulletproof vest|body armor]] [[cloth|fabric]] and ballistic composites, in bicycle tires, and as an [[asbestos]] substitute.<ref name=Hillermeier>{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/004051758405400903 |title= Prospects of Aramid as a Substitute for Asbestos |author=Hillermeier, Karlheinz |pages=575–580 |journal= Textile Research Journal |volume= 54 |issue= 9 |date=1984}}</ref> The name is a [[portmanteau]] of "[[aromatic]] [[polyamide]]". They are fibers in which the chain molecules are highly oriented along the fiber axis, so the strength of the [[chemical bond]] can be exploited.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Aromatic polyamides were first introduced in commercial applications in the early 1960s, with a [[meta- (chemistry)|meta]]-aramid fiber produced by [[DuPont]] as HT-1 and then under the trade name [[Nomex]].<ref name=Kent>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology |editor=James A. Kent |page=483 |publisher=Springer |date=2006 |isbn=0-387-27842-7}}</ref> This fiber, which handles similarly to normal textile apparel fibers, is characterized by its excellent resistance to heat, as it neither melts nor ignites in normal levels of oxygen. It is used extensively in the production of protective apparel, air filtration, thermal and electrical insulation as well as a substitute for [[asbestos]]. Meta-aramid is also produced in the Netherlands and Japan by [[Teijin]] under the trade name Conex,<ref name=Kent /> in Korea by [[Toray]] under the trade name Arawin, in China by Yantai Tayho under the trade name New Star, by SRO Group (China) under the trade name [[X-Fiper]], and a variant of meta-aramid in France by Kermel under the trade name Kermel.<br />
<br />
Based on earlier research by [[Monsanto Company]] and [[Bayer]], [[para- (chemistry)|para]]-aramid fiber with much higher [[tensile strength|tenacity]] and [[elastic modulus]] was also developed in the 1960s–1970s by DuPont and [[Akzo Nobel]], both profiting from their knowledge of [[rayon]], [[polyester]] and [[nylon]] processing.<br />
<br />
Much work was done by [[Stephanie Kwolek]] in 1961 while working at DuPont, and that company was the first to introduce a para-aramid called [[Kevlar]] in 1973. A similar fiber called [[Twaron]] with roughly the same chemical structure was introduced by Akzo in 1978. Due to earlier patents on the production process, Akzo and DuPont engaged in a patent dispute in the 1980s. Twaron is currently owned by the [[Teijin Aramid|Teijin]] company (see [[#Production|Production]]).<br />
<br />
Para-aramids are used in many high-tech applications, such as aerospace and military applications, for "bullet-proof" [[bulletproof vest|body armor]] [[cloth|fabric]].<br />
<br />
The [[Federal Trade Commission]] definition for aramid fiber is:{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}<br />
<blockquote><br />
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85% of the [[peptide bond|amide linkages, (−CO−NH−)]] are attached directly to two aromatic rings.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
==Health==<br />
During the 1990s, an ''[[in vitro]]'' test of aramid fibers showed they exhibited "many of the same effects on [[epithelial cell]]s as did [[asbestos]], including increased [[radiolabel]]ed [[nucleotide]] incorporation into DNA and induction of ODC ([[ornithine decarboxylase]]) enzyme activity", raising the possibility of [[carcinogenic]] implications.<ref name=toxicology-effects>{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first=J. P.|author2=Mossman, B. T.|author3=Driscoll, K. E.|author4=Schins, R. F.|author5=Borm, P. J. A.|title=Effects of Aramid, a high Strength Synthetic Fiber, on Respiratory Cells in Vitro|journal=Drug and Chemical Toxicology|date=1 January 1994| volume=17| issue=2| pages= 75–92| doi=10.3109/01480549409014303|pmid=8062644|url=http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/01480549409014303|accessdate=15 August 2011|publisher=Informa Healthcare}}</ref> However, in 2009, it was shown that inhaled aramid fibrils are shortened and quickly cleared from the body and pose little risk.<ref name=toxicology-review>{{cite journal|last=Donaldson|first=K.|title=The inhalation toxicology of p-aramid fibrils|journal=Critical Reviews in Toxicology|date=1 July 2009| volume=39| issue=6| pages= 487–500| doi=10.1080/10408440902911861|pmid=19545198|url=http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408440902911861|accessdate=1 October 2012|publisher=Informa Healthcare}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
World capacity of para-aramid production was estimated at about 41,000 [[tonne]]s per year in 2002 and increases each year by 5–10%.<ref name=capacity>{{cite book|url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11268&page=34 |title=High-Performance Structural Fibers for Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites |date=2005|isbn=0-309-09614-6|author=Committee on High-Performance Structural Fibers for Advanced Polymer Matrix Composites, National Research Council |publisher=The National Academies Press |page=34}}</ref> In 2007 this means a total production capacity of around 55,000 tonnes per year.<br />
<br />
===Polymer preparation===<br />
Aramids are generally prepared by the reaction between an [[amine]] group and a [[carboxylic acid]] [[halide]] group. Simple AB [[homopolymer]]s may look like<br />
:''n'' NH<sub>2</sub>−Ar−COCl → −(NH−Ar−CO)<sub>''n''</sub>− + ''n'' HCl<br />
<br />
The most well-known aramids ([[Kevlar]], [[Twaron]], [[Nomex]], New Star and Teijinconex) are AABB polymers. Nomex, Teijinconex and New Star contain predominantly the meta-linkage and are poly-''[[metaphenylene isophthalamide]]''s (MPIA).<br />
Kevlar and Twaron are both ''p''-[[phenylene terephthalamide]]s (PPTA), the simplest form of the AABB para-polyaramide. PPTA is a product of ''p''-phenylene diamine ([[P-Phenylenediamine|PPD]]) and [[Terephthaloyl chloride|terephthaloyl dichloride (TDC or TCl)]].<br />
Production of PPTA relies on a [[co-solvent]] with an [[ion]]ic component ([[calcium chloride]] (CaCl<sub>2</sub>)) to occupy the [[hydrogen bond]]s of the amide groups, and an organic component ([[Methylpyrrolidone|N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)]]) to dissolve the [[aromatic]] [[polymer]]. This process was invented by Leo Vollbracht, who worked at the Dutch chemical firm Akzo. Apart from the carcinogenic Hexamethylphosphorous Triamide (HMPT), still no practical alternative of dissolving the polymer is known. <br />
The use of the NMP/CaCl system led to an extended patent dispute between Akzo and DuPont.<br />
<br />
===Spinning===<br />
After production of the polymer, the aramid fiber is produced by [[spinneret (polymers)|spinning]] the dissolved polymer to a [[solid]] fiber from a [[liquid]] chemical blend. Polymer solvent for spinning PPTA is generally 100% [[anhydrous]] [[sulfuric acid]] (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>).<br />
<br />
===Appearances===<br />
* [[Fiber]]<br />
* Chopped fiber<br />
* [[Powder (substance)|Powder]]<br />
* [[Pulping|Pulp]]<br />
<br />
==Other types of aramids==<br />
<br />
Besides meta-aramids like Nomex, other variations belong to the aramid fiber range. These are mainly of the '''copolyamide''' type, best known under the brand name [[Technora]], as developed by [[Teijin]] and introduced in 1976. The manufacturing process of Technora reacts [[P-Phenylenediamine|PPD]] and 3,4'-diaminodiphenylether (3,4'-ODA) with [[Terephthaloyl chloride|terephthaloyl chloride (TCl)]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Ozawa S |title=A New Approach to High Modulus, High Tenacity Fibers| journal= Polym. J. Japan | date= 1987| volume= 19 | page= 199| doi=10.1295/polymj.19.119|url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/polymj/19/1/19_119/_article }}</ref><br />
This relatively simple process uses only one amide solvent, and therefore spinning can be done directly after the polymer production.<br /><br />
In Europe, there is a POD (poly-oxadiazole polymer) known under the brand name '''[[Arselon]]''', which was developed in the beginning of 70s at Research and Production Association "Khimvolokno" (Moscow region).<br /><br />
Since 1975 Arselon based on polyphenylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole is produced at '''OJSC "SvetlogorskKhimvolokno" (Svetlogorsk, Belarus).''' <br /><br />
[[File:Arselon Staple Fiber UV-stabilized (left) and Non-Stabilized (right).JPG|thumb|Arselon Staple Fiber UV-stabilized (left) and Non-Stabilized (right)]]<br /><br />
This fiber made from terephthalic acid (PTA), hydrazine-sulphate and oleum.<br /><br />
Arselon fiber can resist 250&nbsp;°C and withstands short-term heat shock at 400&nbsp;°C with no shrinkage or melting. LOI of Arselon - 30%.<br /> [[File:Arselon filament yarn UV-Stabilized.JPG|thumb|Arselon filament yarn UV-Stabilized]]<br /><br />
'''Range of products based on Arselon:'''<br />
* filament yarns;<br />
* staple fiber;<br />
* milled fiber;<br />
* spun yarns;<br />
* non-woven felt '''Filars''';<br />
* FR fabrics and ready made PPE;<br />
* bag filters for hot gas filtration<br />
<br />
==Aramid fiber characteristics==<br />
Aramids share a high degree of orientation with other fibers such as [[ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene]], a characteristic that dominates their properties.<br />
<br />
===General===<br />
* good resistance to [[Wear#Abrasive wear|abrasion]]<br />
* good resistance to organic solvents<br />
* nonconductive<br />
* no [[melting point]]<br />
* low flammability<br />
* good fabric integrity at elevated [[temperature]]s<br />
* sensitive to acids and salts<br />
* sensitive to [[ultraviolet]] [[radiation]]<br />
* prone to electrostatic charge build-up unless finished<ref name=textiles/><br />
<br />
===Para-aramids===<br />
* para-aramid fibers, such as Kevlar and Twaron, provide outstanding strength-to-weight properties<br />
* high [[Young's modulus]]<br />
* high [[tensile strength|tenacity]]<br />
* low [[Creep (deformation)|creep]]<br />
* low elongation at break (~3.5%)<br />
* difficult to dye – usually [[Wet processing engineering#Solution dyeing|solution-dyed]]<ref name=textiles>{{cite book |author= Kadolph, Sara J. Anna L. Langford| title= Textiles| journal= Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ| date= 2002}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
* flame-resistant [[clothing]] (for example, military MIL-G-181188B suits).<br />
* heat-protective clothing and [[helmet]]s<br />
* [[bulletproof vest|body armor]],<ref name=bulletproof>{{cite journal |author=Reisch, Marc S | title= High-performance fiber makers respond to demand from military and security users|journal=Chemical and Engineering News| date= 2005| volume= 83| issue=31 | pages=18–22 | url= http://pubs.acs.org/email/cen/html080205142022.html |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n050.p018 }}<br />
</ref> competing with [[polyethylene|PE]]-based fiber products such as [[Dyneema]] and [[Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene|Spectra]]<br />
* [[composite material]]s<br />
* [[asbestos]] replacement (e.g. [[brake lining]]s)<br />
* hot air [[filtration]] [[Textile|fabric]]s<br />
* [[tire]]s, newly as [[Sulfron]] (sulfur-modified [[Twaron]])<br />
* mechanical [[rubber]] goods reinforcement<br />
* [[rope]]s and [[cable]]s<br />
* wicks for [[fire dancing]]<br />
* [[optical fiber cable]] systems<br />
* [[sail]] [[cloth]] (not necessarily racing [[boat]] sails)<br />
* [[sport]]ing goods<br />
* [[drum]]heads<br />
* wind instrument [[Reed (instrument)|reed]]s, such as the Fibracell brand<br />
* [[loudspeaker]] diaphragms<br />
* boathull material<br />
* [[fiber-reinforced concrete]]<br />
* [[reinforced thermoplastic pipe]]s<br />
* tennis strings (e.g. by Ashaway and Prince tennis companies)<br />
* hockey sticks (normally in composition with such materials as wood and carbon)<br />
* snowboards<br />
* [[jet engine]] enclosures<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
'''Para-aramid'''<br />
* [[Kevlar]]<br />
* [[Technora]]<br />
* [[Twaron]]<br />
* [[Heracron]]<br />
<br />
'''Meta-aramid'''<br />
* [[Nomex]]<br />
<br />
'''Others'''<br />
* [[Innegra S]]<br />
* [[Nylon]]<br />
* [[Textile]]<br />
* [[Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene]]<br />
* [[Vectran]]<br />
<br />
==Notes and references==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{commons category|Aramids}}<br />
* {{cite journal |doi= 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.09.002 |author= J M Garcia |author2= F C Garcia |author3= F Serna|author4= J L de la Peña | title= High-performance aromatic polyamides | journal= Progress in Polymer Science | date= 2010| volume= 35 | issue= 5| pages= 623–686| url= http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TX2-4X9NV3D-1&_user=10&_coverDate=05/31/2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a42efc36ac54dfa47199d5a08f3e54e7}}<br />
* {{cite journal |author= JWS Hearle | title= High-performance fibers | journal= Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Abington, UK – the Textile Institute | date= 2000| ISBN =1-85573-539-3}}<br />
* {{cite journal | author= Doetze J. Sikkema | title= Manmade fibers one hundred years: Polymers and polymer design | journal= J Appl Polym Sci | publisher= John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | date= 2002 | issue= 83 | pages= 484–488}}<br />
* {{cite journal |author= Kh. Hillermeier |author2= H.G. Weijland |last-author-amp= yes | title= An aramid yarn for reinforcing plastics | journal= Plastica | date= 1977| issue= 11| pages= 374–380}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041014224129/http://www.compositesworld.com/hpc/issues/2004/September/548 DuPont and Teijin to expand aramid production] – September 2004<br />
<br />
{{fibers}}<br />
{{Types of armour}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Synthetic fibers]]<br />
[[Category:Materials]]<br />
[[Category:Organic polymers]]<br />
[[Category:Polyamides]]<br />
[[Category:Brand name materials]]<br />
[[Category:Personal armour]]<br />
[[Category:Airship technology]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creep_(deformation)&diff=317475955Creep (deformation)2009-10-02T14:26:17Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Creep of polymers */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Mechanical failure modes}}<br />
<br />
'''Creep''' is the tendency of a solid material to slowly move or deform permanently under the influence of [[stress (physics)|stress]]es. It occurs as a result of long term exposure to levels of stress that are below the [[yield strength]] of the material. <br />
Creep is more severe in materials that are subjected to [[heat]] for long periods, and near the melting point. Creep always increases with temperature.<br />
<br />
The rate of this deformation is a function of the material properties, exposure time, exposure [[temperature]] and the applied [[structural load]]. Depending on the magnitude of the applied stress and its duration, the deformation may become so large that a component can no longer perform its function — for example creep of a turbine blade will cause the blade to contact the casing, resulting in the [[Structural failure|failure]] of the blade. Creep is usually of concern to [[engineering|engineers]] and [[metallurgy|metallurgists]] when evaluating components that operate under high stresses or high temperatures. Creep is a deformation mechanism that may or may not constitute a [[failure mode]]. Moderate creep in concrete is sometimes welcomed because it relieves tensile stresses that might otherwise lead to cracking.<br />
<br />
Unlike brittle fracture, creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the application of stress. Instead, [[Strain (materials science)|strain]] accumulates as a result of long-term stress. Creep deformation is "time-dependent" deformation.<br />
<br />
The temperature range in which creep deformation may occur differs in various materials. For example, [[Tungsten]] requires a temperature in the thousands of degrees before creep deformation can occur while ice formations will creep in freezing temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Rheology of Ice | accessdate = 2008-10-16 | url = http://www.geo.brown.edu/People/Postdocs/goldsby/Icephysics.htm}}</ref> As a rule of thumb, the effects of creep deformation generally become noticeable at approximately 30% of the [[melting point]] for [[metals]] and 40&ndash;50% of melting point for [[ceramic]]s. Virtually any material will creep upon approaching its melting temperature. Since the minimum temperature is relative to melting point, creep can be seen at relatively low temperatures for some materials. Plastics and low-melting-temperature metals, including many solders, creep at room temperature as can be seen markedly in old [[lead]] hot-water pipes. Planetary ice is often at a high temperature relative to its melting point, and creeps.<br />
<br />
Creep deformation is important not only in systems where high temperatures are endured such as [[nuclear power plant]]s, [[jet engine]]s and [[heat exchanger]]s, but also in the design of many everyday objects. For example, metal paper clips are stronger than plastic ones because plastics creep at room temperatures. Aging [[glass]] windows are often erroneously used as an example of this phenomenon: measurable creep would only occur at temperatures above the [[glass transition temperature]] around 900°F/500°C. While glass does exhibit creep under the right conditions, apparent sagging in old windows may instead be a consequence of obsolete manufacturing processes, such as that used to create [[Crown glass (window)|crown glass]], which resulted in inconsistent thickness. <ref>{{Cite book | isbn = 0849396581, 9780849396588 | pages = 476 | last = Lakes | first = Roderic S. | title = Viscoelastic Solids | date = 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Is glass liquid or solid? | accessdate = 2008-10-15 | url = http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/Glass/glass.html }}</ref><br />
<br />
An example of an application involving creep deformation is the design of tungsten light bulb filaments. Sagging of the filament coil between its supports increases with time due to creep deformation caused by the weight of the filament itself. If too much deformation occurs, the adjacent turns of the coil touch one another, causing an electrical short and local overheating, which quickly leads to failure of the filament. The coil geometry and supports are therefore designed to limit the stresses caused by the weight of the filament, and a special tungsten alloy with small amounts of [[oxygen]] trapped in the [[crystallite]] [[grain boundaries]] is used to slow the rate of [[coble creep]].<br />
<br />
In steam turbine power plants, pipes carry steam at high temperatures (566°C/1050°F) and high pressures of 24.1 MPa (3500 psi) or greater. In jet engines, temperatures can reach up to 1400°C (2550°F) and initiate creep deformation in even advanced-coated turbine blades. Hence, it is crucial for correct functionality to understand the creep deformation behavior of materials.<br />
<br />
==Stages of creep==<br />
In the initial stage, or primary creep, the strain rate is relatively high, but slows with increasing strain. This is due to work hardening. The strain rate eventually reaches a minimum and becomes near constant. This is due to the balance between work hardening and annealing (thermal softening). This stage is known as secondary or steady-state creep. This stage is the most understood. The characterized "creep strain rate" typically refers to the rate in this secondary stage. Stress dependence of this rate depends on the creep mechanism. In tertiary creep, the strain rate exponentially increases with strain because of necking phenomena.<br />
<br />
==Mechanisms of creep==<br />
The mechanism of creep depends on temperature and stress. The various methods are:<br />
* Bulk diffusion<br />
* [[Dislocation#Dislocation_Climb|Climb]] &mdash; here the strain is actually accomplished by climb<br />
* Climb-assisted glide &mdash; here the climb is an ''enabling'' mechanism, allowing dislocations to get around obstacles<br />
* Grain boundary diffusion<br />
* Thermally activated glide &mdash; e.g., via cross-[[Slip (materials science)|slip]]<br />
<br />
==General creep equation==<br />
<br />
: <math> \frac{d\varepsilon}{dt} = \frac{C\sigma^m}{d^b} e^\frac{-Q}{kT}</math><br />
<br />
where <math>{\varepsilon}</math> is the creep strain, ''C'' is a constant dependent on the material and the particular creep mechanism, ''m'' and ''b'' are exponents dependent on the creep mechanism, ''Q'' is the activation energy of the creep mechanism, <math>\sigma</math> is the applied stress, ''d'' is the grain size of the material, ''k'' is [[Boltzmann's constant]], and ''T'' is the absolute temperature.<br />
<br />
===Dislocation creep===<br />
At high stresses (relative to the [[shear modulus]]), creep is controlled by the movement of [[dislocation]]s. <br />
For dislocation creep11 <math>Q=Q_{\text{self diffusion}}</math>, m = 4-6, and b=0. Therefore dislocation creep has a strong dependence on the applied stress and no grain size dependence.<br />
<br />
Some alloys exhibit a very large stress exponent (''n''&nbsp;>&nbsp;10), and this has typically been explained by introducing a "threshold stress," <math>\sigma_{th}</math>, below which creep can't be measured. The modified power law equation then becomes:<br />
<br />
: <math>\frac{d\epsilon}{dt} = A \left(\sigma-\sigma_{th}\right)^n e^\frac{-Q}{\bar R T}</math><br />
<br />
where <math>A</math>, <math>Q</math> and <math>n</math> can all be explained by conventional mechanisms (so <math>3\leq{n}\leq{10}</math>).<br />
<br />
===Nabarro-Herring creep===<br />
Nabarro-Herring creep is a form of [[diffusion controlled creep]]. In N-H creep atoms diffuse through the lattice causing grains to elongate along the stress axis. For Nabarro-Herring creep ''k'' is related to the diffusion coefficient of atoms through the lattice, <math>Q=Q_{\text{self diffusion}}</math>, ''m'' = 1, and ''b'' = 2. Therefore N-H creep has a weak stress dependence and a moderate grain size dependence, with the creep rate decreasing as grain size is increased.<br />
<br />
Nabarro-Herring creep is strongly temperature dependent. For lattice diffusion of atoms to occur in a material, neighboring lattice sites or interstitial sites in the crystal structure must be free. A given atom must also overcome the energy barrier to move from its current site (it lies in an energetically favorable [[potential well]]) to the nearby [[Vacancy (chemistry)|vacant site]] (another potential well). The general form of the diffusion equation is <math>D=D_{o}\exp(E{a}/KT)</math> where D<sub>o</sub> has a dependence on both the attempted jump frequency and the number of nearest neighbor sites and the probability of the sites being vacant. Thus there is a double dependence upon temperature. At higher temperatures the diffusivity increases due to the direct temperature dependence of the equation, the increase in vacancies through [[Schottky defect]] formation, and an increase in the average energy of atoms in the material. Nabarro-Herring creep dominates at very high temperatures relative to a material's melting temperature.<br />
<br />
==Coble creep==<br />
{{main|Coble creep}}<br />
Coble creep is a second form of diffusion controlled creep. In Coble creep the atoms diffuse along grain boundaries to elongate the grains along the stress axis. This causes Coble creep to have a stronger grain size dependence than N-H creep. For Coble creep ''k'' is related to the diffusion coefficient of atoms along the grain boundary, <math>Q=Q_{\text{grain boundary diffusion}}</math>, m=1, and b=3. Because <math>Q_{\text{grain boundary diffusion}} < Q_{\text{self diffusion}}</math>, Coble creep occurs at lower temperatures than N-H creep. Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion. However, since the number of nearest neighbors is effectively limited along the interface of the grains, and thermal generation of vacancies along the boundaries is less prevalent, the temperature dependence is not as strong as in Nabarro-Herring creep. It also exhibits the same linear dependence on stress as N-H creep.<br />
<br />
===Creep of polymers===<br />
Creep can occur in [[polymer]]s and [[metal]]s which are considered [[Viscoelasticity|viscoelastic]] materials. When a polymeric material is subjected to an abrupt force, the response can be modeled using the [[Kelvin-Voigt model]]. In this model, the material is represented by a [[Hooke's law|Hookean]] spring and a [[Newtonian]] [[dashpot]] in parallel. The creep strain is given by<br />
<br />
:<math>\varepsilon(t) = \sigma C_0 + \sigma C \int_0^\infty f(\tau)(1-\exp[-t/ \tau]) \,d \tau</math><br />
<br />
where:<br />
*<math>\sigma</math> = applied stress<br />
*<math>C_0</math> = instantaneous creep compliance<br />
*''C'' = creep compliance coefficient<br />
*<math>\tau</math> = retardation time<br />
*<math>f(\tau)</math> = distribution of retardation times<br />
<br />
[[Image:Creep1.JPG|right|thumb|300px| Applied stress (a) and induced strain (b) as functions of time over an extended period for a viscoelastic material.]]<br />
[[Image:Creep2.JPG|right|thumb|300px| Applied stress (a) and induced strain (b) as functions of time over a short period for a viscoelastic material.]]<br />
When subjected to a step constant stress, viscoelastic materials experience a time-dependent increase in strain. This phenomenon is known as viscoelastic creep.<br />
<br />
At a time ''t''<sub>0</sub>, a viscoelastic material is loaded with a constant stress that is maintained for a sufficiently long time period. The material responds to the stress with a strain that increases until the material ultimately fails. When the stress is maintained for a shorter time period, the material undergoes an initial strain until a time ''t''<sub>1</sub> at which the stress is relieved, at which time the strain immediately decreases (discontinuity) then continues decreasing gradually to a residual strain.<br />
<br />
Viscoelastic creep data can be presented in one of two ways. Total strain can be plotted as a function of time for a given temperature or temperatures. Below a critical value of applied stress, a material may exhibit linear viscoelasticity. Above this critical stress, the creep rate grows disproportionately faster. The second way of graphically presenting viscoelastic creep in a material is by plotting the creep modulus (constant applied stress divided by total strain at a particular time) as a function of time.<ref name=Rosato>Rosato, et al. (2001): "Plastics Design Handbook," 63-64.</ref> Below its critical stress, the viscoelastic creep modulus is independent of stress applied. A family of curves describing strain versus time response to various applied stress may be represented by a single viscoelastic creep modulus versus time curve if the applied stresses are below the material's critical stress value.<br />
<br />
Additionally, the molecular weight of the polymer of interest is known to affect its creep behavior. The effect of increasing molecular weight tends to promote secondary bonding between polymer chains and thus make the polymer more creep resistant. Similarly, aromatic polymers are even more creep resistant due to the added stiffness from the rings. Both molecular weight and aromatic rings add to polymers' thermal stability, increasing the creep resistance of a polymer. (Meyers and Chawla, 1999, 573)<br />
<br />
Both polymers and metals can creep.<ref name=McCrum>{{cite book | author=McCrum, N.G, Buckley, C.P; & Bucknall, C.B | title=Principles of Polymer Engineering| publisher=Oxford Science Publications | year=2003 | editor= | isbn=0-19-856526-7}}<br />
</ref> Polymers experience significant creep at all temperatures above ~-200°C, however there are three main differences between polymetric and metallic creep. Metallic creep:<ref name=McCrum/><br />
<br />
Polymers show creep basically in two different ways. At typical work loads (5 up to 50%) HMPE ([[Spectra]], [[Dyneema]]) will show time-linear creep whereas polyester or aramids ([[Twaron]], [[Kevlar]]) will show a time-logarithmic creep.<br />
<br />
==Other examples==<br />
* Though mostly due to the reduced yield stress at higher temperatures, the [[Collapse of the World Trade Center]] was due in part to creep from increased temperature operation.<ref>[[Zdeněk Bažant]] and Yong Zhu, ''[http://www.civil.northwestern.edu/people/bazant/PDFs/Papers/405.pdf Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse?—Simple Analysis]'',''JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS'', January 2002</ref><br />
* The creep rate of hot pressure-loaded components in a [[nuclear reactor]] at power can be a significant design-constraint, since the creep rate is enhanced by the flux of energetic particles.<br />
* Creep was blamed for the [[Big Dig ceiling collapse|Big Dig tunnel ceiling collapse]] in [[Boston, Massachusetts]] that occurred in July 2006.<ref>{{Cite web<br />
| title = Federal safety panel reports on cause of Big Dig death - Boston.com | accessdate = 2008-10-15 | url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2007/07/10/federal_safety_panel_to_report_on_cause_of_big_dig_death/}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Biomaterial]]<br />
* [[Biomechanics]]<br />
* [[Brittle-ductile transition zone]]<br />
* [[Deformation mechanism]]<br />
* [[Hysteresis]]<br />
* [[Stress relaxation]]<br />
* [[Viscoelasticity]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
*{{citation<br />
| last1 = Ashby | first1 = Michael F. | author1-link = M. F. Ashby<br />
| last2 = Jones | first2 = David R. H.<br />
| isbn = 0-08-026138-8<br />
| publisher = Pergamon Press<br />
| title = Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction to their Properties and Applications<br />
| year = 1980}}.<br />
*{{citation<br />
| last1 = Frost | first1 = Harold J.<br />
| last2 = Ashby | first2 = Michael F. | author2-link = M. F. Ashby<br />
| isbn = 0-08-029337-9<br />
| publisher = Pergamon Press<br />
| title = Deformation-Mechanism Maps: The Plasticity and Creep of Metals and Ceramics<br />
| year = 1982}}.<br />
*{{citation<br />
| last = Turner | first = S<br />
| isbn = 0-08-043152-6<br />
| location = Oxford<br />
| pages = 1813–1817<br />
| publisher = Elsevier Science Ltd.<br />
| title = Creep of Polymeric Materials<br />
| year = 2001}}.<br />
*{{citation<br />
| last = Van Vliet | first = Krystyn J.<br />
| title = 3.032 Mechanical Behavior of Materials<br />
| url = http://www.stellar.mit.edu/S/course/3/fa06/3.032/index.html<br />
| year = 2006}}.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.polito.it/Creepanalysis Creep Analysis Research Group - Politecnico di Torino]<br />
* [http://thayer.dartmouth.edu/~defmech/ Deformation-Mechanism Maps, The Plasticity and Creep of Metals and Ceramics]<br />
* [http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/wtc_briefing_april0505.htm The National Institute of Standards and Technology - WTC Briefing]<br />
*{{Cite web | title = Introduction to Creep | accessdate = 2008-10-16 | url = http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/thyd/ne161/jlrhoads/creep.html}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Elasticity (physics)]]<br />
[[Category:Materials degradation]]<br />
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[[fr:Fluage]]<br />
[[gl:Creep]]<br />
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[[hu:Tartósfolyás]]<br />
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[[pt:Fluência]]<br />
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[[sv:Krypning]]<br />
[[tr:Sünme]]<br />
[[zh:蠕变]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevlar&diff=317473898Kevlar2009-10-02T14:11:09Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Properties */ See comment</p>
<hr />
<div>{{pp-semi|small=yes}}<br />
[[Image:Kevlar chemical structure H-bonds.png|thumb|400px|Kevlar's molecular structure; BOLD: monomer unit; DASHED: hydrogen bonds.]]<br />
<br />
'''Kevlar''' is the registered [[trademark]] for a light, strong [[aramid|para-aramid]] [[synthetic fiber]], related to other [[aramid]]s such as [[Nomex]] and [[Technora]]. <br />
<br />
Developed at [[DuPont]] in 1965 by [[Stephanie Kwolek]] <ref>[http://web.mit.edu/invent/www/ima/kwolek_bio.html MIT - Stephanie Kwolek bio]</ref> <ref name=whatiskevlar>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.dupont.com/kevlar/whatiskevlar.html<br />
|title=What is Kevlar<br />
|publisher=DuPont<br />
|accessdate=2007-03-28<br />
}}</ref> it was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically it is spun into ropes or [[fabric]] sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in [[composite material]] components. <br />
<br />
Currently, Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle [[tires]] and [[sailcloth#Kevlar|racing sails]] to [[bulletproof vest|body armor]] because of its high tensile strength-to-weight ratio&mdash;famously: ''"...5 times stronger than steel on an equal weight basis..."''<ref name=whatiskevlar/> <br />
<br />
A similar fiber called [[Twaron]] with roughly the same chemical structure was introduced by [[Akzo]] in 1978, and now manufactured by [[Teijin]].<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
When Kevlar is [[Spinneret (polymers)|spun]], the resulting fiber has great [[tensile strength]] (ca. 3 620 MPa), and a [[relative density]] of 1.44. When used as a woven material, it is suitable for mooring lines and other underwater applications.<br />
<br />
There are three grades of Kevlar: (i) Kevlar, (ii) Kevlar 29, and (iii) Kevlar 49. Typically, Kevlar is used as reinforcement in tires and rubber mechanical goods. Kevlar 29's industrial applications are as cables, in [[asbestos]] replacement, brake linings, and body armor. Kevlar 49 has a higher strength, and is used in plastic reinforcement for boat hulls, airplanes, and bicycles. The [[ultraviolet light]] component of sunlight degrades and decomposes Kevlar, a problem known as [[UV degradation]], and so it is rarely used outdoors without protection against sunlight.<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
Kevlar is [[Chemical synthesis|synthesised]] in solution from the [[monomer]]s 1,4-[[phenylene]]-di[[amine]] ([[P-Phenylenediamine|''para''-phenylenediamine]]) and [[terephthaloyl chloride]] in a [[Condensation polymer|condensation reaction]] yielding [[hydrochloric acid]] as a byproduct. The result has [[liquid crystal|liquid-crystalline]] behaviour, and mechanical drawing orients the polymer chains in the fiber's direction. [[Hexamethylphosphoramide]] (HMPA) was the polymerization solvent first used, but toxicology tests demonstrated it provoked tumors in the noses of rats, so DuPont replaced it by a ''N''-methyl-pyrrolidone and calcium chloride as the solvent. As this process was patented by Akzo (see above) in the production of Twaron, a patent war ensued.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Kevlar chemical synthesis.png|center|566px|The reaction of 1,4-phenylene-diamine (''para''-phenylenediamine) with terephthaloyl chloride yielding kevlar.]]<br />
<br />
Kevlar (poly paraphenylene terephthalamide) production is expensive because of the difficulties arising from using concentrated [[sulfuric acid]], needed to keep the water-insoluble polymer in solution during its synthesis and [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]].<br />
<br />
== Chemical properties ==<br />
Fibers of Kevlar consist of long molecular chains produced from PPTA (poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide). There are many inter-chain bonds making the material extremely strong. Kevlar derives part of its high strength from inter-molecular [[hydrogen bonds]] formed between the carbonyl groups and protons on neighboring polymer chains and the partial pi stacking of the benzenoid [[aromatic stacking interaction]]s between stacked strands. These interactions have a greater influence on Kevlar than the [[Van der Waals bonding|van der Waals]] interactions and chain length that typically influence the properties of other synthetic polymers and fibers such as [[Dyneema]]. The presence of [[salt]]s and certain other impurities, especially [[calcium]], could interfere with the strand interactions and caution is used to avoid inclusion in its production. Kevlar's structure consists of relatively rigid molecules which tend to form mostly planar sheet-like structures rather like [[silk]] protein.<br />
<br />
==Thermal properties==<br />
For a polymer, Kevlar has very good resistance to high temperatures, and maintains its strength and resilience down to cryogenic temperatures (-196°C); indeed, it is slightly stronger at low temperatures.<br />
<br />
At higher temperatures the tensile strength is immediately reduced by about 10-20%, and after some hours the strength progressively reduces further. For example at 160°C about 10% reduction in strength occurs after 500 hours. At 260°C 50% strength reduction occurs after 70 hours.<ref>[http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/assets/downloads/KEVLAR_Technical_Guide.pdf KEVLAR Technical Guide]</ref><br />
<br />
At 450°C Kevlar [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimates]].<br />
<br />
== Applications ==<br />
===Armor===<br />
Kevlar is well-known as a component of some [[Ballistic vest|bullet resistant vest]]s and [[Ballistic face mask|bullet resistant face mask]]s. The [[Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops|PASGT helmet and vest]] used by [[United States]] military forces since the early 1980s both have Kevlar as a key component, as do their replacements. Other military uses include bulletproof facemasks used by sentries. Civilian applications include Kevlar reinforced clothing for motorcycle riders to protect against abrasion injuries and also Emergency Service's protection gear if it involves high heat (e.g., tackling a fire), and Kevlar body armor such as vests for police officers, security, and [[SWAT]].<br />
<br />
===Rope and cable===<br />
The fiber is used in woven rope and in cable, where the fibers are kept parallel within a [[polyethylene]] sleeve. Known as "Parafil", the cables have been used in small [[suspension bridge]]s such as the bridge at [[Aberfeldy]] in [[Scotland]]. They have also been used to stabilise cracking concrete cooling towers by circumferential application followed by tensioning to close the cracks.<br />
<br />
===Sports equipment===<br />
[[Image:Kevlar racing canoes, Adirondack Canoe Classic.jpg|thumb|Kevlar is very popular material for racing canoes ([[Adirondack Canoe Classic]], [[Saranac Lake, NY]])]]<br />
It is used as an inner lining for some [[bicycle tire]]s to prevent punctures, and due to its excellent heat resistance, is used for [[fire poi]] wicks. It is used for [[motorcycle safety clothing]], especially in the areas featuring padding such as shoulders and elbows. It was also used as speed control patches for certain [[Soap Shoes]] models.<br />
In [[Kyudo]] or Japanese [[archery]], it may be used as an alternative to more expensive [[hemp]] for [[bow string]]s. It is one of the main materials used for [[paraglider]] suspension lines.<br />
<br />
===Audio equipment===<br />
It has also been found to have useful acoustic properties for loudspeaker cones, specifically for bass and midrange drive units<ref>[http://www.audioholics.com/reviews/speakers/bookshelf/bw-cm1/cm1-design-and-construction Audio speaker use]</ref>.<br />
<br />
===Electricity generation===<br />
Kevlar was used by scientists at [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] as a base textile for an experiment in electricity-producing clothing. This was done by weaving [[zinc oxide]] [[nanowire]]s into the fabric. If successful, the new fabric would generate about 80 milliwatts per square meter.<ref>[http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=3E0E600F-F7B2-4F1F-DA377027B8FDC443&sc=rss Scientific American: Fabric Produces Electricity As You Wear It]</ref><br />
<br />
===Drumheads===<br />
Kevlar is sometimes used as a material in high tension drum heads usually used on marching snare drums. It allows for an extremely high amount of tension, resulting in a cleaner sound. There is usually some sort of resin poured onto the kevlar to make the head airtight, and a nylon top layer to provide a flat striking surface. This is one of the primary types of marching snare drum heads.<br />
[[Remo]]'s "Falam Slam" Patch is made with kevlar and is used to reinforce bass drum heads where the beater strikes.<br />
<br />
===Woodwind reeds===<br />
Kevlar is used in the woodwind reeds of Fibracell. The material of these reeds is a composite of aerospace materials designed to duplicate the way nature constructs cane reed. Very stiff but sound absorbing Kevlar fibers are suspended in a lightweight resin formulation.<br />
<br />
===Fiber Optic Cable===<br />
Kevlar is widely used as a protective outer sheath for [[optical fiber cable]], as its strength protects the cable from damage and kinking.<br />
<br />
===Building construction===<br />
A retractable roof of over 60,000 square feet (5,575 square metres) of Kevlar was a key part of the design of [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Montreal's Olympic stadium]] for the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. It was spectacularly unsuccessful, as it was completed ten years late and replaced just ten years later in May 1998 after a series of problems.<ref>{{Structurae|id=s0000742|title=Roof of the Montreal Olympic Stadium}}</ref><ref>[http://www.andrewclem.com/Baseball/OlympicStadium.html Clem's Baseball ~ Olympic Stadium<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
===Brakes===<br />
The chopped fiber has been used as a replacement for [[asbestos]] in [[brake pad]]s. Dust produced from asbestos brakes is toxic, while aramids are a benign substitute.{{Fact|date=January 2009}}<br />
<br />
===Expansion joints and hoses===<br />
Kevlar can be found as a reinforcing layer in [[rubber]] [[bellows]] [[expansion joints]] and rubber [[hose (tubing)|hose]]s, for use in high temperature applications, and for its high strength. It is also found as a braid layer used on the outside of hose assemblies, to add protection against sharp objects.<br />
<br />
==Composite materials==<br />
Aramid fibers are widely used for reinforcing [[composite material]]s, often in combination with [[carbon fiber]] and [[glass fiber]]. The matrix for high performance composites is usually [[epoxy resin]]. Typical applications include [[monocoque]] bodies for F1 [[racing car]]s, [[helicopter]] rotor blades, [[tennis]], [[table tennis]], [[badminton]] and [[squash (sport)|squash]] [[racquet|racket]]s, [[kayak]]s, [[cricket]] bats, and [[field hockey]], [[ice hockey]] and [[lacrosse]] sticks. <ref>Kadolph, Sara J. Anna L. Langford. Textiles, Ninth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc 2002. Upper Saddle River, NJ</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite journal<br />
| author = D. Tanner, J. A. Fitzgerald, B. R. Phillips <br />
| year = 1989<br />
| title = The Kevlar Story - an Advanced Materials Case Study<br />
| journal = [[Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English]]<br />
| volume = 28<br />
| issue = 5<br />
| pages = 649–654<br />
| doi = 10.1002/anie.198906491<br />
}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite journal<br />
| author = E. E. Magat<br />
| year = 1980<br />
| title = Fibers from Extended Chain Aromatic Polyamides, New Fibers and Their Composites<br />
| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A<br />
| volume = 294<br />
| issue = 1411<br />
| pages = 463–472<br />
| url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0080-4614%2819800121%29294%3A1411%3C463%3AFFECAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P <br />
}}</ref><br />
<ref>Ronald V. Joven. Manufacturing Kevlar panels by thermo-curing process. Los Andes University, 2007. Bogotá, Colombia.</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Col-begin}}<br />
{{Col-break}}<br />
* [[Aramid]]<br />
* [[Bulletproof vest]]<br />
* [[DuPont]] (Company that invented and manufactures Kevlar)<br />
* [[Interceptor body armor]]<br />
* [[Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops]]<br />
{{Col-break}}<br />
* [[Innegra S]]<br />
* [[Nomex]]<br />
* [[Vectran]]<br />
* [[Spider silk]]<br />
* [[Twaron]]<br />
{{Col-break}}<br />
* [[Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene]]<br />
* [[UV degradation]]<br />
* [[Soap Shoes]]<br />
* [[Fire dancing]]<br />
* [[Stephanie Kwolek]] (The inventor of Kevlar)<br />
{{Col-end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons|Aramid|Kevlar}}<br />
* [http://www.kevlar.com/ Kevlar Home Page]<br />
* [http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/aramid.htm Aramids]<br />
* [http://www.designdictionary.co.uk/en/kevlar.htm Kevlar - Design Dictionary. Illustrated article about Kevlar]<br />
* [http://www.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=PDUKEV29 Matweb material properties of Kevlar]<br />
* {{US patent|5565264}}<br />
* [http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/Kevlar/index.html Kevlar]<br />
* [http://web.mst.edu/~wlf/Synthesis/kevlar.html Synthesis of Kevlar]<br />
* [http://www.ngcc.org.uk/DesktopModules/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=1003 Aberfeldy Footbridge over the River Tay]<br />
{{DuPont}}<br />
{{Fibers}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Organic polymers]]<br />
[[Category:Personal armour]]<br />
[[Category:DuPont]]<br />
[[Category:Synthetic fibers]]<br />
[[Category:Brand name materials]]<br />
[[Category:1965 introductions]]<br />
[[Category:DuPont products]]<br />
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[[tr:Kevlar]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leerdam&diff=317472766Leerdam2009-10-02T14:01:38Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
|official_name = Leerdam<br />
|image_flag = Leerdam flag.svg<br />
|flag_size = 120x100px<br />
|image_shield = Wapen-Leerdam2.gif<br />
|shield_size = 120x100px<br />
|image_map = LocatieLeerdam.png<br />
|mapsize = 280px<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]]<br />
|subdivision_type1 = Province<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[South Holland]]<br />
|area_footnotes = (2006)<br />
|area_total_km2 = 34.32<br />
|area_land_km2 = 33.79<br />
|area_water_km2 = 0.53<br />
|population_as_of = 1 January, 2007<br />
|population_note = Source: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline].<br />
|settlement_type = Municipality<br />
|population_total = 20682<br />
|population_density_km2 = 612<br />
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]<br />
|utc_offset = +1<br />
|timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]<br />
|utc_offset_DST = +2<br />
|latd = 51.90<br />
|latNS = N<br />
|longd = 5.08<br />
|longEW = E<br />
|website = [http://www.leerdam.nl www.leerdam.nl]<br />
}}<br />
[[Image:Leerdam - Zuidwal.jpg|thumb|right|280px|City walls and (left) Glass Centre, Leerdam.]]<br />
[[Image:Leerdam 1866.png|thumb|right|280px|Leerdam in 1866.]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ltspkr.png]]'''[[Media:Nl-Leerdam.ogg|Leerdam]]''' (population: 21,050 in 2004) is a town and municipality in the western [[Netherlands]], in the province of [[South Holland]]. <br />
<br />
The municipality covers an area of 34.32&nbsp;km² (13.25 mile²) of which 0.53&nbsp;km² (0.20 mile²) is water. It comprises the town of Leerdam, the rural villages [[Kedichem]], [[Schoonrewoerd]] and [[Oosterwijk]]. The south border of the town is formed by the river [[Linge]]. Leerdam is the most eastern town of the province of [[South Holland]] and is situated almost exactly in the middle of the three highways [[Rijksweg 2|A2]], [[Rijksweg 15|A15]] and [[Rijksweg 27|A27]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Leerdam received [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]] in 1407. The small river Linge, bordered by beautiful water meadows, defines the atmosphere and tone of the landscape. Several centuries ago Leerdam formed a part of the Vijfheerenlanden domain, before it was raised to the level of County in 1498. The rich history of Leerdam can be found in well-kept historic buildings such as the ''Grote Kerk'' (Great Church), the ''Hofje van mevrouw van Aerden'' (Mrs. Aerden Almshouses, now a museum), the remaining and restored city walls on the ''Zuidwal'' and the ''Oude Raadhuis'' (Old City Hall).<br />
<br />
==Glass industry==<br />
From the 18th century the town culture was strongly influenced by the [[glass]] industry and the [[timber industry]]. The current glass industry is internationally as known as "[[Royal Leerdam]]" and more particularly in respect of designerglass or [[glass art]] "[[Royal Leerdam Crystal]]".<br />
Leerdam is with [[Royal Leerdam Crystal]], the [[National Glassmuseum]], the [[Glass Centre]] ([[glassblowing]] and demonstration activities) and several art galleries the Glass City of the Netherlands and a major tourist attraction.<br />
<br />
From Easter until the end of October international [[glassblower]]s work in the [http://www.glascentrumleerdam.nl/ Glass Centre] in Leerdam, which is open to the public.<br />
<br />
==Public transportation==<br />
{{Railway Dordrecht to Geldermalsen}}<br />
<br />
==Born in Leerdam==<br />
* [[Manon van Rooijen]] (*1982), Dutch freestyle swimmer<br />
<br />
== External links==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
*[http://www.leerdam.nl Official Website]<br />
*[http://www.hofjevanaerden.nl/ Museum Hofje van Mevrouw Van Aerden]<br />
*[http://www.plattegronden.nl/gemeenteleerdam/index.html Map]<br />
*[http://www.rootzleerdam.nl Youth-center Rootz]<br />
<br />
{{South Holland Province}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Municipalities of South Holland]]<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in South Holland]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Leerdam]]<br />
[[eo:Leerdam]]<br />
[[fr:Leerdam]]<br />
[[id:Leerdam]]<br />
[[it:Leerdam]]<br />
[[jv:Leerdam]]<br />
[[li:Leerdam]]<br />
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[[vo:Leerdam]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leerdam&diff=317472219Leerdam2009-10-02T13:57:46Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
|official_name = Leerdam<br />
|image_flag = Leerdam flag.svg<br />
|flag_size = 120x100px<br />
|image_shield = Wapen-Leerdam2.gif<br />
|shield_size = 120x100px<br />
|image_map = LocatieLeerdam.png<br />
|mapsize = 280px<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]]<br />
|subdivision_type1 = Province<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[South Holland]]<br />
|area_footnotes = (2006)<br />
|area_total_km2 = 34.32<br />
|area_land_km2 = 33.79<br />
|area_water_km2 = 0.53<br />
|population_as_of = 1 January, 2007<br />
|population_note = Source: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline].<br />
|settlement_type = Municipality<br />
|population_total = 20682<br />
|population_density_km2 = 612<br />
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]<br />
|utc_offset = +1<br />
|timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]<br />
|utc_offset_DST = +2<br />
|latd = 51.90<br />
|latNS = N<br />
|longd = 5.08<br />
|longEW = E<br />
|website = [http://www.leerdam.nl www.leerdam.nl]<br />
}}<br />
[[Image:Leerdam - Zuidwal.jpg|thumb|right|280px|City walls and (left) Glass Centre, Leerdam.]]<br />
[[Image:Leerdam 1866.png|thumb|right|280px|Leerdam in 1866.]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ltspkr.png]]'''[[Media:Nl-Leerdam.ogg|Leerdam]]''' (population: 21,050 in 2004) is a town and municipality in the western [[Netherlands]], in the province of [[South Holland]]. <br />
<br />
The municipality covers an area of 34.32&nbsp;km² (13.25 mile²) of which 0.53&nbsp;km² (0.20 mile²) is water. It comprises the town of Leerdam, the rural villages [[Kedichem]], [[Schoonrewoerd]] and [[Oosterwijk]]. The south border of the town is formed by the river [[Linge]]. Leerdam is the most eastern town of the province of [[South Holland]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Leerdam received [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]] in 1407. The small river Linge, bordered by beautiful water meadows, defines the atmosphere and tone of the landscape. Several centuries ago Leerdam formed a part of the Vijfheerenlanden domain, before it was raised to the level of County in 1498. The rich history of Leerdam can be found in well-kept historic buildings such as the ''Grote Kerk'' (Great Church), the ''Hofje van mevrouw van Aerden'' (Mrs. Aerden Almshouses, now a museum), the remaining and restored city walls on the ''Zuidwal'' and the ''Oude Raadhuis'' (Old City Hall).<br />
<br />
==Glass industry==<br />
From the 18th century the town culture was strongly influenced by the [[glass]] industry and the [[timber industry]]. The current glass industry is internationally as known as "[[Royal Leerdam]]" and more particularly in respect of designerglass or [[glass art]] "[[Royal Leerdam Crystal]]".<br />
Leerdam is with [[Royal Leerdam Crystal]], the [[National Glassmuseum]], the [[Glass Centre]] ([[glassblowing]] and demonstration activities) and several art galleries the Glass City of the Netherlands and a major tourist attraction.<br />
<br />
From Easter until the end of October international [[glassblower]]s work in the [http://www.glascentrumleerdam.nl/ Glass Centre] in Leerdam, which is open to the public.<br />
<br />
==Public transportation==<br />
{{Railway Dordrecht to Geldermalsen}}<br />
<br />
==Born in Leerdam==<br />
* [[Manon van Rooijen]] (*1982), Dutch freestyle swimmer<br />
<br />
== External links==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
*[http://www.leerdam.nl Official Website]<br />
*[http://www.hofjevanaerden.nl/ Museum Hofje van Mevrouw Van Aerden]<br />
*[http://www.plattegronden.nl/gemeenteleerdam/index.html Map]<br />
*[http://www.rootzleerdam.nl Youth-center Rootz]<br />
<br />
{{South Holland Province}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Municipalities of South Holland]]<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in South Holland]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Leerdam]]<br />
[[eo:Leerdam]]<br />
[[fr:Leerdam]]<br />
[[id:Leerdam]]<br />
[[it:Leerdam]]<br />
[[jv:Leerdam]]<br />
[[li:Leerdam]]<br />
[[ms:Leerdam]]<br />
[[nl:Leerdam]]<br />
[[nds-nl:Leerdam]]<br />
[[ro:Leerdam]]<br />
[[sv:Leerdam]]<br />
[[vi:Leerdam]]<br />
[[vo:Leerdam]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leerdam&diff=317471664Leerdam2009-10-02T13:54:03Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
|official_name = Leerdam<br />
|image_flag = Leerdam flag.svg<br />
|flag_size = 120x100px<br />
|image_shield = Wapen-Leerdam2.gif<br />
|shield_size = 120x100px<br />
|image_map = LocatieLeerdam.png<br />
|mapsize = 280px<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]]<br />
|subdivision_type1 = Province<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[South Holland]]<br />
|area_footnotes = (2006)<br />
|area_total_km2 = 34.32<br />
|area_land_km2 = 33.79<br />
|area_water_km2 = 0.53<br />
|population_as_of = 1 January, 2007<br />
|population_note = Source: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline].<br />
|settlement_type = Municipality<br />
|population_total = 20682<br />
|population_density_km2 = 612<br />
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]<br />
|utc_offset = +1<br />
|timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]<br />
|utc_offset_DST = +2<br />
|latd = 51.90<br />
|latNS = N<br />
|longd = 5.08<br />
|longEW = E<br />
|website = [http://www.leerdam.nl www.leerdam.nl]<br />
}}<br />
[[Image:Leerdam - Zuidwal.jpg|thumb|right|280px|City walls and (left) Glass Centre, Leerdam.]]<br />
[[Image:Leerdam 1866.png|thumb|right|280px|Leerdam in 1866.]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ltspkr.png]]'''[[Media:Nl-Leerdam.ogg|Leerdam]]''' (population: 21,050 in 2004) is a town and municipality in the western [[Netherlands]], in the province of [[South Holland]]. <br />
<br />
The municipality covers an area of 34.32&nbsp;km² (13.25 mile²) of which 0.53&nbsp;km² (0.20 mile²) is water. It comprises the town of Leerdam, the rural villages [[Kedichem]], [[Schoonrewoerd]] and [[Oosterwijk]]. The south border of the town is formed by the river [[Linge]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Leerdam received [[City rights in the Netherlands|city rights]] in 1407. The small river Linge, bordered by beautiful water meadows, defines the atmosphere and tone of the landscape. Several centuries ago Leerdam formed a part of the Vijfheerenlanden domain, before it was raised to the level of County in 1498. The rich history of Leerdam can be found in well-kept historic buildings such as the ''Grote Kerk'' (Great Church), the ''Hofje van mevrouw van Aerden'' (Mrs. Aerden Almshouses, now a museum), the remaining and restored city walls on the ''Zuidwal'' and the ''Oude Raadhuis'' (Old City Hall).<br />
<br />
==Glass industry==<br />
From the 18th century the town culture was strongly influenced by the [[glass]] industry and the [[timber industry]]. The current glass industry is internationally as known as "[[Royal Leerdam]]" and more particularly in respect of designerglass or [[glass art]] "[[Royal Leerdam Crystal]]".<br />
Leerdam is with [[Royal Leerdam Crystal]], the [[National Glassmuseum]], the [[Glass Centre]] ([[glassblowing]] and demonstration activities) and several art galleries the Glass City of the Netherlands and a major tourist attraction.<br />
<br />
From Easter until the end of October international [[glassblower]]s work in the [http://www.glascentrumleerdam.nl/ Glass Centre] in Leerdam, which is open to the public.<br />
<br />
==Public transportation==<br />
{{Railway Dordrecht to Geldermalsen}}<br />
<br />
==Born in Leerdam==<br />
* [[Manon van Rooijen]] (*1982), Dutch freestyle swimmer<br />
<br />
== External links==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
*[http://www.leerdam.nl Official Website]<br />
*[http://www.hofjevanaerden.nl/ Museum Hofje van Mevrouw Van Aerden]<br />
*[http://www.plattegronden.nl/gemeenteleerdam/index.html Map]<br />
*[http://www.rootzleerdam.nl Youth-center Rootz]<br />
<br />
{{South Holland Province}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Municipalities of South Holland]]<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in South Holland]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Leerdam]]<br />
[[eo:Leerdam]]<br />
[[fr:Leerdam]]<br />
[[id:Leerdam]]<br />
[[it:Leerdam]]<br />
[[jv:Leerdam]]<br />
[[li:Leerdam]]<br />
[[ms:Leerdam]]<br />
[[nl:Leerdam]]<br />
[[nds-nl:Leerdam]]<br />
[[ro:Leerdam]]<br />
[[sv:Leerdam]]<br />
[[vi:Leerdam]]<br />
[[vo:Leerdam]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linge&diff=317470018Linge2009-10-02T13:41:34Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>:''For the WWII war hero, see [[Martin Linge]]. For the boat designer, see [[Jan Herman Linge]]. For Hitler's valet, see [[Heinz Linge]].''<br />
[[Image:Location Linge.PNG|thumb|right|250px|''Location'']]<br />
[[Image:Beesd 002.jpg|thumb|right|near Beesd]]<br />
'''Linge''' is a river in the [[Betuwe]] that is over 100 [[kilometre|km]] long, which makes it one of the longest rivers that flow entirely within the [[Netherlands]].<br />
<br />
It starts near the village [[Doornenburg]] near the German border. A legend tells us that if there will be no more pigs grazing at the [[Doornenburg Castle|castle of Doornenburg]], the river will dry out. The Linge flows to Zoelen, a small village north of [[Tiel]] and from there on meanders through the [[Betuwe]], to end in the [[Boven Merwede]] near [[Gorinchem]]. Until [[Geldermalsen]] the river is little more than a small, canalised stream. From Geldermalsen on however, it begins to look like a real river complete with dikes and small floodplains. The Linge provides idyllic spots at old towns like [[Asperen]] and [[Leerdam]] as both have the city walls still in shape at the side of the river. <br />
The river was once a branch of the river [[Waal]], being cut off at [[Tiel]] in 1307 or thereabouts (some traces of this can still be seen). The river is navigable for small vessels and is a popular destination for boaters. The banks of the river are important breeding grounds for waterfowl.<br />
<br />
This river used to be an important trade route in old days. This role has nowadays been taken by the [[Rhine]] and [[Waal]] rivers.<br />
<br />
[[Railroad]] [[bridge]]s (with nearest train station on the left and right bank):<br />
* between [[Overbetuwe|Elst]] and [[Arnhem]]<br />
* between [[Kesteren|Opheusden]] and [[Kesteren]]<br />
* between [[Kesteren]] and [[Tiel]]<br />
* between [[Geldermalsen]] and [[Culemborg]]/[[Geldermalsen|Beesd]]<br />
<br />
The riverbanks in the [[Betuwe]] are lined with apple orchards, which make it popular with tourists, particularly in spring; the fruit trees are in blossom. In April, a walking tour is organised in support of the Red Cross, the so called 'Rode Kruis Bloesemtocht'.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://www.lingelandschap.nl/main_menu1/dlng.html (in Dutch)<br />
<br />
{{Gelderland-geo-stub}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|51|50|N|4|59|E|display=title|region:NL_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rivers of the Netherlands]]<br />
[[Category:Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Linge]]<br />
[[fr:Linge (rivière)]]<br />
[[nl:Linge (rivier)]]<br />
[[nn:Linge]]<br />
[[pt:Rio Linge]]<br />
[[ru:Линге]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Kevlar&diff=317466444Talk:Kevlar2009-10-02T13:13:44Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Properties */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>{{chemicals|class=B|importance=high}}<br />
{{Project Delaware|class=B}}<br />
<br />
==Contradict==<br />
This page contradicts itself: "is unaffected by immersion in water" ... "is degraded when wet" (both in second paragraph).<br />
<br />
Sombody needs to check this page, it's full of garbage like "thick as a monkey"?? [[User:82.28.25.177|82.28.25.177]] 03:17, 15 October 2005 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Sorry about my last comment, it apears to have been fixed, but somehow when i first accessed the page wikipedia showed me an older revision? [[User:82.28.25.177|82.28.25.177]] 03:25, 15 October 2005 (UTC)<br />
<br />
check these site out about kevlar<br />
*http://www.southbendclutch.com/kevlar.html<br />
*http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar<br />
*http://www.dupont.com/kevlar/<br />
*http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/Kevlar/<br />
<br />
== "intra-molecular hydrogen bonds" ==<br />
<br />
The article reads:<br />
<br />
:''Kevlar derives its strength from '''intra-molecular hydrogen bonds''' and aromatic-aromatic stacking interactions between the strands. These interactions are much stronger than the '''van der Waals''' interaction found in other synthetic polymers and fibers like dyneema.''<br />
<br />
But the hydrogen bonds '''are''' an instance of [[Van der Waals bonding]].<br />
<br />
<br />
Actually, Hydrogen bonds are a special kind of Van der Waals bond. The term is used to differentiate from the weaker kinds of Van der Waals interraction such as dipole-induced dipole bonds. Nonetheless the phrasing is misleading -- and other polymers (Nylon for instance) also contain Hydrogen Bonds. --[[User:Xanthine|Xanthine]] 16:03, 25 January 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
The statement is misleading and contradicted later in the article. "Water that enters the interior of the fiber can take the place of bonding between molecules and reduce the material's strength.." So the first statement is conditional on the material being dry. <br />
<br />
Secondly, the second sentence "These interactions are much stronger than the '''van der Waals''' interaction found in other synthetic polymers and fibers like dyneema." is untrue as the interactions in the UHWMPE molecules outnumber the interactions in the poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide molecule and therefore provide a far stronger bond molecule for molecule. The comparison goes astray when the author tries to compare the qualities of a single atomic level bond with an entire molecule. The two sentences should go.--[[User:203.206.186.81|203.206.186.81]] 06:00, 31 January 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Hydrogen Bonding ==<br />
<br />
Hydrogen bonding is a term used which desibes intermolecular forces greater in magnitude than normal Van der Waals forces. Although the mechanism is similar, it would be misleading to change the words to something different to what is currently. The words at the moment give a good explaination and are not misleading.--[[User:LukeSurl|LukeSurl]] 13:26, 2 May 2005 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Actually, it seems to imply that other polymers don't contain hydrogen bonds -- which isn't true.<br />
--[[User:Xanthine|Xanthine]] 16:08, 25 January 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Sure you also get h bonding in other plastics but not too this extent.<br />
<br />
...Your point being?<br />
It could still do with a little clarification.<br />
<br />
== non-bonded interaction in PPTA ==<br />
<br />
Two small points about the interactions in PPTA fibers:<br />
<br />
The article mentions '''intra'''-molecular H-bonds; however, the h-bonds are inter-molecular.<br />
<br />
The article also mentions aromatic stacking as an important contribution to the strength of the structure. The aromatic rings in the individual chains are however not all in one plane, but in two planes, in an alternating fashion. Related to that, rings in neighbouring chains are not parallel, but at an angle of some 50 degrees. The contribution of aromatic ring stacking is therefore probably rather small compared to the contribution from the H-bonds.<br />
<br />
The structure has been reported by Liu et al., Polymer vol. 38, 8, 1413-1430 (1996).<br />
<br />
[[User:Verp|Verp]] 11:44, 16 September 2005 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Twaron is not Kevlar ==<br />
<br />
As this entry notes, Kevlar is a registered trademark of E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co. Twaron is manufactured by Teijin Twaron, and is a different product, like Coke and Pepsi are different products. As Coke and Pepsi are both colas, Kevlar and Twaron are both aramid fibers. Kevlar, however, is not "also known as" Twaron; they are two competing products.<br />
<br />
== 5 times as strong as steel? ==<br />
<br />
This is debateable as there are many different types of steel. It could be between 3.31 and 77 times as strong, depending on your source of data. How about Dupont claim Kevlar is 5 times as strong as steel?<br />
<br />
- Does it help that people say that its 5 times stronger weight for weight?<br />
<br />
<br />
its a throw away comment as the type of strength isn't qualified like tensile or dynamic<br />
<br />
It's imposible to be 5 times stronger than a good steel polyalloy. Maybe it's steel 5 times stronger than kevlar.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
The introduction section has some redundancies such as 5 times as strong, dupont brand, etc. There is also no logical sequence to it, jumping back and forth between properties, history and use.<br />
I'm going to try and edit the introduction. This isn't one of the flaming hot wikipedia articles were people revert to their point of view and I don't intend to lose information, so I guess there's no real issue. If in doubt, feel free to revert.<br />
[[User:165.21.154.14|165.21.154.14]] 23:57, 5 November 2005 (UTC) Roy<br />
<br />
I edited the introduction text into three parts: history and properties, uses and the technical description. I was careful not to lose any information and left most of the text intact, merely shifting it around and grouping it logically. I can see how someone may argue the order of the above though. I'm not completely happy with my change but feel it's better than the previous text. [[User:165.21.154.8|165.21.154.8]] 00:18, 6 November 2005 (UTC) Roy<br />
<br />
== the picture ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Solvent ==<br />
<br />
Unless I'm mistaken, isn't the industrial solvent for Kevlar actually Hydrochloric Acid and not Sulphuric as that last paragraph states?<br />
--[[User:Xanthine|Xanthine]] 15:59, 25 January 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
clorine breaks it down and all you need is a strong acid to disrupt the intermolecular electrostatic effects (or pi stacking)<br />
<br />
this article should have a picture<br />
<br />
==picture and synthesis details==<br />
http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/kunststoffe/kevent.htm <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Stone|Stone]] ([[User talk:Stone|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Stone|contribs]]) 13:56, 11 December 2006 (UTC).</small><!-- HagermanBot Auto-Unsigned --><br />
<br />
== Strength considerations ==<br />
<br />
http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/news_events/article20050902.html<br />
<br />
This site says that Kevlar is five times stronger than steel, but there are two things I wish to bring up.<br />
<br />
1. Does it mean that it is six times or five times AS strong as steel?<br />
2. This site is made by the creator of Kevlar. I think we need an independent confirmation that it IS, indeed, five times stronger THAN steel. After all, the military would have switched all its tanks to a Kevlar-steel armor shell despite Kevlar's low melting point if this is true. <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:-Slash-|-Slash-]] ([[User talk:-Slash-|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/-Slash-|contribs]]) 03:44, 18 December 2006 (UTC).</small><!-- HagermanBot Auto-Unsigned --><br />
<br />
== The five times stronger thing ==<br />
<br />
Someone screwed up the reference. [[User:-Slash-|-<span style="color:green">Slash</span>-]][[User talk:-Slash-|<span style="color:red"><sup>μιλώ</sup></span>]] 02:55, 31 December 2006 (UTC)<br />
<br />
...also this sentence...<br />
Under water, Kevlar is less resistant to ballistic projectiles, although it is water resistant. [2] <br />
...was obviously beaten with the ugly stick, and the reference cited does not contain any mention of this. Please either remove or edit so that it makes sense and cites correct articles. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Spikesagal|Spikesagal]] ([[User talk:Spikesagal|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Spikesagal|contribs]]) 21:32, 3 October 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Bicycles ==<br />
<br />
Other than tires, where else is Kevlar used in bicycle manufacturing? Is it used in making frames? <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[Special:Contributions/209.218.206.2|209.218.206.2]] ([[User talk:209.218.206.2|talk]]) 20:43, 15 January 2007 (UTC).</small><!-- HagermanBot Auto-Unsigned --><br />
<br />
Seat covers or the corners of seats (or saddles as cyclist say), almost anywhere carbon fiber is used, but generally not for large items like frames (usually handle bars, bar ends, or seat posts), and braided outer housing on hydraulic disk brake lines.<br />
<br />
== Refrences? ==<br />
<br />
There is wierd thing saying that the articles do not work. Some kind of error. I thought it might be because what someone had put there, so I got rid of them and added new sites that I thought were helpfull. However, it gave me the same error message, so I do not know what is with this. Could someone who knows more about this kind of thing fix it. That would be appreciated, Thank you. --[[User:Robin63|Robin63]] 19:44, 2 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
:Fixed, and sorry for the revert-message. --[[User:Beetstra|Dirk Beetstra]] <sup>[[User_Talk:Beetstra|<span style="color:#0000FF;">T</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Beetstra|<span style="color:#0000FF;">C</span>]]</sup> 19:48, 2 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
::It was even stupid little me who made the typo in the first place. Again sorry! --[[User:Beetstra|Dirk Beetstra]] <sup>[[User_Talk:Beetstra|<span style="color:#0000FF;">T</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Beetstra|<span style="color:#0000FF;">C</span>]]</sup> 19:49, 2 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
This is not very important, but I decided to alphabetize the ''See Also'' links, as I believe this to be more pleasing to the eye and while there are not very many links there, if there are more in the future, it wwill help peolpe find the links faster. So if you are adding a link to the see also section, please put it in the right spot, according to alphabetical order. Thank you --[[User:Robin63|Robin63]] 18:58, 9 February 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Magical properties ==<br />
<br />
Hi:<br />
<br />
The X times stronger than steel magical super wonderful talk needs to lightened. What doesn't Kevlar do? What are the trade offs? Ie, aluminum is strong for its weight, but there are many applications where steel is preferred for strength.<br />
<br />
AG<br />
<br />
1. The 5 times stronger than is just a throw away comment, however one that is common. For what it's worth, nylon is 3 times stronger! Since the exact strength test and also the grade of steel are not specified, it's obviously not a crisp technical description. It's ok toleave it in the article, but note that it's a popular description. Not recite it ourselves as some sort of definition.<br />
<br />
2. Some of the places where steel eclipses Kevlar include:<br />
-compressive strength<br />
-cost<br />
-machinability (forming, cutting, casting, etc.)<br />
-high temp thermal performance<br />
<br />
[[User:TCO|TCO]] ([[User talk:TCO|talk]]) 21:42, 3 January 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== History?==<br />
The whole "History" section is very poor - in particular it's about the history of Kevlar bullet-proof vests, not Kevlar itself. It also reads very much like a PR piece "borrowed" from somewhere. Surely these articles are a better start:<br />
* http://web.mit.edu/invent/www/ima/kwolek_bio.html<br />
* http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blkevlar.htm<br />
* http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/kevlar.htm<br />
Anyone game to do a re-write?[[User:Snori|Snori]] 20:56, 28 July 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
* Does anyone have that clip from 70's of that guy making a public test of his vest by just pointing the gun at himself and firing? Its a really good clip, really impressive. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/69.152.226.191|69.152.226.191]] ([[User talk:69.152.226.191|talk]]) 11:41, 20 September 2007 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Adding information ==<br />
* Under water, Kevlar is 20 times stronger than steel (of the same weight), so it is used as cable under sea, source: http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/Kevlar/<br />
<br />
* Kevlar fiber is synthesized by a unique method, called liquid crystal spinning (so-called dry jet-wet spinning), which is nearly a combination of dry spinning and wet spinning. First, they prepare Kevlar in liquid crystal solution by solving it in strong concentrated sulfuric acid. Then, the solution goes through a spinneret (look like a shower) to get the form of fiber. After that, the fiber goes through a small gap of air, this step makes rod-like liquid crystals orient in the fiber-axis. Next step, fibers go through cool water (coagulated bath) to be hardened, then spinned into simple yarns. There's no draw step here!<br />
[[User:Jakminh|Jakminh]] ([[User talk:Jakminh|talk]]) 16:32, 19 March 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Kevlar ==<br />
<br />
A Long Beach Native Hip hop rapper. <small><span class="autosigned">—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Kngofroq|Kngofroq]] ([[User talk:Kngofroq|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kngofroq|contribs]]) 04:09, 4 July 2009 (UTC)</span></small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
<br />
== Properties ==<br />
<br />
The statement "Kevlar 49 has the greatest tensile strength of all the aramids" is definitively not true. [[Technora]], an aramid which is produced by [[Teijin]] in Japan has about 10% higher tensile strenght. <br />
Better is: "Kevlar 49, a high strength type, ....."<br />
<br />
--[[User:Mbvanleeuwen|MBLe]] ([[User talk:Mbvanleeuwen|talk]]) 13:13, 2 October 2009 (UTC)</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torre_de_Collserola&diff=309943772Torre de Collserola2009-08-25T09:26:07Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{coord|41|25|02|N|2|06|51|E|region:GB_scale:5000|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Barcelona.Tibidabo.Torre.Collserola.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Torre de Collserola]]<br />
'''Torre de Collserola''' is a uniquely designed tower located on the [[Tibidabo]] hill in the [[Serra de Collserola]], in [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]. It was designed by architect [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Sir Norman Foster]], and built in 1992 for the [[1992 Summer Olympics]]. It features a pod for floor space like many towers but uses [[guy wires]] for lateral support like a mast. Mainly used as a TV and radio transmitter, this futuristic design provides the highest viewpoint over the city. The top antenna reaches 288.4m (946 ft) and the top of the pod, which has thirteen floors, reaches 152m (499 ft).<br />
<br />
The tenth floor of the pod is open to the public.<br />
<br />
== Construction ==<br />
The tower has a hollow slip-formed, reinforced concrete main shaft of only 4,5m diameter, which reduces to a mere 3m to hold a radio mast which telescopes from 2,7m to 0,7m.<br />
The thirteen floors are surrounded by a perimeter of open stainless steel grilles and suspended from the shaft by 3 primary vertical steel trusses.<br />
<br />
The total weight of the tower is 3000 tons.<br />
<br />
A large amount of cables keep the tower upright: <br />
<br />
*The lower guys are composed three series of 180 parallel strand cables (15 mm diameter) made from pre-tensioned high-strength steel with a polyethylene covering, each; <br />
*The upper guys are made of three series of 7 [[Twaron|aramid]] fibre cables in parallel (56 mm diameter), each terminated with a resin socket. The three upper cables have a combined breaking strenght of 4200 tons.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of towers]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commonscat|Torre de Collserola}}<br />
* [http://www.torredecollserola.com/ Torre de Collserola]<br />
* [http://www.fosterandpartners.com/internetsite/html/simple.html Foster and Partners]<br />
* {{Structurae|id=s0000347|title=Collserola Tower}}<br />
* [http://www.factoriaurbana.com/ciudades/torres.php?id=3&ciudadd=Barcelona Torre de Collserola at Factoría Urbana: Photos and technical information about the tower]<br />
* [http://www.edibek.com/torre-de-collserola/ Torre de Collserola: connecting Barcelona]<br />
* [http://www.tensiontech.com/services/design/terminations_splicing.html Aramid cable termination design]<br />
<br />
{{Euro-mast-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1992 architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Barcelona]]<br />
[[Category:Towers in Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Norman Foster buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Sarrià-Sant Gervasi]]<br />
<br />
{{Barcelona landmarks}}<br />
<br />
[[ca:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[de:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[es:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[fr:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[it:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[nl:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[no:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[pl:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[pt:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[sk:Torre de Collserola]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torre_de_Collserola&diff=309942418Torre de Collserola2009-08-25T09:10:48Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{coord|41|25|02|N|2|06|51|E|region:GB_scale:5000|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Barcelona.Tibidabo.Torre.Collserola.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Torre de Collserola]]<br />
'''Torre de Collserola''' is a uniquely designed tower located on the [[Tibidabo]] hill in the [[Serra de Collserola]], in [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]. It was designed by architect [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Sir Norman Foster]], and built in 1992 for the [[1992 Summer Olympics]]. It features a pod for floor space like many towers but uses [[guy wires]] for lateral support like a mast. Mainly used as a TV and radio transmitter, this futuristic design provides the highest viewpoint over the city. The top antenna reaches 288.4m (946 ft) and the top of the pod, which has thirteen floors, reaches 152m (499 ft).<br />
<br />
A large amount of cables keep the tower upright: the lower guys are composed of 180 parallel strand cables (15 mm diameter) with a polyethylene covering, each; the upper [[Twaron|aramid]] fibre guys are made of three series of 7 cables in parallel (56 mm diameter), each terminated with a resin socket.<br />
<br />
The tenth floor of the pod is open to the public.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of towers]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commonscat|Torre de Collserola}}<br />
* [http://www.torredecollserola.com/ Torre de Collserola]<br />
* [http://www.fosterandpartners.com/internetsite/html/simple.html Foster and Partners]<br />
* {{Structurae|id=s0000347|title=Collserola Tower}}<br />
* [http://www.factoriaurbana.com/ciudades/torres.php?id=3&ciudadd=Barcelona Torre de Collserola at Factoría Urbana: Photos and technical information about the tower]<br />
* [http://www.edibek.com/torre-de-collserola/ Torre de Collserola: connecting Barcelona]<br />
* [http://www.tensiontech.com/services/design/terminations_splicing.html Aramid cable termination design]<br />
<br />
{{Euro-mast-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1992 architecture]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Barcelona]]<br />
[[Category:Towers in Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Norman Foster buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Sarrià-Sant Gervasi]]<br />
<br />
{{Barcelona landmarks}}<br />
<br />
[[ca:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[de:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[es:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[fr:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[it:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[nl:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[no:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[pl:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[pt:Torre de Collserola]]<br />
[[sk:Torre de Collserola]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=256044074Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-12-05T14:29:58Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Automobile engine<br />
|<br />
|name=Mercedes-Benz OM617 Diesel Engine<br />
|manufacturer=[[Daimler-Benz]]<br />
|production=1985 to 2002<br />
|successor = [[Mercedes-Benz OM612 engine|OM612]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
The successor of the '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine|OM617]]''' engine family was the newly developed [[straight-5]] [[Diesel]] automobile engine '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine|OM602]]''' from [[Mercedes-Benz]] used from 1980s up to 2002. With some Mercedes-Benz 250D/E250D diesels exceeding 500,000 or 1,000,000 miles, it's considered to be the one of the most reliable engines ever produced, a success which is only comparable with the famous OM617 engine. <br />
<br />
The 5-cylinder OM602 was succeeded by the four valve engine OM605 (E250D 20V) and later the OM612 and OM647 with turbo charger and Common Rail Direct Injection (C/E/ML 270CDI).<br />
<br />
==The engine==<br />
The '''Mercedes OM602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2874cc (2.9L) and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans, the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range and even in the 1996-1999 models of the E-class. <br />
It was available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants with two valves per cylinder.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no OM602...'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (>'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ?<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''72 (98)''' or '''75 (102)''' <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D Turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 TD.<br />
|02/1995 -> 04/2000<br />
|A.980 & A.986<br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD turbodiesel 4x4 <br />
|07/1997 -> 09/2000<br />
|A.983<br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W210|W210]] E290 turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]<br />
[[de: Mercedes-Benz OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mbvanleeuwen&diff=256043131User talk:Mbvanleeuwen2008-12-05T14:23:18Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: moved User talk:Mbvanleeuwen to User talk:MbLe</p>
<hr />
<div>==Orphaned non-free image (Image:Sulfron logo.JPG)==<br />
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Sulfron logo.JPG]]'''. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[WP:FU|claim of fair use]]. However, the image is currently [[Wikipedia:Orphan|orphaned]], meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. [[WP:BOLD|You may add it back]] if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).<br />
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If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "[[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|my contributions]]" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Orphaned --> [[User:Aksibot|Aksibot]] 16:24, 28 May 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==[[:Teijin Aramid]]==<br />
{{{icon|[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|left|40px]]}}}<br />
This is an automated message from [[User:CorenSearchBot|CorenSearchBot]]. I have performed a web search with the contents of [[:Teijin Aramid]], and it appears to be very similar to another wikipedia page: [[:{{{2|Teijin Twaron}}}]]. It is possible that you have accidentally duplicated contents, or made an error while creating the page&mdash; you might want to look at the pages and see if that is the case.<br />
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This message was placed automatically, and it is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article and it would be appreciated if you could drop a note on [[User talk:Coren|the maintainer's talk page]]. [[User:CorenSearchBot|CorenSearchBot]] 13:41, 10 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
==Orphaned non-free media (Image:Twaron logo.JPG)==<br />
[[Image:Nuvola apps important blue.svg|25px]] Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Twaron logo.JPG]]'''. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[WP:FU|claim of fair use]]. However, it is currently [[Wikipedia:Orphan|orphaned]], meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. [[WP:BOLD|You may add it back]] if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).<br />
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If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "[[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|my contributions]]" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Orphaned --> [[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 05:30, 11 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
==Fair use disputed for Image:Pipelife logo.jpg==<br />
[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|32px|left]]<br />
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Pipelife logo.jpg]]'''. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at [[Wikipedia:Non-free content]] carefully, then go to [[:Image:Pipelife logo.jpg|the image description page]] and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.<br />
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=={{{header-text|Notability of [[:WireCo]]}}}==<br />
A tag has been placed on [[:WireCo]] requesting that it be [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedily deleted]] from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the [[WP:CSD#Articles|criteria for speedy deletion]], articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please [[Wikipedia:Notability|see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable]]. <br />
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If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding <code>{{tl|hangon}}</code> to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on '''[[Talk:WireCo|the article's talk page]]''' explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for ''speedy'' deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.<br />
<br />
For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|for biographies]], [[WP:WEB|for web sites]], [[WP:BAND|for bands]], or [[WP:CORP|for companies]]. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.<!-- Template:Nn-warn --> Blanchardb-<small>[[User:Blanchardb|<span style="color:#40D000">Me</span>]]</small><sup>[[User Talk:Blanchardb|<span style="color:#0040D0">MyEars</span>]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/Blanchardb|<span style="color:D00040">MyMouth</span>]]</sub>-timed 12:36, 5 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
: I do not agree with this and have added extra links to prove the relevance of WireCo--MBLe 14:35, 5 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
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Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Teijin logo.jpg]]'''. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at [[Wikipedia:Non-free content]] carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at [[Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline]] is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.<br />
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images/media|criteria for speedy deletion]]. If you have any questions please ask them at the [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions|media copyright questions page]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:No fair -->[[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] ([[User talk:BetacommandBot|talk]]) 07:59, 15 January 2008 (UTC)</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mbvanleeuwen&diff=256043127User:Mbvanleeuwen2008-12-05T14:23:17Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: moved User:Mbvanleeuwen to User:MbLe</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[User:MbLe]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_(W210)&diff=194881448Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)2008-02-29T12:41:21Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Engines */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Automobile platform<br />
|image=[[Image:Mercedes E Class.jpg|250px|US-Spec W210 E-Class sedan]]<br />
|name=Mercedes-Benz W210<br />
|manufacturer=[[DaimlerChrysler]]<br />
|production=1995&ndash;2002<br />
|predecessor=[[Mercedes-Benz W124]]<br />
|successor=[[Mercedes-Benz W211]]<br />
|class=[[Executive car]]<br />
|similar=[[BMW E39]]<br />
|vehicles=[[Mercedes-Benz E-Class]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:96-99 Mercedes-Benz W210 wagon.jpg|right|thumb|250px|2000-2003 Mercedes-Benz W210 E-Class wagon]]<br />
<br />
The '''Mercedes-Benz W210''' is a [[mid-size car|mid-size]] [[luxury car]] / [[executive car]] produced by the [[Germany|German]] [[automaker]] [[Mercedes-Benz]] from 1996 through 2002 (the W210 wagon was carried over to the 2003 model year). They were sold under the [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]] model names in both [[sedan]] and [[station wagon]] body types. The W210 signified the entrance of Mercedes Benz into a new era in which they were to appeal to a younger market segment. The use of four separate headlights on the car's front end was a significant departure from longstanding Mercedes design conventions, with some critics labeling the new model the "Four-Eyed Benz." The W210 was an extremely successful model, and the four-headlight concept took off in the late 1990s as a result; the 1997-2005 [[Lexus GS]] featured a very similar fascia. The E320 W210 quickly became the model to sell the most units in MB production.<br />
<br />
In the 2000 model year, a new multi-function information system was incorporated into the instrument cluster below the speedometer, and the use of a fiber optics system for the audio/navigation/phone system was introduced, all of which were able to be accessed by steering wheel controls. In addition, the 5-speed automatic transmission now featured "Touch Shift," which used the +/- gate positions for manumatic control (similar to the VW/Porsche "Tiptronic" system). Exterior changes included a revised front fascia with a steeper rake (emulating the popular CLK) and somewhat more aggressive bumpers and lower body trim.<br />
<br />
== Engines ==<br />
<br />
This was the first time a [[V6]] engine was offered (1998) to replace the [[straight-6]] configuration (1996-1997). This new [[Mercedes-Benz M112 engine]] produced 221&nbsp;hp (164&nbsp;kW) and 229&nbsp;ft·lbf (310&nbsp;N·m) of torque and offered a 0-60&nbsp;mph (98&nbsp;km/h) of 6.9 seconds. Other offerings were the E420 (1997), E430 (1998-2002), and E55 AMG (1999-2002) with 354&nbsp;hp (264&nbsp;kW) and a 5.4&nbsp;L normally aspirated engine. In North America, the range also features two E300 diesel engine models, including both non-turbocharged (1996-1997) and turbocharged (1998-1999) 3.0 litre [[straight-6]] units. In 2000, Mercedes-Benz discontinued diesel powerplants in the E-class in North America. In Europe, the diesel engines were superseded by more advanced [[Common Rail]] (CDI) units (2000-2002). The CDI engines were not offered in North America until the E320 CDI in the newer W211 model. <br />
<br />
Gasoline Engines for North American Market.<br />
<br />
*E 320 (I-6 M104, 3.199 cm³ 3.2L, 162 kW/220 hp) 1995-1997 <br />
*E 320 (V-6 M112, 3.199 cm³ 3.2L, 165 kW/224 hp) 1997-2002 <br />
*E 420 (V-8 M119, 4.196 cm³ 4.2L, 205 kW/279 hp) 1997 <br />
*E 430 (V-8 M113, 4.266 cm³ 4.3L, 205 kW/279 hp) 1998-2002 <br />
*E 55 AMG (V-8 M113, 5.439 cm³ 5.4L, 260 kW/354 hp) 1998-2002 <br />
<br />
Diesel for North American Market.<br />
<br />
*E 300 Diesel (I-6, 2.996 cm³ 3.0L, 100 kW/136 hp) 1995-1997 <br />
*E 300 Turbodiesel (I-6, 2.996 cm³ 3.0L, 130 kW/177 hp) 1998-1999<br />
<br />
== Engines ==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Engine || Cyl. || Power (PS) || Torque (Nm) || Engine code<br />
|- <br />
| 2.0 16V || S4 || 136 || 190 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.3 16V || S4 || 150 || 220 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.0 16V K || S4 || 163 || 230 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.4 18V || V6 || 170 || 225 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.8 24V || S6 || 193 || 270 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.8 18V || V6 || 204 || 270 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 3.2 24V || S6 || 218 || 224 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 3.2 18V || V6 || 221 || 232 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 4.2 32V || V8 || 279 || 264 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 4.3 24V || V8 || 290 || 275 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 5.0 32V AMG || V8 || 347 || 384 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 5.5 24V AMG || V8 || 349 || 391 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.2 16V D || S4 || 95 || 150 || OM604.<br />
|-<br />
| 2.2 16V CDI || S4 || 102 || 235 || OM611.<br />
|-<br />
| 2.2 16V CDI || S4 || 115 || 250 || OM611.<br />
|-<br />
| 2.2 16V CDI || S4 || 125 || 300 || OM611.<br />
|-<br />
| 2.9 10V TD || S5 || 129 || 300 || [[Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine|OM602]].982<br />
|-<br />
| 3.0 24V D || S6 || 136 || 210 || OM606<br />
|-<br />
| 2.2 16V CDI || S4 || 143 || 315 || OM611<br />
|-<br />
| 2.7 20V CDI || S5 || 170 || 370 || OM612<br />
|-<br />
| 3.0 24V TD || S6 || 177 || 330 || OM606<br />
|-<br />
| 3.2 24V CDI || S6 || 197 || 470 || OM613<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Transmissions ==<br />
<br />
The 1996 model W210 E-Class carried over the 4-speed automatic transmission from the previous W124 generation E-Class. In 1997, Mercedes installed in the E-class its newer, electronically-controlled model 722.6 5-speed automatic transmission that first saw duty in 1996 in the V8-powered W140 S-class models. The 722.6 transmission now powers numerous Daimler-Chrysler vehicles. The 4-speed and 5-speed transmissions are both fairly robust, although the 4-speed has a slight edge in durability. The 5-speed transmission is "sealed for life." Mercedes-Benz engineered the transmission fluid to last as long as the transmission's expected lifetime. Many owners do not share Mercedes' expectations for the transmission's lifetime. Since the frequency of fluid changes directly affects the length of a transmission's usable lifetime, many owners and repair shops recommend renewing the fluid and filter every 60,000 to {{convert|100000|mi|km}}.<br />
<br />
== Wheels / Rims and Fitment ==<br />
<br />
The W210 chassis originally came with one of the following OEM wheel setups:<br />
* E300/E320: 16 x 7.5” ET41<br />
* E420: 16 x 7.5” ET41<br />
* E430: 16 x 7.5” ET41 (before 2000); 17 x 7.5” ET41 (after 2000)<br />
* Sport Package: 17 x 7.5” ET37<br />
* Special Edition: 17 x 8” ET35<br />
* E55: 18 x 8” ET31 front, 18 x 9” ET35 rear.<br />
ET is a German abbreviation for offset, more or less, where the number is in mm and indicates amount of offset. This ETxx is usually stamped on the inside of OEM rims for easy reference. <br />
<br />
The bolt pattern is 5x112 (12mm x 1.5 lugs), with an offset range of 30-40mm, a wheel size range of 16"x6.0" to 20"x8.5" . This is the same bolt pattern as most Mercedes, including the previous E-Class (W124). The newer Mercedes, including the 2003 to the present E-Class (W211), have 14 mm lugs, making the wheels less interchangeable between those with 14 mm lugs and 12 mm lugs (although aftermarket lugs are available to be used for this purpose).<br />
<br />
== AMG versions ==<br />
<br />
There were 4 engines that AMG used in the W210. The first was the E36, M104.995, launched in 1996 then the M119.985 in the Euro Spec E50 AMG produced only one year 1997. There was also an option for the M119.985 that was bored out to 6.0L the cars these were fitted to were designated as the E60 and came in sedan and wagon varieties. In 1998 came the M113 powered E55 which used a 5.5L v-8 SOHC 24V to produce {{convert|354|bhp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|391|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque. <br />
<br />
The body styling on all of the W210 AMG models was the same until 2000 when a facelift and interior upgrades were implemented.<br />
<br />
==Specification (European versions)==<br />
===E50 AMG===<br />
<br />
The E50 was only produced 2 years 1996 and 1997 even though all were considered model year 1997. <br />
<br />
Production Figures: ~2,870 (production models).<br />
<br />
*Chassis 210.072<br />
*Motor M 119.985<br />
*Transmission 722.60x <br />
<br />
'''Engine'''<br />
<br />
*90° [[V8]], high-pressure die-cast alloy block, alloy heads<br />
*Displacement 5.0 L (6.0)<br />
*Bore 3.72 in<br />
*Stroke 3.51 in<br />
*Compression ratio: 11.2:1 (same)<br />
*Output {{convert|347|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,550 rpm (398 hp)<br />
*Torque {{convert|355|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} @ 3,200 - 4,400 rpm (395 ft·lbf)<br />
*Valve Gear Belt-driven DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder. <br />
*Redline 6000 rpm Distributor-less computer controlled ignition. Electronic Fuel Injection (Bosch LH Jetronic) <br />
(Same engine used in the S500/C, SL500, with tuned exhaust and cylinder head)<br />
<br />
'''Transmission'''<br />
*5 speed auto 722.609 (same as C43, E55, SL/S600/c)<br />
*Final drive ratio 2.82 <br />
*1st gear 3.59 <br />
*2nd gear 2.19 <br />
*3rd gear 1.41 <br />
*4th gear 1.00 <br />
*5th gear 0.83 <br />
*Reverse gear 3.16 <br />
<br />
'''Performance'''<br />
*General Consensus 0-60 0-100 ~6 SECs<br />
*0-100 6,2 s (AMG figure)<br />
*0-100 5,8 s (Auto Motor und Sport 9/96)<br />
*Top speed: 270 km/h (Drag limited)<br />
<br />
The 1998 and 1999 E55 are identical to the E50.<br />
<br />
===1999 E55 AMG===<br />
<br />
The W210 E55 was only produced 5 years 1998 through 2002 with a facelift in 2000. Production Figures. ~12000 accounted for (production Models). 3000 per year. 500 per year imported to USA. <br />
<br />
*Chassis: 210.074<br />
*Motor: M 113.980<br />
*Transmission: 722.622 <br />
<br />
'''Engine'''<br />
*90 degree V-8, high-pressure die-cast alloy block, alloy heads<br />
*Displacement 5.5 L<br />
*Bore 3.82 in<br />
*Stroke 3.62 in<br />
*Compression ratio 10.5:1 <br />
*Output {{convert|349|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,550 rpm <br />
*Torque {{convert|391|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} @ 3,150 - 4,500 rpm <br />
*Valve Gear Belt-driven SOHC, 3 valves per cylinder. <br />
*Redline 6,000 rpm <br />
(Same engine used in the E430, C43)<br />
<br />
'''Transmission'''<br />
*5 speed auto 722.6 (same as C43, E55, SL/S600/c)<br />
*Final drive ratio 2.82 <br />
*1st gear 3.59 <br />
*2nd gear 2.19 <br />
*3rd gear 1.41 <br />
*4th gear 1.00 <br />
*5th gear 0.83 <br />
*Reverse gear 3.16 <br />
<br />
'''Performance'''<br />
*General Consensus 0-60 mph - 0-100 km/h 5.4 s<br />
*0-100: 5,4 s AMG figure (1999)<br />
*Station Wagon (T-modell): 5,7 s<br />
*0-100: 5,3 s (Auto Motor und Sport 7/98)<br />
*Top speed: 260 km/h (155 mph) Electronically limited. <br />
<br />
===E50, E60 and E55 AMG - common technical specs===<br />
<br />
[[Image:E60 AMG.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Rare W210 Mercedes-Benz E60 AMG]]<br />
<br />
'''Suspension'''<br />
<br />
*Front Independent double wishbone with coil springs, gas-pressurized shock absorbers and stabilizer bar. <br />
*Rear 5-arm multilink with coil springs, gas-pressurized shock absorbers and stabilizer bar. <br />
<br />
'''Brakes'''<br />
Hydraulic dual-circuit braking system with vacuum servo unit, disk brakes, internally ventilated, two piece front rotors and 4-piston calipers. <br />
<br />
'''Steering'''<br />
<br />
*Type Rack-and-pinion with speed-sensitive power assist and integrated hydraulic damper. <br />
*turns lock-to-lock 3.20 <br />
*turning circle curb-to-curb {{convert|37.2|ft|m|abbr=on}} <br />
<br />
'''Wheels and tires'''<br />
<br />
*Wheel Size(front) 8.0J x 18 in <br />
*Wheel Size(rear) 9.0J x 18 in <br />
*Wheel Type Aluminum Alloy ///AMG monoblock <br />
*Tires 245/40ZR18 front, 275/35ZR18 rear <br />
<br />
'''Dimensions and weight'''<br />
*Wheelbase 111.5 in/2,833 mm <br />
*Front track 61.4 in/1,560 mm <br />
*Rear Track 60.8 in/1,543 mm <br />
*Length 189.4 in/4,810 mm <br />
*Width 70.8 in/1,799 mm <br />
*Height 56.9 in/1,445 mm <br />
*Curb Weight 3,768 lb/1,715 kg <br />
*Coefficient of drag: 0.29 Cd <br />
*Power-to-weight ratio: 0.09 <br />
<br />
'''Options available'''<br />
Power adjustable front seats, sport steering wheel, leather upholstery, leather shift knob, 5-speed automatic transmission, Brake Assist System (BAS), Electronic Stability System (ESP), automatic climate control with charcoal filter, heated front seats, front and side airbags, power windows, metallic paint, [[xenon HID headlamp]]s. 4 MATIC (Euro spec E55s)<br />
<br />
===E55 After 2000 supplemental information===<br />
<br />
'''Suspension'''<br />
*Front: Independent double wishbone with coil springs, gas-pressurized shock absorbers and stabilizer bar. <br />
*Rear: Independent 5-arm multilink with coil springs, gas-pressurized shock absorbers and stabilizer bar. Separate AMG-Bilstein gas-pressurized shock absorbers and progressive-rate coil springs. Larger, solid stabilizer bars.<br />
<br />
== 4MATIC All-Wheel Drive Option ==<br />
<br />
In 1998, Mercedes-Benz reintroduced the [[4MATIC]] all-wheel drive system. Although this 4Matic system shares its name with the notoriously problematic early '90s 4-MATICsystem of the W124 300TE, the system was totally redesigned and simplified. Abandoning complicated clutches and couplings, Mercedes opted to use three open differentials: front, center, and rear. The system has no known design defects, and incurs very limited, if any, additional direct maintenance costs. The unique front suspension design of the 4MATIC-equipped models make some replacement parts, such as shock absorbers, somewhat more expensive than that of rear-wheel drive counterparts.<br />
<br />
== Common issues ==<br />
<br />
The W210 E-class is a reliable and safe car, with very few major mechanical problems. In an increasing number of cases, the front spring perch has corroded and torn away from the inner fender, causing the front suspension to collapse. (4Matic models are not believed to be affected.) Minor problems include defective harmonic balancer pulleys (recall), rust on trunk lid near latch, rust on door frames under window seals (recall), defective mass airflow meter, melted rear light bulb sockets, defective blower motor regulators, and poorly designed rear window regulators. <br />
<br />
'''Harmonic Balancer''' - If the rubber insert of the [[harmonic balancer pulley]], or main crankshaft pulley, delaminates at high velocity, the pulley may grind through the timing chain cover and oil pan, causing several thousand dollars of damage. Owners should inspect the harmonic balancer pulley regularly for signs of rubber deterioration.<br />
<br />
'''Blower Motor Regulator''' - If this part fails, the climate control fan will not operate faster than approximately 50% power. Mercedes updated the regulator to improve its reliability, but the redesigned regulator requires the installation of a new blower motor -- about $1,000 in parts. The old-style regulator, which is compatible with the existing blower motor, is no longer manufactured. The blower motor regulator may be replaced with the much less expensive W140 S-class blower regulator, provided that the E-class wiring harness is re-attached to the S-class regulator.<br />
<br />
'''Front Sway Bar Drop Links''' - While not a serious concern, most E-classes end up with a sub 35MPH clicking or rattling sound from the front end. This is usually due to worn out front-end sway-bar drop links. These can easily be replaced by anybody with minor knowledge of vehicle DIY, for no more than around £20.<br />
<br />
'''Front Spring Perches''' - Some owners have reported rust problems on the front spring perches - the top perches, which hold the tops of the springs for the front suspension. The perches are spot welded to the chassis, and factory coated in a weatherproof mastic to stop them rusting, however, water gets behind the mastic causing the perches to rust, and eventually to fail - leading to collapse of the suspension. A very dangerous situation. A common problem that Mercedes have acknowledged. The issue is not identifiable without first removing the mastic to check.<br />
<br />
'''Body rust''' - Early model year versions of the W210 were plagued with body rust, notably on European-sold cars. Untypically for Mercedes, rust would sometimes appear spontaneously on panels such as doors and roofs on cars less than a year old. In response to this problem, the manufacturer would normally change or repair the affected panels under warranty. Mercedes-Benz has been criticized in the European press for not officially acknowledging this problem.<br />
<br />
== Model lineage ==<br />
<br />
The W210 models replaced the [[Mercedes-Benz W124|W124]] E-Class models after 1995 and were replaced by the [[Mercedes-Benz W211|W211]] E-Class after 2002.<br />
<br />
== Online owner communities ==<br />
<br />
W210 E-class enthusiasts maintain an active online presence. The forums are helpful in obtaining information for do-it-yourself maintenance, diagnosis, and repair procedures.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.EclassBenz.com/ EclassBenz.com]<br />
*[http://forums.mbworld.org/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=2 MBWorld.org W210 E-class Forum]<br />
*[http://www.benzworld.org/forums/forums/forum-view.asp?fid=17 Benzworld.org W210 E-class Forum]<br />
*[http://www.mbclub.co.uk/forums/index.php UK MBClub Forum]<br />
*http://www.mybenz.org/<br />
<br />
{{Mercedes-Benz vehicles}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz platforms|W210]]<br />
[[Category:Executive cars]]<br />
<br />
[[da:Mercedes-Benz W210]]<br />
[[de:Mercedes-Benz W210]]<br />
[[pl:Mercedes-Benz W210]]<br />
[[sv:Mercedes-Benz W210]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_(W210)&diff=194881147Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)2008-02-29T12:38:39Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Engines */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Automobile platform<br />
|image=[[Image:Mercedes E Class.jpg|250px|US-Spec W210 E-Class sedan]]<br />
|name=Mercedes-Benz W210<br />
|manufacturer=[[DaimlerChrysler]]<br />
|production=1995&ndash;2002<br />
|predecessor=[[Mercedes-Benz W124]]<br />
|successor=[[Mercedes-Benz W211]]<br />
|class=[[Executive car]]<br />
|similar=[[BMW E39]]<br />
|vehicles=[[Mercedes-Benz E-Class]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:96-99 Mercedes-Benz W210 wagon.jpg|right|thumb|250px|2000-2003 Mercedes-Benz W210 E-Class wagon]]<br />
<br />
The '''Mercedes-Benz W210''' is a [[mid-size car|mid-size]] [[luxury car]] / [[executive car]] produced by the [[Germany|German]] [[automaker]] [[Mercedes-Benz]] from 1996 through 2002 (the W210 wagon was carried over to the 2003 model year). They were sold under the [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]] model names in both [[sedan]] and [[station wagon]] body types. The W210 signified the entrance of Mercedes Benz into a new era in which they were to appeal to a younger market segment. The use of four separate headlights on the car's front end was a significant departure from longstanding Mercedes design conventions, with some critics labeling the new model the "Four-Eyed Benz." The W210 was an extremely successful model, and the four-headlight concept took off in the late 1990s as a result; the 1997-2005 [[Lexus GS]] featured a very similar fascia. The E320 W210 quickly became the model to sell the most units in MB production.<br />
<br />
In the 2000 model year, a new multi-function information system was incorporated into the instrument cluster below the speedometer, and the use of a fiber optics system for the audio/navigation/phone system was introduced, all of which were able to be accessed by steering wheel controls. In addition, the 5-speed automatic transmission now featured "Touch Shift," which used the +/- gate positions for manumatic control (similar to the VW/Porsche "Tiptronic" system). Exterior changes included a revised front fascia with a steeper rake (emulating the popular CLK) and somewhat more aggressive bumpers and lower body trim.<br />
<br />
== Engines ==<br />
<br />
This was the first time a [[V6]] engine was offered (1998) to replace the [[straight-6]] configuration (1996-1997). This new [[Mercedes-Benz M112 engine]] produced 221&nbsp;hp (164&nbsp;kW) and 229&nbsp;ft·lbf (310&nbsp;N·m) of torque and offered a 0-60&nbsp;mph (98&nbsp;km/h) of 6.9 seconds. Other offerings were the E420 (1997), E430 (1998-2002), and E55 AMG (1999-2002) with 354&nbsp;hp (264&nbsp;kW) and a 5.4&nbsp;L normally aspirated engine. In North America, the range also features two E300 diesel engine models, including both non-turbocharged (1996-1997) and turbocharged (1998-1999) 3.0 litre [[straight-6]] units. In 2000, Mercedes-Benz discontinued diesel powerplants in the E-class in North America. In Europe, the diesel engines were superseded by more advanced [[Common Rail]] (CDI) units (2000-2002). The CDI engines were not offered in North America until the E320 CDI in the newer W211 model. <br />
<br />
Gasoline Engines for North American Market.<br />
<br />
*E 320 (I-6 M104, 3.199 cm³ 3.2L, 162 kW/220 hp) 1995-1997 <br />
*E 320 (V-6 M112, 3.199 cm³ 3.2L, 165 kW/224 hp) 1997-2002 <br />
*E 420 (V-8 M119, 4.196 cm³ 4.2L, 205 kW/279 hp) 1997 <br />
*E 430 (V-8 M113, 4.266 cm³ 4.3L, 205 kW/279 hp) 1998-2002 <br />
*E 55 AMG (V-8 M113, 5.439 cm³ 5.4L, 260 kW/354 hp) 1998-2002 <br />
<br />
Diesel for North American Market.<br />
<br />
*E 300 Diesel (I-6, 2.996 cm³ 3.0L, 100 kW/136 hp) 1995-1997 <br />
*E 300 Turbodiesel (I-6, 2.996 cm³ 3.0L, 130 kW/177 hp) 1998-1999<br />
<br />
== Engines ==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Engine || Cyl. || Power (PS) || Torque (Nm) || Engine code<br />
|- <br />
| 2.0 16V || S4 || 136 || 190 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.3 16V || S4 || 150 || 220 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.0 16V K || S4 || 163 || 230 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.4 18V || V6 || 170 || 225 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.8 24V || S6 || 193 || 270 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.8 18V || V6 || 204 || 270 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 3.2 24V || S6 || 218 || 224 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 3.2 18V || V6 || 221 || 232 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 4.2 32V || V8 || 279 || 264 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 4.3 24V || V8 || 290 || 275 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 5.0 32V AMG || V8 || 347 || 384 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 5.5 24V AMG || V8 || 349 || 391 ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2.2 16V D || S4 || 95 || 150 || OM604.<br />
|-<br />
| 2.2 16V CDI || S4 || 102 || 235 || OM611.<br />
|-<br />
| 2.2 16V CDI || S4 || 115 || 250 || OM611.<br />
|-<br />
| 2.2 16V CDI || S4 || 125 || 300 || OM611.<br />
|-<br />
| 2.9 10V TD || S5 || 129 || 300 || OM602.982<br />
|-<br />
| 3.0 24V D || S6 || 136 || 210 || OM606<br />
|-<br />
| 2.2 16V CDI || S4 || 143 || 315 || OM611<br />
|-<br />
| 2.7 20V CDI || S5 || 170 || 370 || OM612<br />
|-<br />
| 3.0 24V TD || S6 || 177 || 330 || OM606<br />
|-<br />
| 3.2 24V CDI || S6 || 197 || 470 || OM613<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Transmissions ==<br />
<br />
The 1996 model W210 E-Class carried over the 4-speed automatic transmission from the previous W124 generation E-Class. In 1997, Mercedes installed in the E-class its newer, electronically-controlled model 722.6 5-speed automatic transmission that first saw duty in 1996 in the V8-powered W140 S-class models. The 722.6 transmission now powers numerous Daimler-Chrysler vehicles. The 4-speed and 5-speed transmissions are both fairly robust, although the 4-speed has a slight edge in durability. The 5-speed transmission is "sealed for life." Mercedes-Benz engineered the transmission fluid to last as long as the transmission's expected lifetime. Many owners do not share Mercedes' expectations for the transmission's lifetime. Since the frequency of fluid changes directly affects the length of a transmission's usable lifetime, many owners and repair shops recommend renewing the fluid and filter every 60,000 to {{convert|100000|mi|km}}.<br />
<br />
== Wheels / Rims and Fitment ==<br />
<br />
The W210 chassis originally came with one of the following OEM wheel setups:<br />
* E300/E320: 16 x 7.5” ET41<br />
* E420: 16 x 7.5” ET41<br />
* E430: 16 x 7.5” ET41 (before 2000); 17 x 7.5” ET41 (after 2000)<br />
* Sport Package: 17 x 7.5” ET37<br />
* Special Edition: 17 x 8” ET35<br />
* E55: 18 x 8” ET31 front, 18 x 9” ET35 rear.<br />
ET is a German abbreviation for offset, more or less, where the number is in mm and indicates amount of offset. This ETxx is usually stamped on the inside of OEM rims for easy reference. <br />
<br />
The bolt pattern is 5x112 (12mm x 1.5 lugs), with an offset range of 30-40mm, a wheel size range of 16"x6.0" to 20"x8.5" . This is the same bolt pattern as most Mercedes, including the previous E-Class (W124). The newer Mercedes, including the 2003 to the present E-Class (W211), have 14 mm lugs, making the wheels less interchangeable between those with 14 mm lugs and 12 mm lugs (although aftermarket lugs are available to be used for this purpose).<br />
<br />
== AMG versions ==<br />
<br />
There were 4 engines that AMG used in the W210. The first was the E36, M104.995, launched in 1996 then the M119.985 in the Euro Spec E50 AMG produced only one year 1997. There was also an option for the M119.985 that was bored out to 6.0L the cars these were fitted to were designated as the E60 and came in sedan and wagon varieties. In 1998 came the M113 powered E55 which used a 5.5L v-8 SOHC 24V to produce {{convert|354|bhp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|391|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque. <br />
<br />
The body styling on all of the W210 AMG models was the same until 2000 when a facelift and interior upgrades were implemented.<br />
<br />
==Specification (European versions)==<br />
===E50 AMG===<br />
<br />
The E50 was only produced 2 years 1996 and 1997 even though all were considered model year 1997. <br />
<br />
Production Figures: ~2,870 (production models).<br />
<br />
*Chassis 210.072<br />
*Motor M 119.985<br />
*Transmission 722.60x <br />
<br />
'''Engine'''<br />
<br />
*90° [[V8]], high-pressure die-cast alloy block, alloy heads<br />
*Displacement 5.0 L (6.0)<br />
*Bore 3.72 in<br />
*Stroke 3.51 in<br />
*Compression ratio: 11.2:1 (same)<br />
*Output {{convert|347|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,550 rpm (398 hp)<br />
*Torque {{convert|355|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} @ 3,200 - 4,400 rpm (395 ft·lbf)<br />
*Valve Gear Belt-driven DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder. <br />
*Redline 6000 rpm Distributor-less computer controlled ignition. Electronic Fuel Injection (Bosch LH Jetronic) <br />
(Same engine used in the S500/C, SL500, with tuned exhaust and cylinder head)<br />
<br />
'''Transmission'''<br />
*5 speed auto 722.609 (same as C43, E55, SL/S600/c)<br />
*Final drive ratio 2.82 <br />
*1st gear 3.59 <br />
*2nd gear 2.19 <br />
*3rd gear 1.41 <br />
*4th gear 1.00 <br />
*5th gear 0.83 <br />
*Reverse gear 3.16 <br />
<br />
'''Performance'''<br />
*General Consensus 0-60 0-100 ~6 SECs<br />
*0-100 6,2 s (AMG figure)<br />
*0-100 5,8 s (Auto Motor und Sport 9/96)<br />
*Top speed: 270 km/h (Drag limited)<br />
<br />
The 1998 and 1999 E55 are identical to the E50.<br />
<br />
===1999 E55 AMG===<br />
<br />
The W210 E55 was only produced 5 years 1998 through 2002 with a facelift in 2000. Production Figures. ~12000 accounted for (production Models). 3000 per year. 500 per year imported to USA. <br />
<br />
*Chassis: 210.074<br />
*Motor: M 113.980<br />
*Transmission: 722.622 <br />
<br />
'''Engine'''<br />
*90 degree V-8, high-pressure die-cast alloy block, alloy heads<br />
*Displacement 5.5 L<br />
*Bore 3.82 in<br />
*Stroke 3.62 in<br />
*Compression ratio 10.5:1 <br />
*Output {{convert|349|hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,550 rpm <br />
*Torque {{convert|391|ft.lbf|N.m|abbr=on}} @ 3,150 - 4,500 rpm <br />
*Valve Gear Belt-driven SOHC, 3 valves per cylinder. <br />
*Redline 6,000 rpm <br />
(Same engine used in the E430, C43)<br />
<br />
'''Transmission'''<br />
*5 speed auto 722.6 (same as C43, E55, SL/S600/c)<br />
*Final drive ratio 2.82 <br />
*1st gear 3.59 <br />
*2nd gear 2.19 <br />
*3rd gear 1.41 <br />
*4th gear 1.00 <br />
*5th gear 0.83 <br />
*Reverse gear 3.16 <br />
<br />
'''Performance'''<br />
*General Consensus 0-60 mph - 0-100 km/h 5.4 s<br />
*0-100: 5,4 s AMG figure (1999)<br />
*Station Wagon (T-modell): 5,7 s<br />
*0-100: 5,3 s (Auto Motor und Sport 7/98)<br />
*Top speed: 260 km/h (155 mph) Electronically limited. <br />
<br />
===E50, E60 and E55 AMG - common technical specs===<br />
<br />
[[Image:E60 AMG.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Rare W210 Mercedes-Benz E60 AMG]]<br />
<br />
'''Suspension'''<br />
<br />
*Front Independent double wishbone with coil springs, gas-pressurized shock absorbers and stabilizer bar. <br />
*Rear 5-arm multilink with coil springs, gas-pressurized shock absorbers and stabilizer bar. <br />
<br />
'''Brakes'''<br />
Hydraulic dual-circuit braking system with vacuum servo unit, disk brakes, internally ventilated, two piece front rotors and 4-piston calipers. <br />
<br />
'''Steering'''<br />
<br />
*Type Rack-and-pinion with speed-sensitive power assist and integrated hydraulic damper. <br />
*turns lock-to-lock 3.20 <br />
*turning circle curb-to-curb {{convert|37.2|ft|m|abbr=on}} <br />
<br />
'''Wheels and tires'''<br />
<br />
*Wheel Size(front) 8.0J x 18 in <br />
*Wheel Size(rear) 9.0J x 18 in <br />
*Wheel Type Aluminum Alloy ///AMG monoblock <br />
*Tires 245/40ZR18 front, 275/35ZR18 rear <br />
<br />
'''Dimensions and weight'''<br />
*Wheelbase 111.5 in/2,833 mm <br />
*Front track 61.4 in/1,560 mm <br />
*Rear Track 60.8 in/1,543 mm <br />
*Length 189.4 in/4,810 mm <br />
*Width 70.8 in/1,799 mm <br />
*Height 56.9 in/1,445 mm <br />
*Curb Weight 3,768 lb/1,715 kg <br />
*Coefficient of drag: 0.29 Cd <br />
*Power-to-weight ratio: 0.09 <br />
<br />
'''Options available'''<br />
Power adjustable front seats, sport steering wheel, leather upholstery, leather shift knob, 5-speed automatic transmission, Brake Assist System (BAS), Electronic Stability System (ESP), automatic climate control with charcoal filter, heated front seats, front and side airbags, power windows, metallic paint, [[xenon HID headlamp]]s. 4 MATIC (Euro spec E55s)<br />
<br />
===E55 After 2000 supplemental information===<br />
<br />
'''Suspension'''<br />
*Front: Independent double wishbone with coil springs, gas-pressurized shock absorbers and stabilizer bar. <br />
*Rear: Independent 5-arm multilink with coil springs, gas-pressurized shock absorbers and stabilizer bar. Separate AMG-Bilstein gas-pressurized shock absorbers and progressive-rate coil springs. Larger, solid stabilizer bars.<br />
<br />
== 4MATIC All-Wheel Drive Option ==<br />
<br />
In 1998, Mercedes-Benz reintroduced the [[4MATIC]] all-wheel drive system. Although this 4Matic system shares its name with the notoriously problematic early '90s 4-MATICsystem of the W124 300TE, the system was totally redesigned and simplified. Abandoning complicated clutches and couplings, Mercedes opted to use three open differentials: front, center, and rear. The system has no known design defects, and incurs very limited, if any, additional direct maintenance costs. The unique front suspension design of the 4MATIC-equipped models make some replacement parts, such as shock absorbers, somewhat more expensive than that of rear-wheel drive counterparts.<br />
<br />
== Common issues ==<br />
<br />
The W210 E-class is a reliable and safe car, with very few major mechanical problems. In an increasing number of cases, the front spring perch has corroded and torn away from the inner fender, causing the front suspension to collapse. (4Matic models are not believed to be affected.) Minor problems include defective harmonic balancer pulleys (recall), rust on trunk lid near latch, rust on door frames under window seals (recall), defective mass airflow meter, melted rear light bulb sockets, defective blower motor regulators, and poorly designed rear window regulators. <br />
<br />
'''Harmonic Balancer''' - If the rubber insert of the [[harmonic balancer pulley]], or main crankshaft pulley, delaminates at high velocity, the pulley may grind through the timing chain cover and oil pan, causing several thousand dollars of damage. Owners should inspect the harmonic balancer pulley regularly for signs of rubber deterioration.<br />
<br />
'''Blower Motor Regulator''' - If this part fails, the climate control fan will not operate faster than approximately 50% power. Mercedes updated the regulator to improve its reliability, but the redesigned regulator requires the installation of a new blower motor -- about $1,000 in parts. The old-style regulator, which is compatible with the existing blower motor, is no longer manufactured. The blower motor regulator may be replaced with the much less expensive W140 S-class blower regulator, provided that the E-class wiring harness is re-attached to the S-class regulator.<br />
<br />
'''Front Sway Bar Drop Links''' - While not a serious concern, most E-classes end up with a sub 35MPH clicking or rattling sound from the front end. This is usually due to worn out front-end sway-bar drop links. These can easily be replaced by anybody with minor knowledge of vehicle DIY, for no more than around £20.<br />
<br />
'''Front Spring Perches''' - Some owners have reported rust problems on the front spring perches - the top perches, which hold the tops of the springs for the front suspension. The perches are spot welded to the chassis, and factory coated in a weatherproof mastic to stop them rusting, however, water gets behind the mastic causing the perches to rust, and eventually to fail - leading to collapse of the suspension. A very dangerous situation. A common problem that Mercedes have acknowledged. The issue is not identifiable without first removing the mastic to check.<br />
<br />
'''Body rust''' - Early model year versions of the W210 were plagued with body rust, notably on European-sold cars. Untypically for Mercedes, rust would sometimes appear spontaneously on panels such as doors and roofs on cars less than a year old. In response to this problem, the manufacturer would normally change or repair the affected panels under warranty. Mercedes-Benz has been criticized in the European press for not officially acknowledging this problem.<br />
<br />
== Model lineage ==<br />
<br />
The W210 models replaced the [[Mercedes-Benz W124|W124]] E-Class models after 1995 and were replaced by the [[Mercedes-Benz W211|W211]] E-Class after 2002.<br />
<br />
== Online owner communities ==<br />
<br />
W210 E-class enthusiasts maintain an active online presence. The forums are helpful in obtaining information for do-it-yourself maintenance, diagnosis, and repair procedures.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.EclassBenz.com/ EclassBenz.com]<br />
*[http://forums.mbworld.org/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=2 MBWorld.org W210 E-class Forum]<br />
*[http://www.benzworld.org/forums/forums/forum-view.asp?fid=17 Benzworld.org W210 E-class Forum]<br />
*[http://www.mbclub.co.uk/forums/index.php UK MBClub Forum]<br />
*http://www.mybenz.org/<br />
<br />
{{Mercedes-Benz vehicles}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz platforms|W210]]<br />
[[Category:Executive cars]]<br />
<br />
[[da:Mercedes-Benz W210]]<br />
[[de:Mercedes-Benz W210]]<br />
[[pl:Mercedes-Benz W210]]<br />
[[sv:Mercedes-Benz W210]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194420398Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T14:50:21Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine */</p>
<hr />
<div>The successor of the '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine|OM617]]''' engine family was the newly developed [[straight-5]] [[Diesel]] automobile engine '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine|OM602]]''' from [[Mercedes-Benz]] used from 1980s up to 2002. With some Mercedes-Benz 250D/E250D diesels exceeding 500,000 or 1,000,000 miles, it's considered to be the one of the most reliable engines ever produced, a succes which is only comparable with the famous OM617 engine. <br />
<br />
The 5-cylinder OM602 was succeeded by the four valve engine OM605 (E250D 20V) and later the OM612 and OM647 with turbo charger and Common Rail Direct Injection (C/E/ML 270CDI).<br />
<br />
==The engine==<br />
The '''Mercedes OM602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2874cc (2.9L) and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans, the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range and even in the 1996-1999 models of the E-class. <br />
It was available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants with two valves per cylinder.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no OM602...'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (>'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ?<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''72 (98)''' or '''75 (102)''' <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 TD.<br />
|02/1995 -> 04/2000<br />
|A.980 & A.986<br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD turbodiesel 4x4 <br />
|07/1997 -> 09/2000<br />
|A.983<br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W210|W210]] E290 turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194418162Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T14:38:18Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine */</p>
<hr />
<div>The successor of the '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine|OM617]]''' engine family was the newly developed [[straight-5]] [[Diesel]] automobile engine '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine|OM602]]''' from [[Mercedes-Benz]] used from 1980s up to 2002. With some Mercedes-Benz 250D/E250D diesels exceeding 500,000 or 1,000,000 miles, it's considered to be the one of the most reliable engines ever produced, a succes which is only comparable with the famous OM617 engine. <br />
<br />
The 5-cylinder OM602 was succeeded by the four valve engine OM605 (E250D 20V) and later the OM612 and OM647 with turbo charger and Common Rail Direct Injection (C/E/ML 270CDI).<br />
<br />
==The engine==<br />
The '''Mercedes OM602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2874cc (2.9L) and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans, the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range and even in the 1996-1999 models of the E-class. <br />
It was available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants with two valves per cylinder.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no OM602...'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (>'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ?<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''72 (98)''' or '''75 (102)''' <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 TD.<br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
| rowspan="2"|A.980 & A.986<br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD turbodiesel 4x4 <br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W210|W210]] E290 turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194417165Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T14:32:44Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine */</p>
<hr />
<div>The successor of the '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine|OM617]]''' engine family was the newly developed [[straight-5]] [[Diesel]] automobile engine '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine|OM602]]''' from [[Mercedes-Benz]] used from 1980s up to 2002. With some Mercedes-Benz 250D/E250D diesels exceeding 500,000 or 1,000,000 miles, it's considered to be the one of the most reliable engines ever produced, a succes which is only comparable with the famous OM617 engine. <br />
<br />
The 5-cylinder OM602 was succeeded by the four valve engine OM605 (E250D 20V) and later the OM612 and OM647 with turbo charger and Common Rail Direct Injection (C/E/ML 270CDI).<br />
<br />
==The engine==<br />
The '''Mercedes OM602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2874cc (2.9L) and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans, the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range and even in the 1996-1999 models of the E-class. <br />
It was available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants with two valves per cylinder.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no OM602...'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (>'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ?<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''72 (98)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 TD.<br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
| rowspan="2"|A.980<br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD turbodiesel 4x4 <br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W210|W210]] E290 turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194397276Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:57:55Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The successor of the '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine|OM617]]''' engine family was the newly developed [[straight-5]] [[Diesel]] automobile engine '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine|OM602]]''' from [[Mercedes-Benz]] used from 1980s up to 2002. With some Mercedes-Benz 250D/E250D diesels exceeding 500,000 or 1,000,000 miles, it's considered to be the one of the most reliable engines ever produced, a succes which is only comparable with the famous OM617 engine. <br />
<br />
The 5-cylinder OM602 was succeeded by the four valve engine OM605 (E250D 20V) and later the OM612 and OM647 with turbo charger and Common Rail Direct Injection (C/E/ML 270CDI).<br />
<br />
==The engine==<br />
The '''Mercedes OM602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2874cc (2.9L) and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans, the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range and even in the 1996-1999 models of the E-class. <br />
It was available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants with two valves per cylinder.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no OM602...'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (>'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ?<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 TD.<br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
| rowspan="2"|A.980<br />
| rowspan="2"|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD turbodiesel 4x4 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W210|W210]] E290 turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194395058Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:37:21Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine */</p>
<hr />
<div>The successor of the '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine|OM617]]''' engine family was the newly developed [[straight-5]] [[Diesel]] automobile engine '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine|OM602]]''' from [[Mercedes-Benz]] used from 1980s up to 2002. With some Mercedes-Benz 250D/E250D diesels exceeding 500,000 or 1,000,000 miles, it's considered to be the one of the most reliable engines ever produced, a succes which is only comparable with the famous OM617 engine. <br />
<br />
==The engine==<br />
The '''Mercedes OM602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2874cc (2.9L) and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans, the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range and even in the 1996-1999 models of the E-class. It was available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants with two or four valves per cylinder.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no OM602...'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (>'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ?<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 TD.<br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
| rowspan="2"|A.980<br />
| rowspan="2"|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD turbodiesel 4x4 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W210|W210]] E290 turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194394901Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:35:40Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The successor of the '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine|OM617]]''' engine family was the newly developed [[straight-5]] [[Diesel]] automobile engine '''[[Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine|OM602]]''' from [[Mercedes-Benz]] used from 1980s up to 2002. With some Mercedes-Benz 250D/E250D diesels exceeding 500,000 or 1,000,000 miles, it's considered to be the one of the most reliable engines ever produced, a succes which is only comparable with the famous OM617 engine. <br />
<br />
==The engine==<br />
The '''Mercedes OM602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2874cc (2.9L) and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans, the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range and even in the 1996-1999 models of the E-class. It was available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants with two or four valves per cylinder.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no OM602...'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (>'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ?<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 TD.<br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
| rowspan="2"|A.980<br />
| rowspan="2"|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD turbodiesel 4x4 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] E290 turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM617_engine&diff=194394244Mercedes-Benz OM617 engine2008-02-27T11:29:01Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Automobile engine<br />
|image=<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[image:OM617.jpg|250px|Mercedes-Benz OM617]] --><br />
|name=Mercedes-Benz OM617 Diesel Engine<br />
|manufacturer=[[Daimler-Benz]]<br />
|production=1974 to 1986<br />
|successor = [[Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine|OM602]]<br />
}} <br />
<br />
The '''OM617''' engine family was a [[straight-5]] [[Diesel]] automobile engine from [[Mercedes-Benz]] used in the 1970s and 1980s. With some Mercedes-Benz 300D/300SD diesels already exceeding 500,000 or 1,000,000 miles, it's considered to be the one of the most reliable engines ever produced.<br />
<br />
==OM617.912==<br />
<br />
The '''OM617.912''' was a 3.0&nbsp;L (3005&nbsp;cc) engine. Power output began at 80&nbsp;hp (59&nbsp;kW) but rose to 88&nbsp;hp (65&nbsp;kW) in 1979.<br />
<br />
Applications:<br />
* 80&nbsp;PS (79&nbsp;hp/59&nbsp;kW)<br />
** 1974-1976 [[Mercedes-Benz W115 300D]]<br />
** 1976-1979 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300D]]<br />
** 1976-1979 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300D Long]]<br />
** 1976-1979 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300CD]]<br />
** 1976-1979 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300TD]]<br />
* 88&nbsp;PS (87&nbsp;hp/65&nbsp;kW)<br />
** 1979-1985 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300D]]<br />
** 1979-1985 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300D Long]]<br />
** 1979-1985 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300CD]]<br />
** 1979-1985 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300TD]]<br />
<br />
==OM617.950==<br />
<br />
The revised '''OM617.950''' also displaced 3.0&nbsp;L but was now 2998&nbsp;cc with a 90.9&nbsp;mm bore and 92.4&nbsp;mm stroke. Power output was 115&nbsp;hp (85&nbsp;kW). This engine was used solely in the [[Mercedes-Benz W116|W116 300SD]] from 1978 to 1980. It was the world's first turbocharged regular production diesel sedan.<br />
<br />
==OM617.951==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:300SD OM617.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mercedes-Benz OM617 in 300SD]] <br />
<br />
The '''OM617.951''' also displaced 2998&nbsp;cc with a 90.9&nbsp;mm bore and 92.4&nbsp;mm stroke. Power output was 123&nbsp;hp (91&nbsp;kW) at first but rose to 125&nbsp;hp (92&nbsp;kW) in 1983. Torque was rated at {{Auto ft.lbf|170|0}}. <br />
<br />
Applications:<br />
* 123&nbsp;PS (121&nbsp;hp/91&nbsp;kW)<br />
** 1981-1983 [[Mercedes-Benz W126|300SD Turbo]]<br />
* 125&nbsp;PS (123&nbsp;hp/92&nbsp;kW)<br />
** 1983-1985 [[Mercedes-Benz W126|300SD Turbo]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:EnfineOM617A.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mercedes-Benz OM617]]<br />
<br />
==OM617.952==<br />
<br />
The revised '''OM617.952''' also displaced 3.0&nbsp;L but was now 2998&nbsp;cc with a 90.9&nbsp;mm bore and 92.4&nbsp;mm stroke. Power output was 123&nbsp;hp (91&nbsp;kW) at first but rose to 125&nbsp;hp (92&nbsp;kW) in 1983. Torque was rated at {{Auto ft.lbf|170|0}}.<br />
<br />
Applications:<br />
* 123&nbsp;PS (121&nbsp;hp/91&nbsp;kW)<br />
** 1981-1983 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300D Turbo]]<br />
** 1981-1983 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300CD Turbo]]<br />
** 1981-1983 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300TD Turbo]]<br />
* 125&nbsp;PS (123&nbsp;hp/92&nbsp;kW)<br />
** 1983-1985 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300D Turbo]]<br />
** 1983-1985 [[Mercedes-Benz W123|300CD Turbo]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Mercedes-Benz engines]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM617]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Mercedes-Benz OM617]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194393820Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:24:31Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Mercedes 602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2.9L and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans and the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range. It is available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no OM602...'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (>'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ?<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|rowspan="2"|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 TD.<br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
| rowspan="2"|A.980<br />
| rowspan="2"|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD turbodiesel 4x4 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] E290 turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194393457Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:20:45Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Mercedes 602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2.9L and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans and the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range. It is available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ~2002<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 TD.<br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
| rowspan="2"|A.980<br />
| rowspan="2"|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD turbodiesel 4x4 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] E290 turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194393361Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:19:56Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Mercedes 602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2.9L and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans and the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range. It is available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ~2002<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 TD.<br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
|A.980<br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 290 GD turbodiesel 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] E290 turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194392894Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:15:07Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Mercedes 602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2.9L and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans and the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range. It is available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ~2002<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 Turbo-D.<br />
|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
|A.980<br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] E290 Turbodiesel<br />
|03/1996 -> 07/1999<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194392753Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:13:42Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Engine versions */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Mercedes 602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2.9L and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans and the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range. It is available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Versions of OM602 Mercedes 5-cylinder diesel engine==<br />
<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Model indication'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 & .912 & .930 & .931<br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ~2002<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 Turbo-D.<br />
|A.980<br />
|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] E290 Turbodiesel<br />
|A.982 <br />
|1996 -> 1999<br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194392528Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:11:21Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Engine versions */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Mercedes 602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2.9L and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans and the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range. It is available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Engine versions==<br />
<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Modell + Motorisierung'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 &.912 &.930 &.931<br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_G-Class|G-Class]] 250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|'''66 (90)'''<br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ~2002<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] 190 2.5 turbodiesel & [[Mercedes-Benz_W124|W124]] 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 Turbo-D.<br />
|A.980<br />
|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mercedes-Benz_W201|W201]] E290 Turbodiesel<br />
|A.982 <br />
|1996 -> 1999<br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194392286Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:08:52Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Engine versions */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Mercedes 602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2.9L and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans and the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range. It is available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Engine versions==<br />
<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Modell + Motorisierung'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 &.912 &.930 &.931<br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|'''66 (90)'''<br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ~2002<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|190 2.5 turbodiesel & 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 Turbo-D.<br />
|A.980<br />
|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|E290 Turbodiesel<br />
|A.982 <br />
|1996 -> 1999<br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_OM602_engine&diff=194392177Mercedes-Benz OM602 engine2008-02-27T11:07:49Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Mercedes 602''' engine is a 5 cylinder diesel engine of 2497cc. The engine was also increased in capacity to 2.9L and used in the Phase 1 Mercedes Sprinter vans and the Ssangyong Musso and Korando range. It is available in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged variants.<br />
<br />
The camshafts and injection pump are driven by duplex chain from the crankshaft. A separate single row chain drives the oil pump. The camshaft operated the valves via hydraulic bucket tappets; valve clearance adjustment is automatic.<br />
<br />
On earlier models of 2497cc Fuel injection is indirect. A Bosch PES in-line injection pump is used, with a mechanical governor and and vacuum-operated stop control. The pump is lubricated by a connection to the engine oil circulation and the fuel lift pump is mounted on the side of the injection pump. <br />
<br />
The later, 2.9L capacity unit uses a Bosch VE style rotary distributor injection pump with electronic control. This larger capacity version uses direct injection.<br />
<br />
Preheating is by glow plugs with automatic control of preheating time.<br />
<br />
==Engine versions==<br />
<br />
{| class="prettytable" <br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Modell + Motorisierung'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Year'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Engine no'''<br />
| style="background:#CCCCCC;text-align:center" | '''Power in kW (HP)'''<br />
|- <br />
| style="background:#EEEEEE;text-align:center" colspan=4 | '''OM 602.xxx (5-cylinder diesel)'''<br />
|- <br />
|[[W201]] 190 2.5 D. & 250 D <br />
| rowspan="2"|04/1985 - 06/1993<br />
|.911 &.912 &.930 &.931<br />
|'''66 (90)''' (<'89) or '''69 (94)''' (<'89)<br />
|-<br />
|250 GD 4x4 <br />
|.938 & .939 <br />
|'''66 (90)'''<br />
|-<br />
|210 & 310 & 410 2,9 D. <br />
| rowspan="2"|10/1988 -> ~2002<br />
|.940 & .942<br />
|'''73 (100)'''<br />
|-<br />
|290 GD 4x4 <br />
|.946 & .947 <br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|190 2.5 turbodiesel & 250D turbo <br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1987 -> 1993<br />
|A.961 & A.962<br />
|'''90 (122)''' (<'88) or '''92 (126)''' (>'88)<br />
|-<br />
|Sprinter 2,5 Turbo-D. <br />
|A.963 <br />
|'''90 (122)'''<br />
|-<br />
|212D & 312D & 412D & Sprinter 2,9 Turbo-D.<br />
|A.980<br />
| rowspan="2"|01/1995 -> ~2002<br />
|'''88 (120)'''<br />
|-<br />
|E290 Turbodiesel<br />
|A.982 <br />
|'''95 (129)'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mercedes-Benz engines|OM602]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Twaron&diff=175927944Talk:Twaron2007-12-05T14:44:12Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{chemicals|class=Start|importance=High}}<br />
<br />
This re-direct isn't strictly speaking correct. Although Kevlar and Twaron are both aramid fibres they are the trade names used by two different companies. Kevlar is the trade name of DuPont and Twaron belongs to Teijin Twaron<br />
:Totally right, redirect changed to Aramid. Better would be writing an article on Twaron.--MBLe 17:22, 17 January 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:: True, however, it still should be noted that they are chemically virtually identical. Although I believe that Kevlar is a little bit more sulfonated than twaron. Was Dupont actually first in the manufacture? And what about the patent war between (then) Enka and Dupont about the use of CaCl<sub>2<sub>2</sub></sub> and [NMP]? [[User:Sikkema|Sikkema]] 10:12, 13 June 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Why is it an AABB polymer? Shouldn't it be an AB polymer? [[User:I&#39;m with gerrit|I&#39;m with gerrit]] ([[User talk:I&#39;m with gerrit|talk]]) 11:49, 21 November 2007 (UTC)<br />
:: An AB polymer would be -CO-NH-Ar-CO-NH-Ar-CO-NH-Ar- as the A or B refer to the NH or CO groups. AABB is therefore -NH-CO-Ar-CO-NH-Ar-NH-CO- which is the sequence used for industrial aramids. (Ar stands for aromatic ring) --MBLe 14:57, 23 November 2007 (UTC) <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Mbvanleeuwen|Mbvanleeuwen]] ([[User talk:Mbvanleeuwen|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbvanleeuwen|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--><br />
::: Wouldn't it make more sense to have A and B refer to the monomers used (see the page on [[copolymer]]s), which would make this an AB copolymer? [[User:I&#39;m with gerrit|I&#39;m with gerrit]] ([[User talk:I&#39;m with gerrit|talk]]) 13:18, 24 November 2007 (UTC)<br />
:::: Actually I didn't make this up, it is the way JWS Hearle describes aramids in his book "High performance fibres". And with reason, because when using the sequence code for the monomers (specifically used for para-aramid), you would strongly restrict yourself in describing other variants of aramids. [[User:Mbvanleeuwen|Mbvanleeuwen]] ([[User talk:Mbvanleeuwen|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mbvanleeuwen|contribs]]) {{{2|}}} --MBLe 14:44, 5 December 2007 (UTC)</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mbvanleeuwen&diff=175926739User talk:Mbvanleeuwen2007-12-05T14:35:58Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* {{{header-text|Notability of WireCo}}} */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Orphaned non-free image (Image:Sulfron logo.JPG)==<br />
Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Sulfron logo.JPG]]'''. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[WP:FU|claim of fair use]]. However, the image is currently [[Wikipedia:Orphan|orphaned]], meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. [[WP:BOLD|You may add it back]] if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).<br />
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If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "[[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|my contributions]]" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Orphaned --> [[User:Aksibot|Aksibot]] 16:24, 28 May 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==[[:Teijin Aramid]]==<br />
{{{icon|[[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|left|40px]]}}}<br />
This is an automated message from [[User:CorenSearchBot|CorenSearchBot]]. I have performed a web search with the contents of [[:Teijin Aramid]], and it appears to be very similar to another wikipedia page: [[:{{{2|Teijin Twaron}}}]]. It is possible that you have accidentally duplicated contents, or made an error while creating the page&mdash; you might want to look at the pages and see if that is the case.<br />
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This message was placed automatically, and it is possible that the bot is confused and found similarity where none actually exists. If that is the case, you can remove the tag from the article and it would be appreciated if you could drop a note on [[User talk:Coren|the maintainer's talk page]]. [[User:CorenSearchBot|CorenSearchBot]] 13:41, 10 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
==Orphaned non-free media (Image:Twaron logo.JPG)==<br />
[[Image:Nuvola apps important blue.svg|25px]] Thanks for uploading '''[[:Image:Twaron logo.JPG]]'''. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a [[WP:FU|claim of fair use]]. However, it is currently [[Wikipedia:Orphan|orphaned]], meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. [[WP:BOLD|You may add it back]] if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see [[Wikipedia:Non-free content#Policy|our policy for non-free media]]).<br />
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If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "[[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|my contributions]]" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any '''articles''' will be deleted after seven days, as described on [[wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion#Images.2FMedia|criteria for speedy deletion]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Orphaned --> [[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] 05:30, 11 September 2007 (UTC)<br />
==Fair use disputed for Image:Pipelife logo.jpg==<br />
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<br />
=={{{header-text|Notability of [[:WireCo]]}}}==<br />
A tag has been placed on [[:WireCo]] requesting that it be [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedily deleted]] from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the [[WP:CSD#Articles|criteria for speedy deletion]], articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please [[Wikipedia:Notability|see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable]]. <br />
<br />
If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding <code>{{tl|hangon}}</code> to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on '''[[Talk:WireCo|the article's talk page]]''' explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for ''speedy'' deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.<br />
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For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|for biographies]], [[WP:WEB|for web sites]], [[WP:BAND|for bands]], or [[WP:CORP|for companies]]. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.<!-- Template:Nn-warn --> Blanchardb-<small>[[User:Blanchardb|<span style="color:#40D000">Me</span>]]</small><sup>[[User Talk:Blanchardb|<span style="color:#0040D0">MyEars</span>]]</sup><sub>[[Special:Contributions/Blanchardb|<span style="color:D00040">MyMouth</span>]]</sub>-timed 12:36, 5 December 2007 (UTC)<br />
: I do not agree with this and have added extra links to prove the relevance of WireCo--MBLe 14:35, 5 December 2007 (UTC)</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASAR&diff=175925474CASAR2007-12-05T14:27:25Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[CASAR|CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar GmbH]]''' is a wire rope producing company based in Kirkel, Germany. <br />
CASAR develops, produces and distributes Special Wire Ropes for cranes and other lifting devices. CASAR employs 380 people. The production capacity is 18.000ts (2007).<br />
<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The company CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar was founded in 1948 by consul Joseph Verreet . CASAR is an abbreviation for the French term ’Câblerie Sarroise’.<br />
CASAR produced the first 8-strand ropes already in 1949 - in a time, where six-strand-ropes have been usual. <br />
CASAR became one of the leading manufacturer of Special Wire Ropes. <br />
The ’Space Mountain’ at EuroDisney for example works with a special designed wire rope from CASAR. <br />
<br />
On the OIPEEC mining conference in Athens, 2006, CASAR presented a new solution to decrease the weight of wire ropes, by using composite ropes<ref> {{cite journal |author= G.Rebel, R.Vereet, I.M.L.Ridge| title= Lightweight ropes for lifting applications| journal= OIPEEC Rope Solutions| year= | volume= | issue= October 2007| pages=51| url= http://www.ropesolutions.com/bro_engl/lightweight_ropes.pdf}}</ref>.<br />
In 2007, again on the OIPEEC, CASAR presented their results of this new developed rope, which shows interesting results.<br />
<br />
Since 2007 CASAR is part of [[WireCo|WireCo Worldgroup]], former WRCA<ref> {{cite journal |author= Wire Rope News| title= WRCA signs definitive agreement to purchase CASAR| journal= Wire Rope News| year= | volume= | issue= October 2007| pages=51| url= http://www.wireropenews.com/pdf/pages/oct07_pg51.pdf}}</ref>, <ref>[http://www.cranestodaymagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2046499&sectioncode=135 Cranes Today: WRCA buys CASAR]</ref>.<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[WireCo|WireCo WorldGroup]]<br />
* [[wire rope]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.casar.de/english/firma/firma.htm CASAR website]<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.wirecoworldgroup.com/ WireCo Worldgroup website]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{company-stub}}</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twaron&diff=175925190Twaron2007-12-05T14:25:38Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Twaron''' is the brandname of [[Teijin Aramid]] for a [[Aramid|para-aramid]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
'''Twaron''' is a heat-resistant and strong [[synthetic fiber]] developed in the early 1970s by the Dutch company [[Akzo Nobel|AKZO]], division [[ENKA BV|Enka]], later Akzo Industrial Fibers. The research name of the [[aramid|para-aramid fiber]] was originally '''Fiber X''', but it was soon called '''Arenka'''. Although the Dutch para-aramid fiber was developed only a little later than DuPont's Kevlar, introduction of Twaron as a commercial product came much later than Kelvar due to financial problems at the AKZO company in the 1970s. <br />
<br />
A short overview of the history of Twaron<ref> {{cite journal |author= Year of Twaron| title= Twaron - A history of innovation | journal= Twaron News| year= | volume= | issue= June 2007| pages=10-11| url= http://www.twaron.com/pdf/news20070605/TEI7005TNJune%2010-11.pdf}}</ref>:<br />
* In 1960s start of research program for Fiber X.<br />
* In 1972 the ENKA Research laboratory develops a para-aramid called '''Arenka'''.<br />
* In 1973 Akzo decides to use [[sulphuric acid|sulphuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)]] as a solvent for spinning.<br />
* In 1976 a pilot plant is built. First production in 1977.<br />
* In 1984 the product is renamed '''Twaron'''.<br />
* In 1986 commercial production is started at three locations and nine plants.<br />
* In 1987 '''Twaron''' is introduced as a commercial product.<br />
* In 1989 the aramid business of Akzo becomes an independent Business Unit called [[Teijin Twaron|Twaron BV]].<br />
* Since 2000 Twaron BV is owned by the [[Teijin|Teijin Group]], now called Teijin Twaron BV and based in [[Arnhem]], The Netherlands. The main production facilities for Twaron are in [[Emmen]] en [[Delfzijl]].<br />
* In 2007 Teijin Twaron expands for the fourth time in six years <ref> {{cite journal |author= International Fiber Journal| title= Teijin Launches Fourth Production Expansion in Six Years| journal= Fiber Journal| year= 2007| volume= | issue= February| pages=20| url= https://www.ifj.com/industryNews/rsIndustryNews2.asp?id=788}}</ref> and also changes its name into [[Teijin Aramid]].<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Polymer preparation===<br />
Twaron is a ''p''-phenylene terephtalamide (P''p''PTA), the simplest form of the [[aramid|AABB para polyaramide]]. P''p''PTA is a product of ''p''-phenylene diamine ([[PPD]]) and [[Terephthaloyl chloride|terephtaloyl dichloride (TDC)]]. To dissolve the [[aromatic]] [[polymer]] Twaron used a co-solvent of [[Methylpyrrolidone|N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)]] and an [[Ion|ionic]] component ([[calcium chloride|Calcium Chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>]]) to occupy the [[hydrogen bond]]s of the amide groups. Prior to the invention of this process by Leo Vollbracht, working at the Dutch chemical firm [[Akzo Nobel|AKZO]], no practical means of dissolving the polymer was known. The use of this system by [[DuPont]] led to a patent war between [[Akzo Nobel|AKZO]] and [[DuPont]] as Dupont initially used the [[carcinogenic]] [[HMPT]] ([[Hexamethylphosphoramide]]). Despite heavy research DuPont now also uses the AKZO patent to use the less hazardous [[Methylpyrrolidone|NMP]] in the [[Kevlar]] process.<br />
<br />
===Spinning===<br />
After the production of the Twaron polymer in Delfzijl, the polymer is brought to Emmen, where fibers are produced by [[spinneret|spinning]] the dissolved polymer into a [[solid]] fiber from a [[liquid]] chemical blend. Polymer solvent for spinning PPTA is generally 100% (water free) [[sulphuric acid|sulphuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)]]. The polymer is dissolved by mixing frozen sulphuric acid in powder form with the polymer in powder form and gently heating the mixture. This process, which differs from the more difficult DuPont process, was invented by Henri Lammers and patented by [[Akzo Nobel|AKZO]].<br />
<br />
==Major industrial uses==<br />
Twaron is a [[aramid|para-aramid]] and is used in automotive, construction, sport, aerospace, military and industry applications, e.g., "bullet-proof" [[bulletproof vest|body armor]], [[cloth|fabric]], and as an [[asbestos]] substitute. <br />
<br />
* Protective Gear (Heat Resistant / [[Ballistics]]): <br />
** flame-resistant [[clothing]]<br />
** [[personal protective equipment|protective clothing]] and [[helmet]]s<br />
** [[gloves|Anti-cut or heat resistant gloves]]<br />
** [[sport|sporting goods]]<br />
** [[Textile|fabric]]s<br />
** [[bulletproof vest|body armor]]<br />
* Composites:<br />
** [[composite material]]s<br />
** [[paper|technical paper]]<br />
** [[asbestos]] replacement<br />
** hot air [[filtration]]<br />
** [[sail]] [[cloth]] (not necessarily racing [[boat]] sails)<br />
** [[loudspeaker|speaker]] woofers<br />
** [[boat]] hull material<br />
** [[fiber reinforced concrete]]<br />
** [[drum]]heads<br />
* Automotive:<br />
** [[brake pads]]<br />
** [[turbocharger|turbo hoses]]<br />
** [[belt|timing and V-belts]]<br />
** [[tire]]s that incorporate [[Sulfron|Sulfron (sulphur modified Twaron)]]<br />
** mechanical [[rubber]] goods reinforcement<br />
* Linear Tension:<br />
** [[optical fiber#optical fiber cables|optical fiber cables (OFC)]]<br />
** [[rope]]s, [[wire rope]]s, [[cable]]s <ref>[http://www.cranestodaymagazine.com/story.asp?storycode=2047050 Cranes Today: Rope Trick]</ref><br />
** [[umbilical cable]]s<br />
** [[Mechanical Cable|Electrical Mechanical Cable (EMC)]]<br />
** [[Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe]]s<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Teijin]]<br />
** [[Teijin Aramid]]<br />
** [[Technora]]<br />
* [[Aramid]]<br />
* [[Nylon]]<br />
* [[Fiber]]s<br />
* [[Textile]]<br />
* [[Wire rope]]<br />
* [[Personal protective equipment]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
*{{cite book |author=JWS Hearle |publisher=Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Abington, UK - The Textile Institute |title=High-performance fibres |isbn=1855735393}}<br />
* {{cite journal |author= Doetze J. Sikkema | title= Manmade fibers one hundred years: Polymers and polymer design | journal= J Appl Polym Sci, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | year= 2002| volume= | issue= 83| pages= 484-488| url= }}<br />
* L. Vollbracht and T.J. Veerman, US Patent 4308374 (1976)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.teijinaramid.com/smartsite.dws?id=90 Official Twaron website]<br />
* [http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/aramid.htm General Aramid information]<br />
<br />
{{TEIJIN}}<br />
<br />
{{fibers}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Synthetic fibers]]<br />
[[Category:Organic polymers]]<br />
[[Category:Brand name materials]]<br />
[[Category:Personal armour]]<br />
[[Category:Cables]]<br />
[[Category:Protective gear]]<br />
[[Category:Safety clothing]]<br />
<br />
[[cs:Twaron]]<br />
[[de:Twaron]]<br />
[[fr:Twaron]]<br />
[[nl:Twaron]]<br />
[[pl:Twaron]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASAR&diff=175925093CASAR2007-12-05T14:24:54Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[CASAR|CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar GmbH]]''' is a wire rope producing company based in Kirkel, Germany. <br />
CASAR develops, produces and distributes Special Wire Ropes for cranes and other lifting devices. CASAR employs 380 people. The production capacity is 18.000ts (2007).<br />
<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The company CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar was founded in 1948 by consul Joseph Verreet . CASAR is an abbreviation for the French term ’Câblerie Sarroise’.<br />
CASAR produced the first 8-strand ropes already in 1949 - in a time, where six-strand-ropes have been usual. <br />
CASAR became one of the leading manufacturer of Special Wire Ropes. <br />
The ’Space Mountain’ at EuroDisney for example works with a special designed wire rope from CASAR. <br />
<br />
On the OIPEEC mining conference in Athens, 2006, CASAR presented a new solution to decrease the weight of wire ropes, by using composite ropes<ref> {{cite journal |author= G.Rebel, R.Vereet, I.M.L.Ridge| title= Lightweight ropes for lifting applications| journal= OIPEEC Rope Solutions| year= | volume= | issue= October 2007| pages=51| url= http://www.ropesolutions.com/bro_engl/lightweight_ropes.pdf}}</ref>.<br />
In 2007, again on the OIPEEC, CASAR presented their results of this new developed rope, which shows interesting results.<br />
<br />
Since 2007 CASAR is part of WireCo Worldgroup, former WRCA<ref> {{cite journal |author= Wire Rope News| title= WRCA signs definitive agreement to purchase CASAR| journal= Wire Rope News| year= | volume= | issue= October 2007| pages=51| url= http://www.wireropenews.com/pdf/pages/oct07_pg51.pdf}}</ref>, <ref>[http://www.cranestodaymagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2046499&sectioncode=135 Cranes Today: WRCA buys CASAR]</ref>.<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[wire rope]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.casar.de/english/firma/firma.htm CASAR website]<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.wirecoworldgroup.com/ WireCo Worldgroup website]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{company-stub}}</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASAR&diff=175916440CASAR2007-12-05T13:16:25Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[CASAR|CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar GmbH]]''' is a wire rope producing company based in Kirkel, Germany. <br />
CASAR develops, produces and distributes Special Wire Ropes for cranes and other lifting devices. CASAR employs 380 people. The production capacity is 18.000ts (2007).<br />
<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The company CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar was founded in 1948 by consul Joseph Verreet . CASAR is an abbreviation for the French term ’Câblerie Sarroise’.<br />
CASAR produced the first 8-strand ropes already in 1949 - in a time, where six-strand-ropes have been usual. <br />
CASAR became one of the leading manufacturer of Special Wire Ropes. <br />
The ’Space Mountain’ at EuroDisney for example works with a special designed wire rope from CASAR. <br />
Since 2007 CASAR is part of WireCo Worldgroup, former WRCA<ref> {{cite journal |author= Wire Rope News| title= WRCA signs definitive agreement to purchase CASAR| journal= Wire Rope News| year= | volume= | issue= October 2007| pages=51| url= http://www.wireropenews.com/pdf/pages/oct07_pg51.pdf}}</ref>, <ref>[http://www.cranestodaymagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2046499&sectioncode=135 Cranes Today: WRCA buys CASAR]</ref>.<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[wire rope]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.casar.de/english/firma/firma.htm CASAR website]<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.wirecoworldgroup.com/ WireCo Worldgroup website]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{company-stub}}</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASAR&diff=175912035CASAR2007-12-05T12:34:55Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[CASAR|CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar GmbH]]''' is a wire rope producing company based in Kirkel, Germany. <br />
CASAR develops, produces and distributes Special Wire Ropes for cranes and other lifting devices. CASAR employs 380 people. The production capacity is 18.000ts (2007).<br />
<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The company CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar was founded in 1948 by consul Joseph Verreet . CASAR is an abbreviation for the French term ’Câblerie Sarroise’.<br />
CASAR produced the first 8-strand ropes already in 1949 - in a time, where six-strand-ropes have been usual. <br />
CASAR became one of the leading manufacturer of Special Wire Ropes. <br />
The ’Space Mountain’ at EuroDisney for example works with a special designed wire rope from CASAR. <br />
Since 2007 CASAR is part of [[WireCo|WireCo Worldgroup]], former WRCA.<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[wire rope]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.casar.de/english/firma/firma.htm CASAR website]<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.wirecoworldgroup.com/ WireCo Worldgroup website]<br />
<br />
{{company-stub}}</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ropework&diff=175910858Ropework2007-12-05T12:25:25Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: /* Fusing frayed ropes */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Ropework''' or '''[[Marlinespike Seamanship]]''' is the set of processes and skills used to make, repair, and use [[rope]]. This includes tying [[knot]]s, [[splicing (rope)|splicing]], making lashings, and proper use and storage of rope.<br />
<br />
==Making a rope==<br />
{{main|Rope}}<br />
<br />
To make a rope, take a long length of [[twine]] or [[yarn]] and tie it to a rod of strong material. Loop it around a second rod, held at a distance. Take it back to the first rod, loop it around, and then once more back to the second, to which it is then tied. There should be three lengths of twine running between the two rods. Each person holding a rod then moves backward until the lengths are taut and then begins turning his rod [[counterclockwise]]. This continues until the twine has been tightly twisted; at this point, the securing knots are untied. The twine is then secured to the rods again (as if the piece of three twisted lengths is one) and run between them as before was, with three lengths between the rods. The holders again pull the material taut and begin turning, this time in the opposite direction. When the rope is tightly twisted, each end is whipped (see below) and then cut between the whipping and the rod.<br />
<br />
==Whipping frayed ropes==<br />
{{main|Whipping knot}}<br />
<br />
A [[whipping knot]] is a type of knot used to hold the frayed end of a rope together. [[Constrictor knot]]s can serve as temporary whippings while cutting ropes, as can a few layers of adhesive [[tape]].<br />
<br />
The simplest sort of proper whipping is the [[common whipping]]. It is made by taking a two-[[foot (unit of length)|foot]]-or-greater length of strong string, forming a loop with it, three or four [[diameter]]s of the rope in length, and lying it on the rope near the frayed end. The rest of the length is then tightly wrapped without overlapping around the rope, moving up the loop. When the end of the loop is nearly covered, pull the remaining free length of the string through the loop and then pull on both ends, which will pull the end of the loop under the whipping. Cut off the end of the rope close to the edge of the whipping and then cut off the two free lengths of string.<br />
<br />
==Fusing frayed ropes==<br />
<br />
Fusion is a method of treating the end of [[synthetic fiber]] rope through use of [[heat]]. Make a clean cut near the end and hold the newly cut end a few inches above a flame until the fibers have melted and fused together. Allow the end to cool before touching it or setting it down.<br />
<br />
Another method of fusing is used for ropes from non-melting fibers like [[cotton]] and [[aramid]]. In this case the method is simply to cut the end of the rope, coat or dip the exposed fibers in [[glue]], [[resin]] or [[paint]] and allow to dry.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Rope splicing]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.marlinespike.com Examples of Fancy Ropework.]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ropework| ]]<br />
[[Category:Skills]]<br />
[[Category:Sailing]]<br />
[[Category:Textile arts]]<br />
<br />
[[ja:ロープワーク]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASAR&diff=175909648CASAR2007-12-05T12:15:20Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: ←Created page with ''''CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar GmbH''' is a wire rope producing company based in Kirkel, Germany. CASAR develops, produces and distributes Special Wire Rope...'</p>
<hr />
<div>'''[[CASAR|CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar GmbH]]''' is a wire rope producing company based in Kirkel, Germany. <br />
CASAR develops, produces and distributes Special Wire Ropes for cranes and other lifting devices. CASAR employs 380 people. The production capacity is 18.000ts (2007).<br />
<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The company CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar was founded in 1948 by consul Joseph Verreet . CASAR is an abbreviation for the French term ’Câblerie Sarroise’.<br />
CASAR produced the first 8-strand ropes already in 1949 - in a time, where six-strand-ropes have been usual. <br />
CASAR became one of the leading manufacturer of Special Wire Ropes. <br />
The ’Space Mountain’ at EuroDisney for example works with a special designed wire rope from CASAR. <br />
Since 2007 CASAR is part of [[WireCo|WireCo Worldgroup]], former WRCA.<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[wire rope]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.casar.de/english/firma/firma.htm CASAR website]<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.wirecoworldgroup.com/ WireCo Worldgroup website]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Twaron&diff=173289021Talk:Twaron2007-11-23T14:57:29Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{chemicals|class=Start|importance=High}}<br />
<br />
This re-direct isn't strictly speaking correct. Although Kevlar and Twaron are both aramid fibres they are the trade names used by two different companies. Kevlar is the trade name of DuPont and Twaron belongs to Teijin Twaron<br />
:Totally right, redirect changed to Aramid. Better would be writing an article on Twaron.--MBLe 17:22, 17 January 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:: True, however, it still should be noted that they are chemically virtually identical. Although I believe that Kevlar is a little bit more sulfonated than twaron. Was Dupont actually first in the manufacture? And what about the patent war between (then) Enka and Dupont about the use of CaCl<sub>2<sub>2</sub></sub> and [NMP]? [[User:Sikkema|Sikkema]] 10:12, 13 June 2007 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
Why is it an AABB polymer? Shouldn't it be an AB polymer? [[User:I&#39;m with gerrit|I&#39;m with gerrit]] ([[User talk:I&#39;m with gerrit|talk]]) 11:49, 21 November 2007 (UTC)<br />
:: An AB polymer would be -CO-NH-Ar-CO-NH-Ar-CO-NH-Ar- as the A or B refer to the NH or CO groups. AABB is therefore -NH-CO-Ar-CO-NH-Ar-NH-CO- which is the sequence used for industrial aramids. (Ar stands for aromatic ring) --MBLe 14:57, 23 November 2007 (UTC)</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teijin&diff=158905232Teijin2007-09-19T07:55:46Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: Teijin Twaron is now Teijin Aramid</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox_Company |<br />
company_name = Teijin Ltd |<br />
company_logo = [[Image:Teijin logo.jpg|250px]]|<br />
company_type = [[Public company|Public]]<br>{{tyo|3401}} (preferred)|<br />
company_slogan = Human Chemistry, Human Solutions|<br />
foundation = [[1918]]|<br />
location = {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]|<br />
key_people = Makoto Okitsu – Chairman, Toru Nagashima – CEO, Takayuki Katayama – CSO, Yoshinawa Karasawa – CMO, Naoto Takano - CFO|<br />
num_employees = 21,000 ([[2004]])|<br />
industry = [[Chemical industry|Chemicals]] - [[Pharmacy]], [[Plastics]] & [[Fibers]]|<br />
products = [[Technora]], [[TeijinConex]], [[Twaron]], [[Tenax]], [[TeijinTex]], [[PANLITE]], [[Tetoron]] & [[Sulfron]]|<br />
revenue = {{profit}}$8.7 Billion [[United States dollar|USD]] ([[2004]])|<br />
net_income ={{profit}}$?? Billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (????)|<br />
homepage = [http://www.teijin.co.jp/english/index.html]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{nihongo|'''Teijin Limited'''|帝人株式会社|Teijin Kabushiki-gaisha}} ({{tyo|3401}}) is a global, technology-driven company, listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange with a market capitalisation of USD 3.9 billion. It operates in five main business segments: synthetic fibres; films and plastics; pharmaceuticals and home health care; trading and retail; and IT and new products. Consolidated turnover for 2004 is USD 8.7 billion. Teijin has approximately 21,000 employees worldwide. <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Polycarbonate]]: [[Panlite|PANLITE®]]<br />
* [[Tenax]] - carbon fiber<br />
* [[Teijin Aramid]]<br />
** [[Technora]]<br />
** [[Twaron]]<br />
** [[Sulfron]]<br />
** [[Teijinconex]]<br />
* [[Aramid]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.teijin.co.jp/english/ Teijin Limited]<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.teijin.co.jp/english/about/about05_04.html Teijin Group network]<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.teijin.co.jp/english/fields/ Teijin Group business]<br />
<br />
{{TEIJIN}}<br />
[[Category:Chemical companies of Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Multinational companies]]<br />
<br />
{{japan-company-stub}}<br />
{{chemical-company-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[nl:Teijin Twaron]]<br />
[[ja:帝人]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Fibers&diff=157581279Template:Fibers2007-09-13T09:50:03Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Navbox<br />
|name = Fibers<br />
|titlestyle = background-color:#e7dac1<br />
|title = [[Fiber]]s<br />
|image = [[Image:Hemp stem fibre.jpg|100px]]<br />
|groupstyle = background-color:#e7dac1<br />
|group1 = [[Natural fiber|Natural]]:<br />
|list1 = [[Alpaca]]{{·}} [[Angora wool|Angora]]{{·}} [[Asbestos]]{{·}} [[Cashmere wool|Cashmere]]{{·}} [[Catgut]]{{·}} [[Coir]]{{·}} [[Cotton]]{{·}} [[Flax]]{{·}} [[Hemp]]{{·}} [[Jute]]{{·}} [[Llama]]{{·}} [[Mohair]]{{·}} [[Piña]]{{·}} [[Ramie]]{{·}} [[Silk]]{{·}} [[Sinew]]{{·}} [[Sisal]]{{·}} [[Spider silk]]{{·}} [[Wool]]<br />
|group2 = [[Synthetic fiber|Synthetic]]:<br />
|list2 = [[Acrylic fiber|Acrylic]]{{·}} [[Aramid]] ([[Twaron]], [[Kevlar]], [[Technora]], [[Nomex]]){{·}} [[Carbon fiber]]{{·}} [[Microfiber]]{{·}} [[Nylon]]{{·}} [[Olefin fiber|Olefin]]{{·}} [[Polyester]]{{·}} [[Rayon]]{{·}} [[Spandex]]<br />
}}<noinclude><br />
[[Category:Textile arts navigational templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teijin_Aramid&diff=157580757Teijin Aramid2007-09-13T09:44:54Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div><!--This article is in US English--><br />
{{Infobox_Company |<br />
company_type = Industrial fiber producer|<br />
company_name = Teijin Aramid BV |<br />
parent = [[Teijin|Teijin Ltd]]|<br />
slogan = The Power of Aramid|<br />
foundation = [[1983]] by [[Akzo Nobel]]|<br />
location = {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands|The Netherlands]], [[Arnhem]]|<br />
key_people = E. Alberda van Ekenstein - CEO|<br />
num_employees = 1,300 ([[2006]])|<br />
industry = [[Chemical industry|Chemicals]] - [[Fibers]]|<br />
products = [[Technora]], [[TeijinConex]], [[Twaron]] & [[Sulfron]]|<br />
revenue = {{profit}}$?? Billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (????)|<br />
net_income ={{profit}}$?? Billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (????)|<br />
homepage = [http://www.teijinaramid.com/ Teijin Aramid]|<br />
intl = yes<br />
}}<br />
'''Teijin Aramid''', formerly known as Teijin Twaron, is a company in [[The Netherlands]] that produces various high-strength fibers for industrial purposes, most notably their [[Kevlar]]-like para-[[aramid]], [[Twaron]]. Twaron finds applications in numerous markets, such as automotive (tires, hoses, belts), aerospace, civil engineering, construction, leisure goods (e.g. boats), protective clothing (bullet-, fire- and cut-resistant clothing), optical fiber cables, friction and sealing materials and more. The company has been part of the [[Japan]]ese [[Teijin|Teijin Group]] since 2000, prior to this they were a division of [[Akzo Nobel]], division Industrial Fibers.<br />
Next to [[Twaron]], the company markets [[Technora]], [[Sulfron]] and [[TeijinConex]] as well.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
'''Twaron''' is a heat-resistant and strong [[synthetic fiber]], developed in early 1970s by the Dutch company [[Akzo Nobel|AKZO]], division [[Enka BV|Enka]], later Akzo Nobel Industrial Fibers. The research name of the [[para-aramid fiber|aramid]] was originally Fiber X, but soon called '''Arenka'''. <br />
<br />
In 1973 Akzo decided to use [[sulphuric acid|sulphuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)]] as a solvent for spinning.<br />
<br />
In 1976 a pilot plant was built. <br />
<br />
In 1982 the name '''Twaron''' was introduced.<br />
<br />
In 1985 commercial production was started on 3 locations and 9 plants.<br />
<br />
In 1989 the aramid business of AKZO became an independent Business Unit called [[Teijin Twaron|Twaron BV]].<br />
<br />
In 1995 the capacity was 11.000 tons/yr<br />
<br />
Since 2000 Twaron BV is owned by the [[Teijin|Teijin Group]] and now called Teijin Twaron BV. <br />
Teijin Twaron is based in [[Arnhem]], The Netherlands and main production facilities for Twaron are in [[Emmen]] en [[Delfzijl]].<br />
<br />
In 2003 a major capacity increase to 18.500 tons/yr was completed. <br />
<br />
In 2006 additional process improvements gave 24.000 tons/yr capacity.<br />
<br />
In 2007 the name of Teijin Twaron BV was changed to Teijin Aramid BV.<br />
<br />
Teijin projects an 8- to 10-percent increase in the worldwide aramid fibers market in future years, and is adding another 5- to 10-percent increase in capacity in 2007. <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Technora]]<br />
* [[Twaron]]<br />
* [[Sulfron]]<br />
* [[Aramid]]<br />
* [[Kevlar]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.teijinaramid.com/ Teijin Aramid Homepage]<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.teijin.co.jp/english/fields/ Teijin Group business]<br />
<br />
{{TEIJIN}}<br />
[[Category:Companies of the Netherlands]]<br />
[[Category:Chemical companies of the Netherlands]]<br />
<br />
{{chemical-company-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[nl:Teijin Aramid]]<br />
[[ja:帝人]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twaron&diff=156923925Twaron2007-09-10T13:55:40Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: Teijin Twaron becomes Teijin Aramid</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Twaron''' is the brandname of [[Teijin Aramid]] for a [[Aramid|para-aramid]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
'''Twaron''' is a heat-resistant and strong [[synthetic fiber]] developed in the early 1970s by the Dutch company [[Akzo Nobel|AKZO]], division [[ENKA BV|Enka]], later Akzo Industrial Fibers. The research name of the [[aramid|para-aramid fiber]] was originally '''Fiber X''', but it was soon called '''Arenka'''. Although the dutch para-aramid fiber was developed only little later than DuPont's Kevlar, its introduction was much later due to financial problems at the AKZO company in the 1970s. A short overview of the history of Twaron<ref> {{cite journal |author= Year of Twaron| title= Twaron - A history of innovation | journal= Twaron News| year= | volume= | issue= June 2007| pages=10-11| url= http://www.twaron.com/pdf/news20070605/TEI7005TNJune%2010-11.pdf}}</ref>:<br />
* In 1960s start of research program for Fiber X.<br />
* In 1972 the ENKA Research laboratory had developed a para-aramid called '''Arenka'''.<br />
* In 1973 Akzo decided to use [[sulphuric acid|sulphuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)]] as a solvent for spinning.<br />
* In 1976 a pilot plant was built. First production in 1977.<br />
* In 1984 the product was renamed '''Twaron'''.<br />
* In 1986 commercial production was started on 3 locations and 9 plants.<br />
* In 1987 '''Twaron''' is introduced as a commercial product.<br />
* In 1989 the aramid business of Akzo became an independent Business Unit called [[Teijin Twaron|Twaron BV]].<br />
* Since 2000 Twaron BV is owned by the [[Teijin|Teijin Group]], now called Teijin Twaron BV and based in [[Arnhem]], The Netherlands. The main production facilities for Twaron are in [[Emmen]] en [[Delfzijl]].<br />
* In 2007 Teijin Twaron is expanding for the fourth time in six years <ref> {{cite journal |author= International Fiber Journal| title= Teijin Launches Fourth Production Expansion in Six Years| journal= Fiber Journal| year= 2007| volume= | issue= February| pages=20| url= https://www.ifj.com/industryNews/rsIndustryNews2.asp?id=788}}</ref> and also changes its name into [[Teijin Aramid]].<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
===Polymer preparation===<br />
Twaron is a ''p''-phenylene terephtalamide (P''p''PTA), the simplest form of the [[aramid|AABB para polyaramide]]. P''p''PTA is a product of ''p''-phenylene diamine ([[PPD]]) and [[Terephthaloyl chloride|terephtaloyl dichloride (TDC)]]. To dissolve the [[aromatic]] [[polymer]] Twaron used a co-solvent of [[Methylpyrrolidone|N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)]] and an [[Ion|ionic]] component ([[calcium chloride|Calcium Chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>]]) to occupy the [[hydrogen bond]]s of the amide groups. Prior to the invention of this process by Leo Vollbracht, working at the Dutch chemical firm [[Akzo Nobel|AKZO]], no practical means of dissolving the polymer was known. The use of this system by [[DuPont]] led to a patent war between [[Akzo Nobel|AKZO]] and [[DuPont]] as Dupont initially used the [[carcinogenic]] HMPT (hexamethyl fosfortriamide). Despite heavy research DuPont now also uses the AKZO patent to use the less hazardous [[Methylpyrrolidone|NMP]] in the [[Kevlar]] process.<br />
<br />
===Spinning===<br />
After the production of the Twaron polymer in Delfzijl, the polymer is brought to Emmen, where fibers are produced by [[spinneret|spinning]] the dissolved polymer into a [[solid]] fiber from a [[liquid]] chemical blend. Polymer solvent for spinning PPTA is generally 100% (water free) [[sulphuric acid|sulphuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)]]. The polymer is dissolved by mixing frozen sulphuric acid in powder form with the polymer in powder form and gently heating the mixture. This process, which differs from the more difficult DuPont process, was invented by Henri Lammers and patented by [[Akzo Nobel|AKZO]].<br />
<br />
==Major industrial uses==<br />
Twaron is a [[aramid|para-aramid]] and is used in automotive, construction, sport, aerospace, military and industry applications, e.g., "bullet-proof" [[bulletproof vest|body armor]], [[cloth|fabric]], and as an [[asbestos]] substitute. <br />
<br />
* Protective Gear (Heat Resistant / [[Ballistics]]): <br />
** flame-resistant [[clothing]]<br />
** [[personal protective equipment|protective clothing]] and [[helmet]]s<br />
** [[gloves|Anti-cut or heat resistant gloves]]<br />
** [[sport|sporting goods]]<br />
** [[Textile|fabric]]s<br />
** [[bulletproof vest|body armor]]<br />
* Composites:<br />
** [[composite material]]s<br />
** [[paper|technical paper]]<br />
** [[asbestos]] replacement<br />
** hot air [[filtration]]<br />
** [[sail]] [[cloth]] (not necessarily racing [[boat]] sails)<br />
** [[loudspeaker|speaker]] woofers<br />
** [[boat]] hull material<br />
** [[fiber reinforced concrete]]<br />
** [[drum]]heads<br />
* Automotive:<br />
** [[brake pads]]<br />
** [[turbocharger|turbo hoses]]<br />
** [[belt|timing and V-belts]]<br />
** [[tire]]s that incorporate [[Sulfron|Sulfron (sulphur modified Twaron)]]<br />
** mechanical [[rubber]] goods reinforcement<br />
* Linear Tension:<br />
** [[optical fiber#optical fiber cables|optical fiber cables (OFC)]]<br />
** [[rope]]s, [[wire rope]]s, [[cable]]s<br />
** [[umbilical cable]]s<br />
** [[Mechanical Cable|Electrical Mechanical Cable (EMC)]]<br />
** [[Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipe]]s<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Teijin]]<br />
** [[Teijin Aramid]]<br />
** [[Technora]]<br />
* [[Aramid]]<br />
* [[Nylon]]<br />
* [[Fiber]]s<br />
* [[Textile]]<br />
* [[Wire rope]]<br />
* [[Personal protective equipment]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
*{{cite book |author=JWS Hearle |publisher=Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Abington, UK - The Textile Institute |title=High-performance fibres |isbn=1855735393}}<br />
* {{cite journal |author= Doetze J. Sikkema | title= Manmade fibers one hundred years: Polymers and polymer design | journal= J Appl Polym Sci, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | year= 2002| volume= | issue= 83| pages= 484-488| url= }}<br />
* L. Vollbracht and T.J. Veerman, US Patent 4308374 (1976)<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.teijinaramid.com/smartsite.dws?id=90 Official Twaron website]<br />
* [http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/aramid.htm General Aramid information]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{TEIJIN}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Synthetic fibers]]<br />
[[Category:Organic polymers]]<br />
[[Category:Brand name materials]]<br />
[[Category:Personal armour]]<br />
[[Category:Cables]]<br />
[[Category:Protective gear]]<br />
[[Category:Safety clothing]]<br />
<br />
[[cs:Twaron]]<br />
[[de:Twaron]]<br />
[[fr:Twaron]]<br />
[[nl:Twaron]]<br />
[[pl:Twaron]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmen,_Netherlands&diff=156923347Emmen, Netherlands2007-09-10T13:52:03Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: Teijin Twaron becomes Teijin Aramid</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox City<br />
|official_name = Emmen<br />
|image_map = LocatieEmmen.png<br />
|mapsize = 280px<br />
|subdivision_type = Country<br />
|subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]]<br />
|subdivision_type1 = Province<br />
|subdivision_name1 = [[Drenthe]]<br />
|area_footnotes = (2006)<br />
|area_total_km2 = 346.29<br />
|area_land_km2 = 337.48<br />
|area_water_km2 = 8.81<br />
|population_as_of = [[1 January]], [[2007]]<br />
|population_note = Source: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline].<br />
|settlement_type = Municipality<br />
|population_total = 108863<br />
|population_density_km2 = 323<br />
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]<br />
|utc_offset = +1<br />
|timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]<br />
|utc_offset_DST = +2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Emmen''' ({{Pronunciation|031 Emmen.ogg}}) is a [[municipality]] and a [[town]] in the northeastern [[Netherlands]].<br />
<br />
A prime example of a planned city, Emmen arose from several small farming and peat-harvesting communities which have dotted the [[province]] of [[Drenthe]] since the Middle Ages. Traces of these communities can still be seen in the form of the villages of Westenesch, Noordbarge and Zuidbarge: they have a separate history and layout, but are surrounded by the suburbs and the centre of Emmen.<br />
<br />
The expansion of the town did not happen until after the [[Second World War]]. Suburbs were built in a clockwise direction around the old centre of Emmen, starting with [[Emmermeer]] directly to the north, and followed by [[Angelslo]] (for which an old village of the same name was demolished), [[Emmerhout]] (famed at the time for being built in the forest, quite separate from the town), [[Bargeres]], the [[Rietlanden]] and [[Parc Sandur]]. Construction of the last suburb, called [[Delftlanden]], has only recently begun, with the streets laid out and construction of houses and other buildings yet to begin.<br />
<br />
There are few historic landmarks left within the town, but those few include the church on the market square, where a church has been standing since the [[Middle Ages]], the court of law building, dating from the beginning of the twentieth century and the post office from the same time.<br />
<br />
Prime economic booster since the 1980s is the zoo, the [[Dierenpark Emmen]]. Begun in the 1930s, it was almost completely redesigned in the 1970s, and is now co-owned by the municipality of Emmen. It attracts over 1.5 million visitors per year. Important industries include [[Teijin Aramid]], [[DSM Engineering Plastics]], [[Wellman, Inc.|Wellman]] and [[Diolen Industrial Fibers]]. There are extensive glasshouse complexes for horticulture, especially in the [[Klazienaveen]]-[[Erica]] area. The governmental Topographical Department of the Netherlands is located in Emmen. The municipality offers some 38,000 jobs.<br />
<br />
Emmen is the second most populous urban area of Drenthe. Its municipality is one of the largest in [[the Netherlands]], although the area outside the town borders of Emmen is rather rural. The only villages of importance are [[Emmercompascuum]], [[Klazienaveen]], [[Nieuw-Amsterdam]] and [[Schoonebeek]].<br />
<br />
== Population ==<br />
{{commons|Emmen}}<br />
The municipality of Emmen has some 104,000 inhabitants, with 56,000 living in the town Emmen. Compared to some 3,000 inhabitants in the nineteenth century, this illustrates the rapid growth of Emmen in the past 150 years.<br />
<br />
== Connections == <br />
Emmen is served by one train connection with [[Zwolle]], which in turn leads to the rest of the country. In addition, there are regular and frequent bus lines with [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], [[Hoogeveen]] and [[Assen]], as well as the surrounding countryside, and [[Meppen (Germany)|Meppen]] in [[Germany]], departing from Emmen's two bus terminals.<br />
By car, the town is accessible via the [[N34]] from [[Zwolle]] to [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], the [[N381]] to [[Drachten]], the [[N391]] to [[Veendam]] and the [[A37 road (Netherlands)|A37]] from [[Hoogeveen]] to [[Meppen (Germany)|Meppen]] in [[Germany]].<br />
The nearest airport is [[Groningen Airport Eelde]] at a distance of 50 kilometers.<br />
Furthermore, there are inland shipping connections via [[Nieuw-Amsterdam]] to [[Coevorden]], [[Hoogeveen]] and [[Almelo]]<br />
<br />
== Population centres ==<br />
[[Barger-Compascuum]], '''Emmen''', [[Emmercompascuum]], [[Erica (Drenthe)|Erica]], [[Klazienaveen]], [[Nieuw Amsterdam, Netherlands|Nieuw-Amsterdam]], [[Nieuw-Dordrecht]], [[Nieuw-Schoonebeek]], [[Nieuw-Weerdinge]], [[Roswinkel]], [[Schoonebeek]], [[Veenoord]], [[Weiteveen]], [[Zwartemeer]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.emmen.nl Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{Province Drenthe}}<br />
<br />
{{coor title dm|52|47|N|6|54|E|type:city}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Drenthe]]<br />
[[Category:Municipalities of Drenthe]]<br />
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[[de:Emmen (Niederlande)]]<br />
[[et:Emmeni vald]]<br />
[[es:Emmen]]<br />
[[eo:Emmen]]<br />
[[fr:Emmen (Pays-Bas)]]<br />
[[fy:Emmen]]<br />
[[id:Emmen]]<br />
[[it:Emmen (Paesi Bassi)]]<br />
[[li:Emme]]<br />
[[hu:Emmen]]<br />
[[nl:Emmen (gemeente)]]<br />
[[nds-nl:Em (gemiente)]]<br />
[[pl:Emmen]]<br />
[[ro:Emmen]]<br />
[[fi:Emmen]]<br />
[[sv:Emmen]]<br />
[[vo:Emmen (Drenthe)]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technora&diff=156923149Technora2007-09-10T13:50:46Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: Twaron becomes Teijin Aramid</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Technora''' is the brandname of [[Teijin Aramid]] for a [[Aramid|aromatic copolyamid]].<br />
<br />
==Production process==<br />
The manufacturing process of Technora reacts [[p-Phenylenediamine|PPD]] and 3,4'-diaminodiphenylether (3,4'-ODA) with [[Terephthaloyl chloride|terephtaloyl chloride (TCl)]]. <ref>{{cite journal |author= Ozawa S| title= | journal= Polym. J. Japan | year= 1987| volume= 19 | issue= | pages= 199 | url= }}</ref><br />
This relatively simple process uses only one amide solvent and therefore spinning can be done directly after the polymer production.<br />
<br />
==Major industrial uses==<br />
*Automotive and other industries:<br />
** [[Turbocharger|Turbo hoses]]<br />
** high pressure [[hose]]s<br />
** [[belt|Timing and V-belts]]<br />
** mechanical [[rubber]] goods reinforcement<br />
* Linear Tension<br />
** [[Optical fiber#Optical fiber cables|Optical fiber cables (OFC)]]<br />
** [[rope]]s, [[wire rope]]s and [[cable]]s<br />
** [[Umbilical cable]]s<br />
** [[Mechanical Cable|Electrical Mechanical Cable (EMC)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Aramid]]<br />
* [[Twaron]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Synthetic fibers]]<br />
[[Category:Materials]]<br />
[[Category:Organic polymers]]<br />
[[Category:Brand name materials]]<br />
[[Category:Cables]]<br />
<br />
[[cs:Technora]]<br />
[[de:Technora]]<br />
[[nl:Technora]]<br />
[[pl:Technora]]<br />
[[fr:Technora]]<br />
<br />
{{polymer-stub}}<br />
{{TEIJIN}}</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teijin_Aramid&diff=156922606Teijin Aramid2007-09-10T13:47:38Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: </p>
<hr />
<div><!--This article is in US English--><br />
{{Infobox_Company |<br />
company_name = Teijin Aramid BV |<br />
company_logo = [[Image:Twaron logo.JPG|250px]]|<br />
company_type = Owned by [[Teijin|Teijin Ltd]]|<br />
company_slogan = The Power of Aramid|<br />
foundation = [[1983]] by [[Akzo Nobel]]|<br />
location = {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands|The Netherlands]], [[Arnhem]]|<br />
key_people = E. Alberda van Ekenstein - CEO|<br />
num_employees = 1,300 ([[2006]])|<br />
industry = [[Chemical industry|Chemicals]] - [[Fibers]]|<br />
products = [[Technora]], [[TeijinConex]], [[Twaron]] & [[Sulfron]]|<br />
revenue = {{profit}}$?? Billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (????)|<br />
net_income ={{profit}}$?? Billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (????)|<br />
homepage = [http://www.teijinaramid.com/]<br />
}}<br />
'''Teijin Aramid''' is a company in [[The Netherlands]] that produces various high-strength fibers for industrial purposes, most notably their [[Kevlar]]-like para-[[aramid]], [[Twaron]]. Twaron finds applications in numerous markets, such as automotive (tires, hoses, belts), aerospace, civil engineering, construction, leisure goods (e.g. boats), protective clothing (bullet-, fire- and cut-resistant clothing), optical fiber cables, friction and sealing materials and more. The company has been part of the [[Japan]]ese [[Teijin|Teijin Group]] since 2000, prior to this they were a division of [[Akzo Nobel]], division Industrial Fibers.<br />
Besides [[Twaron]], also [[Technora]], [[Sulfron]] and [[TeijinConex]] are marketed by the dutch company.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
'''Twaron''' is a heat-resistant and strong [[synthetic fiber]], developed in early 1970s by the Dutch company [[Akzo Nobel|AKZO]], division [[Enka BV|Enka]], later Akzo Nobel Industrial Fibers. The research name of the [[para-aramid fiber|aramid]] was originally Fiber X, but soon called '''Arenka'''. <br />
<br />
In 1973 Akzo decided to use [[sulphuric acid|sulphuric acid (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)]] as a solvent for spinning.<br />
<br />
In 1976 a pilot plant was built. <br />
<br />
In 1982 the name '''Twaron''' was introduced.<br />
<br />
In 1985 commercial production was started on 3 locations and 9 plants.<br />
<br />
In 1989 the aramid business of AKZO became an independent Business Unit called [[Teijin Twaron|Twaron BV]].<br />
<br />
In 1995 the capacity was 11.000 tons/yr<br />
<br />
Since 2000 Twaron BV is owned by the [[Teijin|Teijin Group]] and now called Teijin Twaron BV. <br />
Teijin Twaron is based in [[Arnhem]], The Netherlands and main production facilities for Twaron are in [[Emmen]] en [[Delfzijl]].<br />
<br />
In 2003 a major capacity increase to 18.500 tons/yr was completed. <br />
<br />
In 2006 additional process improvements gave 24.000 tons/yr capacity.<br />
<br />
In 2007 the name of Teijin Twaron BV was changed to Teijin Aramid BV.<br />
<br />
Teijin projects an 8- to 10-percent increase in the worldwide aramid fibers market in future years, and is adding another 5- to 10-percent increase in capacity in 2007. <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Technora]]<br />
* [[Twaron]]<br />
* [[Sulfron]]<br />
* [[Aramid]]<br />
* [[Kevlar]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.teijinaramid.com/ Teijin Aramid Homepage]<br />
*{{en icon}} [http://www.teijin.co.jp/english/fields/ Teijin Group business]<br />
<br />
{{TEIJIN}}<br />
[[Category:Companies of the Netherlands]]<br />
[[Category:Chemical companies of the Netherlands]]<br />
<br />
{{chemical-company-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[nl:Teijin Aramid]]<br />
[[ja:帝人]]</div>Mbvanleeuwenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Teijin_Aramid&diff=156922421Talk:Teijin Aramid2007-09-10T13:46:34Z<p>Mbvanleeuwen: ←Created page with '-> This CorenSearchBot is quite fast. I created the page before deleting the absolete site and just seconds afterwards this Bot gave me this message. So: If the Cor...'</p>
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<div>-> This CorenSearchBot is quite fast. I created the page before deleting the absolete site and just seconds afterwards this Bot gave me this message. So: If the CorenSearchBot is in error: Simply note so on the this article's discussion page and remove the tag. Therefore I deleted this Bot message. --MBLe 13:46, 10 September 2007 (UTC)</div>Mbvanleeuwen