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List of The Emperor's New Groove characters

2023-03-02T14:43:27Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Other characters introduced in the films */ Fixing link to John Fiedler

{{Short description|None}}
{{italic title|string=The Emperor's New Groove}}
[[File:TENGcharacters.jpg|thumb|191x191px|The main characters in ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]''. From left to right: Yzma, Kronk, Kuzco (in llama form), and Pacha.]]
The following are fictional characters from [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s 2000 animated film ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]'', its [[direct-to-video]] sequel ''[[Kronk's New Groove]]'', and the spin-off television series ''[[The Emperor's New School]]''.

==Kuzco==
{{Infobox character
| colour = #5999F0
| name = Emperor Kuzco
| image =
| caption =
| first = ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]'' (2000)
| creator = [[Mark Dindal]] [[Roger Allers]] (originally for ''Kingdom of the Sun'')
| occupation = Emperor of the [[Incas]]
| family = Unnamed father (lost at sea)
| significant_other = Malina (girlfriend)
| voice = {{plainlist|
*[[David Spade]] (films)
*[[J. P. Manoux]] (TV series, video games)
}}
}}
Emperor Kuzco is the 18-year-old<ref>''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]'': during the 'funeral' for Kuzco, Yzma says that he was 'taken' on 'the very eve of his 18th birthday', indicating that he is 18 years old in the film.</ref> emperor of the [[Incas]]. His name is a reference to the ancient Incan city of [[Cusco]].

Kuzco is initially portrayed as an arrogant, callous and spoiled [[Narcissism|narcissist]], but has a sense of charm and style. For example, when he is shown beautiful girls in hopes one of them will be his wife, he rudely insults all of them and continues to sing about himself and be pampered by his servants. Throughout the series, he turns into various [[animal]]s.

In ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]'', Kuzco is turned into a [[llama]] by the duplicitous [[#Yzma|Yzma]], who intends to poison him to claim the throne for herself, following her termination as his adviser. He is presumed dead, and finds himself lost in the jungle. Kuzco teams up with [[#Pacha|Pacha]], a llama herder, who helps Kuzco turn back into a human again, regaining his dignity and his throne. Throughout the film, Kuzco learns the meaning of friendship and sacrifice.

In ''[[Kronk's New Groove]]'', Kuzco has a cameo appearance. He occasionally shows up onscreen acting as if he is the director and breaks the [[fourth wall]] by talking to the audience. He admits he has changed: 'I'm nice now. Didn't you see the first movie?' However, he remains arrogant; near the end of the film, he shows up in women's clothing, claiming he is [[#Kronk|Kronk]]'s wife, announcing, 'You like how I weaseled my way into this movie?'

In ''[[The Emperor's New School]]'', to remain emperor, Kuzco must to go to Kuzco Academy, a school he instituted and financed; he must pass all his classes, but Yzma and Kronk are out to thwart him. If he fails even one class, he will not be emperor, and Yzma will take over the empire. In the series, Kuzco develops a love interest named [[#Malina|Malina]].

In the episode "Father O Mine", Kuzco's real father appears in a [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]]. He is a strong, muscular man, and was emperor before Kuzco. According to Kuzco and Yzma, he was lost at sea on a trip when Kuzco was just a baby, thereby granting the throne to Kuzco, who in turn is shown to share two things with his father: a llama birthmark and the same necklace. In another episode, it is revealed that Kuzco has a fear of frogs, after a traumatic childhood experience with them as a baby. In another, it is discovered that Kuzco's favorite food is Mudka's Meat Mug which is the only thing he orders. In "Graduation Groove", Kuzco completed school and got to be emperor again; having grown attached to Pacha's family, he lets them move into the palace with him, and hires both Pacha and Kronk to be his advisors. Kuzco and Malina also become an official couple and are happy to spend the rest of their lives together.

Kuzco rarely appears at the [[Disney Parks, Experiences and Products|Disney Parks]] mainly due to the film’s disappointing box office results. He is mostly found in [[Adventureland (Disney)|Adventureland]]. He also featured in the television series ''[[House of Mouse]]'' and its direct-to-video film ''[[Mickey's Magical Christmas]]''.

==Pacha==
{{Infobox character
| colour = #5999F0
| name = Pacha
| image =
| caption =
| first = ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]'' (2000)
| creator = [[Mark Dindal]] [[Roger Allers]] (original character from ''Kingdom of the Sun'')
| voice = [[John Goodman]] (films, TV series) [[Fred Tatasciore]] (TV series) [[Brian Cummings]] (video game)
| noinfo = yes
}}
Pacha is an [[Obesity|overweight]] [[farmer]] residing in the countryside of the Incas. He was a character added during the production process that completely revamped the story. The original role to assist emperor-turned-llama Kuzco was to be female, and a potential love interest for the discourteous teen. The major overhaul of story made the film a [[Buddy film|buddy movie]], with Pacha and Kuzco having to work through the adventure together. His name is possibly a reference to Incan emperor [[Pachacuti]] but it also means "earth" in [[Quechua language|Quechua]], the language of the Incas.<ref>[https://www.katari.org/diccionario/diccionario.php?listletter=quechua&display=15 Katari Diccionario: Quechua al Español]</ref>

Pacha is a friendly [[peasant]] and family man, and a subject in the narrow-minded Emperor [[Kuzco]]'s kingdom. His courage, reliability, and value of both [[friendship]] and [[family]] helps Kuzco change into a genial and mature young man. Pacha is married to Chicha, who is pregnant with Yupi when first seen. During the time of the first movie they have two children: their daughter, Chaca, and their younger son Tipo. Yupi is born before the movie's final scene and appears in all spin-off material.

In ''The Emperor's New Groove'', Pacha is summoned to the palace by [[Kuzco]] and is told that his house on the hill will be destroyed to make room for Kuzco's summer home. Incredulous and furious that the emperor could be so selfish, he travels home to tell Chicha and his two children (Chaca and Tipo) that they have to leave their ancestral home. However, before he can tell them, he discovers that Kuzco has been transformed into a [[llama]] and dropped in the back of his cart. He is initially reluctant to help Kuzco, since the emperor seems to make it clear that he still intends to destroy Pacha's village. Over time, however, Pacha gradually helps Kuzco to start thinking of people other than himself, and he eventually sees the error of his ways. The two set out to turn Kuzco back to a human by getting to [[Yzma]]'s lab. Upon returning to being human, Kuzco lets Pacha keep his village and even spends his summer vacation with Pacha's family.

Pacha has a supporting role in ''[[Kronk's New Groove]]'', the movie that revolves around [[#Kronk|Kronk]], Pacha is one of Kronk's friends. In one scene he disguises himself as "Pachita", Kronk's mother-in-law. He was once again voiced by Goodman.

In ''[[The Emperor's New School]]'', he continues his father figure role to Kuzco and lets the young emperor-to-be live with him and his family while Kuzco goes to school. He always gives Kuzco advice to help him out of any situation. For example, when Kuzco was transformed into a rabbit, he told Kuzco to "Make the best of what you've got," which in this case was speed. As a result of the events of the original film, Kuzco and Pacha share an attachment as both friends and surrogate father and son.

In the show's first season, [[Fred Tatasciore]] took over the role, with Goodman later returning in the second season.

==Yzma==
{{Infobox character
| colour = #5999F0
| name = Yzma
| image =
| caption = Yzma in "''The Emperor's New School''"
| first = ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]'' (2000)
| last =
| creator = [[Mark Dindal]] [[Roger Allers]] (original character from ''Kingdom of the Sun'')
| alias = Principal Amzy,
Nurse Mazy
| noinfo = yes
| family = Momma Azma (mother)
| children = Zevon and Yzla (''[[Descendants (franchise)|Descendants]]'')
| relatives = Zim and Zam (twin nephews)
| voice = {{plainlist|
*[[Eartha Kitt]] (2000–2008)
*[[Grey DeLisle]] (as Yasmin)
*[[Candi Milo]] (2008–present)
}}
}}
Yzma ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|z|m|ə}}) is Kuzco's primary parental guardian and advisor, and the main [[antagonist]] of the franchise. In the [[English language|English]] version, she was voiced by [[Eartha Kitt]], who received three [[Annie Awards]] and two [[Emmy]] Awards for the role. Yzma is a foil to Kuzco in almost every way: he dresses in red and gold (as he is the Emperor) while she dresses in purple and other dark colors; while Kuzco is only bratty and spoiled, Yzma is conniving and power-hungry and continues to pursue her vengeance against Kuzco while he becomes a wiser ruler.

Yzma's character in the series is seen to be cruel, but comically eccentric, often calling herself beautiful even though all other characters in the series consider her appearance "scary beyond all reason". She is intelligent and comes up with grandiose plans and schemes with a set objective in mind, but fails to pay attention to the minor details of it. More often than not, such neglect causes the scheme to backfire on her. Yzma is seen to possess vast knowledge in [[alchemy]], as she accidentally uses extract of llama on Kuzco, thinking that it was poison. In the first film, [[#Kronk|Kronk]] states that she should re-label her potions, because everything she makes in her "secret lab" has exactly the same pinkish color. It is implied that Yzma practices [[Black magic|magic]], but this is never shown. She is portrayed as more of a [[mad scientist]], though she claims to be a [[Magician (fantasy)|sorceress]].

Originally serving as the Emperor Kuzco's advisor, she is later fired after meddling in his affairs and attempting to act as Empress in his absence. Furious at her termination, Yzma conspires with her assistant Kronk to assassinate Kuzco. The two head to the "secret lab"—which apparently everybody already knows about—to concoct a plan to harm Kuzco. The film producers have stated that she is a complicated thinker; an example given with her original plan to kill Emperor Kuzco. The plan involved her turning him into a flea, putting him in a box, putting that box into another box and then mailing that box to herself only to smash it with a hammer. But after thinking it over (and partially because she knocked over some poison onto a plant), she decides to save on postage and simply poison him. The concept of her formulating a nonsensical plan before settling on an easier-to-pull-off idea (always a potion) would later be used as a [[running gag]] on the series.<ref>In the commentary on the ''Emperor's New Groove'' DVD</ref>

Yzma reappears in the direct-to-DVD sequel ''[[Kronk's New Groove]]''. During the first half of the film, she pretends to have been reformed and manipulates Kronk into helping her sell "youth potions" to the old people, but the potion is really a [[placebo]]. Once Kronk finds out her potion is a fake, the old people chase her down, where she uses a potion to transform herself into a rabbit, to prevent them from attacking her. She is then immediately carried off by a large bird of prey. At the end of the movie, in a nest outside the restaurant, Yzma (still in rabbit form) witnesses the bird's chicks hatch but they immediately reveal themselves to be viciously carnivorous and prepare to attack Yzma, who screams for dear life. Her appearance in the television series implies that she survived this situation.

In ''[[The Emperor's New School]]'', Yzma is once again the main antagonist, who constantly plots to get Kuzco to fail his classes at Kuzco Academy, allowing her to become empress; to this end, she poses as Amzy (her first name spelled backwards), the principal of Kuzco Academy. Kronk is constantly fooled by her disguise, but Kuzco knows it's her. Her plans mainly consist of transforming Kuzco into different animals to foil his attempts to pass a class, though they often work to his advantage. In the episode "Monster Masquerade", Yzma takes a [[cobra]] form similar to Jafar's from the Disney film ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]''. In “Graduation Groove”, the series finale, Yzma is demoted to Kronk's secretary for firing him earlier in the episode.

Yzma shares many of Kuzco's negative traits, including arrogance, unreliability and [[narcissism]]. Some of Yzma's known relatives appear at times in the series. They include her twin nephews, Zim and Zam (voiced by [[Dylan and Cole Sprouse]]), who appear in "Chipmunky Business", and her mother Azma, (voiced by [[Ellen Albertini Dow]]) who appears in "The Bride of Kuzco" and appears just as frail as Yzma (possibly even more so) and converses by sighs and coughs. In one episode, Yzma remarks that her plots to destroy Kuzco are primarily due to her mother constantly nagging her. A [[running gag]] throughout the show is that Yzma is often referred to as, and mistaken for, a [[dinosaur]] (a reference to the first movie, in which Kuzco states that she is "living proof that dinosaurs once roamed the Earth"). In one episode, he also calls her a wrinklesaurus and an old dinosaur.

In the television series ''[[House of Mouse]]'', Yzma makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode "[[List of House of Mouse episodes#ep41|Pluto vs. Figaro]]".

Yzma was one of the villains in the show ''Villains Tonight!'' for [[Disney Cruise Line]]'s ''[[Disney Magic]]'' and ''[[Disney Dream]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-news/disney-cruise-line/first-look-disney-cruise-lines-villains-tonight-stage-show-video/ |title = First Look: Disney Cruise Line's 'Villains Tonight!' Stage Show |publisher = Stitch Kingdom |author = Unknown |date = 2009-12-08 |access-date = 2010-05-07 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100409095625/http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-news/disney-cruise-line/first-look-disney-cruise-lines-villains-tonight-stage-show-video/ |archive-date = 2010-04-09}}</ref>

In the ''[[Descendants (franchise)|Descendants]]'' franchise, she has a daughter named Yzla who appears in the ''Isle of the Lost'' novel series. In the animated short series ''[[Descendants: Wicked World]]'', she has a son named Zevon (voiced by [[Bradley Steven Perry]]), who acts as the main antagonist in the series' second season.

==Kronk==
{{Infobox character
| colour = #5999F0
| name = Kronk
| image =
| caption = Kronk in "''The Emperor's New School''"
| first = ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]'' (2000)
| creator = [[Mark Dindal]]
| voice = [[Patrick Warburton]]
| alias = Nurse Kronk Principal Kronk (or Knork)
| family = Papi (father) Krank (brother) Unnamed sister
| spouse = Birdwell
| noinfo = yes
}}
Kronk Pepikrankenitz<ref>His last name is revealed in ''The Emperor's New School'' episode "[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep14|Clash of the Families]]".</ref> is the muscular and slow-witted henchman of [[#Yzma|Yzma]], the royal adviser to Emperor [[Kuzco]] from ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]''. He also starred in his own film, ''[[Kronk's New Groove]]'', and is a recurring character in the television series ''[[The Emperor's New School]]''. Kronk is the most recurring of all recurring characters in the franchise, serving as the franchise's comic relief (even breaking the [[fourth wall]] now and then); and in all of his appearances, he is voiced by [[Patrick Warburton]], being one of the few voice actors in the franchise never to be replaced.

Despite working for the villain Yzma, he is surprisingly courteous and patient. Whenever he faces a moral dilemma, smaller versions of Kronk, his [[shoulder angel]] and devil, appear, but they usually bicker and mock one another instead of helping Kronk with the problem at hand.

He is revealed to be a great [[Cooking|cook]], who can make such things as spinach puffs and [[fondue]], and also has a secret recipe for [[foie gras]]. He also knows a variety of recipes and kitchen slang, as revealed in first film when he takes over for the chef. He is capable of incredible superhuman athletics, such as running from a school to his house and back in mere seconds, and climbing a mountain (while having a seat tied to his body with Yzma riding atop). Through the animated series, it is learned that Kronk comes from a family of athletic health and fitness advocates. It was revealed in ''The Emperor's New School'' episode "Oops, All Doodles" that Kronk has a talent for drawing. In addition, Kronk is implied to be [[Judaism|Jewish]]; in the film ''Kronk's New Groove'', he fantasizes about marrying Miss Birdwell in a Jewish ceremony, complete with him stepping on a glass.

In ''The Emperor's New Groove'', Kronk is [[Yzma]]'s henchman, and is involved in her plot to kill Kuzco. Unfortunately, thanks to Kronk's potion mix-up, Kuzco instead turns into a [[llama]]. Kronk almost throws Kuzco over a [[waterfall]], but has a change of heart and drops him on [[#Pacha|Pacha]]'s cart instead. When he reveals his failure, Kronk then helps Yzma find him. He is shown as a sympathetic character through Yzma's mistreatment of him and his ability to 'speak [[Squirrel]]'.

Kronk later stars in the spin-off-ish sequel, starting as head chef and owner of a restaurant called Mudka's. He is happy with his new position, rather than his position with Yzma. However, Yzma eventually tricks him into helping her with a fake 'youth potion' to con money out of elderly villagers. He develops a love interest, named Birdwell, and his father, Papi (voiced by [[John Mahoney]]), is introduced.

In the animated television series, Kronk plays the role of hero, villain, sidekick of (n)either side, or a combination of these roles in varying episodes. He is Yzma's henchman and also Kuzco's classmate and close friend. Though he frequently helps Yzma with her schemes, he just as often helps Kuzco out of them. As a running gag, he can never remember that Principal Amzy is really Yzma, and as a result, thinks he is in trouble when Yzma calls for him. (In the last episode, he tells Yzma how obvious her disguise is, but when asked how long he has known, he replies 'About three episodes back.') Another running gag revolves around Kronk attempting to activate access to the secret lab, as originated from the original film with the secret lab's access procedure: more often than not, he constantly pulls the wrong one, and as a result, Yzma constantly gets booby-trapped before fixing the error. In a rather fitting irony of the series' outcome, Kuzco appoints Kronk as his new advisor (since he sometimes gives thoughtful, eloquent advice), while Yzma is made Kronk's assistant.

== Other characters introduced in the films ==
;Intorduced in ''The Emperor's New Groove''
*Pacha's family, which includes:
**Chicha (voiced by [[Wendie Malick]]) is Pacha's protective and caring wife. Throughout most of the first film, she is heavily pregnant with her third child, Yupi, who is born before the final scene.
**Chaca and Tipo (voiced by Kellyann Elso and Eli Russel Linnettz, and Jessie Flower and [[Shane Baumel]] in later appearances) are Pacha and Chicha's children, who constantly try to one-up each other and compete for their father's attentions. Chaca is a little 7-year-old<ref name="groove">Mentioned in ''[[Kronk's New Groove]]''.</ref> girl who has [[pigtail]]s and wears a yellow shawl and a red skirt with her belly button showing. Her name is not mentioned in the first film but is revealed in the rest of the franchise. Her younger brother Tipo is a 6-year-old boy who is quite chubby and wears a green waistcloth while leaving his belly exposed.<ref name="groove"/> In their first film, he has a [[nightmare]] about Kuzco and Pacha tied to the log in a vine, and later, he and Chaca help their mother keep Yzma occupied while Kuzco and Pacha make for the palace. In ''Kronk's New Groove'', they join Kronk's Junior Chipmunks at Camp Chippamunka.
**Yupi is Pacha and Chicha's baby. He is born before at the end of the first film. In ''Kronk's New Groove'', when Chaca introduces him to Papi he mentions for the first time his name and current age, mentioning that he is only half a year old.
*Matta (voiced by [[Patti Deutsch]]) is the [[waitress]] at Mudka's Meat Hut. In ''The Emperor's New Groove'', she seves Pacha and Kuzco their food at the restaurant. In the sequel, Kronk tells her how he lost the house and the possibility of having a wife that he promised his father. In ''The Emperor's New School'', she is Kuzco Academy's lunch lady. Matta likes to cook weird stuff such as octopus burgers and speaks in cafeteria speech when she talks.
*Rudy (voiced by [[John Fiedler]] and currently by [[Travis Oates]]) is an old man who first appears accidentally interrupting Kuzco's "groove", for which he is thrown out a window. He warns Pacha about this, and Kuzco apologizes to him at the end of the film, which he accepts with good grace. In ''Kronk's New Groove'', Rudy and his friends from the old folks' home are tricked by Yzma, who sells them sewer slime as a youth potion. They have to sell their home to pay for it, but Kronk gives them their home back. In ''The Emperor's New School'', Rudy appeared in "Girls Behaving Oddly", "The Astonishing-Kuzco Man" and made a few cameo appearances in "Overachiever's Club" and "Kuzcokazooza". In the series, he works as janitor at the Kuzco Academy.
*Bucky (voiced by [[Bob Bergen]] in all of his appearances) is a [[squirrel]] whom Kuzco first encounters; after Kuzco is rude to him, Bucky attempts to wake the [[black jaguar]]s by popping a [[balloon modelling|balloon llama]], but when he fails, Kuzco accidentally wakes them himself. Bucky later tells Kronk and Yzma which way Kuzco went, and appears in the final scene as Kronk's helper in teaching squirrel talking. Bucky makes various appearances in ''The Emperor's New School''. He was Kuzco's tutor in the episode "Squeakend at Bucky's".
*Topo and Ipi (voiced by [[Jeff Bennett]]) are two old men with a minor appearance in ''The Emperor's New Groove'' playing checkers and greeting Pacha when he returns to his village. They have a more relevant role in ''Kronk's New Groove'', as part of the residents from the old folks' home who are tricked by Yzma. Latter they help Kronk when his father appears, dressed as babies and saying that they are Kronk's children. They are recurring characters in ''The Emperor's New School'', playing checkers, and where Topo always makes jokes. In episode "Clash of the Families", it is possible that Topo is Kavo's grandfather according to Clash of the Families tug-o-warring in Kuzco's slideshow of his memory from the Familyimpics before. Both receive their names in the series, Ipi's name not being mentioned in the films, while Topo is called "Burt" by Kronk in ''Kronk's New Groove'' (in said film they being credited simply as "Stout Old Man" and "Skinny Old Man").
*The Royal Recordkeeper (voiced by [[Joe Whyte]] in ''The Emperor's New Groove'', and [[Rip Taylor]] in ''The Emperor's New School'') appear in ''The Emperor's New Groove'' as the one in charge of finding a bride for Kuzco. In ''The Emperor's New School'' he appears as a recurring character, reminding Kuzco of the rules in order to become emperor. The character also appears in the ''[[House of Mouse]]'' episode "[[List of House of Mouse episodes#ep41|Pluto vs. Figaro]]" in a brief cameo appearance.
*Delivery Man makes his original appearance in ''The Emperor's New Groove'' delivering a giant trampoline that coincidentally enough saves a falling Yzma. In ''The Emperor's New School'' he appears in a recurring gag making wrong deliveries in various episodes. His voice actors include [[Jeff Bennett]], [[Brian Cummings]], and [[Fred Tatasciore]].
*The Bug and the Monkey appear briefly in ''The Emperor's New Groove'', at one point showing a wide view of the waterfall Kuzco was going to fall from before being caught by Kronk, showing the bug on a branch, and at that moment the monkey appears, who eats the bug. Similar scenes with them appear as a recurring gag in ''The Emperor's New School''.

;Intorduced in ''Kronk's New Groove''
*Miss Birdwell (voiced by [[Tracey Ullman]]) is Kronk's love interest in ''Kronk's New Groove''. Like Kronk, Birdwell is a camp counselor. When Tipo pulls a prank to win the camp championships and is caught, Kronk protects the boy at the cost of alienating his love. However, at the end of the film, Tipo reunites them and Kronk wins Birdwell's love. In the credits, it is hinted that the two got married.
*Papi (voiced by [[John Mahoney]] and [[Jeff Bennett]]) is Kronk's father. Though he has few appearances in ''Kronk's New Groove'', he is instrumental to the plot of the film as Kronk is always trying to get Papi's approval. In ''The Emperor's New School'', he appeared in "Clash of the Families" and "Kronkenitza".
*Hildy (voiced by [[April Winchell]]) is an old woman, part of the residents from the old folks' home, friends of Kronk. In the climax of the film she poses as Kronk's daughter.
*Marge and Tina (voiced by [[April Winchell]]) are the two secretaries hired by Kronk when he makes a fortune, until they sadly say goodbye to him, but telling him not to worry about them since they have been contacted by a team of headhunters. At the climax of the film they return to pose as Kronk's wives.

==Introduced in ''The Emperor's New School''==
===Malina===
{{Infobox character
| colour = #5999F0
| name = Malina
| image =
| caption =
| first = ''[[The Emperor's New School]]''; "[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep1|Rabbit Face]]" (2006)
| last = ''The Emperor's New School''; "[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep52|Graduation Groove]]" (2008)
| creator = [[Mark Dindal]]
| voice [[Jessica DiCicco]]
| noinfo = yes
}}
Malina is the only major character from that series that has not previously appeared in either ''[[The Emperor's New Groove]]'' or ''[[Kronk's New Groove]]''. She is Kuzco's best friend and love interest. He has an intense crush on her (he often calls her "a hottie hot hottie" or "the hottiest hot hottie in hottie-ville").

Malina is a [[Cheerleading|cheerleader]] and the school council president who also is very diligent. She prints the Academy's [[newspaper|news scroll]]. She is a straight-A+ student, which is a requirement for the cheerleading squad. She is driven to excel almost to the point of having a [[Mental breakdown|nervous breakdown]] if she does not do everything to her ability, and has a very moral mindset which the show uses as a foil against Kuzco's immature approach.

Malina also has an incredibly strong sense of winning every contest she enters by any means, which first appeared in the episode "The Emperor's New Tuber" in which Malina was determined to fill all the spots on the Whack-A-Weasel arcade game on the high score board with her name (the last person on the list was [[Yzma]]). Also, both her devil and angel sides encouraged her to cheat in the potato growing contest despite her angel side was supposed to "tell her not to do it", in which she responded that she was not about to lose her perfect record.

In the second season, Malina shows that she is not as perfect as most people think. For example, she is sometimes bigoted, and shows greed, mentioned by Kuzco in the episode "Gold Fool's". Malina is also quite serious and has an intimidating face referred to as 'The Stare' by Kuzco and Kronk. In "Oops, All Doodles", it is revealed that Malina's doodles are drawn in a [[Chibi (slang)|Chibi]] [[anime]]-style. Malina is also set with a challenge before her: get Kuzco to do the right thing. She tries to reason with him about lying, being entitled, not caring about others and conspiracy theories that make no sense. Malina mentors Kuzco because she wants to help him graduate and learn how to become a better person.

Malina is the voice of reason to Kuzco. She always has to show Kuzco the correct decision to take. Malina seems to know what Kuzco is thinking, as she has commented on what he was saying in his head multiple times. She is incredibly observant, as she is instantly and accurately able to figure out many of Kuzco's mistakes despite not witnessing them herself. As shown in the episode "The Mystery of Machu Picchu", she has a pink [[rabbit]] stuffed animal, named Floopy, similar to Kuzco's 'Wompy.'

In the final episode of the series, she goes on a date with Kuzco straight after he is made emperor and happily becomes his girlfriend.

===Recurring and minor characters===
The following is a list of recurring and minor characters from ''[[The Emperor's New School]]''.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|-
! Name !! Voiced by !! First Appearance
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Mr. Flaco Moleguaco'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Curtis Armstrong]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep2|Squeakend at Bucky's]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|A teacher of Kuzco Academy. He hates Kuzco's smart-alec attitude and threatens to fail him quite often. His best student is Malina in his class. His only known relative is his cousin Mr. Nadaempa and works as a substitute whenever Mr. Moleguaco cannot teach.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Mr. Nadaempa'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[John DiMaggio]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep19|Attack Sub]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Kuzco Academy's substitute who is a very hard teacher. He made one appearance in the episode ''Attack Sub''. He is also Mr. Moleguaco's cousin and fills in for him to work his students back in line whenever Mr. Moleguaco is not teaching. His last name seems to be empanada, having the first half placed after the second like his cousin therefore, he is also a perfect example of spoonerism.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Coach Sweaty/Sweetie'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Candi Milo]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep1|Rabbit Face]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Coach of Kuzco Academy. Addressed as Coach Sweaty by Kuzco, Malina, and Mr. Purutu. Addressed as Coach Sweetie by Kronk in 'Rabbit Face'. She made an error on Malina's grade list by giving her an A− while writing an A+ when her pen had run out of ink in the middle of the plus.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Imatcha the Royal Matchmaker'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Michael Gough (voice actor)|Michael Gough]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep18|The Bride of Kuzco]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Kuzco's matchmaker who went to find Kuzco a perfect bride when he was born. Made one appearance in 'The Bride of Kuzco'. He found Princess Lalala. But after Kuzco cancelled the wedding and turned her down, she ended up with him for a short time until she was nagging him like she did to Kuzco. He then turned himself into a llama and turned down Lalala for his llama.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Herbie the rope ball'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|N/A
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep15|The New Kid]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Not an actual character. "Herbie" is a rope ball Kronk brought to Show and Tell in "The New Kid" and gave him the name just to spice up Show and Tell. Kuzco is run over by "Herbie" in the end of the episode and Kronk tries to chase after him.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Yatta'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Miley Cyrus]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep22|The Emperor's New Tuber]]"
|-
|colspan="3"| Yatta is a waitress at Mudka's Meat Hut and a friend of Malina. In Working Girl, she is replaced as a waitress by Malina. Kuzco then comes up with a plan to get Yatta rehired. She is later rehired thanks to Kuzco and Malina's plan. Auditions for Kuzco and Malina's Fundraising Musical.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Ramon'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Rene Mujica]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep24|Ramon's a Crowd]]"
|-
|colspan="3"| Ramon is an athletic student at Kuzco Academy. Malina has a crush on him, which causes Kuzco to greatly dislike him. He is afraid of clowns, but he was just faking it.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Mr. Purutu'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Ben Stein]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep6|Girls Behaving Oddly]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Kuzco Academy's [[school counselor]]. Made one appearance in "Girls Behaving Oddly" and a cameo in "Officer Kronk". He is obsessed with wind chimes and points out Coach Sweetie's mistake on Malina's grade. Also points out that Moxie is an A student like Malina. In Officer Kronk, he is sent to the dungeon for obsession with wind chimes.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Krank Pepikrankenitz'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Dante Basco]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep14|Clash of the Families]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Kronk's brother. Made one appearance in "Clash of the Familie"s. Krank has voice role and was replaced by Kuzco because of his broken ankle and could not compete in the Familympics.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Mr. Sneaks'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|N/A
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep14|Clash of the Families]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Kronk family's pet, cat. Appear at least once in episode "[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep14|Clash of the Families]]".
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Moxie'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Grey DeLisle]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep6|Girls Behaving Oddly]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Not really a bad girl, but an A student instead. Makes one appearance in Girls Behaving Oddly. In that episode, Kuzco appears to like her other than he does Malina. Mr. Purutu pointed out that she is really an A student just like Malina, but she does not tell anyone.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Ozker'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Corey Burton]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep15|The New Kid]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Not really an emperor, but he is still admired by Curi, Cuxi, and Cuca for being a Full Varsity Decathlon Champion. Made one appearance in The New Kid. He is a big fan of Kuzco and thinks he is really great. Although Kuzco thought he was really Yzma and also thought she wanted to do something to his yearbook picture. Near the end of the episode, Kuzco saved his bacon by falling into his own trap.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Homework'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Frank Welker]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep9|The Emperor's New Pet]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Kuzco's cat to take care of to learn responsibility. Made one appearance in The Emperor's New Pet. He was turned into a black jaguar by Yzma and then got his feelings hurt because of what Kuzco said. He ran away heartbroken but Kuzco went looking for him because he really felt bad about hurting him, that and he would fail if he did not. He later found Kuzco being chased by a pack of real black jaguars and did not attack Kuzco, saving him instead because he had a change of heart and was happy to see Kuzco. He also knows how to dance like Kuzco. Homework is changed back to a kitten at the end of the episode.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Miss Ni'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Tisha Terrasini Banker]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep17|Evil and Eviler]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|An emperor exterminator Yzma hired to get rid of Kuzco. Made one appearance in Evil and Eviler. Like Yzma, she is undercover as a faculty member of Kuzco Academy. Unlike Yzma, she is as evil as Yzma is. Twice she has kicked "Principal Amzy" out of her own office. She was then fired for putting Crocodiles in Solitary Detention, kicking Yzma/Amzy out of her office twice, and butting into Yzma's territory.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Gizo the Shuaka'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Maurice LaMarche]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep11|Gold Fools]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Possibly the remaining Shuaka left. Made one appearance in Gold Fool's. He tricked Kuzco, Malina, and Kronk into doing his chores but did that to teach them a lesson (Mostly Kuzco).
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Security Cam'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Jeff Bennett]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep13|Oops, All Doodles]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Kuzco Academy's security guard named Cam who hangs from a ceiling hence the name. Made one appearance in Oops, All Doodles. He told the real truth just like Kuzco did. After he told everyone what he should be addressed as, Kronk thought it was funny.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Urkon, the village leader'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Jeff Bennett]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep14|Clash of the Families]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|First appeared in Clash of the Families. He also announces the prizes and winners in the Familympics. He also gets Kuzco's name wrong in the episode U.F.Kuzco. Kuzco addressed him as the "talk-a-tron 2000" in Clash of the Families.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Curi, Cuxi, and Cuca'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Courtney Peldon]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep5|Cart Wash]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Cheerleaders of Kuzco Academy and also good friends with Malina. They seem to have a crush on Ozker because he is a Full Varsity Decathlon Champion. They seem to be sisters because their names all start with C.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Guaca'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|Justin Cowden
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep1|Rabbit Face]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|One of the students who attend Kuzco academy. His name was not revealed until the episode Monster Masquerade. He has made various appearances in episodes such as Unfit to Print where he always said "Kuzco rules".
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Yu and Tu'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Gabriel Iglesias]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep3|Only The Wrong Survive]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Identical twin brothers who attend Kuzco Academy.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Delivery Clown'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Mark Schiff]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep20|Monster Masquerade]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|He delivers mail to people in Kuzco Academy. He makes an appearance in Monster Masquerade. He made a mistake by sending Mr. Moleguaco's letter to Amzy/Yzma instead of Nurse Pitihiya.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Nurse Pitihaya'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|N/A
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|Never seen on TV
|-
|colspan="3"|Never seen in this show but was mentioned by Mr. Moleguaco in Monster Masquerade when the delivery clown described her as "creepy beyond reason" just like Yzma. She is supposedly the nurse of Kuzco Academy.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''The Creepy Little Old Man'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Frank Welker]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep12|The Mystery of Micchu Pachu]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Told the legend of Emperor Micchu. Made one appearance in The Mystery of Micchu Pachu (an obvious parody of [[Machu Picchu]]). He was disguised as the skeleton anteater because he wanted to keep the legend alive to get rich off of it.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Kavo'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Kevin Michael Richardson]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep7|The Big Fight]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|The big classroom "bully" who in reality has a soft-heart. Kuzco makes fun of him, because of the way he speaks. He easily becomes angry when Kuzco does that. Oddly, he is a member of the Kuzco Academy [[musical theatre|musical]] club
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Princess Lalala'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Teresa Ganzel]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep18|The Bride of Kuzco]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|A princess found by Kuzco's royal matchmaker, Imatcha. She made an appearance in ''The Bride of Kuzco''. She is serious which was why Kuzco did not want to marry her. She gets turned into a frog by Yzma then turned back to a human thanks to Kronk's mistake by adding grenadine. Kuzco then cancels the wedding and then she ends up with Imatcha for a short time before he turned himself into a llama to get away from her uptight and no-nonsense attitude thus she is alone again.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Zim and Zam'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Dylan and Cole Sprouse]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep13|Chipmunky Business]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Yzma's great nephews. Made one appearance in Chipmunky Business. During Kuzclub week, they tried to prevent Kuzco from earning a patch. They successfully made him lose every single patch except for the Condor Patch which was given to Kronk and the "I didn't earn a single patch" Patch. They failed to make him lose a chance to pass Kuzclub week and are taken by a condor at the end of the episode alongside Yzma.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Dirk Brock'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Joey Lawrence]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep32|Emperor's New Musical]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Rock star brought in to do a concert to raise money for Kuzco Academy. Kuzco is jealous of him and tricks him into drinking Yzma's laryngitis potion, so he can be the star of the show. However, Brock gets his voice back and musically duels with Yzma.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Azma'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Ellen Albertini Dow]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep18|The Bride of Kuzco]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Azma is Yzma's 119-year-old mother and made one appearance in The Bride of Kuzco. She has the disability to talk or walk and always coughs throughout the episode., although Yzma seems to understand her. She appears to be '''older''' and '''more''' ancient than Yzma.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Cyro the Sneaky'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Kevin Michael Richardson]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep17|Evil and Eviler]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Only played a minor role in this show. Made one appearance in Evil and Eviler. He appeared to be one of the most evil villains ever according to Mr. Moleguaco's lecture on Crime and Punishment. He also had a job interview with Yzma to be an emperor exterminator but it didn't work out because he took Yzma's sign.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Furi'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|[[Chloë Grace Moretz]]
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep17|Kuzcogarten]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|Tipo's friend at Kuzco Academy. She is also in Kuzcogarten with Tipo. She only made one appearance in Kuzcogarten.
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|'''Fuzzico'''
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|N/A
|bgcolor="lightgrey"|"[[List of The Emperor's New School episodes#ep50|Kuzco's Little Secret]]"
|-
|colspan="3"|A [[Chinchilla]] Kuzco accidentally endangered, saved and then adopted when he looked deeply into its eyes and became soft. Kuzco eventually had to put him back into the wild after Chicha found him since she strictly did not allow pets in the house.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{The Emperor's New Groove}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Emperor's New Groove Characters}}
[[Category:The Emperor's New Groove|Characters]]
[[Category:Lists of Disney animated film characters]]
[[Category:Lists of characters in American television animation]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios characters|*The Emperor's New Groove]]
[[Category:Disney Television Animation characters|The Emperor's New School]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 2006]]

Guelph Transit

2021-09-03T17:11:13Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Conventional Routes */ Fixed link to bus schedules

{{Infobox Bus transit
| name = Guelph Transit
| logo = Guelph Transit logo.png
| logo_size =
| image = Guelph Transit.jpg
| image_caption =
| company_slogan = On your way
| parent =
| founded = 1895 (Street Railway)
| headquarters = 170 Watson Rd S.
| locale =
| service_area = [[Guelph]]
| service_type = [[Bus service]], [[Paratransit]]
| alliance =
| routes = 28
| destinations =
| stops =
| hubs = 4
| stations =
| lounge =
| fleet = 70 buses<ref name="stats page">{{Cite web |url=http://www.guelph.ca/uploads/CDDS%20Engineering/Transit%20Growth/Guelph_Transit_Final_Report_.pdf |title=Guelph Transit Final Report |access-date=2010-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706182605/http://www.guelph.ca/uploads/CDDS%20Engineering/Transit%20Growth/Guelph_Transit_Final_Report_.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| ridership = 20,000<ref name="stats page" />
| fuel_type =
| operator = City of [[Guelph]]
| ceo =
| website = {{URL|https://guelph.ca/living/getting-around/bus/|Guelph Transit}}
}}
[[Image:City of Guelph crest.png|thumb|right|Most buses still carry the old city crest, as the new branding gets phased in]]
The '''Guelph Transit Commission''' is a small public transportation agency that operates transit bus services in [[Guelph]], [[Ontario]], Canada. Established in 1929 after the closure of the Guelph Radial Railway Company streetcar lines, Guelph Transit has grown to comprise over 70 buses serving 28 transit routes.

The main terminus is located downtown at [[Guelph Central Station]] and at [[University of Guelph]], with a smaller facility at Stone Road Mall and SmartCentres on Woodlawn Road. [[GO Transit]] buses and trains on the [[Kitchener line|Kitchener corridor]] and [[Via Rail]] also stop at [[Guelph Central Station]].

==History==

The City of Guelph is located approximately {{convert|55|mi|km}} west of Toronto. Nicknamed the Royal City (reflecting the [[House of Hanover]], known in its native Germany as the [[House of Welf]]), Guelph's street railway operated from 1895 until 1939 along five routes. It was also the western terminus of the Guelph line of the [[Toronto Suburban Railway]].

===Street railway===
By the late 19th century, Guelph had become such a size that public transportation had pretty much become a necessity. Serious discussion concerning a street railway began in 1875, and the Guelph Street Railway Company was formed in 1877.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =An Act to Incorporate the Guelph Street Railway Company|abbr =S.O.|year =1877|chapter = 83|link= https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1877onta#page/348/mode/2up}}</ref> The company failed to get a franchise for its proposed horse-car line, and the idea was abandoned.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.therecord.com/living-story/8077765-james-massie-a-mover-and-shaker-in-guelph-and-beyond/ |title = James Massie: A mover and shaker in Guelph and beyond|date = 2018-01-19}}</ref>

====The Sleeman line====
In 1894, [[Guelph City Council]] granted a street railway franchise to local businessman [[Sleeman Breweries|George Sleeman]] for a term of twenty years, for which the Guelph Railway Company was incorporated in April 1895.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =An Act to incorporate the Guelph Railway Company, and to confirm an agreement between the Corporation of the City of Guelph and George Sleeman|abbr =S.O.|year =1895|chapter = 98|link= https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1895onta#page/546/mode/2up}}</ref> Construction began immediately thereafter, using 56 pound rail. The initial route of the GRC was south along Woolwich Street, through the downtown and along Dundas Road, with a second line running from the Sleeman owned Silvercreek Brewery on Waterloo Avenue, to the [[Canadian Pacific]] and [[Grand Trunk Railway|Grand Trunk]] (later Canadian National) Railway stations. Total distance of these two lines was approximately {{convert|4+1/2|mi|km}}. Electrical equipment for 600 volt operation, three closed and two open cars were supplied by the Canadian [[General Electric]] Company. A stone car-barn and powerhouse were also built. The carbarn later served as the garage for the Guelph Transportation Commission buses until the 1970s, and still stands today at 371 Waterloo Avenue.

Sleeman operated a brewery on Waterloo Avenue and expected that his employees would travel back and forth to work on his system. He also built a skating rink and park behind his brewery.

Operation began on September 17, 1895, with 20 minute service being provided between 5 am and 11 pm, Monday to Saturday. New lines were soon built including Suffolk, added in 1896, O.A.C ([[Ontario Agricultural College]]) in 1902 and York Road in 1911.

The Company's charter was extended in 1901 to provide for a line to be constructed to [[Hespeler, Ontario|Hespeler]], forming a [[Loop line (railway)|loop line]] with [[Puslinch Lake]].<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =An Act respecting The Guelph Railway Company|abbr =S.O.|year =1901|chapter = 79|link= https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1901onta#page/448/mode/2up}}</ref>

====Guelph Radial Railway====
George Sleeman continued to own the line until late 1902 when control passed to the [[Bank of Montreal]] and the [[Traders Bank of Canada]]. The name of the company was also changed to the Guelph Radial Railway Company, with authority to build lines to Mount Forest, Erin, Galt and Preston,<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =An Act respecting the Guelph Railway Company, and to change the name of the Company to that of the Guelph Radial Railway Company|abbr =S.O.|year =1903|chapter = 95|link= https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1903onta#page/858/mode/2up}}</ref> but none of these lines were ever built. The City of Guelph was also authorized to acquire the company, which it subsequently did,<ref>1903 Act, s. 37</ref> with related legislation being passed in 1905.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =An Act respecting the Guelph Radial Railway Company, and to confirm a By-law of the Corporation of the City of Guelph|abbr =S.O.|year =1905|chapter = 91|link= https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1905onta#page/522/mode/2up}}</ref>

Ridership doubled between 1902 and 1906 resulting in more rolling stock being purchased in 1906 and again in 1911. In 1903, the city of Guelph purchased the street railway for $78,000, which included eight miles of track, eight closed and three open cars.

Freight service had been introduced in 1900 using a small four-wheel locomotive, with traffic being interchanged with the [[Grand Trunk Railway]]. This business increased to a point where in 1911 a new 27-short ton locomotive, #26, was purchased from [[Preston Car Company|Preston Car & Coach]], along with two 2-truck 'Prairie' type streetcars, #60 and #70. In 1913, another 'Prairie' car, #80, was added with two more, #90 and #100, being acquired in 1914. The Prairie cars were {{convert|45|ft|10|in|m}} in length and were double ended. All five 'Prairie' cars were transferred to the [[Toronto and York Radial Railway]] in 1925 and renumbered 151 to 155. A second freight interchange was added on Suffolk Street in 1915 and a connection was made with the new [[Toronto Suburban Railway]] line in 1917.

====Ontario Hydro====
Both the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] and [[Ontario Hydro]] made offers to buy the Guelph system. Ontario Hydro won out and took title to the Railway, under the name Ontario Hydro Electric Railways–Guelph District, on May 21, 1921.<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =The Guelph Railway Act, 1921|abbr =S.O.|year =1921|chapter = 22|link= https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1921onta#page/52/mode/2up}}</ref> Some lines were rebuilt and some extended, and Sunday service began July 25, 1921. Seven [[railroad truck|single-truck]] Birney cars numbered 219 to 225 were acquired in 1922. These were built by [[J.G. Brill and Company|Canadian Brill]] at the former Preston Car & Coach plant in nearby [[Cambridge, Ontario|Preston, Ontario]].

The first bus, a 29-seat Gotfredson, was placed in service in 1926 on Eramosa Road. This service was discontinued on October 31, 1927, due to significant losses, however, the service was reinstated the following year with a smaller bus. A second bus was used when streetcar tracks were under repair.

Operating losses began to climb beginning in 1927. The Suffolk line was removed in 1929 due to its poor condition and the cost of rebuilding, being replaced by bus service.

In 1926, Ontario Hydro tried to sell the system back to the City of Guelph, but were refused. Finally, in June 1937, City Council recommended the discontinuance of the streetcars, September 30, 1937, being the final day of operation, buses replacing them the next day. In 1939, the [[Ontario Legislature]] passed an Act transferring the system to the newly created Guelph Transportation Commission (now called Guelph Transit).<ref>{{Cite canlaw|short title =The Guelph Railway Act, 1939|abbr =S.O.|year =1939|chapter = 18|link= https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1939onta#page/116/mode/2up}}</ref> Electric freight service continued to operate until May 26, 1939.<ref>[http://www.trainweb.org/elso/guelph.htm Guelph Radial Railway]</ref>

===Bus service to the present day===
Guelph Transit has bus routes that cover the entire city. Sunday service was added in 2001, new routes were added over the last five years. Guelph Transit's garage and other city works moved from Waterloo Avenue to 12 Municipal Street in the 1970s . In the late 1990s, a new transit facility was constructed on Watson Road.

On June 20, 2007, Guelph Transit launched a web-based system known as ''Next Bus''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.guelph.ca/living.cfm?subCatID=1736&smocid=2312 |title=City of Guelph |access-date=2007-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208021807/http://www.guelph.ca/living.cfm?subCatID=1736&smocid=2312 |archive-date=2012-02-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Global Positioning System|Global positioning system]] (GPS) technology and advanced computer modelling allow riders to receive accurate, real-time arrival and departure information via the [[Internet]], [[handheld device]]s (including [[Palm Pilot|Palms]], [[BlackBerry|Blackberries]], and Web-capable [[cellular phone]]s), or their telephones. This system has proven frustrating to some Guelph residents, as Guelph Transit no longer posted paper copies of bus arrival times at bus stops; a user standing at a bus stop without a cell phone had no way of determining when the next bus would arrive. Additionally, the system's predictions have been known to be wildly inaccurate.<ref>[http://thecannon.ca/viewpoint_details.php?id=7619 thecannon.ca]</ref>

The new system features web-based map displays with local streets and routes, and real-time information available on the web. It will also incorporate dynamic transit display signs at key locations around the city. One such sign is already in place at [[Stone Road Mall]]. However, the service is limited in that the time displayed is linked to the scheduled arrival on the applicable timetable, not the anticipated arrival based upon the current location of the bus.

Guelph Transit added holiday service in 2007 as well as additional routes serving the south end of the city. Services on these routes (56, 57, and 58) were suspended in April 2008, and the 54 Arkell route was extended to St Georges Square in July 2008.

In 2009 and 2010 Guelph Transit and Dillon Consulting developed a new ''Transit Growth Strategy and Plan'' for transit and mobility services.<ref name="2010plan">{{Cite web|title=Guelph Transit Growth Strategy and Plan|url=http://www.guelph.ca/uploads/CDDS%20Engineering/Transit%20Growth/Guelph_Transit_Final_Report_.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706182605/http://www.guelph.ca/uploads/CDDS%20Engineering/Transit%20Growth/Guelph_Transit_Final_Report_.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-06|access-date=2010-10-07}}</ref>

As identified in the 2010 budget, Guelph Transit is modifying frequency and service hours in order to achieve targeted savings. These savings will be realized by shifting from a 20-minute service frequency to a 30-minute frequency in June, July, and August. Holiday service has also been cancelled for 2010.

On January 1, 2012, Guelph Transit launched a complete new system of routes and schedules to accommodate a growing demand for change within the transit system. The system includes new transfer points at Guelph Central Station and the University of Guelph. During peak service times, buses run on a 20-minute schedule. During non-peak service times, including Saturday and Sunday, service will continue to run on a 30-minute schedule.

In December 2019, Guelph Transit announces that it will be launching a reloadable fare card (the ''OnYourWay'' card) in plans to phase out paper tickets. The system was launched on January 7th, 2020 and OnYourWay cards were given to transit users for free until May 1st, 2020, after which they are sold for $5.00. Cardholders are expected to pay when boarding the bus (at the front entrance) using a contactless card reader. The OnYourWay card can be loaded with money either through [https://guelph.ca/living/getting-around/bus/fares-and-passes/onyourway-fare-card/load-your-onyourway-farecard/ Guelph Transit's online portal] or in person at one of the City of Guelph facilities listed on Guelph Transit's website. The OnYourWay card also provides transit users with balance protection in the event the card is lost or stolen. Guelph Transit has not yet announced any timeline of when it will stop accepting cash or ticket fares.

=== Future plans ===
In January 2020, The City of Guelph announced that it will be investing $177 million to purchase 67 electric transit busses and build a new bus storage facility. Guelph has received financial assistance from both provincial and federal governments. Federal Infrastructure Minister Catherine McKenna announced that [[Government of Canada|The Government of Canada]]'s contribution to the project will be $41 million, while the province of Ontario is expected to provide $35 million. The new fleet is expected to replace 30 existing [[Diesel engine|diesel]] busses. The new bus storage facility will have the capacity for 200 busses and each parking space will be equipped with a charging apparatus. In addition, the city announced that select bus stops will also be fitted with bus charging stations. The City of Guelph has not yet provided a timeline for this project, nor has it specified from which bus manufacturer(s) the vehicles will be purchased from.

==Central Station==
Work was underway to convert the [[Guelph Central Station]] and current Greyhound Bus Terminal into a Regional Transit Facility by 2014. The terminal opened up to Guelph Transit Buses in May 2012. The opening of the bus portion of the station was delayed from October 2011 to May 2012 to allow time for the renovations of the railway station building to be completed.

Additional renovations, with a $2.1 million budget, were completed in 2016-2017. The work also helped to preserve and restore heritage characteristics.<ref name=fact-sheet>{{cite web |url=http://guelph.ca/2017/04/fact-sheet-guelph-central-train-station/ |title=Fact sheet: Guelph Central Train Station |date=April 11, 2017 |publisher=City of Guelph |access-date=July 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051903/http://guelph.ca/2017/04/fact-sheet-guelph-central-train-station/ |archive-date=October 5, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://stevenpetric.com/guelph-central-station-building-to-be-renovated/</ref>

The following is an April 2017 summary of the operations: "Guelph Central Train Station is a busy transit hub that accommodates Guelph Transit, GO Transit, Via Rail and Greyhound Canada operations. Each weekday, more than 5,000 passengers board Guelph Transit, to travel on one of the 15 different routes that operate out of the bus bays adjacent to the train station.<ref name=fact-sheet/>

In September 2016, Guelph Transit began offering early morning shuttle service for those connecting with early GO Trains. [[Presto card|PRESTO cards]] could be used as a co-fare through all of the hours of GO service in Guelph.<ref>http://stevenpetric.com/guelph-transit-offers-earlier-morning-service-to-connect-with-go-train-as-well-as-co-fare-rate/</ref>

In September 2017, Guelph Transit realigned the bus routes and schedules around the 99 Mainline, which provides bus service every 10 minutes weekdays, every 15 minutes between Guelph Central Station and Clair Road and every 30 minutes from Guelph Central Station to SmartCentres on Woodlawn Road.<ref>http://guelph.ca/2017/08/passenger-input-ridership-data-drive-transit-route-changes/</ref>

==Conventional Routes==
[https://guelph.ca/living/getting-around/bus/schedules/ Maps & schedules]

Routes as of September 3, 2017:
*1 Edinburgh College
*2 College Edinburgh
*3 Westmount
*4 York Road
*5 Goodwin
*6 Harvard Ironwood
*7 Kortright Downey
*8 Stone Road Mall
*9 Waterloo
*10 Imperial
*11 Willow West
*12 General Hospital
*13 Victoria Road Recreation Centre
*14 Grange
*15 University/College
*16 Southgate
*17 Woodlawn Watson
*18 Watson Woodlawn
*20 Northwest Industrial
*99 Mainline
*Community Bus North
*Community Bus South

==Express Routes==
*40 Scottsdale Express

==University Routes==
*50 U Stone
*51 U Janefield
*52 U Kortright
*56 U Colonial
*57 U Ironwood
*58 U Edinburgh
*59 U Gordon Express

==Special Routes==
*Metro (Every second Tuesday)
*Guelph Transit GO Shuttle Service <ref>[https://guelph.ca/living/getting-around/bus/schedules/guelph-transit-go-shuttle-service/ Guelph Transit Bus Shuttle Service]</ref>

==Late Night Bus Service==
Guelph Transit, in partnership with the Central Students Association at the University of Guelph, operate several late night drop-off only routes from the University Centre once regular bus service has ended. This service is provided from September to April from Tuesday to Sunday, with the exception of winter break, reading week and statutory holidays.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://guelph.ca/living/getting-around/bus/schedules/routes-that-service-the-university-of-guelph/ |title= Guelph Transit information for University of Guelph students|access-date=September 2017}}</ref>

*West Hanlon Kortright Loop
*Victoria Clair Loop
*Gordon Edinburgh Loop
*Sunday Service Loop

There is also a Downtown-University Bus service where students can board at either University Centre or Guelph Central Station.

==See also==
{{Portal|Transport|Ontario}}
* [[GO Transit]]
* [[Greyhound Canada]]
* [[Via Rail]]
* [[Grand River Transit]]
* [[Public transport in Canada]]

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.guelph.ca/living.cfm?subCatID=1179&smocid=1764 Guelph Transit Website]
* [http://www.trainweb.org/elso/guelph.htm Guelph Radial Railway]
* [http://www.busdrawings.com/Transit/ontario/guelph/index.htm Drawings and photos of Guelph Transit buses]
{{guelph}}
{{Public transit systems in Canada}}
{{Commonscat-inline|Guelph Transit}}

[[Category:Transit agencies in Ontario]]
[[Category:Transport in Guelph]]
[[Category:Municipal government of Guelph]]

Evergreen International Airlines

2018-02-23T13:38:07Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Accidents and incidents */ Fix reference link to NTSB accident report for the flight that had a separated engine

{{about||the airline owned by the [[Evergreen Marine|Evergreen Group]]|EVA Air|the aviation services group|Evergreen International Aviation}}

{{Infobox Airline
| airline = Evergreen International Airlines
| logo = Evergreen Airlines logo.svg
| logo_size =
| fleet_size = 4
| destinations = 11
| IATA = EZ
| ICAO = EIA
| callsign = EVERGREEN
| parent = [[Evergreen International Aviation]]
| company_slogan =
| founded = 1975<ref name="NAAH">{{cite book|last=Norwood|first=Tom|author2=Wegg, John|title=North American Airlines Handbook|publisher=Airways International|location=Sandpoint, ID|year=2002|edition=3rd|isbn=0-9653993-8-9|url=http://www.airwaysnews.com}}</ref>
| commenced = November 28, 1975
| ceased = December 31, 2013
| headquarters = [[McMinnville, Oregon]]
| hubs =
*[[John F. Kennedy International Airport|John F. Kennedy Int'l Airport]]
*[[Hong Kong International Airport]]
| secondary_hubs =
| focus_cities =
| frequent_flyer =
| lounge =
| alliance =
|
}}
[[File:Evergreen Supertanker 947 N470EV take-off from Ben Gurion 20071116.jpg|thumb|right|An [[Evergreen 747 Supertanker]] departs [[Ben Gurion Airport]], [[Israel]], (2007)]]

'''Evergreen International Airlines''' was a [[Air charter|charter]] and [[cargo airline]] based in [[McMinnville, Oregon|McMinnville]], [[Oregon]], United States. It operated contract freight services, offering charters and scheduled flights, as well as [[wet lease]] services. It operated services for the U.S. military and the [[United States Postal Service]], as well as ad hoc charter flights. Its crew base was at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], [[New York City|New York]].<ref name="FI">{{cite news | title= Directory: World Airlines | work= [[Flight International]] | pages= 79–80 | date= 2007-04-03}}</ref>

Evergreen also maintained a large aircraft maintenance and storage facility at the [[Pinal Airpark|Pinal Air Park]] in [[Marana, Arizona]] that the company acquired from the [[CIA]]'s [[Air America (airline)|Air America]] fleet.<ref>[http://www.evergreenairlines.com/EAC/location.html Evergreen Maintenance Center, Inc.]</ref><ref name="Time86">{{cite news|url=http://www.air-america.org/Articles/Doole.shtml|title=American Scene, In Arizona: A Spymaster Remembered|last=Thomas|first=Evan|date=April 7, 1986|publisher=Time Magazine|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref><ref name="Oregonian88">{{cite news|url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Evergreen_International_Aviation,_Inc.#_note-evergreenstorypart1|title=The Evergreen Story, Part 1|last=Long|first=James|author2=Lauren Cowen|date=1988-08-14|publisher=The Oregonian|accessdate=2009-03-15}}</ref>

== History ==
The airline was established by Delford Smith (founder and owner) and began operations in 1960 as [[Evergreen Helicopters]]. It acquired the operating certificate of Johnson Flying Service and merged it with [[Intermountain Airlines]] from [[Pacific Corporation]] (a CIA front company) in 1975 to form Evergreen International Airlines. The holding company, [[Evergreen International Aviation]], formed in 1979, wholly owns the airline.<ref name="FI"/>

{{citation needed span|One of Evergreen's [[Boeing 747]] airplanes (registered N473EV, which suffered an in-flight engine separation in 1993) starred in the 1990 action film ''[[Die Hard 2]]''. Additionally, Evergreen [[Boeing 727]]s were featured in numerous films including ''[[Donnie Brasco]]'' with [[Al Pacino]], and ''[[The Rookie (1990 film)|The Rookie]]'' with [[Clint Eastwood]].|date=December 2017}}

On November 9, 2013, it was announced that Evergreen Airlines would close on November 30, 2013 due to financial troubles.<ref>{{cite news|last=Montesano|first=Nicole|title=Evergreen Airlines to close|url=http://www.statesmanjournal.com/article/20131108/UPDATE/311080066/|newspaper=[[Statesman-Journal]]|date=November 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Read|first=Richard|title=Evergreen ran out of runway; Company closing down after struggling with rising fuel prices and runaway debt|newspaper=[[The Oregonian]]|date=November 9, 2013 |page=B7|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2013/11/evergreen_international_airlin_3.html |accessdate=November 9, 2013}}</ref> This information was initially denied by Evergreen, but shortly afterwards admitted to, <ref>[http://www.evergreenairlines.com/p_releases/110813.html Official press release]</ref> "Evergreen International Airlines flew its last flight Monday [December 2, 2013] Mike Hines, chairman of its parent company board, acknowledged..."<ref>{{cite news|last=Montesano|first=Nicole|title=Evergreen lands its last flight|newspaper=[[News-Register (McMinnville)|Yamhill Valley News-Register]]|date=December 6, 2013|page=1|url=http://www.newsregister.com/article?articleTitle=evergreen-lands-its-last-flight--1386300418--10641-- |accessdate=May 13, 2014}}</ref>

Evergreen also owned a museum and [[waterpark]], called the [[Evergreen Wings and Waves Waterpark]]. This remains open, despite the company's [[bankruptcy]]. One of Evergreen's 747-100s is mounted on the roof of the waterpark, serving as the housing for the top of four of the waterpark's slides.

On December 31, 2013, Evergreen International Airlines filled a Chapter 7 petition in federal bankruptcy court in Delaware. The bankruptcy filing lists seven entities as submitting the Chapter 7 petition: Evergreen Aviation Ground Logistics Enterprise, Evergreen Defense and Security Services, Evergreen International Airlines, Evergreen International Aviation, Evergreen Systems Logistics, Evergreen Trade, and Supertanker Services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2014/01/evergreen_international_airlin_4.html|title=Evergreen International Airlines files voluntary Chapter 7 petition on New Year's Eve|last=Francis|first=Mike|date=January 1, 2014|work=The Oregonian|accessdate=2014-01-11|location=Portland, OR}}</ref>

== Destinations ==
Evergreen International Airlines operated the following freight services (as of December 2012):{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}
*Domestic scheduled destinations: [[Anchorage]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Chicago]].
*International scheduled destinations: [[Tokyo]], [[Nagoya]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Shanghai]].

==Fleet==
[[File:Evergreen B747-200F EDFH.jpg|thumb|right|An Evergreen [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-200F]] taxiing at [[Frankfurt Hahn Airport]], [[Germany]]. (2010)]]
[[File:Evergreen B747-200F EDFH img2.JPG|thumb|right|An Evergreen [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-200F]] taxiing at [[Frankfurt Hahn Airport]], [[Germany]]. (2010)]]
[[File:EvergreenBoeing747-230FN490EV Publish.jpg|thumb|right|Boeing 747-230F landing at Stockholm - Arlanda]]
[[File:N470ev (2044535849).jpg|thumb|right|An Evergreen [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-200C]]. (2007)]]
The Evergreen International Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft (as of December 2012):<ref>[http://ch-aviation.ch/aircraft.php?search=set&airline=EIA&al_op=1 Evergreen International Airlines Fleet]</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
|+ '''Evergreen International Airlines Fleet'''
|-
!Aircraft
!In Fleet
!Orders
!Stored
!Notes
|-
|[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-100SF]]
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|11
|Supertanker 1 stored at [[VCV]]
|-
|[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-200C]]
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|2
|Also used in charter service
|-
|[[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-200B/SF]]
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|6
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747#747SR|Boeing 747-200F/SCD]]
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|1
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400BDSF]]
|align=center|1
|align=center|
|align=center|
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400BCF]]
|align=center|2
|align=center|
|align=center|
|
|-
|[[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400F]]
|align=center|1
|align=center|
|align=center|
|Operated for [[Saudia]]
|-
|}

Evergreen previously operated three [[Boeing Dreamlifter]]s to transport the [[Boeing 787]] parts to Boeing, but the contract was given to [[Atlas Air]] in September 2010. This was due to Boeing's rescheduled delivery of the [[Boeing 747-8]]Fs ordered by [[Atlas Air]] to increase their current fleet. The "Dreamlifter" is the logistic support aircraft for Boeing's global [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]] production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2005/q4/051214a_nr.html|title=Boeing News Release|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67WF2QPvv?url=http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2005/q4/051214a_nr.html|archivedate=2012-05-09|df=}}</ref> The company was also scheduled to operate the [[SOFIA]] [[Boeing 747]]SP aircraft for NASA and the [[German Aerospace Center]] (DLR) at [[NASA]]'s [[Ames Research Center]] in [[Moffett Field, CA]] (in the silicon valley near [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/aircraft/sofia_ac.htm|title=The SOFIA Boeing 747SP|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113003337/http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/aircraft/sofia_ac.htm|archivedate=2006-11-13|df=}}</ref>

The airline modified a [[Boeing 747-100]] for [[aerial firefighting]], receiving final certification from the [[FAA]] in October 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tucsoncitizen.com/daily/local/30782.php|title=Giant jet unlikely to attack California fire}}</ref> Compared to existing large water bombers and airtankers, the [[Evergreen Supertanker]] was planned to offer at least seven times more [[fire retardant]] capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desastres.org/noticias.asp?id=11102006-16|title=Supertanker Contract Could Land Firefighting Jet in Area}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In December, 2010, Israel hired Evergreen's fire-fighting aircraft to assist in firefighting efforts of the [[2010 Mount Carmel forest fire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3994175,00.html |title=Evergreen Supertanker on its way to Israel - Israel News, Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2012-05-17}}</ref>

In August 2007, Evergreen announced that it had ordered 3 [[Boeing 747-400]]BCF to upgrade its commercial operations, with deliveries in summer 2009.<ref>"[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/08/14/216075/evergreen-orders-747-400bcfs-assumes-control-of-dreamlifters.html Evergreen orders 747-400BCFs]" Flight Global, 14/08/07</ref> In March 2010, the orders have not yet been delivered. In December 2012, Evergreen ceased operations of the last three 747-200s; they are parked at [[Portsmouth International Airport at Pease]].

=== Retired fleet ===
As of August 2006, Evergreen International Airlines previously operated the following aircraft:{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}

* [[Boeing 727#727-100|Boeing 727-100F]]
* [[747-100|Boeing 747-100F]]
* [[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-33F]]
* [[Lockheed L-188 Electra|Lockheed L-188A Electra]]
* [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32]]CF

A division of Evergreen, '''Evergreen Airspur''', also operated [[de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter]] [[STOL]] aircraft in scheduled commuter airline operations in southern California.<ref>http://www.airliners.net, photo of Evergreen Airspur DHC-6 Twin Otter at LAX</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
* March 18, 1989: Evergreen International Airlines Flight 17, a [[DC-9]] was on a cargo flight from [[Kelly Air Force Base]] outside San Antonio to [[Tinker Air Force Base]] outside of Oklahoma City, with a stop at [[Carswell Air Force Base]] in Fort Worth. As the plane was departing, the cargo door on the plane opened; the pilot immediately requested emergency return to Carswell. As the plane was approaching on base leg, the cargo door fully opened, which caused the plane to yaw to the left and right, and then roll, until crashing near [[Saginaw, Texas|Saginaw]] in an inverted position. Both pilots on board were killed. The investigation found that when closing the cargo door, the copilot did not close it fully, but since the locked and latched indicators were applied incorrectly, the copilot thought the door was fully locked.<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890318-0 ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33RC N931F Saginaw, TX]</ref>
* March 31, 1993: [[lee waves]] were believed responsible for the in-flight separation of the #2 engine on an Evergreen [[Boeing 747|Boeing 747-100]], registration: N473EV, near [[Anchorage, Alaska]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Pages/AAR9306.aspx|title=NTSB Accident Report AAR-93-06}}</ref> The plane involved was used in the movie ''[[Die Hard 2]]''. The plane was since repaired, then flew until 2001.
* September 1997; fines were imposed by the Australian civil aviation authority for dumping fuel while flying over Sydney

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Evergreen International Airlines}}

{{Air Transport Association}}
{{Airlines of the United States}}

[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2013]]
[[Category:Airlines for America members]]
[[Category:Defunct cargo airlines]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1960]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Oregon]]
[[Category:McMinnville, Oregon]]
[[Category:Defunct airlines of the United States]]
[[Category:Cargo airlines of the United States]]

Lee wave

2018-02-23T13:36:34Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Aviation */ Fix reference link to Evergreen Airlines accident

[[File:Vol d'onde.svg|right|thumb|The wind flows towards a mountain and produces a first oscillation (A) followed by more waves. The following waves will have lower amplitude because of the natural damping. [[Lenticular cloud]]s stuck on top of the flow (A) and (B) will appear immobile despite the strong wind.]]
In [[meteorology]], '''lee waves''' are [[Earth's atmosphere|atmospheric]] stationary waves. The most common form is '''mountain waves''', which are atmospheric internal [[gravity wave]]s. These were discovered in 1933 by two German [[glider pilot]]s, Hans Deutschmann and [[Wolf Hirth]], above the [[Krkonoše]].<ref>On March 10, 1933, German glider pilot Hans Deutschmann (1911–1942) was flying over the Riesen mountains in Silesia when an updraft lifted his plane by a kilometer. The event was observed, and correctly interpreted, by German engineer and glider pilot Wolf Hirth (1900–1959), who wrote about it in: Wolf Hirth, ''Die hohe Schule des Segelfluges'' [The advanced school of glider flight] (Berlin, Germany: Klasing & Co., 1933). The phenomenon was subsequently studied by German glider pilot and atmospheric physicist Joachim P. Küttner (1909 -2011) in: Küttner, J. (1938) "Moazagotl und Föhnwelle" (Lenticular clouds and foehn waves), ''Beiträge zur Physik der Atmosphäre'', '''25''', 79–114, and Kuettner, J. (1959) "The rotor flow in the lee of mountains." GRD [Geophysics Research Directorate] Research Notes No. 6, AFCRC[Air Force Cambridge Research Center]-TN-58-626, ASTIA [Armed Services Technical Information Agency] Document No. AD-208862.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine
|title=Modeling and Classification of Mountain Waves
|last=Tokgozlu
|first=A
|author2=Rasulov, M. |author3=Aslan, Z.
|date=January 2005
|volume=29
|issue=1
|page=22
|magazine=Technical Soaring
|issn=0744-8996
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.nateferguson.com/glider.html
| title = Article about wave lift
| accessdate = 2006-09-28
}}</ref>
They are [[Frequency|periodic]] changes of [[atmospheric pressure]], [[temperature]] and [[orthometric height]] in a [[Air current|current]] of [[air]] caused by vertical displacement, for example [[orographic lift]] when the [[wind]] blows over a [[mountain]] or [[mountain range]]. They can also be caused by the surface wind blowing over an [[escarpment]] or [[plateau]],<ref name=Pagen/> or even by upper winds deflected over a [[thermal]] [[updraft]] or [[cloud street]].

The vertical motion forces periodic changes in [[speed]] and [[Boxing the compass|direction]] of the air within this air current. They always occur in groups on the [[Windward and leeward|lee]] side of the [[terrain]] that triggers them. Usually a [[turbulent]] [[vortex]], with its [[rotation|axis of rotation]] parallel to the mountain range, is generated around the first [[Crest (physics)|trough]]; this is called a '''rotor'''. The strongest lee waves are produced when the [[lapse rate]] shows a stable layer above the obstruction, with an unstable layer above and below.<ref name=Pagen>{{cite book | last = Pagen | first = Dennis | title = Understanding the Sky | publisher = Sport Aviation Pubns | location = City | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-936310-10-3 | pages= 169–175 | quote= This is the ideal case, for an unstable layer below and above the stable layer create what can be described as a springboard for the stable layer to bounce on once the mountain begins the oscillation.}}</ref>

== Basic theory ==
[[File:Lee wave GFD lab.JPG|thumb|A fluid dynamics lab experiment illustrates flow past a mountain-shaped obstacle. Downstream wave crests radiate upwards with their group velocity pointing about 45° from horizontal. A downslope jet can be seen in the lee of the mountain, an area of lower pressure, enhanced turbulence, and periodic vertical displacement of fluid parcels. Vertical dye lines indicate effects are also felt upstream of the mountain, an area of higher pressure.]]
Lee waves are a form of [[Internal wave|internal gravity waves]] produced when stably [[Stratification (water)|stratified]] flow is forced over an obstacle. This disturbance elevates air parcels above their level of [[neutral buoyancy]]. Buoyancy restoring forces therefore act to excite vertical [[oscillation]] of the perturbed air parcels at the [[Brunt–Väisälä frequency|Brunt-Väisäla frequency]], which for the atmosphere is:

<math>N = \sqrt{{g \over \theta_0}{d\theta_0 \over dz}}</math>, where <math>\theta_0(z)</math> is the vertical profile of [[potential temperature]].

Oscillations tilted off the vertical axis at an angle of <math>\phi</math> will occur at a lower [[frequency]] of <math>N\cos{\phi}</math>. These air parcel oscillations occur in concert, parallel to the wave fronts (lines of constant [[Phase (waves)|phase]]). These wave fronts represent extrema in the perturbed [[pressure]] field (i.e., lines of lowest and highest pressure), while the areas between wave fronts represent extrema in the perturbed [[buoyancy]] field (i.e., areas most rapidly gaining or losing buoyancy).

Energy is transmitted along the wave fronts (parallel to air parcel oscillations), which is the direction of the wave [[group velocity]]. In contrast, the phase propagation (or [[Phase velocity|phase speed]]) of the waves points perpendicular to energy transmission (or [[group velocity]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Atmosphere-ocean dynamics|last=Gill|first=Adrian E.|publisher=Academic Press|year=1982|isbn=9780122835223|edition=1|volume=|location=San Diego, CA|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-935704-25-6_4|title=Atmospheric Processes over Complex Terrain|last=Durran|first=Dale R.|date=1990-01-01|publisher=American Meteorological Society|isbn=9781935704256|editor-last=Blumen|editor-first=William|series=Meteorological Monographs|pages=59–81|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-935704-25-6_4}}</ref>

==Clouds==
[[File:Wave win.jpg|thumb|250px|A wave window over the [[Bald Eagle Valley]] of central [[Pennsylvania]] as seen from a [[Glider (sailplane)|glider]] looking north. The wind flow is from upper left to lower right. The [[Allegheny Front]] is under the left edge of the window, the rising air is at the right edge, and the distance between them is 3–4 km.]]

Both lee waves and the rotor may be indicated by specific [[wave cloud]] formations if there is sufficient moisture in the atmosphere, and sufficient vertical displacement to cool the air to the [[dew point]]. Waves may also form in dry air without cloud markers.<ref name=Pagen/> Wave clouds do not move downwind as clouds usually do, but remain fixed in position relative to the obstruction that forms them.

* Around the [[Crest (physics)|crest]] of the wave, [[Adiabatic process#Adiabatic heating and cooling|adiabatic expansion cooling]] can form a cloud in [[shape]] of a [[Lens (geometry)|lens]] ([[lenticular cloud|lenticularis]]). Multiple lenticular clouds can be stacked on top of each other if there are alternating layers of relatively dry and moist air aloft.
* The rotor may generate [[cumulus cloud|cumulus]] or [[cumulus fractus]] in its upwelling portion, also known as a "roll cloud". The rotor cloud looks like a line of cumulus. It forms on the lee side and parallel to the ridge line. Its base is near the height of the mountain peak, though the top can extend well above the peak and can merge with the lenticular clouds above. Rotor clouds have ragged leeward edges and are dangerously turbulent.<ref name=Pagen/>
* A [[foehn]] wall cloud may exist at the lee side of the mountains, however this is not a reliable indication of the presence of lee waves.
* A [[pileus (meteorology)|pileus]] or cap cloud, similar to a lenticular cloud, may form above the mountain or cumulus cloud generating the wave.
* [[Adiabatic process#Adiabatic heating and cooling|Adiabatic compression heating]] in the trough of each wave oscillation may also [[evaporate]] [[cumulus cloud|cumulus]] or [[stratus cloud]]s in the [[airmass]], creating a "wave window" or "Foehn gap".

==Aviation==

Lee waves provide a possibility for [[Glider (sailplane)|gliders]] to gain [[altitude]] or fly long distances when [[Gliding|soaring]]. World record wave flight performances for speed, distance or altitude have been made in the lee of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]], [[Alps]], [[Patagonia|Patagonic]] [[Andes]], and [[Southern Alps (New Zealand)|Southern Alps]] mountain ranges.<ref>[http://records.fai.org/gliding/ FAI gliding records] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205015245/http://records.fai.org/gliding/ |date=2006-12-05 }}</ref> The [[Perlan Project]] is working to demonstrate the viability of climbing above the [[tropopause]] in an unpowered glider using lee waves, making the transition into [[stratosphere|stratospheric]] standing waves. They did this for the first time on August 30, 2006 in [[Argentina]], climbing to an altitude of {{convert|15460|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=14043 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-01-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413093412/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=14043 |archivedate=2015-04-13 |df= }}</ref><ref>[http://www.perlanproject.com/ Perlan Project]</ref> The [[Mountain Wave Project]] of the [[Organisation Scientifique et Technique du Vol à Voile]] focusses on analysis and classification of lee waves and associated rotors.<ref>[http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/ostiv/projects.htm OSTIV-Mountain Wave Project]</ref><ref name="MWP">[http://mwp.flightplanner.info/Defaultengl.htm] – accessed 2009-11-03</ref><ref>{{cite magazine
|title=Leewaves in the Andes Region, Mountain Wave Project (MWP) of OSTIV
|last=Lindemann
|first=C
|author2=Heise, R. |author3=Herold,W-D.
|date=July 2008
|volume=32
|issue=3
|page=93
|magazine=Technical Soaring
|issn=0744-8996
}}</ref>

The conditions favoring strong lee waves suitable for soaring are:

* A gradual increase in windspeed with altitude
* Wind direction within 30° of perpendicular to the mountain ridgeline
* Strong low-altitude winds in a stable atmosphere
* Ridgetop winds of at least 20 knots

The rotor turbulence may be harmful for other small [[aircraft]] such as [[balloon#Balloons as flying machines|balloon]]s, [[hang glider]]s and [[Paragliding|paraglider]]s. It can even be a hazard for large aircraft; the phenomenon is believed responsible for many [[aviation accidents and incidents]], including the in-flight breakup of [[BOAC Flight 911]], a [[Boeing 707]], near [[Mt. Fuji]], [[Japan]] in 1966, and the in-flight separation of an engine on an [[Evergreen International Airlines]] [[Boeing 747]] cargo jet near [[Anchorage, Alaska]] in 1993.<ref>[https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Pages/AAR9306.aspx NTSB Accident Report AAR-93-06]</ref>

The rising air of the wave, which allows gliders to climb to great heights, can also result in high altitude upset in jet aircraft trying to maintain level cruising flight in lee waves. Rising, descending or turbulent air in or above the lee waves can cause [[Overspeed (aircraft)|overspeed]] or [[Stall (flight)|stall]], resulting in [[mach tuck]] and loss of control, especially when the aircraft is operated near the "[[Coffin corner (aviation)|coffin corner]]".

==Other varieties of atmospheric waves==
[[File:Hydrostatic.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Hydrostatic wave (schematic drawing)]]

There are a variety of distinctive types of waves which form under different atmospheric conditions.

* ''[[Wind shear]]'' can also create waves. This occurs when an [[atmospheric inversion]] separates two layers with a marked difference in wind direction. If the wind encounters distortions in the inversion layer caused by [[thermal]]s coming up from below, it will create significant shear waves in the lee of the distortions that can be used for soaring.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Eckey
|first = Bernard
|title = Advanced Soaring Made Easy
|publisher = Eqip Verbung & Verlag GmbH
|year = 2007
|isbn = 3-9808838-2-5
}}</ref>

* ''Hydraulic jump induced waves'' are a type of wave that forms when there exists a lower layer of air which is dense, yet thin relative to the size of the mountain. After flowing over the mountain, a type of shock wave forms at the trough of the flow, and a sharp vertical discontinuity called the [[hydraulic jump]] forms which can be several times higher than the mountain. The hydraulic jump is similar to a rotor in that it is very turbulent, yet it is not as spatially localized as a rotor. The hydraulic jump itself acts as an obstruction for the stable layer of air moving above it, thereby triggering wave. Hydraulic jumps can distinguished by their towering roll clouds, and have been observed on the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] range<ref name="Kuettner+Hertenstein">[http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/40363.pdf Observations of Mountain-Induced Rotors and Related Hypotheses: a Review] by Joachim Kuettner and Rolf F. Hertenstein</ref> as well as mountain ranges in southern California.
* ''Hydrostatic waves'' are vertically propagating waves which form over spatially large obstructions. In hydrostatic equilibrium, the pressure of a fluid can depend only on altitude, not on horizontal displacement. Hydrostatic waves get their name from the fact that they approximately obey the laws of hydrostatics, i.e. pressure amplitudes vary primarily in the vertical direction instead of the horizontal. Whereas conventional, non-hydrostatic waves are characterized by horizontal undulations of lift and sink, largely independent of altitude, hydrostatic waves are characterized by undulations of lift and sink at different altitudes over the same ground position.
* ''[[Kelvin–Helmholtz instability]]'' can occur when velocity shear is present within a continuous fluid or when there is sufficient velocity difference across the interface between two fluids.
* ''[[Rossby wave]]s'' (or planetary waves) are large-scale motions in the atmosphere whose restoring force is the variation in Coriolis effect with latitude.

==See also==
* [[Gravity wave]]
* [[Nor'west arch]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Grimshaw, R., (2002). ''Environmental Stratified Flows''. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
* Jacobson, M., (1999). ''Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Nappo, C., (2002). ''An Introduction to Atmospheric Gravity Waves''. Boston: Academic Press.
* Pielke, R., (2002). ''Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling''. Boston: Academic Press.
* Turner, B., (1979). ''Buoyancy Effects in Fluids''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
* Whiteman, C., (2000). ''Mountain Meteorology''. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

== External links ==
{{Commonscat|Orographic waves}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110516090742/http://inglaner.com/meteorologia_onda.htm chronological collection of meteorological data, satpics and cloud images of mountain waves in Bariloche, Argentina. In Spanish
* http://www.mountain-wave-project.com official website

[[Category:Atmospheric dynamics]]
[[Category:Cumulus]]
[[Category:Mesoscale meteorology]]
[[Category:Mountain meteorology]]
[[Category:Sailing]]

Talk:Boeing CH-47 Chinook

2016-03-19T13:44:03Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Empty Weight lbs->kg Conversion? */ new section

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== Medium or heavy lift? ==
The opening line calls it Medium lift but at over twelve metric tonnes is one of the heaviest lifting helicopters produced by the western world and up there with the best of the rest too. should it be called heavy? (sorry i'm not logged in, why does the auto-log expire?) —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/121.223.134.247|121.223.134.247]] ([[User talk:121.223.134.247|talk]]) 04:37, 2 February 2011 (UTC) 

:Agree - other articles (e.g. [[Combat Aviation Brigade]], [[Boeing Chinook (UK variants)]]) call it H-L. [[User:DexDor|DexDor]] ([[User talk:DexDor|talk]]) 21:13, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

::It was originally considered a medium-lift helicopter, but as engine power grew with successive models, so did its lifting capacity, to the point that now it's considered a heavy-lift helicopter. - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 22:45, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

:::Airframe is still limited to a MGW, and even though it is the second largest American helicopter I think it's still a medium lift. I think the heavy lifting is really done by Air Force fixed wing in the grand scheme of military doctrine. AMEND: Maybe from a perspective of helicopters only, it is heavy-lift, but frankly I don't know you turn a helicopter from one type into another. --[[User:The Founders Intent|'''''THE FOUNDERS INTENT ''''']][[User talk:The Founders Intent|''PRAISE'']] 23:06, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

::::The Maximum Take-off Weight for the CH-47a is listed as 28,500 lb, while the MTO for the Ch-47D was 50,000 lb. The CH-47A's engines were rated at 2,650 shp, while it was 3,750 shp for the D-model. Those factors should explain the change. - [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 23:26, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

::: Helicopters are never classed against fixed-wing for airlift. Most countries which have ordered the new models do so because it is considered a heavy lift helicopter. [[User:Ng.j|Ng.j]] ([[User talk:Ng.j|talk]]) 19:40, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

::: I would expect most to class it as a Heavy Lift helicopter, but I ran across an Army web site that listed Heavy starting at about 80 Klb max TO weight. I believe User:Akradecki posted that on a helicopter talk page a couple years ago, but I can no longer find the web page. :( -[[User:Fnlayson|Fnlayson]] ([[User talk:Fnlayson|talk]]) 21:27, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

==Chinook loss August 2011==
I removed the loss of a Chinook in the ''Iraq and Afghanistan'' section but it has been restored. Combat losses are not really notable enough for a mention, this is a military aircraft in action it will take losses, sad but true. Suggest it is removed. [[User:MilborneOne|MilborneOne]] ([[User talk:MilborneOne|talk]]) 19:23, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

: It is a large loss whether it is an accident or downing. A separate article was also created on this event at [[2011 ISAF Boeing CH-47 Chinook crash]]. That's been tagged for [[WP:Articles for deletion/2011 NATO helicopter crash|articles for deletion]]. That could be merged here or [[List of aviation accidents and incidents in the War in Afghanistan]], for whatever that's worth... -[[User:Fnlayson|Fnlayson]] ([[User talk:Fnlayson|talk]]) 20:06, 6 August 2011 (UTC)

==Question==
The Boeing CH-47 Chinook (Mediterranean Alibaba) is an Asian (???) twin-engine, tandem rotor heavy-lift helicopter. Its top speed of 1000 knots (???)

Asian? 1000 knots??? Is this right? Surely not...

[[Special:Contributions/76.31.138.55|76.31.138.55]] ([[User talk:76.31.138.55|talk]]) 05:08, 8 August 2011 (UTC)JJMartin

:The article had been vandalised, should be ok now. [[User:MilborneOne|MilborneOne]] ([[User talk:MilborneOne|talk]]) 09:21, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

== Origin of name Chinook ==
I believe the name "Chinook" refers to the wind of the same name. That wind is named after the tribe described in the article but it makes more since that the helicopter would be named after the wind than the tribe (since helicopters produce a lot of wind). I am not sure so someone should fact check me on this before modifying the article.
[[User:Sejofgville|Sejofgville]] ([[User talk:Sejofgville|talk]]) 18:50, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

: More likely named directly for [[Chinook people]]. The Army traditionally uses Native American names for its helicopters. However, a reference for the name's source is needed to say so in the article per [[WP:VERIFY]]. -[[User:Fnlayson|Fnlayson]] ([[User talk:Fnlayson|talk]]) 18:59, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
::I concur with Fnlayson. It doesn't matter what an individual editor 'believes' one way or another, only what official sources have said. Ergo, if you can find a source, a notable individual/company/organisation that records that as fact, it can be included. Personal theory can't be included however, [[WP:Original Research]] was built to stop a rogue editor speculating away from the established truth. Likewise, if we cannot find any truth, sources with accounts on some alledged information, we simply do not include that information in the article. Sourcing is harsh, but necessary. [[User:Kyteto|Kyteto]] ([[User talk:Kyteto|talk]]) 19:43, 12 August 2011 (UTC)
:::{{quote|The general policy of naming Army aircraft after Indians tribes, chiefs or terms was made official by authority of AR 70-28, dated 4 April 1969. Although this regulation has been recinded, the Indian names were very popular among Army personnel and the practice continues in place. The commanding general of the US Army Material Command has the responsibility of initiating action to select a popular name for aircraft. For this purpose he has a list of possible names obtained from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (for brevity the names usually consist of only one word). When a new aircraft reaches the production stage or immediately before it goes into production, the commanding general selects five possible names. He bases his selection on the way they sound, their history and their relationship to the mission of the aircraft. They must appeal to the imagination without sacrificing dignity and suggest an aggressive spirit and confidence in the capabilities of the aircraft. They also must suggest mobility, firepower and endurance.}}
:::http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/mds.htm
:::([[User:Hohum|'''Hohum''']] [[User talk:Hohum|@]]) 00:00, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

== Greek Chinook loss in 2007 ==
Changed the "Greek Air Force" to "Greek Army", as Chinooks are not operated by the [[Hellenic Air Force]] — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/69.242.0.167|69.242.0.167]] ([[User talk:69.242.0.167|talk]]) 22:36, 9 April 2012 (UTC) 

== September 11 ? ==
:Crashes twice on September 11 in 10 years. Spooky...
:Is this information correct? [[User:Pashute|פשוט pashute ♫]] ([[User talk:Pashute|talk]]) 00:31, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

== Canadian/Dutch CH-47 Math ==
The numbers of CH-47s transferred from Canada to the Netherlands, as written in the variants section do not add up. First the sentences under the CH-47C section:
:Canada bought '''''eight''''' CH-47Cs with deliveries beginning in 1974. These received the Canadian designation "CH-147". One was lost almost immediately while still in the USA, A/C 147001 . It was replaced by another later on at the end of the contract, A/C 47009. They were fitted with a power hoist above the crew door, as well a flight engineer station in the rear cabin and other modifications, a configuration referred to by Boeing as the "Super C". They were often fitted with skis. '''''Two''''' of these machines were lost in crashes, while the others were withdrawn from service in the early 1990s for cost reasons and were sold to the Netherlands.

Now the sentences under the CH-47D section:
:The Netherlands acquired all '''''seven''''' of the Canadian Forces' surviving CH-147s and upgraded them to CH-47D standards. Six more new-build CH-47Ds were delivered in 1995 for a total of 13.

The number of Chinooks sold to the Netherlands according to the CH-47C section is 6 (8 - 2 = 6, or more specifically 8 - 1 + 1 - 2 = 6). 
The number of Chinooks acquired by the Netherlands according to the CH-47D section is 7.

So either someone made a typo, or we have a mysteriously appearing aircraft. -[[User:Noha307|Noha307]] ([[User talk:Noha307|talk]]) 20:27, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

:The dutch acquired seven former Canadian helicopters D-661 to D667 which were 147003 to 147009, of the original Canadian a/c 147002 was w/o in 1982, the "two" lost also refers to 147001 which officially was never Canadian. I have tweaked the CH-47C text. [[User:MilborneOne|MilborneOne]] ([[User talk:MilborneOne|talk]]) 20:49, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

==Specs correct?==
Under specs, it lists "'''Disc area: 5,600 ft2 (2,800 ft2 per rotor disc) (260 m2)'''". I'm wondering if this is correct as the rotors overlap. I have removed it until the correct area size can be confirmed. - '''''[[User:Thewolfchild|thewolfchild]]''''' 16:52, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

: I restored the full areas. There was no reason to remove all that, imo. Jane's Helicopter Markets and Systems lists 5,655 ft2 as the total disc area for the pair. -[[User:Fnlayson|Fnlayson]] ([[User talk:Fnlayson|talk]]) 17:14, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

::Yes, well, the only ref to Jane's on the page is a dead link. I did refer to the Boeing ref [http://www.boeing.com/boeing/rotorcraft/military/ch47d/ch47dspec.page], which states that even though each rotor is 60 ft. in diameter, because they overlap, the overall length is only 99 ft. I had calculated using that (incorrectly) as a diameter, coming up with an area 7,854 ft. (I was about to correct that, but...)
::Anyway, the point still stands that as they overlap, simply adding the two together as you have does not give a true value of the overall area covered by the rotors. So I stand by my original deletion and request that a ''correct'' area first be determined before being added to the article specs. (btw- aren't you an engineer? Surely you can figure what the actual area is...) - '''''[[User:Thewolfchild|thewolfchild]]''''' 18:45, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

:::Excuse my ignorance but how does that fact that the overlap reduce the area of either, the disc area still stays the same. [[User:MilborneOne|MilborneOne]] ([[User talk:MilborneOne|talk]]) 19:00, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

::::Overlapping does not reduce the area of either rotor, but it does reduce the overall area of the two combined. You can't simply add the two together. Each rotor has a diameter of 60 ft. If you add those two lengths together, you get 120 ft. But, as they overlap, the length is only 99 ft. Over 20 ft. is lost in just the length of the two alone, due to the overlap. Therefore, to provide a correct overall area of the two, what is lost in sq. ft. due to overlap should be calculated as well. I will be the first to say that I don't know how to calculate that right now. (I even made a mistake already) But, the correct calculation should be made first. - '''''[[User:Thewolfchild|thewolfchild]]''''' 19:16, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

:::::OK but we dont do calculation, we need to go by what reliable sources say (and do), do you have a reliable source that measures area of a Chinook less overlap? [[User:MilborneOne|MilborneOne]] ([[User talk:MilborneOne|talk]]) 19:21, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

::::* OK, the correct area for 2 rotors without overlap is 5,655 ft2. Calculating the total area with overlap is more than just simple math so this gets into [[WP:No original research|Original Research]]. -[[User:Fnlayson|Fnlayson]] ([[User talk:Fnlayson|talk]]) 19:25, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

:::::*I was about to say that our dear friend was probabaly talking to us from the ground of [[WP:NOR|Original Research Department]] when you engineered that. Anyway, whatever wolfchild wants to correct has to be [[WP:Verifiability|VERIFIABLE]] or else it gets booted out from this [[Encyclopedia|ENCYCLOPEDIA]]. --[[User:Dave1185|Dave]] [[User talk:Dave1185|♠♣♥♦™№1185©♪♫®]] 19:31, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

:::::::: [[User:Dave1185]], is your CAPS BUTTON [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Do_not_use_for_emphasis|stuck]]? - '''''[[User:Thewolfchild|thewolfchild]]''''' 21:57, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

::::::: Geez, everyone... relax. I've already stated I made an error in trying to calculate it myself. I asked here, on the talk page, if anyone knows how to calculate it. I also said that the value entered into the specs should be correct. Right now it isn't. Just because you don't care for how I've tried to point that out, doesn't mean it should remain incorrect.
::::::: Yes, what is ultimately entered into the "Disc Area" field should be supported by a cite, but it should also be correct. So aside from my original request, I will ask if anyone (including any aviation or research experts here) knows of a citable source that states the ''correct'' disc area for the CH-47, with the overlap. In the meantime, are you all gonna insist it remain incorrect? Why? Just to blather away about possible infractions of the wiki-rules? How about [[WP:IAP]] and [[WP:BURO]]? - '''''[[User:Thewolfchild|thewolfchild]]''''' 19:56, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

::::::::Hi [[User:Thewolfchild]]! It is actually not very difficult to calculate the area. But to cite a number calculate by you (or me!) here would be "original research " (you may be sick of every one using this term ;) ) [[WP:NOR]] does say that simple counting can always be done, but I guess this calculation would not fall under that. Just to satisfy your academic interest, you can [http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.04/safi1.html go here]. The calculation here may be simpler due to the two rotors being identical. Thanks! [[User:Anir1uph|Anir1uph]] | [[User talk:Anir1uph#top|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Anir1uph|contrib]] 20:05, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

:::::::::Hi Anir. I appreciate the reply and the help, but if you read my last post, I did say that the correct value, if/when found, should be cited when added. Thanks - '''''[[User:Thewolfchild|thewolfchild]]''''' 20:28, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

{{od}}

The disk area of a helicopter is '''not''' the same as the footprint of the rotor system (although for most helicopter configurations they are equal)--the disk area is part of the calculations for the disk loading, which is a property of each rotor, not the rotor system as a whole. In the overlap area, the mass flow through the rotor system is higher than the other locations on the aircraft ([http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/boeing-hits-back-at-chinook-critics-215463/ source]), so you can effectively double-count that area when calculating total disk area. The original page was correct, the total disk area should be 5,655 ft^2. [[User:Mildly Mad|Mildly Mad]][[User talk:Mildly Mad|T]][[Special:contributions/Mildly_Mad|C]] 20:54, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

:Well, this seems even more complicated than before. The distinction you've made (load vs. area) is not apparent on the main page. But, just the same, so I'm clear on this... the 'disc area' is not the same as the 'overall area' covered by a rotor?
:And, in the article you ref'd as a source, it only mentions that "''The maximum velocity occurs only in the zone below where the counter-rotating blades overlap...''". I couldn't find where it says that increase in load exactly equals the decrease of area providing load, or where you've claimed one "can effectively double-count that area when calculating total disk area." If the area of overlap = X, then how is it that load of that area = X x 2?
:Guys, I'm not trying to be a pain-in-the-ass here. I just want the specs to be correct. - '''''[[User:Thewolfchild|thewolfchild]]''''' 21:49, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

::It's a little difficult to explain, sorry. This is all because there's two rotors acting in the overlap section. The source I provided mentions that the downwash velocity in the overlap is greater, therefore, more force in that section of the rotor system. There's some second-order aerodynamic effects that make it not exactly twice the lift, but that's the gist of it. Maybe this analogy will make more sense: in a fixed-wing aircraft, the formula for lift is (Lift Force) = 1/2 * (Air Density) * (Velocity)^2 * (Coefficient of Lift) * (Wing Area). The analogous equation for helicopters is (Thrust force) = 1/2 * (Air Density) * (Rotor tip speed)^2 * (Coefficient of Thrust) * (Disk Area). Note that (Wing Area) and (Disk Area) play a similar role in each equation. So, think of the Chinook as sort of a "helicopter [[biplane]]": even though the wings (rotors) overlap when viewed from above (i.e. the "footprint"), you still need to count the full area of both wings in the calculation of the force you get. This is the reason we should just add the rotor disc areas together. FWIW, I think the note on the original version of the page was adequate to make this distinction clear to someone who is familiar with helicopter physics. [[User:Mildly Mad|Mildly Mad]][[User talk:Mildly Mad|T]][[Special:contributions/Mildly_Mad|C]] 22:53, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

===Compromise?===
: By the way, the original edit stated: '''Disc area: 5,600 ft2 (2,800 ft2 per rotor disc) (260 m2)'''.
: Now it only states: '''Disc area: 5,600 ft2 (260 m2)'''.
: For the time being, it should be the other way around, and state: '''Disc area: 2,800 ft2 per rotor disc'''
: - '''''[[User:Thewolfchild|thewolfchild]]''''' 22:05, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

::Not unless that figure is given in the cited sources. The Frawley source given in the ref section for the specs only gives the figures for area of both disks. Anything else would stray into OR again. [[User:BilCat|BilCat]] ([[User talk:BilCat|talk]]) 22:22, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

:::[[User:BilCat|Bil]], if you noticed, I was only suggesting what was ''already'' in the original edit, before I came along today.

:::On another note, I see that many of the listed specs are linked with definitions and/or explanations of what they are. Could "Disc area" have this done as well? - '''''[[User:Thewolfchild|thewolfchild]]''''' 22:51, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

::::Some helicopters have contrarotating blades on the same axis, like the [[Kamov Ka-27]]. Perhaps you could see if they care about their total overlap for this specification? ([[User:Hohum|'''Hohum''']] [[User talk:Hohum|@]]) 14:05, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

:::::Bah, seems like no one cares so, why bother? I thought all the articles on WP were for everyone, but apparently some pages are just for aviation engineers. - '''''[[User:Thewolfchild|thewolfchild]]''''' 20:26, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

== Weights? ==

*Loaded weight: 26,680 lb (12,100 kg)
*Max. takeoff weight: 50,000 lb (22,680 kg)
How can it takeoff at almost double it's maximum loaded weight? These terms need to be defined/explained somewhere. Does the Max loaded weight refer only to "in the cabin" loads? Is there a separate (unmentioned) sling load limit? Does it really make a difference if the load in the back or dangling below? Gravity sucks equally hard at both locations. [[User:Dodger67|Roger (Dodger67)]] ([[User talk:Dodger67|talk]]) 11:49, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
:Loaded weight is basically the weight of the helicopter without fuel and cargo. Then, you add cargo (either in the slings or in the cabin) and fuel to get up to 50,000 lbs. [[User:Mildly Mad|Mildly Mad]][[User talk:Mildly Mad|T]][[Special:contributions/Mildly_Mad|C]] 13:28, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

Isn't the correct term here [[Zero-fuel weight|"maximum zero-fuel weight"]] (MZFW)? vice "loaded weight"? If "loaded weight" is minus fuel and cargo, then the term does not seem to make sense... Having piloted transport type airplanes and UH-60s, I know that MZFW is correct for large fixed-wing aircraft and I don't recall anything about either "loaded weight" or MZFW for the Blackhawk, but never having flown cargo-type helicopters, perhaps some larger rotary-wing aircraft use a different term.... maybe some CH-47/53/54 qualified pilot or flight engineer can straighten this out. [[User:CobraDragoon|CobraDragoon]] ([[User talk:CobraDragoon|talk]]) 23:00, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

== B-Class or C-Class? ==

On the article page it says this is a C-class article, but on the Talk page it is rated B-Class by WikiProject Military History and WikiProject Aviation / Rotorcraft. Should the note on the article page be changed? By the way, I found the article to be well-written and informative - nice job y'all. :o) [[User:Markworthen|'''Mark D Worthen PsyD''']] 08:15, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

: I don't believe this article is referenced well enough to be 'suitably referenced' per the B-class checklist. There are a couple cite needed tags and some unreferenced paragraphs and entries. It's roughly a C+ with not too far from making B-class. -[[User:Fnlayson|Fnlayson]] ([[User talk:Fnlayson|talk]]) 18:02, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

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'''Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:'''

*<nowiki>http://www.army-technology.com/projects/chinook/</nowiki>
*:''Triggered by <code>\barmy-technology\.com\b</code> on the local blacklist''

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact [[User:Cyberpower678]] and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.—[[User:Cyberbot II|cyberbot II]] [[User talk:Cyberbot II|Notify]]Online 10:21, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

== CH-47 rescued in Afghanistan by Russian Mi-26 ==

In 2002, a Russian Mi-26 heay-lift helicopter rendered assistance to the United States Army. The Mi-26 recovered a downed CH-47 ‘Chinook’, the heaviest rotary wing aircraft in U.S. Army Aviation, nicknamed the ‘flying wagon,’ from an inaccessible location in Afghanistan and transported it to the American base at Bagram. None of America’s production heavy transport helicopters could match the capabilities of the Mi-26, which is able to lift 20 metric tons into the skies, whereas the CH-47D/F medium-lift helicopter models of the USAF only manage to lift up to 12.7 metric tons. This makes the USAF's capabilities in terms of vertical lifting grossly inferior to the Russian army and other armies which employ the Russian-made Mi-26. -- [[User:Alexey Topol|Alexey Topol]] ([[User talk:Alexey Topol|talk]]) 05:38, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
:And the relevance to this article is? [[User:MilborneOne|MilborneOne]] ([[User talk:MilborneOne|talk]]) 10:17, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

== Iran ==

The Iran section in the article covers much more than just what its title '''Iran–Iraq War''' suggests. It would be improved if it was changed to reflect that. Maybe change it to '''Iranian service''' or, just '''Iran'''?

The following line in that section, "Despite the arms embargo in place upon Iran, it has managed to keep its Chinook fleet operational." would be better placed at the end, after the mention of Iranian Chinooks in the Iran–Iraq War. --[[User:Dreddmoto|Dreddmoto]] ([[User talk:Dreddmoto|talk]]) 15:15, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to {{plural:1|one external link|1 external links}} on [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=678217148 my edit]. If necessary, add {{tlx|cbignore}} after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add {{tlx|nobots|deny{{=}}InternetArchiveBot}} to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/20141106042942/http://www.agustawestland.com/product/chinook-ich-47f-0 to http://www.agustawestland.com/product/chinook-ich-47f-0

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{{sourcecheck|checked=false}}

Cheers. —[[User:Cyberbot II|cyberbot II]][[User talk:Cyberbot II|Talk to my owner]]:Online 01:37, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

== Range and combat radius ==

Really "only" 50% combat radius? On most sites I saw here the combat radius was larger than 50% of the range... because in combat the aircraft/helicopters drops his bombs/soldiers/cargo and so on and is much lighter than, same with fuel, every second they fly the weight is going down since the 2 engines use fuel... however, because of this the combat radius is larger, why not here?! [[User:Kilon22|Kilon22]] ([[User talk:Kilon22|talk]]) 10:39, 5 December 2015 (UTC)

*To which "sites" do you refer? I randomly checked several tactical aircraft articles in Wikipedia and found no consistency in how these range figures are presented. For example, you are correct that for the CH-47 a combat radius of 50% is presented (200 nmi vs 400 nmi "Range"), however for the CH-53 it is listed as "100 mi (160 km ) 95 mi" (sic), with a "Range" of 540 nmi, which even if 100 nmi was intended (even though 100 mi is approximately 160 km), this would give a "Combat radius" of only 18.5% vs "Range." For the CH-46, the "Combat radius" is not listed; for the MV-22, it is listed as 390 nmi (which is only 44.4% of the listed "Range" of 879 nmi; and for the UH-60, it is listed as 320 nmi and the "Range" is not shown, however the "Ferry range" of 1200 nmi "with ESSS stub wings and external tanks" is shown. Where are you seeing "Combat radius" as "larger than 50% of the range?"
*Also, please consider that "Range" and "Ferry range" are somewhat theoretical figures that are presented in the applicable aircraft operating manual (-10 for Army, -1 for Air Force, and NATOPS for Naval Services) and usually presented for "ideal" circumstances with a minimum crew, maximum fuel, and no payload. However "Combat radius" will attempt to take into account many variables, often under much less than "ideal" conditions, and would include a combat crew (for example a UH-60 can legally fly with a crew of only two pilots, but in combat would usually have at least two enlisted crewmembers serving as crew chief and assistant crew chief/door gunners). In addition to the four crewmembers, with their personal flight equipment, there would be weapons, ammunition, etc., plus the payload (a squad of fully equipped combat troops, for example). Also, the fuel load may not be at maximum capacity to allow for such factors as density altitude which determines how high and fast the aircraft can fly and, especially for helicopters, its ability to hover. In Southeast Asia, UH-1H helicopters, which were "rated" for a max load of 14 (4 crewmen and 10 grunts) could oftentimes carry only five infantrymen because of the heavy combat load and high ambient temperatures. Just because an aircraft is theoretically capable of flying a specified distance in a relatively straight line, in ideal weather conditions, in a "standard atmosphere," with a minimum crew, maximum internal fuel, no weapons, ammunition, and a specified or no payload, does not mean that same aircraft can perform a "combat mission" out to even 50% of its given maximum range. "Ferry range" is even longer than "maximum range" because it would potentially include, in addition to a maximum internal fuel load, external fuel tanks (for those aircraft that can use them), and in addition to minimum crew, would also be calculated with all non-essential equipment removed from the aircraft.
*I hope this helps answer your question and maybe those responsible for posting the performance specifications will standardize and where needed correct the data presented. [[User:CobraDragoon|CobraDragoon]] ([[User talk:CobraDragoon|talk]]) 00:50, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

Thanks for your fast reply. I do not remember exactly where I saw it, I try to check it as I usual look for the planes (active military aircafts of.....). I hope it was not on German Wikipedia, but I do not think so, my English is not so good, but the numbers are quite easy to understand and I look for such things the English Wikipedia because German Wikipedia is only better maybe for World War 2 weapons or modern German Weapon Systems... I know ferry range is the range if you want to deploy an aircraft somewhere else, and if this is is far away I think they fly with 100% fuel, no payload and if possible maybe even external drop tanks and this is the range this aircraft can fly without a refuel stop or aerial refuel and except the usual safety buffer there is no plan for the aircraft to return from its destination target (Maybe Hawaii to Japan or so=). I think at least that this is "ferry range". However thanks for your post and I check, maybe I found some examples... Greetings [[User:Kilon22|Kilon22]] ([[User talk:Kilon22|talk]]) 13:12, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

== Empty Weight lbs->kg Conversion? ==

I was just looking at the specs and noticed that the numbers didn't add up.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type !! lbs !! kg
|-
| Empty weight || 23,400 || 10,185
|-
| Loaded weight || 26,680 || 12,100
|-
| MTOW || 50,000 || 22,680
|-
| Sum of Empty and Loaded Weight || 50,080 || 22,285
|}

The empty and loaded weights in pounds add up to just a bit the MTOW, but the weight in kilograms ends up 400kg below the MTOW. I checked the conversions and while the loaded weight and the MTOW appear to match up, an empty weight of 23,400lbs should equal 10,615kg, not 10,185kg. I haven't been able to confirm whether the original number was quoted in lbs or kg so I haven't made the change myself. Can someone review and update as necessary? [[User:MichaelsProgramming|Michael's Programming]] ([[User talk:MichaelsProgramming|talk]]) 13:44, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

High Anxiety

2015-03-05T05:05:57Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Homages to Hitchcock */ Convert list to proper bullets.

{{About|a film|other uses|High anxiety (disambiguation)}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = High Anxiety
| image = High_Anxiety_movie_poster.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Mel Brooks]]
| producer = Mel Brooks
| writer = Mel Brooks [[Ron Clark (writer)|Ron Clark]] [[Rudy De Luca]] [[Barry Levinson]] '''Dedication:''' [[Alfred Hitchcock]]
| starring = Mel Brooks [[Madeline Kahn]] [[Cloris Leachman]] [[Harvey Korman]] [[Ron Carey (actor)|Ron Carey]] [[Howard Morris]] [[Dick Van Patten]]
| music = [[John Morris (composer)|John Morris]]
| cinematography = [[Paul Lohmann]]
| editing = John C. Howard
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
| released = {{Film date|1977|12|25}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $4,015,000<ref>Aubrey Solomon, ''Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History'', Scarecrow Press, 1989 p258</ref>
| gross = $31,063,038<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1977/0HXYT.php|publisher=The Numbers|title=High Anxiety, Box Office Information|accessdate=January 29, 2012}}</ref>
}}

'''''High Anxiety''''' is a 1977 [[comedy film]] produced and directed by [[Mel Brooks]], who also plays the lead. This is Brooks' first film as a producer and first speaking lead role (his first lead role was in ''[[Silent Movie]]''). Veteran Brooks [[Ensemble cast|ensemble]] members [[Harvey Korman]], [[Cloris Leachman]] and [[Madeline Kahn]] are also featured.

The film is a [[parody]] of suspense films, most obviously the films directed by [[Alfred Hitchcock]], ''[[Spellbound (1945 film)|Spellbound]]'' and ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' and ''[[The Birds (film)|The Birds]]'' in particular. The movie was dedicated to Hitchcock, who worked with Brooks on the screenplay<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/2013/12/27/256597762/mel-brooks-im-an-egot-i-dont-need-any-more|title=Mel Brooks: 'I'm An EGOT; I Don't Need Any More'|date=27 December 2013|work=NPR.org}}</ref> and later sent Brooks a case containing six [[Wine bottle#Sizes|magnums]] of 1961 [[Château Haut-Brion]] wine to show his appreciation.

==Plot==
The story begins at [[Los Angeles International Airport]], where Dr. Richard Thorndyke ([[Mel Brooks]]) has several odd encounters (such as a [[homosexual]] man disguised as a police officer). He leaves for the institute with his driver, Brophy ([[Ron Carey (actor)|Ron Carey]]). Upon his arrival, he is greeted by the staff, Dr. Charles Montague ([[Harvey Korman]]), Dr. Philip Wentworth ([[Dick Van Patten]]) and Nurse Charlotte Diesel ([[Cloris Leachman]]). When he goes to his room, a large rock is thrown through the window, with a message of welcome from the Violent Ward.

Thorndyke then hears strange noises coming from Nurse Diesel's room and when he and Brophy go to investigate, Diesel claims it was the TV. However, it was a passionate session of [[BDSM]] with Dr. Montague. The next morning, Thorndyke is alerted by a light shining through his window. It is coming from the violent ward. Dr. Montague takes Thorndyke to the light's source, the room of patient Arthur Brisbane, who, after suffering a nervous breakdown, thinks he is a [[Cocker Spaniel]].

Later, Nurse Diesel is talking with Dr. Wentworth. He wants to leave, but she won't let him. However, after some arguing, she says she'll let him go. When Wentworth is driving home that night, his radio blasts [[rock music]] loudly and will not shut off. He is trapped in his car, his ears hemorrhage, and he dies from a [[stroke]], aggravated by the loud volume.

After this, Thorndyke and Brophy travel to San Francisco, where Thorndyke is to speak at a psychiatric convention. He checks in to the [[Atrium (architecture)|atriumed]], vertigo-inducing [[Hyatt Regency San Francisco]], where much to his dismay he is relegated to a room on the ''top floor'', due to a reservation change by a "Mr. [[MacGuffin]]". He pesters the bellboy ([[Barry Levinson]]) with repeated requests for a [[newspaper]], wanting to look in the [[obituaries]] for information concerning Dr. Wentworth's demise. He then takes a shower, during which the bellboy comes and in a frenzy mimics stabbing Thorndyke with the paper while screaming "Here's your paper! Happy now?! Happy?" The paper's ink runs down the drain, a reference to ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''.

After his shower, a woman bursts through the door; she is Victoria Brisbane ([[Madeline Kahn]]), the daughter of Arthur Brisbane ([[Albert Whitlock]]). She wants help regarding her father. He agrees to the terms, but then finds out Nurse Diesel's plot. The patient is not the real Arthur Brisbane.

To stop Thorndyke, Diesel and Montague hire a killer, "Braces" ([[Rudy De Luca]]), to impersonate Thorndyke and shoot a man in the lobby. Now with the police after him, he must prove his innocence. After he is [[The Birds (film)|briefly attacked by pigeons]], he contacts Brophy, and realizes Brophy took a picture of the shooting. The real Thorndyke was in the elevator at the time, so he should be in the picture.

He orders Brophy to enlarge the picture. When he goes to call, "Braces" tries to strangle him; however, Thorndyke is able to kill him. Brophy enlarges the photo, and Thorndyke is indeed visible in the picture. Nurse Diesel and Montague capture Brophy and take him to the North Wing. They also take the real Arthur Brisbane to a tower to kill him.

As Thorndyke runs up the tower to save him and Brisbane, Nurse Diesel leaps out from the shadows in a witch's costume with a broom, and falls out the tower window. Thinking she really is a witch, she tries to act like she's flying, ending in her death at the rocks below.

Dr. Montague appears from the shadows and gives up before being hit in the head by the trap door by Brophy. Victoria is reunited with her father and gets married to Thorndyke who go off on their honeymoon.

==Homages to Hitchcock==
* The fear of heights and the climbing of the tower to save Victoria references "Vertigo".
* The shower scene references "Psycho".
* The pigeon droppings reference "The Birds".
* The attempted murder in the phone booth references "Dial M for Murder".
* Victoria's entrance into Thorndyck's hotel room references "The 39 Steps".
* The "fake face" worn by the murderer arguably references the Dutch diplomat in "Foreign Correspondent".
* The trope of the innocent man wanted by the police for murder references "Saboteur", ...
* Brophy's camera references "Rear Window'.

==Cast==
* Dr. Richard Harpo Thorndyke - [[Mel Brooks]]
* Victoria Brisbane - [[Madeline Kahn]]
* Brophy…[[Ron Carey (actor)|Ron Carey]]
* Nurse Diesel - [[Cloris Leachman]]
* Dr. Montague - [[Harvey Korman]]
* Professor Lilloman - [[Howard Morris]]
* Arthur Brisbane - [[Albert Whitlock]] and [[Charlie Callas]]
* Braces - [[Rudy De Luca]]
* Dr. Wentworth - [[Dick Van Patten]]
* Desk Clerk - [[Jack Riley (actor)|Jack Riley]]
* Dennis - [[Barry Levinson]]
* Maid - -[[Beatrice Colen]]

Three of the film's writers appear in comical supporting roles: [[Ron Clark (writer)|Ron Clark]] as the (non)deranged patient Zachary Cartwright, [[Rudy De Luca]] as the killer "Braces," and ''[[Rain Man]]'' director [[Barry Levinson]] as the tightly-wound bellhop, "Dennis."

==Reception==
''High Anxiety'' was well received by the majority of critics and currently holds a 75% "Fresh" rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/high_anxiety/ |title=High Anxiety |accessdate=2011-08-06 |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> After viewing the film, Hitchcock sent Brooks a case of expensive wine with a note that read, "A small token of my pleasure, have no anxiety about this."<ref>{{cite book| author=Parish, James Robert| title=It's Good to Be the King: The Seriously Funny Life of Mel Brooks| year=2008| publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]| location=| page=221 | isbn=9780470225264}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0076141|title=High Anxiety}}
* {{tcmdb title|77964|High Anxiety}}
* {{Amg movie|22354|High Anxiety}}

{{Mel Brooks}}
{{Alfred Hitchcock}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1970s comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:American parody films]]
[[Category:Films about psychiatry]]
[[Category:Comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:Parody films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mel Brooks]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:Screenplays by Mel Brooks]]
[[Category:Film scores by John Morris]]
[[Category:Films set in San Francisco, California]]
[[Category:Works about Alfred Hitchcock]]

High Anxiety

2015-03-05T05:04:21Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Cast */ Fix links.

{{About|a film|other uses|High anxiety (disambiguation)}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2012}}
{{Infobox film
| name = High Anxiety
| image = High_Anxiety_movie_poster.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Mel Brooks]]
| producer = Mel Brooks
| writer = Mel Brooks [[Ron Clark (writer)|Ron Clark]] [[Rudy De Luca]] [[Barry Levinson]] '''Dedication:''' [[Alfred Hitchcock]]
| starring = Mel Brooks [[Madeline Kahn]] [[Cloris Leachman]] [[Harvey Korman]] [[Ron Carey (actor)|Ron Carey]] [[Howard Morris]] [[Dick Van Patten]]
| music = [[John Morris (composer)|John Morris]]
| cinematography = [[Paul Lohmann]]
| editing = John C. Howard
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
| released = {{Film date|1977|12|25}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $4,015,000<ref>Aubrey Solomon, ''Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History'', Scarecrow Press, 1989 p258</ref>
| gross = $31,063,038<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1977/0HXYT.php|publisher=The Numbers|title=High Anxiety, Box Office Information|accessdate=January 29, 2012}}</ref>
}}

'''''High Anxiety''''' is a 1977 [[comedy film]] produced and directed by [[Mel Brooks]], who also plays the lead. This is Brooks' first film as a producer and first speaking lead role (his first lead role was in ''[[Silent Movie]]''). Veteran Brooks [[Ensemble cast|ensemble]] members [[Harvey Korman]], [[Cloris Leachman]] and [[Madeline Kahn]] are also featured.

The film is a [[parody]] of suspense films, most obviously the films directed by [[Alfred Hitchcock]], ''[[Spellbound (1945 film)|Spellbound]]'' and ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' and ''[[The Birds (film)|The Birds]]'' in particular. The movie was dedicated to Hitchcock, who worked with Brooks on the screenplay<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/2013/12/27/256597762/mel-brooks-im-an-egot-i-dont-need-any-more|title=Mel Brooks: 'I'm An EGOT; I Don't Need Any More'|date=27 December 2013|work=NPR.org}}</ref> and later sent Brooks a case containing six [[Wine bottle#Sizes|magnums]] of 1961 [[Château Haut-Brion]] wine to show his appreciation.

==Plot==
The story begins at [[Los Angeles International Airport]], where Dr. Richard Thorndyke ([[Mel Brooks]]) has several odd encounters (such as a [[homosexual]] man disguised as a police officer). He leaves for the institute with his driver, Brophy ([[Ron Carey (actor)|Ron Carey]]). Upon his arrival, he is greeted by the staff, Dr. Charles Montague ([[Harvey Korman]]), Dr. Philip Wentworth ([[Dick Van Patten]]) and Nurse Charlotte Diesel ([[Cloris Leachman]]). When he goes to his room, a large rock is thrown through the window, with a message of welcome from the Violent Ward.

Thorndyke then hears strange noises coming from Nurse Diesel's room and when he and Brophy go to investigate, Diesel claims it was the TV. However, it was a passionate session of [[BDSM]] with Dr. Montague. The next morning, Thorndyke is alerted by a light shining through his window. It is coming from the violent ward. Dr. Montague takes Thorndyke to the light's source, the room of patient Arthur Brisbane, who, after suffering a nervous breakdown, thinks he is a [[Cocker Spaniel]].

Later, Nurse Diesel is talking with Dr. Wentworth. He wants to leave, but she won't let him. However, after some arguing, she says she'll let him go. When Wentworth is driving home that night, his radio blasts [[rock music]] loudly and will not shut off. He is trapped in his car, his ears hemorrhage, and he dies from a [[stroke]], aggravated by the loud volume.

After this, Thorndyke and Brophy travel to San Francisco, where Thorndyke is to speak at a psychiatric convention. He checks in to the [[Atrium (architecture)|atriumed]], vertigo-inducing [[Hyatt Regency San Francisco]], where much to his dismay he is relegated to a room on the ''top floor'', due to a reservation change by a "Mr. [[MacGuffin]]". He pesters the bellboy ([[Barry Levinson]]) with repeated requests for a [[newspaper]], wanting to look in the [[obituaries]] for information concerning Dr. Wentworth's demise. He then takes a shower, during which the bellboy comes and in a frenzy mimics stabbing Thorndyke with the paper while screaming "Here's your paper! Happy now?! Happy?" The paper's ink runs down the drain, a reference to ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''.

After his shower, a woman bursts through the door; she is Victoria Brisbane ([[Madeline Kahn]]), the daughter of Arthur Brisbane ([[Albert Whitlock]]). She wants help regarding her father. He agrees to the terms, but then finds out Nurse Diesel's plot. The patient is not the real Arthur Brisbane.

To stop Thorndyke, Diesel and Montague hire a killer, "Braces" ([[Rudy De Luca]]), to impersonate Thorndyke and shoot a man in the lobby. Now with the police after him, he must prove his innocence. After he is [[The Birds (film)|briefly attacked by pigeons]], he contacts Brophy, and realizes Brophy took a picture of the shooting. The real Thorndyke was in the elevator at the time, so he should be in the picture.

He orders Brophy to enlarge the picture. When he goes to call, "Braces" tries to strangle him; however, Thorndyke is able to kill him. Brophy enlarges the photo, and Thorndyke is indeed visible in the picture. Nurse Diesel and Montague capture Brophy and take him to the North Wing. They also take the real Arthur Brisbane to a tower to kill him.

As Thorndyke runs up the tower to save him and Brisbane, Nurse Diesel leaps out from the shadows in a witch's costume with a broom, and falls out the tower window. Thinking she really is a witch, she tries to act like she's flying, ending in her death at the rocks below.

Dr. Montague appears from the shadows and gives up before being hit in the head by the trap door by Brophy. Victoria is reunited with her father and gets married to Thorndyke who go off on their honeymoon.

==Homages to Hitchcock==

+ The fear of heights and the climbing of the tower to save Victoria references "Vertigo".

+ The shower scene references "Psycho".

+ The pigeon droppings reference "The Birds".

+ The attempted murder in the phone booth references "Dial M for Murder".

+ Victoria's entrance into Thorndyck's hotel room references "The 39 Steps".

+ The "fake face" worn by the murderer arguably references the Dutch diplomat in "Foreign Correspondent".

+ The trope of the innocent man wanted by the police for murder references "Saboteur", ...

+ Brophy's camera references "Rear Window'.

==Cast==
* Dr. Richard Harpo Thorndyke - [[Mel Brooks]]
* Victoria Brisbane - [[Madeline Kahn]]
* Brophy…[[Ron Carey (actor)|Ron Carey]]
* Nurse Diesel - [[Cloris Leachman]]
* Dr. Montague - [[Harvey Korman]]
* Professor Lilloman - [[Howard Morris]]
* Arthur Brisbane - [[Albert Whitlock]] and [[Charlie Callas]]
* Braces - [[Rudy De Luca]]
* Dr. Wentworth - [[Dick Van Patten]]
* Desk Clerk - [[Jack Riley (actor)|Jack Riley]]
* Dennis - [[Barry Levinson]]
* Maid - -[[Beatrice Colen]]

Three of the film's writers appear in comical supporting roles: [[Ron Clark (writer)|Ron Clark]] as the (non)deranged patient Zachary Cartwright, [[Rudy De Luca]] as the killer "Braces," and ''[[Rain Man]]'' director [[Barry Levinson]] as the tightly-wound bellhop, "Dennis."

==Reception==
''High Anxiety'' was well received by the majority of critics and currently holds a 75% "Fresh" rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/high_anxiety/ |title=High Anxiety |accessdate=2011-08-06 |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> After viewing the film, Hitchcock sent Brooks a case of expensive wine with a note that read, "A small token of my pleasure, have no anxiety about this."<ref>{{cite book| author=Parish, James Robert| title=It's Good to Be the King: The Seriously Funny Life of Mel Brooks| year=2008| publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]| location=| page=221 | isbn=9780470225264}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0076141|title=High Anxiety}}
* {{tcmdb title|77964|High Anxiety}}
* {{Amg movie|22354|High Anxiety}}

{{Mel Brooks}}
{{Alfred Hitchcock}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1970s comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:American parody films]]
[[Category:Films about psychiatry]]
[[Category:Comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:Parody films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mel Brooks]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:Screenplays by Mel Brooks]]
[[Category:Film scores by John Morris]]
[[Category:Films set in San Francisco, California]]
[[Category:Works about Alfred Hitchcock]]

Toronto Transit Commission fares

2015-02-27T06:37:25Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Future pass prices */ I should update the weekly prices while I'm at it.

[[File:Toronto Transit Commission Token-2007.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Obverse and reverse of the TTC single-ride token introduced in 2006.]]
On the [[Toronto Transit Commission]], '''fares''' may be paid with a variety of media, the price of which may be determined by the age of the rider.

==Single-trip fares==
A fare is good for one continuous trip on the TTC, including any requisite transfers between routes. The basic fare media are cash, tickets, and tokens. Riders paying using the basic media are entitled to one free transfer per trip, to be obtained when the fare is paid. Transfers are proofs of payment and allow riders to switch between most routes without paying additional fares.<ref name="ttc_transfers">{{cite web |url=
http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/Transfers/index.jsp |title=Transfers |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

Fares paid in cash are the most expensive. Fares paid in tickets or tokens accrue a slight discount due to the lower selling price of the media.<ref name="ttc_prices">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/index.jsp |title=Prices |date=3 January 2010 |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

===Demographic divisions===
The price of the fare, and the purchase cost of non-cash media, is based on the rider's age.

The ''Adult'' group (aged 13 and up) pay the highest fares.<ref name="ttc_prices"/> The ''Student'' (aged 13 to 19) and ''Senior'' (aged 65+) subgroups pay a discounted adult fare provided supporting identification is shown at the time of payment. Students must produce a Student ID. Post-Secondary Students must show a TTC Post-Secondary Student Discount Card only when using a TTC Post-Secondary Student Metropass. Seniors may use a TTC Senior's Photo ID or other appropriate photo ID.<ref name="ttc_nonadults">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/Seniors_students_and_children/index.jsp |title=Post-Secondary Students, Seniors, Students and Children |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

The ''Child'' group (aged 2 years to 12 years)<ref name="ttc_nonadults"/> pay a much reduced fare.<ref name="ttc_prices"/> Children under the age of 2 years ride free.<ref name="ttc_nonadults"/> Beginning March 1, 2015 this group will be eliminated and those under 12 will ride for free.<ref>http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/children-under-12-to-ride-ttc-for-free-1.2195323</ref>

===Tickets===
[[File:TTCTickets09.JPG|thumb|right|TTC Senior/Student and Child tickets from 2009]]
Tickets are available for seniors, students and children.<ref name="ttc_prices"/>

Adult tickets were issued until 29 September 2008, when they were withdrawn due to counterfeiting.<ref name="transittoronto_adultticketswithdrawn">{{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/data/200809241514.shtml |title=TTC to stop accepting adult tickets Sunday |publisher=Inside Toronto |date=24 September 2008 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref> Adult tickets were temporarily reissued between 23 November 2009<ref name="transittoronto_tempadulttickets">{{cite web |last=Mackenzie |first=Robert |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/weblog/2009/12/31-ttc_resume.shtml |title=TTC resumes selling tokens, raises fares, January 3 |publisher=[http://transit.toronto.on.ca Transit Toronto] |date=31 December 2009 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref> and 31 January 2010;<ref name="transittoronto_tempadultticketswithdrawn">{{cite web |last=Mackenzie |first=Robert |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/weblog/2009/12/31-ttc_resume.shtml |title=Just one week left to use "old" TTC tickets |publisher=[http://transit.toronto.on.ca Transit Toronto] |date=31 December 2009 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref> this was to alleviate demand on tokens during a fare hike that also withdrew all older tickets and passes.<ref name="transittoronto_tempadulttickets"/>

===Tokens===
Tokens are sold only at ''Adult'' ticket prices but may be used by all riders.<ref name="ttc_prices"/>

Unlike cash and tickets, tokens may be used at automated turnstiles. Some [[Toronto subway and RT|subway and RT]] stations have completely automated entrances.

====Design====
All tokens have been the same diameter, slightly smaller than a [[dime (Canadian coin)|dime]].

The tokens used prior to 1954 were brass coins. In 1954, the year the city's [[Yonge–University–Spadina line|first subway]] opened, these were replaced by light-weight aluminium tokens produced by the [[Royal Canadian Mint]].<ref name="canadacom_scam">{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/toronto/story.html?id=f377e038-050f-49b4-ba82-b258efba3e0c |title=The great TTC scam |publisher=[[National Post]] |date=27 January 2007 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref> The new tokens were simply designed with the word "SUBWAY" prominently displayed on both sides.

By 1966, a new brass token was introduced for single-token sales. The brass token used a more elaborate design displaying the TTC crest on the obverse and the TTC logo on the reverse.<ref name="stevemunro_goinggoinggone">{{cite web | authorlink = Steve Munro | last=Munro | first=Steve |url=http://stevemunro.ca/?p=282 | title=Going, Going, Gone | publisher= [http://stevemunro.ca/ Steve Munro] |date=17 Dec 2006 |accessdate=3 Sep 2011}}</ref>

The extension of the [[Bloor–Danforth line|Bloor–Danforth]] subway into the boroughs of Etobicoke and Scarborough was commemorated by special brass tokens in 1968. These remained in circulation for a limited time.<ref name="thestar_tokentransition">{{cite web |last=Cotroneo |first=Christian |url=http://www.thestar.com/article/175654 |title=Token transition |publisher=[[Toronto Star]] |date=28 Jan 2007 |accessdate=3 Sep 2011}}</ref>

New aluminium tokens were introduced in 1975 using the design of the c.1966 brass tokens. The 1954 and 1975 tokens remained in circulation until February 2007, when the remaining 30 million were withdrawn due to increased counterfeiting.<ref name="transittoronto_heaviertokens">{{cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Unnati |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/data/200701030857.shtml |title=TTC recruits staff to help ease burden of heavier tokens |publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=3 January 2007 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

The replacement for the 1954 and 1975 tokens was a bi-metal design was phased in starting in November 2006, and finally replacing the old tokens in February 2007.<ref name="transittoronto_historyfares">{{cite web |last=Bow |first=James |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/spare/0021.shtml |title=A History of Fares on the TTC |publisher=[http://transit.toronto.on.ca/ Transit Toronto] |date=3 April 2007 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

The 2006 tokens were heavier and more resistant to counterfeiting.<ref name="transittoronto_heaviertokens"/>
20 million tokens were initially ordered in 2006.<ref name="transittoronto_historyfares"/> 20 million additional tokens being purchased from Osborne Coinage Company in 2008 for US$2 million; these tokens were used to replace Adult tickets then in circulation.<ref name="ttc_2008-06-18_procure">{{cite web |url=http://m.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2008/Jun_18_2008/Other/Bi_Metal_Token_Suppl.jsp |title=Notice Of Award Of Procurement Authorization – Bi-Metal Token Supply From Osborne Coinage Company |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=18 June 2008 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

Counterfeits of the 2006 tokens were discovered in 2010. The counterfeits had the correct mass and dimensions, but had subtle typographic errors and lacked the expensive nickel used in real tokens for durability. The counterfeits did not work in automated turnstiles but could pass under the gaze of a human collector.<ref name="cbc_fake2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2010/11/11/ttc-token-fake682.html |title=Fake TTC tokens turning up |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=12 Nov 2010 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:OLDTTCTOKEN.JPG|1954 token.
File:Ttcoldbrasstoken.jpg|c. 1966 brass token.
File:OLDTTCTOKEN2.JPG|1975 token.
</gallery>

===Supplementary fares===
Most continuous trips cost a single fare. There are a few that require cost extra in addition to the regular fare.

A supplementary ("premium") fare is required for the Downtown Express routes; Metropass bearers are not exempted from the extra charge.<ref name="ttc_downtownexpress">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Passes/Downtown_Express.jsp |title=Downtown Express |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

The TTC operates a few routes that cross municipal boundaries; a supplementary fare is charged when crossing the boundary. The amount charged is the equivalent of the normal fare of the transit agency serving the municipality.<ref name="ttc_gtafarezone">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/GTA_Zone_Fares.jsp |title=GTA Zone Fares |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

Bearers of the GTA Weekly Pass are exempted from the supplementary fare if they are crossing into a municipality that recognizes the pass. Although [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] is not within Toronto city limits, TTC routes terminating at the airport are not subject to the extra charge.<ref name="ttc_farefaq">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Riding_the_TTC/Frequently_Asked_Questions/Fare_Information.jsp |title=Fare Information |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

==Transfers==
Transfers are an integral component of the TTC's fare system. A transfer is a proof of payment issued when a fare is paid; the transfers allows riders to switch between most routes without paying additional fares. Transfers are valid where routes intersect and for one-way trips. On most routes, they are not good for stopovers. Pass holders are not entitled to transfers.<ref name="ttc_transfers"/>

Subway and RT stations may have surface terminals for connecting surface routes. The stations and terminal form a fare-paid zone, and transfers are not required to switch between routes that enter the zone. Where terminals are not present, as is typical in the downtown core, transfers are required to switch between the subway and surface routes.

===Design===
Surface routes (buses and streetcars) and rapid transit routes (subway and RT) issue different styles of transfers.

On most surface routes, transfers are issued by vehicle operators. The transfers are preprinted with the route and date, and torn off from a special holder that marks the transfer with the time of issue and direction of travel.<ref name="blotto_readtransfer">{{cite web |last=Orbz |first=Chris |url=http://www.blogto.com/city/2007/10/how_to_read_a_ttc_transfer/ |title=How to Read a TTC Transfer |publisher=[http://www.blogto.com/ blogTO] |date=5 October 2007 |accessdate=9 July 2011}}</ref>

Within subway and RT stations, transfers are issued by machines near entry points into the fare-paid zone. The machines print the station's name and date on standardized [[thermal paper]] were introduced in the mid-1990s (transfers are not valid on surface vehicles at station where issued).<ref>http://www.rickstv.com/subwaytransfers/1986.html</ref> Older subway transfers were longer paper with pre-printed station design (various colours with two rows TTC logo). The station's name, date and time were printed by the dispenser. The design differed on the Bloor–Danforth line with the Yonge–University–Spadina line with the latter lacking the thick middle stripe. These older transfers and dispensing machines were replaced by the current thermal technology.

On the new TTC [[Flexity Outlook (Toronto streetcar)|Flexity]] streetcars, transfers are dispensed from a fare vending machine after a passenger pays their fare which marks the date, time stop and route where issued.

===Proof-of-payment (POP)===
{{see also|Proof-of-payment}}
Proof-of-payment (POP) is an honour-based fare collection system which allows all-door boarding, currently in place on the [[501 Queen]], [[504 King]] and [[510 Spadina]] streetcar lines. Use of all-door boarding is at the driver's discretion, depending on the number of passengers boarding. Passengers with a valid transfer, Metropass, a validated TTC ticket or a POP receipt can board at any door (without showing POP to the driver). Passengers boarding the older streetcars without POP must use the front doors, pay at the farebox near the driver and obtain a POP transfer receipt, while passengers boarding the new Flexity streetcars can use any of the four doors and pay their fare at one of two fare and transfer vending machines on-board at the second and fourth modules of each car near the double doors or at a curb-side machine prior to boarding and will receive a POP transfer receipt. Passengers must show POP for inspection upon demand.<ref name="ttc_pop">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/Proof_of_payment.jsp |title=Proof of Payment (POP) |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=4 Sep 2011}}</ref>

POP was first applied on the 501 Queen streetcar line (formerly [[507 Long Branch]]) in 1990 to make better use of the [[Articulated Light Rail Vehicle|double-module streetcars]].<ref name="ttc_pop2006report">{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/postings/gso-comrpt/documents/report/f2854/_conv.htm |title=PROOF-OF-PAYMENT FARE COLLECTION AT THE TTC |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=19 July 2006 |accessdate=4 Sep 2011}}</ref> Application of the POP system was limited to the Queen routes at the time because they did not enter a fare-paid terminal (meaning passengers who did manage to evade paying the streetcar fares they would unlikely be able to transfer to any other route without paying a fare); POP is incompatible with the paperless transfer system at subway stations.

The POP system was extended to the 510 Spadina route when the first of the new Flexity low-floor streetcars entered service on August 31, 2014. The [[504 King]] streetcar route followed on January 1, 2015.<ref name=ttc_pop /> The TTC plans on expanding POP to [[511 Bathurst]] and [[509 Harbourfront]] streetcar lines when the new Flexity streetcar vehicles are deployed on those routes approximately spring 2015, with plans (as announced during its 2015 TTC customer charter initiative on January 23, 2015) to expand POP to all remaining streetcar lines by fall 2015. <ref> [http://www.ttc.ca/Customer_Service/Customer_Charter/2015_Customer_Charter.jsp TTC 2015 Customer Charter] </ref>

===Time-based transfers===
In 2005, the TTC experimentally introduced "time-based" transfers allowing additional free rides within a time limit (up to two hours from the start of the vehicle's journey), even if the passenger makes a stopover or reverses direction. The experiment was linked to the temporary replacement of part of one streetcar route (the [[512 St. Clair]]) by a bus service due to track reconstruction. Time-based transfers are available only on route 512 St. Clair; and on other routes, they are accepted only at normal transfer points.<ref>[http://www.toronto.ca/ttc/pdf/time_based_transfer_brochure.pdf (External link, PDF.)]</ref>

Tess Kalinowski, writing in the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', reported in January 2014 that TTC staff were studying shifting the TTC to a time-based transfer system, as part of introducing new, higher technology fare cards, and that they predicted it would result in a $20 million annual loss of revenue.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/01/23/ttc_considers_timebased_transfers.html
| title = TTC considers time-based transfers: The TTC is considering changing to time-based transfers as part of the broad-scale roll-out of Presto fare cards
| publisher = [[Toronto Star]]
| author = Tess Kalinowski
| date = 2014-01-24
| page =
| location =
| isbn =
| archivedate = 2014-01-24
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140124020944/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/01/23/ttc_considers_timebased_transfers.html
| deadurl = No
| quote = The TTC is considering switching to time-based transfers but the switch will cost the transit agency millions in lost fares
}}
</ref>

===Connection with GO Transit===
Passengers can also use [[GO Transit]] (at normal GO fares) for an intermediate stage of their journey without having to pay a second TTC fare when they change back to the TTC, although there are few routes where this is useful; this policy is called "TTC Times Two".<ref>http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/TTC_Times_2.jsp</ref>

===Fares===
These are the fares as of February 4, 2015:<ref name="Fare Prices">{{cite web|title=Prices|url=http://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/index.jsp|website=www.ttc.ca|publisher=Toronto Transit Commission|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! | Fare Type || Adult || Senior/Student || Child
|-
| Single Fare Purchase || $3.00 || $2.00 || $0.75
|-
| Tokens or Tickets || 3 tokens for $8.10/7 tokens for $18.90 || 5 tickets for $9.25/10 tickets for $18.50 || 10 tickets for $6.00
|}
<ref name="Fare Prices">{{cite web|title=Prices|url=http://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/index.jsp|website=www.ttc.ca|publisher=Toronto Transit Commission|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref>

===Future fares===
These prices will take effect on March 1, 2015:<ref name="Price Hikes for the TTC">{{cite news|last1=Bock|first1=Tony|title=Wondering what the TTC fare increase will cost you?|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/01/19/wondering-what-the-ttc-fare-increase-will-cost-you.html|accessdate=5 February 2015|work=Toronto Star|publisher=Toronto Star|date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! | Fare Type || Adult || Senior/Student || Child
|-
| Single Fare Purchase || $3.00 || $2.00 || Free
|-
| Tokens or Tickets || 3 tokens for $8.40/7 tokens for $19.60 || 5 tickets for $9.75/10 tickets for $19.50 || Free
|}

==Passes==

=== Current passes ===
[[File:TTC-November-SMetropass.JPG|thumb|right|A TTC student/senior monthly Metropass.]]
As of January 1, 2014, these passes are offered by the TTC for travel in Toronto:<ref>{{cite web|title=TTC Prices|url=http://ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/index.jsp|website=Toronto Transit Commission|accessdate=9 July 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! | Fare Type || 1 day || 1 week || 1 month || 12 months
|-
| Adult || $11.00 * || $39.25 || $133.75 || 122.50 /month
|-
| Post-Secondary Student || — || Unknown || $108.00 || Unknown
|-
| Senior/Student || — || $31.25 || $108.00 || $Unknown /month
|}

*On weekends, valid for group: maximum of two adults over 19 and six people altogether.

=== Price history of passes ===

As of January 1, 2013, these passes are offered by the TTC for travel in Toronto:

{| class="wikitable"
! | Fare Type || 1 day || 1 week || 1 month || 12 months
|-
| Adult || $10.75* || $37.50 || $128.50 || $117.75/month
|-
| Post-Secondary Student || — || Unknown || $106.00 || Unknown
|-
| Senior/Student || — || $30.50 || $106.00 || $95.75/month
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>On weekends, valid for group: maximum of two adults over 19 and six people altogether.

===Future pass prices===
These prices will take effect on March 1, 2015:<ref name="Price Hikes for the TTC">{{cite news|last1=Bock|first1=Tony|title=Wondering what the TTC fare increase will cost you?|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/01/19/wondering-what-the-ttc-fare-increase-will-cost-you.html|accessdate=5 February 2015|work=Toronto Star|publisher=Toronto Star|date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! | Fare Type || 1 day || 1 week || 1 month || 12 months
|-
| Adult || $11.50* || $40.75 || $141.50 || $129.75
|-
| Post-Secondary Student || — || Unknown || $112 || Unknown
|-
| Senior/Student || — || $33 || $112 || $102.75
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>On weekends, valid for group: maximum of two adults over 19 and six people altogether.

===Types of passes===
A Day Pass, on a weekday, is valid for one person and is not transferable. On a weekend day or holiday, however, the same pass becomes a Family/Group Pass: this means that a single pass can be used, at no additional charge, by two adults traveling together or by one or two adults accompanied by people aged 19 or younger, with up to six people in the group. The pass can be bought in advance, to be marked with the date only when the owner is ready to use it.

A Weekly Pass is valid for seven days, starting on a Monday and ending on a Sunday. The pass is marked for a specific week and is sold only from the preceding Thursday the Tuesday of that week. This pass is valid for one person at a time but can be used by different people at different times. Seniors and high-school students use the same pass, so it can be transferred from one type of user to the other.

The monthly pass is called a Metropass. It is valid for a specific calendar month and is sold from the 24th of the previous month until the fourth working day of its validity. Passengers who sign up to buy 12 months of Metropasses pay a lower rate, as shown above. The Volume Incentive Pass (VIP) program allows part-time post-secondary students, federally and provincially incorporated organizations, limited liability partnerships, hospitals, government departments and agencies, and [[trade union]]s to purchase Adult Metropasses in bulk, which are then sold at a lower price than the 12-month discount to the commuter. The pass is transferable under the same rules as the Weekly Pass. Full-time [[Higher education|post-secondary]] students have a distinct Metropass, which can be transferred only to other full-time post-secondary students. Before September 2010, post-secondary institutions issued VIP Metropasses.

Day Passes are printed on card paper; Weekly Passes and Metropasses have a magnetic strip for automatic turnstiles and so, like tokens, work at all subway/RT station entrances whether staffed or not. On surface vehicles, the pass is simply shown to the driver.

There is one more kind of pass, not sold to the general public; it is available only to those attending conventions, trade shows, and similar meetings. The TTC issues these passes for the applicable number of days and sells them to the convention operators; as of November 2007, prices range from $6.25 for a one-day pass in quantities of 100 to 499, to as low as $4.25 per day for a three-day or longer pass in quantities of at least 1,000.

====Downtown Express fares====
The TTC operates five rush-hour express bus routes serving downtown. In addition to the basic fare, the passenger must pay a supplement of one ticket or token, or its equivalent value. For example, an adult can pay with two tokens, or one token plus $2.70 (not $3.00), or $5.70 in cash. Pass users and those transferring from ordinary routes pay only the supplement; for Metropass users there is also the option of buying a sticker (sold only at King and St. Andrew subway stations) for $38.50 that covers use of the downtown express buses for the full month.

Express buses in other parts of the city charge regular fares.

====Senior and Student Discount ID Pass====
[[Image:Metropass2007.JPG|thumb|right|An adult Metropass for April 2007]]
The seniors pass was created in the 1980s (valid with driver's licence/Government-issued photo ID), with the additional capability of the same pass being used by students (with a TTC-issued photo ID card) some time later.

=====Post-secondary student passes=====
While the Senior/Student Metropass and other student fares were available only to high-school students, a separate Post-Secondary Student Metropass became available to university and college students (likewise requiring TTC-issued photo ID), starting with the September 2010 pass.

====Weekly pass====
In September 2005, the Weekly Pass was introduced. This is a type of Metropass valid for only one week and available with a discount rate similar to that of the Metropass for high school students and seniors. There is no post-secondary student version available.

===History of passes===
{{Refimprove section|date=November 2009}}
The TTC has always been cautious about the loss of revenue from selling passes to riders who would otherwise make the same trips and pay more. Passes have been introduced gradually and always been relatively expensive compared to some other transit systems: for example, in the fares adopted in 2014, an adult Metropass must be used for 50 trips in a month or else tickets or tokens would be cheaper. (However, since July 2006, a federal income tax credit has been available on monthly transit passes. For those able to buy a pass and wait for their federal transit tax credit, which is 15%, the threshold is reduced to 43 trips per month.)<ref>http://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/</ref><ref>http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/tpcs/ncm-tx/rtrn/cmpltng/ddctns/lns360-390/364/</ref>

The first pass regularly offered on the TTC was the "Sunday or Holiday Pass", introduced in 1973. It allowed group travel on Sundays and holidays, similar to the later Day Pass. However, because the TTC was always heavily used on the last day of the [[Canadian National Exhibition]], the pass was not offered on [[Labour Day#Canada|Labour Day]].

The TTC introduced the Metropass in 1980. At that time, there was only one price, based on the adult fare. The pass was not transferable and had to be used with TTC-issued [[identity document|photo ID]] cards (in about 2000 the TTC also began accepting Ontario [[driver's license|driver's licence]]s as ID). A lower-price Metropass for seniors was added in 1984, and for students in 1991 (originally at a slightly higher rate than seniors). The magnetic stripe was added to the pass in 1990, allowing it to operate automatic turnstiles, even though this meant that the user's ID would then not normally be checked.

To combat fraud and sharing the pass amongst riders, a printable box was placed on the right-hand side of the card. To make the pass valid for the month, the commuter hand-printed the digits of either the commuter's Metropass Photo ID card, if the commuter had one, or the commuter's initials and abbreviated gender if the commuter used other ID. The holder of the pass was also required to show the commuter's Metropass Photo ID card or another piece of [[Government of Ontario]]-issued identification at the same time that the holder presented their pass.

Also in 1990, the Sunday or Holiday Pass was replaced by the Day Pass. It remained valid on Sundays and holidays (now also including Labour Day) for groups, but was extended to weekdays and Saturdays as a single-person pass. On weekdays, however, it was not valid until the end of the morning rush hour at 9:30 a.m.

From 1992 to 2009, free parking for Metropass users was provided at certain subway-station parking lots. Some lots were restricted to Metropass users.

In February 1993, the Metropass became the same size as a credit card and could be swiped at subway stations. The new design was a simple mono-coloured and two-shaded design, with the abbreviation of the month in a large font, and the year placed beneath it in the same font and colour. The background of the card's front had a shaded design so as to enable the holder to distinguish the text on the card.

At about the same time, the TTC introduced an Annual Metropass, good for a whole year. As a higher-cost option, the pass was available in transferable form: the first transferable pass on the TTC. Both versions were soon withdrawn and replaced by the 12-month discount plan for the regular monthly pass.

Around 1994, the TTC began announcing specific periods around Christmas, and sometimes other holidays, when the Day Pass would be accepted as a group pass on any day. Starting around 2002, they also offered transferable weekly passes during certain weeks.

From July 1996 to March 2004, the pass carried a faux gold-stamped version of the Toronto Transit Commission's seal.

====Since 2000====
{{Refimprove section|date=November 2009}}
In 2000, the design was altered to include the "Toronto Millennium" logo, celebrating the changeover to a new millennium.

In April 2004, the Metropass changed its design to a multi-colour vertical gradient, along with a different type of faux gold-imprinted "Metropass" logo (it uses the unique TTC font used in several subway stations). The colours and pattern of the gradient vary from month to month. In addition, the year was now printed in a bold font at the upper right, with the month imprinted in the same faux gold as the Metropass logo.

In 2005, with a political climate including the prospect of subsidies tied to ridership, the TTC became more willing to promote pass usage even at the loss of other fares. First, in March, they extended the Day Pass to be usable by groups on Saturdays. Then in September, the Metropass became transferable (with ID required only to prove eligibility for the senior or student fare), and at the same time, the transferable Weekly Pass was introduced. On the Metropass, the printable anti-fraud box was removed and replaced by wording suggesting the transfer of the pass to others when one was not using it.

Though the reverse side of the pass has always had the conditions of use printed on the reverse, it did not see much updating until the passes were made transferable in 2005, at which point a "No 'Pass Back'" rule was added: in essence, a rider who enters the system using a pass must not hand it to someone outside the fare-paid area, which would allow both to use it at once.

In February 2006, to reduce lineups at the collector booths, the TTC introduced vending machines (accepting payment by [[debit card#The Canadian experience|debit card]] only) at some subway stations for the Weekly Pass and the Metropass. In April 2006, the Day Pass became valid all day on weekdays.

On certain special occasions the TTC has offered passes with other periods of validity as appropriate. These have included the [[Pope John Paul II|Papal Visits]] of 1984 and 2002.

The TTC redesigned its Metropasses to include custom holograms and a yellow "activation" sticker, beginning with the July 2009 Metropasses, due to widespread counterfeiting of the Metropasses between January and May 2009.<ref>[http://www3.ttc.ca/News/2009/June/New_look_TTC_passes_designed_to_thwart_counterfeiters.jsp New-look TTC passes designed to thwart counterfeiters]</ref> In addition, removing the "activation" sticker reveals a thin film, which is used to prevent the reapplication of the sticker, and removing the film would leave a sticky residue, in which dirt and other particles can obscure the hologram.<ref>[http://www3.ttc.ca/News/2009/June/Additional_information_regarding_TTC_Metropass_activation_st.jsp Additional information regarding TTC Metropass activation stickers]</ref> The thin film reads, "Do not remove," to prevent curious Metropass users from removing it.

The TTC offers the Metropass Hot Dealz {{sic}}, in which a current Metropass user and three guests can receive an admission discount at various venues and events, such as [[Casa Loma]], the [[CN Tower]], the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]], [[Ontario Place]], the [[Ontario Science Centre]], and the [[Toronto Zoo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Passes/Metropass/Metropass_Hot_Dealz/index.jsp|title=Metropass Hot Dealz|publisher=Toronto Transit Commission|accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>

''See also the [[#Fares outside Toronto|Fares outside Toronto]] section below''

==Inter-agency media==
{{Refimprove section|date=November 2009}}
{{update|type=section|date=March 2010|cat=Rail transport articles in need of updating}}

===GTA Weekly Pass===
[[File:GTAWeeklyPass 2011-06.jpg|thumb|GTA Weekly Passes for June 2011.]]
The GTA Weekly Pass is valid on the TTC, [[MiWay]], [[York Region Transit]], and [[Brampton Transit]]. It is good for unlimited travel for seven days starting on a Monday. It is sold at selected locations on starting the Thursday before the week of use, until Tuesday on the week of use.<ref name="ttc_gtaweeklypass">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Passes/GTA_pass.jsp |title=Greater Toronto Area (GTA) Weekly Pass |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=6 July 2011}}</ref>

Pass bearers are exempted from the extra charge for crossing the municipal boundary between areas served by the four participating agencies. Bearers are not exempted from the extra charges for certain "premium" and "express" routes.<ref name="ttc_gtaweeklypass"/>

The pass has a magnetic stripe to operate TTC [[turnstile]]s.<ref name="ttc_gtaweeklypassoverview">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2002/May_15_2002/Other/Overview_of_GTA_Week.jsp |title=Staff Response to Commission Inquiry - Overview of GTA Weekly Pass |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=15 May 2002 |accessdate=6 July 2011}}</ref>

The pass was introduced in 1994 based on a recommendation of the provincial government. The [[Ministry of Transportation of Ontario|Ministry of Transportation]] (MTO) provided a subsidy at the onset, but this was withdrawn in 1998. Revenues from pass sales are split between the participating agencies.<ref name="ttc_gtaweeklypassoverview"/>

===Presto card===
The provincial Minister of Transportation announced plans to introduce the [[Presto card]], a unified [[Smart card|smartcard]]-based payment system for the entire [[Greater Toronto Area]] similar to the [[OPUS card]] used in [[Montreal]], and the [[Octopus card]] used in [[Hong Kong]]. It was introduced on October 2008 (after trials were completed by [[GO Transit]] in [[Mississauga]] from June 25, 2007 to September 30, 2008).

Presto card readers on the TTC is available at 15 subway stations<ref name="ttc_presto">{{cite web|title=TTC PRESTO Fare System|url=https://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/Presto_Fare_System/index.jsp|website=Toronto Transit Commission|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> and on the new 510 Spadina streetcars.

===Twin Pass===
Fares on the provincially operated [[GO Transit]] are separate from TTC fares, for travel within and outside of Toronto. A "Twin Pass", which combined a Metropass with a monthly GO Transit ticket for a specific journey at a discount compared to their individual prices, was available from 1988 until 2002.

==Procedures==

===Purchasing media===
Tickets, tokens, and passes may be bought on the subway and RT system at manned collector booths. They may also be purchased around Toronto at over 1200 Authorized TTC Fare Media Sellers.<ref name="ttc_buyingfares">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/Buying_tickets_tokens_and_passes.jsp |title=Buying Tickets, Tokens and Passes |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

Tokens may be bought at stations from vending machines.<ref name="ttc_buyingfares"/> Some stations may also have pass vending machines.<ref name="ttc_passvending">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Passes/Pass_Vending_Machine/index.jsp |title=Pass Vending Machine |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

A ticket vending machine is located at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]'s Terminal 1<ref name="ttc_buyingfares"/> and on board new streetcars introduced on the Spadina line in 2014.

===Payment===

====Subway and RT stations====
[[Image:Spadina TTC caribou caged entry.JPG|right|200px|thumb|An unstaffed "automatic entrance"]]
All [[Toronto subway and RT|subway and RT]] stations have at least one fare collector's booth where single-ride cash fares are paid, and cardboard [[Ticket (admission)|ticket]]s and metal [[Token coin|tokens]] are sold and can be used. There are also automatic [[turnstile]]s operated by tokens, and some stations have unattended secondary entrances with automatic turnstiles only.

Tickets are available for students, seniors and children, but do not operate the automatic turnstiles. Tokens do operate turnstiles – they were introduced for that purpose when the subway opened in 1954. As well as the collector's booth, tokens are sold from automatic machines that accept [[Canadian ten-dollar note|$10]] and [[Canadian twenty-dollar note|$20 bills]] (for each bill they give as many tokens as possible and the appropriate change: as of 3 January 2010 a $10 bill buys 4 tokens and $20 bill buys 8 tokens without any change, as they are exact). The machines also sell one token for the single-ride fare in coins.<ref>http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/Buying_tickets_tokens_and_passes.jsp</ref>

====Buses and streetcars====
On most surface vehicles ([[Toronto Transit Commission buses|buses]] and [[Toronto streetcar system|streetcars]]), fares are deposited into a farebox near the driver. Tickets and tokens are accepted but are not sold; passengers must buy them in advance at a subway/RT station or an authorized TTC retailer. Single-ride fares must be paid with exact cash; change is not given.<ref>http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/Paying_fares.jsp</ref>

(The exact-fare policy was introduced in 1975. Before that, retail stores did not sell TTC fare media; tokens were sold only at subway stations, but surface route drivers sold tickets and did make change for cash fares.){{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

The TTC's new [[Flexity Outlook (Toronto)|Flexity Outlook]] streetcars use a [[Proof-of-payment]] honour system, allowing all-door boarding, since the driver sits in an fully enclosed cab, therefore the driver is no longer exposed to passengers (similar to the new [[Toronto Rocket]] subway trains) and likewise the driver does not monitor fare payments, as such passengers who do not carry metropasses or transfers and use cash or tokens must pay their fare(s) at one of two "fare and transfer" vending machines located on board the vehicles (at the second and fourth modules of each car near the double doors) and at most major stops along the routes, while passengers using child/senior/student tickets must have their tickets validated at one of two smaller machines beside the larger fare and transfer vending machines.<ref name='ttc_flexity'>{{cite web|title=Passenger Experience|website=Toronto Transit Commission|publisher=https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Projects/New_Vehicles/New_Streetcars/FAQ/FAQ_PassengerExperience.jsp|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref>

==Overnight service==
The TTC's [[Blue Night Network]] charges the normal TTC fares. The overnight period is considered, for purposes of TTC passes, as part of the preceding traffic day: in effect, the date changes at 5:30 a.m. or the start of daytime service, not at midnight.

==History of zone fares==
As noted, one TTC fare is good for any distance within the City of Toronto; there are no fare zones in the city today. The same was true from 1921 until 1953, when the City of Toronto covered a much smaller area than today. Then as now, there were routes extending outside the city, and extra fares were charged; these were on a zonal basis, although the zones might better be described as fare stages along the individual routes outside the city, as each one was a separate radial route.

But with the creation of [[Metropolitan Toronto]] ("Metro") in 1954, covering the whole [[merger (politics)#Canada|present area]] of the City of Toronto, the TTC took on responsibility for transit within the entire area. At that time they did not consider a flat fare feasible for so large an area; instead they rounded off the edges of the city fare zone and renamed it the Central Zone, and set up a series of concentric semicircular rings around it as Suburban Zone 1, 2, etc., with an additional fare required for each one. Routes extending beyond the Metro limit continued to be separate radial routes, so the zones still had the effect of fare stages, but, within Metro, it became possible to change buses within a suburban zone.
[http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/maps/guide1954f.gif This external link] shows a route map of this period. The (roughly rectangular) Metro limit is not marked on the map, but Suburban Zone 2 extends to just reach this limit in the north and the southwest only; the Port Credit bus and part of the North Yonge bus are the only TTC routes then extending outside Metro.

In 1956, Suburban Zones 1 and 2 were combined as Zone 2 and the Central Zone became the new Zone 1.

During this early period, the outer zones within Metro were still relatively undeveloped and bus routes in them were sparse; but as development increased, there was pressure for lower suburban fares, and in 1962 the outer boundary of Zone 2 was extended to all the way to the Metro limit. Higher fares, still on a zonal basis along each radial route, now applied only on the few routes running beyond Metro; in effect, the zone boundaries outside Zone 2 had changed from semicircles to rough rectangles. (Eventually the zones along each remaining route beyond Metro were effectively combined and the fares coordinated with those of adjacent transit agencies; [[#Fares outside Toronto|see below]].)

In 1968, the [[Bloor–Danforth line|Bloor–Danforth Subway]] was extended east and west through the boundary between Zones 1 and 2, but the subway itself remained part of Zone 1. On January 21, 1973, with construction already well advanced on a similar extension of the [[Yonge–University–Spadina line|Yonge–University Subway]], the TTC acceded to pressure to abolish the zone boundary, and all of Metro (now the [[merger (politics)#Canada|unified City of Toronto]]) gained service at a single flat fare. (Unfortunately, the new subway stations on both lines in what had been Zone 2 had not been designed for the change: their bus terminals were outside of the subway's fare-paid area. The layout of some stations allowed this to be easily corrected by moving the fare barrier, but at other stations this was unfeasible and they were not reconfigured until a later renovation, if at all.)

A fare increase in 2005 led some to call for the reintroduction of fare zones, but the TTC does not believe this would be wise. Zonal tickets would be impractical to enforce on the subways or buses without introducing a new fare collection technology. Formerly, with buses, the drivers would stop at each zone boundary to check proof of payment or collect an additional fare from each passenger, causing a significant delay. In addition, charging more for longer (and therefore less pleasant) trips through areas where service is provided by buses rather than trains that would alienate the very suburban customers the commission is now{{When|date=November 2009}} trying to attract.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

===Official===
* [http://www3.ttc.ca TTC official site]
** [http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/index.jsp fares page]
** [http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/History/index.jsp history page]

===Fan websites===
; Fares
* [http://www.transitstop.net/Stats/ttc_fares_from_1973_to_present.htm TTC fares since 1954 (Mike's Transit Stop)]

; Maps
* [http://www.transitstop.net/ride_guides.htm Historical system maps (Mike's Transit Stop)]
* [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/spare/0053.shtml Historical system maps (Transit Toronto)]

; Fare media
* [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/spare/0014.shtml Surface transfers from 1944-1955 (Transit Toronto)]
* [http://www.reservedbits.com/ttcsubwaytransfers/ Subway transfers from the late-1980s and early-1990s (Primary Access Node)]

{{TTC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toronto Transit Commission Fares}}
[[Category:Toronto Transit Commission]]

Toronto Transit Commission fares

2015-02-27T06:36:23Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Future pass prices */ Prices updated on TTC's website, retrieved 27 Feb 2015. https://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/index.jsp

[[File:Toronto Transit Commission Token-2007.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Obverse and reverse of the TTC single-ride token introduced in 2006.]]
On the [[Toronto Transit Commission]], '''fares''' may be paid with a variety of media, the price of which may be determined by the age of the rider.

==Single-trip fares==
A fare is good for one continuous trip on the TTC, including any requisite transfers between routes. The basic fare media are cash, tickets, and tokens. Riders paying using the basic media are entitled to one free transfer per trip, to be obtained when the fare is paid. Transfers are proofs of payment and allow riders to switch between most routes without paying additional fares.<ref name="ttc_transfers">{{cite web |url=
http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/Transfers/index.jsp |title=Transfers |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

Fares paid in cash are the most expensive. Fares paid in tickets or tokens accrue a slight discount due to the lower selling price of the media.<ref name="ttc_prices">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/index.jsp |title=Prices |date=3 January 2010 |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

===Demographic divisions===
The price of the fare, and the purchase cost of non-cash media, is based on the rider's age.

The ''Adult'' group (aged 13 and up) pay the highest fares.<ref name="ttc_prices"/> The ''Student'' (aged 13 to 19) and ''Senior'' (aged 65+) subgroups pay a discounted adult fare provided supporting identification is shown at the time of payment. Students must produce a Student ID. Post-Secondary Students must show a TTC Post-Secondary Student Discount Card only when using a TTC Post-Secondary Student Metropass. Seniors may use a TTC Senior's Photo ID or other appropriate photo ID.<ref name="ttc_nonadults">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/Seniors_students_and_children/index.jsp |title=Post-Secondary Students, Seniors, Students and Children |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

The ''Child'' group (aged 2 years to 12 years)<ref name="ttc_nonadults"/> pay a much reduced fare.<ref name="ttc_prices"/> Children under the age of 2 years ride free.<ref name="ttc_nonadults"/> Beginning March 1, 2015 this group will be eliminated and those under 12 will ride for free.<ref>http://toronto.ctvnews.ca/children-under-12-to-ride-ttc-for-free-1.2195323</ref>

===Tickets===
[[File:TTCTickets09.JPG|thumb|right|TTC Senior/Student and Child tickets from 2009]]
Tickets are available for seniors, students and children.<ref name="ttc_prices"/>

Adult tickets were issued until 29 September 2008, when they were withdrawn due to counterfeiting.<ref name="transittoronto_adultticketswithdrawn">{{cite web |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/data/200809241514.shtml |title=TTC to stop accepting adult tickets Sunday |publisher=Inside Toronto |date=24 September 2008 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref> Adult tickets were temporarily reissued between 23 November 2009<ref name="transittoronto_tempadulttickets">{{cite web |last=Mackenzie |first=Robert |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/weblog/2009/12/31-ttc_resume.shtml |title=TTC resumes selling tokens, raises fares, January 3 |publisher=[http://transit.toronto.on.ca Transit Toronto] |date=31 December 2009 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref> and 31 January 2010;<ref name="transittoronto_tempadultticketswithdrawn">{{cite web |last=Mackenzie |first=Robert |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/weblog/2009/12/31-ttc_resume.shtml |title=Just one week left to use "old" TTC tickets |publisher=[http://transit.toronto.on.ca Transit Toronto] |date=31 December 2009 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref> this was to alleviate demand on tokens during a fare hike that also withdrew all older tickets and passes.<ref name="transittoronto_tempadulttickets"/>

===Tokens===
Tokens are sold only at ''Adult'' ticket prices but may be used by all riders.<ref name="ttc_prices"/>

Unlike cash and tickets, tokens may be used at automated turnstiles. Some [[Toronto subway and RT|subway and RT]] stations have completely automated entrances.

====Design====
All tokens have been the same diameter, slightly smaller than a [[dime (Canadian coin)|dime]].

The tokens used prior to 1954 were brass coins. In 1954, the year the city's [[Yonge–University–Spadina line|first subway]] opened, these were replaced by light-weight aluminium tokens produced by the [[Royal Canadian Mint]].<ref name="canadacom_scam">{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/toronto/story.html?id=f377e038-050f-49b4-ba82-b258efba3e0c |title=The great TTC scam |publisher=[[National Post]] |date=27 January 2007 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref> The new tokens were simply designed with the word "SUBWAY" prominently displayed on both sides.

By 1966, a new brass token was introduced for single-token sales. The brass token used a more elaborate design displaying the TTC crest on the obverse and the TTC logo on the reverse.<ref name="stevemunro_goinggoinggone">{{cite web | authorlink = Steve Munro | last=Munro | first=Steve |url=http://stevemunro.ca/?p=282 | title=Going, Going, Gone | publisher= [http://stevemunro.ca/ Steve Munro] |date=17 Dec 2006 |accessdate=3 Sep 2011}}</ref>

The extension of the [[Bloor–Danforth line|Bloor–Danforth]] subway into the boroughs of Etobicoke and Scarborough was commemorated by special brass tokens in 1968. These remained in circulation for a limited time.<ref name="thestar_tokentransition">{{cite web |last=Cotroneo |first=Christian |url=http://www.thestar.com/article/175654 |title=Token transition |publisher=[[Toronto Star]] |date=28 Jan 2007 |accessdate=3 Sep 2011}}</ref>

New aluminium tokens were introduced in 1975 using the design of the c.1966 brass tokens. The 1954 and 1975 tokens remained in circulation until February 2007, when the remaining 30 million were withdrawn due to increased counterfeiting.<ref name="transittoronto_heaviertokens">{{cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Unnati |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/data/200701030857.shtml |title=TTC recruits staff to help ease burden of heavier tokens |publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=3 January 2007 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

The replacement for the 1954 and 1975 tokens was a bi-metal design was phased in starting in November 2006, and finally replacing the old tokens in February 2007.<ref name="transittoronto_historyfares">{{cite web |last=Bow |first=James |url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/spare/0021.shtml |title=A History of Fares on the TTC |publisher=[http://transit.toronto.on.ca/ Transit Toronto] |date=3 April 2007 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

The 2006 tokens were heavier and more resistant to counterfeiting.<ref name="transittoronto_heaviertokens"/>
20 million tokens were initially ordered in 2006.<ref name="transittoronto_historyfares"/> 20 million additional tokens being purchased from Osborne Coinage Company in 2008 for US$2 million; these tokens were used to replace Adult tickets then in circulation.<ref name="ttc_2008-06-18_procure">{{cite web |url=http://m.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2008/Jun_18_2008/Other/Bi_Metal_Token_Suppl.jsp |title=Notice Of Award Of Procurement Authorization – Bi-Metal Token Supply From Osborne Coinage Company |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=18 June 2008 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

Counterfeits of the 2006 tokens were discovered in 2010. The counterfeits had the correct mass and dimensions, but had subtle typographic errors and lacked the expensive nickel used in real tokens for durability. The counterfeits did not work in automated turnstiles but could pass under the gaze of a human collector.<ref name="cbc_fake2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2010/11/11/ttc-token-fake682.html |title=Fake TTC tokens turning up |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=12 Nov 2010 |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:OLDTTCTOKEN.JPG|1954 token.
File:Ttcoldbrasstoken.jpg|c. 1966 brass token.
File:OLDTTCTOKEN2.JPG|1975 token.
</gallery>

===Supplementary fares===
Most continuous trips cost a single fare. There are a few that require cost extra in addition to the regular fare.

A supplementary ("premium") fare is required for the Downtown Express routes; Metropass bearers are not exempted from the extra charge.<ref name="ttc_downtownexpress">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Passes/Downtown_Express.jsp |title=Downtown Express |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

The TTC operates a few routes that cross municipal boundaries; a supplementary fare is charged when crossing the boundary. The amount charged is the equivalent of the normal fare of the transit agency serving the municipality.<ref name="ttc_gtafarezone">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/GTA_Zone_Fares.jsp |title=GTA Zone Fares |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

Bearers of the GTA Weekly Pass are exempted from the supplementary fare if they are crossing into a municipality that recognizes the pass. Although [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] is not within Toronto city limits, TTC routes terminating at the airport are not subject to the extra charge.<ref name="ttc_farefaq">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Riding_the_TTC/Frequently_Asked_Questions/Fare_Information.jsp |title=Fare Information |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

==Transfers==
Transfers are an integral component of the TTC's fare system. A transfer is a proof of payment issued when a fare is paid; the transfers allows riders to switch between most routes without paying additional fares. Transfers are valid where routes intersect and for one-way trips. On most routes, they are not good for stopovers. Pass holders are not entitled to transfers.<ref name="ttc_transfers"/>

Subway and RT stations may have surface terminals for connecting surface routes. The stations and terminal form a fare-paid zone, and transfers are not required to switch between routes that enter the zone. Where terminals are not present, as is typical in the downtown core, transfers are required to switch between the subway and surface routes.

===Design===
Surface routes (buses and streetcars) and rapid transit routes (subway and RT) issue different styles of transfers.

On most surface routes, transfers are issued by vehicle operators. The transfers are preprinted with the route and date, and torn off from a special holder that marks the transfer with the time of issue and direction of travel.<ref name="blotto_readtransfer">{{cite web |last=Orbz |first=Chris |url=http://www.blogto.com/city/2007/10/how_to_read_a_ttc_transfer/ |title=How to Read a TTC Transfer |publisher=[http://www.blogto.com/ blogTO] |date=5 October 2007 |accessdate=9 July 2011}}</ref>

Within subway and RT stations, transfers are issued by machines near entry points into the fare-paid zone. The machines print the station's name and date on standardized [[thermal paper]] were introduced in the mid-1990s (transfers are not valid on surface vehicles at station where issued).<ref>http://www.rickstv.com/subwaytransfers/1986.html</ref> Older subway transfers were longer paper with pre-printed station design (various colours with two rows TTC logo). The station's name, date and time were printed by the dispenser. The design differed on the Bloor–Danforth line with the Yonge–University–Spadina line with the latter lacking the thick middle stripe. These older transfers and dispensing machines were replaced by the current thermal technology.

On the new TTC [[Flexity Outlook (Toronto streetcar)|Flexity]] streetcars, transfers are dispensed from a fare vending machine after a passenger pays their fare which marks the date, time stop and route where issued.

===Proof-of-payment (POP)===
{{see also|Proof-of-payment}}
Proof-of-payment (POP) is an honour-based fare collection system which allows all-door boarding, currently in place on the [[501 Queen]], [[504 King]] and [[510 Spadina]] streetcar lines. Use of all-door boarding is at the driver's discretion, depending on the number of passengers boarding. Passengers with a valid transfer, Metropass, a validated TTC ticket or a POP receipt can board at any door (without showing POP to the driver). Passengers boarding the older streetcars without POP must use the front doors, pay at the farebox near the driver and obtain a POP transfer receipt, while passengers boarding the new Flexity streetcars can use any of the four doors and pay their fare at one of two fare and transfer vending machines on-board at the second and fourth modules of each car near the double doors or at a curb-side machine prior to boarding and will receive a POP transfer receipt. Passengers must show POP for inspection upon demand.<ref name="ttc_pop">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/Proof_of_payment.jsp |title=Proof of Payment (POP) |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=4 Sep 2011}}</ref>

POP was first applied on the 501 Queen streetcar line (formerly [[507 Long Branch]]) in 1990 to make better use of the [[Articulated Light Rail Vehicle|double-module streetcars]].<ref name="ttc_pop2006report">{{cite web |url=http://www.ttc.ca/postings/gso-comrpt/documents/report/f2854/_conv.htm |title=PROOF-OF-PAYMENT FARE COLLECTION AT THE TTC |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=19 July 2006 |accessdate=4 Sep 2011}}</ref> Application of the POP system was limited to the Queen routes at the time because they did not enter a fare-paid terminal (meaning passengers who did manage to evade paying the streetcar fares they would unlikely be able to transfer to any other route without paying a fare); POP is incompatible with the paperless transfer system at subway stations.

The POP system was extended to the 510 Spadina route when the first of the new Flexity low-floor streetcars entered service on August 31, 2014. The [[504 King]] streetcar route followed on January 1, 2015.<ref name=ttc_pop /> The TTC plans on expanding POP to [[511 Bathurst]] and [[509 Harbourfront]] streetcar lines when the new Flexity streetcar vehicles are deployed on those routes approximately spring 2015, with plans (as announced during its 2015 TTC customer charter initiative on January 23, 2015) to expand POP to all remaining streetcar lines by fall 2015. <ref> [http://www.ttc.ca/Customer_Service/Customer_Charter/2015_Customer_Charter.jsp TTC 2015 Customer Charter] </ref>

===Time-based transfers===
In 2005, the TTC experimentally introduced "time-based" transfers allowing additional free rides within a time limit (up to two hours from the start of the vehicle's journey), even if the passenger makes a stopover or reverses direction. The experiment was linked to the temporary replacement of part of one streetcar route (the [[512 St. Clair]]) by a bus service due to track reconstruction. Time-based transfers are available only on route 512 St. Clair; and on other routes, they are accepted only at normal transfer points.<ref>[http://www.toronto.ca/ttc/pdf/time_based_transfer_brochure.pdf (External link, PDF.)]</ref>

Tess Kalinowski, writing in the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', reported in January 2014 that TTC staff were studying shifting the TTC to a time-based transfer system, as part of introducing new, higher technology fare cards, and that they predicted it would result in a $20 million annual loss of revenue.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/01/23/ttc_considers_timebased_transfers.html
| title = TTC considers time-based transfers: The TTC is considering changing to time-based transfers as part of the broad-scale roll-out of Presto fare cards
| publisher = [[Toronto Star]]
| author = Tess Kalinowski
| date = 2014-01-24
| page =
| location =
| isbn =
| archivedate = 2014-01-24
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140124020944/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/01/23/ttc_considers_timebased_transfers.html
| deadurl = No
| quote = The TTC is considering switching to time-based transfers but the switch will cost the transit agency millions in lost fares
}}
</ref>

===Connection with GO Transit===
Passengers can also use [[GO Transit]] (at normal GO fares) for an intermediate stage of their journey without having to pay a second TTC fare when they change back to the TTC, although there are few routes where this is useful; this policy is called "TTC Times Two".<ref>http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/TTC_Times_2.jsp</ref>

===Fares===
These are the fares as of February 4, 2015:<ref name="Fare Prices">{{cite web|title=Prices|url=http://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/index.jsp|website=www.ttc.ca|publisher=Toronto Transit Commission|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! | Fare Type || Adult || Senior/Student || Child
|-
| Single Fare Purchase || $3.00 || $2.00 || $0.75
|-
| Tokens or Tickets || 3 tokens for $8.10/7 tokens for $18.90 || 5 tickets for $9.25/10 tickets for $18.50 || 10 tickets for $6.00
|}
<ref name="Fare Prices">{{cite web|title=Prices|url=http://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/index.jsp|website=www.ttc.ca|publisher=Toronto Transit Commission|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref>

===Future fares===
These prices will take effect on March 1, 2015:<ref name="Price Hikes for the TTC">{{cite news|last1=Bock|first1=Tony|title=Wondering what the TTC fare increase will cost you?|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/01/19/wondering-what-the-ttc-fare-increase-will-cost-you.html|accessdate=5 February 2015|work=Toronto Star|publisher=Toronto Star|date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! | Fare Type || Adult || Senior/Student || Child
|-
| Single Fare Purchase || $3.00 || $2.00 || Free
|-
| Tokens or Tickets || 3 tokens for $8.40/7 tokens for $19.60 || 5 tickets for $9.75/10 tickets for $19.50 || Free
|}

==Passes==

=== Current passes ===
[[File:TTC-November-SMetropass.JPG|thumb|right|A TTC student/senior monthly Metropass.]]
As of January 1, 2014, these passes are offered by the TTC for travel in Toronto:<ref>{{cite web|title=TTC Prices|url=http://ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/index.jsp|website=Toronto Transit Commission|accessdate=9 July 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! | Fare Type || 1 day || 1 week || 1 month || 12 months
|-
| Adult || $11.00 * || $39.25 || $133.75 || 122.50 /month
|-
| Post-Secondary Student || — || Unknown || $108.00 || Unknown
|-
| Senior/Student || — || $31.25 || $108.00 || $Unknown /month
|}

*On weekends, valid for group: maximum of two adults over 19 and six people altogether.

=== Price history of passes ===

As of January 1, 2013, these passes are offered by the TTC for travel in Toronto:

{| class="wikitable"
! | Fare Type || 1 day || 1 week || 1 month || 12 months
|-
| Adult || $10.75* || $37.50 || $128.50 || $117.75/month
|-
| Post-Secondary Student || — || Unknown || $106.00 || Unknown
|-
| Senior/Student || — || $30.50 || $106.00 || $95.75/month
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>On weekends, valid for group: maximum of two adults over 19 and six people altogether.

===Future pass prices===
These prices will take effect on March 1, 2015:<ref name="Price Hikes for the TTC">{{cite news|last1=Bock|first1=Tony|title=Wondering what the TTC fare increase will cost you?|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/01/19/wondering-what-the-ttc-fare-increase-will-cost-you.html|accessdate=5 February 2015|work=Toronto Star|publisher=Toronto Star|date=19 January 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! | Fare Type || 1 day || 1 week || 1 month || 12 months
|-
| Adult || $11.50* || Price Hike Unknown || $141.50 || $129.75
|-
| Post-Secondary Student || — || Unknown || $112 || Unknown
|-
| Senior/Student || — || Price Hike Unknown || $112 || $102.75
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>On weekends, valid for group: maximum of two adults over 19 and six people altogether.

===Types of passes===
A Day Pass, on a weekday, is valid for one person and is not transferable. On a weekend day or holiday, however, the same pass becomes a Family/Group Pass: this means that a single pass can be used, at no additional charge, by two adults traveling together or by one or two adults accompanied by people aged 19 or younger, with up to six people in the group. The pass can be bought in advance, to be marked with the date only when the owner is ready to use it.

A Weekly Pass is valid for seven days, starting on a Monday and ending on a Sunday. The pass is marked for a specific week and is sold only from the preceding Thursday the Tuesday of that week. This pass is valid for one person at a time but can be used by different people at different times. Seniors and high-school students use the same pass, so it can be transferred from one type of user to the other.

The monthly pass is called a Metropass. It is valid for a specific calendar month and is sold from the 24th of the previous month until the fourth working day of its validity. Passengers who sign up to buy 12 months of Metropasses pay a lower rate, as shown above. The Volume Incentive Pass (VIP) program allows part-time post-secondary students, federally and provincially incorporated organizations, limited liability partnerships, hospitals, government departments and agencies, and [[trade union]]s to purchase Adult Metropasses in bulk, which are then sold at a lower price than the 12-month discount to the commuter. The pass is transferable under the same rules as the Weekly Pass. Full-time [[Higher education|post-secondary]] students have a distinct Metropass, which can be transferred only to other full-time post-secondary students. Before September 2010, post-secondary institutions issued VIP Metropasses.

Day Passes are printed on card paper; Weekly Passes and Metropasses have a magnetic strip for automatic turnstiles and so, like tokens, work at all subway/RT station entrances whether staffed or not. On surface vehicles, the pass is simply shown to the driver.

There is one more kind of pass, not sold to the general public; it is available only to those attending conventions, trade shows, and similar meetings. The TTC issues these passes for the applicable number of days and sells them to the convention operators; as of November 2007, prices range from $6.25 for a one-day pass in quantities of 100 to 499, to as low as $4.25 per day for a three-day or longer pass in quantities of at least 1,000.

====Downtown Express fares====
The TTC operates five rush-hour express bus routes serving downtown. In addition to the basic fare, the passenger must pay a supplement of one ticket or token, or its equivalent value. For example, an adult can pay with two tokens, or one token plus $2.70 (not $3.00), or $5.70 in cash. Pass users and those transferring from ordinary routes pay only the supplement; for Metropass users there is also the option of buying a sticker (sold only at King and St. Andrew subway stations) for $38.50 that covers use of the downtown express buses for the full month.

Express buses in other parts of the city charge regular fares.

====Senior and Student Discount ID Pass====
[[Image:Metropass2007.JPG|thumb|right|An adult Metropass for April 2007]]
The seniors pass was created in the 1980s (valid with driver's licence/Government-issued photo ID), with the additional capability of the same pass being used by students (with a TTC-issued photo ID card) some time later.

=====Post-secondary student passes=====
While the Senior/Student Metropass and other student fares were available only to high-school students, a separate Post-Secondary Student Metropass became available to university and college students (likewise requiring TTC-issued photo ID), starting with the September 2010 pass.

====Weekly pass====
In September 2005, the Weekly Pass was introduced. This is a type of Metropass valid for only one week and available with a discount rate similar to that of the Metropass for high school students and seniors. There is no post-secondary student version available.

===History of passes===
{{Refimprove section|date=November 2009}}
The TTC has always been cautious about the loss of revenue from selling passes to riders who would otherwise make the same trips and pay more. Passes have been introduced gradually and always been relatively expensive compared to some other transit systems: for example, in the fares adopted in 2014, an adult Metropass must be used for 50 trips in a month or else tickets or tokens would be cheaper. (However, since July 2006, a federal income tax credit has been available on monthly transit passes. For those able to buy a pass and wait for their federal transit tax credit, which is 15%, the threshold is reduced to 43 trips per month.)<ref>http://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/</ref><ref>http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/ndvdls/tpcs/ncm-tx/rtrn/cmpltng/ddctns/lns360-390/364/</ref>

The first pass regularly offered on the TTC was the "Sunday or Holiday Pass", introduced in 1973. It allowed group travel on Sundays and holidays, similar to the later Day Pass. However, because the TTC was always heavily used on the last day of the [[Canadian National Exhibition]], the pass was not offered on [[Labour Day#Canada|Labour Day]].

The TTC introduced the Metropass in 1980. At that time, there was only one price, based on the adult fare. The pass was not transferable and had to be used with TTC-issued [[identity document|photo ID]] cards (in about 2000 the TTC also began accepting Ontario [[driver's license|driver's licence]]s as ID). A lower-price Metropass for seniors was added in 1984, and for students in 1991 (originally at a slightly higher rate than seniors). The magnetic stripe was added to the pass in 1990, allowing it to operate automatic turnstiles, even though this meant that the user's ID would then not normally be checked.

To combat fraud and sharing the pass amongst riders, a printable box was placed on the right-hand side of the card. To make the pass valid for the month, the commuter hand-printed the digits of either the commuter's Metropass Photo ID card, if the commuter had one, or the commuter's initials and abbreviated gender if the commuter used other ID. The holder of the pass was also required to show the commuter's Metropass Photo ID card or another piece of [[Government of Ontario]]-issued identification at the same time that the holder presented their pass.

Also in 1990, the Sunday or Holiday Pass was replaced by the Day Pass. It remained valid on Sundays and holidays (now also including Labour Day) for groups, but was extended to weekdays and Saturdays as a single-person pass. On weekdays, however, it was not valid until the end of the morning rush hour at 9:30 a.m.

From 1992 to 2009, free parking for Metropass users was provided at certain subway-station parking lots. Some lots were restricted to Metropass users.

In February 1993, the Metropass became the same size as a credit card and could be swiped at subway stations. The new design was a simple mono-coloured and two-shaded design, with the abbreviation of the month in a large font, and the year placed beneath it in the same font and colour. The background of the card's front had a shaded design so as to enable the holder to distinguish the text on the card.

At about the same time, the TTC introduced an Annual Metropass, good for a whole year. As a higher-cost option, the pass was available in transferable form: the first transferable pass on the TTC. Both versions were soon withdrawn and replaced by the 12-month discount plan for the regular monthly pass.

Around 1994, the TTC began announcing specific periods around Christmas, and sometimes other holidays, when the Day Pass would be accepted as a group pass on any day. Starting around 2002, they also offered transferable weekly passes during certain weeks.

From July 1996 to March 2004, the pass carried a faux gold-stamped version of the Toronto Transit Commission's seal.

====Since 2000====
{{Refimprove section|date=November 2009}}
In 2000, the design was altered to include the "Toronto Millennium" logo, celebrating the changeover to a new millennium.

In April 2004, the Metropass changed its design to a multi-colour vertical gradient, along with a different type of faux gold-imprinted "Metropass" logo (it uses the unique TTC font used in several subway stations). The colours and pattern of the gradient vary from month to month. In addition, the year was now printed in a bold font at the upper right, with the month imprinted in the same faux gold as the Metropass logo.

In 2005, with a political climate including the prospect of subsidies tied to ridership, the TTC became more willing to promote pass usage even at the loss of other fares. First, in March, they extended the Day Pass to be usable by groups on Saturdays. Then in September, the Metropass became transferable (with ID required only to prove eligibility for the senior or student fare), and at the same time, the transferable Weekly Pass was introduced. On the Metropass, the printable anti-fraud box was removed and replaced by wording suggesting the transfer of the pass to others when one was not using it.

Though the reverse side of the pass has always had the conditions of use printed on the reverse, it did not see much updating until the passes were made transferable in 2005, at which point a "No 'Pass Back'" rule was added: in essence, a rider who enters the system using a pass must not hand it to someone outside the fare-paid area, which would allow both to use it at once.

In February 2006, to reduce lineups at the collector booths, the TTC introduced vending machines (accepting payment by [[debit card#The Canadian experience|debit card]] only) at some subway stations for the Weekly Pass and the Metropass. In April 2006, the Day Pass became valid all day on weekdays.

On certain special occasions the TTC has offered passes with other periods of validity as appropriate. These have included the [[Pope John Paul II|Papal Visits]] of 1984 and 2002.

The TTC redesigned its Metropasses to include custom holograms and a yellow "activation" sticker, beginning with the July 2009 Metropasses, due to widespread counterfeiting of the Metropasses between January and May 2009.<ref>[http://www3.ttc.ca/News/2009/June/New_look_TTC_passes_designed_to_thwart_counterfeiters.jsp New-look TTC passes designed to thwart counterfeiters]</ref> In addition, removing the "activation" sticker reveals a thin film, which is used to prevent the reapplication of the sticker, and removing the film would leave a sticky residue, in which dirt and other particles can obscure the hologram.<ref>[http://www3.ttc.ca/News/2009/June/Additional_information_regarding_TTC_Metropass_activation_st.jsp Additional information regarding TTC Metropass activation stickers]</ref> The thin film reads, "Do not remove," to prevent curious Metropass users from removing it.

The TTC offers the Metropass Hot Dealz {{sic}}, in which a current Metropass user and three guests can receive an admission discount at various venues and events, such as [[Casa Loma]], the [[CN Tower]], the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]], [[Ontario Place]], the [[Ontario Science Centre]], and the [[Toronto Zoo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Passes/Metropass/Metropass_Hot_Dealz/index.jsp|title=Metropass Hot Dealz|publisher=Toronto Transit Commission|accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>

''See also the [[#Fares outside Toronto|Fares outside Toronto]] section below''

==Inter-agency media==
{{Refimprove section|date=November 2009}}
{{update|type=section|date=March 2010|cat=Rail transport articles in need of updating}}

===GTA Weekly Pass===
[[File:GTAWeeklyPass 2011-06.jpg|thumb|GTA Weekly Passes for June 2011.]]
The GTA Weekly Pass is valid on the TTC, [[MiWay]], [[York Region Transit]], and [[Brampton Transit]]. It is good for unlimited travel for seven days starting on a Monday. It is sold at selected locations on starting the Thursday before the week of use, until Tuesday on the week of use.<ref name="ttc_gtaweeklypass">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Passes/GTA_pass.jsp |title=Greater Toronto Area (GTA) Weekly Pass |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=6 July 2011}}</ref>

Pass bearers are exempted from the extra charge for crossing the municipal boundary between areas served by the four participating agencies. Bearers are not exempted from the extra charges for certain "premium" and "express" routes.<ref name="ttc_gtaweeklypass"/>

The pass has a magnetic stripe to operate TTC [[turnstile]]s.<ref name="ttc_gtaweeklypassoverview">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2002/May_15_2002/Other/Overview_of_GTA_Week.jsp |title=Staff Response to Commission Inquiry - Overview of GTA Weekly Pass |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |date=15 May 2002 |accessdate=6 July 2011}}</ref>

The pass was introduced in 1994 based on a recommendation of the provincial government. The [[Ministry of Transportation of Ontario|Ministry of Transportation]] (MTO) provided a subsidy at the onset, but this was withdrawn in 1998. Revenues from pass sales are split between the participating agencies.<ref name="ttc_gtaweeklypassoverview"/>

===Presto card===
The provincial Minister of Transportation announced plans to introduce the [[Presto card]], a unified [[Smart card|smartcard]]-based payment system for the entire [[Greater Toronto Area]] similar to the [[OPUS card]] used in [[Montreal]], and the [[Octopus card]] used in [[Hong Kong]]. It was introduced on October 2008 (after trials were completed by [[GO Transit]] in [[Mississauga]] from June 25, 2007 to September 30, 2008).

Presto card readers on the TTC is available at 15 subway stations<ref name="ttc_presto">{{cite web|title=TTC PRESTO Fare System|url=https://www.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Fare_information/Presto_Fare_System/index.jsp|website=Toronto Transit Commission|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> and on the new 510 Spadina streetcars.

===Twin Pass===
Fares on the provincially operated [[GO Transit]] are separate from TTC fares, for travel within and outside of Toronto. A "Twin Pass", which combined a Metropass with a monthly GO Transit ticket for a specific journey at a discount compared to their individual prices, was available from 1988 until 2002.

==Procedures==

===Purchasing media===
Tickets, tokens, and passes may be bought on the subway and RT system at manned collector booths. They may also be purchased around Toronto at over 1200 Authorized TTC Fare Media Sellers.<ref name="ttc_buyingfares">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/Buying_tickets_tokens_and_passes.jsp |title=Buying Tickets, Tokens and Passes |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

Tokens may be bought at stations from vending machines.<ref name="ttc_buyingfares"/> Some stations may also have pass vending machines.<ref name="ttc_passvending">{{cite web |url=http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Passes/Pass_Vending_Machine/index.jsp |title=Pass Vending Machine |publisher=[[Toronto Transit Commission]] |accessdate=3 July 2011}}</ref>

A ticket vending machine is located at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]]'s Terminal 1<ref name="ttc_buyingfares"/> and on board new streetcars introduced on the Spadina line in 2014.

===Payment===

====Subway and RT stations====
[[Image:Spadina TTC caribou caged entry.JPG|right|200px|thumb|An unstaffed "automatic entrance"]]
All [[Toronto subway and RT|subway and RT]] stations have at least one fare collector's booth where single-ride cash fares are paid, and cardboard [[Ticket (admission)|ticket]]s and metal [[Token coin|tokens]] are sold and can be used. There are also automatic [[turnstile]]s operated by tokens, and some stations have unattended secondary entrances with automatic turnstiles only.

Tickets are available for students, seniors and children, but do not operate the automatic turnstiles. Tokens do operate turnstiles – they were introduced for that purpose when the subway opened in 1954. As well as the collector's booth, tokens are sold from automatic machines that accept [[Canadian ten-dollar note|$10]] and [[Canadian twenty-dollar note|$20 bills]] (for each bill they give as many tokens as possible and the appropriate change: as of 3 January 2010 a $10 bill buys 4 tokens and $20 bill buys 8 tokens without any change, as they are exact). The machines also sell one token for the single-ride fare in coins.<ref>http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/Buying_tickets_tokens_and_passes.jsp</ref>

====Buses and streetcars====
On most surface vehicles ([[Toronto Transit Commission buses|buses]] and [[Toronto streetcar system|streetcars]]), fares are deposited into a farebox near the driver. Tickets and tokens are accepted but are not sold; passengers must buy them in advance at a subway/RT station or an authorized TTC retailer. Single-ride fares must be paid with exact cash; change is not given.<ref>http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/Prices/Paying_fares.jsp</ref>

(The exact-fare policy was introduced in 1975. Before that, retail stores did not sell TTC fare media; tokens were sold only at subway stations, but surface route drivers sold tickets and did make change for cash fares.){{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

The TTC's new [[Flexity Outlook (Toronto)|Flexity Outlook]] streetcars use a [[Proof-of-payment]] honour system, allowing all-door boarding, since the driver sits in an fully enclosed cab, therefore the driver is no longer exposed to passengers (similar to the new [[Toronto Rocket]] subway trains) and likewise the driver does not monitor fare payments, as such passengers who do not carry metropasses or transfers and use cash or tokens must pay their fare(s) at one of two "fare and transfer" vending machines located on board the vehicles (at the second and fourth modules of each car near the double doors) and at most major stops along the routes, while passengers using child/senior/student tickets must have their tickets validated at one of two smaller machines beside the larger fare and transfer vending machines.<ref name='ttc_flexity'>{{cite web|title=Passenger Experience|website=Toronto Transit Commission|publisher=https://www.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/Projects/New_Vehicles/New_Streetcars/FAQ/FAQ_PassengerExperience.jsp|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref>

==Overnight service==
The TTC's [[Blue Night Network]] charges the normal TTC fares. The overnight period is considered, for purposes of TTC passes, as part of the preceding traffic day: in effect, the date changes at 5:30 a.m. or the start of daytime service, not at midnight.

==History of zone fares==
As noted, one TTC fare is good for any distance within the City of Toronto; there are no fare zones in the city today. The same was true from 1921 until 1953, when the City of Toronto covered a much smaller area than today. Then as now, there were routes extending outside the city, and extra fares were charged; these were on a zonal basis, although the zones might better be described as fare stages along the individual routes outside the city, as each one was a separate radial route.

But with the creation of [[Metropolitan Toronto]] ("Metro") in 1954, covering the whole [[merger (politics)#Canada|present area]] of the City of Toronto, the TTC took on responsibility for transit within the entire area. At that time they did not consider a flat fare feasible for so large an area; instead they rounded off the edges of the city fare zone and renamed it the Central Zone, and set up a series of concentric semicircular rings around it as Suburban Zone 1, 2, etc., with an additional fare required for each one. Routes extending beyond the Metro limit continued to be separate radial routes, so the zones still had the effect of fare stages, but, within Metro, it became possible to change buses within a suburban zone.
[http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/maps/guide1954f.gif This external link] shows a route map of this period. The (roughly rectangular) Metro limit is not marked on the map, but Suburban Zone 2 extends to just reach this limit in the north and the southwest only; the Port Credit bus and part of the North Yonge bus are the only TTC routes then extending outside Metro.

In 1956, Suburban Zones 1 and 2 were combined as Zone 2 and the Central Zone became the new Zone 1.

During this early period, the outer zones within Metro were still relatively undeveloped and bus routes in them were sparse; but as development increased, there was pressure for lower suburban fares, and in 1962 the outer boundary of Zone 2 was extended to all the way to the Metro limit. Higher fares, still on a zonal basis along each radial route, now applied only on the few routes running beyond Metro; in effect, the zone boundaries outside Zone 2 had changed from semicircles to rough rectangles. (Eventually the zones along each remaining route beyond Metro were effectively combined and the fares coordinated with those of adjacent transit agencies; [[#Fares outside Toronto|see below]].)

In 1968, the [[Bloor–Danforth line|Bloor–Danforth Subway]] was extended east and west through the boundary between Zones 1 and 2, but the subway itself remained part of Zone 1. On January 21, 1973, with construction already well advanced on a similar extension of the [[Yonge–University–Spadina line|Yonge–University Subway]], the TTC acceded to pressure to abolish the zone boundary, and all of Metro (now the [[merger (politics)#Canada|unified City of Toronto]]) gained service at a single flat fare. (Unfortunately, the new subway stations on both lines in what had been Zone 2 had not been designed for the change: their bus terminals were outside of the subway's fare-paid area. The layout of some stations allowed this to be easily corrected by moving the fare barrier, but at other stations this was unfeasible and they were not reconfigured until a later renovation, if at all.)

A fare increase in 2005 led some to call for the reintroduction of fare zones, but the TTC does not believe this would be wise. Zonal tickets would be impractical to enforce on the subways or buses without introducing a new fare collection technology. Formerly, with buses, the drivers would stop at each zone boundary to check proof of payment or collect an additional fare from each passenger, causing a significant delay. In addition, charging more for longer (and therefore less pleasant) trips through areas where service is provided by buses rather than trains that would alienate the very suburban customers the commission is now{{When|date=November 2009}} trying to attract.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

===Official===
* [http://www3.ttc.ca TTC official site]
** [http://www3.ttc.ca/Fares_and_passes/index.jsp fares page]
** [http://www3.ttc.ca/About_the_TTC/History/index.jsp history page]

===Fan websites===
; Fares
* [http://www.transitstop.net/Stats/ttc_fares_from_1973_to_present.htm TTC fares since 1954 (Mike's Transit Stop)]

; Maps
* [http://www.transitstop.net/ride_guides.htm Historical system maps (Mike's Transit Stop)]
* [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/spare/0053.shtml Historical system maps (Transit Toronto)]

; Fare media
* [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/spare/0014.shtml Surface transfers from 1944-1955 (Transit Toronto)]
* [http://www.reservedbits.com/ttcsubwaytransfers/ Subway transfers from the late-1980s and early-1990s (Primary Access Node)]

{{TTC}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toronto Transit Commission Fares}}
[[Category:Toronto Transit Commission]]

Small cell

2014-11-20T18:40:09Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Types of small cells */ Update link since redirect doesn't work correctly.

{{About|small cells in cellular telephony|small cells in histology|small-cell carcinoma}}

'''Small cells'''<ref name="Micro Markets">[http://www.abiresearch.com/research/1006138-Small+Cells%3A+Outdoor+Pico+and+Micro+Markets Small Cells: Outdoor Pico and Micro Markets]</ref> are low-powered radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to 1 or 2 kilometers. They are "small" compared to a mobile [[macrocell]], which may have a range of a few tens of kilometers. With mobile operators struggling to support the growth in mobile data traffic,<ref name="Cisco Visual Networking Index">[http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.pdf Cisco Visual Networking Index]</ref> many are using [[Mobile data offloading]] as a more efficient use of radio spectrum. Small cells are a vital element to 3G data offloading, and many mobile network operators see small cells as vital to managing [[LTE Advanced]] spectrum more efficiently compared to using just macrocells.<ref name="Small cells key to making LTE pay">[http://www.rcrwireless.com/article/20111103/carriers/carriers-see-small-cells-as-key-to-making-lte-pay/ Small cells key to making LTE pay]</ref> ARCchart estimates that by 2017 a total of 5 million small cells will ship annually.<ref>[http://www.arcchart.com/reports/heterogeneous-networks-hetnets-report.asp ARCchart ''HetNet Market Summary & Forecasts: Macro Cells, Small Cells & Wi-Fi Offload''], November 2012.</ref>

==Types of small cells==
Small cells encompass [[femtocell]]s, [[picocell]]s, and [[microcell]]s. Small-cell networks can also be realized by means of distributed radio technology consisting of centralized baseband units and remote radio heads. [[Beamforming]] technology (focusing a radio signal on a very specific area) can be utilized to further enhance or focus small cell coverage. A common factor in all these approaches to small cells is that they are centrally managed by mobile network operators.

Small cells provide a small radio footprint, which can range from 10 meters within urban and in-building locations to 2 km for a rural location.<ref name="Small cell range">[http://www.picochip.com/page/99/ Small cell range]</ref> Picocells and microcells can also have a range of a few hundred meters to a few kilometers, but they differ from femtocells in that they do not always have self-organising and self-management capabilities.<ref name="Small Cell terminology">[http://ubiquisys.com/femtocell-blog/small-cell-terminology-is-evolving-with-the-technology-femtocell-picocell-microcell/ Small Cell terminology]</ref>

===Compatible technology===
Small cells are available for a wide range of air interfaces including [[GSM]], [[CDMA2000]], [[TD-SCDMA]], [[W-CDMA]], [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]] and [[WiMax]]. In [[3GPP]] terminology, a [[Home Node B]] (HNB) is a 3G femtocell. A Home eNode B (HeNB) is an LTE femtocell. Wi-Fi is a small cell but does not operate in [[licensed spectrum]] therefore cannot be managed as effectively as small cells utilising licensed spectrum. The detail and best practice associated with the deployment of small cells varies according to use case and radio technology employed.<ref name="Small Cell Forum Release structure and roadmap">[http://scf.io/en/documents/100_-_SCF_Release_structure_and_roadmap.php Small Cell Forum Release structure and roadmap]</ref>

==Purpose==
Small cells can be used to provide in-building and outdoor wireless service. Mobile operators use small cells to extend their service coverage and/or increase network capacity. With small cells, mobile operators can offload traffic as much as 80% during peak times.<ref name="Small cells traffic offload">[http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wireless/femto_small_cells.html Small cells traffic offload]</ref> ABI Research estimates that by 2015, 48% of mobile data traffic will be offloaded from the macro network.<ref name="Mobile data offload will grow 100 fold">[http://www.abiresearch.com/press/3479-Mobile+Data+Offloaded+Will+Grow+100-fold+by+2015,+Says+ABI+Research Mobile data offload will grow 100 fold]</ref> No individual technology will dominate offloading.<ref name="Small cells challenge the macro network model">[http://blogs.informatandm.com/302/small-cells-challenge-the-macronetwork-model-at-the-mwc/ Small cells challenge the macro network model]</ref>

ABI Research also argues that small cells also help service providers discover new revenue opportunities through their location and presence information.<ref name="Monetizing the five bar lifestyle">[http://www.wilson-street.com/2011/02/monetizing-the-five-bar-lifestyle-with-femtocells/ Monetizing the five bar lifestyle]</ref> If a registered user enters a femtozone, the network is notified of their location. The service provider, with the user's permission, could share this location information to update user's social media status, for instance. Opening up small-cell [[Application programming interface|APIs]] to the wider mobile ecosystem could enable a [[long-tail]] effect.<ref name="Long tail of small cells">[http://www.wilson-street.com/2010/11/minority-report-how-a-long-tail-of-mobile-applications-can-boost-femto-success/ Long tail of small cells]</ref>

Rural coverage is also a key market that has developed as mobile operators have started to install public access metrocells in remote and rural areas that either have only 2G coverage or no coverage at all. The cost advantages of small cells compared with macro cells make it economically feasible to provide coverage of much smaller communities - from a few tens to a few hundreds. The Small Cell Forum have published a white paper outlining the technology and business case aspects.<ref name="Extending rural and remote coverage using small cells">[http://scf.io/en/documents/047_Extending_rural_and_remote_coverage_using_small_cells.php/Extending rural and remote coverage using small cells]</ref> Mobile operators in both developing and developed world countries are either trialing or installing such systems. The pioneer in providing rural coverage using small cells was [[SoftBank Mobile]] - the Japanese mobile operator - who have installed more than 3000 public access small cells on post offices throughout rural Japan. To overcome the backhaul challenge in remote locations they have used [[VSAT]] satellite backhaul to link sites to their [[core network]]. The Informa Telecoms and Media consultancy also have a paper covering this use of small cells.<ref name="satellite backhaul for rural small cells">[http://www.informatandm.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/iDirect-White-Paper_online.pdf/Satellite backhaul for rural small cells]</ref>

==Umbrella term==
The most common form of small cells are femtocells. Femtocells were initially designed for residential and small business use,<ref name="Femtocell History">[http://www.thinksmallcell.com/FAQs/femtocell-history.html Femtocell History]</ref> with a short range and a limited number of channels. Femtocells with increased range and capacity spawned a proliferation of terms: metrocells, metro femtocells, public access femtocells, enterprise femtocells, super femtos, Class 3 femto, greater femtos and microcells. The term "small cells" is frequently used by analysts and the industry as an umbrella to describe the different implementations of femtocells,<ref name="Forget femto think small cell">[http://www.wilson-street.com/2010/12/forget-femto-think-small-cell/ Forget femto think small cell]</ref> and to clear up any confusion that femtocells are limited to residential uses. Small cells are sometimes, incorrectly, also used to describe [[Distributed antenna system|distributed-antenna systems]] (DAS) which are not low-powered access nodes.

==Future mobile networks==
Small cells are an integral part of future LTE networks.<ref name="Small Cells to Play a Big Part">[http://www.isuppli.com/Mobile-and-Wireless-Communications/MarketWatch/Pages/Small-Cells-to-Play-a-Big-Part-in-Network-Architecture-of-the-Future.aspx Small Cells to Play a Big Part in Network Architecture of the Future]</ref> In 3G networks, small cells are viewed as an offload technique. In 4G networks, the principal of heterogeneous network (HetNet) is introduced where the mobile network is constructed with layers of small and large cells.<ref name="Heterogeneous Networks">[http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=204134 Heterogeneous Networks]</ref> In LTE, all cells will be self-organizing, drawing upon the principles laid down in current Home NodeB (HNB), the 3GPP term for residential femtocells.

Future innovations in radio access design introduce the idea of an almost flat architecture where the difference between a small cell and a macrocell depends on how may cubes are stacked together.<ref name="Death of the base station">[http://www.globaltelecomsbusiness.com/Article/2760813/Alcatel-Lucent-forecasts-death-of-base-station.html Death of the base station]</ref> With [[software-defined radio]], a base station could be 2G, 3G or 4G at the flick of a switch, and the antenna range can easily be tuned.<ref name="Green Small Cell Flexible Networks">[http://www.flexible-radio.com/sites/default/files/attachments/20120227/smallcells_vtm.pdf Green Small Cell Flexible Networks]</ref>

===Deployment===
9.6 million residential femtocells have been deployed, representing 56% of all base stations globally, as of February 2013. In total, almost 11 million small cells encompassing public, enterprise and residential have been deployed by 47 operators worldwide.<ref>[http://www.smallcellforum.org/newsstory-public-access-small-cell-market-to-hit-us-16-billion-in-2016 ''Public access small cell market to hit US$16 billion in 2016''], February 2013.</ref>

==Small cell backhaul==
[[Backhaul (telecommunications)|Backhaul]] is needed to connect the small cells to the core network, internet and other services. Mobile operators consider this more challenging than macrocell backhaul because a) small cells are typically in hard-to-reach near street level rather than in the clear above rooftops and b) [[carrier grade]] connectivity must be provided at much lower cost per bit.<ref>[http://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/Technical/NGMN_Whitepaper_Small_Cell_Backhaul_Requirements.pdf ''Small Cell Backhaul Requirements''] J. Robson, NGMN Alliance, June 2012</ref> In one survey, 55% operators listed backhaul as one of their biggest challenge for small cell rollout.<ref>[http://www.smallcellforum.org/smallcellforum_resources/pdfsend01.php?file=Small_Cells_2012Q2_Market_Update.pdf ''Small Cells Market Status''], Informa Telecoms and Media, June 2012</ref> Many different wireless and wired technologies have been proposed as solutions, and it is agreed that a ‘toolbox’ of these will be needed to address a range of deployment scenarios. An industry consensus view of how the different solution characteristics match with requirements is published by the Small Cell Forum
<ref>[http://scf.io/document/049 ''Backhaul Technologies for Small Cells, use cases, requirements and solutions''] Small Cell Forum, February 2013</ref>
. The backhaul solution is influenced by a number of factors, including the operator’s original motivation to deploy small cells, which could be for targeted capacity, indoor or outdoor coverage
.<ref>[http://cbnl.com/resources/small-cell-strategies ''Five ways to deploy small cells and the implications for backhaul''] CBNL, August 2012</ref>

In August 2013 the US Federal Communications Commission announced a change in its rules governing the 60 GHz (57–64 GHz) band, making it one of the key technologies for LTE backhaul.<ref>[http://www.fiercebroadbandwireless.com/story/fcc-changes-rules-57-64-ghz-band-enhance-wireless-backhaul/2013-08-09 FCC changes rules in 57-64 GHz band to enhance wireless backhaul]</ref> The regulator states in its press announcement<ref>[[FCC Modifies Part 15 Rules for Unlicensed Operation in 57-64 GHz Band]]</ref> that this move will "facilitate the use of this unlicensed spectrum as a backhaul alternative in densely populated areas where 4G and other wireless services are experiencing an ever-increasing need for additional spectrum."

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.smallcellforum.org/ Small Cell Forum]
* [http://www.scf.io/ Small Cell Forum Release program]
* [http://www.smallcellhub.com/ Small Cell Hub News]
* [http://www.thinksmallcell.com/ ThinkSmallCell (small cells blog)]
* [http://www.queryhome.com/53326/small-cell-an-introduction Introduction of Small Cells]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmwCNbpTMVQ Youtube video interview] between [http://www.rcrwireless.com/article/ RCR Wireless News] and [http://www.senza-fili.com Senza Fili Consulting] president Monica Paolini (2/18/13)

[[Category:Radio communications]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications]]

GO Transit

2014-10-26T04:12:51Z

MichaelsProgramming: The train is leaving Exhibition, not arriving. You can tell because the red rear lights are lit on the locomotive. If it were arriving, the headlight and possibly the ditch lights would be lit.

{{about|the Ontario-based transit system|the Wisconsin-based system|GO Transit (Wisconsin)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox Public transit
| name = GO Transit
| image = GO Transit logo.svg
| imagesize = 150px
| image2 = GO Transit collage.jpg
| imagesize2 = 300px
| caption2 = ''(Clockwise from top left)'' A GO Train departing from [[Exhibition GO Station]]; a GO Bus at [[Meadowvale GO Station]]; a platform at [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]].
| owner = [[Government of Ontario]] (through [[Metrolinx]])
| marks = GOT
| host = [[Canadian National Railway]] [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] [[Metrolinx]]
| map = [[File:GO Train System Map.png|320px]]
| locale = [[Golden Horseshoe]]
| transit_type = [[Commuter rail]] [[Coach (scheduled transport)|bus service]]
| headquarters = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]
| chief_executive = Greg Percy, President
| began_operation = {{Start date|1967}}<ref name="GO Numbers" />
| lines = 7
| stations = 63 rail<ref name="GO Numbers" /> 15 bus + numerous stops<ref name="GO Numbers" />
| vehicles = 67 locomotives 586 coaches 500 buses<ref name="GO Numbers" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=GO keeps Growing |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/news/500_buses.aspx | accessdate = 24 September 2014}}</ref>
| ridership = 250,000 (all modes)<ref name="GO Numbers" /> - 197,000 (train) - 53,000 (bus)
| annual_ridership = 65.6 million (2013)<ref name="GO Numbers" />
| system_length = {{convert|450|km|mi|0}} (rail) {{convert|2799|km|mi|0}} (bus)<ref name="GO Numbers" />
| track_gauge = {{RailGauge|standard}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.gotransit.com/}}
| callcentre = 1(888) 438-6646
}}

'''GO Transit''' is an inter-regional [[public transport|public transit system]] in [[Southern Ontario]], [[Canada]]. It primarily serves the [[Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area]] (GTHA) [[conurbation]], with operations extending to several communities in the Greater [[Golden Horseshoe]]. GO carried 65.6 million passengers in 2013, and its ridership continues to grow.<ref name="GO Numbers">{{Cite web |title=Info to GO |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/publications/quickfacts/Quick_Facts_Info_to_GO_EN.pdf | format = PDF |date=August 2014 | accessdate = 24 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="GO Report Feb13">{{Cite web |title=GO Transit President’s Board Update February 2013 |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/docs/pdf/board_agenda/20130214/20130214_BoardMtg_GO_Transit_Update_EN.pdf | format = PDF |date=February 2013 | accessdate = 12 February 2013}}</ref> The GO network employs [[diesel locomotive|diesel]] trains and [[Coach (bus)|coach buses]]; it connects with other regional transit providers such as the [[Toronto Transit Commission]] (TTC) and [[Via Rail]].<ref name="GO Numbers" />

Canada's first such public system, GO Transit began regular passenger service on May 23, 1967 as a part of the [[Ministry of Transportation of Ontario|Ontario Ministry of Transportation]]. Since then, it has grown from a single train line to seven, and expanded to include complementing bus service.<ref name="GO Numbers" /> GO has been constituted in a variety of public-sector configurations, today existing as an operating division of [[Metrolinx]], a [[Crown agency (Ontario)|provincial crown agency]] with overall responsibility for integrative transportation planning within the GTHA.<ref name="Metrolinx">{{Cite web | title = Metrolinx Overview | publisher = [[Metrolinx]] | url = http://www.metrolinx.com/en/aboutus/metrolinxoverview/metrolinx_overview.aspx | accessdate = 1 July 2011}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==
{{Main|History of GO Transit}}

===Early days===
[[File:Oakville GO Train 1968.jpg|thumb|left|A new railcar built by [[Hawker Siddeley Canada]] at [[Oakville GO Station|Oakville]] in 1968.]]
Cities in and around the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) experienced huge expansions in the 1950s, influenced by growth in immigration and industrialization. Much of the existing commuter service was provided by [[Canadian National Railway]], and it faced mounting pressure to expand its service beyond Lakeshore trains it ran between [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] in the west, and Danforth in the east, to Toronto; however, CN lacked the financial and physical capital to do this. Real improved commuter service was not considered until the 1962 Metropolitan Toronto and Region Transportation Study, which examined land use and traffic in the newly created Metropolitan Toronto. The idea of GO Transit was created out of fear of becoming lost in years of planning; it was "approached as a test, but recognized to be a permanent service."<ref name="Sgt 2">Sergeant, Ch.2: Setting the Scene.</ref>

===Creation, growth and recession===
Government of Ontario Transit (later abbreviated as 'GO Transit') began as a three-year experiment on May 23, 1967 running single-deck trains powered by diesel locomotives in [[Push–pull train|push-pull configuration]] on a single rail line along [[Lake Ontario]]'s shoreline.<ref name="TT Lake">Garcia et al.: Lakeshore corridor</ref><ref name="Sgt 4">Sergeant, Ch.4: Buying the trains.</ref> All day GO Train service ran from Oakville to Pickering with limited rush hour train service to Hamilton. The experiment proved to be extremely popular; GO Transit carried its first million riders during its first four months, and averaged 15,000 per day soon after. This line, now divided as the [[Lakeshore East line|Lakeshore East]] and [[Lakeshore West line]]s is the keystone corridor of GO Transit.<ref name="TT Lake" /> Expansion of rail service continued in the 1970s and 1980s, aimed at developing ridership in with the introduction of the Georgetown (currently Kitchener) line in 1974, and the Richmond Hill line in 1978.<ref name="TT George">Garcia et al.: Georgetown corridor</ref><ref name="TT Main">Garcia et al.: Regional Transit Routes</ref> The Milton GO Train line opened in 1981, followed by the Bradford (currently Barrie) and Stouffville lines a year later, establishing the 7 rail corridors that today's rail service is based upon.<ref name="TT Main" />

[[Image:GO Train at Exhibition GO Station with a view of CN Tower.jpg|thumb|right||Cab Control Car of a GO Train with a view of the [[CN Tower]] in the background]]
Other than establishing new rail corridors, GO Transit introduced the [[Bombardier BiLevel Coach|Bi-Level coaches]] in 1979, in order to increase the amount of passengers carried per train. These unique rail cars were developed in partnership with [[Bombardier Transportation]].<ref name="Bilevel">{{Cite web | title = BiLevel Coaches in Canada and the USA | publisher = [[Bombardier Transportation]] | url = http://www.bombardier.com/en/transportation/products-services?docID=0901260d80020fe1 | accessdate = 13 July 2012}}</ref> In that same year, the current GO concourse at Union Station was built to accommodate these additional passengers. GO Bus service also started out in 1970 as an extension of the original Lakeshore train line. It eventually became a full-fledged network in its own right, feeding rail service and serving communities beyond the reach of existing trains.

Towards the end of 1982, Ontario Minister of Transportation and Communications [[James W. Snow]] announced the launching of [[GO-ALRT]] (Advanced Light Rail Transit), an interregional [[light rail]] transit program providing [[Canadian dollar|$]]2.6 billion (1980 dollars) of infrastructure.<ref name="TT ALRT">Garcia et al.: GO ALRT</ref> Although this plan did not come to fruition, certain key objectives from it were established in other ways: additional stations were built, all-day service to Whitby and Burlington was established, and networks of buses and trains interconnected the network.<ref name="TT ALRT" />

GO extended limited rush hour train service on the Bradford, Georgetown and both Lakeshore lines, and began offering off-peak service on the Milton line in 1990. Train service was also extended to Burlington on the Lakeshore West line in 1992.<ref name="TT Lake" /><ref name="TT George" /><ref name="TT Brad">Garcia et al.: Bradford corridor</ref> But the era of continuous growth came to end as ridership shrank as a result of the [[early 1990s recession]].{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} In a series of cost-cutting measures, then-[[Premier of Ontario|Ontario Premier]] [[Bob Rae]] announced a "temporary" reduction in spending on services, causing all of the expansions of the 1990s to be reduced or eliminated.<ref name="TT Brad" />

===Reconfiguration and revival===
All day train service was restored from Burlington to Whitby, and peak service was finally brought to Oshawa in 2000, but this would be only one indicator of things to come. A large initiative to expand the GO Transit network in the mid-2000s under the ''GO Transit Rail Improvement Plan'', or ''[[History of GO Transit#GO TRIP|GO TRIP]]''. [[Canadian dollar|$]]1 billion was invested in multiple rail and bus projects, making it the largest commuter rail project in Canadian history.<ref>http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/surface-transit-projects-go-1010.htm</ref><ref>http://www.canadianconsultingengineer.com/news/award-of-excellence-project-management-go-transit-rail-improvements/1000742547/</ref> This was later dwarfed by a further slate of new GO infrastructure proposed in [[MoveOntario 2020]], the provincial transit plan announced by Premier [[Dalton McGuinty]] in the leadup to the [[Ontario general election, 2007|2007 provincial election]]. With significant re-investment in regional transit, GO experienced significant growth in its train network: all day service was restored to Oshawa in 2006 and Aldershot in 2007; service was expanded to [[Barrie South GO Station|Barrie South]] in 2007, to [[Lincolnville GO Station|Lincolnville]] in 2008, and to [[Kitchener railway station|Kitchener]] in 2011;<ref name="Guelph">{{cite news |url=http://www.guelphmercury.com/news/local/article/630377--next-stop-guelph-go-train-service-starts-dec-19 |title=Next stop, Guelph! GO Train service starts Dec. 19 |publisher=Guelph Mercury |date=25 November 2011 |accessdate=27 November 2011}}</ref> and an excursion train now operates on summer weekends to [[Niagara Falls, Ontario railway station|Niagara Falls]].

GO Transit also went through three major reconfigurations. In January 1997, the province announced it would hand over funding responsibility for GO Transit to the GTHA municipalities. In exchange, the province would assume certain other funding responsibilities from municipal governments.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} However, the Greater Toronto Services Board was abolished on New Years Day 2002, and responsibility was given back to the province. The Greater Toronto Transportation Authority was created in 2006, with the responsibilities of co-ordinating, planning, financing and developing integrated transit in the GTHA. This agency would then become merged with GO Transit in 2009 under the name Metrolinx. GO Transit would continue as an operating division alongside two other major initiatives: the [[Union Pearson Express]] and [[Presto card]].

[[File:Georgetown GO Train Eastbound.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The 'Georgetown South' project involves expanding tracks shared by trains on the Barrie, Georgetown and Milton lines, as well as the future Union Pearson Express.]]

===Future===
As part of the [[Ontario general election, 2011|2011 provincial election]], [[Premier of Ontario|Premier]] [[Dalton McGuinty]] made a campaign pledge to provide two-way, full-day train service on all corridors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ontarioliberal.ca/OurPlan/pdf/platform_english.pdf |title=The Ontario Liberal Plan 2011-2015 |publisher=[[Ontario Liberal Party]] |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120512045229/http://www.ontarioliberal.ca/OurPlan/pdf/platform_english.pdf |archivedate=12 May 2012 |accessdate=30 July 2013}}</ref> Metrolinx is undertaking planning for these service expansions, improved rush-hour service on all corridors, as well as extensions to [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton's]] [[James Street North GO Station|James Street North Station]] in the west, and [[Bowmanville]] in the east. The project, which is part of Metrolinx's [[The Big Move|Big Move regional transportation plan]], is estimated to cost [[Canadian dollar|$]]4.9 billion and serve 30 million additional riders by 2031.<ref name="BigMove expand">{{cite web |url=http://www.bigmove.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/NxWave_GO2WAD.pdf |title=GO Rail Service Expansion: More Two-Way All-Day & Rush Hour Service |publisher=Metrolinx |accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> Other possible future rail service extensions identified in GO Transit's 2020 plan include [[Regional Municipality of Niagara|Niagara Region]], [[Bolton, Ontario|Bolton]], [[Brantford]], [[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]] and [[Uxbridge, Ontario|Uxbridge]].<ref name="GO2020" />

Improvements are being made to [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]], which is the busiest passenger transportation facility in [[Canada]], and is expected to have its current passenger traffic double in the next 10 to 15 years.<ref name="Toronto Front">{{cite web |url=http://www.toronto.ca/involved/projects/frontunion/index.htm |title=Changes to Front Street at Union Station |publisher=City of Toronto |accessdate=1 July 2011}}</ref> Improvements include new roof and glass atrium, covering the tracks platforms and railway tracks, new staircases, additional vertical access points, and general visual improvements of the platforms and concourses.<ref name="City Union overview">{{cite web |url=http://www.toronto.ca/union_station/revitalization.htm |title=Union Station Revitalization |publisher=City of Toronto |accessdate=1 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="makeover">{{cite news |url=http://swo.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20090724/toronto_announcement_090724?hub=TorontoNewHome |title=Toronto's Union Station in store for a makeover |author=CTV News |publisher=[[CTV Television Network|CTV]] |date=24 July 2011 |accessdate=1 July 2011}}</ref> Other options such as a second downtown station are also being studied to meet future demand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/docs/pdf/board_agenda/20111123/November%2023%202011_Presentation_Union%20Station%202031%20and%20Related%20Planning%20Studies%20-%20FINAL%20%28DS%29.pdf |title=Union Station 2031 and Related Planning Studies |publisher=Metrolinx |date=23 November 2011 |accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref>

In partnership with the City of Mississauga, GO is developing a [[bus rapid transit]] (BRT) system after much success with its [[Ontario Highway 407|Highway 407]] express buses, launched in the fall of 2000. Metrolinx also announced plans in January 2011 to [[Railway electrification system|electrify]] the Lakeshore West, Lakeshore East and Kitchener rail lines, as well as the [[Union Pearson Express]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gotransit.com/electrification/en/current_study/docs/ElectrificationStaffReportJanuary26.pdf |title=Board Report: GO Electrification Study |publisher=Metrolinx |date=26 January 2011 |accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref>

A new rolling stock depot is planned in Whitby; funded by Ontario and the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/ppp-for-new-go-transit-maintenance-facility.html |accessdate=24 September 2012 |title=PPP for new GO Transit maintenance facility - Railway Gazette |work=[[Railway Gazette International]]}}</ref>

==Service==
{{See also|GO Transit infrastructure}}

===Service area===
[[File:GO Transit service area.png|thumb|Approximate service area of GO Transit.]]
The Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA) consists of the City of [[Toronto]], the City of [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], and the surrounding Regions of [[Regional Municipality of Halton|Halton]], [[Regional Municipality of Peel|Peel]], [[Regional Municipality of York|York]], and [[Regional Municipality of Durham|Durham]]. GO Transit also reaches beyond the GTHA into [[Regional Municipality of Niagara|Niagara]] and [[Regional Municipality of Waterloo|Waterloo]] Regions, and [[Peterborough County|Peterborough]], [[Simcoe County|Simcoe]], [[Dufferin County|Dufferin]], and [[Wellington County, Ontario|Wellington]] Counties.<ref name="GO Numbers" />

In total, GO trains and buses serve a population of 7 million in a {{convert|11000|km2}} area radiating in places more than {{convert|140|km}} from downtown Toronto. Present extrema are Hamilton and [[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]] to the west; [[Orangeville, Ontario|Orangeville]], Barrie, and [[Beaverton, Ontario|Beaverton]] to the north; [[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]] and [[Newcastle, Ontario|Newcastle]] to the east; and [[Niagara Falls, Ontario|Niagara Falls]] to the south.<ref name="GO Numbers" />

The GO system map shows seven train lines (or corridors), all departing from Toronto's [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]] and mostly named respectively after the outer terminus of train service. Although colours are assigned in a consistent fashion to each line in all official media, in colloquial parlance lines are only ever referred to by their names.

:{{rail color box|system=GO Transit|line=Lakeshore West|note=(to [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], with buses and seasonal weekend trains to [[Niagara Falls, Ontario|Niagara Falls]])}}
:{{rail color box|system=GO Transit|line=Milton|note=(to [[Milton, Ontario|Milton]], with buses to [[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]])}}
:{{rail color box|system=GO Transit|line=Kitchener}}
:{{rail color box|system=GO Transit|line=Barrie}}
:{{rail color box|system=GO Transit|line=Richmond Hill}}
:{{rail color box|system=GO Transit|line=Stouffville|note=(to [[Lincolnville, Ontario|Lincolnville]], with buses to [[Uxbridge, Ontario|Uxbridge]])}}
:{{rail color box|system=GO Transit|line=Lakeshore East|note=(to [[Oshawa]], with buses to [[Newcastle, Ontario|Newcastle]] and [[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]])}}

===Operations===

====Rail====
[[Image:Lakeshore West GO Train Westbound.jpg|thumb|right|A GO Train along the Lakeshore West line.]]
GO Transit's rail services {{reporting mark|GOT}} carry the large majority of its overall ridership. Passengers are carried by [[Bombardier BiLevel Coach|Bi-Level coaches]] built by [[Bombardier Transportation]].<ref name="GO News W11">{{Cite web | title = GO News: Winter 2011 | publisher = GO Transit | url = http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/publications/GO%20News%20EN_WEB.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 24 May 2011}}</ref> These coaches, easily identifiable by their elongated-octagon shape and were originally designed in the mid-1970s for Toronto's regional commuter rail service, GO Transit and Hawker Siddeley Canada as a more efficient replacement for GO's original single-deck coaches and cab cars. Later coaches were manufactured by Urban Transportation Development Corporation/Can-Car and finally Bombardier, who now owns the designs and manufacturing facility. There are more than seven hundred such coaches in service today and almost all have been built at the company's Thunder Bay, and Plattsburgh, New York plants. They are now used by a number of other [[Commuter rail in North America|commuter railways across North America]]. They have a seating capacity of 162 people per coach, or 1,944 per train. The coaches are primairly pulled/pushed by [[MotivePower Industries|MPI]] [[MPI MPXpress|MP40]] locomotives, which replaced most of the older [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] [[EMD F59PH|F59PH]] locomotive. The new MP40 is more powerful, allowing it to pull 12 coaches instead of 10.<ref name="GO Trains">{{Cite web | title = Quick Facts: GO Trains | publisher = GO Transit | url = http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/publications/Train.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 15 June 2011}}</ref> All upper levels of the coaches on rush hour trains are designated "Quiet Zones".<ref>{{Cite web | title = Welcome to the Quiet Zone | publisher = GO Transit | url = http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/travelling/quietzone.aspx | accessdate = 28 July 2013}}</ref>

[[Image:GO MP40 604 at Long Branch station.jpg|thumb|left|An [[MP40PH-3C]] locomotive.]]

Most GO Train routes operate only in peak [[rush hour|rush-hour]] periods towards Union Station, which accounts for over 90% of its train ridership.<ref name="GO Numbers" /> To date, the only off-peak train service exists on parts of the Lakeshore lines; half hourly trains operate on weekdays off-peak hours and weekends between [[Aldershot GO Station|Aldershot]] and [[Oshawa GO Station|Oshawa]]. Each train runs with a three-person crew. Two commuter train operators<ref>http://www.metrolinx.com/en/docs/pdf/board_agenda/20090713/Agenda_Item4%28A%29_Approval_of_2008-09_Financial_Statements-GOTransit_Attachment-Annual_Report.pdf</ref> drive the train and handle related operations. The third crew member is the customer service ambassador who deals with passenger service issues, stationed in the accessibility coach in the middle of the train. [[Bombardier Transportation]] is responsible for providing train operations (except the [[Milton line]]), taking over from CN crews in 2007. CP crews continue operate the Milton line.<ref name="Bombardier deal">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com/article/275022 |title= GO deal swaps CN crews with Bombardier personnel |publisher=Toronto Star |date=9 November 2007 |accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref> GO trains achieve on-time performance of approximately 95%,<ref name="GO Board 0613">{{Cite web |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/docs/pdf/board_agenda/20130627/20130627_BoardMtg_GO_Transit_Update_EN.pdf |title=GO Transit President's Board Update |publisher=[[Metrolinx]] |date=27 June 2013 |accessdate=28 July 2013}}</ref> and a refund will be provided if a train is more than 15 minutes late, with some conditions.<ref name="Service guarantee">{{Cite news |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/14/go-transit-riders-eligible-for-full-fare-credit-if-train-delayed-15-minutes/ |title=GO Transit riders eligible for full-fare credit if train delayed 15 minutes |publisher=National Post |date=14 November 2012 |accessdate=14 November 2012}}</ref>

Although it has always owned its locomotives and coaches, GO's trackage was originally owned entirely by Canada's two major commercial railways: the large majority by the [[Canadian National Railway]] (CN) and the remainder by [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] (CP). In 1988, as part of expanding service east of Pickering, GO built its first-ever section of self-owned purpose-built trackage.<ref>{{Cite web | title = GO Transit's Lakeshore Line | publisher = Transit Toronto | url = http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2101.shtml | accessdate = 28 July 2013}}</ref> As of 1998, GO owned only 6% of the railway trackage they operated on. Starting in 2009, Metrolinx incrementally acquired further trackage from the two commercial railways in order to improve GO service. As of 2014, Metrolinx has complete ownership of the Barrie, Stouffville and Lakeshore East lines, as well as a majority of the Lakeshore West, Richmond Hill, and Kitchener lines. CP still owns most of the Milton line. This puts Metrolinx ownership at 80% of GO Transit's trackage.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Rail Corridor Ownership | publisher = [[Metrolinx]] | url = http://www.metrolinx.com/en/projectsandprograms/corridorownership/corridor_ownership.aspx | accessdate = 24 September 2014}}</ref>

====Bus====
{{Main|List of GO Transit bus routes}}
[[File:GO Transit 8008.jpg|thumb|right|A double-decker GO bus.]]
For bus services, GO Transit primarily operates single-level coach buses and double-decker buses. A majority of the buses in the fleet are single-level [[Motor Coach Industries#Current|D4500]] coach buses built by [[Motor Coach Industries|MCI]], which can seat 57 people. As of April 2008, GO began operating 22 [[Alexander Dennis Enviro500|Enviro 500]] double-decker buses built by [[Alexander Dennis]].<ref name="GO Bus Facts">{{Cite web | title = Quick Facts: GO Buses | publisher = GO Transit | url = http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/publications/Bus.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 24 May 2011}}</ref> These buses run exclusively on GO's [[Ontario Highway 407|Highway 407]] and [[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]] corridor on the Oakville GO Station branch. Once GO receives more, it will provide service to York Region.<ref name="Markham">{{cite news |first=Sean |last=Pearce |title=Stacking the deck for transit service|url = http://www.yorkregion.com/article/72769 |publisher=Markham Economist and Sun |date=9 April 2008 |accessdate=2008-04-11}}</ref> All of the buses are equipped with bike racks.<ref name="GO Numbers" />
[[Image:Front Street in Toronto.JPG|thumb|left||Thousands of passengers move between GO and TTC service at Union Station on Toronto's [[Front Street (Toronto)|Front Street]]]] The original fleet of Enviro 500 buses were too tall to meet many height standards set by the provincial Ministry of Transportation and thus are restricted to routes which avoid low bridges and underpasses. The new units added to the fleet in 2013 are just 10 cm lower, but meet many more standards as a result and are expected to be used on a wider variety of routes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kalinowski |first=Tess |title=GO adds new double-deckers that ride a bit lower |url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2013/04/03/go_adds_new_doubledeckers_that_ride_a_bit_lower.html |accessdate=4 April 2013 |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=Apr 3, 2013}}</ref>

Most GO Bus service is designed to stand in for train service when it is not operating, or extend the reach of train service to communities beyond their terminus by buses. Other GO Buses are independent of rail services, such as the [[Ontario Highway 407|Highway 407]] GO bus, which provides service that circles Toronto and makes connections between all train lines. There are also routes that serve [[Pearson International Airport]], seasonal destinations such as [[Canada's Wonderland]], and multiple colleges and universities. GO buses serve most GO train stations, 16 bus terminals, and numerous intermediate stops and ticket agencies.<ref name="GO Numbers" /><ref name="08/09 Report">{{Cite web |title=GO Transit 2008-09 Annual Report |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://go/public/en/docs/publications/GO_Annual_Report_2008-09.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=31 May 2011}}</ref>

===Stations and connections===
{{See also|List of GO Transit stations}}

GO Transit stations are designed to provide seamless and barrier-free connections between its trains and buses. They include amenities such as elevators, washrooms, parking, pay phones, ticket vending machines, ticket sale kiosks and [[automated teller machine]]s. All GO stations have Presto card readers. Most bus terminals are also served with a ticket sales booth or vending machine.

Ten of GO's train stations are shared with Via Rail. GO also connects with fifteen other municipal transit providers, such as the TTC. Metrolinx calls many of these transfer points between services ''[[Metrolinx mobility hubs|mobility hubs]]'', and it has made them a priority as it moves forward with [[The Big Move]] regional transportation plan.

===Ridership===
GO runs 240 train trips carrying 187,000 riders, and 2,061 bus trips carrying 64,000 riders daily. This adds up to 251,000 passengers throughout the entire system on a typical weekday.<ref name="GO Numbers" /> In 2012, GO Transit ridership totalled 65.5 million. This annual ridership is not static however, as it has grown 5% in one year, and 19% in the past five years. The growth is forecast to continue increasing, with 5.3% growth to 69 million by the end of the 2013-2014 fiscal year,<ref name="GO Board 0613" /> and exceed 120 million by 2020.<ref name="GO2020">{{cite web|url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/publications/Strategic_Plan_GO_2020_lowres.pdf |title=GO 2020 |author=GO Transit |accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref>

At least 96% of the train ridership is to and from Union Station in downtown Toronto, while about 70% of all bus passengers travel to and from the City of Toronto.<ref name="GO Numbers" /> The average trip taken by a passenger is {{convert|33.5|km|mi}} long. 80% of train riders and 60% of bus riders have a car available for their trip, but choose public transit anyway.<ref name="GO2020" /> Over half of GO's ridership occurs on the Lakeshore West and East lines, which is attributable to the fact that these are the only lines that presently offer two-way, all-day service. This is followed by the Milton line, carrying almost 15% of all ridership. Other corridors carry 5-9% of riders each.<ref name="2014_ridership">{{cite web |url=http://www.metrolinx.com/en/docs/pdf/board_agenda/20140905/20140905_BoardMtg_Regional_Express_Rail_EN.pdf |title=REGIONAL
EXPRESS RAIL (RER) |date=5 September 2014 |publisher=[[Metrolinx]] |accessdate=2 September 2014}}</ref>

[[File:GO Ridership.png|left|thumb|400px|A graphic representation of actual and projected annual ridership, 1980-2020.<ref name="GO2020" /><ref name="2011/2012 Report">{{Cite web |title=GO Annual Report 2011-12 |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/publications/GO_Annual_Report_2011-12_EN.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 12 February 2013}}</ref>]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=4| Daily GO Transit Rail Ridership (2014)<ref name="2014_ridership" />
|-
! Corridor
! Riders
! %
!
|-
| Lakeshore West
|align=right| 60,000
| 29.7%
| <div style="background:#{{GO Transit color|Lakeshore West}}; width:177px; overflow:hidden"> &emsp;</div>
|-
| Lakeshore East
|align=right| 52,000
| 25.7%
| <div style="background:#{{GO Transit color|Lakeshore East}}; width:147px; overflow:hidden"> &emsp;</div>
|-
| Milton
|align=right| 30,000
| 14.9%
| <div style="background:#{{GO Transit color|Milton}}; width:89px; overflow:hidden"> &emsp;</div>
|-
| Kitchener
|align=right| 18,000
| 8.9%
| <div style="background:#{{GO Transit color|Kitchener}}; width:53px; overflow:hidden"> &emsp;</div>
|-
| Stouffville
|align=right| 15,000
| 7.4%
| <div style="background:#{{GO Transit color|Stouffville}}; width:44px; overflow:hidden"> &emsp;</div>
|-
| Barrie
|align=right| 17,000
| 8.4%
| <div style="background:#{{GO Transit color|Barrie}}; width:50px; overflow:hidden"> &emsp;</div>
|-
| Richmond Hill
|align=right| 10,000
| 5.0%
| <div style="background:#{{GO Transit color|Richmond Hill}}; width:29px; overflow:hidden"> &emsp;</div>
|-
!colspan=3| ''Total - GO Rail System''
!align=right| ''202,000''
|-
|}

==Fares==
[[Image:Christmas 2008 II 061.JPG|left|thumb|A GO Train Delays board in the Long Branch Train Station]]
{{main|GO Transit fares}}

Fares on the network are based a zone tariff set between two specified points by GO Transit, and the type of passenger using the ticket.<ref name="fare info">{{Cite web |title=Fare Info |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/fares/fareinfo.aspx |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> Passenger categories exist for adults, students, seniors, children, and groups. Tickets are also sold for single trip, or passes for one day or one month.<ref name="ticket type">{{Cite web |title=Ticket Types |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/fares/tickettypes.aspx#PassengerCategory |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> Tickets can be used on a GO train, bus, or a combination of both. They can be purchased at train stations, bus terminals, ticket agencies, or on GO buses.<ref name="fare info" />

The [[Presto card]], available on all GO trains and buses,<ref>{{Cite web |title=GO with PRESTO |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/fares/presto.aspx |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> is a unified [[smart card]]-based payment system used throughout the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area. Presto is a sister operating division of Metrolinx and the card can also be used on numerous local transit agencies in the GTHA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fares & Travel Info |publisher=PRESTO |url=https://www.prestocard.ca/en-US/Pages/ContentPages/FaresTravel.aspx |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> Discounted fares are available for passengers who use local transit to connect with a GO bus or train.<ref name="fare info" />

The Presto system allows passengers to load a re-loadable card with any amount starting at $10, up to $1,000. Passengers pay their fare by "tapping" on and off on busses and trains. With each tap, the system calculates the fare for the ride, and it is deducted from the balance of the card. The card can also be linked to a credit card and set on autoload, so that it automatically adds a certain amount of money as soon as the balance decreases past a certain level (i.e. setting it to add $100 every time the balance decreases to less than $25).

The entire network is barrier-free, and all fares and access to the network are structured on an "[[honor system|honour system]]". However, all passengers may be subject to random inspections by a "proper authority" to prove that they have paid a fare. This system is designed to reduce costs and improve efficiency, and the integrity of this system is protected by Metrolinx's By-law No. 2.<ref name="By-law 2">{{Cite web |title=GO Transit By-law No. 2 |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/bylaws/By-law%20No.%202_June%2029%202010.pdf |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref>

==Logo and brand==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 150
| footer = The GO logo and colours were adjusted in 2013.
| image1 = GO Transit logo old.svg
| image2 = GO Transit logo.svg
}}
The GO Transit brand has remained largely unchanged since the agency was founded. The design was created by Gangon/Valkus, a [[Montreal]]-based design firm that was also responsible for the corporate identities of [[Canadian National]] and [[Hydro-Québec]].<ref name="Brand History">{{cite web |url=http://www.gregcunneyworth.com/files/goTransit.pdf |title=The design history of the GO Transit logo |format=PDF |author=Greg Cunneyworth |accessdate=2012-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.famouslogos.us/hydro-quebec-logo/ |title=Hydro-Québec Logo |publisher=Famous Logos |accessdate=2012-08-29}}</ref> The firm’s team wanted to create a unified logo using the initials of the Government of Ontario (‘GO’), via two circles with a ‘T’ incorporated into it. Lead designer Frank Fox described the creation of the logo as “a happy accident. More or less, we had this feeling among us that this couldn’t be true. We went off trying many other solutions, but nothing else was good enough.”<ref name="Brand History" />

The logo has since become woven into the [[cityscape]] of Toronto, and an prominent identifier of the agency. As one [[graphic design]] expert stated, it achieved “an enviable goal that most graphic designers strive to accomplish with any logo they design.” Only one minor revision was made after the original version was unveiled: while the ‘G’ and ‘O’ used to touch each other, a gap now exists with a bolder white ‘T’ to enhance them.<ref name="Brand History" /> The primary corporate colour was known as “GO Green”, matched the green on [[Highways in Ontario|Ontario Highway]] signs, and was used on all vehicles, signage, and printed material. In 2013, GO introduced a two tone colour scheme that changed the primary colour to a darker green, and added a second lighter apple green.<ref name="Brand Standards">{{cite web |url=http://www.ontla.on.ca/library/repository/mon/25010/313456.pdf |title=Static Signage Catalogue |format=PDF |date=October 2011|publisher=Metrolinx |accessdate=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/transportation/2013/07/16/go_transit_trains_and_buses_get_a_makeover.html |title=GO Transit trains and buses get a makeover |publisher=[[Toronto Star]] |date=25 November 2011 |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref>

==Safety and security==

===Special Constables===
[[Image:GO Transit Safety.jpg|thumb|right|Current shoulder flashes from GO Transit's Transit Safety Unit, the right being from a Special Constable, and the left with gold stitching being that of a Supervisor]]
GO Transit hires Transit Safety Officers, who are designated [[Special constable#Canada|Special Constables]] that patrol transit property. They are responsible for ensuring passenger safety and protection, enforcing relevant laws or by-laws, offering customer assistance, conducting fare inspections, and supporting local police, fire and ambulance, while also promoting railway safety.<ref name="GO Safety">{{Cite web |title=Safety and Security |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/travelling/safety.aspx |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> Under the ''Police Services Act'', Transit Safety Officers are appointed by the Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]], with approval from the [[Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services|Minister of Community Safety and Correctional Services]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Constable Program |publisher=[[Ontario Provincial Police]] |url=http://www.opp.ca/ecms/index.php?id=449 |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref>

In addition to By-law No. 2, they have the authority to enforce other laws under police powers such as the [[Criminal Code of Canada]], [[Controlled Drugs and Substances Act]], the [[Youth Criminal Justice Act]], Safe Streets Act, Liquor License Act, Mental Health Act, and Trespass to Property Act. GO Transit Special Constables are outfitted with [[forage cap]]s with a hat badge and a black band, shirts displaying the Transit Safety shield, a black vest with “Transit Safety Officer” printed across the front and back, black pants with a reflective gray stripe, and a duty belt.<ref name="GO Safety" /> GO Transit operates a 24-hour transit safety dispatch centre that is able to dispatch Police and Special Constables to all areas served by GO. Customers are also encouraged to report any crimes on GO property to Transit Safety dispatch, or [[9-1-1]].<ref name="GO Safety" />

GO Transit also employs Provincial Offences Officers (internally known as Customer Attendants) to enforce and assist with the [[proof-of-payment]] system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GO Transit By-law No. 5 |publisher=GO Transit |url=http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/docs/bylaws/By-law%20No.%205%20July%202009.pdf |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref>

===By-law No. 2===
GO Transit By-law No. 2 is a document of rules and regulations governing actions of passengers and employees while on GO Transit property, which includes land, facilities, trains, buses, and other structures. Besides issues relating to fares, the by-law specifies permissible and prohibited actions such as staying in designated safe areas, commercial or distribution activities, parking, and other personal actions that promote or endanger the safety of passengers. It covers items like paying fares, parking, general behaviour, fines, and rule enforcement. These rules can be enforced by a "proper authority" which is defined as "an employee or agent of GO Transit wearing a GO Transit uniform [or] carrying an identification card issued by GO Transit, a GO Transit Special Constable, or a municipal police officer." Any contravention of the by-law can result in a fine under the ''Provincial Offences Act''.<ref name="By-law 2" />

===Incidents===
On December 12, 1975, a westbound GO train collided with a [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC]] [[Toronto Transit Commission buses|bus]] that was stalled on a crossing at St. Clair and Midland Avenue. Nine passengers on the bus were killed and 20 others were injured. This was the worst accident in terms of loss of life in the history of the TTC and GO Transit systems. The level crossing was replaced by an overpass a few years later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1975: Bus / GO train tragedy |publisher=Scarborough Historical Society |url=http://scarboroughhistorical.ca/?ai1ec_event=1975-bus-go-train-tragedy&instance_id= |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref>

Since 1991, there has only been one GO train accident that substantiated a report by the [[Transportation Safety Board of Canada]]. On November 17, 1997, an empty train collided with another train waiting to depart Union Station with over 800 passengers on board. The empty train's locomotive engineer was at the opposite end of the train, and the conductor at the leading end failed in his attempts to relay the situation to the engineer or apply the emergency brake. The two trains then collided at a speed of {{convert|19|km/h|abbr=on}}, causing a partial derailment and minor injuries to fifty-four passengers and two crew members. The subsequent report made recommendations that included making emergency brakes more accessible, and that the locomotive engineer must always control the train from the leading end in the Union Station Rail Corridor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TSB Railway Occurrence Report Number R97T0299 |publisher=Transportation Safety Board |url=http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/1997/r97t0299/r97t0299.asp |accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2100.shtml |title=Regional Transit Routes - Transit Toronto |accessdate=15 June 2011 |author=Garcia, Daniel; Bow, James; Marshall, Sean; and Drost, Peter |date=10 November 2006}}
** Part of collection: [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2101.shtml Lakeshore], [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2102.shtml Georgetown], [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2103.shtml Richmond Hill], [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2104.shtml Milton], [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2105.shtml Bradford], [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2110.shtml Stouffville] corridors, and [http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2107.shtml GO ALRT]
* {{cite web|url=http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=63|title=Building GO-Transit: The Rail Commuter Initiative of The Government of Ontario & Canadian National Railways, People in the project 1965-1969|first=Wilfred|last=Sergeant|year=2004|publisher=HTA PRESS|location=Starkville, MS}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.gotransit.com/}}
* [http://gotransitnlb.gotransit.com/public/en/improve/projects.aspx Expansion Projects]
* [http://www.atu1587.org Amalgamated Transit Union Local 1587]
* [http://www.findtheway.ca/ FindTheWay.ca]

{{Navbox GO Transit}}
{{Metrolinx}}
{{Canadianmetros}}
{{Torontometros}}
{{Public transit systems in Canada}}
{{Toronto}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Go Transit}}
[[Category:GO Transit| ]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Ontario government departments and agencies]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:Standard gauge railways in Canada]]

David Ferrer

2014-06-03T17:18:31Z

MichaelsProgramming: Undid revision 611285020 by 92.251.11.91 (talk) (Vandalism)

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name=David Ferrer
|image=David Ferrer - Roland-Garros 2013 - 014.jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption=
|country={{ESP}}
|birth_place=[[Xàbia]], [[Alicante]], Spain
|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|4|2}}
|residence=[[Valencia]], Spain
|height={{convert|1.75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|weight={{convert|73|kg|lb st|abbr=on}}
|turnedpro=2000
|coach = [[Javier Piles]] (2000–2013) [[José Francisco Altur]] (2014–)
|plays=Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
|careerprizemoney=[[Dollar|$]] 22,438,413
*  [[ATP Tour records#Earnings|9th all-time leader in earnings]]
|website=[http://en.davidferrer.com/ davidferrer.com]
|singlesrecord=567–276
|singlestitles=21
|highestsinglesranking=No. 3 (8 July 2013)
|currentsinglesranking=No. 5 (21 April 2014)
|AustralianOpenresult=SF ([[2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2011]], [[2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2013]])
|FrenchOpenresult=F ([[2013 French Open – Men's Singles|2013]])
|Wimbledonresult=QF ([[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2012]], [[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2013]])
|USOpenresult=SF ([[2007 US Open – Men's Singles|2007]], [[2012 US Open – Men's Singles|2012]])
|Othertournaments=Yes for sure
|MastersCupresult=F ([[2007 Tennis Masters Cup – Singles|2007]])
|Olympicsresult=3R ([[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|2012]])
|doublesrecord=67–104
|doublestitles=2
|highestdoublesranking=No. 42 (24 October 2005)
|currentdoublesranking=
|grandslamsdoublesresults=yes
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult=3R ([[2005 Australian Open - Men's Doubles|2005]])
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult=2R ([[2009 French Open - Men's Doubles|2009]])
|WimbledonDoublesresult=1R ([[2003 Wimbledon Championships - Men's Doubles|2003]], [[2004 Wimbledon Championships - Men's Doubles|2004]], [[2005 Wimbledon Championships - Men's Doubles|2005]], [[2006 Wimbledon Championships - Men's Doubles|2006]], [[2009 Wimbledon Championships - Men's Doubles|2009]])
|USOpenDoublesresult=2R ([[2004 US Open - Men's Doubles|2004]], [[2006 US Open - Men's Doubles|2006]])
|OthertournamentsDoubles = yes
|OlympicsDoublesresult= SF – 4th ([[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2012]])
|Team=yes
|DavisCupresult='''W''' ([[2008 Davis Cup|2008]], [[2009 Davis Cup|2009]], [[2011 Davis Cup|2011]])
|updated=20 March 2014
}}
{{spanish name 2|first=Ferrer|second=Ern}}

'''David Ferrer Ern''' ({{IPA-ca|daˈvit feˈreɾ ˈɛɾn|va}}; born 2 April 1982) is a Spanish professional [[tennis]] player. As of 12th May 2014, he is ranked world no. 5 by the [[Association of Tennis Professionals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Singles.aspx |title=Singles Rankings - Tennis |publisher=ATP World Tour |date= |accessdate=2014-02-22}}</ref> Ferrer turned professional in 2000 and was in the first years of his career known as a clay-court specialist, having won half of his titles on the surface. However, he has had significant success on all surfaces, having reached the final of the [[French Open]] in 2013, the semifinals of the [[Australian Open|Australian]] and [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]s twice each, and the quarterfinals of [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] twice. He was part of the [[Spain Davis Cup team]] that won the finals in 2008, 2009, and 2011. His biggest individual title to date was the [[BNP Paribas Masters|Paris Masters]] in 2012, and he was runner-up at the [[Tennis Masters Cup]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Ford
|first=Bonnie D.
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|title=Golden Arches only option for David Ferrer
|work=
|publisher=ESPN
|date=6 September 2007
|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen07/news/story?page=notebookuso070906
|doi=
|accessdate=22 January 2010
}}</ref> He first achieved a top-10 ranking in 2006 and reached a career-high ranking of world no. 3 in July 2013.

== Career ==

=== Early years ===
Ferrer was born in [[Xàbia]] in the [[province of Alicante]], but he moved to [[Gandia]] at age thirteen, followed two years later by a move to [[Barcelona]] to attend the Catalan Tennis Federation. He spent nine months at Equelite, [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]]'s Academy in Villena, before moving back to Xàbia while practicing in Denia During his time in the academy, the Spanish Federation chose to sponsor [[Tommy Robredo]] rather than him, forcing Ferrer on his own prior to turning professional.

Once, as a teenager, when Ferrer did not practice hard enough, his coach, Javier Piles, locked him in a completely dark 2m x 2m ball closet for several hours, giving him only a piece of bread and a bit of water. After this incident he was fed up with tennis and went to work at a construction site, but after a week he returned to Piles and asked if he could remain at the club and play tennis. Piles continued to coach Ferrer until they parted ways at the end of 2013. Ferrer has said he considers Piles to be like a second father to him.<ref>{{cite news|author=Katy Murrells |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2012/jun/06/andy-murray-david-ferrer-live |title=Andy Murray v David Ferrer – as it happened |publisher=theguardian.com |date= 6 June 2012|accessdate=2014-02-02 |location=London}}</ref>

Ferrer turned professional in 2000, finishing as world no. 419, winning in Poland F1 and Spain F3, finishing runner-up in Spain F1. 2001 was not a particularly good year for him. He won his first career [[ATP Challenger Series|Challenger]] title in Sopot and reached the semifinals at [[Manerbio]]. He also reached the semifinals in Spain F15 and Spain F16.

=== 2002 - 2005: First ATP Title & Reaching Top 15 ===
In 2002, He played consistently in ATP (10–6) and Challenger (35–13) tournaments, winning his first ATP title in [[Open Romania|Bucharest]] (defeated Acasuso) and reaching his first ATP final in just his second ATP event in [[Croatia Open Umag|Umag]] (defeated [[David Nalbandian]] and [[Guillermo Coria]], lost to [[Carlos Moyá]]). He won Challenger titles in Naples, Valencia, and Sassuolo. All 10 ATP match wins and 34 of 35 Challenger wins came on clay.

The highlight of 2003 was Ferrer's victory against [[Andre Agassi]] at the [[Rome Masters]]. He made his debut at all four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments, as well as six [[ATP Masters Series]] events. In Rome, he upset the defending champion Agassi in the first round and lost to [[Ivan Ljubičić]] in the second round. Ferrer advanced to the second round at the [[French Open]] and [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. He reached his third career final in Sopot and lost to [[Guillermo Coria]]. In doubles, he reached his first career final in [[Abierto Mexicano Telcel|Acapulco]] with [[Fernando Vicente]]. He compiled a 13–16 record on clay courts, 6–10 on hard, 1–1 on grass, and had a year-ending ranking of world no. 71.

In 2004, Ferrer reached the quarterfinals in [[ATP Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]], [[Open de Tenis Comunidad Valenciana|Valencia]], and at the ATP Masters Series [[Hamburg Masters|Hamburg]] (defeated no. 6 [[David Nalbandian]], but lost to [[Guillermo Coria]]). He advanced to the semifinals in [[Mercedes Cup|Stuttgart]] (lost to [[Gastón Gaudio]]). Late in the year, he advanced to the quarterfinals in Bucharest and the semifinals in Palermo (lost to [[Tomáš Berdych]]) and Lyon (defeated [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]], but lost to [[Xavier Malisse]]). He ended the year with a ranking of world no. 49.

In 2005, Ferrer advanced to the semifinals in Miami by defeating [[David Nalbandian]], [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]], and [[Dominik Hrbatý]], but lost to [[Rafael Nadal]]. In his hometown, he lost to Hrbatý. He closed the year with a quarterfinal showing in Madrid, where he defeated Puerta, but lost to [[Robby Ginepri]], and Paris, where he lost to [[Andy Roddick]]. He lost only once in the first round of nine Masters Series events, while compiling a 20–9 record. In doubles, Ferrer won his first two ATP titles in Viña del Mar and Acapulco (with Ventura) and earned a career-high US$951,772. He finished the year with a ranking of world no. 14.

=== 2006: 2nd ATP Title===
Ferrer opened the year with a quarterfinal showing in [[ATP Auckland|Auckland]], where he lost to [[Olivier Rochus]]. He broke into the top 10 ATP rankings for the first time, following a personal-best fourth-round showing at the [[Australian Open]], where he defeated [[Mario Ančić]], but lost to [[Fabrice Santoro]]. He was in the top 10 for five weeks during the year. Then, playing in the first round of a [[Davis Cup]] tie versus [[Belarus Davis Cup team|Belarus]], he went 2–3 indoors, losing to [[Vladimir Voltchkov]] in the second rubber. In March, he reached the semifinals in Miami for a second straight year, where he defeated no. 4 [[Andy Roddick]], but lost to [[Roger Federer]]. In his second clay-court tournament of the year in Monte-Carlo, he lost to Federer. He also advanced to the quarterfinals at the Masters Series Hamburg, falling to eventual champion [[Tommy Robredo]]. In Düsseldorf, he posted wins over two top-10 players, world no. 4 [[Ivan Ljubičić]] and world no. 9 [[Fernando González]]. He reached the third round at the [[French Open]] and a career-best fourth round at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], where he defeated González in the third round, but lost to [[Lleyton Hewitt]]. In July, he won a second career ATP title in a five-hour final in [[Mercedes Cup|Stuttgart]]. He came back from two sets to one and a 1–5 deficit against Acasuso, saving one match point down 4–5 in the fourth set. In August, he reached the quarterfinals in [[Cincinnati Masters|Cincinnati, Ohio]], where he defeated no. 10 [[Marcos Baghdatis]], but lost to González, followed by a third-round showing at New Haven, where he lost to [[Agustín Calleri]]. At the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], he reached the third round for the second consecutive year, but lost to [[Mikhail Youzhny]]). Ferrer closed the year by reaching the quarterfinals in [[Davidoff Swiss Indoors|Basel]], where he lost to Federer. For the year, he went 3–5 versus top-10 opponents and compiled records of 18–8 on clay and 17–13 on hard court. He finished the year ranked world no. 14 and in the top 15 for the second consecutive year.

=== 2007:World Tour Finals Runner-Up & Reaching Top 5 ===
[[File:David Ferrer.JPG|thumb|left|upright|David Ferrer serving during 2007 Basel]]
Ferrer began the year by winning Auckland, defeating [[Tommy Robredo]] in the final. At the [[2007 Australian Open - Men's Singles|2007 Australian Open]], he defeated [[Kristian Pless]], [[Thomas Johansson]], and [[Radek Štěpánek]], and lost in the fourth round to [[Mardy Fish]] in five sets. One month later, he reached the quarterfinals at [[ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament|Rotterdam]]. He had quarterfinal finishes at Indian Wells and Monte-Carlo and reached the fourth round in [[Miami Masters|Miami]], the semifinals in [[Open Seat|Barcelona]], and the quarterfinals in [[Hamburg Masters|Hamburg]].

At the [[2007 French Open – Men's Singles|French Open]], he was stopped by [[Fernando Verdasco]] in the third round. At [[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|Wimbledon]], he was eliminated by Frenchman [[Paul-Henri Mathieu]] in the second round.

In July, he captured his second title of the year and fourth of his career, beating [[Nicolás Almagro]] in the final of the [[Swedish Open]] in [[Båstad]]. He then advanced to the quarterfinals in [[Cincinnati]], defeating [[Andy Roddick]] in the third round. At the [[2007 US Open – Men's Singles|US Open]], he was seeded 15th and knocked out 24th-seeded [[David Nalbandian]] in the third round, and then upset second-seeded compatriot [[Rafael Nadal]] in the fourth round in four sets. He beat 20th-seeded [[Juan Ignacio Chela]] in the quarterfinals and reached his first [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] semifinal, where he was defeated by third seed [[Novak Djokovic]]. His performance at the US Open brought his ranking up to world no. 8. Then, Ferrer captured his third title of the year in Tokyo, defeating [[Richard Gasquet]] in the final. At the [[Paris Masters]], he made it to the quarterfinals, where he lost to [[David Nalbandian]].

Ferrer qualified as the sixth seed for the year-ending [[2007 Tennis Masters Cup|Tennis Masters Cup]]. To begin, Ferrer upset third seed Djokovic in his first [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] match, and then defeated second seed [[Rafael Nadal]]. He sealed his qualification for the knock-out stage by defeating eighth seed [[Richard Gasquet]]. He was the only man to have a perfect record in the round-robin stage and had the best win/loss set record (6–1). Ferrer next defeated fifth seed [[Andy Roddick]] in the semifinals. In the final, Ferrer lost to top seed [[Roger Federer]]. He ended the year with a career-high ranking of world no. 5.

=== 2008: Davis Cup Title ===
Ferrer opened 2008 with a quarterfinal loss to unseeded [[Julien Benneteau]] of France in [[ATP Auckland|Auckland]], where Ferrer was seeded first. He reached the second week of the [[Australian Open]], however, as the fifth seed, without dropping a set in the first three rounds. He then went on to defeat 22nd seed [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]] in four sets in the fourth round, before falling to third seed and eventual champion [[Novak Djokovic]] in the quarterfinals. On 25 February, Ferrer became world no. 4, despite losing in the second round in [[2008 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament|Rotterdam]].

[[File:David Ferrer Running Backhand 01.jpg|thumb|left|Ferrer at the 2008 Pacific Life Open]]
On 20 April, he captured his first ATP title of the year, and the sixth in his career, when he defeated [[Nicolás Almagro]] in the final of [[2008 Open de Tenis Comunidad Valenciana|Valencia]]. He saved three match points against [[Fernando Verdasco]] in the quarterfinals, and in the final, won the definitive set when he went down 5–2 in the third set, with two break points for Almagro. Ferrer arrived at the quarterfinals in the [[Monte Carlo Masters]], losing against the eventual tournament champion [[Rafael Nadal]], despite having five set points in the second set. In [[Barcelona]] the following week, Ferrer reached the final, after defeating [[Nicolás Lapentti]], sixth seed [[Tommy Robredo]], and fourteenth seed [[Stanislas Wawrinka]]. He again lost to Nadal in the final. Ferrer made it to the quarterfinals of the [[French Open]], matching his previous best appearance in 2005. In his first two rounds, he defeated [[Steve Darcis]] and [[Fabrice Santoro]]. He then prevailed in two five-set matches over [[Lleyton Hewitt]] and [[Radek Štěpánek]] in the third and fourth rounds, respectively. He eventually fell to local favorite [[Gaël Monfils]] in four sets.

Ferrer then began his grass-court season with another title at [['s-Hertogenbosch]] in the Netherlands. He defeated Croatian [[Mario Ančić]] and [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Juan Martín del Potro]] en route to the final, where he won in straight sets over Frenchman [[Marc Gicquel]]. This was his seventh career title and the first on grass. With this win, he became the second Spaniard (after Nadal) to win a grass-court tournament after a 36-year drought. At [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], Ferrer was seeded fifth. In the first round, he defeated [[Sergiy Stakhovsky]], who forfeited the match while down in sets 2–0 and up 3–1 in the third set. In the second round, Ferrer defeated Russian [[Igor Andreev]] in four sets. He was then eliminated by Ančić in the third round in four sets.

Representing Spain at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], Ferrer was eliminated by [[Janko Tipsarević]] in the first round. At the [[2008 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], Ferrer reached the third round as the fourth seed, where he lost [[Kei Nishikori]], ranked 126, in one of the biggest upsets of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Bergeron
|first=Tom
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|title=US Open: Kei Nishikori, 18, stuns No. 4 David Ferrer
|work=
|publisher=New Jersey Sports
|date=31 August 2008
|url=http://www.nj.com/sports/njsports/index.ssf/2008/08/kei_nishikori_18_stuns_no_4_da.html
|doi=
|accessdate=22 January 2010
}}</ref> Ferrer saved five match points before losing the match. Seeded first at the [[2008 China Open (tennis)|China Open]] in [[Beijing]], Ferrer was defeated by Israeli [[Dudi Sela]] in the second round 3–6, 3–6. Following a first-round bye, sixth-seeded Ferrer lost in the second round of the [[Madrid Masters]] to fellow Spaniard [[Feliciano López]] 4–6, 6–7.

=== 2009: 2nd Davis Cup Title ===
Ferrer began his [[2009 ATP World Tour|Season]] at the [[2013 Heineken Open|Heineken Open]] losing to [[Sam Querrey]] in the semifinals 6-3, 3-6, 6-7(4–7). At the [[2013 Australian Open|Australian Open]], he was upset by [[Marin Čilić]] 6-7(5–7), 3-6, 4-6 in the third round. He then bounced back with a semifinal showing at the [[SA Tennis Open]] falling to [[Jérémy Chardy]] after dominating the first set, lost in a tightly contested 2nd and 3rd set 6-1, 6-7(9–11), 6-7(4–7). He reached his first final of the year at the [[2009 Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai Tennis Championships]] losing to [[Novak Djokovic]] 7–5, 6–3. However, he bounced back defeating [[Novak Djokovic]] in a Davis Cup tie between Spain and Serbia. At the Masters event of [[2009 BNP Paribas Open|BNP Paribas Open]] and [[2009 Sony Ericsson Open|Sony Ericsson Open]], he was able to reach the fourth round losing to [[Andy Roddick]] and [[Juan Martín del Potro]], respectively.

[[File:Ferrer-Miami09.jpg|thumb|left|Ferrer in Miami]]
In the clay season, Ferrer played his first event at the [[2009 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters|Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]], after cruising through the first two rounds he was routed by [[Fernando Verdasco]] 2-6, 1-6. He then rebounded by reaching the final of [[2009 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell|Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell]] losing to [[Rafael Nadal]] 2-6, 5-7. However, the Spaniard suffered early loses at the [[2009 Internazionali BNL d'Italia|Internazionali BNL d'Italia]], [[2009 Estoril Open|Estoril Open]], and [[2009 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open|Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]]. At the [[2009 French Open|French Open]] he fell to surprise finalist [[Robin Söderling]] in the third round 7-6(7–5), 5-7, 2-6, 6-7(5–7). He played his Wimbledon warm-up at the [[2009 Ordina Open|Ordina Open]] and was upset by compatriot [[Iván Navarro (tennis)|Iván Navarro]] in the quarterfinals 4-6, 2-6. At [[2009 Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], Ferrer suffered another third round loss in a slam this time falling to Czech [[Radek Štěpánek]] in five sets 5-7, 5-7, 6-3, 6-4, 4-6.

Ferrer then came back to clay at the [[2009 International German Open|International German Open]], where he was able to reach his fifth semifinal of the year, but lost to Russian [[Nikolay Davydenko]] 5-7, 6-7(2–7). However, the Spaniard had an abysmal US Open Series, losing in the third round of [[2009 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters and Women's Open|2009 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters]] and in second rounds of the [[2009 Rogers Cup|Rogers Cup]] [[2009 US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. He then suffered back-to-back first round loses at the [[2009 Proton Malaysian Open|Proton Malaysian Open]] and [[2009 China Open (tennis)|China Open]] losing to [[Mikhail Youzhny]] and [[Fernando González]]. He also fell to eventual semifinalist [[Feliciano López]] in the second round of the [[2009 Shanghai ATP Masters 1000|Shanghai ATP Masters 1000]]. He was the defending champion at the [[2009 Valencia Open 500|Valencia Open 500]] but withdrew prior to his second round match against compatriot [[Albert Montañés]] due to a Hamstring injury. He then helped Spain capture the Davis Cup title, when he defeated [[Radek Štěpánek]] 1-6, 2-6, 6-4, 6-4, 8-6.

=== 2010: First Masters Final ===
Ferrer lost in the second round of the [[2010 Australian Open]] to [[Marcos Baghdatis]], after winning the first two sets, in a match lasting just over four hours.<ref>{{Cite news
|last=
|first=
|coauthors=
|title=Marcos Baghdatis wins from two sets down at Australian Open
|newspaper=Herald Sun
|location=
|pages=
|language=
|publisher=
|date=22 January 2009
|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/thursday-main-story/story-e6frf9if–1225822117665
|accessdate=22 January 2009
}}</ref>
Ferrer's next tournament was the [[SA Tennis Open]]. In the first round, he defeated [[Karol Beck]]. In the second round, he beat [[Filip Prpic]], and then won his quarterfinal against [[Somdev Devvarman]]. However, in the semifinals, he lost to [[Stéphane Robert]]. Ferrer's next tournament was the [[Copa Telmex]], where he was the top seed. He beat [[Simon Greul]] 6–2, 7–6, in the first round, and then defeated [[Frederico Gil]] in the second round 6–3, 6–0. Ferrer then defeated [[Igor Andreev]] in the quarterfinals 7–5, 6–2, and then went on to defeat [[Albert Montañés]] 6–1, 6–1. However, in the final, he fell to [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]] 7–5, 4–6, 3–6.

Ferrer's next tournament was the [[2010 Abierto Mexicano Telcel]], where he was the third seed. In the first round, he defeated [[Potito Starace]] 6–2, 6–4, and defeated [[Thomaz Bellucci]] in the second round 6–4, 6–1. He then defeated [[Pablo Cuevas]] 7–5, 6–4. In the semifinals, he defeated [[Fernando González]] 6–7, 6–0, 6–4. In the final, he avenged his previous defeat by [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]], beating him 6–3, 3–6, 6–1, for his eighth career title. This was Ferrero's third straight final and also ended Ferrero's 14-match winning streak. His ranking also rose to no. 16. In the first round of the [[2010 Davis Cup]], Ferrer defeated [[Marco Chiudinelli]] 6–2, 7–6, 6–1, and defeated [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] 6–2, 6–4, 6–0, to advance Spain to the quarterfinals of the [[2010 Davis Cup]], where they faced France. Ferrer's next tournament was the [[2010 BNP Paribas Open]]. He was the 13th-seeded player, which gave him a bye into the second round. In the second round, he was defeated by [[James Blake (tennis)|James Blake]] 1–6, 4–6. Ferrer's next tournament was the [[2010 Sony Ericsson Open]], where he was seeded 15th. In his second-round match, he defeated [[Michaël Llodra]] 6–2, 6–4, and then defeated [[Ivo Karlović]] 7–6, 6–3. However, in the fourth round, he was defeated by [[Rafael Nadal]] 6–7, 4–6.

Ferrer's next part of the season saw him enter the European clay-court swing. His first tournament was the [[2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]], where he was seeded 11th. In the first round, he defeated qualifier [[Peter Luczak]] 6–2, 6–4, and defeated [[Andrey Golubev]] 6–3, 6–2, in the second round. He then defeated [[Ivan Ljubičić]] 6–0, 7–6. In the quarterfinals, he defeated [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]], 7–5, 7–6, to advance to the semifinals, where he was again defeated by Nadal 2–6, 3–6. Next, Ferrer participated in the [[2010 Torneo Godo]], where he was seeded eighth. He had a first-round bye, and defeated [[Marcel Granollers]] in the second round 7–5, 6–4. In the third round, he crushed [[Simone Bolelli]] 6–0, 3–0, before Bolelli retired with a wrist injury, and then defeated [[Thomaz Bellucci]] in the quarterfinals 6–4, 6–0. In the semifinals, he played [[Fernando Verdasco]]. Ferrer was leading Verdasco, 7–6, 4–2, before ultimately losing, 7–6, 5–7, 1–6. Ferrer's next tournament was the [[2010 Rome Masters]], where he was seeded 13th. In the first round, Ferrer defeated [[Evgeny Korolev]] 6–4, 6–1, and in the second round, he defeated [[Potito Starace]] 7–5, 6–2. In the third round, he defeated world no. 5 [[Andy Murray]] 6–3, 6–4, and then in the quarterfinals, he defeated world no. 10 [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] 6–4, 6–1. He faced world no. 9 [[Fernando Verdasco]] for a spot in his first Masters 1000 event final, where he won 7–5, 6–3. Ferrer ultimately succumbed to [[Rafael Nadal]] in the final 5–7, 2–6. Due to his fantastic run in Rome, his ranking increased to world no. 12. Ferrer's next tournament was the [[2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]], where he was seeded ninth. In the first round, he defeated [[Jérémy Chardy]] 6–3, 7–6, and defeated [[Marcos Baghdatis]] 1–6, 6–3, 7–5, after fending off a match point. He then defeated [[Marin Čilić]] 6–3, 6–2, to advance to the quarterfinals. There, he, for the second successive time, beat world no. 4 [[Andy Murray]] 7–5, 6–3. In the semifinals, Ferrer lost to world no. 1 [[Roger Federer]] in three sets. Ferrer's next tournament was the [[2010 French Open]], where he entered as a favorite. He began his campaign with a 6–1, 6–3, 6–1 victory over French wildcard [[David Guez]], and then defeated [[Xavier Malisse]] 6–2, 6–2, 2–0 ret. In the third round. he fell to surprise semifinalist [[Jürgen Melzer]] 4–6, 0–6, 6–7.

Ferrer's next tournament was the [[2010 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], where he was the ninth seed. In the first round, he defeated [[Nicolas Kiefer]] 6–4, 6–2, 6–3, and then defeated [[Florent Serra]] in the second round 6–4, 7–5, 6–7, 6–3. In the third round, he defeated [[Jérémy Chardy]] 7–5, 6–3, 4–6, 3–6, 7–5, with Chardy serving for the match at 5–4 in the fifth. In the fourth round, he was defeated by [[Robin Söderling]] 2–6, 7–5, 2–6, 6–3, 5–7, despite being two points away from the match on two occasions. Ferrer's next played for Spain in the [[2010 Davis Cup]]. He lost his first rubber 6–7, 2–6, 6–4, 7–5, 4–6, to [[Gaël Monfils]] of France. Spain ultimately lost to France 0–5. Ferrer then traveled to Sweden to play in the [[2010 Swedish Open]], where he was seeded third. Due to his seed, he received a bye in the first round and defeated [[Fabio Fognini]] 6–3, 7–5, in the second round. He then defeated [[Pablo Cuevas]] 6–3, 6–3, in the quarterfinals to advance to the semifinals. Ferrer also extended his ATP best wins on clay in 2010 to 31 wins. However, he lost to [[Robin Söderling]] 6–4, 3–6, 2–6, in the semifinals. He was then supposed to play in the [[2010 International German Open]] as the second seed, but had to withdraw due to a shoulder injury.

[[File:Ferrer US Open 2010.jpg|thumb|left|David Ferrer at the 2010 US Open]]
Ferrer's next tournament was the [[2010 Rogers Cup]], where he was seeded no. 10, but lost in the first round to [[David Nalbandian]] 5–7, 6–3, 3–6. Despite his loss, his ranking increased to world no. 11. Ferrer then traveled to Cincinnati to play in the [[2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters]], where he was once again seeded no. 10. In the first round, he defeated [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]] 3–6, 6–3, 6–4, and then defeated [[Sam Querrey]] in the second round 7–5, 6–2. However, in the third round, he lost to [[Nikolay Davydenko]] 6–4, 3–6, 5–7, despite being up a break of serve twice in the third set. Ferrer's next event was the [[2010 US Open (tennis)|2010 US Open]], where he was seeded no. 10. In the first round, he defeated [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]] 6–2, 6–2, 6–3, and then defeated [[Benjamin Becker]] in the second round 6–3, 6–4, 6–4. He then defeated [[Daniel Gimeno-Traver]] 7–6, 6–2, 6–2, for a spot in the round of 16. However, he lost to [[Fernando Verdasco]] 7–5, 7–6, 3–6, 3–6, 6–7, despite being up 4–2 in the fifth set, and 4–1 in the tiebreaker. Due to Ferrer's appearance in the round of 16, Ferrer was ensured to return to the top 10, to no. 10 in the world. Ferrer then traveled to Malaysia to play in the [[2010 Proton Malaysian Open]], where he was seed no. 5. In the first round, he defeated [[Bernard Tomic]] 6–3, 6–4, and then defeated [[Yuki Bhambri]] 6–2, 6–2, for a spot in the quarterfinals. He then defeated world no. 7 [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfinals 4–6, 7–5, 6–4. However, in the semifinals, he was upset by [[Andrey Golubev]] 7–5, 7–6. Ferrer then traveled to Beijing to play in the [[2010 China Open (tennis)|2010 China Open]] as the no. 8 seed. In the first round, he defeated [[Denis Istomin]] 6–4, 6–1, and then defeated [[Yen-Hsun Lu]] in the second round 6–3, 3–6, 6–1. In the quarterfinals, he defeated [[Robin Söderling]] 6–2, 6–4, for a spot in the semifinals. In the semifinals, he defeated [[Ivan Ljubičić]] 6–4, 4–6, 6–4, for a spot in the finals. However, in the final, he lost to [[Novak Djokovic]] in a rain-delayed match, 2–6, 4–6. With this run to the final, Ferrer once again returned to the top 10, at world no. 10, and this also put him in the eighth position for qualifying for the year-end championships.

Ferrer then traveled to Shanghai to play in the [[2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters]], where we was seeded no. 11. In the first round, he defeated [[Michaël Llodra]] 7–6, 6–1, and then defeated [[Thomaz Bellucci]] 7–6, 6–3, in the second round. However, he was defeated by [[Robin Söderling]] 7–5, 6–4, in the third round. Due to his round of 16 showing, he moved to no. 8 in the world. Also, he moved to no. 7 in the race to the year-end championships. Ferrer then traveled to Valencia to play in the [[2010 Valencia Open 500]] as the hometown favorite. At the [[2010 Valencia Open 500]], he was seeded no. 4 and defeated [[Guillermo García-López]] 6–7, 6–3, 6–3, in the first round. He then defeated qualifier [[Teymuraz Gabashvili]] 6–4, 6–1, for a spot in the quarterfinals. He then defeated [[Potito Starace]] 7–5, 6–4, to advance to the semifinals. He then defeated [[Robin Söderling]] 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, for a spot in the finals. In the finals, he defeated [[Marcel Granollers]] 7–5, 6–3, for the title, his ninth career title. With this victory, he moved to no. 7 in the race to the year-end championships and virtually secured his spot at the [[2010 ATP World Tour Finals]], and also improved his ranking to world no. 7. Ferrer's final regular season tournament was the [[2010 BNP Paribas Masters]], where he was seeded no. 7. Due to his seeding, he received a bye into the second round and defeated [[Fabio Fognini]] 3–6, 6–4, 7–6. However, he lost to [[Jürgen Melzer]] 6–7, 6–2, 3–6, in the third round. Despite his loss, Ferrer still qualified for the [[Barclays ATP World Tour Finals]] due to the fact that [[Fernando Verdasco]] lost his third-round match, sealing Ferrer's seventh spot and his second appearance since 2007. Ferrer then traveled to London to play in the [[2010 ATP World Tour Finals]], where he was seeded no. 7. He was placed in Group B with no. 2 [[Roger Federer]], no. 4 [[Robin Söderling]], and no. 5 [[Andy Murray]]. In his first match, he lost to Federer 6–1, 6–4, and in his second match he lost to Robin Söderling 5–7, 5–7. Ferrer then lost to Andy Murray 2–6, 2–6, to finish the 2010 ATP World Tour Finals with an 0–3 record. Ferrer finished the year with a 60–24 record, and once again in the top 10, finishing at world no. 7.

=== 2011: 3rd Davis Cup Title & 2 Masters Runner-Ups ===
Ferrer began his [[2011 ATP World Tour]] season at the [[2011 Heineken Open]], where he was the no. 1 seed. Due to his seeding, he received a bye into the second round and defeated [[Tobias Kamke]] 3–6, 7–6, 6–4. He then defeated [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]] 6–3, 6–7, 6–3, to advance to the semifinals, and then defeated [[Santiago Giraldo]] 6–3, 7–5, for a berth in the finals, where he played [[David Nalbandian]]. In the finals, Ferrer defeated Nalbandian 6–3, 6–2, for his first title of the year and the tenth in his career.

[[File:David Ferrer (8168180712).jpg|thumb|upright|Ferrer in round-robin action at 2011 ATP World Tour Finals.]]
Ferrer then traveled to [[Melbourne]] to play in the [[2011 Australian Open]], where he was seeded no. 7. In the first round, he defeated [[Jarkko Nieminen]] 6–4, 6–3, 1–6, 6–2, and next defeated [[Michael Craig Russell|Michael Russell]] 6–0, 6–1. 7–5, in the second round. He then defeated [[Ričardas Berankis]] 6–2, 6–2, 6–1, for a spot in the round of 16, where he then defeated [[Milos Raonic]] 4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–4, for a spot in his second Australian Open quarterfinal. He beat an injured world no. 1 [[Rafael Nadal]] for a spot in the semifinals, winning in three sets 6–4, 6–2, 6–3. This notably ended Nadal's quest to win four straight majors. He lost to fifth seed [[Andy Murray]] 6–4, 6–7, 1–6, 6–7 in the semifinal. With his run to the semifinals of the [[Australian Open]], his ranking rose to world no. 6.

Ferrer then traveled to Rotterdam to play in the [[2011 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament]], where he was seeded no. 3, but lost in the first round to [[Jarkko Nieminen]] 3–6, 4–6. Next, Ferrer traveled to Acapulco for the [[2011 Abierto Mexicano Telcel]], where he was the top seed and defending champion. In the first round, he defeated [[Adrian Ungur]] 6–1, 6–3, and then defeated [[Santiago González (tennis)|Santiago González]] 6–2, 6–2, in the second round. In the quarterfinals, he then defeated [[Juan Mónaco]], 2–6, 7–5, 6–2, and then defeated [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]] 5–7, 6–1, 6–1, in the semifinals to advance to his second consecutive final at the [[Abierto Mexicano Telcel]]. He defeated compatriot [[Nicolás Almagro]] 7–6, 6–7, 6–2, for his second consecutive title in Acapulco and his eleventh career title overall.

Ferrer then traveled to Indian Wells to play in the [[2011 BNP Paribas Open]], where he was seeded no. 6. Due to his seeding, he received a bye into the second, where he lost to the big serving [[Ivo Karlović]] 6–7, 3–6. Ferrer then travelled to Miami to play in the [[2011 Sony Ericsson Open]], where he was seeded no. 6. Due to his seeding, he received a bye into the second round, where he defeated qualifier [[Igor Kunitsyn]] 6–2, 6–1, for a spot in the third round. In the third round, he defeated [[Somdev Devvarman]] 6–4, 6–2, and then defeated [[Marcel Granollers]] for a spot in the quarterfinals. However, in the quarterfinals, he fell to [[Mardy Fish]] 5–7, 2–6, and later said it was due to indigestion.

Ferrer then traveled to Europe to begin the clay-court season. His first tournament was the [[2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]], where he was seeded no. 4. Due to his seeding, he received a bye into the second round, where he defeated fellow Spaniard [[Feliciano López]] 6–2, 6–0. In the third round, he defeated [[Milos Raonic]] 6–1, 6–3, and then defeated [[Viktor Troicki]] for a spot in his second consecutive Monte Carlo semifinal. He dominated [[Jürgen Melzer]] in the semifinals 6–3, 6–2, to advance to his second Masters 1000 final, where he ultimately fell to [[Rafael Nadal]] 4–6, 5–7.

Ferrer then traveled back to Spain to play in the [[2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell]], where he was seeded no. 4. Due to his seeding, he received a by into the second round, where he beat [[Carlos Berlocq]] 6–2 6–2, and [[Victor Hănescu]] 6–3 6–2, in the third round to reach the quarterfinals. In the quarterfinals, he defeated [[Jürgen Melzer]] 6–3, 6–3, and then defeated [[Nicolás Almagro]] 6–3, 6–4, for a spot in his third Barcelona Final. However, in the final, he lost to [[Rafael Nadal]] 2–6, 4–6, for the second week in a row. Ferrer then traveled to Madrid to play in the [[2011 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]] as the no. 6 seed. Due to his seeding, he received a bye into the second round, where he defeated [[Adrian Mannarino]] 7–5, 0–6, 6–0. He then went on to play [[Sergiy Stakhovsky]], whom he defeated in straight sets. In the quarterfinals, Ferrer faced [[Novak Djokovic]], where he battled against the Serbian and lost 4–6, 6–4, 3–6. It was his first defeat in their four meetings on clay. Ferrer then pulled out of Rome, due to injury, but then traveled to Paris to play in the [[2011 French Open – Men's Singles|French Open]].

[[File:David Ferrer - 2011 Wimbledon(2).jpg|thumb|Ferrer at 2011 Wimbledon]]
At the French Open, Ferrer was seeded no. 7. He advanced with easy wins over [[Jarkko Nieminen]], [[Julien Benneteau]], and [[Sergiy Stakhovsky]], before ultimately falling to no. 9 seed [[Gaël Monfils]] 4–6, 6–2, 5–7, 6–1, 6–8. Due to his round of 16 appearance, Ferrer moved up to no. 6 in the world. Ferrer then took a month off, before traveling to London to play in the [[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2011 Wimbledon Championships]], as the no. 7 seed. In the first round, he defeated [[Benoît Paire]] 6–4, 6–4, 6–4, and then defeated [[Ryan Harrison (tennis)|Ryan Harrison]] 6–7, 6–1, 4–6, 6–3, 6–2. He then defeated [[Karol Beck]] 6–4, 6–3, 6–3, to advance to the round of 16. However, he fell to eventual semifinalist [[Jo Wilfried Tsonga]] 6–3, 6–4, 7–6.

After competing in two consecutive majors, Ferrer traveled to Sweden to play in the [[2011 Swedish Open]] as the no. 2 seed. He reached the semifinals, where he defeated [[Nicolás Almagro]] 6–1, 6–3, but lost to [[Robin Söderling]] 2–6, 2–6. Ferrer was then set to begin his summer hard-court series in Toronto, but pulled out with a hairline fracture of his left wrist. He healed in time to play in the [[2011 Western & Southern Open]] as the no. 5 seed. He won his second-round match against [[Grigor Dimitrov]] 4–6, 6–1, 7–5, before falling to [[Gilles Simon]] 4–6, 7–6, 4–6. Due to the result, Ferrer entered the top 5 in the ATP rankings again, becoming the world no. 5.

At the [[2011 US Open – Men's Singles|US Open]], he lost in the fourth round to [[Andy Roddick]] in four sets 3–6, 4–6, 6–3, 3–6. At the [[2011 Shanghai Rolex Masters]] Ferrer defeated [[Milos Raonic]], former [[World-number-one male tennis-player rankings|World No. 1]] [[Juan Carlos Ferrero]], former World No. 1 and tenth seed [[Andy Roddick]] and [[Feliciano López]] on his way to the final that he lost to second seed [[Andy Murray]] in straight sets. At the [[2011 ATP World Tour Finals]], Ferrer's first match was against world No. 3 [[Andy Murray]] and the Spaniard won it 6–4, 7–5. In his next match against World No. 1 [[Novak Djokovic]], Ferrer won 6–3, 6–1 in just 75 minutes, securing his spot in the semifinals. In the last game of the round robin, Ferrer lost to [[Tomáš Berdych]] in three sets 6–3, 5–7, 1–6. In the semifinal David faced the defending champion and World No. 3 [[Roger Federer]] and lost 5–7, 3–6. In the Davis Cup Final in December Ferrer won his match against [[Juan Martín del Potro]] 6–2, 6–7, 3–6, 6–4, 6–3.

=== 2012: First Masters Title ===
Ferrer started 2012 by participating in the [[2011 Mubadala World Tennis Championship (December) – Singles|Mubadala World Tennis Championship]] hold in [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. He defeated world no. 6 [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] and world no. 2 [[Rafael Nadal]] to reach his first final in the exhibition tournament. In the final he lost to world no. 1 [[Novak Djokovic]], 2–6, 1–6. He won his first tournament of 2012 in Auckland New Zealand at the Heineken Open ATP 250 (his third Auckland title, 12th titles overall to date) over [[Olivier Rochus]], 6–3, 6–4. At the [[2012 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2012 Australian Open]], Ferrer was seeded fifth and he defeated [[Rui Machado]], [[Ryan Sweeting]], 27th seed [[Juan Ignacio Chela]], and 17th seed [[Richard Gasquet]] on his way to the quarterfinals. He then faced world no. 1 [[Novak Djokovic]] and lost, 4–6, 6–7, 1–6.

[[File:Flickr - Carine06 - David Ferrer serve.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ferrer serving at Wimbledon]]
David was seeded first at the [[2012 Copa Claro – Singles|2012 Copa Claro]] tournament and won it, defeating 2011 champion and second seed [[Nicolás Almagro]], 4–6, 6–3, 6–2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1853102|title= David Ferrer beats Almagro to win Copa Claro|accessdate=27 February 2012}}</ref> It was Ferrer's second title of the year and 13th of his career. His third singles title of the year and 14th overall came in Acapulco, Mexico; a week after his win in Argentina, he beat fellow Spaniard [[Fernando Verdasco]] in the final, losing only three games. At the [[2012 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's Singles|2012 Sony Ericsson Open]], Ferrer beat [[Bernard Tomic]], [[Julien Benneteau]], and [[2009 US Open (tennis)|2009 US Open]] champion [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in straight sets to reach the quarterfinals, where he faced world no. 1 [[Novak Djokovic]]. Ferrer lost in staight sets, 1–6, 6–7

At the [[2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Singles|2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] he was seeded 5th, but was upset in his second-round match by Brazilian [[Thomaz Bellucci]]. The following week, Ferrer reached the final at the [[2012 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell – Singles|2012 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell]], after winning over [[Filip Krajinović]], [[Albert Montañés]], [[Feliciano López]], and [[Milos Raonic]]. He then lost the final to defending champion [[Rafael Nadal]]. At the [[2012 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's Singles|2010 Muatua Madrid Open]], held for the first time on blue clay, David defeated [[Radek Štěpánek]] and [[Nicolás Almagro]] on his way to the quarterfinals. He then faced world no. 3 and eventual champion [[Roger Federer]] and lost to him, 4–6, 4–6. At the [[2012 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's Singles|2012 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]], David was seeded fixth and defeated [[Fernando Verdasco]], [[Gilles Simon]], and [[Richard Gasquet]] on his way to the semifinals. There he lost to eventual champion [[Rafael Nadal]]. At the [[2012 French Open – Men's Singles|2012 French Open]], Ferrer lost only 25 games defeating [[Lukáš Lacko]], [[Benoît Paire]], [[Mikhail Youzhny]], and [[Marcel Granollers]] on his way to the quarterfinals. There he won over world no. 4 [[Andy Murray]] and reached his first Roland Garros semifinals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/top-stories/Murray-flattened-by-Ferrer-in-French-Open-quarterfinals/articleshow/13875211.cms|title=David Ferrer|accessdate=7 June 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> He then lost to defending champion [[Rafael Nadal]], 6–2, 6–2, 6–1.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-routs-David-Ferrer-to-reach-French-Open-final/articleshow/13933685.cms|title= David Ferrer|accessdate=8 June 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>

Ferrer won his fourth singles title of the year and 15th overall in [['s-Hertogenbosch]], Netherlands. He beat [[Pierre-Ludovic Duclos]], [[Leonardo Mayer]], [[Igor Sijsling]], [[Benoît Paire]], and [[Philipp Petzschner]] on his way to his second overall grass singles title. Ferrer then reached the quarterfinals of [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|Wimbledon]], defeating [[Dustin Brown (tennis)|Dustin Brown]], [[Kenny de Schepper]], [[Andy Roddick]], and [[Juan Martín del Potro]]. Ferrer made it to the last eight for the first time at the tenth attempt. Ferrer then went on to lose the match to [[Andy Murray]] in a four-set thriller.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/item/192979-andy-murray-david-ferrer-set-up-wimbledon-quarter-final-clash | title=Andy Murray, David Ferrer set-up Wimbledon quarter-final clash | date=3 July 2012}}</ref> David Ferrer entered the quarterfinals of [[Swedish Open]] by defeating [[Simone Bolelli]] of Italy, 6–4, 6–3.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/David-Ferrer-eases-into-Swedish-Open-quarters/articleshow/14832496.cms | title= David Ferrer eases into Swedish Open quarters| date=12 July 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> He eventually advanced to the finals, where he defeated countryman [[Nicolás Almagro]], 6–2, 6–2, for his fifth title of the year.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2012/07/15/ferrer-claims-second-bastad-title| title= Ferrer claims second Bastad title| date=15 July 2012 | work=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/David-Ferrer-wins-second-Swedish-Open-title/articleshow/14959543.cms | title= David Ferrer wins second Swedish Open title | date=15 July 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>

At the [[2012 US Open – Men's Singles|US Open]], Ferrer made it to his fourth career Grand Slam semifinal, where he lost in four sets to [[Novak Djokovic]]. The semifinal had to be played over two days because of the threat of a tornado on the final Saturday. He had previously defeated [[Kevin Anderson (tennis)|Kevin Anderson]], [[Igor Sijsling]], [[Lleyton Hewitt]], [[Richard Gasquet]], and [[Janko Tipsarević]] en route to the semis. Ferrer won his sixth title of the season in Valencia, defeating [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]] in the final. Ferrer won his first [[Masters 1000]] title in [[Paris Masters|Paris]] at the end of the season, beating [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] in the quarterfinals, [[Michaël Llodra]] in the semifinals, and [[Jerzy Janowicz]] in the final.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/David-Ferrer-clinches-first-Masters-title-in-Paris/articleshow/17090733.cms|title=
David Ferrer clinches first Masters title in Paris|accessdate=4 November 2012 | work=The Times Of India}}{{dead link|date=February 2013}}</ref> This was also his seventh ATP Tour-level title of the year, the most of any player that season. He also won more matches this year than any other player, male or female.

=== 2013: First Grand Slam Final & Reaching Top 3 ===
Ferrer started his [[2013 ATP World Tour|2013 season]] by successfully defending his [[2013 Heineken Open|Heineken Open]] title defeating [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]] 7–6(7–5), 6–1 and reached the semifinals at the [[2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2013 Australian Open]] for the second time in three years losing to [[Novak Djokovic]] 2-6, 2-6, 1-6. Following the continued absence of [[Rafael Nadal]] from the ATP Tour, Ferrer became the Spanish no. 1 for the first time in his career, re-entering the top 4 in the rankings on 28 January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-01-28/nadal-out-of-top-four-serena-williams-rises-on-rankings|title=Nadal Out of Top Four, Serena Williams Rises on Rankings|date=28 January 2013|work=Business Week}}</ref> Ferrer then won his second title of the year at the [[2013 Copa Claro|Copa Claro]] defeating [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] 6-4, 3-6, 6-1.<ref name="Copa Final">{{cite web|publisher=ESPN|title=David Ferrer rallies to win Copa Claro|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/7618543/david-ferrer-overcomes-nicolas-almagro-win-copa-claro|date=26 February 2013}}</ref> but lost to Nadal in the [[2013 Abierto Mexicano Telcel]] final in Acapulco winning only two games. He then suffered an early loss at the [[2013 BNP Paribas Open]], falling to [[Kevin Anderson (tennis)|Kevin Anderson]] in the second round after receiving a bye.

[[File:David Ferrer US Open 2013 4.jpg|thumb|left|Ferrer reaches his eighth consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal]]
He then reached the final of [[2013 Sony Open|Miami Masters]] after outlasting [[Jürgen Melzer]] 4-6, 6-3, 6-0 and [[Tommy Haas]] 4-6, 6-2, 6-3, which he lost to [[Andy Murray]] after holding a championship point in the deciding set, Ferrer moved back into the top four after the result.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-01/murray-beats-ferrer-to-win-miami-masters/4603154?section=sport |title=Murray beats Ferrer to win Miami Masters|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=2013-04-01 |accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref> Ferrer withdrew from Monte-Carlo and was upset by [[Dmitry Tursunov]] 5-7, 6-3, 1-6 at the [[2013 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell|Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell]]. Ferrer reached his fifth final of the year at the [[2013 Portugal Open|Portugal Open]] facing Wawrinka, but this time falling in straight sets to the Swiss.<ref name="Portugal final">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|title=Wawrinka beats Ferrer to win Portugal Open|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/05/05/stanislas-wawrinka-beats-david-ferrer-portugal-open/2136701/|date=5 May 2013|work=USA Today}}</ref>

He then lost to Nadal in back-to-back quarterfinals in the Masters event of [[2013 Mutua Madrid Open|Mutua Madrid Open]] and [[Internazionali BNL d'Italia]]. At the [[2013 French Open – Men's Singles|French Open]], Ferrer reached his first Grand Slam final without dropping a set. He defeated three of his compatriots, [[Albert Montañés]], [[Feliciano López]], and [[Tommy Robredo]] all in straight sets, to reach his sixth Grand Slam semifinal. He then defeated sixth seed [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] to reach the final, where he was defeated by compatriot and defending champion Rafael Nadal. Despite failing to win the title, Ferrer regained the world no. 4 spot from Nadal on the basis of earning more points than the previous year, while Nadal merely defended his.<ref name="French Open final">{{cite web|publisher=BBC|title=Rafael Nadal beats David Ferrer to win eighth French Open title|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/22826913|date=9 June 2013}}</ref>

At the [[2013 TOPSHELF Open]] in [['s-Hertogenbosch]], Ferrer went out in the first round to veteran Belgian [[Xavier Malisse]] despite being the defending champion. His next tournament was [[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|Wimbledon]] where he made it to the quarterfinals for the second consecutive year before falling to [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in straight sets. Ferrer had disastrous US Open tune-ups at the [[2013 Rogers Cup]] and [[2013 Western & Southern Open]] winning only a match losing to Russians [[Alex Bogomolov, Jr.]] in the second round and [[Dmitry Tursunov]] in the third round. He rebounded at the [[2013 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], he lost for the first time to [[Richard Gasquet]] in the quarterfinals in five sets despite taking the 3rd and 4th sets, in his first loss since 2008 to the Frenchman.<ref name="Ferrer US Open">{{cite web|publisher=ESPN|title=Richard Gasquet reverses fortune|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen13/story/_/id/9635479/us-open-richard-gasquet-reverses-fortunes-vs-david-ferrer|date=4 September 2013}}</ref>

He then reached another final, at the [[2013 If Stockholm Open|If Stockholm Open]] facing [[Grigor Dimitrov]], but lost in three sets to hand the Bulgarian his first title.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Daily Mail|title=Dimitrov wins first ATP Tour title after outlasting Ferrer in Sweden|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2469034/Grigor-Dimitrov-wins-ATP-Tour-title-beating-David-Ferrer-Sweden.html|date=20 October 2013|location=London|first=Mike|last=Dawes}}</ref> Ferrer then followed it up with another final appearance at the [[2013 Valencia Open 500|Valencia Open 500]], where he was the defending champion. However, he fell to Russian [[Mikhail Youzhny]] in straight sets.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Sports Illustrated|title=Youzhny overcomes top-seeded Ferrer to win Valencia Open|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/news/20131028/valencia-open-final-mikhail-youzhny-david-ferrer.ap/|date=28 October 2013}}</ref> He reached his third final in as many weeks at the [[2013 BNP Paribas Masters|BNP Paribas Masters]], where he was the defending champion after defeating world no. 1 Rafael Nadal, ending his nine-match losing streak to the Spaniard.<ref name="Bercy final">{{cite news|work=NY Times|title=Ferrer Beats Nadal to Reach Final in Paris|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/sports/tennis/ferrer-beats-nadal-to-reach-final-in-paris.html?_r=0|date=2 November 2013}}</ref> However, he lost to [[Novak Djokovic]] in straight sets, despite serving for each set in the tenth game. This was Ferrer's seventh consecutive loss in a final.<ref name="Bercy final">{{cite web|work=ESPN|title=Novak Djokovic wins sixth title of '13|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/9921519/novak-djokovic-edges-david-ferrer-paris-masters-final|date=3 November 2013}}</ref>

A big change in December was his parting with coach [[Javier Piles]], who had been his coach from the beginning of his career.<ref>[http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2013/12/ferrer-splits-coach-javier-piles/50045/ "Ferrer splits from coach Javier Piles"]</ref>

He didn't win a game at the year-end championships for a disappointing end to the year. However, he had his best year-end finish in the rankings at no. 3.

=== 2014 ===
Ferrer began his 2014 season losing to [[Daniel Brands]] in the second round of the Qatar Open. He reached the semifinals of the Heineken Open. In the semifinal, he was defeated by [[Lu Yen-hsun]]. Ferrer reached the quarterfinals of the [[2014 Australian Open]], where he lost to [[Tomas Berdych]] in four sets. In February, Ferrer successfully defended his title at the [[2014 Copa Claro]], which was his first title of the year. In [[2014 Rio Open]] semifinals, Ferrer was defeated by [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]] in straight sets. At the [[2014 Abierto Mexicano Telcel]] quarterfinals, Ferrer retired against [[Kevin Anderson (tennis)|Kevin Anderson]] due to leg injury.

Ferrer made his return in the [[2014 Sony Open Tennis]]. He reach the fourth round before losing to [[Kei Nishikori]] after squandering 4 match points. He made to semifinals in at the [[2014 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]], in the quarterfinals he beat [[Rafael Nadal]] for the first time in 10 years on clay before losing to [[Stanislas Wawrinka]] in the semifinals. He lost his opening match against [[Teymuraz Gabashvili]] in the [[2014 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell]]. Ferrer made to the semifinals of the [[2014 Mutua Madrid Open]] in the semifinals, he lost to [[Kei Nishikori]]. He was defeated by [[Novak Djokovic]] in the [[2014 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]].

== Playing style and reputation ==

[[File:David Ferrer Practice.jpg|thumb|David Ferrer practices at the US Open]]

Ferrer is noted for being one of the more dogged, agile, and fit players on the tour, and he has won many matches with consistent baseline play, great fitness, footspeed, and determination.<ref>[http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/169409.html "Djokovic dispatches Ferrer to set up Murray showdown"], ''ESPN'', 9 September 2012.</ref> Although he does not possess powerful [[groundstroke]]s like many of his contemporaries, his ability to keep the ball deep in play and move his opponents around the court has allowed him to be successful on all surfaces, especially on clay and hard courts. Ferrer's groundstrokes are both equally solid and consistent. Although he is not a great net player, Ferrer's foot speed allows him to quickly cut off his opponents' shots and volley whilst they're off balance. [[Darren Cahill]] has said that Ferrer and [[Novak Djokovic]] are the two best returners in the men's game, even surpassing former dominant return specialists like [[Andre Agassi]], who Cahill previously regarded as the best return specialist in the history of men's tennis. In 2007, [[Roger Federer]] regarded Ferrer as the best returner in the men's game.<ref name="DailyFixReturnGame">[http://blogs.wsj.com/dailyfix/2011/01/26/david-ferrers-elite-return-game/ "David Ferrer's Elite Return Game"], ''The Daily Fix'', 26 January 2011.</ref>

== Personal life ==
David Ferrer supports [[Valencia CF]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sp.davidferrer.com/bio/ |title=David Ferrer|publisher=Sp.davidferrer.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
{{main|David Ferrer career statistics}}

=== Grand Slam tournament performance timeline ===
{{Performance key}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!width=150|Tournament!!width=30|[[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!!width=30|[[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!!width=30|[[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!!width=30|[[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!!width=30|[[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!!width=30|[[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!!width=30|[[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]!!width=30|[[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]!!width=30|[[2010 ATP World Tour|2010]]!!width=30|[[2011 ATP World Tour|2011]]!!width=30|[[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]]!!width=30|[[2013 ATP World Tour|2013]]!!width=30|[[2014 ATP World Tour|2014]]!!width=45|SR!!width=50|W–L!!width=45|Win %
|-
| colspan="17" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Australian Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Australian Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Australian Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2008 Australian Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Australian Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2012 Australian Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2014 Australian Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|0 / 12
|32–12
|71.79
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|Q2
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 French Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 French Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2005 French Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 French Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 French Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2008 French Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 French Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 French Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 French Open – Men's Singles|SF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2013 French Open – Men's Singles|F]]
|
|0 / 11
|32–11
|74.42
|-
|align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|4R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|4R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|4R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|QF]]
|
|0 / 11
|24–11
|68.57
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2004 US Open – Men's Singles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 US Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 US Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2007 US Open – Men's Singles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 US Open – Men's Singles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 US Open – Men's Singles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Men's Singles|4R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 US Open – Men's Singles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 US Open – Men's Singles|QF]]
|
|0 / 11
|27–11
|71.05
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–Loss
!0–0
!2–4
!3–4
!6–4
!10–4
!11–4
!12–4
!7–4
!9–4
!14–4
!18–4
!19–4
!4–1
!0 / 45
!115–45
!71.61
|}

=== Significant finals ===

==== Grand Slam ====

'''Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)'''
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Outcome
!Year
!width=180|Championship
!Surface
!width=180|Opponent
!width=220|Score
|- style="background:#ebc2af;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2013 French Open – Men's Singles|2013]]||[[French Open]]||Clay||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rafael Nadal]]||3–6, 2–6, 3–6
|}

==== Year-End Championships ====

'''Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)'''
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Outcome
!Year
!width=180|Championship
!Surface
!width=180|Opponent
!width=220|Score
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2007 Tennis Masters Cup|2007]]||[[Shanghai]]||Hard (i)||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]]||2–6, 3–6, 2–6
|}

==== ATP Masters 1000 ====

'''Singles: 6 (1 title, 5 runners-up)'''
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Outcome
!Year
!width=180|Championship
!Surface
!width=180|Opponent
!width=220|Score
|- style="background:#ebc2af;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia|2010]]||[[Rome Masters|Rome]]||Clay||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rafael Nadal]]||5–7, 2–6
|- style="background:#ebc2af;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters|2011]]||[[Monte Carlo Masters|Monte Carlo]]||Clay||{{flagicon|ESP}} Rafael Nadal||4–6, 5–7
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2011 Shanghai Rolex Masters|2011]]||[[Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai]]||Hard||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Andy Murray]]||5–7, 4–6
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|bgcolor=98fb98|Winner||[[2012 BNP Paribas Masters|2012]]||[[BNP Paribas Masters|Paris]]||Hard (i)||{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Jerzy Janowicz]]||6–4, 6–3
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2013 Sony Open Tennis|2013]]||[[Miami Masters|Miami]]||Hard||{{flagicon|GBR}} Andy Murray||6–2, 4–6, 6–7(1–7)
|- style="background:#ccf;"
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Runner-up||[[2013 BNP Paribas Masters|2013]]||Paris||Hard (i)||{{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Novak Djokovic]]||5–7, 5–7
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.davidferrer.com/ Official Site]
* {{ATP|id=F401}}
* {{ITF male profile|number=10019850}}
* {{DavisCupplayerlink|id=10019850}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box|
|before={{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]]
|after={{flagicon|ESP}} [[Rafael Nadal]]
|title=[[Golden Bagel Award]]
|years=2007
}}
{{s-end}}

{{ATP Masters Series tournament winners}}
{{Top ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}}
{{Top ten male singles tennis players of countries belonging to Tennis Europe}}
{{Top ten Spanish male singles tennis players}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Ferrer, David
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Ferrer Ern, David
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Tennis player
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1982–04–02
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Jávea/Xàbia]], Spain
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrer, David}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players of Spain]]
[[Category:People from Xàbia]]
[[Category:Spanish male tennis players]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Valencian tennis players]]

Brooklyn Dodgers

2014-03-14T02:54:27Z

MichaelsProgramming: Undid revision 599525922 by 107.184.176.4 (talk); Vandalism

{{Hatnote|"Brooklyn Dodgers" redirects here. For other teams named Brooklyn Dodgers, see [[Brooklyn Dodgers (disambiguation)]].}}
:''For the history of the team from 1958 onward, see [[History of the Los Angeles Dodgers]]. For information on the franchise in general, see [[Los Angeles Dodgers]].''

The '''Brooklyn Dodgers''' were an American [[baseball]] team that was active in the [[Major League Baseball|major leagues]] from 1884 until 1957, after which it moved to [[Los Angeles]], where it continued [[History of the Los Angeles Dodgers|its history]] as the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's [[Tram|trolley]] street cars. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in [[South Brooklyn]], each named [[Washington Park (baseball)|Washington Park]], and at [[Eastern Park]] in the neighborhood of [[Brownsville, Brooklyn|Brownsville]] before moving to [[Ebbets Field]] in the neighborhood of [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Flatbush]] in 1913. The team is noted for signing [[Jackie Robinson]] in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues.<ref>Jackson, Kenneth T. The Encyclopedia of New York City, Second Edition, 2010. pp. 176-177</ref>

==Early Brooklyn baseball==
[[File:Champions of america.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The 1865 Atlantics were one of the first dynasties in organized baseball]]
[[Brooklyn]] was home to numerous [[baseball]] clubs in the mid-1850s. Eight of 16 participants in the [[National Association of Base Ball Players|first convention]] were from Brooklyn, including the [[Brooklyn Atlantics|Atlantic]], [[Brooklyn Eckfords|Eckford]], and [[Brooklyn Excelsiors|Excelsior]] clubs that combined to dominate play for most of the 1860s. Brooklyn helped make baseball commercial, as the locale of the first paid admission games, a series of three all star contests matching New York and Brooklyn in 1858. Brooklyn also featured the first two enclosed baseball grounds, the [[Union Grounds]] and the [[Capitoline Grounds]]; enclosed, dedicated ballparks accelerated the evolution from [[amateur]]ism to [[professional]]ism.

Despite the early success of Brooklyn clubs in the [[National Association of Base Ball Players]], officially amateur until 1869, they fielded weak teams in the succeeding [[National Association of Professional Base Ball Players]], the first professional league formed in 1871. The Excelsiors no longer challenged for the amateur championship after the Civil War and never entered the professional NA. The Eckfords and Atlantics declined to join until 1872 and thereby lost their best players; Eckford survived only one season and Atlantic four, with losing teams.

The [[National League]] replaced the NA in 1876 and granted exclusive territories to its eight members, excluding the Atlantics in favor of the [[New York Mutuals]], who had shared the same home grounds. When the Mutuals were expelled by the league, the [[Hartford Dark Blues]] club moved in, changed its name to '''The Brooklyn Hartfords'''<ref name = "Hartford Dark Blues">{{cite web | title = 1877 Hartford Dark Blues – Statistics and Roster | url = http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/HAR/1877.shtml | accessdate = 2008-09-22}}</ref> and played its home games at Union Grounds in 1877 before disbanding.

===The origin of the Dodgers===
The team currently known as the Dodgers was formed (as the "Brooklyn Grays") in 1883 by real estate magnate and baseball enthusiast [[Charlie Byrne (baseball)|Charles Byrne]], who convinced his brother-in-law [[Joseph Doyle (baseball)|Joseph Doyle]] and casino operator [[Ferdinand Abell]] to start the team with him. Byrne set up a grandstand on Fifth Avenue and named it [[Washington Park (baseball)|Washington Park]] in honor of [[George Washington]]. The team played in the minor [[International League|Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs]] that first season. Doyle became the first manager of the team, which drew 6,000 fans to its first home game on May 12, 1883 against the [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]] team. The team won the league title after the Camden Merritt club disbanded on July 20 and Brooklyn picked up some of its better players. The Grays were invited to join the [[American Association (19th century)|American Association]] for the following season.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=o3V21Ug-9t0C&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=interstate+association+1883+brooklyn&source=web&ots=lnxrWQurDQ&sig=rfQGzn7xGNH_YwmrRXbx2rzscPY#PPA12,M1 The Giants and the Dodgers: four ... - Andrew Goldblatt - Google Boeken]</ref>

After winning the AA championship in 1889, the team moved to the [[National League]] and won the 1890 NL Championship, the only Major League team to win consecutive championships in two different leagues.<ref>{{cite book|last=Okrent|first=Daniel|title=The Ultimate Baseball Book|year=1988|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|location=Boston, USA|isbn=0395361451|pages=352}}</ref> Their success during this period was partly attributed to their absorbing the players of the defunct [[New York Metropolitans]] and [[Brooklyn Ward's Wonders]]. In 1899, the Dodgers merged with the [[Baltimore Orioles (19th century)|Baltimore Orioles]], as Baltimore manager [[Ned Hanlon (baseball)|Ned Hanlon]] became the club's new skipper and [[Charles Ebbets]] became the primary owner of the team.

===The team's nickname===
[[File:LA 1133.png|thumb|225px|right|Logo of the Brooklyn Dodgers/Superbas from 1910 through 1913]]
By 1890, New Yorkers (Brooklyn was a separate city until it became a borough of [[City of Greater New York|Greater New York]] in 1898) routinely called anyone from Brooklyn a "trolley dodger", due to the vast network of street car lines criss-crossing the borough as people dodged trains to cross the streets. When the second Washington Park burned down early in the 1891 season, the team moved to nearby Eastern Park, which was bordered on two sides by street car tracks. This was when the team was first called the '''Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers'''. The nickname was still new enough in 1895 that a newspaper could report that, "'Trolley Dodgers' is the new name which eastern baseball cranks [fans] have given the Brooklyn club."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86071868/1895-09-13/ed-1/seq-2/;words=Trolley+dodger?date1=1891&sort=date&date2=1896&searchType=basic&state=&rows=20&proxtext=trolley+dodgers&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=0|accessdate=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Roanoke Times|date=September 13, 1895}}</ref> The name was soon shortened to '''Brooklyn Dodgers'''.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1890's">{{cite web | title = Dodgers Timeline | url = http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline01.jsp | publisher = Los Angeles Dodgers | accessdate = 2008-09-22}}</ref> Possibly because of the "street character" nature of Jack Dawkins, the "[[Artful Dodger]]" in [[Charles Dickens]]' ''[[Oliver Twist]]'',{{dubious|date=October 2013}} sportswriters in the early 20th century began referring to the Dodgers as the "Bums".

Other team names used by the franchise which would finally be called the Dodgers were the Grays, the Grooms, the Bridegrooms, the Superbas and the Robins. All of these nicknames were used by fans and sportswriters to describe the team, but not in any official capacity. The team's legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club.<ref>{{cite web | title = Brooklyn Ball Parks | url = http://www.covehurst.net/ddyte/brooklyn/dodgers.html | publisher = BrooklynBallParks.com | accessdate = 2008-10-09}}</ref> However, the Trolley Dodger nickname was used throughout this period, along with these other nicknames, by fans and sportswriters of the day. The team did not use the name in any formal sense until 1932, when the word "Dodgers" appeared on jerseys for the team.<ref name="National Baseball Hall of Fame">{{cite web | title = Dressed to the Nines uniform database | url = http://exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org/dressed_to_the_nines/uniforms.asp?league=NL&city=Brooklyn&lowYear=1930&highYear=1940&sort=year&increment=9 | publisher = National Baseball Hall of Fame | accessdate = 2008-10-08}}</ref> The "conclusive shift" came in 1933, when both home and road jerseys for the team bore the name "Dodgers".<ref name="LeonardBernardo">{{cite book|first=Leonard|last=Bernado|first2=Jennifer|last2=Weiss|year=2006|title=Brooklyn By Name: From Bedford-Stuyvesant to Flatbush Avenue, And From Ebbets Field To Williamsburg|location=New York|publisher=New York University Press|page=81}}</ref>

Examples of how the many popularized names of the team were used interchangeably are available from newspaper articles from the period before 1932. A ''[[New York Times]]'' article describing a game the Dodgers played in 1916 starts out by referring to how "Jimmy Callahan, pilot of the Pirates, did his best to wreck the hopes the Dodgers have of gaining the National League pennant", but then goes on to comment "the only thing that saved the Superbas from being toppled from first place was that the Phillies lost one of the two games played".<ref>{{cite news | title = Buccaneers Rout Sleepy Superbas | url = http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E04EFDA1F31E733A05757C1A96F9C946796D6CF | publisher = New York Times | accessdate = 2008-10-08 | format=PDF | date=1916-09-14}}</ref> Most baseball statistics sites and baseball historians generally now refer to the pennant-winning 1916 Brooklyn team as the Robins. A 1918 New York Times article does use the nickname Robins in its title "Buccaneers Take Last From Robins", but the subtitle of the article reads "Subdue The Superbas By 11 To 4, Making Series An Even Break".<ref>{{cite news | title = Buccaneers Take Last From Robins | url = http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C00E3DA103BEE3ABC4152DFB3668383609EDE | publisher = New York Times | accessdate = 2008-10-08 | format=PDF | date=1918-05-19}}</ref>

Another example of the interchangeability of the different nicknames is found on the program issued at Ebbets Field for the [[1920 World Series]], which identifies the matchup in the series as "Dodgers vs. Indians", despite the fact that the Robins nickname had been in consistent usage at this point for around six years.<ref>[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1920_World_Series_program.jpg File:1920 World Series program.jpg - Wikimedia Commons]</ref>

==Rivalry with the Giants==
{{Main|Dodgers–Giants rivalry}}
The historic and heated rivalry between the Dodgers and the [[San Francisco Giants|Giants]] is more than a century old. It began when the Dodgers and Giants faced each other in the 1889 World Series, the ancestor of the Subway Series, and both played in separate cities (the Dodgers in Brooklyn and the Giants in New York City [[Manhattan]]). When both franchises moved to [[California]] after the 1957 season, the rivalry was easily transplanted, as the cities of [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Francisco]] have long been rivals in economics, culture, and politics.

==="Uncle Robbie” and the "Daffiness Boys"===
Manager [[Wilbert Robinson]], another former [[Baltimore Orioles (19th century)|Oriole]], popularly known as “Uncle Robbie", restored the Brooklyn team to respectability. His "Brooklyn Robins" reached the [[1916 World Series|1916]] and [[1920 World Series]], losing both, but contending perennially for several seasons.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1910's">{{cite web | title = Dodgers Timeline | url = http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline03.jsp | publisher = Los Angeles Dodgers | accessdate = 2008-09-22}}</ref> Charles Ebbets and Ed McKeever died within a week of each other in 1925, and Robbie was named president while still field manager.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1920's">{{cite web | title = Dodgers Timeline | url = http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline04.jsp | publisher = Los Angeles Dodgers | accessdate = 2008-09-22}}</ref> Upon assuming the title of president, however, Robinson’s ability to focus on the field declined, and the teams of the late 1920s were often fondly referred to as the "Daffiness Boys" for their distracted, error-ridden style of play.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1930's">{{cite web | title = Dodgers Timeline | url = http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/timeline05.jsp | publisher = Los Angeles Dodgers | accessdate = 2008-09-22}}</ref> Outfielder [[Babe Herman]] was the leader both in hitting and in zaniness. The signature Dodger play from this era occurred when three players—[[Dazzy Vance]], [[Chick Fewster]], and Herman—all ended up at third base at the same time. (The play is often remembered as Herman "tripling into a triple play," though by rule only two of the three players were declared out and Herman was actually credited with a double rather than a triple.) After his removal as club president, Robinson returned to managing, and the club’s performance rebounded somewhat.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1930's"/>

When Robinson retired in 1931, he was replaced as manager by [[Max Carey]].<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1930's"/> Although some suggested renaming the "Robins" the "Brooklyn Canaries", after Carey (whose last name was originally "Carnarius"), the name "Brooklyn Dodgers" returned to stay following Robinson's retirement.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1930's"/> It was during this era that [[Willard Mullin]], a noted sports [[cartoonist]], fixed the Brooklyn team with the lovable nickname of '''"Dem Bums"'''. After hearing his cab driver ask, "So how did those bums do today?", Mullin decided to sketch an exaggerated version of famed circus clown [[Emmett Kelly]] to represent the Dodgers in his much-praised cartoons in the ''[[New York World-Telegram]]''. Both image and nickname caught on, so much so that many a Dodger yearbook cover, from 1951 through 1957, featured a Willard Mullin illustration of the Brooklyn Bum.

Perhaps the highlight of the Daffiness Boys era came after Wilbert Robinson left the dugout.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1930's"/> In [[1934 in baseball|1934]], Giants player/manager [[Bill Terry]] was asked about the Dodgers’ chances in the coming pennant race and cracked infamously, "Is Brooklyn still in the league?" Managed now by [[Casey Stengel]] (who played for the Dodgers in the 1910s and would go on to greatness managing the [[New York Yankees]]),<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1930's"/> the [[1934 Brooklyn Dodgers season|1934]] Dodgers were determined to make their presence felt. As it happened, the season entered its final games with the [[1934 New York Giants season|Giants]] tied with the [[1934 St. Louis Cardinals season|St. Louis Cardinals]] for the pennant, with the Giants’ remaining games against the Dodgers. Stengel led his Bums to the [[Polo Grounds]] for the showdown, and they beat the Giants twice to knock them out of the pennant race.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1930's"/> The "[[Gashouse Gang]]" Cardinals nailed the pennant by beating the [[Cincinnati Reds]] those same two days.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1930's"/>

One key development during this era was the 1938 appointment of [[Larry MacPhail|Leland "Larry" MacPhail]] as Dodgers' general manager.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1930's"/> MacPhail, who brought night baseball to MLB as general manager of the Reds, also introduced Brooklyn to night baseball and ordered the successful refurbishing of Ebbets Field.<ref name="Dodgers Timeline - 1930's"/> He also brought Reds voice [[Red Barber]] to Brooklyn as the Dodgers' lead announcer in 1939, just after MacPhail broke the New York baseball executives' agreement to ban live baseball broadcasts, enacted because of the fear of what effect the radio calls would have on the home teams' attendance.

MacPhail remained with the Dodgers until 1942, when he returned to the Armed Forces for [[World War II]]. He later became one of the Yankees' co-owners, bidding unsuccessfully for Barber to join him in the Bronx as announcer.

The first major-league baseball game to be [[Television|televised]] was [[1939 Brooklyn Dodgers season|Brooklyn]]'s 6–1 victory over [[1939 Cincinnati Reds season|Cincinnati]] at Ebbets Field on August 26, 1939. [[Batting helmet]]s were introduced to Major League Baseball by the Dodgers in 1941.

==Breaking the color barrier==
[[File:Jrobinson.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jackie Robinson]].]]
For most of the first half of the 20th century, no Major League Baseball team employed a black player. A parallel system of [[Negro league baseball|Negro Leagues]] developed, but most of the Negro League players were denied a chance to prove their skill before a national audience. [[Jackie Robinson]] became the first African-American to play Major League baseball in the 20th Century when he played his first major league game on April 15, 1947 as a member of the Dodgers. Robinson's entry into the league was mainly due to General Manager [[Branch Rickey]]'s efforts. The deeply religious Rickey's motivation appears to have been primarily moral, although business considerations were also present. Rickey was a member of [[The Methodist Church (USA)|The Methodist Church]], the antecedent denomination to [[The United Methodist Church]] of today, which was a strong advocate for [[social justice]] and active later in the [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|Civil Rights movement]].<ref name="[[The New York Times]] - Branch Rickey">{{cite news | title=Branch Rickey, 83, Dies in Missouri |url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1220.html|publisher=|accessdate=2008-12-29 | work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Besides selecting Robinson for his exceptional baseball skills, Rickey also considered Robinson's outstanding personal character, his UCLA education and rank of captain in the army in his decision, since he knew that [[booing|boos]], taunts, and criticism would be directed at Robinson and that Robinson would have to be tough enough to withstand this abuse without attempting to retaliate.<ref>{{cite book|title=Superstars and Screwballs: 100 Years of Brooklyn Baseball|first=Richard|last=Goldstein|authorlink=Richard Goldstein (writer born 1942)|location=New York|publisher=Dutton|year=1991}}</ref>

The inclusion of Robinson on the team also led the Dodgers to move its [[spring training]] site. Prior to 1946, the Dodgers held their spring training in [[Jacksonville, Florida]]. However, the city's stadium refused to host an exhibition game with the [[Montreal Royals]] – the Dodgers’ own farm club – on whose roster Robinson appeared at the time, citing segregation laws. Nearby [[Sanford, Florida|Sanford]] similarly declined. Ultimately, City Island Ballpark in [[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]] agreed to host the game with Robinson on the field. The team would travel to Havana, Cuba for spring training in 1947, this time with Robinson on the big club. Although the Dodgers ultimately built Dodgertown and its [[Holman Stadium (Vero Beach)|Holman Stadium]] further south in [[Vero Beach, Florida|Vero Beach]], and played there for 61 spring training seasons from 1948 through 2008, Daytona Beach would rename City Island Ballpark to [[Jackie Robinson Ballpark]] in his honor.

This event was the continuation of the integration of professional sports in the United States, with professional football having led the way in 1946, with the concomitant demise of the [[Negro league baseball|Negro Leagues]], and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American civil rights movement. Robinson was an exceptional player, a speedy [[stolen base|runner]] who sparked the team with his intensity. He was the inaugural recipient of the [[Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award|Rookie of the Year]] award, which is now named the Jackie Robinson award in his honor. The Dodgers' willingness to integrate, when most other teams refused to, was a key factor in their 1947–1956 success. They won six pennants in those 10 years with the help of Robinson, three-time MVP [[Roy Campanella]], Cy Young Award winner [[Don Newcombe]], [[Jim Gilliam]], and [[Joe Black]]. Robinson would eventually go on to become the first African-American elected to the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] in 1962.

=="Wait ’til next year!"==
After the wilderness years of the 1920s and 1930s, the Dodgers were rebuilt into a contending club first by general manager [[Larry MacPhail]] and then the legendary [[Branch Rickey]]. Led by [[Jackie Robinson]], [[Pee Wee Reese]], and [[Gil Hodges]] in the infield, [[Duke Snider]] and [[Carl Furillo]] in the outfield, [[Roy Campanella]] behind the plate, and [[Don Newcombe]], [[Carl Erskine]], and [[Preacher Roe]] on the pitcher's mound, the Dodgers won pennants in {{wsy|1941}}, {{wsy|1947}}, {{wsy|1949}}, {{wsy|1952}}, and {{wsy|1953}}, only to fall to the [[New York Yankees]] in all five of the subsequent World Series.
The annual ritual of building excitement, followed in the end by disappointment, became a common pattern to the long suffering fans, and '''"Wait ’til next year!"''' became an unofficial Dodger slogan.

While the Dodgers generally enjoyed success during this period, in {{by|1951}} they fell victim to one of the largest collapses in the history of baseball.<ref name="Lies, Damned Lies">{{cite news | last = Silver | first = Nate | publisher = Baseball Prospectus | title = Lies, Damned Lies | url = http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=6764 | date = 2007-09-27 | accessdate = 2008-09-22 | authorlink = Nate Silver}}</ref> On August 11, [[1951 Brooklyn Dodgers season|1951]], Brooklyn led the National League by an enormous 13½ games over their archrivals, the [[1951 New York Giants (MLB) season|Giants]]. While the Dodgers went 26–22 from that time until the end of the season, the Giants went on an absolute tear, winning an amazing 37 of their last 44 games, including their last seven in a row. At the end of the season the Dodgers and the Giants were tied for first place, forcing a three-game playoff for the pennant. The Giants took Game 1 by a score of 3–1 before being shut out by the Dodgers' [[Clem Labine]] in Game 2, 10–0. It all came down to the final game, and Brooklyn seemed to have the pennant locked up, holding a 4–2 lead in the bottom of the ninth inning. Giants outfielder, [[Bobby Thomson]], however, hit a stunning three-run [[walk-off home run]] off the Dodgers' [[Ralph Branca]] to secure the NL Championship for New York. To this day Thomson's home run is known as the [[Shot Heard 'Round the World (baseball)|Shot Heard 'Round The World]].

In 1955, by which time the core of the Dodger team was beginning to age, "next year" finally came. The fabled "Boys of Summer" shot down the "Bronx Bombers" in seven games,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/51141/1955-world-series-rare-never-seen|title= 1955 World Series: Rare, Never-Seen|publisher= LIFE.com}}</ref> led by the first-class pitching of young left-hander [[Johnny Podres]], whose key pitch was a [[changeup]] known as "pulling down the lampshade" because of the arm motion used right when the ball was released.<ref name = "MLBTickets">{{cite web | title = Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball | url = http://www.mlb-tickets.net/los-angeles-dodgers.html | year = 2006 | accessdate = 2008-09-22}}{{dead link|date=December 2011}}</ref> Podres won two Series games, including the deciding seventh. The turning point of Game 7 was a spectacular double play that began with left fielder [[Sandy Amoros]] running down [[Yogi Berra]]’s long fly ball, then throwing to [[shortstop]] [[Pee Wee Reese]], who doubled up a surprised [[Gil McDougald]] at first base to preserve the Dodger lead. The Dodgers won 2–0.

Although the [[1956 Brooklyn Dodgers season|Dodgers]] lost the World Series to the [[1956 New York Yankees season|Yankees]] in {{wsy|1956}} (during which the Yankees pitcher [[Don Larsen]] pitched the only World Series [[perfect game]] in baseball history, and the only post-season no-hitter for the next 54 years), it hardly seemed to matter. Brooklyn fans had their memory of triumph, and soon that would be all they were left with – a victory that decades later would be remembered in the [[Billy Joel]] single "[[We Didn't Start the Fire]]", which included the line, "Brooklyn's got a winning team."

==Move to California==
Real estate businessman [[Walter O'Malley]] had acquired majority ownership of the Dodgers in 1950, when he bought the shares of his co-owners, Branch Rickey and the estate of the late John L. Smith. Before long he was working to buy new land in Brooklyn to build a more accessible and better arrayed ballpark than [[Ebbets Field]]. Beloved as it was, Ebbets Field had grown old and was not well served by infrastructure, to the point where the Dodgers could not sell the park out even in the heat of a pennant race (despite largely dominating the league from [[1946 in baseball|1946]] to [[1957 in baseball|1957]]).

New York City Construction Coordinator [[Robert Moses]], however, sought to force O'Malley into using a site in [[Flushing Meadows Park|Flushing Meadows]], [[Queens]] – the site for what eventually became [[Shea Stadium]]. Moses's vision involved a city-built, city-owned park, which was greatly at odds with O'Malley's real-estate savvy. When it became clear to O'Malley that he was not going to be allowed to buy any suitable land in Brooklyn, he began thinking elsewhere.

O'Malley was free to purchase land of his own choosing but needed Robert Moses to condemn land along the Atlantic Railroad Yards (O'Malley's preferred choice) in downtown Brooklyn under Title I authority. Title I gave the city municipality power to condemn land for the purpose of building what it calls "public purpose" projects. Moses's interpretation of "public purpose" was to build public parks, public housing and public highways/bridges. What O'Malley wanted was for Moses to use this authority rather than pay market value for the land. With Title I, the city, aka Robert Moses, could have sold the land to O'Malley at a below market price. Robert Moses refused to honor O'Malley's request and responded by saying, "If you want the land so bad, why don't you purchase it with your own money?"<ref>{{cite book|title=The Dodgers Move West|first=Neil J.|last=Sullivan}}</ref>

Meanwhile, non-stop transcontinental air travel had become routine during the years since the [[Second World War]], and teams were no longer bound by much slower railroad timetables. Because of these transportation advances, it became possible to locate teams further apart – as far west as California – while maintaining the same game schedules.

When Los Angeles officials attended the [[1956 World Series]] looking to entice a team to move to the [[Los Angeles|City of Angels]], they were not even thinking of the Dodgers. Their original target had been the Washington Senators (who would in fact move to [[Bloomington, Minnesota]] to become the [[Minnesota Twins]] in [[1961 in baseball|1961]]). At the same time, O'Malley was looking for a contingency in case Moses and other New York politicians refused to let him build the Brooklyn stadium he wanted, and sent word to the Los Angeles officials that he was interested in talking. Los Angeles offered him what New York would not: a chance to buy land suitable for building a ballpark, and own that ballpark, giving him complete control over all its revenue streams.

Meanwhile, Giants owner [[Horace Stoneham]] was having similar difficulty finding a replacement for his team's antiquated home stadium, the [[Polo Grounds]]. Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minneapolis, but was persuaded instead to move them to San Francisco, ensuring that the Dodgers would have a National League rival closer than St. Louis. So the two arch-rival teams, the Dodgers and Giants, moved out to the West Coast together after the 1957 season.

The Brooklyn Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24, [[1957 in baseball|1957]], which the [[1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season|Dodgers]] won 2–0 over the [[1957 Pittsburgh Pirates season|Pittsburgh Pirates]].

On April 18, [[1958 in baseball|1958]], the Los Angeles Dodgers played their first game in LA, defeating the former New York and now new [[1958 San Francisco Giants season|San Francisco Giants]], 6–5, before 78,672 fans at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN195804180.shtml|title= Giants 5 Dodgers 6 (Boxscore)|date=|work=Baseball Reference|accessdate=2009-11-10}}</ref> Sadly, catcher [[Roy Campanella]], left partially paralyzed in an off-season accident, was never able to play for Los Angeles.

A [[2007 in film|2007]] [[HBO]] film, ''[[Brooklyn Dodgers: The Ghosts of Flatbush]]'', is a documentary covering the Dodgers history from early days to the beginning of the Los Angeles era. In the film the story is related that O'Malley was so hated by Brooklyn Dodger fans, after the move to California, that it was said, "If you asked a Brooklyn Dodger fan, if you had a gun with only two bullets in it and were in a room with Hitler, Stalin and O'Malley, who would you shoot? The answer: O'Malley, twice!"

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==Other reading==
*{{cite book|first=Dennis|last=D’Agostino|first2=Bonnie|last2=Crosby|title=Through a Blue Lens: The Brooklyn Dodgers Photographs of Barney Stein, 1937–1957|publisher=Triumph Books}}

{{MLBHistory}}
{{Los Angeles Dodgers}}
{{Subway Series}}

[[Category:Brooklyn Dodgers]]
[[Category:History of Major League Baseball by team|Brooklyn Dodgers]]

Waterfront Trail

2013-12-26T07:56:26Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Cities */ Reverse Gananoque and Brockville. Gananoque is west of Brockville, and so should be placed before Brockville.

{{Infobox hiking trail
|name=Waterfront Trail
|photo=The Waterfront Trail, Sign in Toronto.JPG
|caption=A sign demarcating The Waterfront Trail in Toronto, Canada
|location=[[Southern Ontario]]
|designation=
|length_km=
|trailheads=[[Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario]] [[Brockville, Ontario]]
|use=Biking, hiking, inline skating
|elev_change=
|highest=
|lowest=
|difficulty=
|season=
|months=
|sights=
|hazards=
}}

[[Image:CanadaWaterfrontTrailLogo.png|thumb|right|Logo of The Waterfront Trail]]The '''Waterfront Trail''' refers to an interconnected series of trails along the shores of [[Lake Ontario]] in Canada, currently beginning in [[Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario]] and extending to [[Brockville, Ontario]], with an extension along [[Highway 2 (Ontario)|Former Highway 2]], to the [[Quebec]] provincial border. Through Toronto, the trail is called the [[Martin Goodman Trail]]. The Waterfront Trail is also used by [[commuters]] in parts of Southern Ontario.<ref>[http://www.waterfronttrail.org/trail-facts.html#FAQUses Trail usage] at WaterfrontTrail.org</ref>

== Expansion and future plans ==

In October of 2013, Premier of Ontario Kathleen Wynne announced government support for expansion of the trail system to better connect the [[2015 Pan Am Games]] venues and community.

<blockquote>"I want to ensure that all of the people of this province benefit from our investments in the Pan Am and Parapan Am Games, because that is how we can grow as One Ontario. Extending our trails system and connecting more communities is a great way for the excitement of the Games to live on well beyond 2015." Kathleen Wynne, Premier of Ontario, October 3rd, 2013<ref>[http://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2013/10/ontario-expanding-trails-in-time-for-the-peoples-games.html Trail Expansion] announcement. Retrieved 2013-10-03.</ref></blockquote>

The announcement ensures that "the province will work with [[First Nation]] and [[Métis]] communities and organizations to incorporate Aboriginal markers along the trails to honour the history and culture of Aboriginal communities in Ontario."

Trails will connect to four major Pan Am and Parapan Am Games venues – CIBC Pan Am/Parapan Am Athletes' Village, CIBC Pan Am Park, CIBC Hamilton Soccer Stadium and Pan Am/Parapan Am Fields.

All consultations related to Pan Am/Parapan Am trails will address accessibility requirements under the [[Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act]].

In November of 2014, two waterfront-design firms were selected to reimagine the space at the former [[Ontario Place]] grounds in Toronto to incorporate a broader mandate for greenspace and parkland.<ref> When completed in 2015, the new park will link to the existing Waterfront Trail.
{{cite web
|url= http://www.citynews.ca/2013/11/12/design-firm-hired-for-ontario-place-urban-park-and-waterfront-trail/
|title= Design firm hired for Ontario Place urban park and waterfront trail
|accessdate=2013-11-13
|work= ''[[CityNews Toronto]]''
|publisher=
|date= 2013-12-11}}</ref>

==Uses==
*[[Hiking|Walking/Hiking]]
*[[Running]]
*[[Cycling]]
*[[Inline skating]]
*[[Skateboarding]]
*[[Mobility scooter]]s
*[[Mountain biking]]

==Cities==
[[Image:Waterfront Trail Budapest Park Toronto.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Waterfront Trail as it passes Budapest Park in [[Toronto]].]]
[[Image:Humber-bridge night.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Humber Bay Arch Bridge]] carries the waterfront trail over the Humber River in Toronto]]
This is a list of cities that the Waterfront Trail passes through, starting in Niagara-on-the-Lake, and terminating in Brockville.
''major centers are listed here''
*[[Niagara-on-the-Lake]]
*[[St. Catharines]], [[Ontario]]
*[[Grimsby, Ontario|Grimsby]]
*[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
*[[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]]
*[[Oakville, Ontario|Oakville]]
*[[Mississauga]]
*[[Toronto]]
*[[Pickering, Ontario|Pickering]]
*[[Ajax, Ontario|Ajax]]
*[[Whitby, Ontario|Whitby]]
*[[Oshawa]]
*[[Clarington, Ontario|Clarington]]
*[[Port Hope, Ontario|Port Hope]]
*[[Cobourg, Ontario|Cobourg]]
*[[Trenton, Ontario|Trenton]]
*[[Belleville, Ontario|Belleville]]
*[[Greater Napanee, Ontario|Greater Napanee]]
*[[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]]
*[[Gananoque]]
*[[Brockville]]
*[[Cornwall, Ontario|Cornwall]]

==Notable Waypoints==
===The Beaches===
* '''Location''': {{coord|43|39|20.12|N|79|18|40.21|W|type:landmark_region:CA|name=The Beaches}}

[[The Beaches]] community in eastern Toronto is an important location on the trail, being one of the only neighbourhoods in [[Toronto]] with residential homes next to the lakeshore. The Beach itself is a popular destination, hosting games of [[beach volleyball]], and attracting many cyclists and rollerbladers. North of the waterfront are many small stores and restaurants along Queen Street and [[The Danforth]]. From the Beaches, the trail, called the [[Martin Goodman Trail]], runs west along the [[Toronto waterfront]] for its entire length, with only a few sections on city streets. Currently, there isn't any path running east along the waterfront from the Beaches.

===Port Credit===
* '''Location''': {{coord|43|33|02|N|79|35|10|W|type:landmark_region:CA|name=Port Credit}}

[[Port Credit, Ontario|Port Credit]] straddles the Credit River with a mix of residential and commercial development along the trail. Most of the trail is separated from traffic with the exception of some residential streets at the east end near the [[Adamson Estate]].

===Spencer Smith Park===
* '''Location''': {{coord|44|5|33|N|79|31|7|W|type:landmark_region:CA|name=Spencer Smith Park}}

[[Spencer Smith Park]] at [[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]] is a prime example of the evolution of [[mixed-use development]] and city planning in the [[Greater Toronto Area]]. In 2006, the park became a symbol of the ongoing effort to reclaim the [[Lake Ontario]] shoreline after the latest phase of redevelopment featured the opening of [[Spencer's (restaurant)|Spencer's]], an upscale restaurant on grounds once occupied by the [[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]] [[Burloak Canoe Club|Canoe Club]].

Individuals and groups can sometimes be seen performing [[yoga]], [[T'ai chi ch'uan|T'ai chi]] and other arts at the public [[gazebo]] here. In addition, Spencer Smith Park hosts the annual [[Burlington Sound of Music|Sound Of Music]] festival, a longtime tradition and celebration for Halton and surrounding areas.

===1000 Islands===
* '''Location''': {{coord|44|20|19|N|76|8|1|W|type:landmark_region:CA|name=1000 Islands Bikepath}}
The 1000 Islands Bikepath is a 37 kilometre trail running parallel to the Parkway between Gananoque and Brockville, forming a section of the Waterfront Trail.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadatrails.ca/tct/on/1000islands.html |title=1000 Islands Bikepath |accessdate=2008-02-12 |work=Canada Trails}}</ref>

== Facts and figures ==

'''Length'''
*450 km (280 miles) designated (signed)
*290 km (180 miles) undesignated (signage yet to be installed and/or gaps in alignment)

'''Includes'''
*31 communities
*182 [[park]]s and natural areas
*152 arts and culture heritage attractions
*37 major annual waterfront [[festival]]s
*170 [[marina]]s and yacht clubs

== Footnotes ==

<references/>
==External links==
{{Commonscat|Waterfront Trail}}
*[http://www.waterfronttrail.org/ The Waterfront Trail], ''official site''
*[http://www.trailart.org/ The Waterfront Trail Artists]

{{Canadian Trails}}

[[Category:Hiking trails in Ontario]]
[[Category:Bike paths in Ontario]]

MythBusters (2005 season)

2013-08-04T22:07:58Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Breaking Glass */ Fix link to Freight Train

{{Infobox television season
| season_name = MythBusters (2005 season)
| bgcolour = #CC99FF
| fgcolour =
| image =
| caption =
| show_name = [[MythBusters]]
| dvd_release_date =
| dvd_format =
| country = Australia United States
| network = [[Discovery Channel]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2005|2|2}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2005|11|16}}
| num_episodes = 26 (includes 7 specials)
| prev_season = [[MythBusters (2004 season)|2004 season]]
| next_season = [[MythBusters (2006 season)|2006 season]]
| episode_list = [[List of MythBusters episodes]]
}}
{{wikiquotepar|MythBusters}}
The cast of the television series ''[[MythBusters]]'' perform experiments to verify or debunk [[urban legend]]s, [[old wives' tale]]s, and the like. This is a list of the various myths tested on the show as well as the results of the experiments (the myth is [[MythBusters#Outcomes of the experiments|Busted, Plausible, or Confirmed]]).

== Episode overview ==
<onlyinclude>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; margin:auto; background:#FFFFFF;"
|-
! style="background-color: #CC99FF; color:#000; text-align: center;"|No. in series
!! style="background-color: #CC99FF; color:#000; text-align: center;"|No. in season
!! style="background-color: #CC99FF; color:#000; text-align: center;"|Title
!! style="background-color: #CC99FF; color:#000; text-align: center;"|Original air date
!! style="background-color: #CC99FF; color:#000; text-align: center;"|Overall episode No.
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = SP2
|EpisodeNumber2 = Special 1
|Title = Buster Special
|RTitle = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/mythbusters/buster-special/|title=Buster Special|work=MythBusters: Episode Info|publisher=[[MSN]] TV|accessdate=October 22, 2009}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|2|2}}
|Aux4 = 29
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Buster is rebuilt after sustaining a year's worth of abuse. '''Note''': This was a special episode.
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = SP3
|EpisodeNumber2 = Special 2
|Title = Ultimate MythBusters
|RTitle = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/mythbusters/ultimate-mythbusters/|title=Ultimate MythBusters|work=MythBusters: Episode Info|publisher=[[MSN]] TV|accessdate=October 22, 2009}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|2|9}}
|Aux4 = 30
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Jamie and Adam have a contest to prove who is the Ultimate Mythbuster. '''Note''': This was a special episode.
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Brown Note
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps>{{Cite web|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/episode/episode-tab-07.html|title=Mythbusters: Episode Guide (2005)|publisher=[[Discovery Channel]]|accessdate=March 25, 2010}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|2|16}}
|Aux4 = 31
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Can a person be blown away by a bullet? Can a [[Brown note|certain note]] make a person have fecal incontinence? Does Chinese water torture work?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Salsa Escape
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|2|23}}
|Aux4 = 32
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Can a person escape from prison using salsa? Can hardened cement be removed from a cement truck using explosives?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Exploding Port-a-Potty
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|3|2}}
|Aux4 = 33
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Can a car pole-vault from its drive shaft if it hits a pothole? Can a port-a-potty gather enough methane to explode?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Is Yawning Contagious?
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|3|9}}
|Aux4 = 34
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Can a toy car beat a Dodge Viper in the 1/4 mile? Is yawning contagious? Does buttered toast always land buttered side down?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = SP4
|EpisodeNumber2 = Special 3
|Title = MythBusters Outtakes
|RTitle = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/mythbusters/mythbusters-outtakes/|title=Ultimate MythBusters|work=MythBusters: Episode Info|publisher=[[MSN]] TV|accessdate=October 22, 2009}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|3|16}}
|Aux4 = 35
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Outtakes from the series '''Note''': This was a special episode.
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Cooling a Six-Pack
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|3|23}}
|Aux4 = 36
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': What is the fastest way to cool a six pack of beer? The Mythbusters investigate ancient electricity. Buster's new body gets tested by being dropped while in a car.
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Son of a Gun
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|3|30}}
|Aux4 = 37
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Could using a phone in a thunderstorm result in being electrocuted? If a bullet passes through a man's genitals, and into a woman's, could it make her pregnant? Can a boat be driven with its trailer still attached?
'''Final Appearance of''': [[Scottie Chapman]], Mythtern Christine Chamberlain
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = SP5
|EpisodeNumber2 = Special 4
|Title = Shop 'til You Drop Special
|RTitle = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/mythbusters/shop-%27til-you-drop-special/|title=Shop 'til You Drop Special|work=MythBusters: Episode Info|publisher=[[MSN]] TV|accessdate=October 22, 2009}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|4|6}}
|Aux4 = 38
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': The MythBusters' favorite places to shop '''Note''': This was a special episode.
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = SP6
|EpisodeNumber2 = Special 5
|Title = MythBusters Revealed
|RTitle = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/mythbusters/mythbusters-revealed/|title=MythBusters Revealed|work=MythBusters: Episode Info|publisher=[[MSN]] TV|accessdate=October 22, 2009}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|4|27}}
|Aux4 = 39
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': A behind the scenes insight of Mythbusters, featuring interviews, as well as exploring personal issues between the hosts '''Note''': This was a special episode.
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = SP7
|EpisodeNumber2 = Special 6
|Title = Hollywood on Trial
|RTitle = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/mythbusters/hollywood-on-trial/|title=Hollywood on Trial|work=MythBusters: Episode Info|publisher=[[MSN]] TV|accessdate=October 22, 2009}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|5|11}}
|Aux4 = 40
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Busting various Hollywood myths '''Note''': This was a special episode.
'''First appearance of''': [[Grant Imahara]]
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Breaking Glass
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|5|18}}
|Aux4 = 41
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Can an unamplified human voice shatter a wine glass? Does a rolling stone gather moss? Can a vacuum cleaner be converted into a jet engine?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Jet Pack
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|6|9}}
|Aux4 = 42
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Can a jet pack be created from plans on the internet? Do pyramids have special powers?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Killer Brace Position
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|6|22}}
|Aux4 = 43
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Is the brace position recommended in airplane crashes actually designed to kill people? Is driving while talking on the cell phone as dangerous as driving drunk?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Bulletproof Water
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|7|13}}
|Aux4 = 44
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Will diving underwater protect a person from bullets? Can a person swing 360 degrees on a swing set?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = SP8
|EpisodeNumber2 = Special 7
|Title = Jaws Special
|RTitle = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/mythbusters/jaws-special/|title=Jaws Special|work=MythBusters: Episode Info|publisher=[[MSN]] TV|accessdate=October 22, 2009}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|7|17}}
|Aux4 = 45
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': The Mythbusters test various ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]''-inspired shark myths: Will a [[Diving cylinder|scuba tank]] explode if shot? Can piano wire be used to catch a shark? Can a shark ram through a boat or shark cage? Can a shark hold three flotation barrels under water? '''Note''': This was a special episode.
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = Border Slingshot
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|7|27}}
|Aux4 = 46
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Is it possible to slingshot a person over the border and onto a mattress?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12
|Title = Killer Tissue Box
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|8|3}}
|Aux4 = 47
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Can a tissue box in the back of a car kill the driver if the car crashes? Is it possible to split an arrow by hitting it with another?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13
|Title = Escape Slide Parachute
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|8|10}}
|Aux4 = 48
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Can a person make a parachute with an airplane escape slide or life raft? Will hair cream explode in the right conditions and decapitate the pilot of a fighter plane? Adam and Jamie also test the myth that a stewardess survived a 33,000-foot fall while still strapped into her seat.
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14
|Title = MythBusters Revisited
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|10|12}}
|Aux4 = 49
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Blown Away, Plywood Builder, Running in the Rain, Will a black car heat faster than a white one?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 39
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15
|Title = Chinese Invasion Alarm
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|10|19}}
|Aux4 = 50
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Could the Ancient Chinese have used drums to listen for tunneling invaders? Five-Second Rule
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16
|Title = Confederate Rocket
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|10|26}}
|Aux4 = 51
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Did the Confederates really have a 2-stage rocket capable of traveling 100 miles from Richmond to DC?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 41
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17
|Title = Vodka Myths
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|11|2}}
|Aux4 = 52
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Can two semi trucks collide head-on and completely crush a compact car? Can vodka cure foot odor or bad breath?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 42
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18
|Title = Steel Toe-Cap Amputation
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|11|9}}
|Aux4 = 53
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': Do steel toe boots really put toes in more danger than a regular boot, to the extent that the steel toe would chop off the wearer's toes? Can [[water rocket|bottle rockets]] be used to launch a human?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 43
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19
|Title = Seasickness – Kill or Cure
|RTitle = <ref name=2005eps/>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2005|11|16}}
|Aux4 = 54
|ShortSummary = '''Myths tested''': What is the best cure for seasickness? Is it more efficient to drive a truck tailgate up or down? Can sticking one's finger in a gun barrel stop a bullet?
|LineColor = CC99FF
}}
|}
</onlyinclude>

== Episode SP2 – "Buster Special" ==
* Original airdate: February 2, 2005

In this episode, Adam and Jamie re-lived Buster's finest moments, from his introduction in ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Exploding Toilet|Exploding Toilet]]'' to his ultimate demise (supposedly in ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Ming Dynasty Astronaut|Ming Dynasty Astronaut]]''), and showed the construction of the new "Buster 2.0". These moments include:

* ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Exploding Toilet|Exploding Toilet]]''
* ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Barrel of Bricks|Barrel of Bricks]]''
* ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Hammer Bridge Drop|Hammer Bridge Drop]]''
* ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Raccoon Rocket|Raccoon Rocket]]''
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#The Mad Trombonist|The Mad Trombonist]]''
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Forest Fire Scuba Diver|Forest Fire Scuba Diver]]''
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Elevator of Death|Elevator of Death]]''
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Boom-Lift Catapult|Boom-Lift Catapult]]''
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Plywood Builder|Plywood Builder]]''
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Ming Dynasty Astronaut|Ming Dynasty Astronaut]]''

== Episode SP3 – "Ultimate MythBuster" ==
* Original airdate: February 9, 2005

In this episode, Adam and Jamie competed in a series of arguably ludicrous tests and competitions to determine which of the two was the "Ultimate MythBuster". These competitions tested their ingenuity, constitution, and courage to see just how far they were willing to go to claim the title of "Ultimate MythBuster".

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Challenge
! Winner
! Notes
|-
| Challenge 1: Build a machine that can shoot a [[tortilla]] as far as possible.
| Jamie
| Adam and Jamie had to first construct machines. Adam had built an arm out of wood. His machine took the tortilla and threw it between two aluminum plates. Jamie designed and built a cannon, made from pipe and a compressed air tank. Adam used all three attempts allowed by the competition rules and his best shot was {{convert|60|ft|m}}. In Jamie's first (and only) shot the tortilla was projected {{convert|73|ft|m}}.
|-
| Challenge 2: The fear test.
| Draw
| The East Bay Vivarium presented a selection of creatures ([[Corn Snake]]s, [[Tarantula]]s, African Emperor [[Scorpion]]s, and Tanzanian Giant [[Millipede]]s) to test the MythBusters' courage. The scorpions had the most effect on the two, but in this challenge no winner was determined.
|-
| Challenge 3: Guess the weight of three items.
| Adam
| Adam and Jamie had to guess the weight of three items: a toy car, an angel statue, and a hatch from a plane. Both were to wager two guesses, the first by observing the item, the second by holding it. Adam guessed more accurately on all three occasions.
|-
| Challenge 4: Build a device to drop an egg (without breaking it) with help of two oranges, two latex gloves, paper, {{convert|5|ft}} of tape, {{convert|20|ft}} of string, and "other assorted trash found lying around the workshop".
| Jamie
| Adam created a cone made of paper. He put an orange on the bottom and the egg was placed inside the inflated gloves. He had two tries to drop the egg without breaking it. Jamie first ate his orange, and put the egg inside the orange peel. The orange went in one glove, and he tied it to a string. At the other end of the string he affixed the five feet of tape. With this approach he could drop the suspended egg from only a few feet off the ground via the string/tape. It was successful. Adam protested, but Jamie was the winner, as this was a contest of ingenuity.
|-
| Challenge 5: Who possessed the higher threshold of pain was determined in a [[paintball]] standoff.
| Jamie
| The MythBusters must shoot the other, after one shot they must take a step closer and shoot again.
*The first volley: Jamie hit Adam's [[navel]], Adam hit Jamie in the thigh.
*The second volley: Jamie shot Adam, once again hitting his navel. Adam hit Jamie in his [[Jockstrap#Protective cup|protective cup]].
*The third volley: Jamie, for a perfect record, hit Adam again, in the navel. Adam hit Jamie in the upper chest. Adam then forfeited.
|-
| Final challenge 6: The ''MythBusters'' episode quiz.
| Jamie
|Adam and Jamie quizzed each other regarding the events during some of the previous episodes. Adam had four and a half questions correct. Jamie won with five correct answers.
|-
| '''Scores'''
| colspan="2" | {{color|red|Adam 1}}; {{color|green|Jamie 4}}
|-
| '''Winner'''
| colspan="2" | {{color|orange|'''Jamie'''}}
|}

== Episode 25 – "Brown Note, Blown Away, Water Torture" ==
* Original airdate: February 16, 2005

=== Blown Away ===
Someone who is shot and thrown backward a significant distance is a staple Hollywood visual effect.
* Revisited in ''[[#Episode 38 – "MythBusters Revisited"|MythBusters Revisited]]''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A person will be propelled violently backwards if hit by a bullet.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| A bullet fired by a gun cannot hold enough [[momentum]]. According to [[Isaac Newton|Newton]]'s [[Newton's laws of motion#Newton's third law|third law]], if the bullet were to knock the target 20 feet (6 metres) back, an equal amount of force would be applied in the direction of the gun—effectively knocking the shooter back about the same distance.
|}

=== Brown Note ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| There is an [[infrasound|infrasonic]] "[[brown note]]" that can cause a human to lose control of their bowels.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Even after testing a wide range of sub-audible and near-sub-audible noises on him, not once did Adam lose control of his bowels. Some discomfort was reported however, due to the effects of low-frequency sound on the lungs.
|}

=== Chinese Water Torture ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| [[Chinese water torture]] can cause one to become insane.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| The required torture equipment (and movement restrictions) is highly effective even without adding the discomfort of the water drip. The water drip itself, without the equipment, is almost negligible.
|}

== Episode 26 – "Salsa Escape, Cement Removal" ==
* Original airdate: February 23, 2005

=== Salsa Escape ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| [[salsa (sauce)|Salsa]] was used by a prisoner to corrode the window bars of his cell and escape.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| Given several years, it would be possible, due to the corrosive elements of the salsa. The use of [[electrolysis]] via a [[direct current]] source (a radio power supply) in conjunction with the salsa greatly accelerated the effect, as it drew the [[electron]]s out of the bars and into the wires. Adam's [[alternating current]] setup had no success whatsoever, since the electrolysis worked to both add ''and'' subtract metal from the bars, and caused a good deal of the "cooked" salsa to cake onto the bars.
|-
| A [[urine]]-soaked [[silk]] shirt is strong enough to bend the bars of a prison cell when wrapped around them and twisted, as depicted in the film ''[[Shanghai Noon]]''.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Adam tested this myth after he gave up on his salsa/alternating current escape plan. The bars proved too strong for the wet silk, tearing the fabric apart instead of bending the bars.
|}

=== Cement Mix-Up ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A stick of [[dynamite]] can clean the leftover scraps of [[concrete]] from the inside of a [[concrete mixer|cement truck]].
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| A powder charge equivalent to 1½ sticks of dynamite worked well and loosened or dislodged a lot of the dried excess concrete without noticeably damaging the barrel.
|-
| A stick of dynamite can remove a slab of concrete from the inside of a cement truck.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| A solid slab of concrete is too hard to remove practically, and is tougher than the barrel itself. The MythBusters enlisted the aid of [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] explosive experts to load the truck and barrel with {{convert|850|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} of [[ANFO]]. The resulting explosion reduced the truck to numerous very small fragments, and a few larger pieces; the observers had to stand a mile away from the explosion. Billed as the biggest-ever explosion on the show to date (a record later surpassed by the Homemade diamonds investigations), Jamie admitted that "This has got nothing to do with the myth; it's just a big boom". In the [[MythBusters (2005 season)#Episode SP5 – "Shop Till You Drop"|"Shop Till You Drop"]] special, a large chunk of the barrel containing most of the concrete slab was shown in a junkyard. In the MythBusters episode on "Location, Location, Location" (2011) it was mentioned that this explosion was only done after the episode was supposed to be aired, and the producers decided something was missing.
|-
|}

== Episode 27 – "Exploding Port-a-Potty, Car Pole-Vault" ==
* Original airdate: March 2, 2005

=== Exploding Port-a-Potty ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| Lighting a cigarette in a [[portable toilet|port-a-potty]] filled with [[methane]] gas will cause an explosion.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Not enough gas is produced by the decomposing waste in the port-a-potty for it to possibly be flammable. A person would need to be in a tightly sealed port-a-potty filled with thick methane gas in order for it to be flammable. By the time the gas was thick enough in the air to become flammable the person would have long-since passed out from asphyxiation. Larger amounts of decomposing waste can produce more gas, and [[sewer gas]] explosions are a known safety hazard.
|}

See also ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Exploding Toilet|Exploding Toilet]]''.

=== Driveshaft Pole Vault ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A broken [[driveshaft]] dragging on the ground can cause a car to [[pole vault]] end-over-end if it strikes a pothole.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| A car cannot be made to go end-over-end by striking a pothole with the driveshaft. The back end of the car can be lifted, but the likelihood of an event like this happening is extremely improbable. More likely is that the driveshaft would be forced into the trunk.
|}

== Episode 28 – "Is Yawning Contagious?" ==
* Original airdate: March 9, 2005

=== Toy Car Race ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| Over a ¼ mile long down-hill course, a [[Model car|toy car]] can beat a full-sized [[Dodge Viper]] powered only by gravity.
| style="color:red" | Partly Busted
| A typical toy car, when tested on a real car tire, managed to stay on until the tire reached about {{convert|70|mph|km/h}}. After experimenting with various die-cast model cars, the two MythBusters each made their own toy car to experiment with. Adam's toy car proved too unstable to stay on the full course. Jamie's toy car was able to beat the Dodge Viper (the real car) over 100 feet (30 meters), but over the full length of the course the Viper won by an extremely wide margin.
|}

=== Is Yawning Contagious? ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A person can be subconsciously influenced into [[yawn]]ing if another nearby person yawns.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| A first experiment conducted by the Build Team, constituting ten people going through three separate tests (a control one, one involving the reading of a tax law, and third when Scottie yawned near the subjects), produced only yawns from several people during the tax law test and was deemed to have too small of a sample. In a second test pool of 50 people where only the influence of Kari's yawn was used, those who were influenced into yawning by her yawned 29% of the time. However, those who were not influenced yawned only 25% of the time. It seems that the MythBusters also found the average time to yawn for those who did yawn was 9 minutes for those who had been influenced and 9.6 minutes for those who had not. This was enough for the MythBusters to give the ''Confirmed'' rating, although there was the 4% difference between the experimental and control groups, which was not large enough to constitute a statistically significant difference (at [[Statistical hypothesis testing|alpha]] = 0.05).
|}

=== Toast – Butter Side Up or Down? ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| [[Toast]] is more likely to land buttered side-down when dropped.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| In an extensive and highly objective test the toast showed no statistical preference for landing buttered side-down or up when dropped. It was an even 50–50 split when the final results were compared. However, when pushed off the side of a table, toast showed a tendency to flip once and land buttered side down, which is likely the source of the myth. Adam also remarks that the results of this test are, by observation, less dependent on the actual butter itself, and is inherent from the process of buttering the toast instead; compressing the toast by applying the butter to the side of a piece of toast causes that side to become concave and encounter more air friction on that side and thus, much like a leaf, causes it flip and land butter-side up.
|}

== Episode SP4 – "MythBusters Outtakes" ==
* Original airdate: March 16, 2005

In this episode, outtakes and other deleted scenes were shown, which included some failed experiments or extra experiments that had to be trimmed out of the show for time and relevancy reasons. Clips edited out of shows previously aired include:

* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Ping-Pong Salvage|Ping-Pong Salvage]]'', in which a [[sea otter]] managed to interfere with the experiment by stealing some of the ping-pong balls.
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Plywood Builder|Plywood Builder]]'', where Jamie had trouble with working with the zip line and Christine flat out refused to do the zip line.
* ''[[MythBusters (2005 season)#Chinese Water Torture|Chinese Water Torture]]'', where Tory and Scottie each had a turn on the torture rack—Scottie with a blindfold and head restraint, and Tory with a head restraint, shackles, and a stream of iced water. In the aired version of this myth, Kari and Adam go 'under the drip', and it's found that Chinese Water Torture is extremely effective—Adam completes his turn without incident (but was not restrained in any way), while Kari, who was restrained, requested that her turn be cut short when she began to suffer an emotional breakdown.
* ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Buried Alive|Buried Alive]]'', where Adam and a producer each tried the experiment, neither able to match Jamie's time in the coffin.
* ''[[MythBusters (2005 season)#Cement Mix-Up|Cement Mix-Up]]'', where Tory tried to remove concrete from ''Twister I'' with a jackhammer, and only barely filling the bottom of the bucket after an hour of work.
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Needle in a Haystack|Needle in a Haystack]]'', where Adam, before settling on the ''Needlefinder 2000'', considered using a sieve, a [[metal detector]] and a [[bloodhound]] to find the needles.
* ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Escape From Alcatraz|Escape From Alcatraz]]'', where Adam and Jamie explored the idea that the escape raft washed ashore on [[Angel Island (California)|Angel Island]] after making it to the [[Marin Headlands]] as a way to throw the FBI off the convicts' trail. Using a scale model of the San Francisco Bay area, it was determined the tide could have washed the raft onto Angel Island if released from the Marin Headlands, but as with the theory of the escape's success, no concrete evidence existed to prove or disprove the theory.
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Carried Away|Carried Away]]'', in which the Build Team used a pressure chamber to determine the height above sea level at which party balloons would pop. The balloons burst at an altitude of between {{convert|23000|and|25000|ft}}.
* ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Eelskin Wallet|Eelskin Wallet]]'', in which Adam and Jamie tested [[neodymium]] magnets to see whether they had the desired effect. The data were successfully erased in just one swipe. This segment was left out due to them not being able to properly assess the power of the magnets. The magnetometer used in testing the strengths of the other items ceased functioning when a neodymium magnet was held near it.
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Bug Bomb|Bug Bomb]]'', in which Adam and Jamie tested whether [[sawdust]], [[flour]], [[straw]], or fake smoke could have also caused an explosion if a spark was nearby. None of the materials tested could fully ignite, though sawdust and flour did burn slightly, and reports of flour and saw mill explosions have been confirmed.
* ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Elevator of Death|Elevator of Death]]'', in which the elevator expert answered questions on whether pressing elevator buttons can make the elevator move faster, whether someone can be decapitated by a closing elevator door, and whether [[Weightlessness|zero gravity]] can be attained by jumping in an elevator. All three questions were answered in the negative.

Six of the deleted segments, titled as the "Lost Experiments" are available on the [[Discovery Channel]] website. [http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/videogalleries/lostexperiments/lostexperiments.html]

Original myths that were completely edited out include:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Free Energy|Free Energy]]'' – It is possible to get free (stolen) energy by using a coil of [[baling wire]] positioned under a power line.
| style="color:orange" | Partly Plausible
| For this myth the MythBusters created a large coil of wire, and wrapped it around a [[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] pipe box. They then hoisted it underneath powerlines in order to "catch" some electricity. They were able to obtain about eight millivolts of electricity. They determined that siphoning a practically useful amount of electricity in such a manner would require thousands of pounds of wire, and would be extremely impractical and dangerous, as well as being illegal.
|-
| ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#101 Uses For Cola|Cola Myths]]'' – Cola can be used as a toilet cleaner.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| For this myth, Adam dirtied M5's bathroom with engine oil in preparation for the cleanup. Jamie was greatly upset at this, but Adam assured him he'd be able to clean it. The cola did nothing to the grease; in fact, even if it did, Adam noted he would have to clean up the cola, afterwards, making the job more tedious than it was. Normal bathroom cleaner managed to clean the grease up.
|-
| ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Exploding Tattoo|Exploding Tattoos]]'' – A radio transmitter can cause tattoos to explode.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The MythBusters built a small, low power transmitter, as a real one was too dangerous. They used two containers, one with water (control) and one with tattoo ink. They activated the transmitter, which managed to interfere with a radio in the workshop, and left it running. At the end of the test, the temperature of both liquids were almost the same. The tattoo ink was only half a degree warmer.
|-
| ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Peeing on the Third Rail|Peeing on the Third Rail]]'' – A train can be [[derailment|derailed]] if coins are placed on the rails.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The train simply heated and flattened the pennies. Quoting narrator Robert Lee, "The myth wasn't Busted—it was Flattened." Even the train conductor assessed that the myth wasn't possible, unless the penny "was lodged in the engineer's eye".
|}

== Episode 29 – "Cooling a Six pack" ==
* Original airdate: March 23, 2005
Also featured in this episode is the first test of Buster 2.0, built during the [[MythBusters episodes: Specials|Buster special]], as well as the final test of "Earl the MythBusters Caddy," which was dropped from a crane to fulfil a promise to its previous owner that it would be destroyed on the show.

While preparing Earl to be dropped from the crane, Scottie encountered a problem in that the rear windows needed to be opened to loop a chain through the passenger compartment, but the mechanism was jammed. She therefore took the chance to test out a mini-myth:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| It is possible to use a broken [[spark plug]] to smash a car's window.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| Scottie had no success breaking the window, and deemed the myth to be busted. Adam then tried with more force and the largest spark plug fragment he could find, and this time successfully broke the window.
|-
|}

=== Cooling a Six pack ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A [[six pack rings|six pack]] of beer can be rapidly cooled by burying it in sand, pouring gasoline on top of it, and lighting the gasoline.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The fire did not significantly alter the temperature of the beer; in fact, the fire actually ''raised'' the temperature slightly (not to mention that burying the beer made the cans sandy, and the gasoline is harmful to the environment.)
|-
|}
* With this myth quickly busted, Adam and Jamie each tried to build devices which could rapidly cool a six pack, but neither device was effective enough. A carbon dioxide [[fire extinguisher]], however, was able to cool a six pack to a satisfactory temperature in approximately three minutes. In terms of practicality, though, one's best bet is to use icy salt water, which cooled the beer to an ideal temperature in 5 minutes. Barring that, normal ice water was next fastest at 15 minutes. The other methods tested (the freezer, ice only, and the refrigerator) did not cool the beer rapidly enough to warrant their use in a spur-of-the-moment event.

<center>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Initial measurements:
! Ice !! Ice + water !! Ice + water + salt
|-
|| || {{convert|33|F|C}} || {{convert|24|F}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Results (after 5 minutes):
! Ice !! Ice + water !! Ice + water + salt !! Freezer !! Fridge
|-
||{{convert|57|F|C}} || {{convert|44|F|C}} || {{convert|35.9|F|C}} || {{convert|55|F|C}} || {{convert|60|F|C}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Final results:
! Ice + water + salt !! Ice + water !! Freezer !! Ice !! Fridge
|-
|| 5 minutes || 15 minutes || 25 minutes || 30 minutes || 40+ minutes
|}
'''Reference:'''[http://kwc.org/mythbusters/2005/03/mythbusters_cooling_a_sixpack.html]
</center>

=== Baghdad Battery ===
The Build Team created several copies of the [[Baghdad Battery]], an archaeological find which seems to suggest that ancient [[Babylon]]ians were the first to use batteries.

The ancient people of Babylon created a crude [[battery (electricity)|battery]] for use in...

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| ...[[electroplating]].
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| An overnight plating of [[zinc]] over [[copper]] seemed to work very well.
|-
| ...[[acupuncture]] therapy.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| The electricity from the batteries was felt through the acupuncture needles, though the needles eventually grew hot, causing the Build Team to theorize this technique also being used as a form of torture.
|-
| ...testing [[religious experience|spiritual]] resolve.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| While the ancient batteries were not used on the recreation [[Ark of the Covenant]] due to their weak charge (approximately a third of a volt each, or almost 4 volts for a set of ten), Adam theorized that, if any charge was felt with the batteries, the ancient people would believe it to be of divine origin due to their lack of knowledge about electricity. Instead of the batteries, the Build Team wired the ark to the electric source used in the [[MythBusters (2004 season)#Peeing on the Third Rail|Peeing on the Electric Fence]] myth, surprising Adam with a nasty shock (They later apologized to him, seeing how painful and potentially dangerous it was).
|-
|}

== Episode 30 – "Son of a Gun" ==
* Original airdate: March 30, 2005

This episode marks the final appearance of [[Scottie Chapman]] as a Build Team member, as well as Mythtern Christine Chamberlain.

=== Son of a Gun ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A bullet that struck the groin of a soldier in the [[American Civil War]] led to the impregnation of a woman who was struck by the same bullet after it exited the soldier's body.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| A Civil War era bullet was fired through a pouch containing [[spermatozoa]] and into [[ballistic gel]] representing the woman's abdomen; no living spermatozoa were subsequently found in the gel. In addition, it was well documented that anyone suffering an abdominal gunshot wound was unlikely to survive.
|}

=== Phone in a Thunderstorm ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A person can be electrocuted by talking on the phone during a lightning storm.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| Adam and Jamie placed a [[ballistic gelatin|ballistic gel]] dummy on a chair and put a telephone receiver on its ear. They activated a machine that was able to shoot 200,000 [[voltage|volts]] of electricity towards a mock-up hut. The electricity shot from the mouthpiece of the phone into the mouth of the dummy, and it set off the gunpowder charge that Jamie taped to the phone receiver as a signal. A voltmeter wired up to the test rig blew a fuse.
|-
| A person can be electrocuted by using the shower during a lightning storm.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| The dummy was not hit. A small fire did occur, however, and the voltmeter again blew a fuse.
|}

=== Trailer Troubles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A boat can be driven with its trailer still attached.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| The boat can still be driven, but there is a great loss in maximum speed. A trailer shop owner said on the show that he once had to deliver a boat and trailer to a customer in such a manner, as the only access to the customer's boat ramp was from the water.
|}

== Episode SP5 – "Shop Till You Drop" ==
* Original airdate: April 6, 2005

This episode explored some of the MythBusters' favorite stores and vendors that they use when buying supplies for the show. The episode also included a tutorial on how to make [[ballistics gel]] by Adam and Kari (which is frequently used in the MythBusters' experiments), and revealed the source of the often referenced "Little Black Book," the ''[[Pocket Ref]]''.

== Episode SP6 – "MythBusters Revealed" ==
* Original airdate: April 27, 2005

This episode took a behind-the-scenes look at the show. It featured insights from and interviews with Adam, Jamie, Kari, Tory and producer [[Peter Rees (producer)|Peter Rees]], about various aspects of Mythbusters, as well as explored personal issues between the hosts.

== Episode SP7 – "Hollywood on Trial" ==
* Original airdate: May 11, 2005

The MythBusters test some of the pervasive myths that are created by [[Hollywood]], as well as recall some of their past Hollywood-inspired myths. This special also marks the debut of [[Grant Imahara]] as the third member of the Build Team.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| Bullets will spark when ricocheting off other objects.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| After failing to create sparks when firing real bullets, the build team created sparking "bullets" out of paintballs filled with crushed sparklers. While these did create sparks, the myth was busted as these results could not be obtained with real bullets.
|-
| The aluminum paint used on actor [[Jack Haley]] while portraying the [[Tin Woodman|Tin Man]] in the 1939 movie version of ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' caused an adverse reaction that hospitalized him.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Kari survived her aluminum paint session just like Jamie survived his gold paint session when testing the ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'' myth. The myth ''is'' true, but not as told. Actor [[Buddy Ebsen]] (better known later from ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'') was originally cast in the role of the Tin Man. Ebsen suffered a near-fatal allergic reaction and was hospitalized for two weeks after inhaling aluminum powder from an experimental aluminum makeup. After the aluminum makeup incident, Ebsen was replaced by actor Jack Haley and the makeup was replaced by an aluminum paint. Haley went on to complete his role as the Tin Man without suffering any serious health issues, except for one time when some paint got in his eye.
|-
| It is possible for a medium-to-large build man to break through a wooden doorframe on his own power.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| Using only his shoulder, Jamie was able to break through three of the four locks installed on the doorframe the Build Team constructed that met the American Building Code standards. The only reason the fourth lock did not break was because the Build Team used stronger screws to anchor it into the frame than what came with the actual lock. Adam attempted to break the fourth lock with a [[dropkick]] but slipped on a mat in front of the door and fell on his back instead. Still, considering that Jamie got so far by simply shoulder-ramming, a determined individual could easily break through.
|-
| It is possible to be thrown through a glass window and walk away without a scratch just like in Hollywood movies.
| style="color:red" | Partly Busted
| While it is possible to fly through an {{convert|1/8|in|sigfig=2|adj=on}} glass pane with little or no injuries, {{convert|1/4|in|sigfig=2|adj=on}} glass is thick enough to inflict significant lacerations on a body, should one be thrown through it. In Hollywood, a breakaway faux-glass substance called [[sugar glass]] is used in stunts requiring an actor to be thrown through a window. Sugar glass does not fracture into sharp fragments like real glass does and does not injure stunt performers.
|-
| It is possible to ignite a pool of gasoline using only a cigarette.
| style="color:orange" | Partly Plausible
| A cigarette has the potential to light a pool of gasoline but just doesn't have enough sustained heat. Gas ignites between {{convert|500|°F}} and {{convert|540|°F|sigfig=2}}, the cigarette at its hottest was between {{convert|450|°F|sigfig=2}} and 500 °F but only when it was actually being smoked. An ignition is very improbable.
|}

== Episode 31 – "Breaking Glass" ==
* Original airdate: May 18, 2005

=== Breaking Glass ===
Adam and Jamie investigate whether a human voice could shatter glass, as perpetuated in stories of opera singers and demonstrated by [[Ella Fitzgerald]] in a commercial for [[Memorex]] and [[Jim Gillette]] in the music video for [[Nitro (band)|Nitro]]'s [[Freight Train (Nitro song)|Freight Train]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A wine glass shatters if a person sings at the right pitch.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| Using [[lead crystal]] glasses, Adam proved the Memorex part of the myth by breaking a glass with his amplified voice. Rock singer [[Jaime Vendera]] was then able to break a glass using his unaided voice, confirming the entire myth.
|}

=== Rolling Stone Gathers No Moss ===
The Build Team takes on another old adage, and sees if it remains relevant in modern use. This became the longest ''MythBusters'' experiment on record—over six months long.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A rolling stone can truly gather no moss.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| While a rolling stone can pick up or gather moss when rolled down a hill, that moss cannot grow on the rock as it's rolling, which – for the purposes of this myth – is considered more pertinent.
|}

=== Jet Engine Vacuum ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A [[vacuum cleaner|shop vacuum]] can act similar to a jet engine if it is used to suck up [[gasoline]].
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Newer model vacuums have the air flow isolated from the motor; even if this were not the case, the only results would be a small fire.
|}

== Episode 32 – "Jet Pack" ==
* Original airdate: June 9, 2005

=== Jet Pack ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A [[Jet pack]] can be built from plans purchased off the Internet and limited funds.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The jetpack produced by the MythBusters was not powerful enough even to lift itself off the ground, and they had to cheat by going beyond their assigned budget, in order to create it. The sum of its parts cost too much to allow the average person to build it on a budget and the plans did not have enough details to give builders a clear example of what to build.
|}

=== Pyramid Power ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| [[Pyramid power]] can be harnessed for a variety of purposes around the home.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The build team constructed a series of pyramid frames using the precise measurements and dimensions required to "harness" pyramid power. Four tests were performed: keeping razor blades sharp, preventing food from spoiling (one test for milk, another for an apple), and preventing the decay of a flower. The apple test at first seemed to be working, however it was later discovered that a contaminated saw blade (used to halve the apple) may have given one half a higher microbial load than the other. A repeated test using sterile equipment yielded approximately the same decay rate for each half. Strangely, a similar test with 'cube power' showed the fruit rotting at a faster rate than the other two tests. Following the verdict, Adam requested "No more oogie boogie myths." Despite this, MythBusters later featured [[MythBusters (2006 season)#Primary Perception|the myth that plants have feelings]] in the [[MythBusters (2006 season)|2006 season]].
|}

== Episode 33 – "Killer Brace Position" ==
* Original airdate: June 22, 2005

=== Killer Brace Position ===
The ''MythBusters'' take on an airline conspiracy theory. Notable for the introduction of the simulaid family.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| The [[brace position]] was actually designed by the airline industry to kill people, rather than save them, during an airplane crash (in order to save money by paying off wrongful death suits rather than continuous injury compensations).
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The brace position protected the test subject (Buster) from serious and possibly fatal injuries. When the test subject was not braced he received far more serious injuries. At the end of the test the ''MythBusters''-team risked their lives; everyone survived the drop. There is a greater chance of dying due to smoke inhalation or immolation from burning debris – due to being immobilized by injury or being pinned down by debris. There is a grain of truth to this myth: it was learned through research that the amount of money paid by airlines in wrongful death suits is lower than the amount of money paid for injury compensation.
|}

=== Cell Phones vs. Drunk Driving ===
Adam and Kari take on a contemporary issue in driving, one that has given conflicting scientific data. To do so, Adam and Kari perform a general-purpose road safety test three times (initially sober without a cellphone, then while talking to Jamie on a cell phone, and finally while slightly intoxicated but under the legal [[blood alcohol content]] limit of 0.08%) and compare the three results.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| Driving while talking on a cell phone is just as dangerous as driving while [[Drunkenness|intoxicated]].
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| Both Adam and Kari failed a general-purpose road safety test both while talking on a cell phone and while driving after drinking alcoholic beverages (though with a blood-alcohol content just below 0.08% and not legally drunk). Cell phone driving failed by a wider margin. Adam commented that one can put away a cell phone if necessary, but not simply become sober as needed.
|}

== Episode 34 – "Bulletproof Water" ==
* Original airdate: July 13, 2005

=== Bulletproof Water ===
The ''MythBusters'' take on a Hollywood action staple, where a hero dives into water to avoid being hit by bullets.

* An alternate scenario of this myth was retested in ''[[MythBusters (2006 season)#Guns Fired Underwater|Guns Fired Underwater]]''.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| Hiding underwater can stop a person from being hit by bullets.
| style="color:green" | Partly Confirmed
| All supersonic bullets tested (up to .50-caliber) disintegrated in less than 3 feet (90 cm) of water, but slower velocity bullets, like pistol rounds, need up to 8 feet (2.4 metres) of water to slow to non-lethal speeds. Shotgun slugs require even more depth; the exact depth could not be determined because one of their tests broke the rig. However, as most water-bound shots are fired from an angle, less actual depth is needed to create the necessary separation.
|}

=== Chain-Straight 360 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| It is possible to do a chain-straight 360° loop on a swingset.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Under one's own power it is impossible to do a chain-straight 360° loop on a school yard swingset. With help of other pushers, it is possible, although highly difficult, to do a full circle without the chain being straight. A person would need a rocket strapped to himself to do it. A dummy was set up in such a manner; the rocket was able to propel it in a chain-straight 360° loop, but the setup would be too dangerous with a real person.
|-
| It is possible to do a 360° loop on a rigid-arm swingset.
| style="color:green" | Partly Confirmed
| A seventh generation circus performer confirmed the myth by doing a 360° loop while Tory, Kari and Grant observed. The others were not able to do the loop, as it consumes a lot of energy (and can cause nausea to some).
|}

== Episode SP8 – "JAWS Special" ==
* Original airdate: July 17, 2005

As part of [[Discovery Channel]]'s ''[[Shark Week]]'' (which Adam and Jamie hosted in 2005), the MythBusters test myths relating to the movie ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' with the help of a "ShaRammer" designed to simulate the force of a Great White Shark. This is also the first ''MythBusters'' special to run for two hours rather than one. More recent reruns have tended to show a version edited down to one hour. The episode was also referred to as the "Shark Special" in the ''[[MythBusters (2006 season)#Episode 69 – "22,000 Foot Fall"|22,000 Foot Fall]]'' episode.

In 2008 there was a sequel but it was just called ''Shark Week Special 2''.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| If a pressurized scuba tank is shot, it will explode.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| When the tank was punctured by a bullet it simply decompressed quickly, causing it to fly around like a compressed-air rocket. The team was only able to make the tank explode in the end by using explosives.
|-
| A [[Great white shark]] can pull barrels underwater.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| A shark's maximum striking force is great enough to pull the barrels under.
|-
| A Great White Shark can pull barrels underwater and ''hold'' them there.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The force a shark can generate in a continuous pull is insufficient to keep the barrels under water for a significant amount of time.
|-
| A Great White Shark can ram a dive cage with enough force to damage or destroy it.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| The "ShaRammer" penetrated the cage with enough force to rip a significant part of it loose and carry it away on its body. The cage, a replica of the one used in the film, was completely destroyed.
|-
| A Great White Shark can ram a boat with enough force to punch a hole in it.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| A Great White has enough power to punch a hole in the side of a wooden boat under the right circumstances, but an example of this happening has never been documented.
|-
| A Great White Shark can pull a boat backwards with great enough speed that waves break over the stern.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The same reason why the shark cannot hold the barrels underwater continuously.
|-
| Punching a shark in the nose, eyes, or gills will cause it to flee or at least back off briefly.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| The sharks punched by both a specially modified Buster, and by Jamie were driven off briefly and were hesitant about making repeated approaches. Strikes to the gills were noted to be more effective than strikes to the nose.
|-
| Sharks can be caught using a special [[piano wire]]. (from a deleted scene in ''Jaws'')
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Piano wire doesn't have the tensile strength needed to be used as an adequate shark-catching line.
|}

== Episode 35 – "Border Slingshot" ==
* Original airdate: July 27, 2005
This was the first episode in which the entire hour was devoted to testing a single myth.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| Illegal immigrants are being launched over the United States border by the means of a giant slingshot.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| In addition to being unable to achieve the distance and accuracy reported, the device could not be constructed in such a way as to allow the quick assembly and disassembly required for the myth. In addition, the person being thrown would likely be killed on impact.
|}

== Episode 36 – "Killer Tissue Box" ==
* Original airdate: August 3, 2005

=== Killer Tissue Box ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A simple tissue box stored on the backboard of a car can move with sufficient force to kill a person during a crash.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Sharp objects or those with masses over 3 lb. (1.2 kg), like a bowling ball, can be deadly if they fly forward during a crash. Lighter objects like tissue boxes may cause injury but cannot kill.
|-
| A tissue box can stay intact during a crash.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| This was revealed when they crashed the real car and Adam pointed out that the box was intact.
|}

=== Splitting an Arrow ===
The Build Team take on a myth stemming from the film ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood (film)|The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'', where the most famous stunt is one where an arrow was split in half, from [[wikt:nock|nock]] to tip. The Build Team explores whether this was at all possible, and also challenges fans at a medieval fair to duplicate this feat.

* This myth was retested in ''[[MythBusters (2006 season)#Splitting_an_Arrow|Myths Revisited – Splitting an Arrow]]''.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| It is possible to split an arrow perfectly down the middle with a second arrow like in the film ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood (film)|The Adventures of Robin Hood]]''.
| style="color:red" | Partly Busted
| While it is certainly possible to rear-end an arrow with another, only a fiberglass arrow can be split down the middle (known as telescoping in [[archery]] circles). With a wooden arrow, even under the most ideal conditions, the best one can do is a partial split along the grain of the wood, and even that is improbable. They clearly showed that the film's circumstances can be recreated using a hollow shaft, such as bamboo.
|}

== Episode 37 – "Escape Slide Parachute" ==
* Original airdate: August 10, 2005

=== Escape Slide Parachute ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
|It is possible to jump from an airplane and use an inflatable [[life raft]] to safely return to earth (as in ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'')
|style="color:red" | Busted
|Any attempt to use the raft failed due to the raft's tendency to invert itself and fall upside down. Though it fell at a relatively survivable speed once it did so, no human could have hoped to hang on; even when Buster was attached with ropes to the center of the raft by his arms, the inversion shock simply ripped them off. It was possible to specially rig the raft as a parachute and land with minimal injuries, but this would not be possible to perform while jumping from a disabled aircraft.
|-
|...Using an escape slide instead of the raft.
|style="color:red" | Busted
|While it was shown that the slide could safely land Buster with no injuries, he had to be strapped in and there is no possible way to perform this from a disabled aircraft.
|-
|A person strapped into the rear flight attendant seat could survive the destruction of the aircraft in flight by having the surviving tail section slow her fall and absorb impact.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
|While Adam and Jamie's attempt to recreate the incident resulted in Buster once again being heavily damaged, this "myth" was actually a test [[JAT Flight 367|of a real incident]]. The flight attendant, [[Vesna Vulović]], was severely injured in the incident, but did survive. It was agreed that it was very improbable, but could happen if circumstances were just right.
|}

=== Exploding Hair Cream ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
|A number of Canadian Air Force pilots were explosively decapitated when their [[hair gel]] exploded in the oxygen-rich environment of the cockpit.
|style="color:red" | Busted
|After recreating the environment in an [[F-104 Starfighter]] cockpit, it took some effort to ignite the hair product. Even with extreme amounts of product, the best result was a fire and/or small explosion, which came nowhere near decapitating the test head. It was confirmed that there have been a number of incidents in which small fires have occurred, but there are no recorded fatal injuries. It was noted that a fire in a pure oxygen environment killed the astronauts of [[Apollo 1]].
|}

== Episode 38 – "MythBusters Revisited" ==
* Original airdate: October 12, 2005
This episode is the second episode where the ''MythBusters'' team focus on retesting earlier myths, based on fan reaction (the first is ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)|Myths Revisited]]''). Grant Imahara is also introduced in this episode.

=== Blown Away 2 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A body struck by a bullet will be propelled violently backwards. (From ''[[MythBusters (2005 season)#Blown Away|Blown Away]]'')
| style="color:red" | Re-Busted
| Even a .50 [[Caliber]] bullet does not have the [[momentum]] to knock a person backwards. If it were possible, the shooter would be knocked backwards as well – as per [[Newton's Third Law]].
|}

=== Explosive Decompression ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| [[Explosive decompression]] can occur when a bullet is fired through the [[fuselage]] of a pressurized [[airplane]] (From ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Explosive Decompression|Explosive Decompression]]'')
| style="color:red" | Re-Busted
| The Build Team tested the [[Bernoulli's principle|effect of air rushing past]] an open bullet hole, and surmised that the extra internal pressure caused by this would still not be enough to cause an explosive decompression.
|}

=== Who Gets Wetter? ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A person will end up drier running in the rain than walking. (From ''[[MythBusters (2003 season)#Who Gets Wetter?|Who Gets Wetter?]]'')
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| When retrying the test in actual rain it was conclusively proven that the running test subject got less wet than the walking test subject. The use of artificial rain in the original test led to a false negative.
|}

=== Plywood Builder ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| Holding a large sheet of [[plywood]] will slow a fall from a building enough to make it survivable. (From ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Plywood Builder|Plywood Builder]]'')
| style="color:red" | Re-Busted
| After testing the speed of [[updraft]]s with a special rig on Tory's truck it was proven that a person could not hold on to the piece of plywood if he was in free fall. A mere {{convert|45|mph|km/h|adj=on}} gust knocked it out of Tory's hands; updrafts from skyscrapers reach upwards of {{convert|90|mph|km/h}}.
|}

=== Biscuit Bazooka Spinoff ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A black car heats up faster than an identical white car. (Spinoff of ''[[List of MythBusters pilot episodes#Pilot 2 – "Vacuum Toilet, Biscuit Bazooka, Leaping Lawyer"|Biscuit Bazooka]]'')
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| A fan wrote in and asked a follow up question: "Does the color of a car affect the way it heats up?". The MythBusters used two identical cars, one black the other white and left them both out in the summer heat with thermometers in both. By mid-afternoon the white car had a temperature of 126 °F (52.2 °C), while the black car had heated up to a temperature of 135 °F (57.2 °C), about 9 degrees hotter in the Fahrenheit scale. The explanation was that black paint absorbs heat while white paint reflects it.
|}

=== AC vs. Windows Down ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| Running a car with [[air conditioning]] on is more fuel efficient than running with the windows down. (From ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#AC vs. Windows Down|AC vs. Windows Down]]'')
| Partly Re-Busted/Partly Confirmed
| The fundamental flaw in the MythBusters' test was that the point where the drag becomes powerful enough to inhibit a car's performance with windows down was inside their 45–55 mph margin at 50 mph. Going '''less than''' 50 mph it is more efficient to leave the windows down, but going '''greater than''' 50 mph it is more efficient to use the A/C.
|}

=== Car Capers – Exploding Gas Tank ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A gas tank will explode when shot by a bullet. (From ''[[MythBusters (2004 season)#Car Capers|Car Capers – Shooting Cars]]'')
| style="color:green" | Partly Confirmed
| It has already been proven that when shot by a normal bullet a [[gasoline]] tank will not explode. However, if a gasoline tank is shot by a [[Tracer ammunition|tracer round]] from a great enough distance so that the round can ignite with air friction, it will cause the gasoline to catch fire. By the time this happened the tank was so riddled with bullets (from previous tracers that were fired too close to ignite) that there was no contained pressure, but the MythBusters surmised that had the tank been properly enclosed, it might have exploded.
|}

== Episode 39 – "Chinese Invasion Alarm" ==
* Original airdate: October 19, 2005

=== Chinese Invasion Alarm ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| The ancient Chinese were able to detect an invading army tunneling beneath the ground by using a drum submerged in a shaft.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| Kari was able to hear Jamie and Tory's digging in an underground mine shaft in two of the three tests. She actually detected them better by listening to the drum compared to Grant's use of modern [[geophone]] equipment.
|}

=== Five-second Rule ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| The "[[Five-second rule]]" is valid when it comes to food dropped on the floor.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| This myth yielded a varied number of results, but in the definitive test where the only variable was time, the myth was definitively busted. There was no real difference in the number of bacteria collected from 2 seconds exposure as there was from 6 seconds exposure. Instead, the texture and moisture inherent to the food dropped dictate the amount of bacteria collected.
|-
| The toilet seat is the cleanest place in the house.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| Adam tested this myth just out of curiosity. When the results were compared to the bacteria samples from the "Five Second Rule" tests, the toilet seat actually proved cleaner than all other surfaces tested. This myth was explored further four seasons later in ''[[MythBusters_(2009_season)#Hidden_Nasties|Hidden Nasties]]''.
|-
| A dog's mouth is cleaner than a human's.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| The sample collected from Adam's mouth had much more bacterial growth than the sample collected from Lulu the dog. Jamie suggested, however, that the bacteria from the dog may be more potent.
|}

== Episode 40 – "Confederate Rocket" ==
* Original airdate: October 26, 2005
This was the second episode in which the entire hour was devoted to testing a single myth. Because the myth dealt with the making of explosive and or dangerous materials, the ingredients used to make [[nitrous oxide]] and [[gun cotton]] were censored by substituting animal sounds for the actual chemicals.

* This myth was revisited in ''[[MythBusters (2006 season)#Salami Rocket|Salami Rocket]]''.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| During the [[American Civil War]], the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] built and launched a two-stage rocket {{convert|120|mi|km}} from [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[Virginia]] to [[Washington D.C.]]
| style="color:red" | Busted
| While the MythBusters were able to construct and launch a hybrid rocket in under two days using only properties available to Civil War-era engineers, the rocket was not two-stage (as per the myth), and only travelled an estimated {{convert|500|yard|m}}. Adam and Jamie agreed that the myth would be impossible with the technology available during the Civil War.
|-
|}

== Episode 41 – "Compact Compact, Vodka Myths" ==
* Original airdate: November 2, 2005

=== Compact Compact ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| Two semi trucks that collided head-on welded together due to the accident. After being towed as a whole to the junkyard, workers were shocked to discover that the semis trapped a European compact car and its doomed driver between each other.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| After obtaining two free semi trucks, their trailers, and a sports car (a [[Fiat X1/9]]) from a fan, the MythBusters rigged up the two semis to crash. After several mishaps and numerous technical problems, they finally managed to crash the two trucks together. However, the trucks were slightly offline when they hit the car, pushing the Fiat out of the center of the wreck instead of crushing it altogether. The trucks did not fuse together, however, becoming instead a huge mass of wreckage. The Fiat, despite not receiving the full force of the hit, was totaled as well. This myth was revisited in [[MythBusters (2009 season)#Compact Compact Supersized|the 2009 season]], when the MythBusters successfully completed the experiment and rebusted the myth.
|}

=== Vodka Myths I ===

Vodka...

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| ...can clean the odor off feet.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| Comparison of a commercial foot powder wash vs. a vodka wash showed that the odor was eliminated on both feet.
|-
| ...can kill bad breath.
| style="color:green" | Confirmed
| After a mixture of {{convert|8|USfloz|ml}} of vodka and {{convert|4.5|USfloz|ml}} of [[cinnamon]] powder was left to sit for two weeks in a sealed flask and then strained, it managed to eliminate most odors on par with an over-the-counter mouthwash. The only bad breath smell not eliminated (by either the vodka or mouthwash) was from smoking [[cigarettes]].
|}

== Episode 42 – "Steel Toe-Cap Amputation, Bottle Rocket Blast-off" ==
* Original airdate: November 9, 2005

=== Steel Toe-Cap Amputation ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| [[Steel-toe boots]] are more dangerous to one's toes than normal boots when a heavy weight is dropped on them. Whereas a normal boot would just crush the toes, a steel toe would curl and crumple in, cutting off the toes.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Using similar tests to those used to test steel-toe boot certification, Adam and Jamie determine that one's toes are much safer with steel toe boots than without. There was no toe-cutting curling of the steel toe, and even using a blade attachment did not work, only glancing off the steel toe to cut right above where it ended.
|}

=== Bottle Rocket Blast-Off ===
The Build team attempt to recreate this
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUDZhFw8L0w water bottle jetpack from a Japanese game show].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
|According to a Japanese trivia game show, it is possible to use fifteen 3-[[litre]] sized [[Water rocket|water bottle rockets]] to launch a human 40 meters.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| While bottle rockets, on their own, could launch 1/15 of Kari's weight a fair distance, their combination into one super-rocket system did not have enough thrust to give the [[crash test dummy]] the trajectory or distance stated by the television show, and was considered too dangerous by paramedics to feasibly launch a human being. More bottle rockets proved only to add to the difficulty and complications. The Build Team also found that [[water cooler]] jugs, while able to launch higher at the standard air/water ratio for water bottle rockets, were weaker than standard soda bottles (which are designed to hold [[carbonated]] liquids), failing at around 60 [[Pound-force per square inch|psi]] (413 [[Pascal (unit)|kPa]]) less than the soda bottles (90psi (600kPa) as opposed to 150psi (1000kPa)).
|}

== Episode 43 – "Sea-sickness – Kill or Cure?" ==
Original airdate: November 16, 2005

=== Seasickness – Kill or Cure? ===
Because Adam and Grant are very susceptible to [[motion sickness]], they test [[alternative medicine|non-pharmaceutical remedies]] for [[seasickness]] by...
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| ...using a [[cinnamon]]-flavored tongue spray.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The spray took no effect on Adam or Grant.
|-
| ...taking a [[ginger]] pill.
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| Both Adam and Grant endured the spin-chair for twenty to thirty minutes without experiencing any symptoms, however they decided it could not be confirmed as Seasickness is 'very individual' and depends on the person.
|-
| ...using [[magnet]]ized arm bands.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The arm bands had no effect on Adam or Grant. Some celebrities like [[Barry Manilow]] claim they work, but they nonetheless do not operate on any valid scientific principles.
|-
| ...using an [[electro-shock therapy|electro-shock]] wrist band.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| The shocks mildly discomforted Adam and Grant, who nonetheless became sick.
|-
| ...using a [[placebo]], like a [[vitamin]] or a [[sugar pill]].
| style="color:orange" | Plausible
| While Adam was not affected by the placebo, Grant was successfully tricked into thinking he had taken a store-bought sea-sickness medication and did not throw up. He had taken [[Cyanocobalamin|vitamin B12]] and claimed it was the most effective remedy. By falling for the placebo all his test results had to be thrown out on the grounds of [[psychosomatic]] influence.
|}

=== Tailgate Up vs. Tailgate Down ===

This was revisited in ''[[MythBusters (2006 season)#Episode 64 – "More Myths Revisited"|More Myths Revisited]]''.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| It is more fuel efficient to drive a [[pick-up truck]] with its [[Trunk_(automobile)#tailgate|tailgate]] down, rather than up.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Driving with the tailgate down actually increased drag on the pick-up and caused it to consume fuel faster than the identical truck driven with the tailgate up. It was later revealed that the closed tailgate creates a locked vortex flow that created a smoother flow of air over the truck. With the tailgate down, the trapped vortex was dissipated and the drag increased.
|}

=== Finger in a Barrel ===
The Build Team take on a myth that forms a staple of [[cartoon physics]]. This was revisited in ''[[MythBusters (2007 season)#Episode 75 – "Myths Redux"|Myths Redux]]''.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Myth statement
! Status
! Notes
|-
| A [[shotgun]] plugged by a human finger will backfire and explode injuring or killing the shooter instead of the intended victim.
| style="color:red" | Busted
| Both test hands (composed of ballistics gel of varying firmness) were completely obliterated by the shotgun blast. Neither had the volume or strength needed to plug the barrel to create enough pressure to cause it to explode. Even under ridiculous circumstances like having the barrel clogged with dirt, being sealed off by a {{convert|4|in|cm|adj=on}} spike welded into the barrel and by being blocked by a simulated [[squib load]], the gun still did not explode. The best results seen were minor deformations in the gun barrel.
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of MythBusters episodes]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/mythbusters.html MythBusters Official site]
* {{IMDb title|id=0383126|title=MythBusters}}

{{MythBusters}}

[[Category:2005 television seasons]]
[[Category:Lists of MythBusters episodes|2005]]

Recover EP

2013-06-24T04:27:12Z

MichaelsProgramming: Fix cite title per Help:CS1 errors

{{Infobox album 
| Name = Recover EP
| Type = ep
| Artist = [[Chvrches]]
| Cover = Chvrches - Recover EP.jpg
| Released = 25 March 2013
| Genre = [[Electronic music|Electronic]], [[synthpop]]
| Length = 21:25
| Label = Goodbye/[[Virgin Records|Virgin]] (UK) [[Glassnote Records|Glassnote]] (US)
| Producer = Chvrches
| Last album =
| This album = '''''Recover EP''''' (2013)
| Next album =
}}

'''''Recover EP''''' is the first [[extended play|EP]] by [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[electronic music|electronic]] band [[Chvrches]]. It was released on 25 March 2013 in the UK via Goodbye/[[Virgin Records]] and 26 March 2013 in the US via [[Glassnote Records|Glassnote]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chvrches: Recover - Tracks - Pitchfork|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/14887-recover/|publisher=Pitchfork Media|accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref> The song "Recover" was issued as a single and it reached number 91 in the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/chvrches/|title=Chvrches > Artist Chart History|publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref> This single was also promoted by a music video.

''Recover EP'' was released as [[mp3 download]] and as [[12"]] vinyl (limited edition) for [[Record Store Day]].<ref>{{cite web |title=It's All Indie: CHVRCHES to release 12" EP for Record Store Day |url=http://www.itsallindie.com/2013/02/chvrches-to-release-12-ep-for-record.html}}</ref><ref>[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=636098696416727&set=a.433934966633102.115072.334533196573280&type=1 Recover EP vinyl]</ref>

==Reception==
''Recover EP'' received positive reviews. At [[Metacritic]], which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 75 based on 10 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|title=Critic Reviews for Recover [EP] - Metacritic|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/recover-ep/chvrches/critic-reviews|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref>

{{Album ratings
|rev1 = [[No Ripcord]]
|rev1Score = {{rating|8|10}}<ref name=NoRipcord>{{cite web|title=NoRipcord|url=http://www.noripcord.com/reviews/music/chvrches/recover-ep|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref>
|rev2 = [[NME]]
|rev2Score = {{rating|8|10}}<ref name=NME>{{cite web|title=NME|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/chvrches/14226|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref>
|rev3 = [[Consequence of Sound]]
|rev3Score = (positive)<ref name=CoS>{{cite web|title=Album Review: CHVRCHES – Recover EP {{!}} Consequence of Sound|url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2013/03/album-review-chvrches-recover-ep/|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref>
|rev4 = [[Pitchfork Media|Pitchfork]]
|rev4Score = 7.6<ref name=Pitchfork>{{cite web|title=Chvrches: Recover EP | Album Reviews | Pitchfork|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17789-chvrches-recover-ep/|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref>
|rev5 = [[Paste Magazine]]
|rev5Score = (positive)<ref name=PasteMag>{{cite web|title=CHVRCHES: Recover EP :: Music :: Reviews :: Paste|url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2013/03/chvrches-recover.html|accessdate=2 April 2013}}</ref>
}}

==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| all_writing = Chvrches
| title1 = Recover
| length1 = 3:45
| title2 = ZVVL
| length2 = 3:11
| title3 = Now Is Not the Time
| length3 = 3:44
| title4 = Recover (CID RIM Remix)
| length4 = 5:47
| title5 = Recover (Curxes' 1996 Remix)
| length5 = 4:58
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2013 EPs]]
[[Category:Virgin Records EPs]]

Dion Phaneuf

2013-05-09T13:18:16Z

MichaelsProgramming: Revert vandalism to last edit by Deadbeef

{{Infobox ice hockey player
| image = Dion Phaneuf 2012-03-07.JPG
| image_size = 225px
| alt =
| team= [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]
| former_teams= [[Calgary Flames]]
| league = [[National Hockey League|NHL]]
| position = [[Defenceman|Defence]]
| shoots = Left
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 3
| weight_lb = 218
| ntl_team = Canada
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1985|4|10}}
| birth_place = [[Edmonton, Alberta|Edmonton]], [[Alberta|AB]], [[Canada|CAN]]
| draft = 9th overall
| draft_year = 2003
| draft_team = [[Calgary Flames]]
| career_start = 2005
}}

'''Dion Phaneuf''' (born April 10, 1985) is a [[Canadians|Canadian]] professional [[ice hockey]] [[defenceman]] and [[Captain (ice hockey)|captain]] of the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] of the [[National Hockey League]]. He was drafted ninth overall in the [[2003 NHL Entry Draft]] by the [[Calgary Flames]], and made his NHL debut in [[2005–06 NHL season|2005]] after a four-year junior career with the [[Red Deer Rebels]] of the [[Western Hockey League]] in which he was twice named the [[Bill Hunter Memorial Trophy|Defenceman of the Year]]. He set a Flames record for most goals by a first-year defenceman and was named a finalist for the [[Calder Memorial Trophy]] as top rookie in 2005–06. Two years later, he was a finalist for the [[James Norris Memorial Trophy]] as top defenceman, though he did not win either award. Phaneuf is a three-time [[NHL All-Star Game|NHL All-Star]]. He has represented Canada internationally four times in his career, winning silver and gold medals at the [[IIHF World U20 Championship|World Junior Hockey Championship]] in [[2004 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2004]] and [[2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2005]] respectively, and a gold medal at the [[2007 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]].

Phaneuf is active in the community; the Flames honoured Phaneuf for his role as an ambassador to the Alberta Children's Hospital where he participated in events that help sick and injured children during his time in Calgary.

==Early life==
Dion Phaneuf was born April 10, 1985 in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]]. He is the son of Paul, in construction, and Amber, a nurse.<ref name="HeraldBio">{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/reginaleaderpost/news/sports/story.html?id=3976c638-3e7a-4321-8de0-7b213b8d0545 |title=Dion Phaneuf |work=Calgary Herald |date=2008-01-25 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Dion attended [[Harry Ainlay Composite High School]]. He has a younger brother, Dane, who currently plays for the [[P.E.I. Rocket]] of the [[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League]] (QMJHL).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.pe.ca/Sports/2011-10-18/article-2780158/P.E.I.-Rocket-signs-younger-Phaneuf/1 |title=P.E.I. Rocket signs younger Phaneuf |publisher=The Guardian |date=2011-10-18 |accessdate=2011-11-25}}</ref> Phaneuf's parents describe their family as being close-knit, as Phaneuf kept in close touch with his family as he embarked on his own junior career.<ref name="SunBio">{{cite web |last=Fisher |first=Scott |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Hockey/NHL/Calgary/2005/01/09/859834-sun.html |title=Blood, sweat and cheers |work=Calgary Sun |date=2005-01-09 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref>

Phaneuf's father maintained a backyard rink each winter that the young Phaneuf practiced on. His mother, a former [[figure skater]] who competed for [[Prince Edward Island]] at the 1975 [[Canada Winter Games]], taught him to skate.<ref name="HeraldBio" /> Phaneuf also practiced his shot relentlessly in the basement of his family's home, frequently breaking the nets his father bought.<ref name="SunBio" />

==Playing career==

===Junior===
The [[Red Deer Rebels]] selected Phaneuf in the third round of the 2000 WHL [[Minor ice hockey|Bantam]] Draft.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Flett, Cory and Watts, Jessie|title=2008–09 WHL Guide|publisher=Western Hockey League|page=104}}</ref> One year later, he joined the Rebels for the [[2001–02 WHL season]] and recorded 17 points in 67 games.<ref name="LOH">{{cite web |url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=20895 |title=Player Profile – Dion Phaneuf |publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame |accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref> He added two assists in 21 games as the Rebels lost in the WHL final against the [[Kootenay Ice]].<ref name="WHLGuideRebels">{{Cite book|editor=Flett, Cory and Watts, Jessie|title=2008–09 WHL Guide|publisher=Western Hockey League|page=103}}</ref> He improved to 16 goals and 30 points in [[2002–03 WHL season|2002–03]] as the Rebels again reached the WHL finals, again losing, this time to the [[Kelowna Rockets]].<ref name="LOH" /><ref name="WHLGuideRebels" /> Phaneuf's development earned him comparisons to [[Hockey Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]]r [[Scott Stevens]], as he was lauded by scouts for his physical style and ability to excel both defensively and offensively.<ref name="USATodayDraft">{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/columnist/woodlief/2003-01-06-woodlief_x.htm |title=Phaneuf shows rare poise for a young defenseman |work=USA Today |date=2003-01-06 |accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref> [[Calgary Flames]] general manager [[Darryl Sutter]] valued Phaneuf so highly in the [[2003 NHL Entry Draft]] that he attempted to trade up from his ninth overall selection in the draft to no avail.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sportak |first=Randy |title=Flames grab a Rebel |work=Calgary Sun |date=2003-06-22 |page=S1}}</ref> Sutter was unable to complete a trade, but was still able to select Phaneuf with his first selection in the draft.<ref>{{cite news |last=Francis |first=Eric |title=Highly recommended |work=Calgary Sun |date=2003-06-22 |page=S3}}</ref>

Phaneuf established himself as one of junior hockey's top players following the draft, improving to 42 points in 62 games,<ref name="LOH" /> and earning the [[Bill Hunter Memorial Trophy]] as the top defenceman in the WHL.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Flett, Cory and Watts, Jessie|title=2008–09 WHL Guide|publisher=Western Hockey League|page=201}}</ref> He was also named an Eastern Conference All-Star by the WHL, and a First Team All-Star by the [[Canadian Hockey League]] (CHL).<ref name="LOH" /> He was considered a candidate to join the Flames in 2004, however the [[2004–05 NHL lockout]] forced Phaneuf to play one final year of junior hockey.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fisher |first=Scott |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Hockey/Junior/2005/05/05/pf-1026805.html |title=Graduating with honours |work=Calgary Sun |date=2005-05-05 |accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref> He scored 56 points in 55 games to finish his junior career with 146 points.<ref name="LOH" /> He repeated as the WHL's defenceman of the year, and was again named to both WHL and CHL All-Star Teams.<ref name="LOH" /> ''Prospects Hockey'' rated Phaneuf as the top player in the CHL in both 2004 and 2005, ahead of [[Sidney Crosby]], naming him one of the best junior defencemen of the previous decade.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Peter |title=Prospects Hockey Top 35 |work=Prospects Hockey Magazine |date=Spring 2005 |page=35 |ISSN=1703-7182}}</ref>

===Calgary Flames===
[[File:Dion Phaneuf 2008.JPG|thumb|Phaneuf while playing with the Flames in 2008]]
Phaneuf joined the Flames for the [[2005–06 NHL season]] after signing his first professional contract in September 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2004/09/16/nhlsignings040916.html |title=Stewart, Getzlaf, Phaneuf ink NHL deals |publisher=Canadian Hockey Corporation |date=2005-09-16 |accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref> He made his NHL debut on October 5, 2005 against the [[Minnesota Wild]]. Five nights later, he scored his first career goal, assist and points against the [[Colorado Avalanche]]. He was named the NHL's Rookie of the Month for November after leading all rookie defencemen with nine points and two [[game-winning goal]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2005/12/02/flames_phaneuf051202.html |title=Flames rookie Phaneuf feted |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2005-12-02 |accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref> By January, Phaneuf was being named alongside Crosby and [[Alexander Ovechkin]] as a candidate for the NHL's top rookie.<ref>{{cite news |last=Diamos |first=John |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B01E3DE143FF936A25752C0A9609C8B63 |title=Phaneuf stakes a claim in the race for the top rookie |work=New York Times |date=2006-01-15 |accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref> He finished the season with 20 goals, only the third player in NHL history after [[Brian Leetch]] and [[Barry Beck]] to score 20 as a rookie defenceman.<ref>{{cite news |last=Molinaro |first=John |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2006/04/24/phaneuf060425.html |title=Phaneuf's game belies his age |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2006-04-25 |accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref> His 20 goals also broke the Flames franchise record for goals by a rookie, surpassing [[Gary Suter]]'s total of 18.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2006/04/05/phaneuf-flames060405.html |title=Flames Phaneuf nears team mark |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2006-04-05 |accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref> He was named a finalist for the [[Calder Memorial Trophy]] as top rookie, but lost out to Ovechkin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Molinari |first=Dave |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06174/700603-61.stm |title=Ovechkin beats out Crosby for Calder |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=2006-06-23 |accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref>

A 50 point sophomore season earned Phaneuf his first [[NHL All-Star Game]] appearance in [[2006–07 NHL season|2006–07]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/story/2007/01/13/nhl-allstar-announcement.html |title=Flames added to NHL all-star rosters |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2007-01-13 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> He participated in the hardest shot competition at the [[NHL All-Star Game SuperSkills Competition|SuperSkills competition]], losing to [[Zdeno Chara]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/allstar2007/news/story?id=2740329 |title=2007 SuperSkills – lineup and results |publisher=ESPN |date=2007-01-23 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> and scored a goal and an assist in the game itself to help the [[Western Conference (NHL)|Western Conference]] defeat the East 12–9.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/recap?gameId=270124032 |title=Sakic's four assists lead West; Sabres' Briere voted MVP |publisher=ESPN |date=2007-01-23 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> The Flames signed Phaneuf to a six-year, [[United States dollar|US$]]39 million contract extension midway through the [[2007–08 NHL season|2007–08 season]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/story/2008/02/06/dion-phaneuf.html?ref=rss |title=Flames sign Dion Phaneuf to $39M deal |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2008-02-06 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> He responded by posting a career high 60 points,<ref name="LOH" /> and was voted into the starting lineup by the fans for the [[56th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2008 All-Star Game]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/allstar2008/news/story?page=08rosters |title=2008 NHL All-Star Game – complete rosters |publisher=ESPN |date=2008-01-25 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Phaneuf was named to the [[NHL All-Star Team|NHL First All-Star Team]] following the season,<ref name="2008FTAllStar">{{Cite book |title=2009–10 Calgary Flames Media Guide |publisher=Calgary Flames Hockey Club |last=Hanlon |first=Peter |last2=Kelso |first2=Sean |url=http://flames.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=40390 |format=PDF |year=2009 |page=25}}</ref> and was a finalist for the [[James Norris Memorial Trophy]] as defenceman of the year,<ref>{{cite web |last=Morreale |first=Mike |url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=371995 |title=Cup champion Red Wings well represented |publisher=National Hockey League |date=2008-06-12 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> losing to [[Niklas Lidstrom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhl.com/trophies/norris.html |title=James Norris Memorial Trophy |publisher=National Hockey League |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref>

The [[2008–09 NHL season|2008–09 season]] was a frustrating one for Phaneuf, as he recorded a career low 11 goals and 47 points,<ref name="LOH" /> and his poor [[Plus-minus (ice hockey)|plus/minus]] rating of −11 led fans to question his defensive commitment.<ref name="CHdefence">{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Vicki |url=http://www.faceoff.com/story.html?id=91e71c85-5582-4b2c-b4b8-0632cbb98736 |title=Flames staunch in defence of embattled star blueliner |work=Calgary Herald |date=2009-04-10 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> His poor season and high salary also led to speculation that Phaneuf might be traded. .<ref>{{cite web |last=Sportak |first=Randy |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Columnists/Sportak/2009/04/29/9289326-sun.html |title=Breaking down the positions |work=Calgary Sun |date=2009-04-29 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> In spite of his struggles, Phaneuf averaged 26 minutes and 31 seconds of ice time per game, fourth highest in the league.<ref name="CHdefence" /> He missed the final game of the Flames quarter-final series against the [[Chicago Blackhawks]] with broken ribs,<ref>{{cite web |last=Cameron |first=Allen |url=http://www.nationalpost.com/m/story.html?id=1542103 |title=Flames' loss a case of broken bones, Keenan says |work=National Post |date=2009-04-28 |accessdate=2009-11-30}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> after battling a hip injury during the season.<ref>{{cite web |last=Francis |first=Eric |url=http://www.calgarysun.com/sports/hockey/2009/04/16/9130321-sun.html |title=Days definitely numbered |work=Calgary Sun |date=2009-04-16 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Flames management defended Phaneuf, claiming that the injuries he battled affected his play.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/story/2009/09/25/spf-flames-preview.html |title=Flames look to rise higher |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2009-09-28 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref>

===Toronto Maple Leafs===
On January 31, 2010, the Flames dealt Phaneuf, along with [[Fredrik Sjöström]] and [[Keith Aulie]] to the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] in exchange for [[Matt Stajan]], [[Niklas Hagman]], [[Ian White (ice hockey)|Ian White]] and [[Jamal Mayers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=308469 |title=Flames defenceman Phaneuf traded to Maple Leafs |publisher=The Sports Network |date=2010-01-31 |accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref>

On February 2, 2010, Phaneuf made his Toronto Maple Leaf debut, leading all Maple Leafs players in time on ice and ended the night with a fight and given 2nd star of the game honours. He would record his first point, an [[assist (ice hockey)|assist]], four nights later in a game against the [[Ottawa Senators]] and scored his first goal as a Leaf on April 7, 2010, on [[Henrik Lundqvist]] of the [[New York Rangers]]. Phaneuf was named an alternate captain in Toronto nine games after being acquired after [[Mike Komisarek]] suffered a season-ending injury.<ref>{{cite news |last=McGran |first=Kevin |url=http://www.thestar.com/sports/hockey/nhl/mapleleafs/article/775931--dion-phaneuf-brings-a-game-to-leafs?bn=1 |title=Dion Phaneuf brings 'A' game to Leafs |work=Toronto Star |date=2010-03-06 |accessdate=2010-03-07}}</ref> While Phaneuf struggled offensively to begin his tenure in Toronto – he played 25 games in Toronto before scoring his first goal – Leafs coach [[Ron Wilson (ice hockey b. 1955)|Ron Wilson]] credited him with creating a positive change in the mood in the Toronto dressing room.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hornby |first=Lance |url=http://www.torontosun.com/sports/columnists/lance_hornby/2010/04/07/13506101.html |title=Leafs fold early |work=Toronto Sun |date=2010-04-07 |accessdate=2010-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cox |first=Damien |url=http://www.thestar.com/sports/hockey/nhl/mapleleafs/dionphaneuf/article/786278--cox-phaneuf-trade-a-long-term-success |title=Phaneuf trade a long term success |work=Toronto Star |date=2010-03-27 |accessdate=2010-04-10}}</ref>

Dion Phaneuf was named the 18th captain of the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] on June 14, 2010, at a press conference held by [[Brian Burke (ice hockey)|Brian Burke]], succeeding [[Mats Sundin]], who left after the 2007–08 season.<ref>http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/2010/06/14/pahneuf_captain_toronto/</ref>

On November 2, 2010, in a game against the [[Ottawa Senators]], Phaneuf sustained an injury in the leg by having it cut open with a skate from [[Peter Regin]] while crashing into the boards. He was carried off the ice immediately and had surgery done the same night. Phaneuf was said to be off the ice for four to six weeks,<ref>http://mapleleafs.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=542425</ref> and made a return to the Leafs' lineup on Thursday December 9, 2010,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/story/2010/12/09/sp-nhl-phaneuf.html | work=CBC News | title=Phaneuf back in Leafs lineup | date=2010-12-09}}</ref> a home ice game against the [[Philadelphia Flyers]], which Philadelphia won 4 - 1, but he had 1 assist on the lone Toronto goal.<ref>http://www.nhl.com/ice/recap.htm?id=2010020413&cmpid=ggl1bx</ref>

On January 5, 2012, it was announced that Phaneuf would compete in his third [[NHL All-Star Game]], having finished second amongst all Defensemen on the fan ballot, gaining 614,933 votes, behind the [[Ottawa Senators]] Erik Karlsson.

On April 21, 2013 Phaneuf and the Leafs clinched a playoffs spot. This will be the first time Phaneuf goes into the playoffs since the 2008-2009 season with the Calgary Flames

===International===
{{MedalTableTop|Dion Phaneuf Canada.JPG|250px|name=no}}
{{MedalCountry | {{flagicon|Canada}} Canada }}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[ice hockey]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver | [[2004 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2004 Helsinki]] | Ice hockey}}
{{MedalGold | [[2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2005 Grand Forks]] | Ice hockey }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Ice Hockey World Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[2007 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships|2007 Moscow]] | Ice hockey }}
{{MedalBottom}}

Phaneuf made his international debut for the [[Canada men's national junior ice hockey team|Canadian junior]] team at the [[2004 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]] in Helsinki, Finland, earning a leadership role under head coach [[Mario Durocher]].<ref name="TOStarLeader">{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Ken |title=Phaneuf leader of band |work=Toronto Star |date=2004-01-01 |page=D5}}</ref> A devastating [[bodycheck]] to the Czech Republic's [[Rostislav Olesz]] led the referee to eject Phaneuf from the semi-final game, however he escaped suspension and was permitted to play in the gold medal game.<ref>{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Ken |title=Canada goes for the gold; Phaneuf escapes suspension for big hit |work=Toronto Star |date=2004-01-04 |page=E1}}</ref> The Canadians lost the final to the United States,<ref>{{cite web |last=Hradek |first=E. J. |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/columns/story?columnist=hradek_ej&id=1701169 |title=Canadians unhappy with WJC silver |publisher=ESPN |date=2004-01-06 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> while Phaneuf was named a tournament All-Star at defence.<ref name="Awards" />

The Canadian team at the [[2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]] dominated the tournament, outscoring their opposition 35–6 in the games leading up to the gold medal match-up with Russia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wiebe |first=Ken |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Hockey/Junior/2005/01/04/807328-sun.html |title=Another showdown |work=Winnipeg Sun |date=2005-01-04 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Phaneuf scored a goal and threw a memorable bodycheck that knocked down two Russian players in the championship game as Canada routed the Russians 6–1 to win their first gold medal in eight years.<ref name="2005WJHC">{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/news/story?id=1959235 |title=Canada wins first title in 8 years |publisher=ESPN |date=2005-01-06 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cannella |first=Stephen |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/web/COM1045988/index.htm |title=The Next One |work=Sports Illustrated |date=2005-01-07 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> He was again named a tournament All-Star,<ref name="Awards" /> as well as being named the outstanding defenceman of the tournament.<ref name="2005WJHC" /> He was described as one of the most intimidating players of the tournament for a Canadian team that has been called the greatest of all-time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Kevin |url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/juniors/2005-01-04-czech-usa-bronze_x.htm#gold |title=Canadians win gold to complete grand slam |work=USA Today |date=2005-01-05 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tsn.ca/World_jrs/feature/?fid=10083 |title=2005 – Grand Forks, United States |publisher=The Sports Network |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref>

Following the Flames' elimination in the [[2007 Stanley Cup Playoffs]], Phaneuf joined the [[Canada men's national ice hockey team|Canadian senior]] team at the [[2007 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships]] in Moscow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/story/2007/04/30/phaneuf-teamcanada.html |title=Phaneuf joins Team Canada at hockey worlds |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2007-04-30 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> He recorded eight assists in seven games to help Canada win the gold medal over Finland.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/hockey/2007-05-13-world-championships_N.htm |title=Canada tops Finland 4–2 to win title at hockey worlds |work=USA Today |date=2007-05-13 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Once considered a virtual lock to join team Canada at the [[2010 Winter Olympics]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Burnside |first=Scott |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/olyhockey/columns/story?columnist=burnside_scott&id=4418969 |title=Storylines, scrutiny at Canada camp |publisher=ESPN |date=2009-07-24 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Phaneuf's struggles in the 2008–09 NHL season placed his candidacy in doubt. National team general manager [[Steve Yzerman]] continued to express confidence in Phaneuf during a summer camp held in Calgary,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bradford |first=Keith |url=http://www.nationalpost.com/sports/story.html?id=1922273 |title=Olympic camp marks new start for Phaneuf |work=National Post |date=2009-08-23 |accessdate=2009-11-30}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> but Phaneuf was not among the seven defencemen selected for the team.<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=George |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/sports/Flames+forced+watch+quest+gold/2395133/story.html |title=Flames D-men forced to watch quest for gold |work=Calgary Herald |date=2009-12-31 |accessdate=2010-01-01}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Playing style==
In junior hockey, Phaneuf was known not only for his physical presence, but also his calm demeanour and offensive ability. He was compared to [[Hockey Hall of Fame]]r [[Scott Stevens]] by his former coach, [[Brent Sutter]].<ref name="USATodayDraft" /> Scouts praised his defensive ability, and the poise he showed at both ends of the ice.<ref name="USATodayDraft" /> Praised for his leadership abilities, Phaneuf was named the captain of team WHL at the 2004 [[Subway Super Series|ATD Canada-Russia Challenge]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whl.ca/phaneuf-named-team-whl-captain-p123437 |title=Phaneuf named team WHL captain |publisher=Western Hockey League |date=2004-11-30 |accessdate=2009-12-04}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and was counted upon to take a leadership role with the Canadian junior team at the 2004 and 2005 World Junior Championships.<ref name="TOStarLeader" />

Entering his sophomore season, Phaneuf's potential impact on a game was compared to that of Russian star [[Alexander Ovechkin]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/1154550731.html?dids=1154550731:1154550731&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+01%2C+2006&author=&pub=The+Record&desc=The+great+debate+rages+on%3B+Ovechkin+vs.+Phaneuf%3A+Which+one+has+greater+impact+for+their+team%3F&pqatl=google |title=The great debate rages on: Ovechkin vs. Phaneuf; Which one has greater impact for his team? |work=Kitchener Record |date=2006-11-01 |accessdate=2009-12-04 |page=E1}}</ref> and a poll released by [[ESPN]] in 2008 revealed that 43% of players asked argued Phaneuf was the hardest hitter in hockey, at the age of 22.<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=George |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/columns/story?columnist=johnson_george&id=3178798 |title=Hard hitting Phaneuf is hockey's latest terminator |publisher=ESPN |date=2008-01-03 |accessdate=2009-12-04}}</ref> He was named an alternate captain by the Flames at the start of the 2008–09 season, though Brent Sutter chose to alternate amongst a group of veterans, including Phaneuf, in [[2009–10 NHL season|2009–10]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Vicki |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/sports/hockey/calgary-flames/Phaneuf+sharing+this+year/2066254/story.html |title=Phaneuf sharing the 'A' this year |work=Calgary Herald |date=2009-10-05 |accessdate=2009-12-04}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

While he earned a [[James Norris Memorial Trophy]] nomination for his defensive play in 2008, he struggled enough during the 2008–09 season that some observers began to question his defensive commitment. Phaneuf's teammates were quick to defend his play and noted that he was among the league leaders in average time on ice per game.<ref name="CHdefence" /> His hitting game has also earned criticism at times. The [[New York Islanders]] were especially upset at an open-ice charge Phaneuf delivered to [[Kyle Okposo]] during a 2009 exhibition game that resulted in the latter player suffering a [[concussion]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Strang |first=Katie |url=http://www.newsday.com/sports/hockey/islanders/isles-remain-upset-at-phaneuf-after-hit-on-okposo-1.1460873 |title=Isles remain upset at Phaneuf hit on Okposo |work=Newsday |date=2009-09-18 |accessdate=2009-12-04}}</ref> Phaneuf has also been criticized for occasionally refusing to [[fighting in ice hockey|fight]] opponents who challenge him after throwing a big hit.<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=George |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/festival-guide/Time+Phaneuf+stand/2010061/story.html |title=Time for Phaneuf to stand up |work=George Johnson |date=2009-09-19 |accessdate=2009-12-04}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> For his part, Phaneuf stated he does not believe that he should be forced to fight after every big hit, though he would do so when necessary. His coaches have praised Phaneuf's mentality.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Vicki |url=http://www.nationalpost.com/sports/story.html?id=2010265 |title=Phaneuf firm on decision not to fight |work=National Post |date=2009-09-19 |accessdate=2009-12-04}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> He has also been accused of playing "dirty" and "stupid" by opponents who feel that he occasionally takes unnecessary liberties with opposing players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=304159 |title=Conroy's first goal in 36 games gives Flames win over Kings |publisher=The Sports Network |date=2009-12-31 |accessdate=2010-01-01}}</ref> A 2010 ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' poll of 229 NHL players saw 21% of respondents name Phaneuf as the most overrated player in the league, three times as many votes as any other player. Phaneuf dismissed the poll while several of his current and former teammates expressed their disagreement with the result.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cruickshank |first=Scott |url=http://www.calgaryherald.com/sports/Phaneuf+unfazed+after+poll+crowns+most+overrated/2758408/story.html |title=Phaneuf unfazed after poll crowns him most overrated |work=Calgary Herald |date=2010-04-03 |accessdate=2010-04-10 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100406101205/http://www.calgaryherald.com/sports/Phaneuf+unfazed+after+poll+crowns+most+overrated/2758408/story.html  |archivedate=2010-04-06}}</ref>

==Off the ice==
Phaneuf has maintained a much publicized relationship with Canadian actress [[Elisha Cuthbert]] since they began dating in May 2008, and the pair frequently participate in charitable events in Calgary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calgarysun.com/sports/2009/10/29/11571711.html |title=Flames and Elisha Cuthbert carve pumpkins |work=Calgary Sun |date=2009-10-30 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Their relationship became the centre of controversy in December 2008 when then-[[Dallas Stars]] forward [[Sean Avery]], who had dated Cuthbert in the past, commented on how other NHL players, referring to Phaneuf, fell in love with his "sloppy seconds."<ref>{{cite web |last=Burnside |first=Scott |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/columns/story?columnist=burnside_scott&id=3740622 |title=Isolated incident? No, Avery's career defined by indiscretions |publisher=ESPN |date=2008-12-03 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Commissioner [[Gary Bettman]] referred to the remarks as "disgusting" and suspended Avery six games while the Stars cut ties with the player.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=3774107&type=story |title=Bettman calls Avery remarks disgusting |publisher=ESPN |date=2008-12-16 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Burnside |first=Scott |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nhl/columns/story?columnist=burnside_scott&id=3768895 |title=The next step for the Stars is to turn the team around |publisher=ESPN |date=2008-12-16 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Phaneuf and Cuthbert announced their engagement in September 2012.<ref name="engagement">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com/sports/leafs/article/1250500--toronto-maple-leafs-captain-dion-phaneuf-engaged-to-actress-elisha-cuthbert|title=Toronto Maple Leafs captain Dion Phaneuf engaged to actress Elisha Cuthbert|date = September 3, 2012|accessdate=September 3, 2012|publisher=Toronto Star}}</ref>

While with the Flames, he was the official ambassador to the Alberta Children's Hospital in Calgary and donated tickets to Flames games to help families at the facility.<ref>{{cite web |last=Francis |first=Eric |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Columnists/Francis/2009/11/04/11638921-sun.html |title=Flames are still givers |work=Calgary Sun |date=2009-11-04 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> The Flames named him the recipient of the [[List of Calgary Flames award winners#Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award|Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award]] in 2008 in recognition of his participation with the Children's Hospital.<ref name="SucrfieldAward">{{cite web |url=http://flames.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=454073 |title=Dion Phaneuf receives humanitarian award |publisher=Calgary Flames Hockey Club |date=2008-03-25 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Phaneuf has appeared on the cover of the [[NHL 09]] video game,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/story/2008/06/09/phaneuf-cover.html?ref=rss614 |title=Dion Phaneuf a video game cover boy |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2008-06-09 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> and played a role in NHL promotions and commercials.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bonanno |first=Rocky |url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=384215 |title="Is this the year?" ad campaign comes to life |publisher=National Hockey League |date=2008-10-01 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref>

Phaneuf is the fourth cousin of Canadian figure skater, [[Cynthia Phaneuf]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/FigureSkating/2012/01/20/19273986.html|title=Phaneuf's plans go awry|date = January 20, 2012|accessdate=December 1, 2012|publisher=Canoe.ca}}</ref>

==Career statistics==

===Regular season and playoffs===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" ID="Table3" style="text-align:center; width:50em"
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#fff;"|  
! rowspan="99" style="background:#fff;"|  
! colspan="5" | [[Regular season|Regular season]]
! rowspan="99" style="background:#fff;"|  
! colspan="5" | [[Playoffs]]
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! [[Season (sports)|Season]]
! Team
! League
! GP
! [[Goal (ice hockey)|G]]
! [[Assist (ice hockey)|A]]
! [[Point (ice hockey)|Pts]]
! [[Penalty (ice hockey)|PIM]]
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|-
| [[2001–02 WHL season|2001–02]]
| [[Red Deer Rebels]]
| [[Western Hockey League|WHL]]
| 67
| 5
| 12
| 17
| 170
| 21
| 0
| 2
| 2
| 14
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2002–03 WHL season|2002–03]]
| Red Deer Rebels
| WHL
| 71
| 16
| 14
| 30
| 185
| 23
| 7
| 7
| 14
| 34
|-
| [[2003–04 WHL season|2003–04]]
| Red Deer Rebels
| WHL
| 62
| 19
| 24
| 43
| 126
| 19
| 2
| 9
| 11
| 30
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2004–05 WHL season|2004–05]]
| Red Deer Rebels
| WHL
| 55
| 24
| 32
| 56
| 73
| 7
| 1
| 4
| 5
| 12
|-
| [[2005–06 NHL season|2005–06]]
| [[Calgary Flames]]
| [[National Hockey League|NHL]]
| 82
| 20
| 29
| 49
| 93
| 7
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 7
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2006–07 NHL season|2006–07]]
| Calgary Flames
| NHL
| 79
| 17
| 33
| 50
| 98
| 6
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 7
|-
| [[2007–08 NHL season|2007–08]]
| Calgary Flames
| NHL
| 82
| 17
| 43
| 60
| 182
|7
|3
|4
|7
|4
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2008–09 NHL season|2008–09]]
| Calgary Flames
| NHL
| 80
| 11
| 36
| 47
| 100
| 5
| 0
| 3
| 3
| 4
|-
| [[2009–10 NHL season|2009–10]]
| Calgary Flames
| NHL
| 55
| 10
| 12
| 22
| 49
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| 2009–10
| [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]
| NHL
| 26
| 2
| 8
| 10
| 34
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
| [[2010-11 NHL season|2010–11]]
| Toronto Maple Leafs
| NHL
| 66
| 8
| 22
| 30
| 88
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2011–12 NHL season|2011–12]]
| Toronto Maple Leafs
| NHL
| 82
| 12
| 32
| 44
| 92
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-

|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! colspan="3" | WHL totals
! 255
! 64
! 82
! 146
! 554
! 70
! 10
! 22
! 32
! 90
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! colspan="3" | NHL totals
! 552
! 97
! 215
! 312
! 736
! 25
! 5
! 7
! 12
! 22
|}


===International===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" ID="Table3" style="text-align:center; width:50em"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e0e0e0;"
! Year
! Team
! Comp
! rowspan="99" style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"|  
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2004 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2004]]
| [[Canada men's national junior ice hockey team|Canada]]
| [[World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|WJC]]
| 6
| 2
| 2
| 4
| 29
|-
| [[2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2005]]
| Canada
| WJC
| 6
| 1
| 5
| 6
| 14
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[2007 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships|2007]]
| [[Canadian national men's hockey team|Canada]]
| [[World Ice Hockey Championships|WC]]
| 7
| 0
| 8
| 8
| 2
|-
| [[2011 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships|2011]]
| [[Canadian national men's hockey team|Canada]]
| [[World Ice Hockey Championships|WC]]
| 7
| 0
| 3
| 3
| 8
|-
| [[2012 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships|2012]]
| [[Canadian national men's hockey team|Canada]]
| [[World Ice Hockey Championships|WC]]
| 8
| 2
| 0
| 2
| 4
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
!
! Totals
!
! 34
! 5
! 18
! 23
! 57
|}

===All-Star Games===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" ID="Table3" style="text-align:center; width:50em"
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e0e0e0;"
! Year
! Location
! rowspan="99" style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"|  
! G
! A
! P
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[55th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2007]]
| [[Dallas Stars|Dallas]]
| 1
| 1
| 2
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[56th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2008]]
| [[Atlanta Thrashers|Atlanta]]
| 1
| 0
| 1
|- style="background:#f0f0f0;"
| [[59th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2012]]
| [[Ottawa Senators|Ottawa]]
| 0
| 0
| 0
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e0e0e0;"
! colspan=2 | All-Star totals
! 2
! 1
! 3
|}

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Year
!
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e0e0e0;"
| colspan="3" | Junior
|-
| [[Western Hockey League|WHL]] Eastern Conference All-Star Team
| [[2003–04 WHL season|2003–04]] [[2004–05 WHL season|2004–05]]
|<ref name="Awards">{{Cite book |title=2009–10 Calgary Flames Media Guide |publisher=Calgary Flames Hockey Club |last=Hanlon |first=Peter |last2=Kelso |first2=Sean |url=http://flames.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=40390 |format=PDF |year=2009 |page=89}}</ref>
|-
| [[Canadian Hockey League|CHL]] First All-Star team
| 2003–04
|<ref name="Awards" />
|-
| [[Bill Hunter Memorial Trophy]]
| 2003–04 2004–05
|<ref name="Awards" />
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e0e0e0;"
| colspan="3" | [[National Hockey League]]
|-
| [[NHL All-Rookie Team|All-Rookie Team]]
| [[2005–06 NHL season|2005-06]]
|<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_All-Rookie_Team</ref>
|-
| [[NHL All-Star Game|All-Star Game]]
| [[55th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2007]], [[56th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2008]], [[59th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2012]]
|<ref>http://www.hockey-reference.com/players/p/phanedi01.html</ref>
|-
| [[NHL All-Star Game SuperSkills Competition|Elimination Shootout]]
| [[56th National Hockey League All-Star Game|2008]]
|<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_All-Star_Game_SuperSkills_Competition</ref>
|-
| [[NHL All-Star Team|First Team All-Star]]
| [[2007–08 NHL season|2007–08]]
|<ref name="2008FTAllStar" />
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e0e0e0;"
| colspan="3" | [[List of Calgary Flames award winners|Calgary Flames team awards]]
|-
| [[Ralph T. Scurfield]] Humanitarian Award
| [[2007–08 Calgary Flames season|2007–08]]
|<ref name="SucrfieldAward" />
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e0e0e0;"
| colspan="3" | International
|-
| [[World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|World Junior]] All-Star team
| [[2004 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2004]] [[2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2005]]
|<ref name="Awards" />
|-
|World Junior Directorate Award for Best Defenceman
|2005
|<ref>Collins gem Hockey Facts and Stats 2009-10, p.536, Andrew Podnieks, Harper Collins Publishers Ltd, Toronto, Canada, ISBN 978-1-55468-621-6</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Legendsofhockey|20895}}
*{{hockeydb|62548}}
*{{TSN-NHL-profile|3507}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[Eric Nystrom]] | title = [[List of Calgary Flames draft picks|Calgary Flames' first round draft pick]] | years = [[2003 NHL Entry Draft|2003]] | after = [[Kris Chucko]]}}
{{succession box| before = [[Jeff Woywitka]] | after = [[Kris Russell]] | title = Winner of the [[Western Hockey League|WHL]] [[Bill Hunter Memorial Trophy]] | years = [[2003–04 WHL season|2004]], [[2004–05 WHL season|2005]]}}
{{incumbent succession box | before = [[Mats Sundin]] | title = [[List of Toronto Maple Leafs captains|Toronto Maple Leafs captain]] | start = [[2010–11 NHL season|2010]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{NHLCaptains}}



{{good article}}

{{Persondata 
|NAME = Phaneuf, Dion
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Canadian ice hockey defenceman
|DATE OF BIRTH = April 10, 1985
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]]
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phaneuf, Dion}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Calgary Flames draft picks]]
[[Category:Calgary Flames players]]
[[Category:Canadian ice hockey defencemen]]
[[Category:Ice hockey people from Alberta]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Hockey League All-Stars]]
[[Category:National Hockey League first round draft picks]]
[[Category:People from Edmonton]]
[[Category:Red Deer Rebels players]]
[[Category:Toronto Maple Leafs players]]
[[Category:Franco-Albertan people]]

{{Link GA|ru}}

Mississauga Transitway

2013-02-03T05:07:11Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* MiWay */ Fix table.

The '''Mississauga Transitway''' is a bus-only roadway under construction in [[Mississauga]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]], spanning most of the city from Winston Churchill Boulevard to the junction of Highways [[Ontario Highway 401|401]] and [[Highway 427|427]] in the city of [[Toronto]]. Proposed in the 1970s, the plan has evolved over time. In the 1990s, a serious proposal intended to build a transitway from Ridgeway Road at the very western edge of the city, to the westernmost station of Toronto's proposed [[Eglinton West subway]].<ref name=TransitToronto>{{cite web| url=http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2109.shtml| title=The Mississauga Transitway| date=2006-11-10| work=Transit Toronto| accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> After this line was cancelled, the proposal was revised to its current state. Construction started in November 2010 with completion scheduled for late fall 2012.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Rapid - Mississauga Bus Rapid Transit News |volume=3 |publisher=[[Mississauga]] |month=Fall |year=2009 |url=http://www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/BRTnewsletterFall09.pdf |accessdate=2009-11-08}}</ref><ref>http://www.mississauga.com/news/article/905575--city-breaks-ground-on-brt-station</ref>

==Route==
{{Mississauga BRT}}

The plan now calls for a dedicated transitway from [[Winston Churchill Boulevard]] to [[Erin Mills Parkway]], where the buses would then use dedicated shoulder lanes on [[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]] to reach the [[Mississauga City Centre Transit Terminal|City Centre terminal]]. From there, a dedicated transitway would parallel Highway 403 to Cawthra Road, and then follow Eastgate Parkway to [[Eglinton Avenue]] East, and Eglinton to just west of Renforth Drive.

The transitway would likely be served in a manner similar to [[Ottawa]]'s [[Ottawa Transitway|Transitway]], using a mix of express routes and local routes. Because the transitway is not planned to run near any of [[Mississauga Transit]]'s secondary terminals(terminals other than [[Square One Shopping Centre|Square One]]), it is likely that branch routes would also travel in mixed traffic to reach their destinations, like current routes 109 and 110.

===MiWay===

MiWay currently operates three routes along the corridor:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" |
|-
!rowspan="2"|Route
!rowspan="2"|Year
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Terminus
!rowspan="2"|No. of Stops
!rowspan="2"|Running Time (mins)
!colspan="9"|Service Span and Average Frequency (mins)
!rowspan="2"|Connecting Services
|-
! colspan="2"|AM Peak
! colspan="2"|Midday
! colspan="2"|PM peak
! Evenings
! Saturdays
! Sundays
|-
| '''107''' Malton
| 2010
| [[Mississauga City Centre Transit Terminal|City Centre Transit Terminal]]
| [[Humber College]]
| 18
| 49 - 54
| colspan="2"| 16 - 18
| colspan="2"| 28
| colspan="2"| 16 - 18
| -
| -
| -
| [[Brampton Transit|BT]], [[GO Transit|GO]], [[MiWay]], [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC]], [[Züm]] 
|-
| '''109''' Meadowvale
| 2008
| [[Meadowvale Town Centre Bus Terminal]]
| [[Islington (TTC)|Islington Subway Station]]
| 17
| 64 - 67
| colspan="2"| 16-18 (SB) 34-37 (NB)
| colspan="2"| -
| colspan="2"| 16-19 (NB) 15-38 (SB)
| -
| -
| -
| [[GO Transit|GO]], [[MiWay]], [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC]], [[Züm]] 
|-
|rowspan="2"| '''110''' University
| 2007
|rowspan="2"| [[Mississauga City Centre Transit Terminal|City Centre Transit Terminal]]
| [[Clarkson GO Station]]
| 9
| 35 - 40
| rowspan="2"| 7.5†
| 15
| rowspan="2"| 17
| 34
| rowspan="2"| 7.5†
| 15
| rowspan="2" | 26
| rowspan="2" | 28
| rowspan="2" | 28
| rowspan="2"| [[GO Transit|GO]], [[MiWay]], [[Oakville Transit|OT]], [[Züm]]
|-
| 2010
| [[University of Toronto Mississauga]] ([[short turn]])
|4
|23
| 15†
| 34
| 15†
|}
* †: supplementary short-turn service during rush hours is only provided during the Fall-Winter Session. Rush hour frequency of Route 110 during the Summer Session reverts to 15 minutes.

====107 Malton====

Route 107 connects the [[Mississauga City Centre Transit Terminal|City Centre Transit Terminal]] with the Airport Corporate Centre, Toronto [[Lester B. Pearson International Airport|Pearson Airport]] (YYZ), the community of Malton via the Westwood Mall terminal, as well as [[Humber College]]'s North Campus. It used to run along [[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]] but was diverted to Rathburn Road due to the anticipated delays brought by the construction of the transitway.

Using Eastgate Parkway, part of the eventual transitway, and stopping outside of the physical airport at one of its "People Mover" stations (the [[LINK Train|Viscount LINK Station]]), it completes the run from the City Centre to Westwood Mall in just 43 minutes; therefore, it provides a much faster trip than the its local counterpart 7 Airport, which achieves it in 70 minutes. Also, it runs faster than another local route, 22 Finch, for the segment between Westwood Mall and Humber College because it stops directly in front of the campus building and runs along less busy residential roads, while the local route drops passengers at the parking lot far from the campus and it runs along the busy Darcel and Finch Avenues. Route 107 currently operates every 16 – 18 minutes, on average, in both directions during weekday rush hours and midday periods only.

====109 Meadowvale====

Route 109 runs between the Meadowvale Town Centre terminal in northwest Mississauga, the [[Erin Mills Town Centre Bus Terminal]] in western Mississauga serving the growing [[Erin Mills]] community, the [[Mississauga City Centre Transit Terminal|City Centre Transit Terminal]], the Airport Corporate Centre, and the [[Islington (TTC)|Islington Subway Station]], a major terminal in [[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]].

The route used to bypass the City Centre Transit Terminal, completing the route in just 58 minutes. As of July 2011, by serving the City Centre Transit Terminal, it increased to 64–67 minutes, but it still provides a much faster trip than 89 Meadowvale-Subway, which currently does it in 75 minutes by traveling along local streets such as Creditview Road and [[Eglinton Avenue]]. However, with the additional stop at the City Centre Terminal, it also provides a quicker option to Meadowvale Town Centre with a 30-minute travel time, 15–20 minutes quicker than routes 9 Meadowvale and 10 Bristol. The route operates both ways during rush hours only, every 16–19 minutes towards the subway in the morning and from the subway in the afternoon, and every 34–38 minutes in the reverse peak direction.

====110 University====

Route 110 was the first of the 100-series routes to be created. It connects the City Centre Transit Terminal to [[University of Toronto Mississauga|U of T's Mississauga campus]], the South Common Mall terminal in the west end, Sheridan Centre and [[Clarkson GO station]], both located in the southwest part of the city. It provides a faster trip to UTM than former route 24, and a faster trip to South Common than former express route 206 by using Highway 403, part of the eventual transitway route. Route 110 provides full service 7 days a week, with buses running every 15 minutes during rush hours, every 34 minutes during mid-days, and every 28 minutes during late evenings and weekends. However, a short turn route between the City Centre and the university had been implemented in January 2010 due to overcrowding. Hence, the additional trips during peak times increased the frequency to every 7.5 minutes during rush hours and 17 minutes during mid-days.

===GO Transit===

GO Transit currently operates six routes along this corridor:

====19 Oakville/Finch====

Route 19 runs between [[Oakville GO Station]] and [[Finch GO Bus Terminal]]. Along the way, it serves [[Square One Bus Terminal|Square One]], [[Yorkdale Bus Terminal|Yorkdale]] and [[York Mills Bus Terminal|York Mills]] bus terminals. This route also connects to four [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC]] subway stations, all of which are in [[Yonge-University-Spadina]] line: [[Yorkdale (TTC)|Yorkdale]], [[York Mills (TTC)|York Mills]], [[Sheppard-Yonge (TTC)|Sheppard-Yonge]] and [[Finch (TTC)|Finch]]. This route provides service during weekdays only (excluding holidays), but with all branches combined (19, 19A, 19B, 19C), it has a frequency as high as 10 minutes at Square One during peak hours. All of Route 19's branches will run through the transitway.

====25 Waterloo/Mississauga====

Route 25 runs between [[University of Waterloo]] and Square One. It also stops at [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]], the [[Charles Street Terminal]] at [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], and [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] in [[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]]. The frequency of this route depends on the direction of travel, as well as the day of the week, ranging from hourly to every three hours. Routes 25B, 25C, and 25D provide extra express services between Square One and the two aforementioned Waterloo universities, bypassing Kitchener and Cambridge; while Route 25E provides express service from Kitchener's [[Charles Street Terminal]] to Square One. Route 25 runs year-round, seven days a week, while the express branches only run during the academic year.

====29 Guelph/Mississauga====

Route 29 runs between [[University of Guelph]] and [[Cooksville GO Station]], while its 29A branch ends its trip at nearby [[Square One Bus Terminal]]. It also stops at Aberfoyle Park and Ride in [[Puslinch]]. This route is also planned to be extended further inbound to [[Kipling (TTC)|Kipling Station]].<ref name='Rathburn' /> Route 29 provides service during weekdays, while Route 29A provides weekend service as well as extra service from the university during Fridays. It runs hourly up to the midnight hours 7 days a week.

====45 Mississauga/York University====

Route 45 runs between [[Streetsville GO Station]] and [[York University]], stopping at Square One Bus Terminal. Meanwhile, route 45A provides extra service between Square One and York University during the academic year. During weekdays, routes 45 and 45A have a frequency of as high as 5 minutes at the peak direction and 30–35 minutes in the reverse peak direction. Both branches will run through the transitway.

====46 Oakville/York University====

Route 46 runs between [[Oakville GO Station]] and York University, stopping at Square One Bus Terminal and [[Bramalea GO Station]]. This route runs every 25–35 minutes during rush hours, 30 minutes during midday, and hourly during evenings. Route 46A provides extra service between Square One and [[Sheridan College]]'s Trafalgar Campus during the academic year. Both branches will run through the transitway.

====47 Hamilton/York University====

Route 47 runs between [[Hamilton GO Centre]] and York University, stopping at Square One Bus Terminal and Bramalea GO Station. This route branch runs every 30–35 minutes during rush hours and 30 minutes during midday and evenings. Among all of the variants of route 47, only routes 47, 47A, 47B, and 47G will serve the transitway. Route 47A provides extra local service between Bramalea GO Station and [[McMaster University]] via Square One. Meanwhile, Route 47B provides extra express service between Square One and McMaster University. Route 47G provides hourly weekend service between McMaster University and Yorkdale via Square One. Route 47 provides service year-round, while its branches only run during the academic year. This route is also proposed to have a branch that serves Kipling Station.<ref name='Rathburn' />

==Expansion==

The current plan cites possible expansion opportunities such as heading west into [[Oakville, Ontario|Oakville]] via Highway 403 or [[Ontario Highway 407|Highway 407]], as well as heading to [[Pearson International Airport]] (YYZ) in the east. It may also be extended to reach the proposed multimodal transit terminal at [[Kipling (TTC)|Kipling station]] on the [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC's]] [[Bloor–Danforth line|Bloor-Danforth subway line]] via Highway 427 and [[Dundas Street (Toronto)|Dundas Street West]].

===Proposed Routes===

By the opening day,<ref name='Rathburn'>{{cite journal|title=Rathburn Road Transit Priority Measures: Environmental Project Report |publisher=[[Mississauga]] |month=April |year=2010 |url=http://www5.mississauga.ca/brt/rathburn/april2010/7644_FINALEPR_Apr052010.pdf |accessdate=2010-04-13}}</ref> several possible routes are being planned to run along it:
* The BRT spine route, from Winston Churchill to Kipling Station (to be numbered as Route 100),
* Along the Lisgar and Churchill Meadows communities, from Meadowvale Town Centre to Kipling Station via Winston Churchill Station,
* Along Britannia, Creditview, and Rathburn Roads, from Meadowvale Town Centre to Kipling Station via City Centre, which currently form a part of Route 89,
* Along Mavis Road and Highway 401 from Financial Drive to Kipling Station via City Centre, which currently form a part of Route 82,
* Along Dixie Road from Drew Road to Kipling Station, via Dixie Station, and
* Along Hurontario Street from Shoppers World to Kipling Station via City Centre.

However, there have since been new route proposals that could alter the original service plan.
* [[Brampton Transit]]'s Route 502 [[Züm]] Main is proposed to go all the way to Square One in preparation for [[Hurontario-Main Street LRT|LRT]].
* In its most recent budgets, Mississauga Transit proposes Route 105 Dixie-Bramalea Express to run between [[Dixie Outlet Mall]] and [[Bramalea City Centre]], pending senior government funding.<ref>http://www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/DpttnCBC9Nov2009MississaugaTransit.pdf</ref>
* [[Oakville Transit]] could serve Mississauga City Centre by one of the branches of the proposed Dundas BRT, using Trafalgar Road and Highway 407.<ref>http://securet.oakville.ca/eams/view.aspx?cabinet=published_meetings&fileid=114656</ref>

===Future Phases===

In future phases, the transitway is expected to be extended westward to Ridgeway Drive, where a station will be constructed. Also, the western section of the transitway, from Confederation to [[Erin Mills Parkway|Erin Mills]] is expected to have a separated right-of-way, therefore gaining a Creditview Station. However, it is not known how the station would connect to the nearby [[Erindale GO Station]]. In the City Centre, the platforms along Rathburn Road between [[Hurontario Street]] and Living Arts Drive will be shared with the [[Hurontario-Main Street LRT]]. The BRT will use the inner side of the platforms, while the LRT will use the outer side because the LRT vehicles will have doors on the left side, while the BRT buses won't. Also, a Centre View Drive station has been protected for future use since it will connect to a possible branch of the proposed Hurontario light rail.<ref name=Rathburn/>

==Stations==

The BRT stations would consist of platforms, pedestrian walkways, Kiss & Ride areas and Park & Ride lots. All stations will be wheelchair-accessible ({{Access icon||15px}}) and will have heated waiting areas, similar to [[Züm]].<ref>http://www.mississauga.ca/portal/miway/brtstations</ref>

The following is a list of proposed stations in Phase 1, from west to east<ref name=Rapid1>{{cite journal|title=Rapid - Mississauga Bus Rapid Transit News |volume=1 |publisher=[[Mississauga]] |month=Spring |year=2008 |url=http://www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/BRTSpring08Newsletter.pdf |accessdate=2009-11-08}}''</ref> :

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;border:1px;text-align: center;"
|-
! Station !! GO Transit Stop !!  Park and Ride !!  Kiss and Ride !!  Bus Access !! Notes
|-
|| '''Winston Churchill''' || X || 335 spaces || X || X ||
|-
|| '''Erin Mills''' || X || 335 spaces || X || X ||
* connection to City Centre via [[Ontario Highway 403|Highway 403]]'s [[High-occupancy vehicle lane|HOV lane]] and bus bypass shoulders
|-
|| '''City Centre''' || X || 210 spaces || || X ||
* inter-regional transit terminal
* connection to [[Züm]] Main
* connection to future [[Hurontario-Main Street LRT]]
|-
|| '''Central Parkway''' || || || X || ||
|-
|| '''Cawthra''' || || 60 spaces || X || ||
|-
|| '''Tomken''' || || || X || ||
|-
|| '''Dixie''' || X || 170 spaces || X || X ||
* This is a station that will service [[Rockwood Village - Mississauga|Rockwood]] subdivision
|-
|| '''Tahoe''' || || || || ||
* originally Fieldgate.<ref name=Tway>http://transit.toronto.on.ca/gotransit/2109.shtml</ref> This is a station that will service [[Rockwood Village - Mississauga|Rockwood]] subdivision.
|-
|| '''Etobicoke Creek''' || || || || ||
* originally Fieldgate North <ref name=Tway/>
|-
|| '''Spectrum''' || || || || ||
|-
|| '''Orbitor''' || || || || ||
|-
|| '''Renforth''' || X || || || X ||
* airport gateway
* connection to [[Kipling (TTC)|Kipling Stn]] via [[Ontario Highway 427|Hwy 427]]
* connection to [[Eglinton-Scarborough Crosstown line]]
|}

The Renforth station, to be located one block west at Commerce Blvd, is currently planned to feature an indirect multimodal interchange with the [[Toronto Transit Commission|TTC]]'s proposed [[Eglinton-Scarborough Crosstown line]]. The interchange will feature a full-service below grade BRT station, but only at-grade median surface stop for the [[LRT]], requiring transferring passengers to cross Commerce Blvd and descend a set of stairs to access the BRT.<ref>http://www.toronto.ca/involved/projects/eglinton_crosstown_lrt/pdf/2009-11-20_display_panels_part1.pdf</ref>

There will be local and express services, with some buses stopping at all stations, and others stopping only at selected major stations.<ref name=Rapid1/>

==Buses==

The transitway would use a mix of standard and articulated buses travelling at 80 km/h. The transit corridor will be shared by GO Transit and MiExpress buses for inter-regional and inter-city travel, respectively.

==Funding==

The project will be funded as part of the Government of Ontario's [[MoveOntario 2020]] plan, with both the federal and provincial governments contributing up to a total of [[Canadian dollar|$]]173 million.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mississauga.ca/portal/home?paf_gear_id=9700020&itemId=90200082| title=Mississauga Receives Federal Funding for Bus Rapid Transit Program| date=2007-03-06| work=City of Mississauga press release| accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.metrolinx.com/en/projectsandprograms/transitexpansionprojects/transit_expansion.aspx Mississauga Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)]
*[http://gotransit.com/public/en/improve/Mississauga_BRT.aspx Mississauga MiWay and GO Transit Route and Stations]
*[http://www.mississauga.ca/portal/miway/brtreports?paf_gear_id=9700018&itemId=106700563n BRT Detailed Design Concept Plans]
*[http://www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/BRT_Images_BRT_PICPlan_WinstontoErinMillsDraft_sm.jpg BRT Detail Design - Winston Churchill to Erin Mills Parkway (DRAFT)]
*[http://www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/BRT_PICPlanHurontariotoCawthra_sm.jpg BRT Detail Design - Hurontario to Cawthra]
*[http://www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/BRT_PICPlan_CawthratoFieldgate_sm.jpg BRT Design Plan - Eastgate Pkwy - Cawthra to Fieldgate Section]
*[http://www.mississauga.ca/file/COM/BRT_PICPlan_FieldgatetoRenforth_sm.jpg BRT Detail Design - Fieldgate to Renforth]

{{Metrolinx}}
{{GTA Mass Transit}}

[[Category:Transport in Mississauga]]
[[Category:Proposed public transport in the Greater Toronto Area]]
[[Category:Bus rapid transit in Canada]]

Susan Fennell

2013-02-03T05:00:08Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* As mayor */ Add umlaut to Züm and link to its page.

{{Infobox politician
| name = Susan Fennell
| image = Mayor Fennell warms up the crowd for cheering.JPG
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Mayor Fennell warming up the crowd, before the 2005 season opener for the [[Brampton Battalion]] hockey team
| office = 49th [[List of mayors of Brampton|Mayor of Brampton]]
| term_start = 2000
| term_end =
|predecessor = Peter Robertson
| successor =
| office2 = [[Brampton City Council]]lor for Ward 3
| term_start2 = 1988
| term_end2 = 2000
| predecessor2 = John Shadrach
| successor2 =
| birth_date = 1955
| birth_place = [[Saint-Laurent (borough)|Saint-Laurent]], [[Quebec]]
| residence = Brampton
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (1988 – present) ''Note: Municipal politicians in Brampton run on a [[Nonpartisan]] basis''
| otherparty= [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]]
| profession =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Susan Fennell''' is the [[mayor]] of [[Brampton]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. She was also the Founder and Commissioner of the [[National Women's Hockey League]].

==Background==
In 1953, Susan Fennell was born in [[Saint-Laurent (borough)|Saint-Laurent]], a borough of [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]].<ref name=BSHOF>[http://www.bramptonsports.ca/inductee.php?pk=122 BSHOF Inductee: Susan Fennell]</ref> She completed an Honours [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[environmental science]] from the [[University of Toronto at Mississauga]] in 1977.<ref name=UofTBio>[http://www.greatpast.utoronto.ca/GreatMinds/ShowBannerUTM.asp?ID=85 Biography at the University of Toronto]</ref><ref name=BramptonBio>[http://www.city.brampton.on.ca/mayorcouncil/mayorbio.tml Biography at the City of Brampton website]</ref> She and her husband John have two adult children, Michael and Joey.<ref name=BramptonBio /> Before entering politics she worked for 11 years for [[Mettler Toledo|Toledo Scale]].<ref name=ElectionBio>[http://www.susanfennell.com/biography.htm Biography at susanfennell.com]</ref>

==Political career==
Fennell's first foray into politics was with her 1988 election to [[Brampton City Council]] for Ward 3.<ref name=ElectionBio /> That same year she was first elected to the Board of Governors of [[Sheridan College]], where she served as one of the directors until 1995.<ref name=ElectionBio /> During her time as a city councillor, Fennell was actively involved in several committees, including those for Economic Development and Official Plan Review.<ref name=ElectionBio /> This period also saw Fennell active on the Airport Tri-Municipal Committee, the [[Brampton Board of Trade]], and the Downtown Business Improvement Area.<ref name=UofTBio />

In 1991, Fennell was elected to [[Peel Regional Council]] to represent Wards 3 and 4.<ref name=UofTBio /> Her first term as a regional councillor saw her chair the Brampton Budget Committee and saw the first zero-tax increase in Peel Region's history in 1993.<ref name=ElectionBio /> During her stint at the regional council, Fennell also chaired the Public Works Committee and the Economic Development Committee. She was also involved in the governing council of the Board of Trade<ref name=ElectionBio /> and the [[Ontario Highway 427|Highway 427]] Extension Committee.<ref name=Fasken>[http://www.fasken.com/WEB/FMDWEBSITEFRENCH.NSF/AllDoc/6EA6E0859510BE5085256DF2005C95FE/$File/FMALERT_NOV03.PDF!OpenElement Fasken Martineau Alert]</ref>

The [[Canadian federal election, 1993|1993 federal election]], saw her run as the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] candidate in the [[Brampton (electoral district)|Brampton riding]], finishing [[Brampton (electoral district)#Electoral history|third]].

===As mayor===
In 2000, Fennell defeated three-term incumbent [[Peter Robertson (politician)|Peter Robertson]] for the Brampton mayoralty. She was re-elected in 2003, defeating councillor [[Bill Cowie]] by a 28% margin.<ref name=2003Election>[http://www.city.brampton.on.ca/cityvote2006/2003-results/totals.tml 2003 Municipal election results at the City of Brampton website]</ref> Fennell was re-elected to a third term in 2006 with 79.85% of the vote, defeating the nearest competitor by a 61% margin.<ref name=2006Election>[http://www.bramptonvotes1.ca/results-1.htm Brampton CityVote 2006 results]</ref> In 2010, Fennell was elected to her fourth term with 50.68% of the vote.<ref name=2010Election>[http://www.brampton.ca/en/City-Hall/Election/Pages/2010results.aspx]</ref>

She acted to protect Brampton's position on Peel Regional Council, including negotiating with the designated provincial facilitator, Justice George Adams. However, the Ontario Legislature voted against the recommendation and instead increased the seats on Peel Regional Council in Mississauga's favour instead of allotting more in Brampton's favour to provide for future population growth in Brampton as was recommended by the provincial facilitator.<ref name=Hansard>[http://www.ontla.on.ca/hansard/house_debates/38_parl/Session1/L134B.htm Debate on the ''Regional Municipality Of Peel Act, 2005'', Legislative Assembly Of Ontario], April 25, 2005</ref><ref name=committee>[http://www.ontla.on.ca/hansard/committee_debates/38_parl/Session1/finance/F048.htm#P156_24356 Presentation to the Standing Committee On Finance And Economic Affairs], May 6, 2005</ref>

While mayor, Fennell has twice served as chair of the [[Federation of Canadian Municipalities]] (FCM) Infrastructure and Transportation Committee, as well as being a part of the Federal Big City Mayor's Caucus (BCMC). In 2007 she was elected chair of the FCM Federal Ontario Municipal Caucus and continues to serve in this role after her re-election at the 2012 FCM AGM in Saskatoon.<ref name=BramptonBio /> She is also a member of the [[Peel Regional Police]] Services Board, the Large Urban Mayors Caucus of Ontario (LUMCO), the Greater Toronto Marketing Alliance.,<ref name=BramptonBio /> and the GO-Transit Board.

During Fennell's tenure as mayor, Brampton has become and remains debt free and also holds a Triple AAA Credit Rating.<ref name=BramptonBio /> In 2007, Brampton was designated an Internationally Safe Community, by the [[World Health Organization]], one of only 10 cities designated in North America.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} In 2007, Brampton was named a finalist in the World Leadership Forum, for best led city in the category of town planning.

In 2008, Fennell called for an environment master plan, and created the Environment Committee of Council, with citizens, academia and business involved.

City projects during her time as mayor have included the Rose Theatre, Flower City Seniors Centre, Chinguacousy Park Skateboard Park, Cassie Campbell Community Centre, Brampton Soccer Centre, Full renovation of Earnscliffe Recreation Centre and Century Gardens and [[Züm]] rapid transit.

==Hockey commissioner==
Fennell was instrumental in the creation of the [[National Women's Hockey League]], the premier women's hockey league in North America. She served as its commissioner from its inception in 1999 until her retirement in July 2006.<ref name=CAAWS>[http://www.caaws.ca/e/article.cfm?ID=1040 CAAWS website]</ref>

==Honours==
Fennell is an Honorary Member of the Royal Canadian Legion Branch 15, an Honorary Member of the Brampton [[Kiwanis International|Kiwanis]] and [[Zonta International|Zonta]] clubs, and has been honoured with [[Rotary International]]'s Paul Harris Fellowship.<ref name=BramptonBio /> In 2005 she was named an honorary member of the [[William Osler Health Centre]] Board of Directors.<ref name=BramptonBio /> She is also a recipient of the [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]].<ref name=BramptonBio /> and has been presented the Boy Scouts "Lord Baden Powell" Medal.

In 2006 she was inducted into the City of Brampton Sports Hall of Fame in the "Builder" category for her role in the creation and growth of the NWHL.<ref name=BSHOF /> In December 2008, Mayor Fennell was presented an honorary fifth degree black belt in Tai Kwon Do, presented by Grand Master Ken Cheung.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.susanfennell.com/ Official site], updated during elections
* [http://www.brampton.ca/mayorcouncil/mayor.tml City of Brampton: Susan Fennell]
* [http://www.region.peel.on.ca/council/councill/fennell.htm Region of Peel: Susan Fennell]
* [http://slam.canoe.ca/SlamChats/fennell_susan_031700.html SLAM! Sports: Susan Fennell]

{{GTA Mayors}}


{{Persondata
|NAME = Fennell, Susan
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = politician, women's hockey commissioner
|DATE OF BIRTH = 1953
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Saint-Laurent (borough)|Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fennell, Susan}}
[[Category:Mayors of Brampton]]
[[Category:Sport in Brampton]]
[[Category:Canadian women mayors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:Women in Ontario politics]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

User talk:76.4.59.49

2012-10-04T22:47:47Z

MichaelsProgramming: Add 2nd level warning.

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Telegraphy]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. [[User:MichaelsProgramming|Michael's Programming]] ([[User talk:MichaelsProgramming|talk]]) 22:47, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

Telegraphy

2012-10-04T22:46:13Z

MichaelsProgramming: Revert vandalism.

{{redirect4|Telegraph|Telegram}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
[[File:OptischerTelegraf.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Replica of [[Claude Chappe]]'s optical telegraph on the [[Litermont]] near [[Nalbach]], Germany]]

'''Telegraph''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''[[wikt:tele-|tele]]'' τηλε "far", and ''[[wikt:-graphy|graphein]]'' γραφειν "writing") is the long-distance transmission of [[message]]s without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus [[semaphore]] is a method of telegraphy whereas [[pigeon post]] is not.

Telegraphy requires that the method used for encoding the message be known to both sender and receiver. Such methods are designed according to the limits of the signalling [[Media (communication)|medium]] used. The use of [[smoke signals]], [[beacon]]s, [[Heliograph|reflected light]] signals, and [[flag semaphore]] signals are early examples. In the 19th century, the harnessing of [[electricity]] brought about the means to transmit signals via [[electrical telegraph]]. The advent of [[radio]] in the early 1900s brought about [[radiotelegraphy]] and other forms of [[wireless telegraphy]]. In the [[Internet]] age, telegraphic means developed greatly in sophistication and ease of use, with natural language interfaces that hide the underlying code, allowing such technologies as [[electronic mail]] and [[instant messaging]].

== History ==
Telegraphs have existed in Europe from as early as 1792 in the form of [[semaphore line]]s, or optical telegraphs, that sent messages to a distant observer through line-of-sight signals. In 1837, American artist-turned inventor [[Samuel F. B. Morse]] conducted the first successful experiment with an electrical recording telegraph.

== Terminology ==
A ''telegraph'' is a device for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, i.e., for telegraphy. The word "telegraph" alone now generally refers to an [[electrical telegraph]].
Wireless telegraphy is also known as "CW", for [[continuous wave]] (a carrier modulated by [[on-off keying]]), as opposed to the earlier radio technique of using a [[spark-gap transmitter|spark gap]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

Morse argued that the term ''telegraph'' can strictly only be applied to systems that transmit ''and'' record messages at a distance. This is to be distinguished from ''semaphore'' which merely transmits messages. Smoke signals, for instance, are to be considered semaphore, not telegraph. According to Morse, telegraph dates only from 1832 when the first electric telegraph was invented by Schilling.<ref>Samuel F. B. Morse, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rGgPAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=true ''Examination of the Telegraphic Apparatus and the Processes in Telegraphy''], pages 7-8, Philp & Solomons 1869 {{OCLC|769828711}}.</ref>

A telegraph message sent by an [[electrical telegraph]] operator or telegrapher using [[Morse code]] (or a [[printing telegraph]] operator using plain text) was known as a ''telegram''. A ''cablegram'' (see [[cablegram]]) was a message sent by a submarine telegraph cable,<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cablegram Merriam-Webster.com]</ref> often shortened to a ''cable'' or a ''wire''. Later, a ''Telex'' was a message sent by a [[Teleprinter#Telex|Telex]] network, a switched network of [[teleprinter]]s similar to a telephone network.

Before long distance telephone services were readily available or affordable, telegram services were very popular and the only way to convey information speedily over very long distances. Telegrams were often used to confirm business dealings and were commonly used to create binding legal documents for business dealings.<ref>[http://www.itelegram.com/telegram/contract-cancellation.asp Sample contract cancellation], itelegram.com website</ref>

A ''wire picture'' or ''wire photo'' was a newspaper picture that was sent from a remote location by a [[Fax|facsimile telegraph]]. The ''teleostereograph'' machine, a forerunner to the modern electronic fax, was developed by AT&T's [[Bell Labs]] in the 1920s; however, the first commercial use of image facsimile telegraph devices dates back to the time of [[Samuel Morse|Samuel F. B. Morse]]'s invention in the 1800s. Morse and his partner [[Alfred Vail]] also invented [[morse code]]).

A ''diplomatic telegram'', also known as a [[diplomatic cable]], is the term given to a confidential communication between a [[diplomatic mission]] and the [[Foreign minister|foreign ministry]] of its parent country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/11/29/10/1796-memos-us-embassy-manila-wikileaks-cablegate |title=1,796 memos from US embassy in Manila in WikiLeaks 'Cablegate' |date=29 November 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2010 |publisher=[[ABS–CBN Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>Definition of "cable", {{cite book |title=The Macquarie Dictionary |edition=3rd |year=1997 |publisher=Macquarie Library |location=Australia |isbn=0-949757-89-6 |quote=(n.) 4. a telegram sent abroad, especially by submarine cable. (v.) 9. to send a message by submarine cable.}}</ref> These continue to be called telegrams or cables regardless of the method used for transmission.

==Optical telegraph==
:''Main articles: [[Semaphore line]] (visual telegraphy using signal arms or shutters), [[flag semaphore]] (using hand-held flags), [[signal lamp]] (visual naval communications) and [[heliograph]] (visual communications using reflected sunlight)''
[[File:Construction-pruss-opt-tele.png|thumb|200px|right|Construction schematic of a Prussian optical telegraph (or [[Semaphore line|semaphore]]) tower, C. 1835]]

The first telegraphs came in the form of [[optical telegraph]] including the use of [[smoke signals]], [[beacon]]s or [[Heliograph|reflected light]], which have existed since ancient times. A [[semaphore line|semaphore network]] invented by [[Claude Chappe]] operated in France from 1792 through 1846.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066703/semaphore|title=Semaphore,Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> It helped [[Napoleon]] enough to be widely imitated in Europe and the U.S. In the [[Peninsular War]] (1807–1814), several similar telegraphs had been used in the [[Lines of Torres Vedras]], by the Anglo-Portuguese army. The [[Prussian semaphore system|Prussian system]] was put into effect in the 1830s. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880.

Semaphores were able to convey information more precisely than smoke signals and beacons and consumed no fuel. Messages could be sent at much greater speed than [[post rider]]s and could serve entire regions. However, like beacons, smoke and [[Heliograph|reflected light signals]] they were highly dependent on good weather and daylight to work (practical [[Incandescent light bulb|electrical lighting]] was not available until about 1880). They required operators and towers every 30 km (20 mi),{{cn|in practice, it seems about half this distance was used|date=June 2012}} and could only accommodate about two words per minute. This was useful to governments, but too expensive for most commercial uses other than commodity price information. [[electrical telegraph|Electric telegraphs]] were to reduce the cost of sending a message thirtyfold compared to semaphores, and could be utilized non-stop, 24 hours per day, independent of the weather or daylight.

Elevated locations where optical telegraphs were placed for maximum visibility were renamed to ''Telegraph Hill'', such as [[Telegraph Hill, San Francisco]], and Telegraph Hill in the [[PNC Bank Arts Center]] in [[New Jersey]].

== Electrical telegraphs ==
{{Main|Electrical telegraph}}

One very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an ''electrochemical telegraph'' created by the [[Germans|German]] physician, anatomist and inventor [[Samuel Thomas von Sömmering]] in 1809, based on an earlier, less robust design of 1804 by [[Catalan people|Spanish-Catalan]] [[polymath]] and scientist [[Francisco Salva Campillo]].<ref name="Harvard1" /> Both their designs employed multiple wires (up to 35) in order to visually represent most Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed electrically up to a few kilometers (in von Sömmering's design), with each of the telegraph receiver's wires immersed in a separate glass tube of acid. As an electric current was applied by the sender representing each digit of a message, it would at the recipient's end electrolyse the acid in its corresponding tube, releasing a stream of hydrogen bubbles next to its associated letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's operator would visually observe the bubbles and could then record the transmitted message, albeit at a very low [[baud]] rate.<ref name="Harvard1">Jones, R. Victor [http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/images/history/von_Soem.html Samuel Thomas von Sömmering's "Space Multiplexed" Electrochemical Telegraph (1808-10)], Harvard University website. Attributed to "[http://books.google.com/books?id=Oxc7AAAAMAAJ&q=Semaphore+to+Satellite,Published+by+the+International+Telecommunication+Union,+Geneva+1965&dq=Semaphore+to+Satellite,Published+by+the+International+Telecommunication+Union,+Geneva+1965&ei=XdL9SfrCIoOgNcChzLkK Semaphore to Satellite]" , International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1965. Retrieved 2009-05-01</ref>

One of the earliest [[electromagnetic telegraph]] designs was created by [[Pavel Schilling]] in 1832.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] and [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber|Wilhelm Weber]] built and first used for ''regular'' communication the electromagnetic telegraph in 1833 in [[Göttingen]], connecting Göttingen Observatory and the Institute of Physics, covering a distance of about 1 km.<ref>R. W. Pohl, Einführung in die Physik, Vol. 3, Göttingen (Springer) 1924</ref> The setup consisted of a coil which could be moved up and down over the end of two magnetic steel bars. The resulting induction current was transmitted through two wires to the receiver, consisting of a [[galvanometer]]. The direction of the current could be reversed by commuting the two wires in a special switch. Therefore, Gauss and Weber chose to encode the alphabet in a binary code, using positive current and negative as the two states.

A replica commissioned by Weber for the [[Weltausstellung 1873 Wien|1873 World Fair]] based on his original designs is on display in the collection of historical instruments in the Department of Physics at [[University of Göttingen]].
There are two versions of the first message sent by Gauss and Weber: the more official one is based on a note in Gauss's own handwriting stating that "Wissen vor meinen – Sein vor scheinen" ("knowing before opining, being before seeming") was the first message sent over the electromagnetic telegraph. [[File:Cooke and Wheatstone electric telegraph.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Cooke and Wheatstone's electric telegraph]]The more anecdotal version told in Göttingen observatory is that the first message was sent to notify Weber that the observatory's servant was on the way to the institute of physics, and just read "Michelmann kommt" ("Michelmann is on his way"), possibly as a test who would arrive first.

In 1836 an American scientist, Dr. [[David Alter]], invented the first known American [[electric telegraph]], in Elderton, Pennsylvania, one year before the Cooke and Wheatstone and the Morse telegraphs. Alter demonstrated it to witnesses but never developed the idea into a practical system.<ref>''Popular Science'', February 1882, '''vol.20''', no.28, p.568, Bonnier Corporation, ISSN 0161-7370.</ref>

The first commercial [[electrical telegraph]] was co-developed by Sir [[William Fothergill Cooke]] and [[Charles Wheatstone]], and entered use on the [[Great Western Railway]] in [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]]. It ran for {{convert|13|mi|km}} from [[Paddington station]] to [[West Drayton]] and came into operation on 9 July 1839.<ref>Hubbard, Geoffrey (1965) ''Cooke and Wheatstone and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph,'' Routledge & Kegan Paul, London p. 78</ref> It was [[patent]]ed in the [[United Kingdom]] in 1837, and was first successfully demonstrated by Cooke and Wheatstone on 25 July 1837 between [[Euston railway station|Euston]] and [[Camden Town]] in London.<ref>Nichols, John (1967). ''The Gentleman's magazine, Volumes 282–283.'' p. 545. University of California</ref>

[[Edward Davy]] demonstrated his telegraph system in [[Regent's Park]] in 1837 and was granted a patent on 4 July 1838. He also developed an electric relay.<ref name=bsp>{{cite web |url=http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/other/iee_davy.htm |title=Edward Davy |publisher=Australian Science Archives Project |accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref>

In 1843 Scottish inventor [[Alexander Bain (inventor)|Alexander Bain]] invented a device that could be considered the first [[facsimile machine]]. He called his invention a "recording telegraph". Bain's telegraph was able to transmit images by electrical wires. In 1855 an Italian abbot, [[Giovanni Caselli]], also created an electric telegraph that could transmit images. Caselli called his invention "[[Pantelegraph]]". Pantelegraph was successfully tested and approved for a telegraph line between [[Paris]] and [[Lyon]].

=== Morse telegraph ===
[[File:L-Telegraph1.png|thumb|left|200px|A Morse key]]

An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the [[United States]] in 1837 by [[Samuel Morse]]. His assistant, [[Alfred Vail]], developed the [[Morse code]] signalling [[alphabet]] with Morse. The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse on 11 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at [[Speedwell Ironworks]] near [[Morristown, New Jersey]].
On 24 May 1844, he sent the message "[[What hath God wrought|WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT]]" from the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] in Washington to the [[B&O Railroad Museum|old Mt. Clare Depot]] in [[Baltimore]]. This message (quoting [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 23:23) was chosen by Annie Ellsworth of Lafayette, Indiana,<ref>[[Roswell, New Mexico]] was named after Annie Ellsworth's future husband, Roswell Smith.</ref> the daughter of Patent Commissioner [[Henry Leavitt Ellsworth]]. The message was all capital letters because the original Morse code alphabet had no question mark or lower case.

The Morse/Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the following two decades; the overland telegraph connected the west coast of the continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the [[Pony Express]].

[[File:The First Telegraph.jpg|thumb|333px|right|The telegram sent by [[Samuel Morse|Samuel F. B. Morse]] from the Capitol in Washington to Alfred Vail in Baltimore in 1844: "''What hath God wrought''"]]

=== Oceanic telegraph cables ===

The first commercially successful [[transatlantic telegraph cable]] was successfully completed on 18 July 1866. The lasting connections were achieved by the ship [[SS Great Eastern|SS ''Great Eastern'']], captained by [[Sir James Anderson]].<ref>Wilson, Arthur (1994). The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. p. 203. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85573-301-5.</ref> Earlier transatlantic [[submarine communications cable|submarine cables]] installations were attempted in 1857, 1858 and 1865. The 1857 cable only operated intermittently for a few days or weeks before it failed. The study of underwater telegraph cables accelerated interest in mathematical analysis of very long [[transmission line]]s. The telegraph lines from Britain to India were connected in 1870 (those several companies combined to form the ''Eastern Telegraph Company'' in 1872).

[[File:1891 Telegraph Lines.jpg|left|thumb|333px|Major telegraph lines in 1891]]

Australia was first linked to the rest of the world in October 1872 by a submarine telegraph cable at Darwin.<ref>Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter: "A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet", p110. Polity, Cambridge, 2005.</ref> This brought news reportage from the rest of the world.<ref>Conley, David and Lamble, Stephen (2006) ''The Daily Miracle: An introduction to Journalism,''(Third Edition) Oxford University Press, Australia pp. 305-307</ref>

Further advancements in telegraph technology occurred in the early 1870s, when [[Thomas Edison]] devised a [[full duplex]] two-way telegraph and then doubled its capacity with the invention of [[quadruplex telegraph]]y in 1874.<ref>Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter: "A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet", p117. Polity, Cambridge, 2005.</ref> Edison filed for a U.S. patent on the duplex telegraph on 1 September 1874 and received {{US patent|480567}} on 9 August 1892.

The telegraph across the Pacific was completed in 1902, finally encircling the world.

== Wireless telegraphy ==
{{Main|Wireless telegraphy}}

[[Nikola Tesla]] and other scientists and inventors showed the usefulness of [[wireless telegraphy]], radiotelegraphy, or [[radio]], beginning in the 1890s. [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]] demonstrated to the public his [[receiver (radio)|wireless radio receiver]], which was also used as a lightning [[detector]],<ref>{{cite book
|title=Radar Origins Worldwide: History of Its Evolution in 13 Nations Through World War II
|edition=
|first1=Raymond C.
|last1=Watson Jr.
|publisher=Trafford Publishing
|year=2009
|isbn=1-4269-2110-1
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zup4V2wSZtMC}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Zup4V2wSZtMC&pg=PA278 Extract of page 278]
</ref> on May 7, 1895. He proudly demonstrated his wireless receiver before a group of reporters on a stormy August evening in 1895. It was attached to a long 30-foot pole that he held aloft to maximize the signal. When asked by one of the reporters if it was a good idea to hold this metal rod in the middle of a storm he replied that all was well. After being struck (and nearly killed) by a bolt of lightning he proudly announced to the world that his invention also served as a "lightning detector".

[[Albert Turpain]] sent and received his first radio signal, using Morse code, in [[France]], up to 25 meters in 1895.<ref name="dspt">{{cite web |url=http://dspt.club.fr/TURPAIN.htm|title=Raconte-moi la radio: Albert TURPAIN|accessdate=2009-05-07|work=Pierre Dessapt}}</ref>

[[File:Post Office Engineers.jpg|thumb|Post Office Engineers inspect [[Marconi Company|Marconi]]'s equipment on Flat Holm, May 1897]]

[[Guglielmo Marconi]] sent and received his first radio [[Wiktionary:signal|signal]] in [[Italy]] up to 6 kilometres in 1896. On 13 May 1897, Marconi, assisted by George Kemp, a [[Cardiff]] Post Office engineer, transmitted the first [[wireless]] signals over water to [[Lavernock]] (near [[Penarth]] in [[Wales]]) from [[Flat Holm]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/flatholm/pages/marconi.shtml |title=Marconi: Radio Pioneer |accessdate=2008-04-12 |work=BBC South East Wales }}</ref> Having failed to interest the [[Italy|Italian]] government, the 22-year-old inventor brought his telegraphy system to Britain and met [[William Preece]], a Welshman, who was a major figure in the field and Chief Engineer of the [[General Post Office]]. A pair of masts about {{convert|34|m|ft|0}} high were erected, at Lavernock Point and on Flat Holm. The receiving mast at Lavernock Point was a {{convert|30|m|ft|0|adj=on}} high pole topped with a cylindrical cap of zinc connected to a detector with insulated copper wire. At Flat Holm the sending equipment included a [[Ruhmkorff coil]] with an eight-cell battery. The first trial on 11 and 12 May failed but on the 13th the mast at Lavernock was extended to {{convert|50|m|ft|0}} and the signals, in Morse code, were received clearly. The message sent was "ARE YOU READY"; the Morse slip signed by Marconi and Kemp is now in the [[National Museum of Wales]].

In 1898 Popov accomplished successful experiments of wireless communication between a naval base and a [[Pre-dreadnought|battleship]].

In 1900 the crew of the Russian coast defense ship ''General-Admiral Graf Apraksin'' as well as stranded Finnish fishermen were saved in the [[Gulf of Finland]] because of exchange of distress telegrams between two radiostations, located at [[Suursaari|Hogland island]] and inside a Russian [[naval base]] in [[Kotka]]. Both stations of wireless telegraphy were built under Popov's instructions.

In 1901, Marconi radiotelegraphed the letter "S" across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] from his station in [[Poldhu|Poldhu, Cornwall]] to [[Signal Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]].

Radiotelegraphy proved effective for rescue work in sea [[disaster]]s by enabling effective communication between ships and from ship to shore.

== Telegraphic improvements ==
[[File:Phelps' Electro-motor Printing Telegraph.jpg|left|thumb|Phelps' Electro-motor Printing Telegraph from circa 1880, the last and most advanced telegraphy mechanism designed by [[George May Phelps]]. Note the keyboard for entering the message.]]
[[File:WACsOperateTeletype.jpg|left|thumb|333px|Teletype machines in [[World War II]]]]

A continuing goal in telegraphy has been to reduce the cost per message by reducing hand-work, or increasing the sending rate.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} There were many experiments with moving pointers, and various electrical encodings. However, most systems were too complicated and unreliable. A successful expedient to increase the sending rate was the development of [[telegraphese]].

Other research{{Specify|date=December 2007}} focused on the [[multiplexing]] of telegraph connections. By passing several simultaneous connections through an existing copper wire, capacity could be upgraded without the laying of new cable, a process which remained very costly. Several technologies were developed like [[Frequency-division multiplexing]]. Long [[submarine communications cable]]s became possible in segments with [[underwater telegraph cable#Technological developments|vacuum tube amplifiers]] between them.

With the invention of the [[teletypewriter]], telegraphic encoding became fully automated. Early teletypewriters used the ITA-1 [[Baudot code]], a five-bit code. This yielded only thirty-two codes, so it was over-defined into two "shifts", "letters" and "figures". An explicit, unshared shift code prefaced each set of letters and figures.

The airline industry remains one of the last users of teletypewriters and in a few situations still sends messages over the [[SITA]] or [[AFTN]] networks. For example, the [[British Airways]] operations computer system ([[Flight Information and Control of Operations|FICO]]) {{As of|2004|lc=on}} still uses teletypewriters to communicate with other airline computer systems.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} The same goes for [[Programmed Airline Reservation System]] (PARS) and IPARS{{what?|date=September 2012}} that use a similar shifted six-bit Teletype code, because it requires only eight bits per character, saving bandwidth and money. A teletypewriter message is often much smaller than the equivalent [[EDIFACT]] or [[XML]] message. In recent years as airlines have had access to improved bandwidth in remote locations, [[IATA]] standard [[XML]] is replacing Teletypewriter data as well as [[Electronic Data Interchange|EDI]].
[[File:TrainStationInterior.jpg|upright|right|thumb|CN Telegraph and Cable office]]
The first electrical telegraph developed a standard signalling system for telecommunications. The "mark" state was defined as the powered state of the wire. In this way, it was immediately apparent when the line itself failed. The moving pointer telegraphs started the pointer's motion with a "start bit" that pulled the line to the unpowered "space" state. In early Telex machines, the start bit triggered a wheeled commutator run by a motor with a precise speed (later, digital electronics). The commutator distributed the bits from the line to a series of relays that would "capture" the bits. A "stop bit" was then sent at the powered "mark state" to assure that the commutator would have time to stop, and be ready for the next character. The stop bit triggered the printing mechanism. Stop bits initially lasted 1.42 baud times (later extended to two as signalling rates increased), in order to give the mechanism time to finish and stop vibrating. Hence an ITA-2 [[Murray code]] symbol took 1 start, 5 data, and 1.42 stop (total 7.42) baud times to transmit.<ref>[http://www.nadcomm.com/fiveunit/fiveunits.htm Hobbs, Allan G. Five-unit codes (1999) accessed 2007-12-20]</ref>
{{clear}}

== Telex == 
{{main|Telex}}
[[File:Telex.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Siemens AG|Siemens]] T100 Telex machine]]
[[File:Puma teleprinter.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A late-model [[British Telecom]] "Puma" Telex machine of the 1980s]]

By 1935, message routing was the last great barrier to full automation. Large telegraphy providers began to develop systems that used [[telephone exchange|telephone-like rotary dialling]] to connect teletypewriters. These machines were called "Telex" (TELegraph EXchange). Telex machines first performed rotary-telephone-style [[pulse dialling]] for [[circuit switching]], and then sent data by [[Baudot code]]. This "type A" Telex routing functionally automated message routing.

The first wide-coverage Telex network was implemented in [[Germany]] during the 1930s{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} as a network used to communicate within the government.

At the rate of 45.45 (±0.5%) [[baud]] — considered speedy at the time — up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using ''voice frequency telegraphy [[frequency-division multiplexing|multiplexing]]'', making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-distance communication.

Canada-wide automatic teleprinter exchange service was introduced by the [[CPR Telegraphs|CPR Telegraph Company]] and [[CN Telegraph]] in July 1957 (the two companies, operated by rivals [[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway]], would join to form [[CNCP Telecommunications]] in 1967). This service supplemented the existing international Telex service that was put in place in November 1956. Canadian Telex customers could connect with nineteen European countries in addition to eighteen Latin American, African, and trans-Pacific countries.<ref>C. J. Colombo, “Telex in Canada”, Western Union Technical Review, January 1958: 21</ref> The major exchanges were located in [[Montreal]] (01), [[Toronto]] (02), and [[Winnipeg]] (03).<ref>Phillip R. Easterlin, “Telex in New York”, Western Union Technical Review, April 1959: 47 figure 4</ref>

In 1958, [[Western Union Telegraph Company|Western Union]] started to build a Telex network in the United States.<ref>Phillip R. Easterlin, "Telex in New York", Western Union Technical Review, April 1959: 45</ref> This Telex network started as a satellite exchange located in New York City and expanded to a nationwide network. Western Union chose Siemens & Halske AG,<ref>Phillip R. Easterlin, "Telex in Private Wire Systems", Western Union Technical Review, October 1960: 131</ref> now Siemens AG, and ITT<ref>James S. Chin and Jan J. Gomerman, "CSR4 Exchange", Western Union Technical Review, July 1966: 142–149</ref> to supply the exchange equipment, provisioned the exchange trunks via the Western Union national microwave system and leased the exchange to customer site facilities from the local telephone company. Teleprinter equipment was originally provided by Siemens & Halske AG<ref>Fred W. Smith, "European Teleprinters", Western Union Technical Review, October 1960: 172–174</ref> and later by Teletype Corporation.<ref>Fred W. Smith, "A New Line of Light-duty Teleprinters and ASR Sets", Western Union Technical Review, January 1964: 18–31</ref> Initial direct International Telex service was offered by Western Union, via W.U. International, in the summer of 1960 with limited service to London and Paris.<ref>T.J. O’Sullivan, "TW 56 Concentrator", Western Union Technical Review, July 1963: 111–112</ref>

In 1962, the major exchanges were located in New York City (1), Chicago (2), San Francisco (3), Kansas City (4) and Atlanta (5).<ref>Phillip R. Easterlin, "Telex in the U.S.A.", Western Union Technical Review, January 1962: 2–15</ref> The Telex network expanded by adding the final parent exchanges cities of Los Angeles (6), Dallas (7), Philadelphia (8) and Boston (9) starting in 1966.

The Telex numbering plan, usually a six-digit number in the United States, was based on the major exchange where the customer's Telex machine terminated.<ref>Kenneth M. Jockers, "Planning Western Union Telex", Western Union Technical Review, July 1966: 92–95</ref> For example, all Telex customers that terminated in the New York City exchange were assigned a Telex number that started with a first digit "1". Further, all Chicago based customers had Telex numbers that started with a first digit of "2". This numbering plan was maintained by Western Union as the Telex exchanges proliferated to smaller cities in the United States. The Western Union Telex network was built on three levels of exchanges.<ref>Kenneth M. Jockers, "Planning Western Union Telex", Western Union Technical Review, July 1966: 94 figure 2</ref> The highest level was made up of the nine exchange cities previously mentioned. Each of these cities had the dual capability of terminating both Telex customer lines and setting up trunk connections to multiple distant Telex exchanges. The second level of exchanges, located in large cities such as Buffalo, Cleveland, Miami, Newark, Pittsburgh and Seattle, were similar to the highest level of exchanges in capability of terminating Telex customer lines and setting up trunk connections. However, these second level exchanges had a smaller customer line capacity and only had trunk circuits to regional cities. The third level of exchanges, located in small to medium sized cities, could terminate Telex customer lines and had a single trunk group running to its parent exchange.

Loop signaling was offered in two different configurations for Western Union Telex in the United States. The first option, sometimes called local or [[Current loop|loop service]], provided a 60 milliampere loop circuit from the exchange to the customer teleprinter. The second option, sometimes called long distance or polar was used when a 60 milliampere connection could not be achieved, provided a ground return polar circuit using 35 milliamperes on separate send and receive wires. By the 1970s, and under pressure from the Bell operating companies wanting to modernize their cable plant and lower the adjacent circuit noise that these Telex circuits sometimes caused, Western Union migrated customers to a third option called F1F2. This F1F2 option replaced the DC voltage of the local and long distance options with [[modem]]s at the [[Telephone exchange|exchange]] and [[Subscription business model|subscriber]] ends of the Telex circuit.

Western Union offered connections from Telex to the AT&T TeletypeWriter eXchange (TWX) system in May 1966 via its New York Information Services Computer Center.<ref>Sergio Wernikoff, "Information Services Computer Center", Western Union Technical Review, July 1966: 130</ref> These connections were limited to those TWX machines that were equipped with automatic answerback capability per CCITT standard.

Telex grew around the world very rapidly. Long before automatic telephony was available, most countries, even in central [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], had at least a few high-frequency ([[shortwave]]) Telex links. Often these radio links were first established by government postal and telegraph services (PTTs). The most common radio standard, [[ITU-T|CCITT]] R.44 had error-corrected retransmitting [[time-division multiplexing]] of radio channels. Most impoverished PTTs operated their Telex-on-radio (TOR) channels non-stop, to get the maximum value from them.

The cost of TOR equipment has continued to fall. Although initially specialised equipment was required, many [[amateur radio]] operators now operate TOR (also known as [[radioteletype|RTTY]]) with special software and inexpensive hardware to adapt computer sound cards to short-wave radios.<ref>[http://www.dxzone.com/catalog/Software/RTTY/ DXzone.com]</ref>

Modern "cablegrams" or "telegrams" actually operate over dedicated Telex networks, using TOR whenever required.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

=== Operation and applications ===

Telex messages are routed by addressing them to a Telex address, e.g., "14910 ERIC S", where 14910 is the subscriber number, ERIC is an abbreviation for the subscriber's name (in this case Telefonaktiebolaget L.M. Ericsson in Sweden) and S is the country code. Solutions also exist for the automatic routing of messages to different Telex terminals within a subscriber organization, by using different terminal identities, e.g., "+T148".

A major advantage of Telex is that the receipt of the message by the recipient could be confirmed with a high degree of certainty by the "answerback". At the beginning of the message, the sender would transmit a WRU (Who aRe yoU) code, and the recipient machine would automatically initiate a response which was usually encoded in a rotating drum with pegs, much like a [[music box]]. The position of the pegs sent an unambiguous identifying code to the sender, so the sender could verify connection to the correct recipient. The WRU code would also be sent at the end of the message, so a correct response would confirm that the connection had remained unbroken during the message transmission. This gave Telex a major advantage over less verifiable forms of communications such as telephone and fax.

The usual method of operation was that the message would be prepared off-line, using [[paper tape]]. All common Telex machines incorporated a 5-hole paper-tape punch and reader. Once the paper tape had been prepared, the message could be transmitted in minimum time. Telex billing was always by connected duration, so minimizing the connected time saved money. However, it was also possible to connect in "real time", where the sender and the recipient could both type on the keyboard and these characters would be immediately printed on the distant machine.

Telex could also be used as a rudimentary but functional carrier of information from one IT system to another, in effect a primitive forerunner of [[Electronic Data Interchange]]. The sending IT system would create an output (e.g., an inventory list) on paper tape using a mutually agreed format. The tape would be sent by Telex and collected on a corresponding paper tape by the receiver and this tape could then be read into the receiving IT system.

One use of Telex circuits, in use until the wide-scale adoption of [[x.400]] and [[Internet]] email, was to facilitate a message handling system, allowing local email systems to exchange messages with other email and Telex systems via a central routing operation, or switch. One of the largest such switches was operated by [[Royal Dutch Shell]] as recently as 1994, permitting the exchange of messages between a number of IBM Officevision, [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] [[All-In-One]] and [[Microsoft Mail]] systems. In addition to permitting email to be sent to Telex addresses, formal coding conventions adopted in the composition of Telex messages enabled automatic routing of Telexes to email recipients.

=== TeletypeWriter eXchange ===


The TeletypeWriter eXchange (TWX) was developed by the [[Bell System]] in the United States and originally ran at 45.45 baud or 60 words per minute, using five level [[Baudot code]]. Bell later developed a second generation of TWX called "four row" that ran at 110 baud, using eight level [[ASCII]] code. The Bell System offered both "3-row" Baudot and "4-row" ASCII TWX service up to the late 1970s.

TWX used the public switched telephone network. In addition to having separate Area Codes (510, 610, 710, 810, and 910) for the TWX service, the TWX lines were also set up with a special Class of Service to prevent connections to and from [[Plain old telephone service|POTS]] to TWX and vice versa.

The code/speed conversion between "3-row" Baudot and "4-row" ASCII TWX service was accomplished using a special Bell "10A/B board" via a live operator. A TWX customer would place a call to the 10A/B board operator for Baudot – ASCII calls, ASCII – Baudot calls and also TWX Conference calls. The code / speed conversion was done by a Western Electric unit that provided this capability. There were multiple code / speed conversion units at each operator position.

Western Union purchased the TWX system from AT&T in January 1969.<ref name="Western_Union_1969_4">{{Cite journal |title= WU to Buy AT&T TWX |journal= Western Union News Volume II |issue= 4 |date= January 15, 1969 }}</ref> The TWX system and the special area codes (510, 610, 710, 810, and 910) continued right up to 1981 when Western Union completed the conversion to the Western Union Telex II system. Any remaining "3-row" Baudot customers were converted to Western Union Telex service during the period 1979 to 1981.

The modem for this service was the Bell 101 dataset, which is the direct ancestor of the Bell 103 [[modem]] that launched computer [[time-sharing]]. The 101 was revolutionary, because it ran on ordinary unconditioned telephone subscriber lines, allowing the Bell System to run TWX along with POTS on a single public switched telephone network.

=== International Record Carriers ===

Bell's original consent agreement limited it to international dial telephony. The [[Western Union]] Telegraph Company had given up its international telegraphic operation in a 1939 bid to monopolize U.S. telegraphy by taking over ITT's PTT business. The result was a de-emphasis on Telex in the U.S. and a "cat's cradle" of international Telex and telegraphy companies. The Federal Communications Commission referred to these companies as "International Record Carriers" (IRCs).

* [[Western Union|Western Union Telegraph Company]] developed a subsidiary named Western Union Cable System. This company later was renamed as Western Union International (WUI) when it was spun off by Western Union as an independent company. WUI was purchased by [[MCI Communications| MCI Communications (MCI)]] in 1983 and operated as a subsidiary of MCI International.
* ITT's "World Communications" division (later known as ITT World Communications) was amalgamated from many smaller companies, several of which were organized under the [[American Cable and Radio Corporation]]: [[Federal Telegraph Company|Federal Telegraph]], "All American Cables and Radio", "Globe Wireless", and the common carrier division of Mackay Marine. ITT World Communications was purchased by Western Union in 1987.
* RCA Communications (later known as RCA Global Communications) had specialized in global radiotelegraphic connections. In 1986 it was purchased by MCI International.
* Before World War I, the Tropical Radiotelegraph Company (later known as Tropical Radio Telecommunications, or TRT) put radio telegraphs on ships for its owner, the [[United Fruit Company| United Fruit Company (UFC)]], to enable them to deliver bananas to the best-paying markets. Communications expanded to UFC's plantations, and were eventually provided to local governments. TRT eventually became the national carrier for many small Central American nations.
* The French Telegraph Cable Company (later known as FTC Communications, or just FTCC), which was owned by French investors, had always been in the U.S. It laid undersea cable from the U.S. to France. It was formed by Monsieur Puyer-Quartier. International telegrams routed via FTCC were routed using the telegraphic routing ID "PQ", which are the initials of the founder of the company.
* [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone Rubber]] developed its own IRC, the ''"Trans-Liberia Radiotelegraph Company"''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} It operated shortwave from [[Akron, Ohio]], to the rubber plantations in [[Liberia]]. TL is still based in Akron.

Bell Telex users had to select which IRC to use, and then append the necessary routing digits. The IRCs converted between TWX and [[Western Union]] Telegraph Co. standards.

== Arrival of the Internet ==
:''Main article: [[History of the Internet]]. See also: [[E-mail]] and [[ARPANET]]''

Around 1965, [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency|DARPA]] commissioned a study of decentralized switching systems. Some of the ideas developed in this study provided inspiration for the development of the [[ARPANET]] [[packet switching]] research network, which later grew to become the public [[Internet]].

As the [[Public switched telephone network|PSTN]] became a digital network, [[T-carrier]] "synchronous" networks became commonplace in the U.S. A T1 line has a "frame" of 193 bits that repeats 8000 times per second. The first bit, called the "sync" bit, alternates between 1 and 0 to identify the start of the frames. The rest of the frame provides 8 bits for each of 24 separate voice or data channels. Customarily, a T-1 link is sent over a balanced twisted pair, isolated with transformers to prevent current flow. Europeans adopted a similar system ([[E-carrier|E-1]]) of 32 channels (with one channel for frame synchronisation).

Later, [[Synchronous optical networking|SONET and SDH]] were adapted to combine carrier channels into groups that could be sent over [[optic fiber]]. The capacity of an optic fiber is often extended with [[wavelength division multiplexing]], rather than rerigging new fibre. Rigging several fibres in the same structures as the first fibre is usually easy and inexpensive, and many fibre installations include unused spare "[[dark fibre]]", "dark wavelengths", and unused parts of the SONET frame, so-called "virtual channels".

In 2002, the Internet was used by [[Kevin Warwick]] at the [[University of Reading]] to communicate neural signals, in purely electronic form, telegraphically between the nervous systems of two humans,<ref>[[Kevin Warwick|Warwick, K]], [[Mark Gasson|Gasson, M]], Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, [[Peter Kyberd|Kyberd, P]], Schulzrinne, H and Wu, X: "Thought Communication and Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy", ''IEE Proceedings on Communications'', 151(3), pp. 185–189, 2004</ref> potentially opening up a new form of communication combining the Internet and telegraphy.

In 2006, a well-defined communication channel used for telegraphy was established by the [[SONET]] standard [[OC-768]], which sent about 40 gigabits per second.

The theoretical maximum capacity of an optic fiber is more than 1012 bits (one [[terabit]] or one trillion bits) per second{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}. In 2006, no existing encoding system approached this theoretical limit, even with wavelength division multiplexing.

Since the Internet operates over any digital transmission medium, further evolution of telegraphic technology will be effectively concealed from users.

== E-mail displaces telegraphy ==
{{main|E-mail}}

[[E-mail]] was first invented for [[Compatible Time Sharing System|CTSS]] and similar time sharing systems of the era in the mid-1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.multicians.org/thvv/mail-history.html|title=The History of Electronic Mail|author=Tom Van Vleck}}</ref> At first, e-mail was possible only between different accounts on the same computer (typically a [[mainframe computer|mainframe]]). [[ARPANET]] allowed different computers to be connected to allow e-mails to be relayed from computer to computer, with the first ARPANET e-mail being sent in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|title=The First Network Email|url=http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html|author=Ray Tomlinson}}</ref> [[Multics]] also pioneered instant messaging between computer users in the mid-1970s. With the growth of the Internet, e-mail began to be possible between any two computers with access to the Internet. This led to the development of a form of communication that is a hybrid between a telegram and an email, namely the [[Edigram]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} Such communications could be sent on a round-the-clock basis, and were characterized as being short, concise and lacking any superfluous terms.

Various private networks like [[UUNET]] (founded 1987), [[WELL (virtual community)|the Well]] (1985), and [[GEnie]] (1985) had e-mail from the 1970s, but subscriptions were quite expensive for an individual, US$25 to US$50 per month, just for e-mail. Internet use was then largely limited to government, academia and other government contractors until the net was opened to commercial use in the 1980s.

By the early 1990s, [[modem]]s made e-mail a viable alternative to Telex systems in a business environment. But individual e-mail accounts were not widely available until local Internet service providers were in place, although demand grew rapidly, as e-mail was seen as the Internet's [[killer app]]. It allowed anyone to email anyone, whereas previously, different system had been walled off from each other, such that [[AOL|America Online]] subscribers could only email other America Online subscribers, [[CompuServe|Compuserve]] subscribers could only email other Compuserve subscribers, etc. The broad user base created by the demand for e-mail smoothed the way for the rapid acceptance of the [[World Wide Web]] in the mid-1990s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} [[Fax]] machines were another technology that helped displace the telegram.

On Monday, 12 July 1999, a final telegram was sent from the National Liberty Ship Memorial, the [[SS Jeremiah O'Brien]], in San Francisco Bay to President [[Bill Clinton]] in the White House. Officials of Globe Wireless reported that "The message was 95 words, and it took six or eight minutes to copy it." They then transmitted the message to the White House via e-mail. That event was also used to mark the final commercial U.S. ship-to-shore telegraph message transmitted from North America by Globe Wireless, a company founded in 1911. Sent from its wireless station at [[Half Moon Bay, California]], the sign-off message was a repeat of Samuel F. B. Morse's message 155 years earlier, "What hath God wrought?"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wjkane.com/taps.htm|title=It's Taps For U.S. Telegraph—Last Dots Dashed Out|last=Quinn |first=Andrew |date=July 13, 1999|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle (Reuters)|accessdate=2009-01-06}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

== Worldwide status of telegram services ==

In [[Australia]], [[Australia Post]] closed its telegram service on 7 March 2011. In the Victorian town of [[Beechworth, Victoria|Beechworth]], visitors can send telegrams to family members or friends from the Beechworth Telegraph Station.<ref>[http://www.beechworthonline.com.au/pages/beechworth-telegraph-station/ Beechworthonline.com.au]</ref>

In [[Bahrain]], [[Batelco]] still offers telegram services. They are thought to be more formal than an email or a fax, but less so than a letter. So should a death or anything of importance occur, telegrams would be sent.

In [[Belgium]], [[Belgacom]] still offers telegram services within the country and internationally.<ref>[http://www.belgacom.be/telex Belgacom.be]</ref>

In [[Canada]], [[Telegrams Canada]] still offers telegram services. [[AT&T Canada]] had discontinued its telegram service in 2001 and later became [[MTS Allstream]].

In [[Germany]], [[Deutsche Post]] delivers telegrams the next day as ordinary mail. Deutsche Post discontinued service to foreign countries on 31 December 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tariftip.de/News/3687/Deutsche-Telekom-stellt-Auslands-Telegramme-ein-.html |title=Deutsche Telekom stellt Auslands-Telegramme ein |date=2000-09-02 |author=Tariftip.de |language=German |accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/11641 |title=Internet und Handys bereiten Auslandstelegrammen den Garaus |date=2000-09-01 |author=Heise online |language=German |accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref> A private firm, TelegrammDirekt.de, offers delivery in Germany and service to a number of foreign countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressetext.de/news/080812015/das-echte-telegramm-ist-zurueck-in-deutschland/ |title=Das "echte" Telegramm ist zurück in Deutschland |date=2008-08-12 |accessdate=2010-04-28 |language=German}}</ref>

In [[Ireland]], [[Eircom]] – the country's largest telecommunication company and former PTT – formally discontinued telegram service on 30 July 2002.<ref>[http://telecomweb.com/databases/tarifica/tariffsonline/sample.pdf Details of Eircom Services]</ref>

In [[Japan]], [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone|NTT]] provides a telegram (''denpou'') service used mainly for special occasions such as weddings, funerals, graduations, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.goo.ne.jp/article/r25/life/r25-1112008041713.html |title=【コラム】　メール全盛の現代なのに..."電報"が生き残るワケとは? |author=R25編集部 |date=2008-04-21 |language=Japanese |accessdate=2008-05-15 |work=R25.jp – gooニュース |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080425204546/http://news.goo.ne.jp/article/r25/life/r25-1112008041713.html  |archivedate = 2008-04-25}}</ref> Local offices offer telegrams printed on special decorated paper and envelopes.

In [[Lithuania]], telegram service was closed by the only provider [[Teo LT]] on 15 October 2007.<ref>http://klaipeda.diena.lt/dienrastis/ekonomika/nebeliks-telegramu-paslaugos-149777</ref>

In [[Malaysia]], [[Telekom Malaysia]] has ceased its telegram service effective 1 July 2012. <ref>[http://www.nst.com.my/opinion/editorial/the-last-telegram-1.102767]</ref>

In [[Mexico]], telegrams are still used as a low-cost service for people who cannot afford or do not have access to [[e-mail]].<ref>[http://www.telecomm.net.mx/telegraficos/telegrama_nacional.htm Telecomm.net.mx]</ref>

In [[Nepal]], [[Nepal Telecom]] closed its telegram service on 1 January 2009.<ref>[http://www.ntc.net.np/notices/telecomNotices.php NTC.net.np]</ref>

In the [[Netherlands]], the telegram service was sold by [[KPN]] to the Swiss-based company [[Unitel Telegram Services]] in 2001.

In [[New Zealand]], [[New Zealand Post]] closed its telegram service in 1999. It later reinstated the service in 2003 for use only by business customers, primarily for debt collection or other important business notices.

In [[Russia]], [[Central Telegraph]] still offers telegram service. "Regular" or "Urgent" telegrams can be sent to any address in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union. So called "Stylish" telegrams printed on an artistic postcard are also available.

In [[Sweden]], [[TeliaSonera]], still delivers telegrams as [[nostalgic]] novelty items, rather than a primary means of communication.

In [[Switzerland]], [[Unitel Telegram Services]] took over telegram services from the national PTTs. Telegrams can still be sent to and from most countries.

In the [[United Kingdom]], the international telegram service formerly provided by [[British Telecom]] was sold in 2003 to an independent company, Telegrams Online,<ref>http://www.telegramsonline.co.uk/index1.asp</ref> which promotes the use of telegrams as a retro greeting card or invitation.

In the [[United States]], [[Western Union]] closed its telegram service on 27 January 2006.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5186113 "NPR: Western Union sends its last telegram"] by Robert Siegel, February 2, 2006</ref> Western Union's telegram service was acquired by [[iTelegram]], an independent company. Telegrams, Flowergrams, and Candygrams are also offered by independent companies such as [[American Telegram]].<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1993-08-16/business/fi-24446_1_american-telegram "Beverly Hills Telegram Firm Probed by State"]</ref>

== Social implications ==
{{Globalize/US|date=January 2012}}
Prior to the [[electrical telegraph]], nearly all information was limited to traveling at the speed of a human or animal. The telegraph freed communication from the constraints of space and time and truly affected how Americans lived their lives.<ref>Downey, Gregory J. (2002) ''Telegraph Messenger Boys: Labor, Technology, and Geography, 1850-1950'', Routledge, New York and London, p. 7</ref> In 1870, 9,158,000 messages were handled by the telegraph network in the United States but by 1900 the number had risen to 63,168,000.<ref name="eh.net">Economic History Encyclopedia (2010) "History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry", http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/nonnenmacher.industry.telegraphic.us</ref> These numbers indicate the increased frequency of use and the degree of which Americans were quickly accepting the telegraph. The telegraph isolated the message (information) from the physical movement of objects or the process.<ref name="Carey, James 1989 p. 210">Carey, James (1989). ''Communication as Culture'', Routledge, New York and London, p. 210</ref>

Telegraphy facilitated the growth of organizations "in the railroads, consolidated financial and commodity markets, and reduced information costs within and between firms."<ref name="eh.net"/> This immense growth in the business sectors influenced society to embrace the use of telegrams.

Worldwide telegraphy changed the gathering of information for news reporting. Messages and information would now travel far and wide, and the telegraph demanded a language "stripped of the local, the regional; and colloquial," to better facilitate a worldwide media language.<ref name="Carey, James 1989 p. 210"/> Media language had to be standardized, which led to the gradual disappearance of different forms of speech and styles of [[journalism]] and storytelling.

== Names of periodicals ==
The word ''telegraph'' still appears in the names of numerous periodicals in various countries, a legacy of the long period when Telegraphy was a major means for newspapers to obtain news information (see [[Telegraph (disambiguation)]]).

== See also ==

* [[Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation]] is a landmark English Court of Appeal decision in contract law on the moment of acceptance of a contract over telex.
* [[Familygram]]
* [[David E. Hughes]], designer of a telegraph that used an alphabetic keyboard and printer wheel
* [[Globotype]]
* [[Information-action ratio]]
* [[Telecommunications]]
* [[Telegram messenger]]
* [[Telegram style]]
* [[Victorian Internet]]
* [[Women in telegraphy]]

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Armagnay |first=Henri |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1908 |month= |title=Phototelegraphy |journal=Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution |volume= |issue= |pages=197–207 |id= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=gtQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA197 |accessdate=2009-08-07 |quote= }}
* Dargan, J., ''The Railway Telegraph'', [[Australian Railway History|Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin]], March, 1985 pp. 49–71
* {{cite journal |last=Gray |first=Thomas |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1892 |month= |title=The Inventors Of The Telegraph And Telephone |journal=Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution |volume= |issue= |pages=639–659 |id= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=tnjfe4vEBGwC&pg=PA639 |accessdate=2009-08-07 |quote= }}
* [[Richard R. John|John, Richard R]]. ''Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications'' (Harvard University Press; 2010) 520 pages; traces the evolution of the country's telegraph and telephone networks.
* Kieve, Jeffrey L.  — ''The Electric Telegraph: a Social and Economic History'' David and Charles (1973) ISBN 0-7153-5883-9
* Standage, Tom — ''The Victorian Internet'' Berkley Trade, (1998) ISBN 0-425-17169-8
* Wheen, Andrew;— ''DOT-DASH TO DOT.COM: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet'' (Springer, 2011) ISBN 978-1-4419-6759-6
* Wilson, Geoffrey, ''The Old Telegraphs'', Phillimore & Co Ltd 1976 ISBN 0-900592-79-6
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

{{Wikisource|Littell's Living Age/Volume 4/Issue 34/The Magnetic Telegraph|"The Magnetic Telegraph" (1845) predicts the impact of the telegraph on the consolidation of American identity}}
{{commons category|Telegraphy}}
* [http://www.porthcurno.org.uk/ The Porthcurno Telegraph Museum] The biggest Telegraph station in the world, now a museum
* [http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/nonnenmacher.industry.telegraphic.us History of the U.S. Telegraphic Industry] from Economic History.net
*[http://distantwriting.co.uk/ Distant Writing] — The History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868
* [http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_special.htm Royal Engineers Museum — Telegraph Services]
* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8073.htm Anglo-American Telegraph Company, Ltd. Records, 1866–1947] Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
* [http://invention.smithsonian.org/resources/fa_wu_index.aspx Western Union Telegraph Company Records, 1820–1995] Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
* [http://technikum29.de/en/communication/fax Early telegraphy and fax engineering, still operable in a German computer museum]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/06/technology/06telegram.html?scp=1&sq=Telegram%20Falls%20Silent%20Stop%20Era%20Ends%20Stop&st=Search "Telegram Falls Silent Stop Era Ends Stop"], The New York Times, February 6, 2006

{{Morse code}}
{{Telecommunications}}


[[Category:Telegraphy| ]]
[[Category:Obsolete technologies]]

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[[bn:টেলিগ্রাফি]]
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[[bg:Телеграф]]
[[bs:Telegraf]]
[[ca:Telegrafia]]
[[cs:Telegrafie]]
[[da:Telegrafi]]
[[de:Telegrafie]]
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[[el:Τηλεγραφία]]
[[es:Telegrafía]]
[[eo:Telegrafo]]
[[eu:Telegrafo]]
[[fa:تلگراف]]
[[fr:Télégraphe]]
[[ga:Teileagrafaíocht]]
[[gd:Dealan-spèid]]
[[ko:전보]]
[[hi:टेलीग्राफ]]
[[hr:Telegrafija]]
[[io:Telegrafo]]
[[id:Telegrafi]]
[[is:Ritsími]]
[[it:Telegrafo]]
[[he:טלגרפיה]]
[[ka:ტელეგრაფი]]
[[kk:Телеграф]]
[[lv:Telegrāfs]]
[[hu:Távíró]]
[[ml:കമ്പിത്തപാല്‍]]
[[ms:Telegrafi]]
[[nl:Telegrafie]]
[[ja:電報]]
[[no:Telegrafi]]
[[nn:Telegraf]]
[[pl:Telegraf]]
[[pt:Telegrafia]]
[[ro:Telegrafie]]
[[ru:Телеграф]]
[[stq:Telegrafie]]
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[[sk:Telegraf]]
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[[fi:Lennätin]]
[[sv:Telegrafi]]
[[tl:Telegrapiya]]
[[ta:தந்தி]]
[[th:โทรเลข]]
[[tg:Телеграф]]
[[chr:ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ]]
[[tr:Telgraf]]
[[uk:Телеграф]]
[[vi:Điện báo]]
[[war:Telegrapiya]]
[[zh-yue:電報]]
[[diq:Têlegraf]]
[[zh:电报]]

Meowingtons Hax Tour Trax

2012-09-09T22:51:16Z

MichaelsProgramming: Fix bad link.

{{Infobox album|
| Name = Meowingtons Hax Tour Trax
| Cover = (2011-09-22) Meowingtons Hax Tour Trax.jpg
| Type = studio
| Artist = mau5trap
| Border =
| Released = 22 September 2011
| Recorded = 2011
| Genre = [[Progressive electronic dance music|Progressive house]], [[electro house]], [[dubstep]], [[Trance music|trance]]
| Length = 66:04
| Label = Mau5trap [[Ultra Records|Ultra]] (US/Canada) [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] (rest of world)
| Producer =
| Reviews =
| Last album = ''[[4x4=12]]'' (2010)
| This album = '''''Meowingtons Hax Tour Trax''''' (2011)
| Next album = ''[[Album Title Goes Here]]'' (2012)
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = Meowingtons Hax Tour Trax
| Type = studio
| single 1 = [[Where My Keys]]
| single 1 date = {{Start date|2011|8|25}}
}}}}

'''Meowingtons Hax Tour Trax''' is a compilation album by artists who are signed to [[deadmau5]]'s Record Label, Mau5trap. It was made to promote the artists and his Meowingtons Hax Tour, which was named after his cat, Professor Meowingtons. Despite the name, only one of the tracks on the album is by [[Deadmau5]], and the rest are by other artists, including [[Skrillex]], [[Moguai]], [[Excision (musician)|Excision]] and [[Feed Me]].

==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artists(s)
| title1 = Where My Keys
| extra1 = [[deadmau5]]
| length1 = 6:52
| title2 = Cott's Face
| extra2 = [[Feed Me]]
| length2 = 5:56
| title3 = Static
| extra3 = [[Tommy Lee]] and Aero
| length3 = 4:18
| title4 = LFO Tool
| extra4 = [[Tommy Lee]] and Aero
| length4 = 5:23
| title5 = Deviance
| extra5 = [[Excision (musician)|Excision]] and [[Datsik (musician)|Datsik]]
| length5 = 4:32
| title6 = [[Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites (song)|Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites]] ([[Zedd (producer) |Zedd]] Remix)
| extra6 = [[Skrillex]]
| length6 = 5:57
| title7 = Beat of the Drum (Club Mix)
| note7 = featuring SOFI
| extra7 = [[Moguai]]
| length7 = 7:19
| title8 = U Turn
| extra8 = James Njie
| length8 = 9:32
| title9 = Anti Crisis
| extra9 = James Njie
| length9 = 7:24
| title10 = Blast Wave
| extra10 = Al Bizzare
| length10 = 6:51
}}

{{deadmau5}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web|title=Meowingtons Hax Tour Trax|url=http://www.deadmau5.com/releases/various-meowingtons-hax-tour-trax/|work=From Official Website of deadmau5|accessdate=2012-03-20}}

{{Refend}}
[[Category:2011 compilation albums]]
[[Category:Deadmau5 albums]]
[[Category:Ultra Records albums]]
[[Category:Virgin Records albums]]

[[cs:Meowingtons Hax Tour Trax]]

Ahmed Zaki Yamani

2012-07-09T02:58:48Z

MichaelsProgramming: Typo fix.

{{Other persons|Ahmad Zaki|Ahmad Zaki (disambiguation)}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2009}}

{{Infobox President | name= Ahmed Zaki Yamaani
| image =
| nationality =Saudi Arabian
| order =2nd [[Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Oil Minister]]
| term_start =March 9, 1962
| term_end =October 5, 1986
| predecessor =[[Abdullah al-Tariki]]
| successor =[[Hisham Nazer]]
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1930|6|30|mf=y}}
| birth_place =[[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| religion =[[Islam]]
|}}

'''Ahmed Zaki Yamaani''' ({{lang-ar|'''أحمد زكي يماني'''}}; born 30 June 1930) is a [[Saudi Arabia]]n politician who was Minister of [[Oil]] ([[Petroleum]]) and Mineral Resources from 1962 until 1986 for his country, and a minister in [[OPEC]] for 25 years.

With degrees from, among other places, [[New York University School of Law]] and [[Harvard Law School]] whilst also having a doctorate from the [[University of Exeter]], Yamaani became a close adviser to the Saudi government in 1958 and then became oil minister in 1962. He is best known for his role during the [[1973 oil crisis|1973 oil embargo]], when he spurred OPEC to quadruple the price of crude oil. During that time, Yamaani gained a colourful international reputation, known in the West for both diplomatic skills and characteristic goatee.

In December 1975, Yamaani and several other OPEC ministers [[OPEC siege|were taken hostage]] by notorious terrorist [[Ilich Ramírez Sánchez|Carlos (the Jackal)]] in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]. He was later released after Carlos spent two days riding an airplane across the [[Middle East]] even though Carlos was ordered by his superiors to execute Yamaani and his Iranian counterpart Dr. [[Jamshid Amouzegar]].

In October 1986, [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]] dismissed Yamani. He also dismissed Dr. Abdulhady Hassan Taher, who was the founder of Petromin oils (now [[Aramco]]) and had a major role in the Saudi oil history. The reasons for this include the Saudi government's insistence on setting their own oil policy. Another reason could have been their power, since they were both running the Saudi petroleum industry. In 1990, Yamaani founded the [[Centre for Global Energy Studies]], a market analysis group.

==Early life==
Zaki Yamani was born in [[Mecca]] in 1930, one of three children. His father, Hassan Yamani, was a [[Qadi]] in the [[Hejaz]] and a respected scholar of Islamic law, acting as [[Grand Mufti]] in [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]]. Yamani's grandfather was [[Grand Mufti]] in [[Turkey]]. The Yamani surname originates from [[Yemen]] where his paternal grandfathers came from.

At 17 the young Yamaani went to [[Cairo University]] and earned a bachelor's degree in law ([[License en Droit]]) in 1951.

Inspired by his father and grandfather, Yamaani planned to become a teacher but, on leaving University, took a job at the Ministry of Finance in Mecca, teaching Islamic law in his own time. Soon after, the Saudi government sent Yamani to [[New York University]]'s Comparative Law Institute for non-American lawyers at [[NYU Law School]] and in 1955 he received a master's degree in Comparative [[Jurisprudence]]. Whilst at NYU, Yamani met his first wife, Laila, from Mosul, Iraq, and they married in the Brooklyn home of a Moroccan.

With the help of an NYU professor, Yamani spent the next year at [[Harvard Law School]] earning his second Master's in 1956 and then returned to the Ministry of Finance, joining the new Department of [[Zakat]] and Income Tax. The same year Yamani founded his own law firm sharing his name. Through the practice, perhaps the first organised firm in the country, Yamani undertook government work, strengthening ties with the petroleum office.

In 1956, Yamani's first daughter, [[Mai Yamani]], was born, followed by second daughter Maha in 1959 and first son Hani in 1961. Mai Yamani later studied [[anthropology]] and is now an author and Research Fellow at the [[Chatham House|Royal Institute for International Affairs]]. Maha received a law degree from Cambridge and Hani a degree in business administration.
Yamani married his second wife Tammam al-Anbar on 23 March 1975, and had five children, Faisal, born in 1976, Sharaf in 1977, Sarah in 1979, Arwa in 1981 and Ahmed in 1983.

==In office==
In late 1957 Yamani was invited by [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]], then [[Crown Prince]] and [[Prime Minister]], to work as a legal adviser to his office. However, when [[Saud of Saudi Arabia|King Saud]] returned to full power in 1960 with the support of the [[Free Princes]], Faisal resigned as Prime Minister and Yamani returned to his law practice and began teaching at the [[King Saud University|University of Riyadh]]. According to Yamani, King Saud then offered him the position of Oil Minister but this was declined. Several months later a new cabinet was formed with Faisal as Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister and in March 1962 the incumbent Oil Minister and founding father of OPEC, [[Abdallah Tariki]], was replaced by Ahmed Zaki Yamani.

Although clearly distinguished from his fiery predecessor by both his supporters and detractors, Yamani had a common goal with Tariki in moving toward the nationalisation of [[Aramco]], the operating oil company in the country. In 1962 The General Petroleum and Mineral Organization (Petromin) was established, designed to become the national oil company. In 1964 [[KFUPM|University of Petroleum and Minerals]] was established, with the aim of producing Saudis with the skills to manage this company in the future. However, Yamani's plans for increased Saudi control of oil resources were only made public in 1968 during a speech at the American University in Beirut (AUB), where he talked of 'participation' as opposed to nationalisation. Following OPEC negotiations in 1972, the Saudi government bought 25 % owenership of Aramco. From 1974, Saudi participation increased to 60% and in 1976 total Saudi ownership was agreed, with payments completed in 1980.

As Oil Minister of oil rich Saudi Arabia, Yamani took an important role in the development of the newly created [[OPEC]]. From early on, Yamani is noted as having a 'moderate' oil policy. Faced with the 1967 [[Six-Day War|Arab-Israeli War]] Yamani spoke against the use of an Arab oil embargo, to the displeasure of Israel's Arab neighbours and Iraq in particular. The action was ineffective, although the experience led to a consideration of the possible political benefits of an Arab-only oil organisation. Yamani took the lead role in the development of this idea and in 1968 the [[OAPEC|Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries]] was joined by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Libya. Several other countries joined in 1970 and Egypt, Syria and militant Iraq joined in the early 1970s.

===1973 oil crisis===
Following the humiliation of the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], demands for the use of oil as a political weapon intensified throughout the Arab world, with the primary aim of changing the apparent pro-Israeli policy of the US government. Overwhelming pressure for Saudi Arabia to support such action resulted from the renewal of Arab-Israeli conflict on October 1973 with the [[Yom Kippur War]]. Yamani took the initiative and planned to initially drop oil production by ten percent alongside other OPEC members, followed by five percent reductions each month. This proposal was designed to gain the necessary attention from the West while preventing the tremendous damage that could be caused by more radical reductions likely to be advanced by the other OPEC members.

On 16 October the six Persian Gulf member countries met in Kuwait and took the decision to raise oil prices from US$3 to $5.12. This was the first time the producer countries had independently set the price of their oil. The next day the 10 OAPEC members agreed to Shiekh Yamani's moderate production cutback proposals. An embargo to countries seen as 'hostile' was also recommended but not enforced, although by 22 October all OAPEC countries had placed an embargo on the hostile nations of the [[United States]] and the [[Netherlands]]. Those countries considered friendly would not be directly affected by either decision although 'neutral' countries would.

The production cutbacks, increased to twenty five percent in November, severely affected the economic health of all Western powers. To gain political support, Yamani travelled through Europe, the US and Japan with Algerian oil minister [[Belaid Abdesselam]]. Both Yamani and OPEC became well known in the West for the first time, Yamani described as 'the man of the moment' in [[Newsweek]] International's 24 December 1973 cover article. US attempts at bringing together a consumer's cartel failed and the [[European Community|EEC]] and Japan called on Israel to withdraw from Arab territories occupied in 1967.

On 22 December the Gulf members of OPEC met again in [[Tehran]] where the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], backed by the other militant states, urged that the [[price of oil]] be raised to over $20 a barrel. Yamani opposed this extreme increase but could not contact Saudi Arabia from Tehran. Fearing a split in OPEC, Yamani decided on a compromise that put oil at $11.65, four times the price of a barrel prior to October 16.

Following progress with Arab-Israeli disengagement agreements, a decision was taken to end the embargo, which was formally lifted on March 17.

Saudi Arabia continued to push for price reductions from the $11.65 level, opposed by other OPEC members. This increasingly became seen as a pro-American stance by the other producers although defended by Yamani as a safer option for the world economy. Saudi Arabia has also been criticised for using its position to force its own interests, as a lower price enables the country to keep a high market share and discourages research into alternative energy sources, suiting their long-term production capacity.

===Death of King Faisal===
On 25 March 1975 [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]] was shot dead by [[Faisal bin Musad]], the King's nephew. The young prince had joined a Kuwaiti delegation, led by oil minister [[Abdul Mutaleb Kazimi]], which Yamani had escorted to the King's office. Yamani stood next to the King when the shots were fired and, after interrogation, it was discovered that Faisal bin Musad also believed Yamani to have been shot dead in the attack.

King Faisal's death led to widespread predictions that Yamani would soon be replaced as oil minister. Faisal and Yamani are known to have had an especially strong relationship, with the King holding Yamani's opinion in high regard, even above other members of the royal family. This, along with his success before the Western media, fostered jealousy, especially amongst the [[Sudairi Seven]] and [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd]], to be Crown Prince under Faisal's frail and uninterested successor, [[King Khaled]].

Yamani, however, continued in his role as oil minister for another eleven years after the death of Faisal, possibly buoyed by his prominent international position.

===Hostage incident===
On 21 December 1975 Zaki Yamani was taken hostage by [[Ilich Ramírez Sánchez|Carlos (the Jackal)]], in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], where he was attending a meeting at the [[OPEC]] headquarters. Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and kidnap all eleven oil ministers in attendance and hold them for ransom, with the exception of Yamani and Iran's [[Jamshid Amuzegar]], who were to be executed.

Carlos led his six-person team past two police officers in the building's lobby and up to the first floor, where a police officer, an Iraqi plain clothes security guard and a young Libyan economist were shot dead.

As Carlos entered the conference room and fired shots in the ceiling, the delegates ducked under the table. The terrorists searched for Yamani and then divided the sixty-three hostages into groups. Delegates of friendly countries were moved toward the door, 'neutrals' were placed in the centre of the room and the 'enemies' were placed along the back wall, next to a stack of explosives. This last group included those from [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iran]], [[Qatar]] and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]. Carlos demanded a bus to be provided to take his group and the hostages to the airport, where a [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] airplane and crew would be waiting. In the meantime, Carlos briefed Yamani on his plan to eventually fly to [[Aden]], where Yamani and the Iranian minister would be killed.

The bus was provided the following morning at 6.40 a.m. as requested and forty-two hostages were boarded and taken to the airport. The group were airborne just after 9.00 a.m., and explosives placed under Yamani's seat. The plane first stopped in [[Algiers]], where Carlos left the plane to meet with the Algierian Foreign minister. All thirty non-Arab hostages were released, excluding Amuzegar.

The refueled plane left for [[Tripoli]] where there was trouble in acquiring another plane as had been planned. Carlos decided to instead return to Algiers and change to a [[Boeing 707]], a plane large enough to fly to [[Baghdad]] non-stop. Ten more hostages were released before leaving.

With only ten hostages remaining, the Boeing 707 left for Algiers and arrived at 3.40 a.m. After leaving the plane to meet with the Algerians, Carlos talked with his colleagues in the front cabin of the plane and then told Yamani and Amouzegar that they would be released at mid-day. Carlos was then called from the plane a second time and returned after two hours.

At this second meeting it is believed that Carlos held a phone conversation with Algerian President [[Houari Boumédienne]] who informed Carlos that the oil ministers' deaths would result in an attack on the plane. Yamani's biography suggests that the Algerians had used a [[covert listening device]] on the front of the aircraft to overhear the earlier conversation between the hijackers, and found that Carlos had in fact still planned to murder the two oil ministers. Boumédienne must also have offered Carlos asylum at this time and possibly financial compensation for failing to complete his assignment.

On returning to the plane Carlos stood before Yamani and [[Jamshid Amuzegar|Amuzegar]] and expressed his regret at not being able to murder them. He then told the hostages that he and his comrades would leave the plane after which they would all be free. After waiting for the hijackers to leave, Yamani and the other nine hostages followed and were taken to the airport by Algerian Foreign Minister [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]. The terrorists were present in the next lounge and Khalid, the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]], asked to speak to Yamani. As his hand reached for his coat, Khalid was surrounded by guards and a gun was found concealed in a holster.

Some time after the attack it was revealed by Carlos' accomplices that the operation was commanded by [[Wadi Haddad]], a Palestinian freedom fighter and founder of the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]. It was also claimed that the idea and funding came from an Arab president, widely thought to be [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]].

===Continuation of Saudi oil policy===
At an OPEC meeting in September 1975 in Vienna, Saudi Arabia continued to oppose sharp increases in the price of oil. Yamani was required to gain approval from Crown Prince Fahd for any increase to be agreed in excess of 5%. Unable to contact Saudi Arabia from Vienna, Yamani left the meeting and flew to London on his private jet in order to find a telephone. This incident was widely publicized.

At an OPEC meeting in May 1976 in [[Bali]], Iran and seven other members advocated a 20% increase in oil prices to match inflation although Saudi Arabia favoured a six-month price freeze. The Iraqi oil minister fiercely criticised Yamani and Saudi Arabia for pro-Western policy which led to Yamani leaving the meeting and demanding an apology. This was settled and the six-month price freeze was agreed.

Six months later OPEC assembled in [[Doha]] and Saudi Arabia again faced pressure to raise prices. Saudi Arabia and the [[UAE]] were the only two member countries not to agree to a 10% increase in January 1977 followed by an additional 5% increase in July. This led to a period of two-tier pricing with Saudi Arabia and the UAE charging $12.09 per barrel and the other OPEC countries $12.70 per barrel. In July 1977 an OPEC meeting in [[Stockholm]] ended two-tier pricing, with prices re-unified at $12.70.

In 1979 the [[Iranian Revolution]] resulted in the [[1979 energy crisis]]. Saudi Arabia and other OPEC members managed to greatly increase production to replace that lost from Iran but this did not prevent panic buying of oil. OPEC also maintained an official price although the spot market led to oil prices being negotiated upward. Yamani claimed that Saudi Arabia would not sell over the OPEC price but would remain committed to the reduction of oil prices. He also predicted another energy crisis to occur in the mid-1990s.

===Removal from office===
The panic buying during the 1979 energy crisis led to increased oil stocks which began to flood the market and resulted in price wars between oil producing nations competing for market share. This in turn led to reduced income for Saudi Arabia. On 13 June 1982, in the course of this downturn, [[Khaled of Saudi Arabia|King Khaled]] died of a heart attack and Crown Prince Fahd became King and Prime Minister, resulting in renewed rumours of Yamani's imminent removal from office.

The beginning of Fahd's rule was marred by the reduced oil income caused by the [[1980s oil glut]] and ambitious development plans had to be rolled back. The restricted national budget also encouraged the use of oil in barter deals. In 1984 Saudi Arabia purchased ten [[Boeing 747]]s to join the fleet of [[Saudi Arabian Airlines|Saudia Airlines]] using {{Convert|34.5|Moilbbl|m3}} of oil. Yamani is known to have strongly objected to this subordination of the country's OPEC quota and warned Fahd of the effect on oil prices. He was, however, unsuccessful in stopping the deal.

At an OPEC meeting in October 1986 Fahd sent his oil minister a cable demanding Saudi Arabia's oil quota to be increased and the price of oil set at $18, which Yamani refused to sign. Yamani's biographer suggests that Fahd did not understand basic economic principles, although the relationship between the King and Yamani had already greatly deteriorated by this time; apparently Yamani had begun to remove files from his government office in 1985.

On 29 October 1986 a brief announcement was made on Saudi television that Yamani had been dismissed. Detailed information of events is not known as Yamani refuses to discuss his last years in office or his relationship with King Fahd and the [[Sudairi Seven]]. Fahd's jealousy and personal dislike of Yamani, the problems of the oil glut, and Yamani's questioning of barter deals may all have contributed to his dismissal. For some weeks after Yamani was prevented from leaving Saudi Arabia. He was replaced as Minister of Petroleum by [[Hisham Nazer]], previously Minister of Planning.

==Other activities==
In July 1982 Yamani founded [[Investcorp]], private equity firm, with several other oil ministers and well-known financiers. The firm's initial investments included [[Tiffany & Co.]], [[Breguet (watch)|Breguet]], a [[Switzerland|Swiss]] watch maker, and [[Chaumet]], a [[France|French]] jewellers. Yamani, himself known to be a watch lover, also became majority shareholder of [[Vacheron Constantin]] in 1987. In 1996 Yamani's shares were then sold to [[Vendôme Luxury Group]], owned by [[Richemont]]. During the eleven years of his ownership, watch production increased from 3,614 to 11,019.

In 1988 Yamani established the Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation under The Yamani Cultural and Charitable Foundation, which endeavours to preserve and publish historically important [[Islamic]] works.

In 1990 Yamani founded the Centre for Global Energy Studies, a [[London]]-based market analysis group claiming to provide objective information on energy issues. Board members have included [[Edward Heath]], [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]] and [[Denis Healey]], all friends of Yamani.

With the death of [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]] in August 2005 some feel it is still possible that Yamani will return to the [[Saudi Government]] under [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]], most likely as an [[ambassador]], but sources close to Yamani indicate that it is highly unlikely.

Yamani is fluent in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]].

His negotiation style, remarked on by no less than Kissinger, was to wine and dine other dignitaries until the point of fullness and lethargy, before beginning protracted negotiations (Reader's Digest, circa 1970).

Following his links with University of Exeter, he kept a keen interest in the area and his family currently supports local football team Azzy FC from UCP Marjon.

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy}}
*''[[The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power]]''

==Notes and references==

1Aburish, Saïd K. 1994: ''The Rise, Corruption and Coming Fall of the House of Saud''. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-2040-2 p. 7 ''"Oil Minister Yamani, whose moderate oil-pricing policies made him the most unpopular man in his country..."''

*Robinson, Jeffrey. 1989: ''Yamani The Inside Story''. London: Fontana Press. ISBN 0-00-637408-5
*[http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/terrorists/jackal/1.html?sect=22 Belamy, Patrick. Carlos the Jackal: Trail of Terror]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3055760.stm BBC News, Defining moments: Sheikh Yamani]
*[http://www.country-studies.com/saudi-arabia/oil-industry.html Country Studies. Oil Industry, Saudi Arabia]
*[http://www.timezone.com/library/cjrml/cjrml0031 Perez, Carlos. The Decay of the Angel (Vacheron & Constantin)]

==External links==
* [http://www.cges.co.uk/ Website of the Centre for Global Energy Studies]
* [http://www.azylawfirm.com/ Website of the Ahmed Zaki Yamani Law office]
* [http://www.kfupm.edu.sa/ King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (formerly University of)]
* [http://www.al-furqan.com/ Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation]
* [http://www.investcorp.com http://www.investcorp.com]
* [http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid=5202226107629967158&q=yamani]
* [http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid=5286528626592137565&q=yamani]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Yamani, Ahmed Zaki
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Saudi Arabian minister of oil
| DATE OF BIRTH =30 June 1930
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yamani, Ahmed Zaki}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mecca]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:New York University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Oil ministers]]
[[Category:King Saud University faculty]]

[[ar:أحمد بن زكي يماني]]
[[da:Ahmed Zaki Yamani]]
[[de:Ahmed Zaki Yamani]]
[[fr:Ahmed Zaki Yamani]]
[[it:Ahmed Zaki Yamani]]
[[ja:アハマド・ザキ・ヤマニ]]
[[nn:Ahmed Zaki Yamani]]
[[pl:Ahmed Zaki Yamani]]
[[pt:Ahmed Yamani]]
[[ckb:ئەحمەد زەکی یەمانی]]

Category 6 cable

2012-06-08T01:57:35Z

MichaelsProgramming: Remove unconstructive edits by Judgeice (talk) to last revision by Kvng

'''Category 6 cable''', commonly referred to as '''Cat 6''', is a cable standard for [[Gigabit Ethernet]] and other network [[physical layer]]s that is [[backward compatible]] with the [[Category 5 cable|Category 5/5e]] and [[Category 3 cable]] standards. Compared with Cat 5 and Cat 5e, Cat 6 features more stringent specifications for [[Crosstalk (electronics)|crosstalk]] and system noise. The cable standard provides performance of up to 250 MHz and is suitable for [[10BASE-T]], [[100BASE-TX]] (Fast Ethernet), [[1000BASE-T]]/[[1000BASE-TX]] (Gigabit Ethernet) and [[10GBASE-T]] (10-Gigabit Ethernet).

Whereas Category 6 cable has a reduced maximum length when used for 10GBASE-T; Category 6a cable, or Augmented Category 6, is characterized to 500 MHz and has improved [[alien crosstalk]] characteristics, allowing 10GBASE-T to be run for the same distance as previous protocols.

==Category 6==
Like most earlier [[twisted-pair cable]], Category 6 cable contains four twisted wire pairs. [[Attenuation to crosstalk ratio|Attenuation]], near end [[Crosstalk (electronics)|crosstalk]] (NEXT), and [[PSNEXT]] (power sum NEXT) in Cat 6 cable and connectors are all significantly lower than Cat 5 or Cat 5e, which uses 24 AWG wire. The increase in performance with Cat 6 comes mainly from increased (22 [[American wire gauge|AWG]]) wire size.<ref group=note>23 or 24 AWG wire is allowed if the [[TIA/EIA-568-B|ANSI/TIA-568-B.2-1]] performance specifications are met.</ref>{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

The heavier wire in some Cat 6 cables makes them too thick to attach to standard [[8P8C]] connectors without a special modular piece, resulting in a technically out-of-compliance assembly.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} Because the conductor sizes are generally the same, Cat 6 jacks may also be used with Cat 5e cable.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

Category 6 cable can be identified by the printing on the side of the cable sheath.<ref>[http://donutey.com/ethernet.php Ethernet Cable Identification and Use]</ref>

Cat 6 patch cables are normally terminated in [[8P8C]] modular connectors. If Cat 6 rated patch cables, jacks, and connectors are not used with Cat 6 wiring, overall performance is degraded to that of the cable or connector.

Connectors use either [[T568A/B|T568A or T568B]] pin assignments; although performance is comparable provided both ends of a cable are the same, T568B is a deprecated standard and no longer supported by TIA.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! Pin !! T568A Pair !! T568B Pair !! Wire !! T568A Color !! T568B Color !! Pins on plug face (socket is reversed)
|-
| 1 || 3 || 2 || tip || [[Image:Wire white green stripe.svg|60px|Pair 3 Tip]] white/green stripe || [[Image:Wire white orange stripe.svg|60px|Pair 2 Tip]] white/orange stripe || rowspan=8 |[[Image:Rj45plug-8p8c.png|250px]]
|-
| 2 || 3 || 2 || ring || |[[Image:Wire green.svg|60px|Pair 3 Ring]] green solid || [[Image:Wire orange.svg|60px|Pair 2 Ring]] orange solid
|-
| 3 || 2 || 3 || tip || [[Image:Wire white orange stripe.svg|60px|Pair 2 Tip]] white/orange stripe ||[[Image:Wire white green stripe.svg|60px|Pair 3 Tip]] white/green stripe
|-
| 4 || 1 || 1 || ring || [[Image:Wire blue.svg|60px|Pair 1 Ring]] blue solid || [[Image:Wire blue.svg|60px|Pair 1 Ring]] blue solid
|-
| 5 || 1 || 1 || tip ||[[Image:Wire white blue stripe.svg|60px|Pair 1 Tip]] white/blue stripe ||[[Image:Wire white blue stripe.svg|60px|Pair 1 Tip]] white/blue stripe
|-
| 6 || 2 || 3 || ring || [[Image:Wire orange.svg|60px|Pair 2 Ring]] orange solid || [[Image:Wire green.svg|60px|Pair 3 Ring]] green solid
|-
| 7 || 4 || 4 || tip ||[[Image:Wire white brown stripe.svg|60px|Pair 4 Tip]] white/brown stripe ||[[Image:Wire white brown stripe.svg|60px|Pair 4 Tip]] white/brown stripe
|-
| 8 || 4 || 4 || ring ||[[Image:Wire brown.svg|60px|Pair 4 Ring]] brown solid ||[[Image:Wire brown.svg|60px|Pair 4 Ring]] brown solid
|}

Note: This is from left to right, with the (plastic) tab faced away from you.
 

==Category 6a==
The latest standard from the [[Telecommunications Industry Association|TIA]] for enhanced performance standards for twisted pair cable systems was defined in February 2008 in ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.2-10. '''Category 6a''' (or '''Augmented Category 6''') is defined at frequencies up to 500 MHz—twice that of Cat. 6.

Category 6a performs at improved specifications, in particular in the area of alien crosstalk as compared to Cat 6 UTP, which exhibited high alien noise in high frequencies.

The global cabling standard ISO/IEC 11801 has been extended by the addition of amendment 2. This amendment defines new specifications for Cat. 6A components and Class EA permanent links. These new global Cat. 6A/Class EA specifications require a new generation of connecting hardware offering far superior performance compared to the existing products that are based on the American TIA standard.<ref name="NewCat6A">{{cite web| work=Next generation Cat. 6A| publisher=Tyco Electronics | title=A new Category 6A specification has arrived| url=http://www.category6a.eu/web/Microsites/ISO_Cat6a/| accessdate=2011-03-22}}</ref>

The most important point is a performance difference between ISO/IEC and EIA/TIA component specifications for the NEXT transmission parameter. At a frequency of 500 MHz, an ISO/IEC Cat., 6A connector performs 3 dB better than a Cat. 6A connector that conforms with the EIA/TIA specification. 3 dB equals 100% increase of near-end crosstalk noise reduction when measured in absolute magnitudes; see [[3dB-point]].<ref name="NewCat6A"/>

Confusion therefore arises because of the different naming conventions and performance benchmarks laid down by the International ISO/IEC and American TIA/EIA standards, which in turn are different from the regional European standard, EN 50173-1. In broad terms, the ISO standard for Cat6A is the highest, followed by the European standard and then the American.<ref>{{cite web| work=Next generation Cat. 6A| publisher=Tyco Electronics| title=Cat. 6A ≠ Cat. 6 A ≠ Class EA| url=http://www.category6a.eu/web/Microsites/ISO_Cat6a/6a_Facts/ClassEa_vs_Cat6a/ |accessdate=2011-03-22}}</ref><ref>Cabling: The Complete Guide to Network Wiring, 3rd Edition</ref>

==Maximum length==
When used for [[10/100/1000]]BASE-T, the maximum allowed length of a Cat 6 cable is 100 meters or 328 feet. This consists of {{convert|90|m|ft|sp=us}} of solid "horizontal" cabling between the patch panel and the wall jack, plus {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} of stranded patch cable between each jack and the attached device. Since stranded cable has higher attenuation than solid cable, exceeding 10 metres of patch cabling will reduce the permissible length of horizontal cable.

When used for 10GBASE-T, Cat 6 cable's maximum length is {{convert|55|m|ft|sp=us}} in a favourable alien crosstalk environment, but only {{convert|37|m|ft|sp=us}} in a hostile alien crosstalk environment, such as when many cables are bundled together. However, because the effects of alien crosstalk environments on cables are difficult to determine prior to installation, it is highly recommended that all Cat6 cables being used for 10GBASE-T are electrically tested once installed. Because it would take much work to test every cable in the field, and because of the risk of having a nonworking installed cable, one should use Cat6A cable in all 10GBASE-T applications. Cat6A does not need to be tested after installation. Cat6A does not have this limitation and can run 10GBASE-T at {{convert|100|m|ft|sp=us}}.

==Installation caveats==
Category 6 and 6a cable must be properly installed and terminated to meet specifications. The cable must not be kinked or bent too tightly (the bend radius should be at least four times the outer diameter of the cable<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lanshack.com/cat5e-tutorial.aspx| title=Category 5 / 5E & Cat 6 Cabling Tutorial and FAQ's | accessdate=2012-01-06 | publisher=LANshack.com}}</ref>). The wire pairs must not be untwisted and the outer jacket must not be stripped back more than 1/2 inch (1.27 cm).

All shielded cables must be grounded for safety and effectiveness. A continuous shield connection maintained from end to end.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-1-85573-612-2 |title=Designing a structured cabling system to ISO 11801 |author=Barry J. Elliott |publisher=Woodhead |year=2002 |page=131 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cF9G43ygLccC&dq=ISO+11801+shield+grounding&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> [[Ground loop (electricity)|Ground loops]] develop when there is more than one ground connection and the difference in common mode voltage potential at these ground connections introduces noise into the cabling.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.siemon.com/us/standards/Screened_and_Shielded_Guide_4_Ground_Loops.asp | title=Screened and Shielded Cabling - Noise Immunity, Grounding, and the Antenna Myth |accessdate=2011-02-15 |publisher=Siemon}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== See also ==
* [[Ethernet crossover cable]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.siemon.com/us/white_papers/06-01-10_10G-horizontal-cabling-choices.asp
| title = 10 Gb/s Over Copper: Horizontal Cabling Choices
| publisher = The Siemon Company | date = 2006-01-10
}} Information on cable construction and alien crosstalk mitigation.
* {{cite journal
| url = http://www.adc.com/us/en/productsandservices/truenet/media/Determining_the_Right_Media.pdf
| title = Determining the Right Media
| work = BICSI News | volume = 28 | number = 2 | year = 2007 | month = March/April | format = PDF
| first = John | last = Schmidt
}} Information on [[Telecommunications Industry Association|TIA]] TSB-155 37m versus [[IEEE]] 55m limitations.
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.cat6cables.co.uk/index.html
| title = What are CAT6 Cables? | publisher = KSM Limited
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://discountlowvoltage.blogspot.com/2009/10/how-to-make-ethernet-cat5e-cable.html
| title = How to Make an Ethernet Cat5e/Cat6 Cable
| date = 2009-10-14 | publisher = Cable & Wireless Technologies, Inc.
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://discountlowvoltage.blogspot.com/2009/12/how-to-terminate-cat6a-shielded.html
| title = How to Terminate Cat6a Shielded Keystone Jacks
| publisher = Cable & Wireless Technologies, Inc. | date = 2009-12-09
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://discountlowvoltage.blogspot.com/2009/11/how-low-voltage-cable-is-made-cat5e.html
| title = How Category 6 Cable is Made
| publisher = Cable & Wireless Technologies, Inc. | date = 2009-11-05
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.cablemaster-europe.com/cat6_utp_stranded.html
| title = TIA/EIA Transmission Standards for CAT6 Cables
| publisher = CableMaster Europe
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.computercablestore.com/568a_568b_color_codes.aspx
| title = CAT6 Cable 568A and 568B Color Codes
| publisher = ComputerCableStore
}}

{{UTP Cable Standards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Category 6 Cable}}
[[Category:Networking hardware]]
[[Category:Signal cables]]
[[Category:Ethernet cables]]

[[ar:كابل مجموعة 6]]
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[[tr:Kategori 6 kablo]]
[[zh:CAT-6]]

BBEdit

2012-05-22T03:17:43Z

MichaelsProgramming: Update Infobox Version Information

{{Infobox software
| name = BBEdit
| logo = [[Image:BBEdit.png|48px|BBEdit icon]]
| screenshot = [[Image:BBEdit Screenshot.png|250px|BBEdit screenshot]]
| caption = BBEdit editing its own Wikipedia article
| developer = [[Bare Bones Software]]
| released =
| latest release version = 10.1.2<ref name="BBv10.1">{{cite web|url = http://www.barebones.com/support/bbedit/arch_bbedit1012.html|title = BBEdit 10.1.2 Release Notes|accessdate = 2012-05-21|last = [[Bare Bones Software]] |authorlink = |year = 2012}}</ref>

| latest release date = {{release date|2012|05|10}}
| operating system = [[Mac OS X]]
| platform =
| genre = [[Text editor]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = [http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.shtml BBEdit Website]
}}

'''BBEdit''' is a [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] [[text editor]] made by [[Bare Bones Software]]. It was originally developed for [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] [[System Software 6]] and is now available for [[Mac OS X]].

BBEdit is marketed under the trademark slogan, "It doesn't suck."<ref name="BBHome">{{cite web|url = http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html|title = Bare Bones Software - BBEdit 9|accessdate = 2008-09-20|last = [[Bare Bones Software]] |authorlink = |year = 2008}}</ref>

==History==

The first version of BBEdit was created as a "bare bones" text editor to serve as a "[[proof of concept]]"; the intention was to demonstrate the programming capabilities of an experimental version of [[Macintosh Pascal]]. The original prototypes of BBEdit used the [[TextEdit (API)|TextEdit]] control available in versions of [[Mac OS]] of the time. The TextEdit control could not load files larger than 32K, but after the experimental Macintosh Pascal project was terminated, the demonstration program was reworked to use the text editing engine from [[THINK C]] and [[THINK Pascal]]; this engine was much faster and could read larger files. As such, BBEdit was the first freestanding text editor to use the "PE" editing engine that had been created for [[THINK C]] and [[THINK Pascal]], and remains the only one (not including direct derivatives such as [[BBEdit Lite]] and [[TextWrangler]]).

Taking advantage of its then-unusual [[Plug-in (computing)|plugin]] support, third party developers started writing plug-ins to insert [[HTML]] code in 1994 to make composing web pages easier. In fact, the developers at Bare Bones Software first learned of the existence of HTML through users inquiring about these plug-ins and later bought the rights to the code from their author and included them as part of the standard BBEdit package. The tools were included as an optional [[Palette (computing)|palette]] in version 4, and were progressively more integrated, gaining their own menu in version 5.0.

BBEdit was available at no charge upon its initial release in 1991, but was commercialized in May 1993 with the release of version 2.5.[http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.09/09.07/Jul93Newsbits/index.html]

At the same time, Bare Bones Software also made a less-featured version of BBEdit 2.5 called [[BBEdit Lite]] available at no cost. Bare Bones Software discontinued BBEdit Lite at version 6.1 and replaced it with [[TextWrangler]], which was available for a fee, although significantly less than BBEdit. In 2005, TextWrangler 2.0 was released as [[freeware]] and subsequent versions continue to be distributed as such.<ref>http://www.macworld.com/article/42147/2005/01/textwrangler.html</ref>

BBEdit's [[creator code]] <code>R*ch</code> refers to [[Rich Siegel]], one of Bare Bones Software's founders and the original author of BBEdit.

==Features==
BBEdit is designed for use by [[software developer]]s and [[web designer]]s.<ref name="BBHome" /> It has native support for many programming languages and custom modules can be created by users to support any language. BBEdit is not a [[word processor]], meaning it does not have text formatting or [[desktop publishing software|page layout features]].

The application contains powerful multi-file text searching capabilities including strong support for [[Perl]]-compatible [[regular expression]]s. BBEdit allows easy previewing and built-in debugging of [[HTML]] and provides built-in prototypes for most HTML constructs. It also includes [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] and [[SSH File Transfer Protocol|SFTP]] tools and integrates with [[Configuration management|code management systems]]. BBEdit shows differences between file versions and allows for the merging of changes. Support for version control, including [[Concurrent Versions System|CVS]], [[Perforce]], and [[Subversion (software)|Subversion]] is built in.<ref name="BBHome" />

A number of applications and developer tools provide direct support for using BBEdit as a [[Third-party developer|third-party]] [[source code editor]].

BBEdit supports the [[Open Scripting Architecture]] and can be scripted using [[AppleScript]] and other languages, as well as having the ability to execute AppleScripts itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/featuresmore.shtml |title=BBEdit’s Other Useful Features |author=Bare Bones Software |accessdate=2007-09-03}}</ref>

==Language support==

BBEdit supports [[syntax highlighting]] for a wide variety of popular computer languages. As of version 10.1, these include: [[ANSI C]], [[C++]], [[CSS]], [[Fortran]] (through Fortran 95), [[HTML]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[JavaServer Pages|JSP]], [[Lasso (programming language)|Lasso]], [[Object Pascal]], [[Objective-C]], [[Objective-C++]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Rez]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Setext]], [[SQL]] (including [[Transact-SQL]], [[PL/SQL]], [[MySQL]], and [[PostgreSQL]]), [[Tcl]], [[TeX]], UNIX shell scripts, [[XML]], and [[YAML]]. BBEdit's SDK allows users to develop additional language modules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/featuresdisplay.shtml |title=BBEdit’s Display Features |author=Bare Bones Software |accessdate=2007-09-03}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of text editors]]
*[[Comparison of text editors]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.shtml BBEdit Product Page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bbedit}}
[[Category:Mac OS text editors]]
[[Category:Mac OS X text editors]]

[[de:BBEdit]]
[[es:BBEdit]]

P6 (microarchitecture)

2012-03-18T05:13:17Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Successor */ Fix disambiguation link to FSB.

The '''P6 microarchitecture''' is the sixth generation [[Intel]] [[x86]] [[microarchitecture]], implemented by the [[Pentium Pro]] microprocessor that was introduced in November 1995. It is sometimes referred to as i686.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} It was succeeded by the [[NetBurst (microarchitecture)|NetBurst microarchitecture]] in 2000, but eventually revived in the [[Pentium M]] line of microprocessors. The successor to the Pentium M variant of the P6 microarchitecture is the [[Intel Core (microarchitecture)|Core microarchitecture]].

=={{Anchor|P6}}From Pentium Pro to Pentium III==
The P6 core was the sixth generation Intel microprocessor in the x86 line. The first implementation of the P6 core was the [[Pentium Pro]] CPU in 1995, the immediate successor to the original Pentium design (P5).

Some techniques first used in the x86 space in the P6 core include:

*[[Speculative execution]] and [[Out-of-order_execution|out-of-order completion]] (called "dynamic execution" by Intel), which required new retire units in the execution core. This lessened pipeline stalls, and in part enabled greater speed-scaling of the Pentium Pro and successive generations of CPUs.
*Superpipelining, which increased from Pentium's 5-stage pipeline to 14 of the Pentium Pro, and eventually morphed into the 10-stage pipeline of the [[Pentium III]], and the 12- to 14-stage pipeline of the Pentium M.
*[[Physical Address Extension|PAE]] and wider 36-bit address bus to support 64 GB of physical memory (the linear address space of a process was still limited to 4 GB).
*[[Register renaming]], which enabled more efficient execution of multiple instructions in the pipeline.
*CMOV [[x86 instruction listings|instructions]] heavily used in [[compiler optimization]].

The P6 architecture lasted three generations from the Pentium Pro to Pentium III, and was widely known for low power consumption, excellent integer performance, and relatively high instructions per cycle (IPC). When the new NetBurst (P68) architecture was conceived, initially in the Willamette core, which had relatively low IPC and less efficient overall design both in terms of power consumption and throughput efficiency, the P6 line of processing cores were largely thought to be abandoned.

=={{Anchor|Pentium M}}Revived microarchitecture in Pentium M (Banias and Dothan)==
Upon release of the Pentium 4-M and Mobile Pentium 4, it was quickly realized that the new mobile NetBurst processors were not ideal for mobile computing. The Netburst-based processors were simply not as efficient per clock or per watt compared to their P6 predecessors. Mobile Pentium 4 processors ran much hotter than Pentium III-M processors and didn't offer significant performance advantages. Its inefficiency affected not only the cooling system complexity, but also the all-important battery life.

Realizing their new microarchitecture wasn't the best choice for the mobile space, Intel went back to the drawing board for a design that would be optimally suited for this market segment. The result was a hybrid, and at the time, modernized P6 design called the [[Pentium M]]:

'''Design Overview'''<ref name=DothanAnand>Lal Shimpi, Anand. [http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=2129&p=12 Intel's 90nm Pentium M 755: Dothan Investigated], AnandTech, July 21, 2004.</ref>
*Quad-pumped Front Side Bus. With the initial Banias core, Intel adopted the 400 MHz FSB first used in the Pentium 4. The Dothan core moved to the 533 MHz FSB, following the Pentium 4's evolution.
*Larger [[CPU cache|L2 cache]]. Initially 1 MB in the Banias core, then 2 MB in the Dothan core. Dynamic cache activation by quadrant selector from sleep states.
*[[SSE2]] Streaming SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) Extensions 2 support.
*A 12-14-stage instruction pipeline to achieve higher clock speeds than the Pentium III-M.
*Dedicated register stack management.
*Addition of global history to branch prediction table.
*Micro-ops Fusion of certain sub-instructions mediated by decoding units. x86 commands can be combined into fewer RISC micro operations.

The Pentium M was the most power efficient x86 processor for notebooks for several years, consuming a maximum of 27 watts at maximum load and 4-5 watts while idle. The processing efficiency gains brought about by its modernization allowed it to rival the Mobile Pentium 4 clocked over 1 GHz higher (the fastest-clocked Mobile Pentium 4 compared to the fastest-clocked Pentium M) and equipped with much more memory and bus bandwidth.<ref name=DothanAnand /> A 1.7GHz Dothan could easily outperform a 2.4GHz Pentium 4, visibly doubling performance in real world applications and games over its faster clocked alternative. For the first time in PC history, desktop motherboards were built for a mobile processor, as the fastest clocked Dothan processors outperformed the fastest clocked Pentium 4 processors of the time.

==={{Anchor|Enhanced Pentium M}}Intel Core (Yonah)===
{{Main|Yonah (microprocessor)}}
The Yonah CPU was launched in January 2006 under the [[Intel Core|Core]] brand. Single and dual-core mobile version were sold under the Core Solo, Core Duo, and [[Pentium Dual-Core]] brands, and a server version was released as [[Sossaman (microprocessor)|Xeon LV]]. These processors provided partial solutions to some of the foregoing [[Pentium M]]'s shortcomings, by adding to its P6 [[microarchitecture]]:
*SSE3 Support
*Single- and dual-core technology with 2 MB of shared L2 cache (restructuring processor organization)
*Increased FSB speed, with the FSB running at 533 MHz or 667 MHz.
*A 12-stage instruction pipeline.

This resulted in the interim microarchitecture for low-voltage only CPUs, part way between P6 and the following Core microarchitecture.

== Successor ==
{{Main|Intel Core (microarchitecture)}}
{{IntelProcessorRoadmap}}

On July 27, 2006, the [[Intel Core (microarchitecture)|Core microarchitecture]], a distant relative of P6, was launched in form of the [[Core 2]] processor. Subsequently, more processors were released with the Core microarchitecture under Core 2, [[Xeon]], [[Pentium]] and [[Celeron]] brand names. The Core microarchitecture is Intel's final mainstream processor line to use [[Front-side bus|FSB]], with all later Intel processors based on [[Nehalem (microarchitecture)|Nehalem]] and following Intel microarchitectures exclusively using the QPI or DMI bus. Improvements from the Intel Core processors were:
*A 14-stage instruction pipeline to achieve significantly higher clock speeds than the Core processsors.
*[[SSSE3]] support for all models and SSE4.1 support for all Core 2 models manufactured at a 45 nm lithography.
*An x86-64 (64-bit) instruction set is added, allowing all Core 2 processors to run 64-bit applications.
*Increased FSB speed, with the FSB running from 533 MHz to 1600 MHz.
*Increased L2 cache size, with the L2 cache size ranging from 1 MB to 12 MB (Core 2 Duo processors use a shared L2 cache with Core 2 Quad processors having half of the total cache allocated to each die).
*Some mobile Core 2 Duo processors support Dynamic Front Side Bus Throttling, with the FSB running at half of its full speed in Super Low Frequency Mode, therefore reducing the core speed to half of its full speed as well. This technique allows the processors to consume less power, increasing battery life.
*Some mobile Core 2 Duo processors have Dynamic Acceleration Technology, while mobile Core 2 Quad processors support Dual Dynamic Acceleration Technology. For a mobile Core 2 Duo, this feature allows the CPU to overclock one processor core while turning off the other one. As for a mobile Core 2 Quad, two cores can be overclocked. The processor does this if an application only uses a single core or two as a minimum requirement to function effectively and the clock multiplier is only increased by 1.

==P6 based chips==
*[[Celeron]] (Covington/Mendocino/Coppermine/Tualatin variants)
*[[Pentium Pro]]
*[[Intel Pentium II Overdrive#Socket 8|Pentium II Overdrive]] (a Pentium II chip in the 387 pin [[Socket 8]])
*[[Pentium II]]
*[[Xeon|Pentium II Xeon]]
*[[Pentium III]]
*[[Xeon|Pentium III Xeon]]

===Banias/Dothan variant===
*[[Celeron M]] (Banias/Shelton/Dothan variants)
*[[Pentium M]]
*[[Intel A100|A100/A110]]
*[[EP80579]]

===Yonah variant===
*[[Celeron M]] 400 series
*[[Intel Core|Core Solo/Duo]]
*[[Pentium Dual-Core]] T2060/T2080/T2130
*[[Xeon|Xeon LV/ULV]] (Sossaman)


While all these chips are technically derivatives of the Pentium Pro the architecture has gone through several radical changes since its inception.<ref>[http://ee380.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/videologger.php?target=060607-ee380-300.asx Pat Gelsinger talk at Stanford, Jun 7th 2006]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Computer Science}}
*[[Core (microarchitecture)|Core microarchitecture]]
*[[Bob Colwell]]
*[[List of Intel CPU microarchitectures]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Intel processors|p6}}

[[Category:Intel x86 microprocessors|P6]]

{{Link GA|ru}}

[[de:Intel P6]]
[[el:Μικροαρχιτεκτονική P6]]
[[fr:Intel P6]]
[[ko:P6 (마이크로아키텍처)]]
[[it:Intel P6]]
[[ja:P6マイクロアーキテクチャ]]
[[ru:Intel P6]]
[[zh:Intel P6]]

Violet Town rail accident

2012-02-03T22:48:21Z

MichaelsProgramming: Re-add missing infobox header.

{{Infobox rail accident
|image =
|title = Violet Town rail accident
|date = 7 February 1969
|time =
|location = [[Violet Town, Victoria]]
<gallery>
</gallery>
|location-dist = 173
|location-dir = N
|location-city = [[Melbourne]]
|country = Australia
|line = [[North East railway line]]
|operator = [[Victorian Railways]]
|type = Collision
|cause = Driver heart attack
|trains = 2
|pax = 190
|deaths = 9
|injuries = 40
}}

The '''Violet Town rail accident''', also known as the [[Southern Aurora]] disaster, was a railway accident that occurred on 7 February 1969 near the McDiarmids Road crossing, approximately 1 km south of [[Violet Town, Victoria]], Australia.

==Overview==
The accident involved the [[head-on collision]] of a passenger train, the southbound [[Southern Aurora]], and a northbound freight train on the new single line standard gauge Sydney to [[Melbourne]] main line, opened seven years earlier. Nine people died, including Lawrence Rosevear, the driver of the northbound freight train.

The trains were supposed to cross at the Violet Town crossing loop (where there are two tracks), but because the driver of the passenger train had died of an apparent heart attack approximately 5 to 6 kilometres north of the crossing loop, the train did not stop at the red signals. It continued until it collided head-on with the freight train. At the time of the accident, neither [[Automatic Train Control|ATC]] nor [[Automatic Warning System|AWS]] nor [[Automatic Train Protection|ATP]] were fitted, although a vigilance control system had been fitted to both locomotives. This required a member of the train crew to press a button every sixty to ninety seconds; either the driver or fireman/second person could press the buttons.

According to an inquest into the accident, the fireman of the Southern Aurora, M. Coulthard, had been recorded on the Hasler [[train event recorder|speed recorder]] as pressing the vigilance control button when the train passed through the danger signals at the crossing loop.

The crew of the northbound train saw the oncoming passenger train and had slowed their train, flicking their headlights to warn the crew of the approaching Southern Aurora. The fireman (Arnfreid Brendecke) jumped clear of the cab moments before impact; a burning car missed him by approximately one metre. The driver of the northbound train sought safety in the engine room. However, he died in a fire and explosion.

As a result of this accident, improved [[Dead-man's vigilance device|vigilance control]]s were fitted to ensure that firemen as well as drivers remained alert, although, as the later [[Beresfield rail disaster]] in 1996 showed, these were not foolproof.

At the site of the unfortunate crash, shards of the iconic green windows of the Aurora can still be found in the embankments, 40 years after the collision.

Two units written off in the crash, S314 and S316 - Both Victorian railways Bulldog style diesel locomotives.

==Memorial==
A stone cairn has been erected at the site of the accident.

==Further reading==
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,,21856959-2862,00.html
|title=Memories of an awful day
|work=Herald Sun
|author=John Hamilton
|date=6 June 2007
|publisher=www.news.com.au
|accessdate=2008-12-24
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/c85916e930b93d50ca256d050020cb1f/8983f75c7917a168ca256d33000583ba?OpenDocument
|title=Violet Town, Victoria: Rail Collision
|publisher=www.ema.gov.au
|accessdate=2008-12-24
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2702297
|title= Railway accident : report on the collision that occurred between the Sydney to Melbourne express passenger train, the "Southern Aurora" and a Melbourne to Albury goods train, near Violet Town on 7th February, 1969
|author=Victorian Railways
|accessdate=2008-12-24
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/images/12800/12800-00001-000123-340.asp Public Record Office of Victoria - Southern Aurora disaster aerial view]
* [http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/ledawn/inter/153321.shtml State Library of Victoria - images of the aftermath of the crash]

{{1969 railway accidents}}

{{coord|36.6333|S|145.733|E|source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Violet Town Rail Accident}}
[[Category:Railway accidents in Australia]]
[[Category:History of Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:1969 in Australia]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 1969]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Victoria (Australia)]]

[[pl:Katastrofa kolejowa w Violet Town]]

Project Blinkenlights

2011-09-03T05:48:54Z

MichaelsProgramming: Update link to blog about lights display in Toronto.

[[Image:Project-blinkenlights-aerial-view.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of the Berlin installation]]

'''Project Blinkenlights''' was a light [[installation art|installation]] in the [[Haus des Lehrers]] building at the [[Alexanderplatz]] in [[Berlin]] that transformed the building front into a giant [[display resolution|low-resolution]] [[monochrome computer screen]]. The installation was created by the German [[Chaos Computer Club]] (CCC) and went online on September 11, 2001 as a celebration of the club's 20th birthday. Some novel uses of the screen are for people to call a number and play [[Pong]] via mobile phone or display animations sent in by the public.

Similar installation were created by the CCC for the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] in [[Paris]] (called [[Arcade game|Arcade]]) and for two towers of the [[Toronto City Hall|City Hall]] in [[Toronto]] (called [[Stereoscope]]), both installations featuring a higher resolution as well as eight shades of grey.

The electrical engineering and computer science students of the [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics]] turn their Schönherz Dormitory into a giant display (the "''Matrix''") at their annual Schönherz Cup competition, where amongst others, teams compete in creating the most interesting and funny animation.

Similar display (featuring 3 colours) is annually created by students of the Wrocław University of Technology.<ref>http://www.piwo.pwr.wroc.pl/</ref>

The term "[[blinkenlights]]" originates in [[Hacker (programmer subculture)|hacker]] humor. One of the CCC installations is depicted in the [[Golden Boy (artist)|Golden Boy]] and [[Miss Kittin]] video for their song "[[Rippin Kittin]]".<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWL1QOXAcgM YouTube - Golden Boy ft. Miss Kittin - Rippin Kittin]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://blinkenlights.net/ Project Blinkenlights homepage]
*[http://oriaskijelzo.hu/videok/csernozjom-tourist-2005.html Video of a winning Schönherz animation and homepage of the Schönherz Blinkenlights]
*[http://www.brepettis.com/blog/2008/10/3/stereoscope-blinkenlights-in-toronto.html Interview with Tim Pritlove leading up to Stereoscope Blinkenlights project in Toronto, Oct 2008 ]

{{germany-stub}}

[[Category:Installation art]]

[[de:Projekt Blinkenlights]]
[[fr:Project Blinkenlights]]
[[sv:Project Blinkenlights]]

User:Dietrichvonschnitzle

2010-10-24T03:35:51Z

MichaelsProgramming: Added vandalism warning.

[[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Wombat]]. Your edits appear to constitute [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. - [[User:MichaelsProgramming|Michael's Programming]] ([[User talk:MichaelsProgramming|talk]]) 03:35, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Wombat

2010-10-24T03:32:28Z

MichaelsProgramming: Undo numerous vandalism posts.

{{Otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Wombats<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=43–44}}</ref>
| fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]] to Recent
| image = Vombatus ursinus -Maria Island National Park.jpg
| image_caption = Common Wombat, Maria Island, Tasmania
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| infraclassis = [[Marsupialia]]
| ordo = [[Diprotodontia]]
| subordo = [[Vombatiformes]]
| familia = '''Vombatidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Gilbert Thomas Burnett|Burnett]], 1829
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]] and [[Species]]
| subdivision =
* ''[[Vombatus]]''
** ''[[Common Wombat|Vombatus ursinus]]''
* ''[[Lasiorhinus]]''
** ''[[Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat|Lasiorhinus latifrons]]''
** ''[[Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat|Lasiorhinus krefftii]]''
* †''[[Rhizophascolomus]]''
* †''[[Phascolonus]]''
* †''[[Warendja]]''
* †''[[Ramasayia]]''
}}

'''Wombats''' are [[Australia]]n [[marsupial]]s; they are short-legged, muscular [[quadruped]]s, approximately {{convert|1|m|in}} in length with a very short [[tail]]. They are found in forested, mountainous, and [[heathland]] areas of south-eastern Australia and [[Tasmania]]. The name ''wombat'' comes from the [[Eora]] Aboriginal community who were the original inhabitants of the [[Sydney]] area.

== Characteristics ==
Wombats dig extensive burrow systems with rodent-like front teeth and powerful claws. One distinctive adaptation of wombats is their backwards pouch. The advantage of a backwards-facing pouch is that when digging, the wombat does not gather dirt in its pouch over its young. Although mainly [[crepuscular]] and [[nocturnal]], wombats will also venture out to feed on cool or overcast days.
[[Image:Certified Wombat Faeces.jpg|left|thumb|Wombat scat, found near [[Cradle Mountain]] in [[Tasmania]]]]
They are not commonly seen, but leave ample evidence of their passage, treating fences as minor inconveniences to be gone through or under, and leaving distinctive cubic [[faeces]].

Wombats are [[herbivore]]s; their [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] consists mostly of [[Poaceae|grasses]], [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], [[Herb#Botanical definitions|herbs]], [[bark]] and [[root]]s. Their [[incisor]] teeth somewhat resemble those of the placental [[rodent]]s, being adapted for gnawing tough vegetation. Like many other herbivorous mammals, they have a large [[diastema (dentistry)|diastema]] between the [[incisor]]s and the cheek teeth, which are relatively simple. The [[dental formula]] of wombats is: {{Dentition2|1.0.1.4|1.0.1.4}}

Wombats' fur colour can vary from a sandy colour to brown, or from grey to black. All three known extant species of wombats average around {{convert|1|m|in|abbr=on}} in length and weigh between {{convert|20|and|35|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.

Female wombats give birth to a single young in the spring, after a [[gestation]] period, which like all marsupials can vary, in the case of the wombat: 20-21 days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Watson, A|title=Vombatus ursinus|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Vombatus_ursinus.html|work=Animal Diversity Web|publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology|accessdate=13 August 2010|year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lasiorhinus latifrons|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lasiorhinus_latifrons.html|work=Animal Diversity Web|publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology|accessdate=13 August 2010|author=Green, E|coauthors=Myers, P|year=2006}}</ref> They have a well-developed [[pouch (marsupial)|pouch]], which the young leave after about 6–7 months. Wombats are [[weaning|weaned]] after 15 months, and are sexually mature at 18 months.<ref name=EoM>{{Cite book |editor=Macdonald, D.|author= McIlroy, John|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 876–877|isbn= 0-87196-871-1 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref>

[[File:Wombat-Narawntapu.jpg|thumb|left|Wombat in Narawntapu National Park, Tasmania]]

=== Ecology and behaviour ===
Wombats have an extraordinarily slow [[metabolism]], taking around 14 days to complete [[digestion]], which aids their survival in arid conditions.<ref name=EoM/> They generally move slowly, and because of this are known for taking shortcuts. When threatened, however, they can reach up to {{convert|40|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and maintain that speed for up to 90 seconds.<ref name="gum">{{cite web|last=Humble|first=Gary|title=The Uncommon Wombat|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/scribblygum/june2006/|work=Scribbly Gum|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=13 August 2010|date=1 June 2006}}</ref> Wombats defend home territories centred on their burrows, and they react aggressively to intruders. The common wombat occupies a range of up to {{convert|23|ha|acre|abbr=on|lk=on}}, while the hairy-nosed species have much smaller ranges, of no more than {{convert|4|ha|acre|abbr=on}}.<ref name=EoM/>

[[Dingo]]s and [[Tasmanian Devil]]s prey on wombats. The wombat's primary defence is its toughened rear hide with most of the [[posterior]] made of [[cartilage]]. This, combined with its lack of a meaningful tail, makes it difficult for any predator that follows the wombat into its tunnel to bite and injure its target. When attacked, wombats dive into a nearby tunnel, using their rump to block a pursuing attacker.<ref>{{cite web|title=Common Wombat|url=http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/webpages/bhan-53f7kj?open|work=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment|publisher=[[Government of Tasmania|Tasmanian Government]]|accessdate=13 August 2010}}</ref> Wombats may allow an intruder to force its head over their back and then use its powerful legs to crush the skull of the predator against the roof of the tunnel, or drive it off with two-legged 'donkey' kicks.

Humans who accidentally find themselves in an affray with a wombat may find it best to scale a tree until the animal calms and leaves. Humans can receive puncture wounds from wombat claws as well as bites. Startled wombats can also charge humans and bowl them over<ref>{{cite news|last=Robinson|first=Georgina|title=Wombat combat: danger is their middle name|url=http://www.examiner.com.au/news/local/news/general/wombat-combat-danger-is-their-middle-name/1796899.aspx|accessdate=13 August 2010|publisher=[[The Examiner]]|date=7 April 2010}}</ref>, with the attendant risks of broken bones from the fall.

==Species==
There are three living species of wombat<ref name=msw3/>, all of which reside only in Australia. All three of them are protected under Australian law.<ref name="gum"/>

* [[Common Wombat]] (''Vombatus ursinus'')
* [[Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat]] or Yaminon (''Lasiorhinus krefftii'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Lasiorhinus krefftii — Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat, Yaminon |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=198|work=[[Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts]]|publisher=[[Government of Australia|Australian Government]]|accessdate=13 August 2010|date=12 February 2010}}</ref>
* [[Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat]] (''Lasiorhinus latifrons'')

==Wombats and humans==
Wombats were often called ''[[badgers]]'' by early settlers because of their size and habit. Because of this, localities such as [[Badger Creek, Victoria]] and Badger Corner, Tasmania were named after the wombat.<ref name = "b">{{Cite web | publisher = Lady Wild Life| title = Common Wombat | url = http://ladywildlife.com/animals/commonwombat.html | accessdate = 1 September 2008}}</ref>

The town [[Wombat, New South Wales]], the [[asteroid]] [[6827 Wombat]], a soccer team in Brisbane, a U.S. Army Unit - Avionics Platoon, Bravo Company, 563d ASB, 159th CAB, 101st Airborne Division (AIR ASSAULT), the British [[anti-tank rifle]] [[L6 Wombat]] (an acronym), and a British rock band "The Wombats" are named after the animal. In the USA, "Gary and The Wombats" have been playing rock/rhythm and blues since 1962.

They can be awkwardly tamed in a captive situation, and even coaxed into being patted and held, possibly becoming quite friendly. Many parks, zoos and other tourist set-ups across Australia have wombats on public display, and they are quite popular. However, their lack of fear means that they may display acts of aggression if provoked, or if they are simply in a bad mood. Its sheer weight makes a charging wild wombat capable of knocking an average-sized adult over, and their sharp teeth and powerful jaws can inflict severe wounds. One naturalist, [[Harry Frauca]], once received a bite {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} deep into the flesh of his leg—through a rubber boot, trousers and thick woollen socks (Underhill, 1993). UK newspaper, [[The Independent]] reported that on 6 April 2010 a 59-year-old man from rural Victoria state was mauled by a wombat (thought to have been angered by mange<ref>{{Cite news | last = BBC News | title = Wombat bites Australian bush fire survivor | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8604360.stm |accessdate = 9 April 2010 |date = 6 April 2010 | publisher = [[BBC News Online]] }}</ref>) causing a number of cuts and bite marks requiring hospital treatment. He resorted to killing it with an axe.<ref>{{Cite news | last = The Independent | title = Australian Man Mauled in Rare Attack | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/australian-man-mauled-in-rare-attack-by-wombat-1937850.html |accessdate = 7 April 2010 |date = 7 April 2010 | publisher = [[The Independent]] }}</ref>

Unlike most other Australian marsupials, the wombat has a relatively large brain. This, combined with strong instincts upon maturity, allows a captive hand-raised wombat to be easily released into the wild. Wombats are wide-ranging foragers and nocturnal with strong instincts for burrowing. These characteristics make them unsuitable as pets.

Since 2005 there has been an unofficial holiday called Wombat Day observed on 22 October, at the beginning of the traditional aboriginal spring planting season.<ref>{{cite web|last=Middleton|first=Amy|title=The day of the wombat|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/society/happy-wombat-day.htm|work=Australian Geographic|accessdate=13 August 2010|date=22 October 2009}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
*''Wombats'', Barbara Triggs, Houghton Mifflin Australia Pty, 1990, ISBN 0-86770-114-5. Facts and photographs of wombats for children.
*''The Wombat: Common Wombats in Australia'', Barbara Triggs, University of New South Wales Press, 1996, ISBN 0-86840-263-X.
*''The Secret Life of Wombats'', James Woodford, Text Publishing, 2002, ISBN 1-877008-43-5.
*''How to Attract the Wombat'', Will Cuppy with illustrations by Ed Nofziger, David R. Godiine, 2002, ISBN 1-56792-156-6 (Originally published 1949, Rhinehart)
*''The Secret World of Wombats'', Jackie French with illustrations by Bruce Whatley, HarperCollins Publishers, 2005, ISBN 0-207-20031-9.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vombatidae}}
*[http://www.premcab.sa.gov.au/emblems/wombat1.htm South Australian Government Faunal Emblem] (official website)
*[http://www.nla.gov.au/grants/haroldwhite/papers/atrumble.html Rossetti's Wombat: A Pre-Raphaelite Obsession in Victorian England]
*[http://www.smh.com.au/national/wombat-combat-danger-is-their-middle-name-20100407-rr4d.html?autostart=1 Sydney Morning Herald: Man attacked by wombat]
*[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2005/12/12/1134235978498.html Secret sex life of wombat]
{{Diprotodontia|V.}}

[[Category:Marsupials of Australia]]
[[Category:Vombatiforms]]
[[Category:Words and phrases of Australian Aboriginal origin]]

[[ar:الومبت]]
[[bs:Vombat]]
[[br:Wombat]]
[[ca:Uombat]]
[[cs:Vombatovití]]
[[da:Wombat]]
[[de:Wombats]]
[[nv:Shash naʼazísí]]
[[et:Vombatlased]]
[[es:Vombatidae]]
[[eo:Vombato]]
[[fa:وامبت]]
[[fr:Vombatidae]]
[[gd:Wombat]]
[[gl:Wombat]]
[[ko:웜뱃]]
[[id:Wombat]]
[[it:Vombatidae]]
[[he:וומבטיים]]
[[ka:ვომბატისებრნი]]
[[la:Vombatidae]]
[[lt:Vombatiniai]]
[[hu:Vombatfélék]]
[[mn:Вомбат]]
[[nl:Wombats]]
[[ja:ウォンバット]]
[[no:Vombater]]
[[pl:Wombatowate]]
[[pt:Vombatidae]]
[[ro:Vombatidae]]
[[ru:Вомбаты]]
[[simple:Wombat]]
[[fi:Vompatit]]
[[sv:Vombater]]
[[tr:Vombatgiller]]
[[uk:Вомбати]]
[[zh:袋熊]]

Lucid Dreams (Franz Ferdinand song)

2010-03-17T03:31:24Z

MichaelsProgramming: Revert vandalism.

{{For|the psychological phenomenon|lucid dream}}
{{Infobox Single |
| Name = Lucid Dreams
| Cover = FFLucidDreams.jpg
| Released = August 18, 2008
| Artist = [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]]
| Album = [[Tonight: Franz Ferdinand]]
| Format = [[Music download|Digital download]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Indie rock]]
| Length = 3:41 (pre-album single version) 7:56 (album version)
| Label = [[Domino Records|Domino]]
| Writer =
| Producer =
| Last single = "[[Eleanor Put Your Boots On]]" (2006)
| This single = "'''Lucid Dreams'''" (2008)
| Next single = "[[Ulysses (song)|Ulysses]]" (2009)
}}

"'''Lucid Dreams'''" is a [[single (music)|single]] from the [[Scotland|Scottish]] band [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]], appearing on their latest album ''[[Tonight: Franz Ferdinand]]''.

== Pre-album version (single release) ==
Originally only listenable through a static-covered stream on the band's website and the [[video game]] ''[[Madden NFL 09]]'', it was released as a single through [[iTunes]] on August 19, 2008 (despite an earlier message on the band's diary having stated "it's not a single"). This version is available as an iTunes bonus track to the album and also a B-Side to "[[No You Girls]]".

== Album version ==
The single differs from the version that appears on ''Tonight: Franz Ferdinand'', which has been described by several reviewers as the highlight of the album. <ref>{{cite web | title=Glasgow's favourite sons return... | url=http://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/franz-ferdinand | work= | publisher=clashmusic.com | date=17 December 2008 | accessdate=2009-04-05}}</ref> The pre-album bridge now starts the song, the chorus has been revised and the original second verse and ending are omitted, with an almost four minute 'acid trance' instrumental taking their place.

== Live performances ==
Two versions of this song are used when played live. The two verses and choruses of the pre-album version [[segue]] into the latter section of the album version, sometimes including the instrumental breakdown. The intro and chorus of the album version are not used. As the outro is essentially a huge jam (revolving around an arpeggiated synth line created on a Minimoog Voyager), the whole song is known to last for over 14 minutes.

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable"
!Chart (2008)
!Peak position<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=346&cfgn=Singles&cfn=Hot+Canadian+Digital+Singles&ci=3099146&cdi=9888952&cid=09%2F06%2F2008
| title = Franz Ferdinand "Lucid Dreams"
| publisher = billboard.com
| date = 2008-09-12
| accessdate = 2008-09-12
}}</ref>
|-
|align="left"|Canadian [[Hot 100]]
|align="center"|35
|-
|align="left"|Hot Canadian Digital Singles
|align="center"|17
|-
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Franz Ferdinand}}

[[Category:2008 singles]]
[[Category:Franz Ferdinand songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Alex Kapranos]]
[[Category:Songs written by Nicholas McCarthy]]

Neil Young

2010-03-01T04:30:18Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* 2000s: renewed activism and brush with death */ Fix link to Winter games.

{{About|the musician|other persons named Neil Young|Neil Young (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox musical artist| 
| Name = Neil Young
| Img = Ny-ottawa-jul-2006.jpg
| Img_capt = Young performing in Ottawa on the "Freedom Of Speech" Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young tour in 2006.
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Neil Percival Young
| Alias = Bernard Shakey, Phil Perspective, Shakey Deal, Clyde Coil, Shakey, Joe Yankee
| Born = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1945|11|12}} [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada
| Died =
| Origin = [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, Canada
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[folk rock]], [[hard rock]], [[country rock]]
|Instrument = Guitar, vocals, [[harmonica]], keyboards, piano
| Occupation = Musician, [[singer-songwriter]], [[record producer|producer]], [[screenwriter]], director
| Years_active = 1960–present
| Label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]], [[Motown]], [[Geffen Records|Geffen]]
| Associated_acts = The Squires, [[The Mynah Birds]], [[Buffalo Springfield]], [[Crosby, Stills & Nash (and Young)|Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]], [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]], [[The Band]], [[The Stray Gators]], [[The Stills-Young Band]], [[The Ducks]], [[Pearl Jam]], [[Sonic Youth]], [[Northern Lights (band)|Northern Lights]], [[Linda Rondstadt]]
| URL = [http://www.neilyoung.com NeilYoung.com]
| Notable_instruments = "[[Old Black]]" [[Gibson Les Paul|Gibson 1956 Les Paul Goldtop]] [[C.F. Martin & Company|Martin D-45]] Martin D-28
| last = Zimmer
| first = Dave
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Henry Diltz
| title = Crosby, Stills & Nash: The Biography
| publisher = Da Capo
| date = 2008
| location =
| page = 362
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=jDdLTRnuuuAC&pg=PA362
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 9780306816154
}}

'''Neil Percival Young'''<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002) p. 37</ref>, [[Order of Canada|OC]]<ref name="gg.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=13469|title=Governor General Announces 57 New Appointments to the Order of Canada|work=Office of the Secretary to the Governor General|accessdate=2009-12-30|date=December 30, 2009}}</ref> [[Order of Manitoba|OM]]<ref name=OM>{{cite web|title=Lieutenant Governor's Awards|url=http://www.lg.gov.mb.ca/awards/order/register.html|publisher=Lieutenant Governors office of Manitoba|year=2009|accessdate =2010-01-26}}</ref> (born November 12, 1945) is a Grammy Award winning [[Canadian]] singer-songwriter, musician and film director. He was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] as a solo artist in 1995 and also as a member of [[Buffalo Springfield]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee-list|publisher=The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/inductee-list/|year=2009|accessdate =2010-01-26}}</ref> Young began performing as a solo artist in Canada in 1960. He then migrated to California in 1966, as part of Buffalo Springfield and established himself as the tentative fourth member of [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young|Crosby, Stills & Nash]]. Due to Young's relationship with all band members diminishing to being too acrimonious for them to cooperate, he left both and forged a solo career, to success and critical acclaim. He has since become "one of the most respected and influential musicians of his generation".<ref>{{cite web|title=Neil Young at Last FM|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Neil+Young|publisher=Last FM |year=2009|accessdate =2010-01-26}}</ref>

Young's work is characterized by his deeply personal, often politically outspoken lyrics, distinctive guitar work,<ref>"Young is a most distinctive guitarist and singer, using ghostly shards of feedback to taint his ringing guitar chords." {{cite news
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| title = Neil Young's Passionate Guitar Playing Sparks Rock Arena
| work = [[Los Angeles Daily News]]
| place =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = 1993-09-14
| url =
| accessdate = 2009-07-28}}</ref><ref>"It's Young's distinctive, chunky rhythm guitar sound which defines the songs here [on ''Living with War'']." {{cite news
| last = Brinn
| first = David
| coauthors =
| title = Disc Reviews
| work = [[Jerusalem Post]]
| place =
| page =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = 2006-05-30
| url = http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1148482072145&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull
| accessdate = 2009-07-28}}</ref> and signature<ref>"30 years on, Neil Young remains one of the most distinctive voices of his, or any other, generation." {{cite news
| last = Surkamp
| first = David
| coauthors =
| title = Internal Fire From Neil Young Lights The Stage
| work = [[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]
| place =
| page = 4D
| language =
| publisher =
| date = 1992-09-15
| url =
| accessdate = 2009-07-28}}</ref> [[tenor]] singing voice. Although he accompanies himself on several different instruments—including the piano and harmonica, his [[clawhammer]] [[Steel-string guitar|acoustic guitar]] style and often idiosyncratic electric guitar soloing are the linchpins of a sometimes ragged, sometimes melodic sound. Although Young has experimented widely with differing music styles, including [[swing music|swing]], [[jazz]], [[rockabilly]], [[blues]], and [[electronic music]] throughout a varied career, his best known work usually falls into either of two distinct styles: [[Acoustic music|acoustic]] [[folk rock|folk]] and [[country rock]] ("[[Heart of Gold (song)|Heart of Gold]]", "Harvest Moon" and "[[Old Man (song)|Old Man]]") and [[electric guitar|electric]]-charged [[hard rock]] (like "[[Cinnamon Girl (Neil Young song)|Cinnamon Girl]]", "[[Rockin' in the Free World]]" and "[[Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)]]"), in collaboration with the band [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]]. In recent years, Young has adopted elements from newer styles such as [[Industrial music|industrial]], [[alternative country]], [[alternative rock]] and [[grunge]]. Young's profound influence on the latter caused some to dub him "[[List of honorific titles in popular music|the Godfather of Grunge]]".<ref>"It had already been noted that Neil Young was an important influence on grunge musicians, and in the mid- 1990s it became common to see Neil Young described as 'the godfather of grunge'." in {{citation| last = Echard | first = William | title = Neil Young and the Poetics of Energy | publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] | year = 2005 | page = 43 | isbn = 9780253217684}}</ref> Young has been an undeniably important artist; The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] website begins their article on Young stating flatly that "Neil Young is one of rock and roll’s greatest songwriters and performers".<ref name="rockhall.com"/> His distinct influence and inspiration within popular music derive in part from his longevity of a career spanning more than four decades.

Young has directed (or co-directed) a number of films using the pseudonym '''Bernard Shakey''', including ''Journey Through the Past'' (1973), ''Rust Never Sleeps'' (1979), ''[[Human Highway]]'' (1982), ''[[Greendale (album)|Greendale]]'' (2003), and ''[[CSNY Déjà Vu]]'' (2008). He is currently working on a documentary about electric car technology, tentatively titled ''Linc/Volt''. The project involves a 1959 [[Lincoln Continental]] converted to hybrid technology, which Young plans to drive to [[Washington, D.C.]] as an environmentalist example to lawmakers there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idiomag.com/peek/63112/neil_young|title=New Neil Young album expected in late March|date=2009-02-05|accessdate=2009-02-11|publisher=Idiomag.com}}</ref>

Young is an outspoken advocate for environmental issues and the welfare of small farmers, having co-founded in 1985 the [[benefit concert]] [[Farm Aid]]. In 1986, Young helped found The Bridge School,<ref name=bridgeschool>[http://www.bridgeschool.org/ Welcome to The Bridge School]</ref> an educational organization for children with severe verbal and physical disabilities, and its annual supporting [[Bridge School Benefit]] concerts, together with his wife Pegi. (Young's involvement stems at least partially from that his sons Ben and Zeke have [[cerebral palsy]], and his daughter Amber Jean, like Young himself, has [[epilepsy]]).

Young currently resides on his ranch in [[La Honda, California]]. Although Young has lived in northern California since the 1970s and sings as frequently about U.S. themes and subjects as he does about his native country, he retains Canadian citizenship, which he has never wanted to relinquish.<ref name=Time>[http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1110988,00.html Resurrection of Neil Young, Continued - TIME]</ref> On July 14, 2006, Young was awarded the [[Order of Manitoba]].<ref name=OM/> On December 30, 2009, he was made an Officer of the [[Order of Canada]].<ref name="gg.ca"/>

==Life and career==
===Early years===
Neil Percival Young was born on November 12, 1945, in [[Toronto]], Ontario, to sportswriter and novelist [[Scott Young]] and Edna "Rassy" Young (née Ragland), who had moved to Toronto from their family home in Manitoba to pursue a sport journalism career. Neil spent his early childhood in the Toronto suburb of [[Pickering, Ontario|Pickering]] and the village of [[Omemee, Ontario|Omemee]], northeast of Toronto. The village later established the Youngtown Museum in tribute to Young.<ref>[http://www.youngtownmuseum.com/ Youngtown Rock and Roll Museum]), {{convert|130|km|mi|0|lk=off}}</ref>

It was in Pickering that Young fell in love with music. During the mid-fifties, at around the age of ten or eleven, Young was drawn to a variety of musical genres including [[rock and roll]], [[rockabilly]], [[doo-wop]], [[R&B]], [[Country music|country]], and western pop. He would listen to pop music on the CHUM radio station,<ref>McDonough, Jimmy. ''Shakey: Neil Young’s Biography''. New York: Random House Inc., 2002. p. 50</ref> on his transistor radio<ref name="McDonough, Jimmy 2002. p. 51">McDonough, Jimmy. ''Shakey: Neil Young’s Biography''. New York: Random House Inc., 2002. p. 51</ref> as a boy. Young has stated in interviews that growing up he idolized [[Elvis Presley]] and strived to be just like him. When being interviewed by ''Guitare & Claviers Magazine'', Young claims that the life of Presley had inspired some of his most famous songs such as "Hey, Hey, My, My" and "He was the King".<ref>Ostrosser, David. “Neil Young Interview on Guitars.” ''Guitare & Claviers Magazine''. Neil Young News, 17 April 1992. Web.</ref> Young would watch [[Chuck Berry]] and [[Little Richard]] on TV in admiration.<ref name="McDonough, Jimmy 2002. p. 53">McDonough, Jimmy. ''Shakey: Neil Young’s Biography''. New York: Random House Inc., 2002. p. 53</ref> Young states in an interview with McDonough that the groups and artists whom he found most influential in his early years were Elvis Presley,<ref name="McDonough, Jimmy 2002. p. 50">McDonough, Jimmy. ''Shakey: Neil Young’s Biography''. New York: Random House Inc., 2002. p. 50</ref> [[Fats Domino]], [[The Chantels]], [[The Monotones]], [[Ronnie Self]],<ref>McDonough, Jimmy. ''Shakey: Neil Young’s Biography''. New York: Random House Inc., 2002. p. 52</ref> [[The Fleetwoods]], Chuck Berry, [[Little Richard]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]],<ref name="McDonough, Jimmy 2002. p. 53"/> [[Johnny Cash]],<ref name="McDonough, Jimmy 2002. p. 51"/> and [[Gogi Grant]].<ref name="McDonough, Jimmy 2002. p. 50"/>

Young was diagnosed with diabetes as a child<ref name="musicianguide">[http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608001147/Neil-Young.html Neil Young Biography - Discography, Music, Lyrics, Album, CD, Career, Famous Works, and Awards]</ref> and a bout of [[polio]] at the age of 6 left him with a weakened left side; he still walks with a slight limp.

His parents divorced when Young was 12, and he moved with his mother back to the family home of [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba, where his music career began. Neil and his mother settled into the working class suburb of [[Fort Rouge, Manitoba|Fort Rouge]] where the shy, dry-humoured youth enrolled at Earl Grey Junior High School. It was there that he formed his first band [[the Jades]], and met [[Ken Koblun]], later to join him in the Squires.

While attending [[Kelvin High School]] in Winnipeg, he played in several instrumental rock bands. Young's first stable band was called the Squires, with Ken Koblun, Jeff Wuckert and Bill Edmondson on drums, who had a local hit called "The Sultan." Young dropped out of high school<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002) p. 103</ref> and also played in [[Fort William, Ontario|Fort William]] (now part of the city of Thunder Bay, Ontario), where they recorded a series of demos produced by a local producer named Ray Dee, whom Young called "the original Briggs."<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002) p. 105</ref> While there, Young first encountered [[Stephen Stills]]. In the 2006 film ''Heart of Gold'' Young relates how he used to spend time as a teenager at [[Falcon Lake, Manitoba]] where he would endlessly plug coins into the jukebox to hear [[Ian Tyson]]'s "[[Four Strong Winds]]".

Neil also formed a friendship with musician [[Randy Bachman]]. According to [[Tim Bachman]] (Randy's younger brother, and former [[Bachman-Turner Overdrive]] guitarist), "We knew Neil back in the late 50s, early 60s. In fact Randy used to try and give Neil guitar lessons because Neil couldn't precisely copy the top 40 tunes back then. Neil was Neil and that was it. Randy kicked him out of our house and told him to quit the business, be something else! One year later to the day we received the first Buffalo Springfield album in the mail. On the back in the liner notes was a thank you from Neil to Randy for kicking him out of Winnipeg! He went to San Francisco and the rest is history."

After leaving the Squires, Neil worked folk clubs in Winnipeg, where he first met [[Joni Mitchell]].<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002) p. 96</ref> Here he wrote some of his earliest and most enduring folk songs such as the classic "[[Sugar Mountain (song)|Sugar Mountain]]", about lost youth. Mitchell wrote "The Circle Game" in response.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thrasherswheat.org/jammin/jammin_more.htm#joni|title=Neil Young Collaborations|publisher=Thrasher's Wheat|accessdate=2009-05-09}}</ref> Winnipeg band [[The Guess Who]] (lead guitarist: one Randy Bachman) had a Top 40 Canadian hit with Young's "Flying on the Ground is Wrong," which was Young's first major hit as a song-writer.

In 1965 Young toured Canada as a solo artist. In 1966, while in Toronto, he joined the [[Rick James]]-fronted [[The Mynah Birds|Mynah Birds]]. The band managed to secure a record deal with the [[Motown]] label, but as their first album was being recorded, James was arrested for being [[Desertion|AWOL]] from the Naval Reserve.<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002) p. 139</ref> After the Mynah Birds disbanded, Young and bass player [[Bruce Palmer]] relocated to Los Angeles. Young has admitted in an interview that he was in the United States illegally until receiving a green card in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/profile/story/9102786/neil_young_the_rs_interview |title=The Rolling Stone Interview: Neil Young: Rolling Stone|publisher=Rolling Stone Onlinedate=2009|accessdate =2010-01-26}}</ref>

===Buffalo Springfield===
{{Main|Buffalo Springfield}}
Once they reached Los Angeles, Young and Palmer met up with [[Stephen Stills]], [[Richie Furay]], and [[Dewey Martin]] to form [[Buffalo Springfield]]. A mixture of folk, country, [[psychedelia]], and rock lent a hard edge by the twin lead guitars of Stills and Young made Buffalo Springfield a critical success, and their first record ''[[Buffalo Springfield (album)|Buffalo Springfield]]'' (1967) sold well after Stills' topical song "[[For What It's Worth (Stephen Stills song)|For What It's Worth]]" became a hit, aided by Young's melodic harmonics played on electric guitar.

Distrust of their management, as well as the arrest and deportation of Palmer, exacerbated the already strained relations among the group members and led to Buffalo Springfield's demise. A second album, ''[[Buffalo Springfield Again]]'', was released in late 1967, but two of Young’s three contributions were solo tracks recorded apart from the rest of the group.

In many ways, these three songs on ''Buffalo Springfield Again'' are harbingers of much of Young's later work in that, although they all share deeply personal, almost idiosyncratic lyrics, they also present three very different musical approaches to the arrangement of what is essentially an original folk song. "Mr Soul" is the only Young song of the three that all five members of the group perform together. In contrast, "[[Broken Arrow (song)|Broken Arrow]]" was confessional folk rock of a kind that would characterize much of the music that emerged from the singer-songwriter movement. Young’s experimental production intersperses each verse with snippets of sound from other sources, including opening the song with a sound bite of Dewey Martin singing "Mr. Soul" and closing it with the thumping of a heartbeat. "Expecting to Fly" was a lushly produced [[ballad]] featuring a string arrangement that Young's co-producer for the track, [[Jack Nitzsche]], would dub "symphonic pop."

In May 1968, the band split up for good, but in order to fulfill a contractual obligation, a final album ''[[Last Time Around]]'' was released, primarily from recordings made earlier that year. Young contributed the songs "On the Way Home" and "I Am a Child", singing lead on the latter. In 1997, the band was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame; Young did not appear at the ceremony.

===Crazy Horse & CSNY ===
:''Main articles: [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]] and [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]]''
After the breakup of Buffalo Springfield, Young signed a solo deal with [[Reprise Records]], home of his colleague and friend [[Joni Mitchell]], with whom he shared a manager, Elliot Roberts, who manages Young to this day. Young and Roberts immediately began work on Young's first solo record, ''[[Neil Young (album)|Neil Young]]'' (November 1968), which received mixed reviews. In a 1970 interview,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiancontent.net/people/music/Neil-Young.html |title=Neil Young - MiniBio|publisher=Canadian Content|year=2008|aceessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref> Young deprecated the album as being "overdubbed rather than played," and the quest for music that expresses the spontaneity of the moment has long been a feature of his career. Nevertheless, the album contains some songs that remain a staple of his live shows, most notably "The Loner".

For his next album, Young recruited three musicians from a band called The Rockets: [[Danny Whitten]] on guitar, [[Billy Talbot]] on bass guitar, and [[Ralph Molina]] on [[Drum kit|drums]]. These three took the name [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]] (after [[Crazy Horse|the historical figure of the same name]]), and ''[[Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere]]'' (May 1969), is credited to "Neil Young with Crazy Horse." Recorded in just two weeks, the album opens with one of Young's most familiar songs, "Cinnamon Girl," and is dominated by two more, "Cowgirl in the Sand" and "Down by the River," that feature lengthy jams showcasing Young's idiosyncratic guitar soloing accompanied sympathetically by Crazy Horse. Young reportedly wrote all three songs on the same day, while nursing a high fever of {{convert|103|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in bed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rogan|first=Johnny|title=Neil Young, Zero to Sixty: A Critical Biography|publisher=Music Sales Distributed|year=2000|pages=187|isbn=0952954044}}</ref>

Shortly after the release of ''Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere'', Young reunited with Stephen Stills by joining [[Crosby, Stills & Nash (and Young)|Crosby, Stills, & Nash]], who had already released one album as a trio. Young was originally offered a position as a sideman, but agreed to join only if he received full membership, and the group – winners of the 1969 "Best New Artist" [[Grammy Award]] - was renamed [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]].<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002) p. 313</ref> The quartet debuted in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] on August 16, 1969, and later performed at the famous [[Woodstock Festival]], during which Young skipped the acoustic set and refused to be filmed during the electric set, even telling the cameramen: "One of you fuckin' guys comes near me and I'm gonna fuckin' hit you with my guitar".<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002) pp. 318–320</ref> During the making of their first album, ''[[Déjà Vu (album)|Déjà Vu]]'', the musicians frequently argued, particularly Young and Stills, who both fought for control. Stills continued throughout their lifelong relationship to criticize Young, saying that he "wanted to play folk music in a rock band".<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002), p. 324</ref> Despite the tension Young's tenure with CSN&Y coincided with the band's most creative and successful period, and greatly contributed to his subsequent success as a solo artist.

"[[Ohio (CSNY song)|Ohio]]" was written following the [[Kent State massacre]] on May 4, 1970, and was a staple of anti-war rallies in the 1970s. The song was quickly recorded by CSNY and immediately released as a single, even though CSNY's "Teach Your Children" was still climbing the singles charts. Many believe that the release of "Ohio" as a single cut into the sales of "Teach Your Children" and prevented that song from reaching the top ten. In the late 1970s and for much of the 1980s, Young refrained from performing "Ohio" live, as he considered the song to be dated. In the wake of the 1989 [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square massacre]], Young revived the song in concert, often dedicating it to the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] students who were killed in the massacre. Crosby, Stills & Nash, as a trio, also returned the song to their live repertoire around the same time, even though Young had provided the lead vocals on the original recording.

Also that year, Young released his third solo album, ''[[After the Gold Rush]]'' (1970), which featured, among others, a young [[Nils Lofgren]], [[Stephen Stills]], and CSNY bassist Greg Reeves. Young also recorded some tracks with Crazy Horse, but dismissed them early in the sessions. Aided by his newfound fame with CSNY, the album was a commercial breakthrough for Young and contains some of his best known work. Notable tracks include the title track, with dream-like lyrics that run a gamut of subjects from drugs and interpersonal relationships to [[environmentalism|environmental concerns]], as well as Young’s controversial and acerbic condemnation of [[racism]] in "[[Southern Man]]," which, along with a later song entitled "Alabama," later prompted [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]] to decry Young by name in the lyrics to "[[Sweet Home Alabama (song)|Sweet Home Alabama]]". The respectful rivalry and friendship between Young and Skynyrd front man [[Ronnie Van Zant]] would serve as a recurring theme in the [[Drive-By Truckers]]' 2001 [[concept album]] ''[[Southern Rock Opera]]''.

===Solo album 'Harvest' leads to chart-topping success===
With CSNY splitting up and Crazy Horse having signed their own record deal, Young began the year 1971 with a solo tour entitled "Journey Through the Past." Later, he recruited a new group of country-music session musicians, whom he christened [[The Stray Gators]], to record much of the new material that had been premiered on tour for the album ''[[Harvest (album)|Harvest]]'' (1972). ''Harvest'' was a massive hit and "Heart of Gold" became a US number one single. It remains the only No. 1 hit in his long career.

Another notable song was "[[The Needle and the Damage Done]]," a somber lament on the pain caused by [[heroin addiction]]; inspired in part by the heavy heroin use of Crazy Horse member [[Danny Whitten]], who would eventually die of an overdose.<ref>''[[Live at Massey Hall 1971]]''. Introduction to "The Needle and the Damage Done".</ref>

The album's success caught Young off guard, and his first instinct was to back away from stardom. In the handwritten liner notes to the ''[[Decade (Neil Young album)|Decade]]'' compilation, Young described "Heart of Gold" as the song that "put me in the middle of the road. Traveling there soon became a bore, so I headed for the ditch. A rougher ride but I saw more interesting people there."

On September 8, 1972, the actress [[Carrie Snodgress]], with whom he had been living, gave birth to Neil Young's first child. The boy, Zeke, was later diagnosed with [[cerebral palsy]]. Young fell in love with Snodgress after seeing her in a movie, ''[[Diary of a Mad Housewife]]'' on television after which Young wrote the song "[[A Man Needs a Maid (song)|A Man Needs a Maid]]" from the Harvest album, featuring the lyric "I fell in love with the actress/she was playing a part that I could understand."

===The Ditch Trilogy===
{{Main|Ditch Trilogy}}
Although a new tour had been planned to follow up on the success of ''Harvest'', it became apparent during rehearsals that Danny Whitten could not function due to drug abuse. On November 18, 1972, shortly after he was fired from the tour preparations, Whitten was found dead of an overdose. Young described the incident to ''[[Rolling Stone]]''’s [[Cameron Crowe]] in 1975:<ref name="RSinterview">[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/profile/story/9102786/neil_young_the_rs_interview Neil Young: The RS Interview]</ref> "[We] were rehearsing with him and he just couldn't cut it. He couldn't remember anything. He was too out of it. Too far gone. I had to tell him to go back to L.A. 'It's not happening, man. You're not together enough.' He just said, 'I've got nowhere else to go, man. How am I gonna tell my friends?' And he split. That night the coroner called me from L.A. and told me he'd [[overdosed|OD'd]]. That blew my mind. Fucking blew my mind. I loved Danny. I felt responsible. And from there, I had to go right out on this huge tour of huge arenas. I was very nervous and ... insecure."

The album made in the aftermath of this incident, ''[[Time Fades Away]]'' (1973), has often been described by Young as "my least favorite record," and it is, in fact, one of only two of Young’s early recordings that has yet to be officially re-released on CD (the other being the soundtrack album ''[[Journey Through the Past]]''). The album was recorded live over a tour where Young struggled with his voice and called [[David Crosby]] and [[Graham Nash]] to help perform the music. The tour featured [[Linda Ronstadt]] as the opening act. ''Time Fades Away'' occupies a unique position in Young’s discography as the first of three albums known collectively as the "[[Ditch Trilogy]]."

In the second half of 1973, Young formed The Santa Monica Flyers, with Crazy Horse's rhythm section augmented by [[Nils Lofgren]] on guitar. Deeply affected by the drug-induced deaths of Whitten and [[roadie]] [[Bruce Berry]], Young recorded ''[[Tonight's the Night (Neil Young album)|Tonight's the Night]]''. The album's dark tone and rawness led Reprise to delay and Young had to pressure them for two years before they would release it.<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002) p. 430</ref> It received mixed reviews at the time, but is now regarded as a landmark album. In Young's own opinion, it was the closest he ever came to art.<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002) p. 433</ref>

While his record company delayed the release of ''Tonight's the Night,'' Young recorded ''[[On the Beach (Neil Young album)|On the Beach]]'' (1974), which dealt with themes such as the downside of fame and the Californian lifestyle. Like ''Time Fades Away'' and ''Tonight's the Night'', it sold poorly but eventually became a critical favorite, presenting some of Young's most original work. A review of the 2003 re-release on CD of ''On the Beach'' described the music as "mesmerizing, harrowing, lucid, and bleary."<ref name=sven>http://www.independent.com/a&e/soundfury904.htm</ref>

===Return to prominence===
After completing ''On the Beach'', Young reunited with ''Harvest'' producer Elliot Mazer to record another acoustic album, ''[[Homegrown (Neil Young album)|Homegrown]]''. Most of the songs were written after Young's breakup with Snodgress, and thus the tone of the album was somewhat dark. Though the album was entirely completed, Young decided to drop the album and release ''Tonight's the Night'' instead, at the suggestion of [[The Band]] bassist [[Rick Danko]].<ref name="McDonough, Jimmy 2002 p. 469">McDonough, Jimmy (2002) p. 469</ref> Young further explained his move by saying: "It was a little too personal ... it scared me".<ref name="McDonough, Jimmy 2002 p. 469"/>
[[Image:neilyoung2.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Young in [[Austin, Texas]] on November 9, 1976.]]
Young reformed Crazy Horse with [[Frank Sampedro]] on guitar as his backup band for ''[[Zuma (album)|Zuma]]'' (1975). Many of the songs are overtly concerned with failed relationships, and even the epic "[[Cortez the Killer]]," outwardly a retelling of the [[Spanish conquest]] of [[Mexico]] from the viewpoint of the [[Aztec]]s, can be seen as an allegory of love lost.</ref>
The following year, Young reunited with Stephen Stills for the album ''[[Long May You Run]]'' (1976), credited to [[The Stills-Young Band]]; the follow-up tour was ended midway through by Young, who sent Stills a [[telegram]] that read: "Funny how some things that start spontaneously end that way. Eat a peach, Neil."<ref>McDonough, Jimmy (2002) p. 502</ref>

In 1976, Young performed with Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, and numerous other rock musicians in the high profile all-star concert ''[[The Last Waltz]]'', the final performance by The Band. The release of [[Martin Scorsese]]'s movie of the concert was delayed while Scorsese unwillingly re-edited it to obscure the lump of cocaine that was clearly visible hanging from Young's nose during his performance of [[Helpless (song)|"Helpless."]]<ref name=Exclaim>[http://www.exclaim.ca/index.asp?layid=22&csid1=1741 Exclaim! Canada's Music Authority]</ref>

''[[American Stars 'N Bars]]'' (1977) contained two songs originally recorded for ''Homegrown'' album, "Homegrown" and "Star of Bethlehem," as well as newer material, including the future concert staple "[[Like a Hurricane (Neil Young song)|Like A Hurricane]]". Performers included [[Linda Ronstadt]], [[Emmylou Harris]] and Young protégé [[Nicolette Larson]] along with Crazy Horse. Also in 1977, Young released ''[[Decade (Neil Young album)|Decade]]'': a personally selected career summary of material spanning every aspect of his various interests and affiliations, including a handful of unreleased songs. ''[[Comes a Time]]'' (1978) also featured Nicolette Larson and Crazy Horse and became Young's most commercially accessible album in quite some time, marked by a return to his folk roots.

Young next set out on the lengthy "Rust Never Sleeps" tour, in which each concert was divided into a solo acoustic set and an electric set with Crazy Horse. Much of the electric set was later seen as a response to punk rock's burgeoning popularity. "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)" compared the changing public perception of [[Johnny Rotten]] with that of the recently deceased [[Elvis Presley]], who himself had once been disparaged as a dangerous influence only to later become an [[Pop icon|icon]]. Rotten, meanwhile, returned the favour by playing one of Young's records on a London radio show. The accompanying albums ''[[Rust Never Sleeps]]'' (new material, culled from live recordings, but featuring studio overdubs) and ''[[Live Rust]]'' (a mixture of old and new, and a genuine concert recording) captured the two sides of the concerts, with solo acoustic songs on side A, and fierce, uptempo, electric songs on side B. A movie version of the concerts, also called ''Rust Never Sleeps'' (1979), was directed by Young under the pseudonym Bernard Shakey. Young worked with rock artist [[Jim Evans (artist)|Jim Evans]] to create the poster art for the film, using the "Star Wars" Jawas as a theme."

Young was suddenly relevant again, and the readers and critics of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' voted him Artist Of The Year for 1979 (along with The Who), selected ''[[Rust Never Sleeps]]'' as Album Of The Year, and voted him Male Vocalist Of The Year as well. [[The Village Voice]], meanwhile, honored Young as the Artist of the Decade.

===1980s: experimental years===
The 1980s were often difficult times for Young, both personally and professionally. At the start of the decade, distracted by domestic medical concerns relating to his second disabled son, Ben, Young had little time to spend on writing and recording.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:0pfqxqq5ldae|title=Hawks & Doves Review|publisher=allmusic|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> After providing the incidental music to a 1980 [[biopic]] of [[Hunter S. Thompson]] entitled ''[[Where the Buffalo Roam]]'', Young released ''[[Hawks & Doves]]'', a short record pieced together from sessions going back to 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:0pfqxqq5ldae|title=Hawks & Doves Review|publisher=[[allmusic]]|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> 1981's ''[[Re-ac-tor]]'', an electric album recorded with Crazy Horse, also included material from the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:apfqxqq5ldae|title=Reactor Review|publisher=[[allmusic]]|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> Young did not tour in support of either album; in total, he played only one show, a set at the 1980 Bread and Roses Festival in [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sugarmtn.org/years/80nysets.html|title=Neil Young Setlists: 1980|publisher=Sugar Mountain|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> between the end of his 1978 tour with Crazy Horse and the start of his tour with the Trans Band in mid-1982.

The 1982 album ''[[Trans (album)|Trans]]'', which incorporated [[vocoder]]s, [[synthesizer]]s, and electronic beats, was Young's first for new label [[Geffen Records]] and represented a distinct stylistic departure. Young later revealed that an inspiration for the album was the theme of technology and communication with his son Ben, who has severe [[cerebral palsy]] and cannot speak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:wpfqxqq5ldae|publisher=[[allmusic]]|title=Trans Review|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> An extensive tour preceded the release of the album, and was documented by the video [[Neil Young in Berlin]], which saw release in 1986.

Young's next album, 1983's ''[[Everybody's Rockin']]'', included several [[rockabilly]] covers and clocked in at less than twenty-five minutes in length. Young was backed by the Shocking Pinks for the supporting U.S. tour. ''Trans'' had already drawn the ire of label head [[David Geffen]] for its lack of commercial appeal, and with ''Everybody's Rockin''' following only seven months later, Geffen Records sued Young for making music "unrepresentative" of himself.<ref>{{cite book |title= A fiction of the past: the sixties in American history|last= Cavallo|first= Dominick|year= 1999|publisher= [[St. Martin's Press]]|location= [[New York City|New York]]|isbn= 031221930X|oclc= 39981636}}</ref> The album was also notable as the first for which Young made commercial music videos - [[Tim Pope]] directed the videos for "Wonderin'" and "Cry, Cry, Cry". Also premiered in 1983, though little seen, was an eclectic full-length comedy film ''[[Human Highway]]'', co-directed and co-written by Young, and starring Young and members of [[Devo]].

1984 was the first year without a Neil Young album since the start of Young's musical career with Buffalo Springfield in 1966. Young's lack of productivity was largely due to the ongoing legal battle with Geffen, although he was also frustrated that the label had rejected his 1982 country album ''Old Ways''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:dpfwxqq5ldae|title=Old Ways album review|publisher=[[allmusic]]|accessdate=2009-04-07}}</ref> It was also the year when Young's third child, his second with wife Pegi was born; his daughter Amber Jean, a child who was later diagnosed with inherited epilepsy. Young spent most of 1984 and all of 1985 touring for ''[[Old Ways]]'' with his country band, the International Harvesters. The album was finally released in an altered form midway through 1985. Young also appeared at that year's [[Live Aid]] concert in [[Philadelphia]], teaming up with Crosby, Stills and Nash for the quartet's first performance for a paying audience in over ten years.

Young's last two albums for Geffen were more conventional in genre, although they incorporated production techniques like synthesizers and echoing drums that were previously uncommon in Young's music. Young recorded 1986's ''[[Landing on Water]]'' without Crazy Horse, but reunited with the band for the subsequent year-long tour and final Geffen album, ''[[Life (1987 album)|Life]]'', which emerged in 1987. Young's album sales dwindled steadily throughout the eighties; today ''Life'' remains his all-time-least successful studio album, with an estimated four hundred thousand sales worldwide.<ref>As of June, 2008 {{cite web|title=Neil Young Worldwide Album Sales Estimates|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/communaute/index.php?showtopic=6523&st=1365&gopid=969589&#entry969589|date=June 14, 2008|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref>

Switching back to his old label Reprise Records, Young continued to tour relentlessly, assembling a new blues band called The Bluenotes in mid-1987 (a legal dispute with musician [[Harold Melvin]] forced the eventual rechristening of the band as Ten Men Working midway through the tour). The addition of a [[brass instruments|brass]] section provided a new [[jazz]]ier sound, and the title track of 1988's ''[[This Note's For You]]'' became Young's first hit single of the decade. Accompanied by a video that parodied corporate rock, the pretensions of advertising, and [[Michael Jackson]], the song was initially unofficially banned by [[MTV]] for mentioning the brand names of some of their sponsors. Young wrote an open letter, "What does the M in MTV stand for: music or money?" Despite this, the video was eventually named [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year|best video of the year]] by the network in 1989.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=rsiBNqqwq_kC&pg=RA3-PA19&lpg=RA3-PA19&dq=%22music+or+money%22+neil+young&source=bl&ots=imOlPrpLGv&sig=L4sD2PIMx5otIyIHBQhH9Im2XnU&hl=en&ei=722cSq6fDtOL8QaX8u3FAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=%22music%20or%20money%22%20neil%20young&f=false Shakey: Neil Young's Biography
By James McDonough, Jimmy McDonough. Pages 24-32 Retrieved 2009-03-28.]</ref> By comparison, the major music cable network of Young's home nation, [[Muchmusic]], ran the video immediately.

Young reunited with Crosby, Stills and Nash to record the 1988 album ''[[American Dream (album)|American Dream]]'' and play two benefit concerts late in the year, but the group did not embark upon a full tour. The album was only the second-ever studio record for the quartet.

===1990s: re-return to prominence===
[[File:Neil Young, Heart of Gold.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Young performing in [[Madrid]]]]

Young's 1989 single "[[Rockin' in the Free World]]", which hit #2 on the U.S. charts, and accompanying album, ''[[Freedom (1989 album)|Freedom]]'', rocketed him back into the popular consciousness after a decade of sometimes-difficult genre experiments. The album's lyrics were often overtly political; "Rockin' in the Free World" deals with homelessness, terrorism, and environmental degradation, implicitly criticizing the government policies of President [[George H.W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Neil Young Lyrics Analysis: Rockin' in the Free World | url = http://www.thrasherswheat.org/fot/ritfw.htm | publisher = www.thrasherswheat.org | accessdate = 2009-04-01}}</ref>

The use of heavy [[feedback]] and distortion on several ''Freedom'' tracks was reminiscent of the ''[[Rust Never Sleeps]]'' album, and foreshadowed the imminent rise of [[grunge]]. The rising stars of the genre, including [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]'s [[Kurt Cobain]] and [[Pearl Jam]]'s [[Eddie Vedder]], frequently cited Young as a major influence, contributing to his popular revival. A tribute album called ''[[The Bridge: A Tribute to Neil Young]]'' was released in 1989, featuring covers by alternative and grunge acts including [[Sonic Youth]], [[Nick Cave]], [[Soul Asylum]], [[Dinosaur Jr]], and the [[Pixies]].

Young's 1990 album ''[[Ragged Glory]]'', recorded with Crazy Horse in a barn on his [[Northern California]] ranch, continued this distortion-heavy aesthetic. Young toured for the album with Orange County, California country-punk band [[Social Distortion]] and [[alternative rock]] elder statesmen [[Sonic Youth]] as support, much to the consternation of many of his old fans.<ref name=sonic>{{cite web|url=http://www.thrasherswheat.org/jammin/sonic_youth.htm |title=Sonic Youth and Neil Young|publisher=Thrasher's Wheat - A Neil Young Archives | accessdate = 2009-04-01}}</ref> ''[[Weld (album)|Weld]]'', a two-disc live album documenting the tour, was released in 1991.<ref name=sonic/> Sonic Youth's influence was most evident on ''[[Arc (album)|Arc]]'', a 35-minute collage of feedback and distortion spliced together at the suggestion of Sonic Youth's [[Thurston Moore]] and originally packaged with some versions of ''Weld''.<ref name=sonic/>

1992's ''[[Harvest Moon (album)|Harvest Moon]]'' marked an abrupt return to the country and folk-rock stylings of ''Harvest'' and reunited him with some of the musicians from that album, including singers [[Linda Ronstadt]] and [[James Taylor]]. The title track was a minor hit and the record was well received by critics, winning the [[Juno Award for Album of the Year]] in 1994. Young also contributed to [[Randy Bachman]]'s nostalgic 1992 tune "Prairie Town," and garnered a 1993 [[Academy Award for Best Song|Academy Award]] nomination for his song "Philadelphia", from the [[soundtrack]] of the [[Jonathan Demme]] movie [[Philadelphia (movie)|of the same name]]. An ''[[Unplugged (Neil Young album)|MTV Unplugged]]'' performance and album emerged in 1993. Later that year, Young teamed up with [[Booker T. and the MGs]] for a summer tour of Europe and North America. Some European shows ended with a rendition of "Rockin' in the Free World" played with [[Pearl Jam]], foreshadowing their eventual full-scale collaboration two years later.

In 1994 Young again teamed up with Crazy Horse for ''[[Sleeps with Angels]]'', a record whose dark, somber mood was influenced by [[Kurt Cobain]]'s death earlier that year; the title track in particular dealt with Cobain's life and death, without mentioning him by name. Cobain had quoted Young's lyric "It's better to burn out than fade away" (a line from "[[My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)]]") in [[Death of Kurt Cobain#Suicide_note|his suicide note]], causing Young to emphasize the line "'cause once you're gone you can't come back" in his live performances. Young had reportedly made repeated attempts to contact Cobain prior to his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/05/10/1021002387905.html |title=Neil Young: the quiet achiever|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald|year=2002|accessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref> Still enamored with the grunge scene, Young reconnected with Pearl Jam in 1995 for the live-in-the-studio album ''[[Mirror Ball (Neil Young album)|Mirror Ball]]'' and a tour of Europe with the band and producer [[Brendan O'Brien (music producer)|Brendan O'Brien]] backing Young. 1995 also marked Young's induction into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], where he was inducted by Eddie Vedder.

{{quote box|quote=Young has consistently demonstrated the unbridled passion of an artist who understands that self-renewal is the only way to avoid burning out. For this reason, he has remained one of the most significant artists of the rock and roll era.”|source=from the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]'s website.<ref name="rockhall.com">http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/neil-young</ref>|width=325px}}

Young's next collaborative partner was filmmaker [[Jim Jarmusch]], who asked Young to compose a [[Dead Man (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] to his 1995 [[acid western]] film ''[[Dead Man]]''. Young's instrumental soundtrack was improvised while he watched the film alone in a studio. The death of longtime mentor, friend, and [[record producer|producer]] [[David Briggs (producer)|David Briggs]] in late 1995 prompted Young to reconnect with Crazy Horse the following year for the album and tour ''[[Broken Arrow (album)|Broken Arrow]]''. A Jarmusch-directed concert film and live album of the tour, ''[[Year of the Horse]]'', emerged in 1997. From 1996-97 Young and Crazy Horse toured extensively throughout Europe and North America, including a stint as part of the [[H.O.R.D.E.]] Festival's sixth annual tour.

In 1998, Young renewed his collaboration with rock band [[Phish]], sharing the stage at the annual [[Farm Aid]] concert and then at Young's Bridge School Benefit, where he joined headliners Phish for renditions of "Helpless" and "I Shall Be Released."<ref>[http://hyperrust.org/Bridge/Bridge12.html Hyperrust: Bridge Benefit XII]</ref> Phish declined Young's later invitation to be his backing band on his 1999 North American tour.

The decade ended with the release in late 1999 of ''[[Looking Forward]]'', another reunion with Crosby, Stills and Nash. The subsequent tour of the United States and Canada with the reformed super quartet earned $42.1 million, making it the eighth largest grossing tour of 2000.

===2000s: renewed activism and brush with death===
Neil Young continued to release new material at a rapid pace through the first decade of the new millennium. The studio album ''[[Silver & Gold]]'' and live album ''[[Road Rock Vol. 1]]'' were released in 2000 and were both accompanied by live concert films. His 2001 single "[[Let's Roll]]" was a tribute to the victims of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], and the passengers and crew on [[United Airlines flight 93|Flight 93]] in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011216song1216lnp5.asp|title=Flight 93's Beamer inspires song by Neil Young|publisher=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=December 16, 2001|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> At the "[[America: A Tribute to Heroes]]" benefit concert for the victims of the attacks, Young performed [[John Lennon|John Lennon's]] "[[Imagine (song)|Imagine]]" and accompanied Eddie Vedder and [[Mike McCready]] on the song "Long Road", a Pearl Jam song that was written with Young during the ''Mirrorball'' sessions. "Let's Roll" was included on 2002's ''[[Are You Passionate?]]'', an album mostly composed of mellow love songs dedicated to Young's wife, Pegi.

In 2003, Young released ''[[Greendale (album)|Greendale]]'', a concept album recorded with Crazy Horse members Billy Talbot and Ralph Molina. The songs loosely revolved around the murder of a police officer in a small town in California and its effects on the town's inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicbox-online.com/ny-green.html|title=Greendale Review|publisher=The Music Box|date=November 2003|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> Young, under the pseudonym "Bernard Shakey", directed an accompanying film of the same name, featuring actors lip-synching to the music from the album. Young toured extensively with the ''Greendale'' material throughout 2003 and 2004, first with a solo, acoustic version in Europe, then with a full-cast stage show in North America, [[Japan]], and [[Australia]]. Young spent the latter portion of 2004 giving a series of intimate acoustic concerts in various cities with his wife, who is a trained vocalist and guitar player.

[[Image:NeilYoungHeartOfGoldfilmsti.jpg|thumb|right|240px|from left, [[Emmylou Harris]], Neil Young and Pegi Young perform in Jonathan Demme's ''Neil Young: Heart of Gold''..]]

In March 2005, while working on the ''[[Prairie Wind]]'' album in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], Young was diagnosed with a brain [[aneurysm]]. He was treated successfully with a minimally invasive [[Neuroradiology|neuroradiological]] procedure, performed in a New York hospital on March 29.<ref>{{cite web | title = Neil Young treated for 'dangerous' aneurysm | url = http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/04/01/neil.young/ | publisher = [[CNN|CNN.com]] | date = April 1, 2005 | accessdate = 2009-03-31}}</ref> Two days afterwards, Young passed out on a New York street from bleeding from the [[femoral artery]], which surgeons had used to access the aneurysm.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Resurrection of Neil Young | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1109363,00.html | publisher = ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' | date = September 26, 2005 | accessdate = 2009-03-31}}</ref> The complication forced Young to cancel his scheduled appearance at the [[Juno Awards]] telecast in Winnipeg, but within months he was back on stage, appearing at the close of the [[Live 8]] concert in [[Barrie, Ontario]] on July 2. During the performance, he debuted a new song, a soft hymn called "When God Made Me". Young's brush with death influenced ''Prairie Wind'''s themes of retrospection and mortality.<ref>{{cite web | title = Prairie Wind Music Review | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/neilyoung/albums/album/7637213/review/7645148/prairie_wind | publisher = [[Rolling Stone]] | date = October 6, 2005 | accessdate = 2009-03-31}}</ref> The album's live premiere in Nashville was immortalized by filmmaker [[Jonathan Demme]] in the 2006 film ''[[Neil Young: Heart of Gold]]''.

Young's renewed activism manifested itself in the 2006 album ''[[Living With War]]'', which was hastily recorded and released in less than a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:3zftxqydldke|title=Living With War Review|publisher=[[allmusic]]|date=May 9, 2006|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> The album's overtly political songs rebuked U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] and the [[Iraq War|War in Iraq]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Living With War Review | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/10149965/review/10191400/livingwithwar | publisher = [[Rolling Stone]] | date = May 1, 2006 | accessdate = 2009-03-31}}</ref> and included the provocatively-titled "[[Let's Impeach the President]]". [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]] reunited for the supporting "Freedom Of Speech Tour '06". ''[[CSNY Déjà Vu]]'', a concert film of the tour directed by Young was released in 2008, along with an accompanying live album.

While Young had never been a stranger to eco-friendly lyrics, themes of environmentalist spirituality and activism became increasingly prominent in his work throughout the 1990s and 2000s, especially on ''Greendale''<ref>{{cite web | title = Neil Young Goes Green On the Road | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jonathanrichman/articles/story/5937268/neil_young_goes_green | publisher = [[Rolling Stone]] | date = February 27, 2004 | accessdate = 2009-03-31}}</ref> and ''Living With War''.<ref>"[http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Reprise-692104.html New Neil Young Video 'After The Garden' Visits 'An Inconvenient Truth']," ''Marketwire'' (July 21, 2006).</ref> The trend continued on 2007's ''[[Chrome Dreams II]]'', with lyrics exploring Young's personal eco-spirituality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Neil Young: Chrome Dreams II|url=http://www.umc.org/site/c.lwL4KnN1LtH/b.3779923/k.1891/Neil_Young_iChrome_Dreams_IIi.htm|publisher=[[United Methodist Church]]|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> In 2008, Young revealed his latest project, the production of a [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid-engine]] 1959 [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]] called [[Lincvolt]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.charlierose.com/shows/2008/07/17/1/a-conversation-with-neil-young|title= A conversation with Neil Young|accessdate= 2008-11-11|publisher= Charlie Rose Inc|date= 2008-07-17}}</ref> A new album loosely based on the Lincvolt project, ''[[Fork in the Road]]'', was rolled out on April 7, 2009.<ref>{{cite web | title = Album: Neil Young, Fork in the Road | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-neil-young-fork-in-the-road-reprise-1655058.html | publisher = [[The Independent]] | date = March 27, 2009 | accessdate = 2009-03-31}}</ref>

A Jonathan Demme concert film from a 2007 concert in [[Upper Darby, Pennsylvania|Upper Darby]], [[Pennsylvania]], called the ''Neil Young Trunk Show'' premiered on March 21, 2009, at the [[South by Southwest]] (SXSW) Film Conference and Festival in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[Texas]].

Young's most recent album appearance was on the album ''[[Potato Hole]]'', released on April 21, 2009 by Memphis organ player [[Booker T. Jones]], of [[Booker T. & the MG's]] fame. Young plays guitar on nine of the album's ten instrumental tracks, alongside [[Drive-By Truckers]], who already had three guitar players, giving some songs on the album a total of five guitar tracks. Jones contributed guitars on a couple of tracks.

Young continues to tour extensively. Most recently, he headlined the 2009 [[Glastonbury Festival]] in [[Pilton, Somerset|Pilton, England]]<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/glastonbury/2009/artists/neilyoung/index.shtml|title=Neil Young keep on rocking in the free world|publisher=bbc Glastonbury online|accessdate=2009-06-28}}</ref>, at [[Hard Rock Calling]] in [[London]] (where he was joined onstage by [[Paul McCartney]] for a rendition of "[[A Day in the Life]]") and, after years of unsuccessful booking attempts, the [[Isle of Wight Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/03/07/young-wight-festival.html?ref=rss|title= Neil Young Announced as Final Isle of Wight Festival Headliner|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]|accessdate= 2009-03-05|publisher= [[ventnorblog]]|date= 2009-03-07}}</ref> in addition to performances at the [[Big Day Out]] festival in [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]] and the [[Primavera Sound Festival]] in [[Barcelona]]. On January 22, 2010, Young performed "Long May You Run" on the final episode of ''[[The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien]]''. On the same night, he and [[Dave Matthews]] performed the [[Hank Williams]] song "Alone and Forsaken", for the ''[[Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief]]'' charity telethon, in response to the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]].

Young performed "Long May You Run" at the closing ceremony of the [[2010 Winter Olympics|2010 Olympic winter games]] in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Young currently lives in [[La Honda, California]] on the 1500-acre (6 km²) Broken Arrow Ranch, purchased in 1970 for $350,000 and named after one of his early Buffalo Springfield songs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thrasherswheat.org/ptma/spin1195.htm|title= Neil Young Interview|publisher = [[Spin (magazine)|Spin Magazine]]| date = November, 1995| accessdate = 2009-04-04}}</ref>

==Achievements==
[[File:Neil Young 2008 Firenze 02.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Young in June 2008]]

===Films===
Young has directed five films under his pseudonym Bernard Shakey, and released them through his own Shakey Pictures imprint:
*''[[Journey Through the Past (film)|Journey Through the Past]]'', (1973)
*''[[Rust Never Sleeps (film)|Rust Never Sleeps]]'', (1979)
*''[[Human Highway]]'', starring the new wave band [[Devo]] (1982)
*''[[Greendale (album)|Greendale]]'', (2003)
*''[[CSNY Deja Vu]], documentary (2008)
The bonus [[DVD]]s included in both versions of ''Greendale'' and in ''Prairie Wind'' are also directed by Young under the Bernard Shakey alias, and all of Young's home video and DVD releases have been co-released under the Shakey Pictures imprint.

=== Recognition and awards ===
*[[Canadian Music Hall of Fame]], 1982
*[[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. First in 1995 for his solo work, with an induction speech given by [[Eddie Vedder]], and again in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield.

As one of the original founders of [[Farm Aid]], he remains an active member of the board of directors. For one weekend each October, in [[Mountain View, California]], he and his wife host the [[Bridge School Benefit|Bridge School Concerts]], which have been drawing international talent and sell-out crowds for nearly two decades with some of the biggest names in rock having performed at the event including [[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]], [[Bruce Springsteen]], [[David Bowie]], [[The Who]], [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], [[Trent Reznor]] of [[Nine Inch Nails]], [[Pearl Jam]], [[Sonic Youth]], [[The Smashing Pumpkins]], and Sir [[Paul McCartney]]. The concerts are a benefit for the Bridge School, which develops and uses advanced technologies to aid in the instruction of children with disabilities. Young's involvement stems at least partially from the fact that both of his sons have [[cerebral palsy]] and his daughter, like Young himself, has [[epilepsy]].

Young was nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] in 1994 for his song "Philadelphia" from the film ''[[Philadelphia (film)|Philadelphia]]''. Bruce Springsteen won the award for his song "[[Streets of Philadelphia]]" from the same film. In his acceptance speech, Springsteen said that "the award really deserved to be shared by the other nominee's song." That same night, [[Tom Hanks]] accepted the Oscar for Best Actor and gave credit for his inspiration to the song "Philadelphia".

He was part owner of [[Lionel, LLC]], a company that makes toy trains and model railroad accessories.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |first= Michael|last= Brick|title= Clanging New York Subways, Screeches Intact, Go Miniature|curly= y|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/21/nyregion/21train.html|work= N.Y. / Region|publisher= [[The New York Times]]|date= 2006-09-21|accessdate= 2008-11-10}}</ref> In 2008 Lionel emerged from bankruptcy and his shares of the company were wiped out. At this time his status with Lionel is unknown, according to Lionel CEO Jerry Calabrese he is still a consultant for Lionel. He was instrumental in the design of the Lionel Legacy control system for model trains<ref name="NYT" /> and it is believed he will continue to develop the system. Young has been named as co-inventor on seven U.S. Patents related to model trains.<ref>{{Cite patent|US|7264208}}, {{Cite patent|US|7211976}}, {{Cite patent|US|6765356}}, {{Cite patent|US|5749547}}, {{Cite patent|US|5555815}}, {{Cite patent|US|5441223}}, {{Cite patent|US|5251856}}</ref>

Young has twice received honorary doctorates. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from [[Lakehead University]] in [[Thunder Bay]], Ontario in 1992, and an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from [[San Francisco State University]] in 2006. The latter honour was shared with his wife Pegi for their creation of the Bridge School. In 2006, Young was given Manitoba's highest civilian honour, when he was appointed to the [[Order of Manitoba]]. In 2009, he was then given Canada's highest civilian honour, when he was appointed to the [[Order of Canada]].

In 2003, ''Rolling Stone'' listed Young at eighty-third in its ranking of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time", describing him as a "restless experimenter...who transform[s] the most obvious music into something revelatory."<ref>http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/5937559/page/40</ref> The same magazine in 2000, ranked Young thirty-fourth in its list of the 500 greatest artists of all time,<ref>http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5940016/the_immortals__the_greatest_artists_of_all_time_34_neil_young</ref> and in 2003, included five of his albums in its list of [[500 greatest albums of all time]].<ref>http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938174/the_rs_500_greatest_albums_of_all_time/</ref> In 2000, Young was inducted into [[Canada's Walk of Fame]].<ref name="cwof">{{Cite web
|url=http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/00_neil_young.xml.htm
|title=Neil Young - 2000 Inductee
|publisher=Canada's Walk of Fame
|accessdate=2008-11-13}}</ref>
In 2006, ''[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]'' magazine compiled a "Greatest Living Songwriters" list; Young was ranked second behind [[Bob Dylan]]. (While Young and Dylan have occasionally played together in concert, they have never collaborated on a song together, or played on each others' records). He ranked thirty-ninth on ''[[VH1]]'s 100 Greatest Artist of Hard Rock'' that same year.

Young's willingness to be politically outspoken and socially conscious allowed him to influence such important artists as [[Blind Melon]], [[Phish]], Pearl Jam, and Nirvana. Young is referred to as "the Godfather of [[Grunge]]" because of the influence he had on Kurt Cobain and Eddie Vedder and the entire grunge movement. Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam inducted Young into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, citing him as a huge influence. Young is cited as being a significant influence on [[experimental rock]] artists [[Sonic Youth]] and [[Thom Yorke]] of [[Radiohead]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/musictv/neilyoung/video/thomyorke|title=BBC documentary Neil Young: Don't Be Denied - Thom Yorke interviews}}</ref> [[Dave Matthews]] lists Neil Young as one of his favorite and most inspirational songwriters and covers his songs on occasion. The British Indie act [[The Bluetones]] named their number one [[Expecting to Fly (album)|debut album]] after the song "Expecting to Fly" (written by Young when still with Buffalo Springfield) and covered the song on their recent UK tour. Young also inspired [[Oasis]] singer-songwriter [[Noel Gallagher]], with Gallagher covering "My My, Hey Hey (Into the Black)" on the live album ''[[Familiar to Millions]]''.

The Australian rock group [[Powderfinger]] named themselves after Young's song "[[Powderfinger (song)|Powderfinger]]" from Young's ''Rust Never Sleeps''. The members of the [[Constantines]] have occasionally played Neil Young tribute shows under the name Horsey Craze.<ref>[http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/31309-interview-the-constantines]</ref> While in Winnipeg on November 2, 2008 during the Canadian leg of his tour, Bob Dylan visited Young's former home in River Heights, where Young spent some of his teenage years. Dylan was interested in seeing the room where some of Young's first songs were composed.

Jason Bond, an [[East Carolina University]] biologist, discovered a new species of trapdoor spider in 2007 and named it ''[[Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi]]'' after Young,<ref name=bond2007>{{cite journal |author=[[Jason Bond|Jason E. Bond]] & [[Norman I. Platnick]] |year=2007 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5892/1/N3596.pdf |title=A Taxonomic Review of the Trapdoor Spider Genus ''Myrmekiaphila'' (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Cyrtaucheniidae) |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |volume=3596 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3596[1:ATROTT]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> his favorite singer (a previous similar case was the dinousaur ''[[Masiakasaurus knopfleri]]'' named after the musician [[Mark Knopfler]] of [[Dire Straits]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Neil Young gets new honor – his own spider|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSSP19797120080511|date=May 11, 2008|work=Reuters|accessdate=2008-05-12}}</ref>

In 2001, Young was awarded the Spirit of Liberty award from the civil liberties group [[People for the American Way]]. Young was honored as the [[MusiCares Person of the Year]] on January 29, 2010, two nights prior to the 52nd Annual [[Grammy Awards]]. In addition he is also nominated for two Grammy Awards; Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance ("Fork In The Road") and Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package ["Neil Young Archives Vol. I (1963-1972)"]. Young won the latter Grammy Award.

==Instruments==
[[Image:Neil Young 2008 Firenze.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Young in 2008, in [[Florence]], Italy]]
===Guitars===
Neil Young is a collector of second-hand guitars, but in recording and performing, he frequently uses just a few instruments, as is explained by his longtime guitar technician [[Larry Cragg]] in the film ''[[Neil Young: Heart of Gold]]''. They include:
* 1953 [[Gibson Les Paul|Gibson Les Paul Goldtop]]. Nicknamed "[[Old Black]]," this is Young's primary [[electric guitar]] and is featured on ''[[Rust Never Sleeps]]'' and other albums. Old Black got its name from an amateur paintjob applied to the originally-gold body of the instrument, sometime before Neil acquired the guitar in the late 1960s. In 1972, a mini [[humbucker]] pickup from a [[Gibson Firebird]] was installed in the lead/treble position. This pickup, severely [[microphonic]], is considered a crucial component of Neil's sound. A [[Bigsby vibrato tailpiece]] was installed as early as 1969, and can be heard during the opening of "Cowgirl in the Sand" from ''[[Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere]]''.
*[[C.F. Martin & Company|Martin D-45]]. His primary [[Steel-string guitar|steel-string acoustic guitar]], used to write "Old Man" and many other songs.
*Martin D-28. Nicknamed "Hank" after its previous owner, [[Hank Williams]]. [[Hank Williams, Jr.]], had traded it for some shotguns; it went through a succession of other owners until it was located by Young's longtime friend Grant Boatwright. The guitar was purchased by Young from [[Tut Taylor]]. Young has toured with it for over 30 years. A story about the guitar and the song it inspired, "This Old Guitar," can be seen about 50 minutes into the film ''[[Neil Young: Heart of Gold]]''. It is Young's primary guitar for ''[[Prairie Wind (album)|Prairie Wind]]''.

Other notable (or odd) instruments played by Young include:
*Vagabond Travel Guitar, used for "Let's Impeach the President" on ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.
*[[Taylor Guitars|Taylor 855]] 12-string, used in the first half of ''[[Rust Never Sleeps]]''.
*1927 [[Gibson Guitar Corporation|Gibson]] Mastertone, a six-string [[banjo]] tuned like a guitar, used on many recordings and played by [[James Taylor]] on "Old Man."
*[[Gretsch 6120]] ([[Chet Atkins]] model). Before Young bought Old Black, this was his primary electric guitar during his [[Buffalo Springfield]] days.
*[[Gretsch White Falcon]]. Young purchased a late 1950s model near the end of the [[Buffalo Springfield]] era; in 1969 he bought a stereo version of the same vintage guitar from Stephen Stills, and this instrument is featured prominently during Young's early '70s period, and can be heard on tracks like "Ohio," "Southern Man," "Alabama," and "L.A.". It was Young's primary electric guitar during the ''Harvest'' era, since Young's deteriorating back condition (eventually fixed with surgery) made playing the much heavier Les Paul difficult.<ref>David Simons, "Recording Harvest: The Making of Neil Young's Classic 1972 Album." ''Acoustic Guitar'' 103 (July 2001): 38-40.</ref> This particular White Falcon is the stereo 6137, in which the signal from the three bass strings is separated from the signal from the three treble strings. Young typically plays this guitar in this stereo mode, sending the separate signals to two different amps, a Fender Deluxe and either a Fender Tremolux or a low-powered Tweed Fender Twin. The separation of the signals is most prominently heard on the ''Harvest'' song "Words."
*[[Gibson Flying V]], on the ''[[Time Fades Away]]'' tour.
*[[Fender Broadcaster]], on the ''[[Tonight's the Night (Neil Young album)|Tonight's the Night]]'' album and tour.

===Amplification===
Young uses various vintage [[Fender Tweed Deluxe]] amplifiers. His preferred amplifier for electric guitar is the Fender Deluxe, specifically a Tweed-era model from 1959. He purchased his first vintage Deluxe in 1967 for $50 from the drummer of Crazy Horse, Ralph Molina, and has since acquired nearly 450 different examples, all from the same era, but he maintains that it's the original model that sounds superior and is crucial to his trademark sound. The Tweed Deluxe is almost always used in conjunction with a late-1950's Magnatone 280 (similar to the amp used by [[Lonnie Mack]] and [[Buddy Holly]]). The Magnatone and the Deluxe are paired together in a most unusual manner: the external speaker jack from the Deluxe sends the amped signal through a volume potentiometer and directly into the input of the Magnatone. The Magnatone is notable for its true pitch-bending vibrato capabilities, which can be heard as an electric piano amplifier on "See the Sky About to Rain". A notable and unique accessory to Young's Deluxe is the Whizzer, a device created specifically for Young, which physically changes the amplifier's settings to pre-set combinations.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/musictv/neilyoung/video/randybachman|title=BBC documentary Neil Young: Don't Be Denied - Randy Bachmann interviews}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Neil Young discography}}
:''See also the discographies for [[Buffalo Springfield#Discography|Buffalo Springfield]] and [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young discography|Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]]''

===The Archives Project===
As far back as 1988, Young spoke in interviews of his efforts to compile his unreleased material and to remaster his existing catalog. The first installment, entitled ''[[The Archives Vol. 1 1963-1972]]'', was originally slated for a 2007 release but was delayed repeatedly, ultimately being released on June 2, 2009.

Three performances from the ''Performance Series'' of the Archives were released individually before ''The Archives Vol. 1''. ''[[Live at the Fillmore East (Neil Young album)|Live at the Fillmore East]]'', a selection of songs drawn from a 1970 gig with [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]], was released in 2006. ''[[Live at Massey Hall 1971]]'', a solo acoustic set from Toronto's Massey Hall, saw release in 2007. ''[[Sugar Mountain - Live At Canterbury House 1968]]'', an early solo performance and, chronologically, the first disc in the performance series, emerged late in 2008.

In an interview in 2008, Neil Young discussed ''[[Neil Young Archives#Toast|Toast]]'', an album originally recorded with Crazy Horse in San Francisco in 2000 but never released.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/04/01/neil-young-and-crazy-horse-to-release-lost-2000-album/|title= Neil Young - There'll never be another Crazy Horse|accessdate= 2009-03-28|publisher= [[Rolling Stone]]|date= 2008-12-04}}</ref> The album will be part of the ''Special Edition Series'' of the Archives. No release date currently exists for ''Toast''.

On 14 July 2009, Young's first four solo albums were reissued as remastered HDCD discs and digital downloads as discs 1-4 of the ''Original Release Series'' of the Archives. Vinyl editions are to follow later in the year.

==See also==
{{Portal|Neil Young|Para Rael99 (que nos quiten lo bailao).jpg}}
{{Portal|Music of Canada|Tower-wireless-can.png}}
*[[Music of Canada]]
*[[Canadian rock]]
{{clear}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|2}}

===Biography===
<div class="references-small">
*{{cite book |title= Shakey: Neil Young's biography|last= McDonough|first= Jimmy|authorlink= Jimmy McDonough|year= 2002|publisher= [[Random House]]|location= [[New York City|New York]]|isbn= 9780679427728|oclc= 47844513}}
</div>

===Other Sources===
<div class="references-small">
*{{cite book |title= The encyclopedia of country music: the ultimate guide to the music|last= Skinker|first= Chris|editor= Kingsbury, Paul (ed.)|year= 1998|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|location= [[New York City|New York]]|isbn= 0195116712|oclc= 38106066|pages= 607|chapter= Neil Young}}
*{{cite book |title= Neil Young, the Rolling stone files: the ultimate compendium of interviews, articles, facts, and opinions from the files of Rolling stone|year= 1994|publisher= [[Hyperion]]|location= [[New York City|New York]]|isbn= 9780786880430|oclc= 30074289 |author= the eds. of Rolling stone. Introd. by Holly George-Warren}}
*{{cite book |title= The Faber companion to 20th-century popular music|last= Hardy|first= Phil|authorlink= Phil Hardy (journalist)|coauthors= Laing, Dave|year= 1990|publisher= [[Faber and Faber]]|location= [[London]], [[Boston]]|isbn= 9780571138371|oclc= 28673718}}
*[http://www.youngtownmuseum.com/neil_young.htm Youngtown Museum Exhibit: Neil Young (Apr.2009)]
</div>

===Biographies===
<div class="references-small">
''Arranged by author''
*{{cite book |title= Neil Young nation: a quest, an obsession, and a true story|last= Chong|first= Kevin|authorlink= Kevin Chong|year= 2005|publisher= Greystone Books|location= [[Vancouver]], [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley, CA]]|isbn= 9781553651161|oclc= 61261394}}
*{{cite book |title= A dreamer of pictures: Neil Young - the man and his music|last= Downing|first= David|year= 1994|publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]]|location= [[London]]|isbn= 9780747514992|oclc= 59833966}}
*{{cite book |title= Neil Young|last= Dufrechou|first= Carole|year= 1978|publisher= Quick Fox|location= [[London]]|isbn= 9780825639173|oclc= 4168835}}
*{{cite book |title= Neil Young: don't be denied: the Canadian years|last= Einarson|first= John|year= 1992|publisher= Quarry Press|location= [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston, ON]]|isbn= 9781550820447|oclc= 26802024}}
*{{cite book |title= Neil Young: in his own words|last= Heatley|first= Michael|authorlink= Michael Heatley|year= 1997|publisher= [[Omnibus Press]]|location= [[London]], [[New York City|New York]]|isbn= 9780711961616|oclc= 38727767}}
*{{cite book |title= Neil Young: Zero to Sixty: A Critical Biography|last= Rogan|first= Johnny|authorlink= Johnny Rogan|year= 2000|publisher= [[Omnibus Press]]|location= [[London]]|isbn= 9780952954040|oclc= 47997606}}
*{{cite book |title= Neil Young: reflections in broken glass|last= Simmons|first= Sylvie|authorlink= Sylvie Simmons|year= 2001|publisher= Mojo|location= [[Edinburgh]]|isbn= 9781841950846|oclc= 48844799}}
*{{cite book |title= Greendale|last= Young|first= Neil|coauthors= Mazzeo, James|year= 2004|publisher= Sanctuary|location= [[London]]|isbn= 1860746225|oclc= 57247591}}
*{{cite book |title= Neil and Me|last= Young|first= Scott|year= 1997|publisher= [[McClelland & Stewart]]|location= [[Toronto]]|isbn= 9780771090998|oclc= 36337856}}
</div>

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.neilyoung.com/ Neil's Garage - Official website]
*[http://www.csny.com/ Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young official website]
*{{allmusicguide|11:kifoxqr5ldfe|Neil Young}}
*{{imdb name|id=0949918|name=Neil Young}}
*[http://www.youngtownmuseum.com/ Youngtown Rock and Roll Museum - Omemee, Ontario]
*[http://moviesbooksandmusic.today.com/2009/05/02/crazy-horse-at-the-fillmore-1970/ Review of Crazy Horse at the Fillmore 1970]
*[http://www.sugarmtn.org/ Sugar Mountain - a compilation of set lists from Neil Young's concert performances]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/neil-young/dont-be-denied/1152/ "Neil Young: Don't be Denied"], PBS, ''American Masters'', TV documentary, 2009

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Prine]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Americana Music Association|AMA Artist of the Year]]|years=2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Patty Griffin]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Neil Young}}
{{Buffalo Springfield}}
{{CSNY}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Young, Neil
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Young, Neil Percival
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Canadian [[Singer-songwriter]]
|DATE OF BIRTH= November 12, 1945
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Young, Neil}}
[[Category:Neil Young| ]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Americana Music Award winners]]
[[Category:Anti-Iraq War activists]]
[[Category:Anti-Vietnam War activists]]
[[Category:Canadian country guitarists]]
[[Category:Canadian country rock musicians]]
[[Category:Canadian country singers]]
[[Category:Canadian film directors]]
[[Category:Canadian folk guitarists]]
[[Category:Canadian folk singers]]
[[Category:Canadian male singers]]
[[Category:Canadian Music Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Canadian rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Canadian rock singers]]
[[Category:Canadian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Canadian-born entertainers in the United States]]
[[Category:Canadian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriate musicians in the United States]]
[[Category:Crosby, Stills & Nash (and Young) members]]
[[Category:Juno Award winners]]
[[Category:Lead guitarists]]
[[Category:MusiCares Person of the Year]]
[[Category:Musicians from Manitoba]]
[[Category:Writers from Manitoba]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Manitoba]]
[[Category:Neil Young and Crazy Horse members]]
[[Category:Musicians from Ontario]]
[[Category:Writers from Ontario]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:People with epilepsy]]
[[Category:People from Toronto]]
[[Category:People from Winnipeg]]
[[Category:Plug-in hybrid advocates]]
[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees‎]]
[[Category:The Sons of Lee Marvin]]

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[[zh:尼爾·楊]]

George Stroumboulopoulos

2010-02-09T04:03:50Z

MichaelsProgramming: Undid revision 342752411 by 173.71.190.218 (talk) Removed vandalism.

{{For|the American broadcaster and political advisor|George Stephanopoulos}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = George Stroumboulopoulos
| image = Strombowiki 09.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Stroumboulopoulos of The Hour (photo credit: Dustin Rabin, 2008)
| birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1972|8|16}}
| birthplace = [[Malton, Ontario|Malton]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| birthname = George Mark Paul Stroumboulopoulos
| othername = Strombo
}}
'''George Mark Paul Stroumboulopoulos''' ({{IPA-en|strɒmbəˈlɒpələs|pron}}; born August 16, 1972) is a [[Canada|Canadian]] television and radio personality, and best known as the host of [[CBC Television]]'s ''[[The Hour (Canadian TV series)|The Hour]]'' (a talk show about the world's current events) and being a [[VJ_(media_personality)|VJ]] for Canadian music television channel [[MuchMusic]]. George studied Radio Broadcasting at Toronto's Humber College.

==Family==
He was born in [[Malton, Ontario|Malton]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]], to a [[Greek Canadians|Greek]] father from [[Egypt]] and a [[Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainian]] mother.<ref>[http://www.ourpublicairwaves.ca/index.php?page=961 Our Public Airwaves - This Hour has a nose ring]</ref> He was raised primarily by his mother, and a close-knit extended family.<ref name="Ryerson Review of Journalism">{{cite news|title=The Case for George
|publisher=[[Ryerson Review of Journalism]]|date=[[Summer 2007]]|url=http://www.rrj.ca/issue/2007/summer/696/}}</ref>

==''MuchMusic''==
From 2000-2004, Stroumboulopoulos worked at [[MuchMusic]] as producer and host of ''[[The Punk Show]]'', host of ''[[The NewMusic]]'', ''[[MuchLOUD]]'' and ''[[MuchOnDemand#News|MuchNews]]''.<ref name="tvcom">{{cite web |url=http://www.tv.com/george-stroumboulopoulos/person/299356/summary.html |title=George Stroumboulopoulos - Summary |accessdate=2009-12-11|publisher=TV.com}}</ref><ref name="cbc1">{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2004/11/12/Stroumboulopoulos041112.html |title=CBC News - Arts - George Stroumboulopoulos departs MuchMusic - November 12 2004 |accessdate=2009-12-11|publisher=CBC}}</ref>

==''The Greatest Canadian''==
Prior to joining ''The Hour'' Stroumboulopoulos was featured on [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] television's ''[[The Greatest Canadian]]'' series as the advocate for [[Tommy Douglas]]. More than 1.2 million votes were cast over six weeks, as each of 10 advocates made their case for the Top 10 nominees. George made a personal and passionate case for Tommy Douglas, Canada's "father of medicare," and Douglas won.

==''Strombo Show''==
Stroumboulopoulos has hosted a long-running Sunday night [[talk radio]] show, ''[[The Strombo Show]]''. Originally aired as a talk show on [[CFRB]] in [[Toronto]] and [[CJAD]] in [[Montreal]], the show moved to the Corus network in November 2007 and the format changed to one of mainly music. ''The Strombo Show'' broadcast from [[CFNY-FM|102.1 The Edge]]'s Toronto studio and on other radio stations in the [[Corus Entertainment]] network, including [[CFOX-FM]] in [[Vancouver]], [[CJKR-FM|Power 97]] in [[Winnipeg]], [[CFPL-FM|FM96]] in [[London, Ontario|London]] and [[CJXY-FM|Y108]] in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]].

The show moved to [[CBC Radio 2]] on November 8, 2009.

==''The Hour''==
On January 17, 2005, the first episode of ''[[The Hour (Canadian TV series)|The Hour]]'' went to air. Currently in its sixth season, The Hour is a hybrid of news and celebrity and covers everything from politics, pop culture, the environment, human rights, entertainment, sports and more. Airing nationally at 11:00 pm on [[CBC Television|CBC]], The Hour is Canada's only late-night talk show. It has won eight [[Gemini Award]]s. Stroumboulopoulos and The Hour have hosted a range of guests from world leaders to celebrities and politicians. Some of The Hour's more notable guests include: [[Al Gore]], [[Sarah Palin]], [[Tony Bennett]], [[Tom Cruise]], [[Ricky Gervais]], [[Bono]], [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]], [[Jane Goodall]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Matt Damon]], [[Gordon Ramsay]], former Prime Minister [[Jean Chrétien]], former Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]], [[Tim Robbins]], [[Gore Vidal]], [[Spike Lee]], former U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Richard Dawkins]], [[Samuel L. Jackson]], [[Paul Anka]], [[Richard Branson]], [[Barbara Walters]], Former President of Mexico [[Vicente Fox]], [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], [[Bill Maher]], [[Bif Naked]], [[Adrien Brody]], [[Ted Danson]], [[Paul Potts]], NHL Commissioner [[Gary Bettman]], [[Chris Jericho]], [[Hulk Hogan]], [[Georges St-Pierre]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Geddy Lee]] and [[Alex Lifeson]] of [[Rush (band)|Rush]], [[The Smashing Pumpkins]], [[Coldplay]], [[Russell Peters]], [[Michael Bublé]] and [[David Suzuki]].
add: Larry King.
George conducted the last public interview given by Canadian journalist and social activist [[June Callwood]] just before she died. On December 31, 2008 ''The Hour'' hosted a New Year's Eve Special and interviewed [[Sarah Palin]] from [[Fairbanks, Alaska]].

''The Hour'' has won six [[Gemini Awards]]. 2006 - Viewers Choice Award, 2006 - Best Host, 2007 - Best Talk Series, 2007 - Best Host, 2007 - Best Production/Design and 2008 - Best Host.

George and ''The Hour'' have sponsored the 'One Million Acts of Green' Internet Website<ref>http://www.greennexxus.com</ref> challenge calling on Canadians to register environmental acts which they've done. They've now registered over 1.6 million acts. George and his family<ref>http://www.greennexxus.com/viewproject.aspx?projectID=883</ref> have been devoted to this cause which is supported by Dr. [[David Suzuki]].

==Charity==
Stroumboulopoulos has also been involved with numerous charitable initiatives, such as hosting the 'HipHop4Africa' Mandela Children's Fund Canada and CapAids February 2006 Toronto benefit. He has traveled to the Arctic for a special on literacy, youth culture and the loss of Inuit identity. He has been to Sudan with War Child Canada, and Zambia for a World AIDS Day special documentary. He also supports Make Poverty History.

==Awards==
He was awarded an [[honorary degree|honorary]] [[Doctor of Laws]], from the [[University of Calgary]] on November 13, 2007.<ref>[http://www.ucalgary.ca/news/october2007/convocation-advisory Convocation: Nov. 13/07 | University of Calgary]</ref>
He was also awarded an honorary degree in communications from [[Humber College]] in June 2008.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/ The Hour]
*{{imdb|0835181}}
*[http://www.strombo.com Strombo.com, his personal website]
*[http://www.myspace.com/georgestroumboulopoulos George Stroumboulopoulos's Myspace]
*[http://www.happygrrls.com/features/george2.html The Man Behind The Punk - Interview with George Stroumboulopoulos]
* {{twitter|strombo|G. Stroumboulopoulos}}

====Related video====
* Video [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/thehour_player.html?20030213-Mansbridge_invu interview] with [[Peter Mansbridge]] from 2003. (No longer linked-to in the Video Archive, but still accessible.)
* [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/thehour_player.html?Promo-About_theshow Recap of ''The Hour'': Season One], including highlights of clips in the shows [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/archive/index.html video archive].
* [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=1063 Recap of ''The Hour'': Season Two], features highlights from the second season of the show.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stroumboulopoulos, George}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Canadian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Canadian radio sportscasters]]
[[Category:Canadians of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Canadians of Ukrainian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian talk radio hosts]]
[[Category:Canadian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Humber College alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:MuchMusic personalities]]
[[Category:Participants in American reality television series]]
[[Category:Participants in Canadian reality television series]]
[[Category:People from Mississauga]]
[[Category:People from Toronto]]

[[ga:George Stroumboulopoulos]]

Monticello, Minnesota

2009-10-28T12:26:14Z

MichaelsProgramming: Undid revision 315396315 by 68.187.153.245 (talk)

{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = Monticello, Minnesota
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline = MonticelloMN.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = The [[Mississippi River]] as it passes through Monticello.
|image_flag =
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|image_map = Wright_County_Minnesota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Monticello_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of Monticello, Minnesota
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =


|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Minnesota]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Minnesota|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright]]


|government_footnotes =
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|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
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|unit_pref = Imperial
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|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 16.1
|area_land_km2 = 16.1
|area_water_km2 = 0.0
|area_total_sq_mi = 6.2
|area_land_sq_mi = 6.2
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.0


|population_as_of = [[United States Census, 2000|2000]]
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 11,414
|population_density_km2 = 488.3
|population_density_sq_mi = 1264.6


|timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset = -6
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|elevation_m = 282
|elevation_ft = 925
|latd = 45 |latm = 18 |lats = 2 |latNS = N
|longd = 93 |longm = 47 |longs = 48 |longEW = W


|area_code = [[Area code 763|763]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 27-43774{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 0648048{{GR|3}}
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Monticello''' ({{pron-en|ˌmɒntɪˈsɛloʊ}}) is a city in [[Wright County, Minnesota|Wright County]], [[Minnesota]], [[United States]]. Monticello was founded in 1856 and celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2006. The population was 7,868 after the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]]; as of 2006 the population had risen to 11,414.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2006_27.csv | title = Subcounty population estimates: Minnesota 2000-2006| format = [[comma-separated values|CSV]] | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division | date = [[2007-06-28]] | accessdate = 2008-05-28}}</ref> The name Monticello is derived from the [[Italian language|Italian]] word for "Little Mountain," it translates literally to [[English language|English]] as hillock or small hill. The name Monticello was chosen because the city is situated at the base of a little mountain. In Monticello, an elementary school, a church and two businesses include Little Mountain in their name.

Monticello is located on the [[Mississippi River]] at the northern edge of Wright County. Each winter, hundreds of [[trumpeter swan]]s nest near Mississippi Drive Park in Monticello as the Mississippi River is heated from warm water discharged by the Monticello Nuclear Generation Plant.

In anticipation of rapid [[population growth]], Monticello created a comprehensive growth plan in 1996. A new high school was constructed in 1999. A new interchange was completed in 2006 on the east end of town, allowing residents full access to [[Interstate 94]] from County Road 18. Since 2002, many retail outlets have been constructed, including a Wal-Mart Supercenter, a SuperTarget store, a Muller Family Movie Theatre, a new bowling alley, The Home Depot, Applebee's, Taco John's and an Arby's. This planned growth has also brought new auto dealerships, hotels, and industrial development. Monticello continues to attract new construction and business opportunities. A new [[Mills Fleet Farm]] store is planned for 2008 on the east end of Chelsea Road. A 2004 [[annexation]] agreement with [[Monticello Township, Minnesota|Monticello Township]] is expected to help sustain Monticello's growth for the next twenty years.

Monticello has many fine walking trails and parks, and it has one of the most impressive community centers in outstate Minnesota. The facility is widely used by local residents. Monticello's local newspaper is the [http://www.monticellotimes.com Monticello Times].

==Major Events==

One of Monticello's largest employers, Sunny Fresh Foods, a [[Cargill]] Foods Company, received the prestigious [[Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award]] for business performance excellence in 1999 and 2005. Sunny Fresh is one of the few nationwide businesses and the only food company to win this award twice. For more information visit [http://www.baldrige.nist.gov www.baldrige.nist.gov].

The [[Great American Smokeout]] day, held annually by the [[American Cancer Society]], was based on an idea of the editor of the Monticello Times, Lynn R. Smith. He promised to publish the names of 300 people who pledged to quit smoking for one day (January 6, 1974) on the front page of the Times. This caused a sensation and led to Minnesota's first statewide D-day (Don't Smoke Day). In 1976, the [[California]] chapter of the American Cancer Society held a similar Don't Smoke Day, encouraging almost one million people to quit that day. After that, starting in 1977, the Great American Smokeout day has been a national event, held on the third Thursday each November (one week before Thanksgiving).

On July 1, 1997 Monticello and its surrounding cities were hit with [[Southeast Michigan Tornado Outbreak|severe storms]]. According to the local news stations, the storm was classified as straight line winds. However, many residents disagreed, believing a tornado tore up their hometown. Later data showed that there were actually 17 tornadoes that evening. The damages to the town were extreme as debris from damaged buildings was scattered everywhere, rooftops were lifted from homes, trees were uprooted, and power poles toppled. Although the damage to buildings have been repaired, the extensive loss of mature trees has significantly altered the landscape of Monticello.

On May 3 2006 the Monticello Middle School had an electrical fire from the large amount of rain settling on the roof. The smoke damage to the school caused the school to be closed for the rest of the school year. As a result, middle school and high school students had to share usage of the high school building on an alternate-day schedule. The school year did not get extended, and the clean up was completed in time for the 2006-07 school year. [http://www.monticellotimes.com/main.asp?SectionID=10&SubSectionID=76&ArticleID=13392&TM=85947.91] [http://www.monticellotimes.com/main.asp?SectionID=10&SubSectionID=76&ArticleID=13448&TM=85947.91]

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 6.2 square miles (16.1 km²), all of it land. [[Lake Maria State Park]] is nearby. The city's latitude is 45.305 degrees North and its longitude is 93.793 degrees West. Its elevation is 922 feet. It is in the Central time zone.

==Demographics==
As of the 2006 U.S. [[census]]{{GR|2}} estimates, there were 11,414 people, 2,944 households, and 2,066 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 1,264.6 people per square mile (488.4/km²). There were 3,030 housing units at an average density of 487.0/sq mi (188.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.96% [[Caucasian (U.S. Census)|Caucasian]], 0.33% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.20% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.55% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.64% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.31% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.03% of the population.

There were 2,944 households out of which 43.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the city the population was spread out with 31.4% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 35.4% from 25 to 44, 15.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,384, and the median income for a family was $53,566. Males had a median income of $41,057 versus $25,854 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $19,229. About 4.2% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 4.8% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.

== Athletics ==
[[Monticello High School (Minnesota)|Monticello High School]] (1,098 est.), is Wright County's third largest school. The nickname for the school's athletic teams is the Magic. Its main rival is [[Buffalo High School]] (1,596).

Boys' basketball is the most notable MHS athletic program. The team made several trips to the state tournament in the 1990s and from 2004 to 2006. The team's highest tournament finish is 4th place, igniting humorous theories of a possible "4th place curse". Two Minnesota high-school basketball Players of the Year have come out of Monticello: Nate Holmstadt and Joel Przybilla. The 7-foot Pryzbilla went on to play for the [[University of Minnesota]] and is now a center in the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] for the [[Portland Trail Blazers]].

The Magic's football has been down lately{{when}}. However, in their 2006 homecoming game against Rogers High School, Monticello won 21-0. It was their first homecoming win since 1989.

The Moose Sherritt Ice Arena, attached to the [[Middle School]], was completed in 2005 due to the efforts of the Monticello-Annandale-Maple Lake Youth Hockey Organization, community members, the mayor, the city council, the school board, businesses and the Sherritt family. "Moose" Sherritt played for the [[NHL]]'s [[Detroit Red Wings]] and the USHL's [[Minneapolis Millers (AHA)|Minneapolis Millers]] among other teams in the 1940s.

Despite not having a hockey arena until 2005, Monticello has had its share of outstanding hockey players. Some have gone on to play NCAA Division I: Joe Van Culin at [[Ferris State]], Jay Mendwaldt at the [[United States Air Force Academy]] and Eric Nelson at the [[University of Connecticut]].

==Notable Natives==
[[Joel Przybilla]]- plays for the [[Portland Trail Blazers]] of the [[NBA]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ci.monticello.mn.us Monticello official city website]
*[http://www.discovermonticello.com Discover Monticello website]
*[http://www.monticellochamber.com Monticello Chamber of Commerce website]
*[http://www.monticellocommunitycenter.com Monticello Community Center website]
*[http://www.monticello.k12.mn.us Monticello School District website]
*[http://www.monticellotimes.com/ Monticello Times website]
*[http://www.monticelloarts.org/ Monticello Arts Council Website]

{{Wright County, Minnesota}}

{{coord|45|18|20.52|N|93|47|39.12|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Wright County, Minnesota]]
[[Category:Settlements on the Mississippi River]]

[[io:Monticello, Minnesota]]
[[ht:Monticello, Minnesota]]
[[nl:Monticello (Minnesota)]]
[[pt:Monticello (Minnesota)]]
[[vo:Monticello (Minnesota)]]

Cassowary

2009-10-21T02:45:48Z

MichaelsProgramming: Revert vandalism.

{{Taxobox
| name = Cassowary
| image = Jurong_Southern_Cassowary.jpg
| image_caption = [[Southern Cassowary]] at [[Jurong Bird Park]], [[Singapore]]
| image_width = 250px
| fossil_range = [[Pliocene]] to present
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Casuariiformes]]
| familia = [[Casuariidae]]
| genus = '''''Casuarius'''''
| genus_authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1760
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Casuarius casuarius]]'' Southern Cassowary 
''[[Casuarius unappendiculatus]]'' Northern Cassowary 
''[[Casuarius bennetti]]'' Dwarf Cassowary 
†''[[Casuarius lydekki]]''<ref name="SN" />
}}

The '''cassowary''' ([[genus]] '''''Casuarius''''') is a very large [[flightless bird]] native to the [[tropical forest]]s of [[New Guinea]], nearby islands and northeastern [[Australia]].<ref name="Clements, J (2007)">Clements, J (2007)</ref>

The Southern Cassowary is the third tallest and second heaviest living bird, smaller only than the [[ostrich]] and [[emu]].

Cassowaries [[Frugivore|feed mainly on fruits]], though all species are truly [[Omnivore|omnivorous]] and will take a range of other plant food including shoots, grass seeds, and [[fungi]] in addition to [[invertebrate]]s and small [[vertebrate]]s.

Cassowaries are very shy, but when disturbed, they are capable of inflicting serious injuries to dogs and children.

==Taxonomy and evolution==
[[File:CassowarySkullLyd4.png|right|thumb|250px|Illustration of cassowary skull]]
Cassowaries (from the [[Malay language|Malay]] name ''kesuari'')<ref>Gotch, A.T. (1995)</ref> are part of the [[ratite]] group, which also includes the [[Emu]], [[rhea (bird)|rheas]], [[ostrich]]s, and [[kiwi]]s, and the extinct [[moa]]s and [[elephant bird]]s. There are three [[extant]] species recognized today and one [[extinct]]:

* ''Casuarius casuarius'', '''[[Southern Cassowary]]''' or '''Double-wattled Cassowary''', found in southern [[New Guinea]], northeastern [[Australia]], and the [[Aru Islands]],<ref name="Clements, J (2007)"/> mainly in lowlands.
* ''Casuarius bennetti'', '''[[Dwarf Cassowary]]''' or '''Bennett's Cassowary''', found in [[New Guinea]], [[New Britain]], and on [[Yapen Island|Yapen]],<ref name="Clements, J (2007)"/> mainly in highlands.
* ''Casuarius unappendiculatus'', '''[[Northern Cassowary]]''' or '''Single-wattled Cassowary''', found in the northern and western [[New Guinea]], and [[Yapen Island|Yapen]],<ref name="Clements, J (2007)"/><ref name= Davies>Davies, S. J. J. F. (2002)</ref> mainly in lowlands.
* ''Casuarius lydekki'' '''Extinct'''<ref name="SN">Brands, S. (2008)</ref>

Presently, most authorities consider the above [[monotypic]], but several [[subspecies]] have been described of each (some have even been suggested as separate species, e.g., ''C. (b) papuanus'').<ref name= Davies/> It has proven very difficult to confirm the validity of these due to individual variations, age-related variations, the relatively few available [[specimen]]s (and the bright skin of the head and neck–the basis of which several subspecies have been described–fades in specimens), and that locals are known to have traded live cassowaries for hundreds, if not thousands, of years, some of which are likely to have escaped or deliberately [[Introduced species|introduced]] to regions away from their origin.<ref name= Davies/>

The evolutionary history of cassowaries, as of all ratites, is not well known. A fossil species was reported from Australia, but for reasons of [[biogeography]] this assignment is not certain and it might belong to the prehistoric "emuwaries", ''[[Emuarius]]'', which were cassowary-like primitive emus.

==Description==
The Northern and Dwarf Cassowaries are not well known. All cassowaries are usually shy birds of the deep forest, adept at disappearing long before a human knows they are there. Even the more accessible Southern Cassowary of the far north [[Queensland]] [[rain forest]]s is not well understood.

Females are bigger and more brightly coloured. Adult Southern Cassowaries are {{convert|1.5|to(-)|1.8|m|in}} tall, although some females may reach {{convert|2|m|in}},<ref name="buzzle.com">buzzle.com</ref> and weigh {{convert|58.5|kg|lb}}.<ref name=Davies2002> Davies, S.J.J.F. (2002)</ref>

All cassowaries have feathers that consist of a shaft and loose barbules. They do not have [[retrices]] (tail feathers) or a [[preen gland]]. Cassowaries have small wings with 5-6 large [[remex|remeges]]. These are reduced to stiff, keratinous quills, like porcupine quills, with no barbs.<ref name=Davies2002> Davies, S.J.J.F. (2002)</ref> A claw is on each second finger.<ref name="HarmerandShipley1899"/> The [[furcula]] and [[coracoid]] are degenerate, and their [[palatal]] bones and [[sphenoid]] bones touch each other.<ref name="davies">Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)</ref> These, along with their wedge-shaped body, are thought to be adaptations to ward off vines, thorns and saw-edged leaves, allowing them to run quickly through the rainforest.<ref name="Gilliard 1958, p. 23">Gilliard (1958), p. 23.</ref>

A cassowary's three-[[toe]]d feet have sharp [[claw]]s. The second toe, the inner one in the [[Human_Anatomical_Terms#Anatomical_directions|medial]] position, sports a [[dagger]]-like claw that is {{convert|125|mm|in}} long<ref name=Davies2002> Davies, S.J.J.F. (2002) "Ratites and Tinamous" Oxford University Press. New York, USA</ref>. This claw is particularly fearsome since cassowaries sometimes kick humans and animals with their enormously powerful legs (see Cassowary Attacks, below). Cassowaries can run up to 50 km/h (31 mph) through the dense forest. They can jump up to {{convert|1.5|m|ft}} {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}and they are good swimmers, crossing wide rivers and swimming in the sea as well.<ref name=HarmerandShipley1899>Harmer, S. F. & Shipley, A. E. (1899)</ref>

[[Image:Cassowary head frontal.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Detail of a Southern Cassowary head.]]
All three species have horn-like but soft and spongy crests called [[casque]]s on their heads, up to {{convert|18|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="davies" /> These consist of "a [[keratin]]ous skin over a core of firm, cellular foam-like material".<ref name="Crome, F., and Moore, L. (1988)">Crome, F., and Moore, L. (1988)</ref> Several purposes for the casques have been proposed. One possibility is that they are secondary sexual characteristics. Other suggestions include that they are used to batter through underbrush, as a weapon for dominance disputes, or as a tool for pushing aside leaf litter during foraging. The latter three are disputed by biologist Andrew Mack, whose personal observation suggests that the casque amplifies deep sounds.<ref name="Mack, A.L. & Jones, J. (2003)">Mack, A.L. & Jones, J (2003)</ref> However, the earlier article by Crome and Moore says that the birds do lower their heads when they are running "full tilt through the vegetation, brushing saplings aside and occasionally careening into small trees. The casque would help protect the skull from such collisions."<ref name="Crome, F., and Moore, L. (1988)"/> Mack and Jones also speculate that the casques play a role in either sound reception or acoustic communication. This is related to their discovery that at least the Dwarf Cassowary and Southern Cassowary produce very-low frequency sounds, which may aid in communication in dense rainforest.<ref name="Mack, A.L. & Jones, J. (2003)"/> This "boom" is the lowest known bird call, and is on the edge of human hearing.<ref>Owen, J. (2003)</ref>

The average lifespan of wild cassowaries is believed to be about 40 to 50 years.<ref name="animals.jrank.org">[http://animals.jrank.org/pages/363/Cassowaries-Casuaridae-BEHAVIOR-REPRODUCTION.html "Cassowaries: Casuaridae - Behavior And Reproduction."]</ref>

==Behavior==
Cassowaries are solitary birds except during courtship, egg-laying, and sometimes around ample food supplies.<ref name="davies" /> Male cassowaries defend a territory of about 7 square kilometers (2.8 square miles) for itself and its mate, while females have overlapping territories of several males.<ref name="animals.jrank.org"/>

[[File:Casuarius casuarius -Brevard Zoo-8a.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Southern Cassowary at Brevard Zoo, USA]]
===Reproductive===
The breeding season starts in May or June. Females lay three to eight large, dark bright green or pale green-blue [[egg (biology)|egg]]s in each clutch into a prepared heap of leaf litter.<ref name="davies" /> These eggs measure about {{convert|9|by|14|cm|in}} — only Ostrich and Emu eggs are larger. The female does not care for the eggs or the [[chick]]s but moves on to lay eggs in the nests of several other males. The male [[Avian incubation|incubate]]s the eggs for 50–52 days, removing or adding litter to regulate the temperature, then protects the brown-striped chicks who stay in the nest for about nine months, defending them fiercely against all potential predators, including humans. The young males then go off to find a territory of their own.<ref name="davies" /><ref name="animals.jrank.org"/>
<blockquote>"Young cassowaries are brown and have buffy stripes. They are often kept as pets in native villages [in New Guinea], where they are permitted to roam like barnyard fowl. Often they are kept until they become nearly grown and someone gets hurt. Mature cassowaries are placed beside native houses in cribs hardly larger than the birds themselves. Garbage and other vegetable food is fed them, and they live for years in such enclosures; for in some areas their plumage is still as valuable as shell money. Caged birds are regularly bereft of their fresh plumes."<ref name="Gilliard 1958, p. 23"/></blockquote>

===Diet===
Cassowaries are predominantly [[frugivorous]], but they will take flowers, [[fungi]], snails, insects, frogs, birds, fish, rats, mice, and carrion. Fruit from at least twenty-six plant families have been documented in the diet of cassowaries. Fruits from the laurel, podocarp, palm, wild grape, nightshade, and myrtle families are important items in the diet.<ref name="davies" /> The [[cassowary plum]] takes its name from the bird.

Where trees are dropping fruit, cassowaries will come in and feed, with each bird defending a tree from others for a few days. They move on when the fruit is depleted. Fruit is swallowed whole, even items as large as bananas and apples.

Cassowaries are a [[keystone species]] of rain forests because they eat fallen fruit whole and distribute seeds across the jungle floor via excrement.<ref name="davies" />

As for eating the Cassowary, it is supposed to be quite tough. Australian administrative officers stationed in New Guinea were advised that it "should be cooked with a stone in the pot: when the stone is ready to eat so is the Cassowary".<ref>Vader, John, ''New Guinea: The Tide is Stemmed.'' NY, Ballantine Books: 1971, p. 35.</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
Cassowaries are native to the humid [[rainforests]] of New Guinea and nearby smaller islands, and northeastern Australia.<ref name="Clements, J (2007)"/> They will, however, venture out into palm scrub, [[grassland]], [[savanna]], and swamp forest.<ref name="davies" /> It is unclear if some islands populations are natural or the result of trade in young birds by natives.

==Threats==
The Southern Cassowary is endangered in Queensland, Australia. Kofron and Chapman (2006) assessed the decline of this species. They found that, of the former cassowary habitat, only 20 - 25% remains. They stated that habitat loss and fragmentation is the primary cause of decline.<ref name=Kofron&Chapman2006>Kofron, C. P. & Chapman, A. (2006)</ref> They then studied 140 cases of cassowary mortality and found that motor vehicle strikes accounted for 55% of them, and dog attacks produced another 18%. Remaining causes of death included hunting (5 cases), entanglement in wire (1 case), the removal of cassowaries that attacked humans (4 cases), and natural causes (18 cases), including tuberculosis (4 cases). 15 cases were for unknown reasons.<ref name="Kofron&Chapman2006"/>

Hand feeding of cassowaries poses a big threat to their survival.<ref>Borrell 2008.</ref> In suburban areas the birds are more susceptible to vehicles and dogs. Contact with humans encourages Cassowaries to take most unsuitable food from picnic tables.

Feral pigs are a huge problem. They destroy nests and eggs but their worst effect is as competitors for food, which could be catastrophic for the Cassowaries during lean times.

It was reported Thursday, September 17, 2009 in The Cairns Post, Two Police officers at Mission Beach, south of Cairns, were standing on the side of a road trying to clock speeding drivers when a grumpy Cassowary bird emerged from the rainforest, "He was taller than me … and he wasn’t happy," Sgt Dan Gallagher said, "You could see he didn’t want us around … we packed up and got out of there."

==Cassowary attacks==
Cassowaries have a reputation for being dangerous to people and domestic animals. The 2007 edition of the [[Guinness World Records]] lists the cassowary as the world's most dangerous bird. During [[World War II]] American and Australian troops stationed in New Guinea were warned to steer clear of them. Many internet entries about cassowaries state that they can disembowel a man or dog with one kick, with the long second toe claw cutting the gut open.

In his book "Living Birds of the World" from 1958, Ornithologist Thomas E. Gilliard wrote;

:''"The inner or second of the three toes is fitted with a long, straight, murderous nail which can sever an arm or eviscerate an abdomen with ease. There are many records of natives being killed by this bird."''<ref name=Gilliard1958> Gilliard, Thomas E. (1958) "Living Birds of the World" Doubleday</ref>

However, Gilliard did not include any such records or any references for them, and although this assessment of the danger posed by cassowaries has been repeated in print by authors including Gregory S. Paul (1988)<ref name=Paul88>Paul, G. S. (1988)</ref> and Jared Diamond (1997)<ref name="Diamond1997GGS">Diamond, J. (2008)</ref>, recent research on hundreds of cassowary attacks has only been able to find one human death.
A 2003 study of attacks by the Southern Cassowary in Queensland found no wounds larger than punctures about 1.5 centimeters in diameter.<ref name=Kofron2003>Kofron, C. P. (2003)</ref> Of 221 attacks studied, 150 were against humans. 75% of these were from cassowaries that had been fed by people. 71% of the time the bird chased or charged the victim. 15% of the time they kicked. Of the attacks, 73% involved the birds expecting or snatching food, 5% involved defending natural food sources, 15% involved defending themselves from attack, 7% involved defending their chicks or eggs. Of all 150 attacks there was only one human death.<ref name=Kofron1999>Kofron, C. P. (1999)</ref>

The one documented human death caused by a cassowary was that of Phillip Mclean, aged 16 years old, and it happened on 6 April 1926. He and his brother, aged 13, were attempting to beat the cassowary to death with clubs. They were accompanied by their dog. The bird kicked the younger boy, who fell and ran away. Then the older boy struck the bird. The bird charged and knocked the older boy to the ground. While on the ground, Phillip was kicked in the neck, opening a 1.25 centimeter wound. Phillip got up and ran but died shortly afterwards from the hemorrhaging blood vessel in his neck.<ref name="Kofron2003"/>

Cassowary strikes to the abdomen are among the rarest of all, but there is one case of a dog that was kicked in the belly in 1995. The blow left no puncture, but there was severe bruising. The dog later died from an apparent intestinal rupture.<ref name="Kofron2003"/>

==Role in seed dispersal and germination==
[[Image:Kasuar fg1.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Casuarius casuarius'' scat]]Cassowaries feed on the fruits of several hundred rainforest species and usually pass viable seeds in large dense [[scat]]s. They are known to disperse seeds over distances greater than a kilometre, and thus probably play an important role in the ecosystem. Germination rates for seeds of the rare Australian rainforest tree ''[[Ryparosa]]'' were found to be much higher after passing through a cassowary's gut (92% versus 4%).<ref>Weber, B.L. & Woodrow, I.E.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Fauna of Australia]]
*[[Fauna of New Guinea]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}
===Cited texts===
* {{cite book |last1='''Diamond''' |first1=J. | title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies | publisher=W.W. Norton & Company | date=March 1997 pg 165 | isbn=0-393-03891-2 |accessdate=2008-08-05}}
* {{cite book |last1='''Gilliard''' |first1=E. Thomas |title=Living Birds of the World|year= 1958 |origyear=1958 |publisher=Doubleday & Company|location=New York, NY|isbn=|pages=23-24|chapter=Cassowaries}}
* {{cite book |last1='''Gotch''' |first1=A.F. |title=Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals|year= 1995 |origyear=1979 |publisher=Facts on File|location=New York, NY|isbn=0 8160 3377 3|pages=178-179|chapter=Cassowaries}}
* {{cite book |last1='''Harmer''' |first1=S. F. |last2=Shipley |first2=A. F. |title=The Cambridge Natural History |year=1899 |publisher=Macmillan and Co |pages=35-36}}
* '''Kofron''', Christopher P. (1999) "Attacks to humans and domestic animals by the southern cassowary (''Casuarius casuarius johnsonii'') in Queensland, Australia
* '''Kofron''', Christopher P. (2003) "Case histories of attacks by the southern cassowary in Queensland" ''Memoirs of the Queensland Museum'' 49(1) 335-338
* '''Kofron''', Christopher P., Chapman, Angela. (2006) "Causes of mortality to the endangered Southern Cassowary ''Casuarius casuariusjohnsonii'' in Queensland, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology vol. 12: 175-179
* '''Mack''', A.L. & Jones, J (2003) [http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&issn=0004-8038&volume=120&issue=04&page=1062 ''Low-frequency vocalizations by cassowaries (Casuarius spp.)''] ''The Auk'' '''120(4):1062–1068'''
* '''Owen''', J. (2003). ''[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/11/1104_031104_cassowary.html Does Rain Forest Bird "Boom" Like a Dinosaur?.]'' National Geographic News.
* '''Paul''', Gregory S. (1988) Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon and Schuster, New York, USA. pg. 364, 464pp.
* ''Readers' Digest'', June 2006 issue.
* '''Underhill''', D (1993) ''Australia's Dangerous Creatures'', Reader's Digest, Sydney, New South Wales, ISBN 0-86438-018-6
* '''Weber''', B.L. & Woodrow, I.E. [http://www.botany.unimelb.edu.au/plantphys/bruce/webber&woodrow2004a.pdf ''Functional Plant Biology''] "Cassowary frugivory, seed dmelindholhauserefleshing and fruit fly infestation influence the transition from seed to seedling in the rare Australian rainforest tree, Ryparosa sp. nov. 1 (Achariaceae)." '''31: 505-516'''

==External links==
{{Commons category|Casuariidae}}
*C4 - [http://www.cassowaryconservation.asn.au/ Cassowary Conservation based in Mission Beach]
* [http://vimeo.com/4441022 Video: Cassowary with 3 chicks drinking water at Elantra Resort, Mission Beach]
* [http://www.peakoil.org.au/dave.kimble/rainforest/cassowary.htm The cassowary (photo essay)]
* [http://www.peakoil.org.au/dave.kimble/rainforest/catalog.htm Dave Kimble's Rainforest Photo Catalog]
*[http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-18-2006-102736.asp The Cassowary Bird]
*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/birds/Casuarius_casuarius/ images and movies of the southern cassowary ''(Casuarius casuarius)'']
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/cassowaries-casuariidae Cassowary videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection
*Cassowaries in [http://www.missionbeachtourism.com/Rainforest.aspx Mission Beach]
*[http://www.missionbeachinfo.com Mission Beach] Cassowaries - Places to spot them
*[http://ellabayforever.blogspot.com/ Ella Bay Forever] in Far North Queensland Australia, home to Cassowaries

[[Category:Megafauna of Australia]]
[[Category:Casuarius| ]]
[[Category:Birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Flightless birds|Cassowary]]
[[Category:Heraldic birds]]
[[Category:Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Australasia-Pacific region]]
[[Category:Genera of birds]]

{{link FA|de}}
{{Link FA|de}}
[[br:Kazoar]]
[[bg:Казуар]]
[[ca:Casuari]]
[[da:Kasuarer]]
[[de:Kasuare]]
[[nv:Tsíditsoh bikʼos dootłʼizhí]]
[[es:Casuarius]]
[[eo:Kazuaro]]
[[fr:Casuariidae]]
[[ko:화식조]]
[[id:Casuarius]]
[[it:Casuarius]]
[[he:קזואר]]
[[hu:Kazuár]]
[[nl:Kasuaris]]
[[ja:ヒクイドリ]]
[[no:Kasuarer]]
[[pl:Kazuary]]
[[pt:Casuar]]
[[ru:Казуары]]
[[sl:Kazuar]]
[[fi:Kasuaarit]]
[[sv:Kasuarer]]
[[zh:鹤鸵]]

OC Transpo

2009-09-04T00:44:05Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Active fleet */ Grammar fix.

{{Infobox Bus transit
| name = OC Transpo
| logo = OCTranspo red small.png
| logo_size = 250
| image = octranspo articulated.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| company_slogan =
| parent =
| founded =
| headquarters = 1500 St. Laurent Blvd.
| locale = [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]
| service_area =
| service_type = [[bus service]], [[paratransit]], [[bus rapid transit]], [[light rail]]
| alliance =
| routes =
| destinations =
| stops =
| hubs =
| stations =
| lounge =
| fleet = 1020 buses<ref>[http://octranspo.com/admin/Facts_Figures/Facts_active.htm OC Transpo, Active, Fleet]</ref>
| ridership =
| fuel_type = Biodiesel, Diesel, Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel
| operator = City of Ottawa<ref>[http://ottawa.ca/city_hall/charts/index_en.html City of Ottawa, Main Administrative Structure]</ref>
| ceo =
| website = [http://www.octranspo.com/ www.octranspo.com]
}}

'''OC Transpo''' is the urban transit service of the City of [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. OC Transpo routes also provides service to the downtown core of the nearby city of [[Gatineau]], [[Quebec]], especially during rush hour. OC Transpo currently has a fleet of 1,020 buses (as of [[December 31]] [[2008]]) that run on regular streets, of which roughly 765 are fully accessible.[http://octranspo.com/admin/Facts_Figures/Facts_active.htm]

== Features ==
The vast majority of regular routes are now served by low-floor buses. There is also a dedicated roadway [[bus rapid transit]] system known as the [[Ottawa Rapid Transit|Transitway]].

OC Transpo utilizes many [[articulated bus]]es to provide service. Some of the routes that run on the Transitway, including the city's most-used bus routes, are served almost exclusively by articulated buses (e.g. 95, 96,and 97).

[[Image:otrain.jpg|thumb|left|The O-Train at [[Carleton University]]]]
In 2001, a pilot diesel-powered [[light rail]] service project, known as the [[Ottawa O-Train|O-Train]], was introduced. The local government had announced expansion plans for the light rail to other parts of Ottawa, including a possible link to the [[Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport|Ottawa International Airport]]. Service to Gatineau would have also been possible, over the nearby [[Prince of Wales Bridge|Prince of Wales railway bridge]] over the [[Ottawa River]]. However, on December 14, 2006, City Council led by Mayor [[Larry O'Brien (Canadian politician)|Larry O'Brien]] had cancelled the north-south extension project. A new model of the project, to have a city-wide integrated light rail system, has been made and the revised project should be completed by 2007, with work beginning as early as 2008. This new project upgrades one single section of the bus-based Transitway, but
only does that after adding 65km of new busways. The final LRT system duplicates many of the existing busways, not replace them. It also includes the 2006 NS-LRT as a component. Details are at: http://www.moving-ottawa.ca/

For a number of years, OC Transpo has carried [[Bicycle carrier|bicycle rack]]s on some routes as a part of the "Rack&Roll" campaign. These racks carry up to two bicycles at the front of the bus, and fold up against the bus when not in use. Although it started only on three routes, this service has been expanded to include routes 1, 2, 4, 7, 12, 14, 85, [[OC Transpo Route 95|95]], [[OC Transpo Route 96|96]], [[OC Transpo Route 97|97]], [[OC Transpo Route 95#OC Transpo Route 101|101]], [[OC Transpo Route 95#OC Transpo Route 102|102]], 118 and 180, all articulated (long) buses and several new Invero low-floor buses (in addition, bike racks do randomly end up on other routes from time to time). Traditionally, the racks have been available only between April and October, and there has been much debate over continuing the program throughout the year. However, cyclists may use the racks at any time, on any bus that is equipped with a rack (including routes that don't normally offer them), provided there is room for the cyclist in the bus.

Although [[Ottawa population history|Ottawa's population]] has increased by 25% (from 678,000 to 850,000) in the last decade, service levels have increased 14% from 1996 to 2006 (50 million km to 57.1 million km per year<ref>{{cite web |url=http://octranspo.com/admin/Facts_Figures/Facts_service.htm|title=Service Facts}}</ref>), and ridership has gone up 15% from 80 million riders a year to 91.8 million. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://octranspo.com/about_index.asp?lang=E&page=DFACTS_STATS|title=Reports and Statistics}}</ref>

There are three bus depots located throughout the city. The largest and headquarters is located at 1500 St-Laurent boulevard, with two other smaller but frequently used depots being located on Colonnade Road (Merivale Garage) and the other on Queensview Drive (Pinecrest Garage). The Queensview and Colonnade garages are usually for employees working during the rush hour and generally not used during weekends. For the latter two stations, it consists mostly of older buses although some articulated buses (in the 60xx's) can be found at Colonnade and other low-floor buses at both Colonnade (Inveros in the 42xx's) and Queensview (Orion VI).

==History== 

===1973: Formation===
Transit in Ottawa was provided by the [[Ottawa Transportation Commission]] until 1973, when transit service in the city and its suburbs was transferred to the auspices of the [[Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton]]. Its formal name was the '''Ottawa-Carleton Regional Transit Commission''', but the service would be promoted in both English and French under the '''OC Transpo''' name, whose OC initials are derived from '''O'''ttawa-'''C'''arleton.

===1979: Strike===
The 20-day 1979 strike was fought over a wage difference of a nickel and became known as "the five-cent bus strike." A pay increase of 16.5% was rejected by the union.<ref name=NP09Dec2008>{{cite news | url=http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=1052073 | publisher=[[National Post]] | title=
Ottawa transit talks break off, strike looms | date=2008-12-09 | accessdate=2009-01-21 }}</ref>

===1980s: Transitway===
{{main|Ottawa Rapid Transit}}
In the early 1980s, OC Transpo began planning for a [[bus rapid transit]] system, the Transitway. Construction of its various stations and segments followed over many years. The first segments were from [[Baseline Station (OC Transpo)|Baseline]] to [[Lincoln Fields Station (OC Transpo)|Lincoln Fields]] in the west end and from [[Lees Station (OC Transpo)|Lees]] to [[Hurdman Station (OC Transpo)|Hurdman]] in the east end.

===1996: Strike===
The second strike for OC Transpo ran from November 25, 1996 to December 16. The strike ended under arbitration.<ref name=NP09Dec2008></ref>

===April 6 1999: Deadly rampage===
Pierre Lebrun, a former OC Transpo employee and hunting enthusiast pulled into the transit garage located at 1500 St. Laurent Boulevard and went on a shooting rampage. Word of this act had spread out to all employees and as such many of them lay huddled in terror while the event unfolded.

A sense of disbelief swept over OC Transpo employees and Ottawa-area residents alike. Transit users filed onto buses the following week and offered drivers their condolences. Others left flowers outside OC Transpo's headquarters. Police sifted through information to figure out what prompted Lebrun, a tall, lanky 40-year-old bachelor with a stutter, to show up at his former workplace with a Remington 760 .30-06 rifle - a slightly modified version of the weapon that [[James Earl Ray]] used to kill civil rights crusader [[Martin Luther King]] in 1968 - and his pockets stuffed with ammunition. "It's Judgment Day!" he shouted when he arrived. "You think it's bad now - just wait." Lebrun's mother offered one disturbing explanation: taunts by co-workers prompted, among other things, by her son's stutter, drove him to seek revenge.

Lebrun's victims, all long-serving OC Transpo employees, were shipper Brian Guay, 56; stores clerk Clare Davidson, 52; and mechanics Harry Schoenmakers, 44, and David Lemay, 45. Another employee who was shot in the side was released from the hospital the following Wednesday. But why those well-liked employees were singled out remains a mystery. "These guys were the salt of the earth," said Ozzie Morin, a veteran employee on disability leave. "Nobody hated those guys. That's why I can't understand why this happened." In his suicide note, discovered by his parents in their home in Orléans, an eastern suburb of Ottawa, just as police called to tell them of the tragedy, Lebrun mentioned four co-workers he had problems with and three that he liked. But none of his victims' names were on the list. And as he strode through the building during his rampage, Lebrun, who quit his job as an audit clerk in January after 13 years with the company, encountered more than a dozen people - but opted to shoot only some. "It's very curious as to why he selected certain individuals to kill and permitted certain people to live," said Ottawa-Carleton regional police Inspector Ian Davidson. "He could easily have killed many more people."

===History from 2001 to October, 2008===
====Transition to new city government====
The province of Ontario ordered the amalgamation of the [[Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton]] and its component municipalities into a single City of Ottawa municipality. When the new local governance took effect in 2001, OC Transpo became a department of the new city.

Following amalgamation, a [[bilingual]] [[Backronym#Replacement|replacement backronym]] for "OC" was sought, but no suitable candidates have been found. The now-ambiguous acronym has been kept, instead of the costly task of replacing the decals on all buses, bus stops, bus stations, and promotional material.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

====December 12, 2005: Southwest Transitway extension====
A new section of the southwest Transitway opened on [[December 12]], [[2005]], between the [[Nepean Sportsplex]] and Fallowfield Station. The new section runs parallel to [[Woodroffe Avenue (Ottawa)|Woodroffe Avenue]] and was built at a cost of $10 million. The new section has no stations and has replaced service along [[Woodroffe Avenue (Ottawa)|Woodroffe Avenue]] between the Nepean Sportsplex and [[Fallowfield Station]]. There are further plans to extend the Transitway south into the heart of the ever-growing community of [[Barrhaven]] where a new station called [[Strandherd Station (OC Transpo)|Strandherd]] opened on [[January 2]], [[2007]]. There are also long range plans for other extensions in the [[Orléans, Ontario|Orleans]] and [[Kanata]] areas to keep up with more growing communities there too.

====Winter Snow Snarls====
A snowstorm on [[December 16]], [[2005]], caused 107 OC Transpo buses to become stuck or slide off roads. Most of the problems occurred with OC Transpo's low-floor "pusher style" articulated New Flyer buses, which feature rear (trailer) drive wheels, meaning the front section of the bus is unpowered. At one intersection in Gatineau, six articulated buses either jackknifed or became stuck in the snow. The problems resulting from the 22-cm (9-inch) snowfall drew criticism across the city, as the buses snarled the commute for transit users and drivers alike. According to a city report, it was a "100-year storm" with 30 cm (12 inches) of snow. Official Environment Canada records show roughly 22 cm. However, it is possible that locally much higher amounts were reported, especially in the downtown area, closer to 30 cm or more.

The articulated buses were already starting to get stuck at around 6:00 a.m. when only 10 cm (4 inches) of snow had fallen. By 6:45 am, the eastbound Transitway was completely blocked at the western end of downtown ([[Bronson Avenue (Ottawa)|Bronson Avenue]] and [[Slater Street]] by an articulated bus when approximately 13 cm (5 inches) of snow had fallen. Additional eastbound articulated buses failed to navigate the snow while coming from [[Lebreton Flats]] up [[Slater Street]] into downtown, which forced the morning rush hour passengers to abandon their buses and walk down Slater to their destinations.

Approximately two years after the first snow snarl incident, several major snowstorms hit the National Capital Region, forcing OC Transpo to work with poor road conditions on several occasions. These snow snarls has brought criticism of OC Transpo and its fleet, and questions about whether or not the fleet that OC Transpo operates is adequate for Canadian climate. During weekend snowstorms, it parked most of its articulated buses and ran several older buses.

====December 14, 2006: Light Rail Expansion cancellation====
During the [[Ottawa municipal election, 2006|2006 municipal election campaign]], [[Larry O'Brien (Canadian politician)|Larry O'Brien]] (who would be elected as mayor) was sceptical of the project's benefits, and promised to cancel the project if elected, assuming the City's legal position did not preclude this{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. After multiple votes deciding the fate of the city's [[Ottawa O-Train#Beyond the pilot: Extension and electrification|north-south light rail expansion project]], post-election City Council decided to annul the project by a margin of 13-11 on December 14, 2006.

====April 2, 2007: 39 Special Constables sworn in====

On [[April 2]], [[2007]] 39 OC Transpo security officers were sworn in as Special Constables at Orléans Theatre, which qualifies them as official police officers (Peace Officers). These members took an intensive six-week training course developed by [[Algonquin College]]. The uniforms worn by Transit Special Constables consist of dark blue pants with a blue stripe, a light blue shirt and a blue peak cap with a blue band. The shirts have shoulder crests with the Ottawa Police emblem and the words Special Constable. They are armed with handcuffs, batons and pepper spray, although they do not carry handguns or any type of firearm.

====October 29, 2008: 25th Anniversary celebration====
To celebrate 25 years of service OC Transpo held a number of events including: special guests, a decorated D60LF anniversary bus, tree planting, music, refreshments, giveaways, 25¢ fare on all routes, a countdown to the 1.5 billionth rider, and a transitway memories contest.<ref>[http://www.octranspo.com/Whats_New/Transitway_25_menuE.htm Transitway Contest]</ref>

===December 2008-January 2009: ATU 279 strike===
OC Transpo drivers, dispatchers, and maintenance workers under [[Amalgamated Transit Union]] local 279 went on [[Strike action|strike]] December 10, 2008 at 12:01am.<ref name=CBC10Dec2008>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/12/09/transit-strike.html | publisher=[[CBC News]] | title=Push to call transit 'essential' fails; Ottawa bus strike continues | date=2008-12-10 | accessdate=2008-12-21 }}</ref> The main causes of the strike were disagreements between the City of Ottawa and the union regarding scheduling, payroll and seniority. [[Rona Ambrose]], the [[Minister of Labour (Canada) | Federal Minister of Labour]] ordered a union membership vote on January 8, 2009 on the city's contract proposal<ref name=OC05Jan2009>{{cite news | url=http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/story.html?id=13bfabce-c3c9-481e-ae03-ece4ce2bd245 | publisher=[[Ottawa Citizen]] | title=Don't 'bow down,' striking transit workers told | date=2009-01-05 | accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref> in response to a request from [[mayor]] [[Larry O'Brien (Canadian politician) | Larry O'Brien]].<ref name=NP01Jan2009>{{cite news | url=http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1132084 | publisher=[[National Post]] | title=Ambrose orders Ottawa transit union to vote on strike resolution | date=2009-01-01 | accessdate=2009-01-04}}</ref> Both the city and the union published their positions on respective websites.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.octranspo.com/mapscheds/Contingency/FAQ_ATU_Offer.htm | title = Frequently Asked Questions: City’s Final Offer of Settlement to ATU | accessdate = 2009-01-30 | publisher = OC Transpo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ottawatransitstrike.com/ | title = Ottawa Transit Strike - Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 279 | publisher = [[Amalgamated Transit Union]] Local 279 | accessdate = 2008-01-29 }}</ref> Vote results released on January 9, 2009 revealed that of those eligible to vote, 64% rejected the offer.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2009/01/07/ot-090107-transit-vote.html | title = Ottawa transit strike still on as union members reject contract offer | work = [[CBC News]] | date = 2009-01-09 | accessdate = 2009-01-30 }}</ref>

Meetings were held with a mediator throughout the month, but talks were repeatedly broken off. The ATU had requested to send all issues not related to scheduling to arbitration, which the city refused as they requested all issues to be sent to an arbitrator. As the strike entered the 50th day, Ambrose, who had initially refused to table back-to-work legislation, announced that such legislation would be introduced. However, on January 29, the city and the ATU reached a deal that sent every issue to binding arbitration, thus ending the 51-day long strike.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2009/01/29/ot-090129-strike-ends.html | title = City, union reach deal to end Ottawa transit strike | accessdate = 2009-01-30 | date = 2009-01-29 | work = [[CBC News]]}}</ref> On February 2, 2009 the O-Train started service after being out of service due to the strike. Buses followed the following Monday February 9, 2009. Not all buses returned at once and OC Transpo said that all buses and routes were due to return by April 6, 2009.

== OC Transpo routes ==
{{main|OC Transpo routes}}
OC Transpo has approximately 250 bus routes that are grouped both by their number and the colour with which they are represented on system maps and on bus stop signs.

'''Colours'''

'''Black:''' These routes generally operate 7 days/week from about 6:00a.m.-midnight Monday-Saturday, and from about 7:00a.m.-11:00p.m. on Sundays & most holidays. There are some exceptions however. If a route, or a section of a route, doesn't operate during certain time periods, it will be in stripes on the bus stop flag, and grey on here. If you see a route in orange on here, it means that it only operates during certain times, such as evenings or weekends only. 
Some routes provide early morning service as early as 4:00a.m. on weekdays, and 5:00a.m. on Saturdays. 
Ottawa's three major Transitway routes (95, 96, and 97) also provide early morning service on Sundays. 
The cash fare on regular routes is $3.00.

'''Red:''' These routes generally operate 5 days/week from 6:00a.m.-9:00a.m., and from about 3:00p.m.-6:00p.m. 
The cash fare on the red routes is $3.00.

'''Green:''' These routes generally operate 5 days/week from 6:00a.m.-9:00a.m., and from about 3:00p.m.-6:00p.m. All green routes travel towards downtown in the morning, and away from downtown in the afternoon. 
Most green routes travel to suburban areas, however, some of them also travel to rural areas - these are noted on bus stop signs with an R after the bus route number. 
The cash fare on the green routes is $4.00 for routes that travel to suburban areas, and $5.00 for routes that travel to rural areas.

'''Blue:''' These routes generally operate 5 days/week from about 4:00a.m.-6:00a.m. in one direction only. Routes 824, 825, and 830 also provide Saturday service from about 5:00a.m.-7:00a.m. 
The cash fare on these routes is $3.00.

'''Numbers'''

OC Transpo classes its routes according to the following numerical groups:

'''1-19''': These are mainline or local routes that operate to, from or through downtown along major roads or in urban communities.

'''20-79''': These are rush hour express routes from downtown to suburban areas. The 20s and 30s serve the east end, including Orleans; the 40s serve the south end; the 50s serve the west end; the 60s primarily serve Kanata and the 70s primarily serve Barrhaven.

'''80-89''': Similar to routes 1-19, these are mainline routes that operate through downtown along major roads, spending more time on the Transitway. (82 and 88 are peak-period routes)

'''90-99''': These are rapid transit routes that go downtown, spending most of the time on the Transitway. Routes 94, 95, 96, 97, and 98 are the core of the entire system.

'''100-109:''' For the most part, these routes are peak-only routes (except 101, 105 and 106) that provide service between a Transitway station and major employment areas.
In the future, OC Transpo will be expanding their rapid transit service to have buses numbered from 100-109, which would bypass downtown.
Routes 101, 102, and 106 are the first three routes to provide this service.

'''110-119:''' These are regular routes that travel cross-town (generally across the [[Rideau River]]), but bypass downtown. (Note:Route 115 is an exception as it serves a residential area south of Billings Bridge, replacing parts of Route 5)

'''120-199:''' These are mostly local routes that usually connect residential areas or business areas to Transitway stations. (A few, such as Routes 176 and 182, are cross-town routes.)
Some regular local routes continue to/from downtown during peak periods as an alternative to express service. This number range also includes a number of 'reverse commuter' routes that run in rush hour to connect major suburban employment areas to the Transitway.

'''200-299:''' Rural express routes serving areas beyond the 'Urban Transit Area'.

'''306 and 316:''' Special community routes (only two currently exist).

'''401-406:''' Special service to [[Scotiabank Place]] for [[Ottawa Senators]] games, and a multitude of other events.

'''500-599:''' Rural service operated by partner bus lines.

'''600-699:''' Special school routes. These routes are usually not shown on the bus stop flag except at Transitway stations, mall terminals (example: Hazeldean Mall), and on streets where there is no other bus service available.

'''740:''' O-Train replacement bus service if only one or no trains are available.

'''800-899:''' Early morning service. These routes are not shown on the bus stop flag, but rather by a sun indicating the presence of early morning service at the stop.

'''900-999:''' Employee shuttles for OC Transpo employees only at times and places with no service (mostly overnight).

==Active fleet==
* '''Source''':[http://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/octranspo.html]
Only models with at least some buses currently in service are listed, and the number in fleet is based on the number originally ordered. All GMDD models of 1982 or before (also known by many as [[GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|fishbowls]] or [[GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|New Looks]]) were retired by the beginning of April. In 2006 and 2007, OC Transpo evaluated a double-decker bus on the Transitway and express routes. This bus, an [[Alexander Dennis Enviro500]] built by British firm [[Alexander Dennis]] can carry nearly 100 passengers. The initial service demonstration ran from June 28 to July 12, 2006, with a further demonstration under winter conditions in February 2007. The City of Ottawa has purchased three of the Enviro buses and they were delivered in November 2008. OC Transpo decals were added to the buses in December, but the strike delayed the introduction of these buses. The buses began revenue service in February.

The OC Transpo fleet numbering scheme changed in 1999. Prior to 1999, the two last digits of the year of purchase were the first two digits of the fleet number. The scheme was changed because OC Transpo ordered 140 Orion 06.501, and also because buses purchased in 2000 would have been in the 0000 series, which was not favoured by their computer system. The new numbering scheme starts with 2, 3, 4, or 6 (for the length of the bus), or 1 for the Enviro500 double-deckers and 5 for the Orion VII NG HEV, followed by a three-digit consecutive fleet number.

{| align="center" border="0" width="90%"
|-----
| '''Model''' || '''Year''' || '''Bus Numbers'''
| '''No. In Fleet*''' || '''Notes'''
|-----
| [[Alexander Dennis]] [[Enviro500]] || 2008 || 1201-1203 || 3 || [[Double-decker bus]]es newly deployed on route 94. Entered service as of March 2009. Now all three buses are shared betweens routes 97, 96, and 94 with occasional trips on other routes.
|-----
| [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[Ford E-Series|E450]]
| 2005 || 2601 || 1
| This Minibus was bought as a pilot project. OC Transpo was planning to buy many more to go to Vars and Navan. It is now used on low-ridership routes, most notably route 123
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|Orion]] 06.501 {{access icon|15px}}
| 1999-2000 || 4001-4140 || 140
| 4140 4139 and 4010 Received bike racks for one season only. Used mostly in low-ridership routes
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2003 || 4201-4202 || 2
| First Inveros bought. 4201 was sent ahead as a demo.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2004 || 4203-4273 || 71
| On September 20th 2005, the 4200 and 4300 Series buses had been governed to 50 km/h because of steering problems caused during high speeds.<ref name="titcomb">Titcomb, Bert. _"[http://www.transport2000.ca/Hotlines/hl050923.htm Transport 2000 Canada Hot Line : 2 - Ottawa bus confusion]"_. 23 September 2005. Transport 2000 Canada. Accessed May 15 2008.</ref> According to Transport 2000 "several bus drivers reported that the front end of the bus vibrates when driven at more than 60 km/h."<ref name="titcomb"/> An ''Operations and Safety'' Memorandum claims that on Friday, 21 October 2005, steering dampers where to be installed on one hundred and nine Invero buses and that the governors where to be raised to 100 km/h on buses 4201 to 4227 (except 4205), resolving the problems.<ref>Zinck, Peter. _"Invero Steering Problems Resolved"_ Memorandum, Bulletin No: 305/05, 19 October 2005, City of Ottawa - Operations and Safety, Accessed 15 May 2008.</ref>
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2005-2006 || 4274-4439 || 166
| 4299-4355 have bike racks from April to October. All Invero buses have Thermo King A/C. 4299 was crashed into a median going to the stop at Queensway station. Temporarally out of service.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2007 || 4440-4526 || 87
| 4444 was used for Ottawa's Santa Claus Parade in November. All entered service as of October 2007.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|Orion]] VII NG HEV {{access icon|15px}}
| 2009 || 5001-5202 || 202*
| Hybrid Electric Vehicle; 5001, 5002 were the first to arrive in november last year. As of Augest 30 buses 5003-5032 are in service. 5033-5097 are set to arrive later this summer and in the early fall. Another 95 have been ordered and are set to arrive next year.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D60LF {{access icon|15px}}
| 2001-2002 || 6001-6178 || 177
| Articulated, 6101 skipped (historic bus). They have Thermo King A/C on the roof. The D60LF buses have had a number of problems with overheated brakes and engines, resulting in fires on buses 6017, 6117 and 6159. All articulated buses are equipped with bike racks from April to October. 6118 was involved in an electrical fire, which consumed part of the rear and burned the full inside of the bus, inside the St Laurent North garage. No word yet on the fate of the bus.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D60LF {{access icon|15px}}
| 2003-2004 || 6301-6350 || 50
| Articulated, ultra-low [[sulphur]] [[Diesel fuel|diesel]]. Some suffered over-heating problems during the summer of 2006.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D60LF {{access icon|15px}}
| 2008 || 6351-6398 || 48*
| As of October 16, 6351-6398 have entered service. 6394 has a special wrapping for the Transitway anniversary. There was a recall on these buses because of overheating brakes so New Flyer Industries sent the required parts to fix this problem. The Axion destination signs look the same but when there is something written, it is pushed to one side. 6387 was in a collision with a 5 ton truck downtown this week. Either March 2 or 3, 2009.
|----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TC40-102N
| 1987 || 8769-8799 || 35*
| Only 8792 remains in active service. 8785 was sold to the [[Société de Transport de l'Outaouais (STO)|Société de transport de l'Outaouais (STO)]]
|-----
| [[Motor Coach Industries|MCI]] TC40-102N
| 1988-1989 || 8901-8960 || 60*
| Gradually being retired. These buses still contain roll signs. Many of these buses have lots of rust near the window frames, the headlights and the ad signs on the side of the buses - especially buses painted in the original scheme. Several of these buses have been repainted in the maple leaf scheme and that show little signs of rust.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40HF
| 1989-1990 || 9001-9055 || 55*
| Gradually being retired. 9054 was completely rebuilt after major accident. 9026-9050 has roll signs and 9001-9025 have green luminator on its signs
|-----
| [[Motor Coach Industries|MCI]] TC40-102A
| 1991 || 9101-9125 || 25
| 9110-9119 were former sightseeing buses. All of these buses still have roll signs
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40HF
| 1992 || 9201-9227 || 27*
| Gradually being retired. 9211-9227 have green luminators and 9201-9210 have Balios signs. They also have Sutrak A/C units but these were disconnected in the mid 1990s. 9203 was retired September 30, 2008. Its last run was E-125.
|-----
| [[NovaBus]] TC40-102A || 1993 || 9301-9330
| 30*
| 9302 retired due to collision with a fuel tanker truck<ref>http://ottawabuspage.fotopic.net/p31199049.html</ref>. 9307, 9309, 9311, 9314, 9315 and 9316 were leased to [[Société de transport de Laval]] but most have returned after the opening of the [[Montreal Metro]]'s [[Line 2 Orange (Montreal Metro)|Orange Line]] extension to [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]]. Theses buses have inoperative Sutrak A/C units on the roof.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] Orion 05.501
| 1998 || 9701-9720 || 20
| First new buses purchased since 1993
|-----
| [[NovaBus]] LFS {{access icon|15px}}
| 1997 || 9721-9740 || 20
| First low-floor buses, but the only LF order from NovaBus. Equipped with A/C - now inoperative.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] Orion 05.501
| 1998-1999 || 9801-9885 || 85
| Last fleet order of high-floor buses. (The Province of Ontario has declared that all urban transit buses should be wheelchair-accessible by 2012, curtailing purchases of high-floored buses.)
|-----
| [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] [[Talent (train)|Talent]] BR643 {{access icon|15px}}
| 2000 || C1-C3 || 3 || O-Train vehicle
|}

{{access icon|15px}} denotes wheelchair accessibility

==Retired fleet==

* This is a list of retired GM and Orion Bus Industries bus fleets.<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/octranspo.html OC TRANSPO (1AU72-present) Fleet]</ref>

{| class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; font-size: 100%; background: #ffffff;"
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | ''GM Buses''
|-
| style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white;" style="text-align: left;" |

===GM Buses===

{| align="center" border="0" width="90%"
|-----
| '''Model''' || '''Year''' || '''Bus Numbers'''
| '''No. In Fleet*''' || '''Notes'''
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5301
| 1961 || 6101-6112 || 12
| 6101 was preserved to its historical fleet
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5301
| 1962 || 6221-6230 || 10 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1963 || 6331-6340 || 10 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1964 || 6441-6452 || 12 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1965 || 6561-6573 || 13 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1966 || 6674-6697 || 24 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1967 || 6701-6726 || 26 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1968 || 6831-6850 || 20 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1969 || 6961-6990 || 30 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1970 || 7001-7020 || 20 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1971 || 7121-7140 || 20 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1972-1973 || 7241-7290 || 50
|
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1972-1973 || 7301-7320 & 7331-7357
| 47 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1974 || 7401-7460 || 60 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1975 || 5701-5769 || 69
| The first two numbers were switched from the year the buses were built, due to heavy demand for buses for that year.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1975 || 7501-7545 & 7551-7570 || 65 || Retired by 2003
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1976 || 7601-7653 || 53 || Retired in 2003-2004
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1977 || 7701-7765 || 65 || Retired in 2004-2005. 7742 and 7757 were sold to the STO and remain in active service with the same fleet numbers.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1978 || 7801-7858 || 58 || Fully retired in 2006
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1979 || 7901-7930 || 30 || 7926 returned to service in September after being temporarily retired in mid-August, finally being put to rest in late-March 2007. Last series equipped with a single rear exit door.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1980 || 8001-8012 || 12
| Fully retired in April 2007
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1981 || 8101-8122 || 22 || Fully retired in April 2007
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TA60-102N
| 1982 || 8201-8221 || 21
| First articulated buses purchased, some of them from the [[Hamilton Street Railway]]. Sold off in the late 1980s. One briefly returned to service in 1999 until 2002, renumbered 8222.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1982 || 8231-8240 || 10 || 8238 was the last New Look in service - Retired April 17, 2007.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TC40-102N
| 1984 || 8401-8425 || 25 || Retired in 2004-2005. 8413 was sold to the STO.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TC40-102N
| 1985 || 8541-8555 || 15
| Fully retired in April 2007. 8545 was sold to the [[Société de Transport de l'Outaouais (STO)|Société de transport de l'Outaouais (STO)]]
|-----
| [[General Motors Corporation|GMC]] T6H-4523A
| 1973 || 1751-1755 || 5 || Purchased from [[Big Blue Bus|Santa Monica Transit]] in 1995 and quickly sold.
|-----
| [[General Motors Corporation|GMC]] T8H-5307A
| 1973 || 1756-1770 || 15
| Purchased from Santa Monica Transit in 1995. Only 12 actually entered service. Retired in 2003.
|}
|}

{| class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; font-size: 100%; background: #ffffff;"
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | ''Orion Bus Industries''
|-
| style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white;" style="text-align: left;" |

===Orion Bus Industries===

{| align="center" border="0" width="90%"
|-----
| '''Model''' || '''Year''' || '''Bus Numbers'''
| '''No. In Fleet*''' || '''Notes'''
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 01.501 || 1978
| 8801-8832 || 32 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 01.501 || 1982
| 8231-8266 || 36 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 01.501 || 1983
| 8371-8392 || 22 ||
| 8390 is preserved in the historical fleet.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1985-1986
| 8501-8533 || 33
| First Orion-Ikarus articulated buses (a rebadged Crown Ikarus 286). 8501 is preserved to its historical fleet and parts of 8529 are used to refurbish 8501.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1987
| 8601-8655 || 55
| Some buses were equipped with newer powertrains prior to retirement in 2003-2004
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1987
| 8719-8764 || 46 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1988
| 8842-8870 || 29 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1988-1989
| 8875-8899 || 25
| Purchased from the [[Toronto Transit Commission]] in 1997-1998.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 05.501
| 1990-1991 || 9126-9150 || 25
| Fully retired by May 2007 due to premature corrosion.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 05.501
| 1992 || 9231-9258 || 28
| Fully retired by July 2007 due to premature corrosion.
|}
|}

==Fares==
All fares are effective as of [[July 1]], [[2009]].

OC Transpo has 3 levels of fares for its buses:
* Regular fare ($3.00, or 2 tickets)
* Express fare ($4.00, or 3 tickets)
* Rural fare ($5.00, or 4 tickets)

Children 6 to 11 can ride for $1.50, or 1 ticket, and children age 5 and younger ride free.

Tickets must be pre-purchased, and are available at outlets throughout Ottawa. You can buy bus tickets at various retail outlets around Ottawa and at certain bus stations. They include Baseline Station, Lincoln Fields, St. Laurent and Mackenzie King(Inside Rideau Centre). Tickets are $1.15 each, but must be purchased in multiples of two.

The former pilot project, which provided free conventional service for anyone with a [[wheelchair]], [[mobility scooter]], or [[walker (tool)|walker]], was terminated [[March 1]] [[2006]]. It has been replaced with a new one-year pilot project known as the 'Community Pass', which is only available to recipients of the [[Ontario Disability Support Program]] (ODSP) at a cost of $30.40 per month.

O-Train tickets are $2.50 each, and are valid for 120 minutes after purchase. These tickets can be exchanged for 90-minute transfers when boarding regular-fare buses. These tickets are sold at O-Train stations for convenience. Monthly passes, day passes and valid transfers are also permitted as fares for the O-Train, but cash and tickets are not.

Day passes are $7.00 and can only be purchased on the bus.

Passes are as follows:
* Regular Adult Annual: $895.00
* Express Adult Annual: $1,119.80
* Regular Adult Monthly: $84.75
* Express Adult Monthly: $106.00
* Adult Rural Monthly: $131.75
* Regular Student Monthly: $65.65
* Express Student Monthly: $76.50
* Rural Student Monthly: $103.00
* Regular Student Semester (post-secondary students only): $242.25
* Express Student Semester (post-secondary students only): $283.50
* Regular Student Annual: $626.40
* Express Student Annual: $734.40
* Senior 65+ Monthly: $30.40
* Senior 65+ Annual: $381.00
* Community Pass (for recipients of Ontario Disability Support Program): $30.40
* Annual Pass Protection Plan (to protect Annual passes from loss or theft): $23.00

To use any of the above passes, the passenger must also have a valid OC Transpo photo ID, which is available for $8.25 for adults and seniors(65+), and $5.75 for students.

Ecopasses are reduced-rate monthly passes that are available through participating employers in the city, which provide OC Transpo riders with single-card indefinite passes in exchange for a flat bi-weekly, semi-monthly or monthly payroll deduction.

Transfers are given to passengers upon boarding and are valid for minimum 90 minutes in any direction, with stopovers allowed.

As of the [[December 1]], [[2005]] fare increase, OC Transpo had the highest basic cash bus fares of any major transit service in Canada. This fare was matched by [[Société de transport de l'Outaouais|STO]], the transit operator across the [[Ottawa River]] in [[Gatineau]], [[Quebec]] on [[January 1]], [[2006]]. [[York Region Transit]] currently has the highest cash fares in Canada, at $3.25.

On July 2008, fares were be increased by 7.5% because of a shortage in funding for the [[City of Ottawa]]. This fare hike is supposed to be in effect until 2010 including a 6.5% hike in 2009. This meant Ottawa residents saw regular adult passes rise from $73 a month to $81 and adult express passes from $90 to $101 a month. However, cash fares remained the same.<ref>[http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=1977e375-2fa4-47e1-a04c-d4e8c683c177&k=21176 Council OKs average 7.5% bus fare hike]</ref>

==Para Transpo==
'''Para Transpo''' is an accessible [[paratransit]] service available to Ottawa patrons who find it extremely difficult or impossible to use the conventional OC Transpo routes. Service is provided directly to the residences of eligible users who book trip appointments with a call centre at least one day in advance. Para Transpo drivers will provide some assistance to passengers to board designated vehicle and to access building entrances.<ref>[http://www.octranspo.com/acc_menue.htm Accessible Transit]</ref>

Para Transpo operations were contracted to [[FirstGroup plc|First Bus Canada]], previously operated by [[Laidlaw]]. On January 1, 2008, the [[City of Ottawa]] assumed complete control of this service.<ref>[http://www.octranspo.com/acc_menue.htm Accessible Transit]</ref>

The transit strike of 2008 did not interrupt Para Transpo service. However, Para Transpo service has encountered delays, facing the traffic increase due to the strike.

==Advertising==
Advertising on OC Transpo buses is contracted to [[Pattison Outdoor Advertising]]. Advertising on bus shelters is contracted to [[Clear Channel Outdoor]].

==Amalgamated Transit Union - Local 279==
The [[Amalgamated Transit Union]], [http://www.atu279.ca/ Local 279] is the OC Transpo employees' union consisting of over 1700 members consisting of bus operators as well as other staffing positions within the company, including mechanics located at various garage depots throughout the city.

==Gallery of bus models==
<gallery>
Image:Oc8105.jpg|GMDD T6H-5307N #8105 (1981)
Image:Oc9044-sm.jpg|New Flyer D40HF #9044 (1990)
Image:Oc6036.jpg|New Flyer D60LF #6036 (2001)
Image:Oc6136.jpg|New Flyer D60LF #6136 (2002)
Image:Image708.jpg|New Flyer D60LF #6354 (2008)
Image:Oc4254-2.jpg|New Flyer Invero #4254 (2004)
Image:Oc4285.jpg|New Flyer Invero #4285 (2005)
Image:Oc9736.jpg|NovaBus LFS #9736 (1997)
Image:Oc9257.jpg|Orion V #9257 (1992)
Image:Oc9819.jpg|Orion V #9819 (1998)
Image:Oc4067.jpg|Orion VI #4067 (1999)
Image:Oc5001.JPG|Orion VII NG HEV #5001 (2008)
Image:OC Transpo Orion VII NG HEV.jpg|Orion VII NG HEV #5012 (2009)
Image:OC Transpo Orion VII NG HEV 5007.jpg|Orion VII NG HEV #5007 (2009)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{wikinewshas|News related to this article|
[[Wikinews:OCTranspo's "new year" of efficiencies?|OC Transpo "new year" of efficiencies?]]
}}
{{commonscat|Public transportation in Ottawa}}
{{Wikibooks|How To Ride The Bus}}
* [[Ottawa Rapid Transit]]
* [[Société de transport de l'Outaouais]] (STO) in Gatineau, Quebec

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.octranspo.com/ OC Transpo Website]
* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0011943 OC Transpo Massacre]
* [http://www.busdrawings.com/Transit/ontario/ottawa/index.htm Drawings and photos of Ottawa Transit buses]
{{clr}}
{{Public transit systems in Canada}}

[[Category:OC Transpo| ]]
[[Category:Orphan initialisms]]

[[fr:OC Transpo]]

OC Transpo

2009-08-17T22:59:19Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Active fleet */ 5007 in pictures, and just saw 5015 running line 7.

{{Infobox Bus transit
| name = OC Transpo
| logo = OCTranspo red small.png
| logo_size = 250
| image = Octranspo articulated.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| company_slogan =
| parent =
| founded =
| headquarters = 1500 St. Laurent Blvd.
| locale = [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]
| service_area =
| service_type = [[bus service]], [[paratransit]], [[bus rapid transit]], [[light rail]]
| alliance =
| routes =
| destinations =
| stops =
| hubs =
| stations =
| lounge =
| fleet = 991 buses<ref>[http://octranspo.com/admin/Facts_Figures/Facts_active.htm OC Transpo, Active, Fleet]</ref>
| ridership =
| fuel_type = Biodiesel, Diesel, Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel
| operator = City of Ottawa<ref>[http://ottawa.ca/city_hall/charts/index_en.html City of Ottawa, Main Administrative Structure]</ref>
| ceo =
| website = [http://www.octranspo.com/ www.octranspo.com]
}}

'''OC Transpo''' is the urban transit service of the City of [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. OC Transpo routes also provides service to the downtown core of the nearby city of [[Gatineau]], [[Quebec]], especially during rush hour. OC Transpo currently has a fleet of 991 buses (as of [[December 31]] [[2006]]) that run on regular streets, of which roughly 713 are fully accessible.[http://octranspo.com/admin/Facts_Figures/Facts_active.htm]

== Features ==
The vast majority of regular routes are now served by low-floor buses. There is also a dedicated roadway [[bus rapid transit]] system known as the [[Ottawa Rapid Transit|Transitway]].

OC Transpo utilizes many [[articulated bus]]es to provide service. Some of the routes that run on the Transitway, including the city's most-used bus routes, are served almost exclusively by articulated buses (e.g. 95, 96,and 97).

[[Image:otrain.jpg|thumb|left|The O-Train at [[Carleton University]]]]
In 2001, a pilot diesel-powered [[light rail]] service project, known as the [[Ottawa O-Train|O-Train]], was introduced. The local government had announced expansion plans for the light rail to other parts of Ottawa, including a possible link to the [[Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport|Ottawa International Airport]]. Service to Gatineau would have also been possible, over the nearby [[Prince of Wales Bridge|Prince of Wales railway bridge]] over the [[Ottawa River]]. However, on December 14, 2006, City Council led by Mayor [[Larry O'Brien (Canadian politician)|Larry O'Brien]] had cancelled the north-south extension project. A new model of the project, to have a city-wide integrated light rail system, has been made and the revised project should be completed by 2007, with work beginning as early as 2008. This new project upgrades one single section of the bus-based Transitway, but
only does that after adding 65km of new busways. The final LRT system duplicates many of the existing busways, not replace them. It also includes the 2006 NS-LRT as a component. Details are at: http://www.moving-ottawa.ca/

For a number of years, OC Transpo has carried [[Bicycle carrier|bicycle rack]]s on some routes as a part of the "Rack&Roll" campaign. These racks carry up to two bicycles at the front of the bus, and fold up against the bus when not in use. Although it started only on three routes, this service has been expanded to include routes 1, 2, 4, 7, 12, 14, 85, [[OC Transpo Route 95|95]], [[OC Transpo Route 96|96]], [[OC Transpo Route 97|97]], [[OC Transpo Route 95#OC Transpo Route 101|101]], [[OC Transpo Route 95#OC Transpo Route 102|102]], 118 and 180, all articulated (long) buses and several new Invero low-floor buses (in addition, bike racks do randomly end up on other routes from time to time). Traditionally, the racks have been available only between April and October, and there has been much debate over continuing the program throughout the year. However, cyclists may use the racks at any time, on any bus that is equipped with a rack (including routes that don't normally offer them), provided there is room for the cyclist in the bus.

Although [[Ottawa population history|Ottawa's population]] has increased by 25% (from 678,000 to 850,000) in the last decade, service levels have increased 14% from 1996 to 2006 (50 million km to 57.1 million km per year<ref>{{cite web |url=http://octranspo.com/admin/Facts_Figures/Facts_service.htm|title=Service Facts}}</ref>), and ridership has gone up 15% from 80 million riders a year to 91.8 million. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://octranspo.com/about_index.asp?lang=E&page=DFACTS_STATS|title=Reports and Statistics}}</ref>

There are three bus depots located throughout the city. The largest and headquarters is located at 1500 St-Laurent boulevard, with two other smaller but frequently used depots being located on Colonnade Road (Merivale Garage) and the other on Queensview Drive (Pinecrest Garage). The Queensview and Colonnade garages are usually for employees working during the rush hour and generally not used during weekends. For the latter two stations, it consists mostly of older buses although some articulated buses (in the 60xx's) can be found at Colonnade and other low-floor buses at both Colonnade (Inveros in the 42xx's) and Queensview (Orion VI).

==History== 

===1973: Formation===
Transit in Ottawa was provided by the [[Ottawa Transportation Commission]] until 1973, when transit service in the city and its suburbs was transferred to the auspices of the [[Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton]]. Its formal name was the '''Ottawa-Carleton Regional Transit Commission''', but the service would be promoted in both English and French under the '''OC Transpo''' name, whose OC initials are derived from '''O'''ttawa-'''C'''arleton.

===1979: Strike===
The 20-day 1979 strike was fought over a wage difference of a nickel and became known as "the five-cent bus strike." A pay increase of 16.5% was rejected by the union.
<ref name=NP09Dec2008>{{cite news | url=http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=1052073 | publisher=[[National Post]] | title=
Ottawa transit talks break off, strike looms | date=2008-12-09 | accessdate=2009-01-21 }}</ref>

===1980s: Transitway===
{{main|Ottawa Rapid Transit}}
In the early 1980s, OC Transpo began planning for a [[bus rapid transit]] system, the Transitway. Construction of its various stations and segments followed over many years. The first segments were from [[Baseline Station (OC Transpo)|Baseline]] to [[Lincoln Fields Station (OC Transpo)|Lincoln Fields]] in the west end and from [[Lees Station (OC Transpo)|Lees]] to [[Hurdman Station (OC Transpo)|Hurdman]] in the east end.

===1996: Strike===
The second strike for OC Transpo ran from November 25, 1996 to December 16. The strike ended under arbitration. <ref name=NP09Dec2008></ref>

===April 6 1999: Deadly rampage===
Pierre Lebrun, a former OC Transpo employee and hunting enthusiast pulled into the transit garage located at 1500 St. Laurent Boulevard and went on a shooting rampage. Word of this act had spread out to all employees and as such many of them lay huddled in terror while the event unfolded.

A sense of disbelief swept over OC Transpo employees and Ottawa-area residents alike. Transit users filed onto buses the following week and offered drivers their condolences. Others left flowers outside OC Transpo's headquarters. Police sifted through information to figure out what prompted Lebrun, a tall, lanky 40-year-old bachelor with a stutter, to show up at his former workplace with a Remington 760 .30-06 rifle - a slightly modified version of the weapon that [[James Earl Ray]] used to kill civil rights crusader [[Martin Luther King]] in 1968 - and his pockets stuffed with ammunition. "It's Judgment Day!" he shouted when he arrived. "You think it's bad now - just wait." Lebrun's mother offered one disturbing explanation: taunts by co-workers prompted, among other things, by her son's stutter, drove him to seek revenge.

Lebrun's victims, all long-serving OC Transpo employees, were shipper Brian Guay, 56; stores clerk Clare Davidson, 52; and mechanics Harry Schoenmakers, 44, and David Lemay, 45. Another employee who was shot in the side was released from the hospital the following Wednesday. But why those well-liked employees were singled out remains a mystery. "These guys were the salt of the earth," said Ozzie Morin, a veteran employee on disability leave. "Nobody hated those guys. That's why I can't understand why this happened." In his suicide note, discovered by his parents in their home in Orléans, an eastern suburb of Ottawa, just as police called to tell them of the tragedy, Lebrun mentioned four co-workers he had problems with and three that he liked. But none of his victims' names were on the list. And as he strode through the building during his rampage, Lebrun, who quit his job as an audit clerk in January after 13 years with the company, encountered more than a dozen people - but opted to shoot only some. "It's very curious as to why he selected certain individuals to kill and permitted certain people to live," said Ottawa-Carleton regional police Inspector Ian Davidson. "He could easily have killed many more people."

===History from 2001 to October, 2008===
====Transition to new city government====
The province of Ontario ordered the amalgamation of the [[Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton]] and its component municipalities into a single City of Ottawa municipality. When the new local governance took effect in 2001, OC Transpo became a department of the new city.

Following amalgamation, a [[bilingual]] [[Backronym#Replacement|replacement backronym]] for "OC" was sought, but no suitable candidates have been found. The now-ambiguous acronym has been kept, instead of the costly task of replacing the decals on all buses, bus stops, bus stations, and promotional material.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

====December 12, 2005: Southwest Transitway extension====
A new section of the southwest Transitway opened on [[December 12]], [[2005]], between the [[Nepean Sportsplex]] and Fallowfield Station. The new section runs parallel to [[Woodroffe Avenue (Ottawa)|Woodroffe Avenue]] and was built at a cost of $10 million. The new section has no stations and has replaced service along [[Woodroffe Avenue (Ottawa)|Woodroffe Avenue]] between the Nepean Sportsplex and [[Fallowfield Station]]. There are further plans to extend the Transitway south into the heart of the ever-growing community of [[Barrhaven]] where a new station called [[Strandherd Station (OC Transpo)|Strandherd]] opened on [[January 2]], [[2007]]. There are also long range plans for other extensions in the [[Orléans, Ontario|Orleans]] and [[Kanata]] areas to keep up with more growing communities there too.

====Winter Snow Snarls====
A snowstorm on [[December 16]], [[2005]], caused 107 OC Transpo buses to become stuck or slide off roads. Most of the problems occurred with OC Transpo's low-floor "pusher style" articulated New Flyer buses, which feature rear (trailer) drive wheels, meaning the front section of the bus is unpowered. At one intersection in Gatineau, six articulated buses either jackknifed or became stuck in the snow. The problems resulting from the 22-cm (9-inch) snowfall drew criticism across the city, as the buses snarled the commute for transit users and drivers alike. According to a city report, it was a "100-year storm" with 30 cm (12 inches) of snow. Official Environment Canada records show roughly 22 cm. However, it is possible that locally much higher amounts were reported, especially in the downtown area, closer to 30 cm or more.

The articulated buses were already starting to get stuck at around 6:00 a.m. when only 10 cm (4 inches) of snow had fallen. By 6:45 am, the eastbound Transitway was completely blocked at the western end of downtown ([[Bronson Avenue (Ottawa)|Bronson Avenue]] and [[Slater Street]] by an articulated bus when approximately 13 cm (5 inches) of snow had fallen. Additional eastbound articulated buses failed to navigate the snow while coming from [[Lebreton Flats]] up [[Slater Street]] into downtown, which forced the morning rush hour passengers to abandon their buses and walk down Slater to their destinations.

Approximately two years after the first snow snarl incident, several major snowstorms hit the National Capital Region, forcing OC Transpo to work with poor road conditions on several occasions. These snow snarls has brought criticism of OC Transpo and its fleet, and questions about whether or not the fleet that OC Transpo operates is adequate for Canadian climate. During weekend snowstorms, it parked most of its articulated buses and ran several older buses.

====December 14, 2006: Light Rail Expansion cancellation====
During the [[Ottawa municipal election, 2006|2006 municipal election campaign]], [[Larry O'Brien (Canadian politician)|Larry O'Brien]] (who would be elected as mayor) was sceptical of the project's benefits, and promised to cancel the project if elected, assuming the City's legal position did not preclude this{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. After multiple votes deciding the fate of the city's [[Ottawa O-Train#Beyond the pilot: Extension and electrification|north-south light rail expansion project]], post-election City Council decided to annul the project by a margin of 13-11 on December 14, 2006.

====April 2, 2007: 39 Special Constables sworn in====

On [[April 2]], [[2007]] 39 OC Transpo security officers were sworn in as Special Constables at Orléans Theatre, which qualifies them as official police officers (Peace Officers). These members took an intensive six-week training course developed by [[Algonquin College]]. The uniforms worn by Transit Special Constables consist of dark blue pants with a blue stripe, a light blue shirt and a blue peak cap with a blue band. The shirts have shoulder crests with the Ottawa Police emblem and the words Special Constable. They are armed with handcuffs, batons and pepper spray, although they do not carry handguns or any type of firearm.

====October 29, 2008: 25th Anniversary celebration====
To celebrate 25 years of service OC Transpo held a number of events including: special guests, a decorated D60LF anniversary bus, tree planting, music, refreshments, giveaways, 25¢ fare on all routes, a countdown to the 1.5 billionth rider, and a transitway memories contest.<ref>[http://www.octranspo.com/Whats_New/Transitway_25_menuE.htm Transitway Contest]</ref>

===December 2008-January 2009: ATU 279 strike===
OC Transpo drivers, dispatchers, and maintenance workers under [[Amalgamated Transit Union]] local 279 went on [[Strike action|strike]] December 10, 2008 at 12:01am.<ref name=CBC10Dec2008>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/12/09/transit-strike.html | publisher=[[CBC News]] | title=Push to call transit 'essential' fails; Ottawa bus strike continues | date=2008-12-10 | accessdate=2008-12-21 }}</ref> The main causes of the strike were disagreements between the City of Ottawa and the union regarding scheduling, payroll and seniority. [[Rona Ambrose]], the [[Minister of Labour (Canada) | Federal Minister of Labour]] ordered a union membership vote on January 8, 2009 on the city's contract proposal<ref name=OC05Jan2009>{{cite news | url=http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/story.html?id=13bfabce-c3c9-481e-ae03-ece4ce2bd245 | publisher=[[Ottawa Citizen]] | title=Don't 'bow down,' striking transit workers told | date=2009-01-05 | accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref> in response to a request from [[mayor]] [[Larry O'Brien (Canadian politician) | Larry O'Brien]].<ref name=NP01Jan2009>{{cite news | url=http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1132084 | publisher=[[National Post]] | title=Ambrose orders Ottawa transit union to vote on strike resolution | date=2009-01-01 | accessdate=2009-01-04}}</ref> Both the city and the union published their positions on respective websites.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.octranspo.com/mapscheds/Contingency/FAQ_ATU_Offer.htm | title = Frequently Asked Questions: City’s Final Offer of Settlement to ATU | accessdate = 2009-01-30 | publisher = OC Transpo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ottawatransitstrike.com/ | title = Ottawa Transit Strike - Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 279 | publisher = [[Amalgamated Transit Union]] Local 279 | accessdate = 2008-01-29 }}</ref>Vote results released on January 9, 2009 revealed that of those eligible to vote, 64% rejected the offer.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2009/01/07/ot-090107-transit-vote.html | title = Ottawa transit strike still on as union members reject contract offer | work = [[CBC News]] | date = 2009-01-09 | accessdate = 2009-01-30 }}</ref>

Meetings were held with a mediator throughout the month, but talks were repeatedly broken off. The ATU had requested to send all issues not related to scheduling to arbitration, which the city refused as they requested all issues to be sent to an arbitrator. As the strike entered the 50th day, Ambrose, who had initially refused to table back-to-work legislation, announced that such legislation would be introduced. However, on January 29, the city and the ATU reached a deal that sent every issue to binding arbitration, thus ending the 51-day long strike.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2009/01/29/ot-090129-strike-ends.html | title = City, union reach deal to end Ottawa transit strike | accessdate = 2009-01-30 | date = 2009-01-29 | work = [[CBC News]]}}</ref> On February 2, 2009 the O-Train started service after being out of service due to the strike. Buses followed the following Monday February 9, 2009. Not all buses returned at once and OC Transpo said that all buses and routes were due to return by April 6, 2009.

== OC Transpo routes ==
{{main|OC Transpo routes}}
OC Transpo has approximately 250 bus routes that are grouped both by their number and the colour with which they are represented on system maps and on bus stop signs.

'''Colours'''

'''Black:''' These routes generally operate 7 days/week from about 6:00a.m.-midnight Monday-Saturday, and from about 7:00a.m.-11:00p.m. on Sundays & most holidays. There are some exceptions however. If a route, or a section of a route, doesn't operate during certain time periods, it will be in stripes on the bus stop flag, and grey on here. If you see a route in orange on here, it means that it only operates during certain times, such as evenings or weekends only. 
Some routes provide early morning service as early as 4:00a.m. on weekdays, and 5:00a.m. on Saturdays. 
Ottawa's three major Transitway routes (95, 96, and 97) also provide early morning service on Sundays. 
The cash fare on regular routes is $3.00.

'''Red:''' These routes generally operate 5 days/week from 6:00a.m.-9:00a.m., and from about 3:00p.m.-6:00p.m. 
The cash fare on the red routes is $3.00.

'''Green:''' These routes generally operate 5 days/week from 6:00a.m.-9:00a.m., and from about 3:00p.m.-6:00p.m. All green routes travel towards downtown in the morning, and away from downtown in the afternoon. 
Most green routes travel to suburban areas, however, some of them also travel to rural areas - these are noted on bus stop signs with an R after the bus route number. 
The cash fare on the green routes is $4.00 for routes that travel to suburban areas, and $5.00 for routes that travel to rural areas.

'''Blue:''' These routes generally operate 5 days/week from about 4:00a.m.-6:00a.m. in one direction only. Routes 824, 825, and 830 also provide Saturday service from about 5:00a.m.-7:00a.m. 
The cash fare on these routes is $3.00.

'''Numbers'''

OC Transpo classes its routes according to the following numerical groups:

'''1-19''': These are mainline or local routes that operate to, from or through downtown along major roads or in urban communities.

'''20-79''': These are rush hour express routes from downtown to suburban areas. The 20s and 30s serve the east end, including Orleans; the 40s serve the south end; the 50s serve the west end; the 60s primarily serve Kanata and the 70s primarily serve Barrhaven.

'''80-89''': Similar to routes 1-19, these are mainline routes that operate through downtown along major roads, spending more time on the Transitway. (82 and 88 are peak-period routes)

'''90-99''': These are rapid transit routes that go downtown, spending most of the time on the Transitway. Routes 94, 95, 96, 97, and 98 are the core of the entire system.

'''100-109:''' For the most part, these routes are peak-only routes (except 101, 105 and 106) that provide service between a Transitway station and major employment areas.
In the future, OC Transpo will be expanding their rapid transit service to have buses numbered from 100-109, which would bypass downtown.
Routes 101, 102, and 106 are the first three routes to provide this service.

'''110-119:''' These are regular routes that travel cross-town (generally across the [[Rideau River]]), but bypass downtown. (Note:Route 115 is an exception as it serves a residential area south of Billings Bridge, replacing parts of Route 5)

'''120-199:''' These are mostly local routes that usually connect residential areas or business areas to Transitway stations. (A few, such as Routes 176 and 182, are cross-town routes.)
Some regular local routes continue to/from downtown during peak periods as an alternative to express service. This number range also includes a number of 'reverse commuter' routes that run in rush hour to connect major suburban employment areas to the Transitway.

'''200-299:''' Rural express routes serving areas beyond the 'Urban Transit Area'.

'''306 and 316:''' Special community routes (only two currently exist).

'''401-406:''' Special service to [[Scotiabank Place]] for [[Ottawa Senators]] games, and a multitude of other events.

'''500-599:''' Rural service operated by partner bus lines.

'''600-699:''' Special school routes. These routes are usually not shown on the bus stop flag except at Transitway stations, mall terminals (example: Hazeldean Mall), and on streets where there is no other bus service available.

'''740:''' O-Train replacement bus service if only one or no trains are available.

'''800-899:''' Early morning service. These routes are not shown on the bus stop flag, but rather by a sun indicating the presence of early morning service at the stop.

'''900-999:''' Employee shuttles for OC Transpo employees only at times and places with no service (mostly overnight).

==Active fleet==
* '''Source''':[http://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/octranspo.html]
Only models with at least some buses currently in service are listed, and the number in fleet is based on the number originally ordered. All GMDD models of 1982 or before (also known by many as [[GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|fishbowls]] or [[GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|New Looks]]) were retired by the beginning of April. In 2006 and 2007, OC Transpo evaluated a double-decker bus on the Transitway and express routes. This bus, an [[Alexander Dennis Enviro500]] built by British firm [[Alexander Dennis]] can carry nearly 100 passengers. The initial service demonstration ran from June 28 to July 12, 2006, with a further demonstration under winter conditions in February 2007. The City of Ottawa has purchased three of the Enviro buses and they were delivered in November 2008. OC Transpo decals were added to the buses in December, but the strike delayed the introduction of these buses. The buses began revenue service in February.

The OC Transpo fleet numbering scheme changed in 1999. Prior to 1999, the two last digits of the year of purchase were the first two digits of the fleet number. The scheme was changed because OC Transpo ordered 140 Orion 06.501, and also because buses purchased in 2000 would have been in the 0000 series, which was not favoured by their computer system. The new numbering scheme starts with 2, 3, 4, or 6 (for the length of the bus), or 1 for the Enviro500 double-deckers and 5 for the Orion VII NG HEV, followed by a three-digit consecutive fleet number.

{| align="center" border="0" width="90%"
|-----
| '''Model''' || '''Year''' || '''Bus Numbers'''
| '''No. In Fleet*''' || '''Notes'''
|-----
| [[Alexander Dennis]] [[Enviro500]] || 2008 || 1201-1203 || 3 || [[Double-decker bus]]es newly deployed on route 94. Entered service as of March 2009.
|-----
| [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[Ford E-Series|E450]]
| 2005 || 2601 || 1
| This Minibus was bought as a pilot project. OC Transpo was planning to buy many more to go to Vars and Navan. It is now used on low-ridership routes, most notably route 123
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|Orion]] 06.501 {{access icon|15px}}
| 1999-2000 || 4001-4140 || 140
| 4140 4139 and 4010 Received bike racks for one season only. Used mostly in low-ridership routes
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2003 || 4201-4202 || 2
| First Inveros bought. 4201 was sent ahead as a demo.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2004 || 4203-4273 || 71
| On September 20th 2005, the 4200 and 4300 Series buses had been governed to 50 km/h because of steering problems caused during high speeds.<ref name="titcomb">Titcomb, Bert. _"[http://www.transport2000.ca/Hotlines/hl050923.htm Transport 2000 Canada Hot Line : 2 - Ottawa bus confusion]"_. 23 September 2005. Transport 2000 Canada. Accessed May 15 2008.</ref> According to Transport 2000 "several bus drivers reported that the front end of the bus vibrates when driven at more than 60 km/h."<ref name="titcomb"/> An ''Operations and Safety'' Memorandum claims that on Friday, 21 October 2005, steering dampers where to be installed on one hundred and nine Invero buses and that the governors where to be raised to 100 km/h on buses 4201 to 4227 (except 4205), resolving the problems.<ref>Zinck, Peter. _"Invero Steering Problems Resolved"_ Memorandum, Bulletin No: 305/05, 19 October 2005, City of Ottawa - Operations and Safety, Accessed 15 May 2008.</ref>
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2005-2006 || 4274-4439 || 166
| 4299-4355 have bike racks from April to October. All Invero buses have Thermo King A/C. 4299 was crashed into a median going to the stop at Queensway station. Temporarally out of service.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2007 || 4440-4526 || 87
| 4444 was used for Ottawa's Santa Claus Parade in November. All entered service as of October 2007.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|Orion]] VII NG HEV {{access icon|15px}}
| 2009 || 5001-5202 || 202*
| Hybrid Electric Vehicle; 5001, 5002, 5003, 5007, 5012, and 5015 are currently in service. 5004-5097 are set to arrive later this summer and in the early fall. The other 95 are set to arrive next year.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D60LF {{access icon|15px}}
| 2001-2002 || 6001-6178 || 177
| Articulated, 6101 skipped (historic bus). They have Thermo King A/C on the roof. The D60LF buses have had a number of problems with overheated brakes and engines, resulting in fires on buses 6017, 6117 and 6159. All articulated buses are equipped with bike racks from April to October. 6118 was involved in an electrical fire, which consumed part of the rear and burned the full inside of the bus, inside the St Laurent North garage. No word yet on the fate of the bus.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D60LF {{access icon|15px}}
| 2003-2004 || 6301-6350 || 50
| Articulated, ultra-low [[sulphur]] [[diesel]]. Some suffered over-heating problems during the summer of 2006.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D60LF {{access icon|15px}}
| 2008 || 6351-6398 || 48*
| As of October 16, 6351-6398 have entered service. 6394 has a special wrapping for the Transitway anniversary. There was a recall on these buses because of overheating brakes so New Flyer Industries sent the required parts to fix this problem. The Axion destination signs look the same but when there is something written, it is pushed to one side. 6387 was in a collision with a 5 ton truck downtown this week. Either March 2 or 3, 2009.
|----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TC40-102N
| 1987 || 8769-8799 || 35*
| Only 8792 remains in active service. 8785 was sold to the [[Société de Transport de l'Outaouais (STO)|Société de transport de l'Outaouais (STO)]]
|-----
| [[Motor Coach Industries|MCI]] TC40-102N
| 1988-1989 || 8901-8960 || 60*
| Gradually being retired. These buses still contain roll signs. Many of these buses have lots of rust near the window frames, the headlights and the ad signs on the side of the buses - especially buses painted in the original scheme. Several of these buses have been repainted in the maple leaf scheme and that show little signs of rust.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40HF
| 1989-1990 || 9001-9055 || 55*
| Gradually being retired. 9054 was completely rebuilt after major accident. 9026-9050 has roll signs and 9001-9025 have green luminator on its signs
|-----
| [[Motor Coach Industries|MCI]] TC40-102A
| 1991 || 9101-9125 || 25
| 9110-9119 were former sightseeing buses. All of these buses still have roll signs
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40HF
| 1992 || 9201-9227 || 27*
| Gradually being retired. 9211-9227 have green luminators and 9201-9210 have Balios signs. They also have Sutrak A/C units but these were disconnected in the mid 1990s. 9203 was retired September 30, 2008. Its last run was E-125.
|-----
| [[NovaBus]] TC40-102A || 1993 || 9301-9330
| 30*
| 9302 retired due to collision with a fuel tanker truck<ref>http://ottawabuspage.fotopic.net/p31199049.html</ref>. 9307, 9309, 9311, 9314, 9315 and 9316 were leased to [[Société de transport de Laval]] but most have returned after the opening of the [[Montreal Metro]]'s [[Line 2 Orange (Montreal Metro)|Orange Line]] extension to [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]]. Theses buses have inoperative Sutrak A/C units on the roof.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] Orion 05.501
| 1998 || 9701-9720 || 20
| First new buses purchased since 1993
|-----
| [[NovaBus]] LFS {{access icon|15px}}
| 1997 || 9721-9740 || 20
| First low-floor buses, but the only LF order from NovaBus. Equipped with A/C - now inoperative.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] Orion 05.501
| 1998-1999 || 9801-9885 || 85
| Last fleet order of high-floor buses. (The Province of Ontario has declared that all urban transit buses should be wheelchair-accessible by 2012, curtailing purchases of high-floored buses.)
|-----
| [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] [[Talent (train)|Talent]] BR643 {{access icon|15px}}
| 2000 || C1-C3 || 3 || O-Train vehicle
|}

{{access icon|15px}} denotes wheelchair accessibility

==Retired fleet==

* This is a list of retired GM and Orion Bus Industries bus fleets. <ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/octranspo.html OC TRANSPO (1AU72-present) Fleet]</ref>

{| class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; font-size: 100%; background: #ffffff;"
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | ''GM Buses''
|-
| style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white;" style="text-align: left;" |

===GM Buses===

{| align="center" border="0" width="90%"
|-----
| '''Model''' || '''Year''' || '''Bus Numbers'''
| '''No. In Fleet*''' || '''Notes'''
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5301
| 1961 || 6101-6112 || 12
| 6101 was preserved to its historical fleet
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5301
| 1962 || 6221-6230 || 10 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1963 || 6331-6340 || 10 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1964 || 6441-6452 || 12 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1965 || 6561-6573 || 13 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1966 || 6674-6697 || 24 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1967 || 6701-6726 || 26 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1968 || 6831-6850 || 20 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1969 || 6961-6990 || 30 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1970 || 7001-7020 || 20 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1971 || 7121-7140 || 20 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1972-1973 || 7241-7290 || 50
|
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1972-1973 || 7301-7320 & 7331-7357
| 47 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1974 || 7401-7460 || 60 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1975 || 5701-5769 || 69
| The first two numbers were switched from the year the buses were built, due to heavy demand for buses for that year.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1975 || 7501-7545 & 7551-7570 || 65 || Retired by 2003
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1976 || 7601-7653 || 53 || Retired in 2003-2004
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1977 || 7701-7765 || 65 || Retired in 2004-2005. 7742 and 7757 were sold to the STO and remain in active service with the same fleet numbers.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1978 || 7801-7858 || 58 || Fully retired in 2006
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1979 || 7901-7930 || 30 || 7926 returned to service in September after being temporarily retired in mid-August, finally being put to rest in late-March 2007. Last series equipped with a single rear exit door.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1980 || 8001-8012 || 12
| Fully retired in April 2007
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1981 || 8101-8122 || 22 || Fully retired in April 2007
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TA60-102N
| 1982 || 8201-8221 || 21
| First articulated buses purchased, some of them from the [[Hamilton Street Railway]]. Sold off in the late 1980s. One briefly returned to service in 1999 until 2002, renumbered 8222.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1982 || 8231-8240 || 10 || 8238 was the last New Look in service - Retired April 17, 2007.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TC40-102N
| 1984 || 8401-8425 || 25 || Retired in 2004-2005. 8413 was sold to the STO.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TC40-102N
| 1985 || 8541-8555 || 15
| Fully retired in April 2007. 8545 was sold to the [[Société de Transport de l'Outaouais (STO)|Société de transport de l'Outaouais (STO)]]
|-----
| [[General Motors Corporation|GMC]] T6H-4523A
| 1973 || 1751-1755 || 5 || Purchased from [[Big Blue Bus|Santa Monica Transit]] in 1995 and quickly sold.
|-----
| [[General Motors Corporation|GMC]] T8H-5307A
| 1973 || 1756-1770 || 15
| Purchased from Santa Monica Transit in 1995. Only 12 actually entered service. Retired in 2003.
|}
|}

{| class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; font-size: 100%; background: #ffffff;"
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | ''Orion Bus Industries''
|-
| style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white;" style="text-align: left;" |

===Orion Bus Industries===

{| align="center" border="0" width="90%"
|-----
| '''Model''' || '''Year''' || '''Bus Numbers'''
| '''No. In Fleet*''' || '''Notes'''
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 01.501 || 1978
| 8801-8832 || 32 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 01.501 || 1982
| 8231-8266 || 36 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 01.501 || 1983
| 8371-8392 || 22 ||
| 8390 is preserved in the historical fleet.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1985-1986
| 8501-8533 || 33
| First Orion-Ikarus articulated buses (a rebadged Crown Ikarus 286). 8501 is preserved to its historical fleet and parts of 8529 are used to refurbish 8501.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1987
| 8601-8655 || 55
| Some buses were equipped with newer powertrains prior to retirement in 2003-2004
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1987
| 8719-8764 || 46 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1988
| 8842-8870 || 29 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1988-1989
| 8875-8899 || 25
| Purchased from the [[Toronto Transit Commission]] in 1997-1998.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 05.501
| 1990-1991 || 9126-9150 || 25
| Fully retired by May 2007 due to premature corrosion.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 05.501
| 1992 || 9231-9258 || 28
| Fully retired by July 2007 due to premature corrosion.
|}
|}

==Fares==
All fares are effective as of [[July 1]], [[2009]].

OC Transpo has 3 levels of fares for its buses:
* Regular fare ($3.00, or 2 tickets)
* Express fare ($4.00, or 3 tickets)
* Rural fare ($5.00, or 4 tickets)

Children 6 to 11 can ride for $1.50, or 1 ticket, and children age 5 and younger ride free.

Tickets must be pre-purchased, and are available at outlets throughout Ottawa. You can buy bus tickets at various retail outlets around Ottawa and at certain bus stations. They include Baseline Station, Lincoln Fields, St. Laurent and Mackenzie King(Inside Rideau Centre). Tickets are $1.15 each, but must be purchased in multiples of two.

The former pilot project, which provided free conventional service for anyone with a [[wheelchair]], [[mobility scooter]], or [[walker (tool)|walker]], was terminated [[March 1]] [[2006]]. It has been replaced with a new one-year pilot project known as the 'Community Pass', which is only available to recipients of the [[Ontario Disability Support Program]] (ODSP) at a cost of $30.40 per month.

O-Train tickets are $2.50 each, and are valid for 120 minutes after purchase. These tickets can be exchanged for 90-minute transfers when boarding regular-fare buses. These tickets are sold at O-Train stations for convenience. Monthly passes, day passes and valid transfers are also permitted as fares for the O-Train, but cash and tickets are not.

Day passes are $7.00 and can only be purchased on the bus.

Passes are as follows:
* Regular Adult Annual: $895.00
* Express Adult Annual: $1,119.80
* Regular Adult Monthly: $84.75
* Express Adult Monthly: $106.00
* Adult Rural Monthly: $131.75
* Regular Student Monthly: $65.65
* Express Student Monthly: $76.50
* Rural Student Monthly: $103.00
* Regular Student Semester (post-secondary students only): $242.25
* Express Student Semester (post-secondary students only): $283.50
* Regular Student Annual: $626.40
* Express Student Annual: $734.40
* Senior 65+ Monthly: $30.40
* Senior 65+ Annual: $381.00
* Community Pass (for recipients of Ontario Disability Support Program): $30.40
* Annual Pass Protection Plan (to protect Annual passes from loss or theft): $23.00

To use any of the above passes, the passenger must also have a valid OC Transpo photo ID, which is available for $8.25 for adults and seniors(65+), and $5.75 for students.

Ecopasses are reduced-rate monthly passes that are available through participating employers in the city, which provide OC Transpo riders with single-card indefinite passes in exchange for a flat bi-weekly, semi-monthly or monthly payroll deduction.

Transfers are given to passengers upon boarding and are valid for minimum 90 minutes in any direction, with stopovers allowed.

As of the [[December 1]], [[2005]] fare increase, OC Transpo had the highest basic cash bus fares of any major transit service in Canada. This fare was matched by [[Société de transport de l'Outaouais|STO]], the transit operator across the [[Ottawa River]] in [[Gatineau]], [[Quebec]] on [[January 1]], [[2006]]. [[York Region Transit]] currently has the highest cash fares in Canada, at $3.25.

On July 2008, fares were be increased by 7.5% because of a shortage in funding for the [[City of Ottawa]]. This fare hike is supposed to be in effect until 2010 including a 6.5% hike in 2009. This meant Ottawa residents saw regular adult passes rise from $73 a month to $81 and adult express passes from $90 to $101 a month. However, cash fares remained the same.<ref>[http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=1977e375-2fa4-47e1-a04c-d4e8c683c177&k=21176 Council OKs average 7.5% bus fare hike]</ref>

==Para Transpo==
'''Para Transpo''' is an accessible [[paratransit]] service available to Ottawa patrons who find it extremely difficult or impossible to use the conventional OC Transpo routes. Service is provided directly to the residences of eligible users who book trip appointments with a call centre at least one day in advance. Para Transpo drivers will provide some assistance to passengers to board designated vehicle and to access building entrances.<ref>[http://www.octranspo.com/acc_menue.htm Accessible Transit]</ref>

Para Transpo operations were contracted to [[FirstGroup plc|First Bus Canada]], previously operated by [[Laidlaw]]. On January 1, 2008, the [[City of Ottawa]] assumed complete control of this service.<ref>[http://www.octranspo.com/acc_menue.htm Accessible Transit]</ref>

The transit strike of 2008 did not interrupt Para Transpo service. However, Para Transpo service has encountered delays, facing the traffic increase due to the strike.

==Advertising==
Advertising on OC Transpo buses is contracted to [[Pattison Outdoor Advertising]]. Advertising on bus shelters is contracted to [[Clear Channel Outdoor]].

==Amalgamated Transit Union - Local 279==
The [[Amalgamated Transit Union]], [http://www.atu279.ca/ Local 279] is the OC Transpo employees' union consisting of over 1700 members consisting of bus operators as well as other staffing positions within the company, including mechanics located at various garage depots throughout the city.

==Gallery of bus models==
<gallery>
Image:Oc8105.jpg|GMDD T6H-5307N #8105 (1981)
Image:Oc9044-sm.jpg|New Flyer D40HF #9044 (1990)
Image:Oc6036.jpg|New Flyer D60LF #6036 (2001)
Image:Oc6136.jpg|New Flyer D60LF #6136 (2002)
Image:Image708.jpg|New Flyer D60LF #6354 (2008)
Image:Oc4254-2.jpg|New Flyer Invero #4254 (2004)
Image:Oc4285.jpg|New Flyer Invero #4285 (2005)
Image:Oc9736.jpg|NovaBus LFS #9736 (1997)
Image:Oc9257.jpg|Orion V #9257 (1992)
Image:Oc9819.jpg|Orion V #9819 (1998)
Image:Oc4067.jpg|Orion VI #4067 (1999)
Image:Oc5001.JPG|Orion VII NG HEV #5001 (2008)
Image:OC Transpo Orion VII NG HEV.jpg|Orion VII NG HEV #5012 (2009)
Image:OC Transpo Orion VII NG HEV 5007.jpg|Orion VII NG HEV #5007 (2009)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{wikinewshas|News related to this article|
[[Wikinews:OCTranspo's "new year" of efficiencies?|OC Transpo "new year" of efficiencies?]]
}}
{{commonscat|Public transportation in Ottawa}}
{{Wikibooks|How To Ride The Bus}}
* [[Ottawa Rapid Transit]]
* [[Société de transport de l'Outaouais]] (STO) in Gatineau, Quebec

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.octranspo.com/ OC Transpo Website]
* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0011943 OC Transpo Massacre]
* [http://www.busdrawings.com/Transit/ontario/ottawa/index.htm Drawings and photos of Ottawa Transit buses]
{{clr}}
{{Public transit systems in Canada}}

[[Category:OC Transpo| ]]
[[Category:Orphan initialisms]]

[[fr:OC Transpo]]

The Andromeda Strain (film)

2009-08-14T19:23:15Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Awards */ Fixed link to The French Connection.

{{otheruses4|the 1971 film|the book|The Andromeda Strain|the 2008 miniseries|The Andromeda Strain (2008 miniseries)}}
{{Infobox Film
| name = The Andromeda Strain
| image = AStrainposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Robert Wise]]
| producer = [[Robert Wise]]
| writer = '''Novel:''' [[Michael Crichton]] '''Screenplay:''' [[Nelson Gidding]]
| starring = [[Arthur Hill (actor)|Arthur Hill]] [[James Olson (actor)|James Olson]] [[Kate Reid]] [[David Wayne]] [[Paula Kelly (actress/dancer)|Paula Kelly]] [[George Mitchell (actor)|George Mitchell]]
| music = [[Gil Melle]]
| cinematography = [[Richard H. Kline]]
| editing = [[Stuart Gilmore]] [[John W. Holmes]]
| distributor = [[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]]
| released = March 12, 1971 (USA)
| runtime = 130 min.
| language = English
| rating = G
| budget =
| gross = Unknown
| amg_id = 1:2247
| imdb_id = 0066769
}}

'''''The Andromeda Strain''''' is a 1971 [[Science fiction|science-fiction]] film, based on the [[The Andromeda Strain|novel]] published in [[1969 in literature|1969]] by [[Michael Crichton]] about a team of [[scientist]]s who investigate a deadly organism of [[outer space|extraterrestrial]] origin that causes rapid, fatal [[blood]] [[blood clot|clotting]]. Directed by [[Robert Wise]], the film starred [[Arthur Hill (actor)|Arthur Hill]], [[James Olson (actor)|James Olson]], [[Kate Reid]], and [[David Wayne]]. The film follows the book closely. The [[special effects]] were designed by [[Douglas Trumbull]].

== Filming ==
[[Robert Wise]] used a single set to create Wildfire's [[color code|color-coded]] corridors, repainting it for scenes that take place on the different levels. Wise would use this trick again in ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]''. When filming the scene where Dr. Ruth Levitt has an [[seizure|epileptic seizure]] due to [[photosensitive epilepsy|watching a blinking red light]], care had to be taken when choosing the [[frequency]] of the blinking, so it was the ''least likely'' frequency to induce seizures among susceptible viewers in the theater audience.

==Cast==
The cast of characters in the novel was modified for the film, most notably by changing the male Dr. Peter Leavitt in the novel into a woman, Dr. Ruth Leavitt. Screenwriter [[Nelson Gidding]] suggested the change to Wise, who at first was not enthusiastic, as he initially pictured the sex-changed Dr. Leavitt as a largely [[damsel in distress|decorative]] character reminiscent of [[Raquel Welch]]'s character in the 1966 film ''[[Fantastic Voyage]]''. When Gidding explained his take on Leavitt, Wise resolved the question in an appropriately [[peer review|scientific]] way by asking the opinion of a number of scientists, who were unanimously enthusiastic about the idea. Eventually Wise came to be very happy with the decision to make Leavitt female, as Kate Reid's Dr. Leavitt turned out to be, in his words, "the most interesting character" in the film<ref>''The Making of The Andromeda Strain'', DVD documentary.</ref>. Another minor change was the character of Burton in the novel, who became Charles Dutton in the film; no reason was given for this name change.

A young [[Michael Crichton]] makes a [[cameo appearance]] in a non-speaking role during the scene where Dr. Hall is told to break [[Scrubs (clothing)|scrub]] because he has to report to Wildfire, the government's secret underground research facility.

* [[Arthur Hill (actor)|Arthur Hill]] – Dr. Jeremy Stone
* [[David Wayne]] – Dr. Charles Dutton
* [[James Olson (actor)|James Olson]] – Dr. Mark Hall
* [[Kate Reid]] – Dr. Ruth Leavitt
* [[Paula Kelly (actress/dancer)|Paula Kelly]] – Karen Anson (nurse, laboratory technician)
* [[George Mitchell (actor)|George Mitchell]] – Mr. Peter Jackson (Piedmont)
* [[Mark Jenkins (actor)|Mark Jenkins]] – Lt. Shawn (Piedmont Team)
* [[Peter Helm]] – Sgt. Crane (Piedmont Team)
* [[Joe Di Reda]] – Sgt. Burk (Wildfire Computer Technician)
* [[Ramon Bieri]] – Major Arthur Manchek (Scoop Mission Control)
* [[Carl Reindel]] – Lt. Comroe (Scoop Mission Control)
* [[Frances Reid]] – Clara Dutton
* [[Peter Hobbs (actor)|Peter Hobbs]] – General Sparks
* [[Kermit Murdock]] – Dr. Robertson (White House Science Advisor)
* [[Richard O'Brien (actor)|Richard O'Brien]] – Grimes
* [[Eric Christmas]] – Senator Phillips (Vermont)
* [[Ken Swofford]] – Toby (Technician)
* [[John Carter (actor)|John Carter]] – Capt. Morton (military police)
* [[Richard Bull]] – Air Force Major
* [[James W. Gavin]] – Dempsey (helicopter pilot) (uncredited)
* [[Garry Walberg]] – scientist (uncredited)
* [[Victoria Paige Meyerink]] - Additional Character

A recorded voice by an unknown person also wakes up the main cast before their mission.

==Critical Reception==
The opinion of critics is generally mixed, with some critics enjoying the film for its dedication to the original novel and with others disliking it for its drawn-out plot. Overall, the film has earned a 61% "fresh" rating from the film review site [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 23 reviews.<ref>[[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/andromeda_strain/ ''The Andromeda Strain'' at Rotten Tomatoes.] Accessed June 8, 2009.</ref>

==Awards==
The film was nominated for two [[Academy Award]]s:<ref name="NY Times">{{cite web |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/2247/The-Andromeda-Strain/awards |title=NY Times: The Andromeda Strain |accessdate=2008-12-28|work=NY Times}}</ref>
* [[Academy Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]] ([[Boris Leven]], [[William H. Tuntke]], [[Ruby R. Levitt]]); lost to ''[[Nicholas and Alexandra]]''
* [[Academy Award for Best Film Editing|Best Film Editing]] (Stuart Gilmore, John W. Holmes); lost to ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]''

==Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack, by [[Gil Mellé]], is a unique mélange of electronic and mechanical sounds punctuated by burst of static. A limited edition soundtrack of 10,000 records was released by [[Kapp Records]] in 1971 under the supervision of director [[Robert Wise]] (at a cost of $20,000).{{Fact|date=February 2009}} The records were [[hexagon]]al and came in hexagonal record sleeves. The album was re-released shortly afterward as a conventional 12" LP in a regular square sleeve.

== Other media ==
Footage and stills from the movie were used in the first serial episode — titled "Population: Zero," aired January 18, 1974 — of the television show ''[[Six Million Dollar Man]]'', an episode which deals with a town where all the citizens have succumbed to some external force.

== See also ==
* [[List of American films of 1971]]
* [[The Andromeda Strain (2008 miniseries)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{imdb title|id=0066769|title=The Andromeda Strain}}
*{{Amg movie|2247|The Andromeda Strain}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=24967|title=The Andromeda Strain}}
*''The Andromeda Strain'' (1971), DVD {{ASIN|B00008438U}}
*[http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s780strain.html DVD Savant - a long and detailed essay on the film] (includes a discussion of the apparent killing of the monkey)


{{Robert Wise}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andromeda Strain, The}}
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Disaster films]]
[[Category:Doomsday films]]
[[Category:1970s science fiction films]]
[[Category:1970s thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Michael Crichton's books]]
[[Category:Films based on science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Films based on thriller novels]]
[[Category:Procedural films]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Robert Wise]]

[[de:Andromeda – Tödlicher Staub aus dem All]]
[[fr:Le Mystère Andromède (film)]]
[[it:Andromeda (film)]]
[[nl:The Andromeda Strain]]
[[ja:アンドロメダ…]]
[[no:Andromeda-trusselen]]
[[pt:The Andromeda Strain]]
[[ru:Штамм «Андромеда» (фильм)]]
[[sv:Hotet (1971)]]
[[tr:Andromeda Esrarı]]

OC Transpo

2009-08-11T13:43:29Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Gallery of bus models */ Added picture of bus #5012 (Orion VII NG HEV) to the gallery.

{{Infobox Bus transit
| name = OC Transpo
| logo = OCTranspo red small.png
| logo_size = 250
| image = Octranspo articulated.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| company_slogan =
| parent =
| founded =
| headquarters = 1500 St. Laurent Blvd.
| locale = [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]
| service_area =
| service_type = [[bus service]], [[paratransit]], [[bus rapid transit]], [[light rail]]
| alliance =
| routes =
| destinations =
| stops =
| hubs =
| stations =
| lounge =
| fleet = 991 buses<ref>[http://octranspo.com/admin/Facts_Figures/Facts_active.htm OC Transpo, Active, Fleet]</ref>
| ridership =
| fuel_type = Biodiesel, Diesel, Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel
| operator = City of Ottawa<ref>[http://ottawa.ca/city_hall/charts/index_en.html City of Ottawa, Main Administrative Structure]</ref>
| ceo =
| website = [http://www.octranspo.com/ www.octranspo.com]
}}

'''OC Transpo''' is the urban transit service of the City of [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. OC Transpo routes also provides service to the downtown core of the nearby city of [[Gatineau]], [[Quebec]], especially during rush hour. OC Transpo currently has a fleet of 991 buses (as of [[December 31]] [[2006]]) that run on regular streets, of which roughly 713 are fully accessible.[http://octranspo.com/admin/Facts_Figures/Facts_active.htm]

== Features ==
The vast majority of regular routes are now served by low-floor buses. There is also a dedicated roadway [[bus rapid transit]] system known as the [[Ottawa Rapid Transit|Transitway]].

OC Transpo utilizes many [[articulated bus]]es to provide service. Some of the routes that run on the Transitway, including the city's most-used bus routes, are served almost exclusively by articulated buses (e.g. 95, 96,and 97).

[[Image:otrain.jpg|thumb|left|The O-Train at [[Carleton University]]]]
In 2001, a pilot diesel-powered [[light rail]] service project, known as the [[Ottawa O-Train|O-Train]], was introduced. The local government had announced expansion plans for the light rail to other parts of Ottawa, including a possible link to the [[Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport|Ottawa International Airport]]. Service to Gatineau would have also been possible, over the nearby [[Prince of Wales Bridge|Prince of Wales railway bridge]] over the [[Ottawa River]]. However, on December 14, 2006, City Council led by Mayor [[Larry O'Brien (Canadian politician)|Larry O'Brien]] had cancelled the north-south extension project. A new model of the project, to have a city-wide integrated light rail system, has been made and the revised project should be completed by 2007, with work beginning as early as 2008. This new project upgrades one single section of the bus-based Transitway, but
only does that after adding 65km of new busways. The final LRT system duplicates many of the existing busways, not replace them. It also includes the 2006 NS-LRT as a component. Details are at: http://www.moving-ottawa.ca/

For a number of years, OC Transpo has carried [[Bicycle carrier|bicycle rack]]s on some routes as a part of the "Rack&Roll" campaign. These racks carry up to two bicycles at the front of the bus, and fold up against the bus when not in use. Although it started only on three routes, this service has been expanded to include routes 1, 2, 4, 7, 12, 14, 85, [[OC Transpo Route 95|95]], [[OC Transpo Route 96|96]], [[OC Transpo Route 97|97]], [[OC Transpo Route 95#OC Transpo Route 101|101]], [[OC Transpo Route 95#OC Transpo Route 102|102]], 118 and 180, all articulated (long) buses and several new Invero low-floor buses (in addition, bike racks do randomly end up on other routes from time to time). Traditionally, the racks have been available only between April and October, and there has been much debate over continuing the program throughout the year. However, cyclists may use the racks at any time, on any bus that is equipped with a rack (including routes that don't normally offer them), provided there is room for the cyclist in the bus.

Although [[Ottawa population history|Ottawa's population]] has increased by 25% (from 678,000 to 850,000) in the last decade, service levels have increased 14% from 1996 to 2006 (50 million km to 57.1 million km per year<ref>{{cite web |url=http://octranspo.com/admin/Facts_Figures/Facts_service.htm|title=Service Facts}}</ref>), and ridership has gone up 15% from 80 million riders a year to 91.8 million. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://octranspo.com/about_index.asp?lang=E&page=DFACTS_STATS|title=Reports and Statistics}}</ref>

There are three bus depots located throughout the city. The largest and headquarters is located at 1500 St-Laurent boulevard, with two other smaller but frequently used depots being located on Colonnade Road (Merivale Garage) and the other on Queensview Drive (Pinecrest Garage). The Queensview and Colonnade garages are usually for employees working during the rush hour and generally not used during weekends. For the latter two stations, it consists mostly of older buses although some articulated buses (in the 60xx's) can be found at Colonnade and other low-floor buses at both Colonnade (Inveros in the 42xx's) and Queensview (Orion VI).

==History== 

===1973: Formation===
Transit in Ottawa was provided by the [[Ottawa Transportation Commission]] until 1973, when transit service in the city and its suburbs was transferred to the auspices of the [[Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton]]. Its formal name was the '''Ottawa-Carleton Regional Transit Commission''', but the service would be promoted in both English and French under the '''OC Transpo''' name, whose OC initials are derived from '''O'''ttawa-'''C'''arleton.

===1979: Strike===
The 20-day 1979 strike was fought over a wage difference of a nickel and became known as "the five-cent bus strike." A pay increase of 16.5% was rejected by the union.
<ref name=NP09Dec2008>{{cite news | url=http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=1052073 | publisher=[[National Post]] | title=
Ottawa transit talks break off, strike looms | date=2008-12-09 | accessdate=2009-01-21 }}</ref>

===1980s: Transitway===
{{main|Ottawa Rapid Transit}}
In the early 1980s, OC Transpo began planning for a [[bus rapid transit]] system, the Transitway. Construction of its various stations and segments followed over many years. The first segments were from [[Baseline Station (OC Transpo)|Baseline]] to [[Lincoln Fields Station (OC Transpo)|Lincoln Fields]] in the west end and from [[Lees Station (OC Transpo)|Lees]] to [[Hurdman Station (OC Transpo)|Hurdman]] in the east end.

===1996: Strike===
The second strike for OC Transpo ran from November 25, 1996 to December 16. The strike ended under arbitration. <ref name=NP09Dec2008></ref>

===April 6 1999: Deadly rampage===
Pierre Lebrun, a former OC Transpo employee and hunting enthusiast pulled into the transit garage located at 1500 St. Laurent Boulevard and went on a shooting rampage. Word of this act had spread out to all employees and as such many of them lay huddled in terror while the event unfolded.

A sense of disbelief swept over OC Transpo employees and Ottawa-area residents alike. Transit users filed onto buses the following week and offered drivers their condolences. Others left flowers outside OC Transpo's headquarters. Police sifted through information to figure out what prompted Lebrun, a tall, lanky 40-year-old bachelor with a stutter, to show up at his former workplace with a Remington 760 .30-06 rifle - a slightly modified version of the weapon that [[James Earl Ray]] used to kill civil rights crusader [[Martin Luther King]] in 1968 - and his pockets stuffed with ammunition. "It's Judgment Day!" he shouted when he arrived. "You think it's bad now - just wait." Lebrun's mother offered one disturbing explanation: taunts by co-workers prompted, among other things, by her son's stutter, drove him to seek revenge.

Lebrun's victims, all long-serving OC Transpo employees, were shipper Brian Guay, 56; stores clerk Clare Davidson, 52; and mechanics Harry Schoenmakers, 44, and David Lemay, 45. Another employee who was shot in the side was released from the hospital the following Wednesday. But why those well-liked employees were singled out remains a mystery. "These guys were the salt of the earth," said Ozzie Morin, a veteran employee on disability leave. "Nobody hated those guys. That's why I can't understand why this happened." In his suicide note, discovered by his parents in their home in Orléans, an eastern suburb of Ottawa, just as police called to tell them of the tragedy, Lebrun mentioned four co-workers he had problems with and three that he liked. But none of his victims' names were on the list. And as he strode through the building during his rampage, Lebrun, who quit his job as an audit clerk in January after 13 years with the company, encountered more than a dozen people - but opted to shoot only some. "It's very curious as to why he selected certain individuals to kill and permitted certain people to live," said Ottawa-Carleton regional police Inspector Ian Davidson. "He could easily have killed many more people."

===History from 2001 to October, 2008===
====Transition to new city government====
The province of Ontario ordered the amalgamation of the [[Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton]] and its component municipalities into a single City of Ottawa municipality. When the new local governance took effect in 2001, OC Transpo became a department of the new city.

Following amalgamation, a [[bilingual]] [[Backronym#Replacement|replacement backronym]] for "OC" was sought, but no suitable candidates have been found. The now-ambiguous acronym has been kept, instead of the costly task of replacing the decals on all buses, bus stops, bus stations, and promotional material.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

====December 12, 2005: Southwest Transitway extension====
A new section of the southwest Transitway opened on [[December 12]], [[2005]], between the [[Nepean Sportsplex]] and Fallowfield Station. The new section runs parallel to [[Woodroffe Avenue (Ottawa)|Woodroffe Avenue]] and was built at a cost of $10 million. The new section has no stations and has replaced service along [[Woodroffe Avenue (Ottawa)|Woodroffe Avenue]] between the Nepean Sportsplex and [[Fallowfield Station]]. There are further plans to extend the Transitway south into the heart of the ever-growing community of [[Barrhaven]] where a new station called [[Strandherd Station (OC Transpo)|Strandherd]] opened on [[January 2]], [[2007]]. There are also long range plans for other extensions in the [[Orléans, Ontario|Orleans]] and [[Kanata]] areas to keep up with more growing communities there too.

====Winter Snow Snarls====
A snowstorm on [[December 16]], [[2005]], caused 107 OC Transpo buses to become stuck or slide off roads. Most of the problems occurred with OC Transpo's low-floor "pusher style" articulated New Flyer buses, which feature rear (trailer) drive wheels, meaning the front section of the bus is unpowered. At one intersection in Gatineau, six articulated buses either jackknifed or became stuck in the snow. The problems resulting from the 22-cm (9-inch) snowfall drew criticism across the city, as the buses snarled the commute for transit users and drivers alike. According to a city report, it was a "100-year storm" with 30 cm (12 inches) of snow. Official Environment Canada records show roughly 22 cm. However, it is possible that locally much higher amounts were reported, especially in the downtown area, closer to 30 cm or more.

The articulated buses were already starting to get stuck at around 6:00 a.m. when only 10 cm (4 inches) of snow had fallen. By 6:45 am, the eastbound Transitway was completely blocked at the western end of downtown ([[Bronson Avenue (Ottawa)|Bronson Avenue]] and [[Slater Street]] by an articulated bus when approximately 13 cm (5 inches) of snow had fallen. Additional eastbound articulated buses failed to navigate the snow while coming from [[Lebreton Flats]] up [[Slater Street]] into downtown, which forced the morning rush hour passengers to abandon their buses and walk down Slater to their destinations.

Approximately two years after the first snow snarl incident, several major snowstorms hit the National Capital Region, forcing OC Transpo to work with poor road conditions on several occasions. These snow snarls has brought criticism of OC Transpo and its fleet, and questions about whether or not the fleet that OC Transpo operates is adequate for Canadian climate. During weekend snowstorms, it parked most of its articulated buses and ran several older buses.

====December 14, 2006: Light Rail Expansion cancellation====
During the [[Ottawa municipal election, 2006|2006 municipal election campaign]], [[Larry O'Brien (Canadian politician)|Larry O'Brien]] (who would be elected as mayor) was sceptical of the project's benefits, and promised to cancel the project if elected, assuming the City's legal position did not preclude this{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. After multiple votes deciding the fate of the city's [[Ottawa O-Train#Beyond the pilot: Extension and electrification|north-south light rail expansion project]], post-election City Council decided to annul the project by a margin of 13-11 on December 14, 2006.

====April 2, 2007: 39 Special Constables sworn in====

On [[April 2]], [[2007]] 39 OC Transpo security officers were sworn in as Special Constables at Orléans Theatre, which qualifies them as official police officers (Peace Officers). These members took an intensive six-week training course developed by [[Algonquin College]]. The uniforms worn by Transit Special Constables consist of dark blue pants with a blue stripe, a light blue shirt and a blue peak cap with a blue band. The shirts have shoulder crests with the Ottawa Police emblem and the words Special Constable. They are armed with handcuffs, batons and pepper spray, although they do not carry handguns or any type of firearm.

====October 29, 2008: 25th Anniversary celebration====
To celebrate 25 years of service OC Transpo held a number of events including: special guests, a decorated D60LF anniversary bus, tree planting, music, refreshments, giveaways, 25¢ fare on all routes, a countdown to the 1.5 billionth rider, and a transitway memories contest.<ref>[http://www.octranspo.com/Whats_New/Transitway_25_menuE.htm Transitway Contest]</ref>

===December 2008-January 2009: ATU 279 strike===
OC Transpo drivers, dispatchers, and maintenance workers under [[Amalgamated Transit Union]] local 279 went on [[Strike action|strike]] December 10, 2008 at 12:01am.<ref name=CBC10Dec2008>{{cite news | url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/12/09/transit-strike.html | publisher=[[CBC News]] | title=Push to call transit 'essential' fails; Ottawa bus strike continues | date=2008-12-10 | accessdate=2008-12-21 }}</ref> The main causes of the strike are disagreements between the City of Ottawa and the union regarding scheduling, payroll and seniority. [[Rona Ambrose]], the [[Minister of Labour (Canada) | Federal Minister of Labour]] ordered a union membership vote on January 8, 2009 on the city's contract proposal<ref name=OC05Jan2009>{{cite news | url=http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/story.html?id=13bfabce-c3c9-481e-ae03-ece4ce2bd245 | publisher=[[Ottawa Citizen]] | title=Don't 'bow down,' striking transit workers told | date=2009-01-05 | accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref> in response to a request from [[mayor]] [[Larry O'Brien (Canadian politician) | Larry O'Brien]].<ref name=NP01Jan2009>{{cite news | url=http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1132084 | publisher=[[National Post]] | title=Ambrose orders Ottawa transit union to vote on strike resolution | date=2009-01-01 | accessdate=2009-01-04}}</ref> Both the city and the union published their positions on respective websites.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.octranspo.com/mapscheds/Contingency/FAQ_ATU_Offer.htm | title = Frequently Asked Questions: City’s Final Offer of Settlement to ATU | accessdate = 2009-01-30 | publisher = OC Transpo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ottawatransitstrike.com/ | title = Ottawa Transit Strike - Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 279 | publisher = [[Amalgamated Transit Union]] Local 279 | accessdate = 2008-01-29 }}</ref> and vote results released on January 9, 2009 revealed that of those eligible to vote, 64% rejected the offer.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2009/01/07/ot-090107-transit-vote.html | title = Ottawa transit strike still on as union members reject contract offer | work = [[CBC News]] | date = 2009-01-09 | accessdate = 2009-01-30 }}</ref>

Meetings were held with a mediator throughout the month, but talks were repeatedly broken off. The ATU had requested to send all issues not related to scheduling to arbitration, which the city refused as they requested all issues to be sent to an arbitrator. As the strike entered the 50th day, Ambrose, who had initially refused to table back-to-work legislation, announced that such legislation would be introduced. However, on January 29, the city and the ATU reached a deal that sent every issue to binding arbitration, thus ending the 51-day long strike.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2009/01/29/ot-090129-strike-ends.html | title = City, union reach deal to end Ottawa transit strike | accessdate = 2009-01-30 | date = 2009-01-29 | work = [[CBC News]]}}</ref> On February 2, 2009 the O-Train started service after being out of service due to the strike. Buses followed the following Monday February 9, 2009. Not all buses returned at once and OC Transpo said that all buses and routes were due to return by April 6, 2009.

== OC Transpo routes ==
{{main|OC Transpo routes}}
OC Transpo has approximately 250 bus routes that are grouped both by their number and the colour with which they are represented on system maps and on bus stop signs.

'''Colours'''

'''Black:''' These routes generally operate 7 days/week from about 6:00a.m.-midnight Monday-Saturday, and from about 7:00a.m.-11:00p.m. on Sundays & most holidays. There are some exceptions however. If a route, or a section of a route, doesn't operate during certain time periods, it will be in stripes on the bus stop flag, and grey on here. If you see a route in orange on here, it means that it only operates during certain times, such as evenings or weekends only. 
Some routes provide early morning service as early as 4:00a.m. on weekdays, and 5:00a.m. on Saturdays. 
Ottawa's three major Transitway routes (95, 96, and 97) also provide early morning service on Sundays. 
The cash fare on regular routes is $3.00.

'''Red:''' These routes generally operate 5 days/week from 6:00a.m.-9:00a.m., and from about 3:00p.m.-6:00p.m. 
The cash fare on the red routes is $3.00.

'''Green:''' These routes generally operate 5 days/week from 6:00a.m.-9:00a.m., and from about 3:00p.m.-6:00p.m. All green routes travel towards downtown in the morning, and away from downtown in the afternoon. 
Most green routes travel to suburban areas, however, some of them also travel to rural areas - these are noted on bus stop signs with an R after the bus route number. 
The cash fare on the green routes is $4.00 for routes that travel to suburban areas, and $5.00 for routes that travel to rural areas.

'''Blue:''' These routes generally operate 5 days/week from about 4:00a.m.-6:00a.m. in one direction only. Routes 824, 825, and 830 also provide Saturday service from about 5:00a.m.-7:00a.m. 
The cash fare on these routes is $3.00.

'''Numbers'''

OC Transpo classes its routes according to the following numerical groups:

'''1-19''': These are mainline or local routes that operate to, from or through downtown along major roads or in urban communities.

'''20-79''': These are rush hour express routes from downtown to suburban areas. The 20s and 30s serve the east end, including Orleans; the 40s serve the south end; the 50s serve the west end; the 60s primarily serve Kanata and the 70s primarily serve Barrhaven.

'''80-89''': Similar to routes 1-19, these are mainline routes that operate through downtown along major roads, spending more time on the Transitway. (82 and 88 are peak-period routes)

'''90-99''': These are rapid transit routes that go downtown, spending most of the time on the Transitway. Routes 94, 95, 96, 97, and 98 are the core of the entire system.

'''100-109:''' For the most part, these routes are peak-only routes (except 101, 105 and 106) that provide service between a Transitway station and major employment areas.
In the future, OC Transpo will be expanding their rapid transit service to have buses numbered from 100-109, which would bypass downtown.
Routes 101, 102, and 106 are the first three routes to provide this service.

'''110-119:''' These are regular routes that travel cross-town (generally across the [[Rideau River]]), but bypass downtown. (Note:Route 115 is an exception as it serves a residential area south of Billings Bridge, replacing parts of Route 5)

'''120-199:''' These are mostly local routes that usually connect residential areas or business areas to Transitway stations. (A few, such as Routes 176 and 182, are cross-town routes.)
Some regular local routes continue to/from downtown during peak periods as an alternative to express service. This number range also includes a number of 'reverse commuter' routes that run in rush hour to connect major suburban employment areas to the Transitway.

'''200-299:''' Rural express routes serving areas beyond the 'Urban Transit Area'.

'''306 and 316:''' Special community routes (only two currently exist).

'''401-406:''' Special service to [[Scotiabank Place]] for [[Ottawa Senators]] games, and a multitude of other events.

'''500-599:''' Rural service operated by partner bus lines.

'''600-699:''' Special school routes. These routes are usually not shown on the bus stop flag except at Transitway stations, mall terminals (example: Hazeldean Mall), and on streets where there is no other bus service available.

'''740:''' O-Train replacement bus service if only one or no trains are available.

'''800-899:''' Early morning service. These routes are not shown on the bus stop flag, but rather by a sun indicating the presence of early morning service at the stop.

'''900-999:''' Employee shuttles for OC Transpo employees only at times and places with no service (mostly overnight).

==Active fleet==
* '''Source''':[http://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/octranspo.html]
Only models with at least some buses currently in service are listed, and the number in fleet is based on the number originally ordered. All GMDD models of 1982 or before (also known by many as [[GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|fishbowls]] or [[GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|New Looks]]) were retired by the beginning of April. In 2006 and 2007, OC Transpo evaluated a double-decker bus on the Transitway and express routes. This bus, an [[Alexander Dennis Enviro500]] built by British firm [[Alexander Dennis]] can carry nearly 100 passengers. The initial service demonstration ran from June 28 to July 12, 2006, with a further demonstration under winter conditions in February 2007. The City of Ottawa has purchased three of the Enviro buses and they were delivered in November 2008. OC Transpo decals were added to the buses in December, but the strike delayed the introduction of these buses. The buses began revenue service in February.

The OC Transpo fleet numbering scheme changed in 1999. Prior to 1999, the two last digits of the year of purchase were the first two digits of the fleet number. The scheme was changed because OC Transpo ordered 140 Orion 06.501, and also because buses purchased in 2000 would have been in the 0000 series, which was not favoured by their computer system. The new numbering scheme starts with 2, 3, 4, or 6 (for the length of the bus), or 1 for the Enviro500 double-deckers and 5 for the Orion VII NG HEV, followed by a three-digit consecutive fleet number.

{| align="center" border="0" width="90%"
|-----
| '''Model''' || '''Year''' || '''Bus Numbers'''
| '''No. In Fleet*''' || '''Notes'''
|-----
| [[Alexander Dennis]] [[Enviro500]] || 2008 || 1201-1203 || 3 || [[Double-decker bus]]es newly deployed on route 94. Entered service as of March 2009.
|-----
| [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[Ford E-Series|E450]]
| 2005 || 2601 || 1
| This Minibus was bought as a pilot project. OC Transpo was planning to buy many more to go to Vars and Navan. It is now used on low-ridership routes, most notably route 123
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|Orion]] 06.501 {{access icon|15px}}
| 1999-2000 || 4001-4140 || 140
| 4140 4139 and 4010 Received bike racks for one season only. Used mostly in low-ridership routes
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2003 || 4201-4202 || 2
| First Inveros bought. 4201 was sent ahead as a demo.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2004 || 4203-4273 || 71
| On September 20th 2005, the 4200 and 4300 Series buses had been governed to 50 km/h because of steering problems caused during high speeds.<ref name="titcomb">Titcomb, Bert. _"[http://www.transport2000.ca/Hotlines/hl050923.htm Transport 2000 Canada Hot Line : 2 - Ottawa bus confusion]"_. 23 September 2005. Transport 2000 Canada. Accessed May 15 2008.</ref> According to Transport 2000 "several bus drivers reported that the front end of the bus vibrates when driven at more than 60 km/h."<ref name="titcomb"/> An ''Operations and Safety'' Memorandum claims that on Friday, 21 October 2005, steering dampers where to be installed on one hundred and nine Invero buses and that the governors where to be raised to 100 km/h on buses 4201 to 4227 (except 4205), resolving the problems.<ref>Zinck, Peter. _"Invero Steering Problems Resolved"_ Memorandum, Bulletin No: 305/05, 19 October 2005, City of Ottawa - Operations and Safety, Accessed 15 May 2008.</ref>
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2005-2006 || 4274-4439 || 166
| 4299-4355 have bike racks from April to October. All Invero buses have Thermo King A/C. 4299 was crashed into a median going to the stop at Queensway station. Temporarally out of service.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40i "Invero" {{access icon|15px}}
| 2007 || 4440-4526 || 87
| 4444 was used for Ottawa's Santa Claus Parade in November. All entered service as of October 2007.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|Orion]] VII NG HEV {{access icon|15px}}
| 2009 || 5001-5202 || 202*
| Hybrid Electric Vehicle; 5001, 5002 and 5003 are currently in service. 5004-5097 are set to arrive later this summer and in the early fall. The other 95 are set to arrive next year.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D60LF {{access icon|15px}}
| 2001-2002 || 6001-6178 || 177
| Articulated, 6101 skipped (historic bus). They have Thermo King A/C on the roof. The D60LF buses have had a number of problems with overheated brakes and engines, resulting in fires on buses 6017, 6117 and 6159. All articulated buses are equipped with bike racks from April to October. 6118 was involved in an electrical fire, which consumed part of the rear and burned the full inside of the bus, inside the St Laurent North garage. No word yet on the fate of the bus.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D60LF {{access icon|15px}}
| 2003-2004 || 6301-6350 || 50
| Articulated, ultra-low [[sulphur]] [[diesel]]. Some suffered over-heating problems during the summer of 2006.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D60LF {{access icon|15px}}
| 2008 || 6351-6398 || 48*
| As of October 16, 6351-6398 have entered service. 6394 has a special wrapping for the Transitway anniversary. There was a recall on these buses because of overheating brakes so New Flyer Industries sent the required parts to fix this problem. The Axion destination signs look the same but when there is something written, it is pushed to one side. 6387 was in a collision with a 5 ton truck downtown this week. Either March 2 or 3, 2009.
|----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TC40-102N
| 1987 || 8769-8799 || 35*
| Only 8792 remains in active service. 8785 was sold to the [[Société de Transport de l'Outaouais (STO)|Société de transport de l'Outaouais (STO)]]
|-----
| [[Motor Coach Industries|MCI]] TC40-102N
| 1988-1989 || 8901-8960 || 60*
| Gradually being retired. These buses still contain roll signs. Many of these buses have lots of rust near the window frames, the headlights and the ad signs on the side of the buses - especially buses painted in the original scheme. Several of these buses have been repainted in the maple leaf scheme and that show little signs of rust.
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40HF
| 1989-1990 || 9001-9055 || 55*
| Gradually being retired. 9054 was completely rebuilt after major accident. 9026-9050 has roll signs and 9001-9025 have green luminator on its signs
|-----
| [[Motor Coach Industries|MCI]] TC40-102A
| 1991 || 9101-9125 || 25
| 9110-9119 were former sightseeing buses. All of these buses still have roll signs
|-----
| [[New Flyer Industries|New Flyer]] D40HF
| 1992 || 9201-9227 || 27*
| Gradually being retired. 9211-9227 have green luminators and 9201-9210 have Balios signs. They also have Sutrak A/C units but these were disconnected in the mid 1990s. 9203 was retired September 30, 2008. Its last run was E-125.
|-----
| [[NovaBus]] TC40-102A || 1993 || 9301-9330
| 30*
| 9302 retired due to collision with a fuel tanker truck<ref>http://ottawabuspage.fotopic.net/p31199049.html</ref>. 9307, 9309, 9311, 9314, 9315 and 9316 were leased to [[Société de transport de Laval]] but most have returned after the opening of the [[Montreal Metro]]'s [[Line 2 Orange (Montreal Metro)|Orange Line]] extension to [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]]. Theses buses have inoperative Sutrak A/C units on the roof.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] Orion 05.501
| 1998 || 9701-9720 || 20
| First new buses purchased since 1993
|-----
| [[NovaBus]] LFS {{access icon|15px}}
| 1997 || 9721-9740 || 20
| First low-floor buses, but the only LF order from NovaBus. Equipped with A/C - now inoperative.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] Orion 05.501
| 1998-1999 || 9801-9885 || 85
| Last fleet order of high-floor buses. (The Province of Ontario has declared that all urban transit buses should be wheelchair-accessible by 2012, curtailing purchases of high-floored buses.)
|-----
| [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] [[Talent (train)|Talent]] BR643 {{access icon|15px}}
| 2000 || C1-C3 || 3 || O-Train vehicle
|}

{{access icon|15px}} denotes wheelchair accessibility

==Retired fleet==

* This is a list of retired GM and Orion Bus Industries bus fleets. <ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/octranspo.html OC TRANSPO (1AU72-present) Fleet]</ref>

{| class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; font-size: 100%; background: #ffffff;"
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | ''GM Buses''
|-
| style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white;" style="text-align: left;" |

===GM Buses===

{| align="center" border="0" width="90%"
|-----
| '''Model''' || '''Year''' || '''Bus Numbers'''
| '''No. In Fleet*''' || '''Notes'''
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5301
| 1961 || 6101-6112 || 12
| 6101 was preserved to its historical fleet
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5301
| 1962 || 6221-6230 || 10 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1963 || 6331-6340 || 10 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1964 || 6441-6452 || 12 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1965 || 6561-6573 || 13 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1966 || 6674-6697 || 24 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TDH-5303
| 1967 || 6701-6726 || 26 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1968 || 6831-6850 || 20 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1969 || 6961-6990 || 30 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1970 || 7001-7020 || 20 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5305
| 1971 || 7121-7140 || 20 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1972-1973 || 7241-7290 || 50
|
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1972-1973 || 7301-7320 & 7331-7357
| 47 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1974 || 7401-7460 || 60 ||
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1975 || 5701-5769 || 69
| The first two numbers were switched from the year the buses were built, due to heavy demand for buses for that year.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1975 || 7501-7545 & 7551-7570 || 65 || Retired by 2003
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1976 || 7601-7653 || 53 || Retired in 2003-2004
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1977 || 7701-7765 || 65 || Retired in 2004-2005. 7742 and 7757 were sold to the STO and remain in active service with the same fleet numbers.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1978 || 7801-7858 || 58 || Fully retired in 2006
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1979 || 7901-7930 || 30 || 7926 returned to service in September after being temporarily retired in mid-August, finally being put to rest in late-March 2007. Last series equipped with a single rear exit door.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1980 || 8001-8012 || 12
| Fully retired in April 2007
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1981 || 8101-8122 || 22 || Fully retired in April 2007
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TA60-102N
| 1982 || 8201-8221 || 21
| First articulated buses purchased, some of them from the [[Hamilton Street Railway]]. Sold off in the late 1980s. One briefly returned to service in 1999 until 2002, renumbered 8222.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] T6H-5307N
| 1982 || 8231-8240 || 10 || 8238 was the last New Look in service - Retired April 17, 2007.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TC40-102N
| 1984 || 8401-8425 || 25 || Retired in 2004-2005. 8413 was sold to the STO.
|-----
| [[General Motors Diesel Division Buses|GMDD]] TC40-102N
| 1985 || 8541-8555 || 15
| Fully retired in April 2007. 8545 was sold to the [[Société de Transport de l'Outaouais (STO)|Société de transport de l'Outaouais (STO)]]
|-----
| [[General Motors Corporation|GMC]] T6H-4523A
| 1973 || 1751-1755 || 5 || Purchased from [[Big Blue Bus|Santa Monica Transit]] in 1995 and quickly sold.
|-----
| [[General Motors Corporation|GMC]] T8H-5307A
| 1973 || 1756-1770 || 15
| Purchased from Santa Monica Transit in 1995. Only 12 actually entered service. Retired in 2003.
|}
|}

{| class="navbox collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center; border: 0px; margin-top: 0.2em; font-size: 100%; background: #ffffff;"
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | ''Orion Bus Industries''
|-
| style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white;" style="text-align: left;" |

===Orion Bus Industries===

{| align="center" border="0" width="90%"
|-----
| '''Model''' || '''Year''' || '''Bus Numbers'''
| '''No. In Fleet*''' || '''Notes'''
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 01.501 || 1978
| 8801-8832 || 32 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 01.501 || 1982
| 8231-8266 || 36 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 01.501 || 1983
| 8371-8392 || 22 ||
| 8390 is preserved in the historical fleet.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1985-1986
| 8501-8533 || 33
| First Orion-Ikarus articulated buses (a rebadged Crown Ikarus 286). 8501 is preserved to its historical fleet and parts of 8529 are used to refurbish 8501.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1987
| 8601-8655 || 55
| Some buses were equipped with newer powertrains prior to retirement in 2003-2004
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1987
| 8719-8764 || 46 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1988
| 8842-8870 || 29 ||
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 03.501 || 1988-1989
| 8875-8899 || 25
| Purchased from the [[Toronto Transit Commission]] in 1997-1998.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 05.501
| 1990-1991 || 9126-9150 || 25
| Fully retired by May 2007 due to premature corrosion.
|-----
| [[Orion Bus Industries|OBI]] 05.501
| 1992 || 9231-9258 || 28
| Fully retired by July 2007 due to premature corrosion.
|}
|}

==Fares==
All fares are effective as of [[July 1]], [[2009]].

OC Transpo has 3 levels of fares for its buses:
* Regular fare ($3.00, or 2 tickets)
* Express fare ($4.00, or 3 tickets)
* Rural fare ($5.00, or 4 tickets)

Children 6 to 11 can ride for $1.50, or 1 ticket, and children age 5 and younger ride free.

Tickets must be pre-purchased, and are available at outlets throughout Ottawa. You can buy bus tickets at various retail outlets around Ottawa and at certain bus stations. They include Baseline Station, Lincoln Fields, St. Laurent and Mackenzie King(Inside Rideau Centre). Tickets are $1.15 each, but must be purchased in multiples of two.

The former pilot project, which provided free conventional service for anyone with a [[wheelchair]], [[mobility scooter]], or [[walker (tool)|walker]], was terminated [[March 1]] [[2006]]. It has been replaced with a new one-year pilot project known as the 'Community Pass', which is only available to recipients of the [[Ontario Disability Support Program]] (ODSP) at a cost of $30.40 per month.

O-Train tickets are $2.50 each, and are valid for 120 minutes after purchase. These tickets can be exchanged for 90-minute transfers when boarding regular-fare buses. These tickets are sold at O-Train stations for convenience. Monthly passes, day passes and valid transfers are also permitted as fares for the O-Train, but cash and tickets are not.

Day passes are $7.00 and can only be purchased on the bus.

Passes are as follows:
* Regular Adult Annual: $895.00
* Express Adult Annual: $1,119.80
* Regular Adult Monthly: $84.75
* Express Adult Monthly: $106.00
* Adult Rural Monthly: $131.75
* Regular Student Monthly: $65.65
* Express Student Monthly: $76.50
* Rural Student Monthly: $103.00
* Regular Student Semester (post-secondary students only): $242.25
* Express Student Semester (post-secondary students only): $283.50
* Regular Student Annual: $626.40
* Express Student Annual: $734.40
* Senior 65+ Monthly: $30.40
* Senior 65+ Annual: $381.00
* Community Pass (for recipients of Ontario Disability Support Program): $30.40
* Annual Pass Protection Plan (to protect Annual passes from loss or theft): $23.00

To use any of the above passes, the passenger must also have a valid OC Transpo photo ID, which is available for $8.25 for adults and seniors(65+), and $5.75 for students.

Ecopasses are reduced-rate monthly passes that are available through participating employers in the city, which provide OC Transpo riders with single-card indefinite passes in exchange for a flat bi-weekly, semi-monthly or monthly payroll deduction.

Transfers are given to passengers upon boarding and are valid for minimum 90 minutes in any direction, with stopovers allowed.

As of the [[December 1]], [[2005]] fare increase, OC Transpo had the highest basic cash bus fares of any major transit service in Canada. This fare was matched by [[Société de transport de l'Outaouais|STO]], the transit operator across the [[Ottawa River]] in [[Gatineau]], [[Quebec]] on [[January 1]], [[2006]]. [[York Region Transit]] currently has the highest cash fares in Canada, at $3.25.

On July 2008, fares were be increased by 7.5% because of a shortage in funding for the [[City of Ottawa]]. This fare hike is supposed to be in effect until 2010 including a 6.5% hike in 2009. This meant Ottawa residents saw regular adult passes rise from $73 a month to $81 and adult express passes from $90 to $101 a month. However, cash fares remained the same.<ref>[http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=1977e375-2fa4-47e1-a04c-d4e8c683c177&k=21176 Council OKs average 7.5% bus fare hike]</ref>

==Para Transpo==
'''Para Transpo''' is an accessible [[paratransit]] service available to Ottawa patrons who find it extremely difficult or impossible to use the conventional OC Transpo routes. Service is provided directly to the residences of eligible users who book trip appointments with a call centre at least one day in advance. Para Transpo drivers will provide some assistance to passengers to board designated vehicle and to access building entrances.<ref>[http://www.octranspo.com/acc_menue.htm Accessible Transit]</ref>

Para Transpo operations were contracted to [[FirstGroup plc|First Bus Canada]], previously operated by [[Laidlaw]]. On January 1, 2008, the [[City of Ottawa]] assumed complete control of this service.<ref>[http://www.octranspo.com/acc_menue.htm Accessible Transit]</ref>

The transit strike of 2008 did not interrupt Para Transpo service. However, Para Transpo service has encountered delays, facing the traffic increase due to the strike.

==Advertising==
Advertising on OC Transpo buses is contracted to [[Pattison Outdoor Advertising]]. Advertising on bus shelters is contracted to [[Clear Channel Outdoor]].

==Amalgamated Transit Union - Local 279==
The [[Amalgamated Transit Union]], [http://www.atu279.ca/ Local 279] is the OC Transpo employees' union consisting of over 1700 members consisting of bus operators as well as other staffing positions within the company, including mechanics located at various garage depots throughout the city.

==Gallery of bus models==
<gallery>
Image:Oc8105.jpg|GMDD T6H-5307N #8105 (1981)
Image:Oc9044-sm.jpg|New Flyer D40HF #9044 (1990)
Image:Oc6036.jpg|New Flyer D60LF #6036 (2001)
Image:Oc6136.jpg|New Flyer D60LF #6136 (2002)
Image:Image708.jpg|New Flyer D60LF #6354 (2008)
Image:Oc4254-2.jpg|New Flyer Invero #4254 (2004)
Image:Oc4285.jpg|New Flyer Invero #4285 (2005)
Image:Oc9736.jpg|NovaBus LFS #9736 (1997)
Image:Oc9257.jpg|Orion V #9257 (1992)
Image:Oc9819.jpg|Orion V #9819 (1998)
Image:Oc4067.jpg|Orion VI #4067 (1999)
Image:Oc5001.JPG|Orion VII NG HEV #5001 (2008)
Image:OC Transpo Orion VII NG HEV.jpg|Orion VII NG HEV #5012 (2009)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{wikinewshas|News related to this article|
[[Wikinews:OCTranspo's "new year" of efficiencies?|OC Transpo "new year" of efficiencies?]]
}}
{{commonscat|Public transportation in Ottawa}}
{{Wikibooks|How To Ride The Bus}}
* [[Ottawa Rapid Transit]]
* [[Société de transport de l'Outaouais]] (STO) in Gatineau, Quebec

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.octranspo.com/ OC Transpo Website]
* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0011943 OC Transpo Massacre]
* [http://www.busdrawings.com/Transit/ontario/ottawa/index.htm Drawings and photos of Ottawa Transit buses]
{{clr}}
{{Public transit systems in Canada}}

[[Category:OC Transpo| ]]
[[Category:Orphan initialisms]]

[[fr:OC Transpo]]

User:MichaelsProgramming/factboxes

2009-08-05T06:43:19Z

MichaelsProgramming:

{{user irc2|MTughan|irc.freenode.net}}
{{User:hmwith/male}}
{{User:Llama man/Userboxes/Birthday|[[July 13]]}}
{{user Canada eh}}
{{user en}}
{{User:ZeroOne/Userboxes/Resolution|x=1280|y=800}}
{{User:ZeroOne/Userboxes/php-3}}

Tal Wilkenfeld

2009-07-30T23:25:06Z

MichaelsProgramming: Correct ordering of people in photo.

{{Infobox musical artist
|
| Name = Tal Wilkenfeld
| Img = Tal Wilkenfeld.jpg
| Img_capt = Tal Wilkenfeld November 2008
 Courtesy Mandy Hall
| Background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| Birth_name = Tal Wilkenfeld
| Alias =
| Born =
| Died =
| Instrument = [[Bass guitar|Bass]] [[Guitar]]
| Genre = [[Blues-rock]] [[Jazz fusion]] [[Jazz]] [[Free funk]] 
| Occupation = [[Musician]]
| Labels =
| Years_active = 2002 - present
| Associated_acts = [[Jeff Beck]] [[Vinnie Colaiuta]] [[Jason Rebello]] [[Herbie Hancock]] [[Chick Corea]] [[Wayne Krantz]] [[Jeff "Tain" Watts]] [[Keith Carlock]]
| URL = [http://www.talwilkenfeld.com/ Tal Wilkenfeld.com]
|Notable_instruments = [[Sadowsky|Sadowsky Bass Guitar]]
}}

'''Tal Wilkenfeld''' (born in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] in [[1986]]) is an [[Australia|Australian]] [[Bass guitar|electric bass guitarist]] and former [[guitarist]] who has gained worldwide attention performing alongside some of [[Rock music|rock]] and [[jazz music]]'s most notable artists. In 2008, Wilkenfeld was voted "The Year's Most Exciting New Player" for the year in a ''[[Bass Player (magazine)|Bass Player Magazine]]'' reader's choice poll. She has impressed critics and fans alike with musical achievements usually reserved for players with relatively long established careers. Wilkenfeld became a professional bassist after only three years on the instrument.
In addition to her work as a sideman for many of music's legendary musicians, she has assumed the role of bandleader to her own [[eponymous]] trios, whose musicians have included [[Wayne Krantz]], [[Keith Carlock]], and [[Jeff "Tain" Watts]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
Wilkenfeld began playing [[guitar]] at age 14. Two years later, at the age of 16, she dropped out of high school, saying that "it just wasn't going to work for me",<ref name="McCulley"> McCulley, Jerry August 2, 2008 [http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/Features/meet-tal-wilkenfeld-jeff-becks/ Meet Tal Wilkenfeld, Jeff Beck’s Young Aussie Bass Prodigy]</ref> and [[emigrated]] to the [[United States]]. Upon arrival, she studied [[electric guitar]], but within the year made the switch to [[Bass guitar|electric bass guitar]]<ref name="smh_aceofbass">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/music/just-doing-her-thing/2007/04/27/1177459975500.html|title=Ace of bass just doing her thing|date=2007-04-28|publisher=''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''|author=Paul Bibby}}</ref> at the age of 17. After a matter of a few months, she was offered an endorsement with [[Sadowsky|Sadowsky Guitars]], devoted herself to forming a band of her own, and began composing her own material. At age 18 she moved to [[New York City]] and began making a name for herself in New York's jazz clubs.

===Professional career and performances===
In 2006, Wilkenfeld performed as a guest with the [[Allman Brothers Band]], and recorded her debut solo album, ''Transformation'', which was recorded over a period of two days when she was just 20 years old.<ref name="Wilkenfeld"> [http://www.talwilkenfeld.com/Tal.html Tal Wilkenfeld Official Website]</ref> Wilkenfeld composed, produced, arranged, and played bass on seven intricate tunes with [[Wayne Krantz]], [[Geoffrey Keezer]], saxophonist Seamus Blake, and [[Keith Carlock]]. ''Transformation'' has been released in Australia and Japan, in addition to the United States and Australia, and remains a steady import in other territories.

Aware that [[Chick Corea]] was seeking a bass player for an upcoming tour, Wilkenfeld sent him demos of ''Transformation''. She was elated to be selected to accompany him on his Australian tour<ref name="McCulley"/> early 2007, along with [[Frank Gambale]] and [[Antonio Sanchez (drummer)|Antonio Sanchez]]. A few months later she joined up with [[Jeff Beck]], [[Vinnie Colaiuta]], and [[Jason Rebello]] for Beck's summer European tour. After returning from Europe, the group completed their tour at [[Eric Clapton]]'s [[Crossroads Guitar Festival]] in Chicago, Illinois, performing to a sell-out crowd of approximately 40,000. By November 2007, Wilkenfeld rejoined Beck's band for a week of [[Gig (musical performance)|gigs]] at [[Ronnie Scott's]] jazz club in London, where the band was joined on stage by [[Eric Clapton]] and [[Joss Stone]]. Several rock luminaries were spotted in the audience, according to the BBC, including [[Robert Plant]]. This concert was recorded and filmed and has been released on CD and DVD as ''Performing This Week...Live at Ronnie Scott's''. On the same trip to England, Wilkenfeld joined [[Herbie Hancock]] on a session with fellow jazz icon [[Wayne Shorter]], which was filmed for the [[A&E]] series [[Live from Abbey Road]]. Singer [[Corinne Bailey Rae]], and drummer [[Vinnie Colaiuta]] were also featured on this session. Wilkenfeld wrapped up 2007 via a pair of standing-room-only Greenwich Village gigs with [[Wayne Krantz]].

In 2008, Wilkenfeld accompanied Krantz on gigs in [[Los Angeles]], and then embarked on a tour of Australia in the fall of 2008, with Wayne and
[[Keith Carlock]]- a reunion of the core band who appeared on "Transformation". At the conclusion of the tour, Wayne and Keith, along with [[John Beasley (musician)|John Beasley]], backed Wilkenfeld during her headlining set for Bass Player Live 2008 in Los Angeles. Elsewhere in July 2008, Wilkenfeld accompanied [[Jeff Beck]] at the Grammy's Tribute to [[George Martin]] concert in Los Angeles. She also appeared at [[Warren Haynes]]'s 20th Annual Christmas Jam, reuniting with the [[Allman Brothers Band]], and also guesting with [[Gov't Mule]], [[Ivan Neville]], and [[Robben Ford]].

2009 started off with a tour of Australia and Japan with [[Jeff Beck]], and weeks later, a tour of the United States, which began with a performance at Beck's 2009 induction into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]]. There, they played "[[Beck's Bolero]]", and were joined by [[Led Zeppelin]]'s [[Jimmy Page]] on "[[Immigrant Song]]". In the few weeks break between touring Japan and America, she appeared as the very first special guest to sit in with [[The Roots]] on the [[Jimmy Fallon show]].

Wilkenfeld has also performed with such notable musicians as [[Hiram Bullock]], [[Susan Tedeschi]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[John Mayer]], [[Ron Holloway]], and [[Prince (musician)|Prince]].

[[File:Tal Wilkenfeld 2007 July 28.jpg|thumb|210px|right|Tal Wilkenfeld and [[Jeff Beck]] (left) The 2007 [[Crossroads Guitar Festival]]]]

[[File:Wayne Krantz, Keith Carlock & Tal Wilkenfeld.jpg|thumb|right|210px|The Tal Wilkenfeld Trio November 2008 L to R: Krantz, Carlock, Wilkenfeld]]

==Equipment==
Wilkenfeld endorses Sadowsky Bass Guitars and strings<ref name="sadowsky">{{cite web|url=http://www.sadowsky.com/pop/artists/wilkenfeld.html|title=Featured Artists - Tal Wilkenfeld|publisher=[[Sadowsky|Sadowsky Guitars]]|accessdate=2007-11-29}}</ref> as well as EBS Professional Bass Equipment amplifiers, cabinets, and pedals.<ref name="EBS"> [http://www.ebs.bass.se/2007/artistnews.htm#Tal EBS Amplifiers and Cabinets]</ref>

==Discography==
* 2006 ''Transformation''; Wilkenfeld's first [[solo]] effort on CD
* 2007 "Crossroads: Eric Clapton Guitar Festival 2007"; Tal's performance with Jeff Beck on "Cause We've Ended as Lovers" and "Big Block".
* 2008 "Performing This Week...Live At Ronnie Scotts" CD
* 2008 "Performing This Week...Live At Ronnie Scotts" DVD

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.myspace.com/talwilkenfeld Official MySpace page]
*[http://www.bassplayer.com/article/tal-wilkenfeld/Aug-07/30550 Review of Tal Wilkenfeld's ''Transformation''], from ''Bass Player'' magazine
*[http://www.smh.com.au/news/music/tal-wilkenfeld-the-basement-may-13/2007/05/15/1178995158812.html Review of Tal Wilkenfeld concert] from ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', May 16, 2007
* [http://www.jazz.com/music/2008/4/1/tal-wilkenfeld-serendipity Serendipity] Website featuring Tal's music and links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilkenfeld, Tal}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Sydney]]
[[Category:Australian bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Australian female guitarists]]
[[Category:Jazz fusion musicians]]
[[Category:Jewish musicians]]
[[Category:Female bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Australian Jews]]

[[de:Tal Wilkenfeld]]
[[es:Tal Wilkenfeld]]
[[ko:탈 윌켄펠드]]
[[ja:タル・ウィルケンフェルド]]
[[ru:Викенфилд, Тэл]]
[[tr:Tal Wilkenfeld]]

Template:Stylesheet languages

2009-07-19T18:14:48Z

MichaelsProgramming: Link correction.

{{Navbox
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|title = [[Style sheet language]]s ([[Comparison of stylesheet languages|comparison]], [[List of stylesheet languages|list]])

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Template:Muse

2009-07-09T13:45:08Z

MichaelsProgramming: Fixing quoting.

{{Navbox Musical artist
| name = Muse
| title = [[Muse (band)|Muse]]
| background = group_or_band
| above = '''[[Matthew Bellamy]]'''{{·wrap}} '''[[Christopher Wolstenholme]]'''{{·wrap}} '''[[Dominic Howard]]''' [[Morgan Nicholls]]{{·wrap}} Dan Newell (touring members)

| group1 = Studio albums
| list1 = ''[[Showbiz (album)|Showbiz]]''{{·wrap}} ''[[Origin of Symmetry]]''{{·wrap}} ''[[Absolution (album)|Absolution]]''{{·wrap}} ''[[Black Holes & Revelations]]''{{·wrap}} ''[[The Resistance (album)|The Resistance]]''

| group2 = Live albums
| list2 = ''[[HAARP (album)|HAARP]]''

| group3 = Compilations
| list3 = ''[[Hullabaloo Soundtrack]]''

| group4 = Extended plays
| list4 = ''[[Muse (EP)|Muse]]''{{·wrap}} ''[[Muscle Museum (EP)|Muscle Museum]]''{{·wrap}} ''[[Random 1-8]]''

| group5 = Videos
| list5 = ''[[Hullabaloo: Live at Le Zenith, Paris]]''{{·wrap}} ''[[Absolution Tour]]''{{·wrap}} ''[[HAARP (album)|HAARP]]''

| group6 = Demos
| list6 = ''[[This Is a Muse Demo]]''{{·wrap}} [[Newton Abbot Demo]]{{·wrap}} ''[[2 Tracks]]''

| group7 = Singles
| list7 = "[[Uno (song)|Uno]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Cave (song)|Cave]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Muscle Museum]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Sunburn (song)|Sunburn]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Unintended]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Plug In Baby]]"{{·wrap}} "[[New Born]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Bliss (Muse song)|Bliss]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Hyper Music/Feeling Good]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Dead Star/In Your World]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Stockholm Syndrome (song)|Stockholm Syndrome]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Time Is Running Out]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Hysteria (Muse song)|Hysteria]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Sing for Absolution]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Apocalypse Please]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Butterflies and Hurricanes]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Supermassive Black Hole (song)|Supermassive Black Hole]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Starlight (song)|Starlight]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Knights of Cydonia]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Invincible (Muse song)|Invincible]]"{{·wrap}} "[[Map of the Problematique]]"{{·wrap}} "[[United States of Eurasia]]"

| group8 = Related articles
| list8 = {{Navbox|subgroup
| groupstyle = background: #EEEEEE; align=center
| group1 = Lists
| list1 = [[List of awards and nominations received by Muse|Awards]]{{·wrap}} [[Muse discography|Discography]]{{·wrap}} [[List of songs by Muse|Songs]]
| group2 = Producers
| list2 = [[Paul Reeve]] (1997–2003){{·wrap}} [[John Leckie]] (1999–2002){{·wrap}} [[David Bottrill]] (2001){{·wrap}} [[John Cornfield]] (2003){{·wrap}} [[Rich Costey]] (2003–2006){{·wrap}} [[Muse (band)|Muse]] (2008–Present)
| group3 = Record labels
| list3 = [[Sawmills Studio|Dangerous]]{{·wrap}} [[Taste Media|Taste]]{{·wrap}} [[Mushroom Records|Mushroom]]{{·wrap}} [[A&E Records|A&E]]{{·wrap}} [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]{{·wrap}} [[A&E Records|Helium-3]]
}}
}}<noinclude>
[[Category:English rock music groups templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[fr:Modèle:Muse (groupe)]]
[[is:Snið:Muse]]
[[it:Template:Muse]]
[[nl:Sjabloon:Navigatie Muse]]
[[ja:Template:Muse]]
[[no:Mal:Muse]]
[[pl:Szablon:Muse]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Muse]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Muse]]
[[fi:Malline:Muse]]
</noinclude>

DVD-Video

2009-06-13T02:22:10Z

MichaelsProgramming: Remove repeated word.

[[Image:Dvd-video-logo.svg‎|thumb|right|196px|DVD-Video format logo]]

'''DVD-Video''' is a consumer video format used to store digital video on [[DVD]] discs, and is currently the dominant consumer video format in [[Canada]], [[Europe]] and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web | first=Anna | last=Bakalis | title = It's unreel: DVD rentals overtake videocassettes | publisher = [[Washington Times]] | date = [[2003-06-20]] | url = http://washingtontimes.com/business/20030620-113258-1104r.htm | accessdate = 2006-12-17 }}</ref> Discs using the DVD-Video specification require a DVD drive and an [[MPEG-2]] decoder (e.g., a DVD player, or a DVD computer drive with a software DVD player). Commercial DVD movies are encoded using a combination of MPEG-2 compressed video and audio of varying formats (often multi-channel formats as described below). The typical data rate for DVD video is 7 [[Mbit/s]] on average. The [[bit rate]] is usually adaptive so spot-samples of the bit rate are expected to deviate from the average.

==Visual data==
===Resolution and Frame rate===
To record moving pictures DVD-Video utilizes either [[MPEG-2]] compression at up to 9.8 [[Mbit/s]] (9800 [[kbit/s]]) or [[MPEG-1]] compression at up to 1.856 Mbit/s (1856 kbit/s).

The following formats are allowed for MPEG-2 video:
* At 25 [[Frames per second|frame/s]] (usually used in regions with 50 Hz image scanning frequency, where [[PAL]] is standard for analog television):
: 720 × 576 pixels MPEG-2 (Called full [[D1 (Sony)|D1]])
: 704 × 576 pixels MPEG-2
: 352 × 576 pixels MPEG-2 (Called Half-D1, same as the [[China Video Disc]] standard)
: 352 × 288 pixels MPEG-2
* At 29.97 or 23.976 frame/s (usually used in regions with 60 Hz image scanning frequency, where [[NTSC]] is standard for analog television):
: 720 × 480 pixels MPEG-2 (Called full [[D1 (Sony)|D1]])
: 704 × 480 pixels MPEG-2
: 352 × 480 pixels MPEG-2 (Called Half-D1, same as the [[China Video Disc]] standard)
: 352 × 240 pixels MPEG-2

The following formats are allowed for MPEG-1 video:
* 352 × 288 pixels MPEG-1 at 25 frame/s (Same as the [[Video cd|VCD]] Standard)
* 352 × 240 pixels MPEG-1 at 29.97 frame/s (Same as the [[Video cd|VCD]] Standard)

===Other requirements===
[[Interlacing]] is only supported for MPEG-2 video, due to [[MPEG-1#MPEG-1 video|MPEG-1 constraints]]. [[16:9]] aspect ratio [[Anamorphic widescreen|anamorphic]] video is only supported at 720 × 576/480, and all resolutions support [[4:3]] aspect ratio video. The maximum chapters allowed per title is 99 and the maximum titles allowed per DVD is 99.

DVD-Video discs have a raw bitrate of 11.08 Mbit/s, with a 1.0 Mbit/s overhead, leaving a payload bitrate of 10.08 Mbit/s. Of this, up to 3.36 megabits can be used for subtitles and a maximum of 9.80 megabits can be split amongst audio and video. In the case of multiple angles the data is stored interleaved, and so there's a bitrate penalty leading to a max bitrate of 8 Mbit/s per angle to compensate for additional seek time. This limit is not cumulative, so each additional angle can still have up to 8 Mbit/s of bitrate available.

Professionally encoded videos average a bitrate of 4.0-5.0 Mbit/s with a maximum of 7–8 Mbit/s in high-action scenes. This is typically done to allow greater compatibility amongst players, and to help prevent [[buffer underrun]]s in the case of dirty or scratched discs.

[[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment|Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment]] has created a line of DVDs (dubbed "[[Superbit]]") aiming to maximize picture quality by eliminating multiple languages, angles, and audio tracks. This allows average bitrates closer to 6 Mbit/s.

Some DVD hardware or software players may play discs whose MPEG files do not conform to the above standards; commonly this is used to support DVD discs authored with formats such as [[Video CD|VCD]] and [[Super Video CD|SVCD]]. While VCD and [[China Video Disc|CVD]] video is supported by the DVD standard, neither SVCD video nor VCD, CVD, or SVCD audio is compatible with the DVD standard.

Some hardware players will also play DVD-ROMs or [[CD-ROM]]s containing "raw" .mpg MPEG video files; these are "unauthored" and lack the [[file]] and header structure that defines DVD-Video. Standard DVD-Video files contain extra information (such as the number of video tracks, chapters and links to extra features) that DVD players use to navigate the disc.

==Audio data==


The audio data on a DVD movie can be [[Pulse-code modulation|PCM]], [[Digital Theatre System|DTS]], [[MPEG-1 Audio Layer II]] (MP2), or [[Dolby Digital]] (AC-3) format. In countries using the [[PAL]] system standard DVD-Video releases must contain at least one audio track using the PCM, MP2, or AC-3 format, and all standard PAL players must support all three of these formats. A similar standard exists in countries using the [[NTSC]] system, though with no requirement mandating the use of or support for the MP2 format. DTS audio is optional for all players, as DTS was not part of the initial draft standard and was added later; thus, many early players are unable to play DTS audio tracks. The vast majority of commercial DVD-Video releases today employ [[Dolby Digital|AC-3]] audio.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The official allowed formats for the audio tracks on a DVD Video are:
* PCM: 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling rate, 16 bit or 24 bit L-PCM, 2 to 6 channels, up to 6144 kbit/s. N.B. 16-bit 48kHz 8 channel PCM is allowed by the DVD-Video specification but is not well-supported by authoring applications or players.
* AC-3: 48 kHz sampling rate, 1 to 5.1 (6) channels, up to 448 kbit/s
* DTS: 48 kHz or 96 kHz sampling rate, 2 to 6.1 channels, Half Rate (768 kbit/s) or Full Rate (1536 kbit/s)
* MP2: 48 kHz sampling rate, 1 to 7.1 channels, up to 912 kbit/s

DVDs can contain more than one channel of audio to go together with the video content, supporting a maximum of 8 simultaneous audio tracks per video. This is most commonly used for different audio formats—DTS 5.1, AC-3 2.0 etc.—as well as for commentary and audio tracks in different languages.

==Connection issues==
Due to multiple audio (and video) output sources, a consumer has many outputs on a DVD player, and may become confused with connecting their player to their TV and/or amplifier. Most systems include an optional digital audio connector for this task, which is then paired with a similar input on the amplifier. The physical connection is typically [[RCA connector]]s or [[TOSLINK]], which transmits a [[S/PDIF]] stream carrying either uncompressed digital audio (PCM) or the original compressed audio data (Dolby Digital, DTS, MPEG audio) to be decoded by the audio equipment.

Video is another issue which continues to present most problems. Current players typically output [[analog signal|analog]] video only, both [[composite video]] on an RCA jack, as well as [[S-Video]] in the standard connector. However neither of these connectors were intended to be used for [[progressive video]], so yet another set of connectors has started to appear, to carry a form of [[component video]], which keeps the three components of the video, one luminance signal and two color difference signal, as stored on the DVD itself, on fully separate wires (whereas S-Video uses two wires, uniting and degrading the two color signals, and composite only one, uniting and degrading all three signals). The connectors are further confused by using a number of different physical connectors on different player models, RCA or [[BNC connector|BNC]], as well as using [[VGA connector|VGA]] cables in a non-standard way (VGA is normally analog [[RGB color model|RGB]]—a different, incompatible form of component video). Even worse, there are often two sets of component outputs, one carrying [[interlaced video]], and the other progressive, or a interlaced/progressive switch (either a physical switch or a menu setting).

In Europe (but not most other PAL areas), [[SCART]] connectors are typically used, which can carry composite and analog RGB interlaced video signals (RGB can be progressive, but not all DVD players and displays support this mode) or Y/C ([[S-Video]]), as well as analog two-channel sound and automatic 4:3 or 16:9 (widescreen) switching on a single convenient multiwire cable. The analog RGB component signal offers video quality which is superior to [[S-Video]] and identical to [[YPbPr]] component video. However, analog RGB and S-Video signals can not be carried simultaneously, due to each using the same pins for different uses, and displays often must be manually configured as to the input signal, since no switching mode exists for S-Video. (A switching mode does exist to indicate whether composite or RGB is being used.) Some DVD players and set-top boxes offer [[YPbPr]] component video signals over the wires in the [[SCART]] connector intended for RGB, though this violates the official specification and manual configuration is again necessary. (Hypothetically, unlike RGB component, YPbPr component signals and S-Video Y/C signals could both be sent over the wire simultaneously, since they share the luminance (Y) component.)

[[HDMI]] is a new digital connection similar to [[DVI]]; it carries High Definition, Enhanced Definition and Standard Definition video. Along with video HDMI also supports up to eight-channel digital audio. Some HDMI-equipped DVD players can [[HD Upconverter|upconvert]] the video to higher definition formats such as [[720p]] and 1080i, and sometimes to [[1080p]].

==Other features==
===Subtitles===
DVD Video may also include up to 32 [[subtitle (captioning)|subtitle]] or subpicture tracks in various languages, including those made especially for the [[deaf]] and [[hearing impaired]]. They are stored as [[bitmap]] images with transparent background and are shown over the video during playback. The subtitle track is contained within the [[VOB]] file of the DVD. Subtitles are restricted to four colors (including transparency) and thus tend to look cruder than permanent subtitles on film.<ref>[http://www.sonic.com/products/Consumer/CinePlayer/Technology/variability.aspx CinePlayer Variability], Sonic.</ref>DVD Video may also contain [[closed captioning]] material which can only be viewed using an analog connection to the television.

===Chapters===
DVD Video may contain chapters for easy navigation (and continuation of a partially watched film). If space permits, it is also possible to include several versions (called "angles") of certain scenes, though today this feature is mostly used—if at all—not to show different angles of the action, but as part of internationalization to, for example, show different language versions of images containing written text, if subtitles will not do (e.g., the Queen's [[spell book]] in ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Snow White]]'', and the scrolling text in the openings of the ''[[Star Wars]]'' films). Multiple angles have found a niche in markets such as [[yoga]] and [[erotica]].

===Extra features===
A major selling point of DVD Video is that its storage capacity allows for a wide variety of extra features in addition to the feature film itself. This can include [[audio commentary (DVD)|audio commentary]] that is timed to the film sequence, [[Documentary film|documentary]] features, [[deleted scene]]s, [[photo gallery|photo galleries]], [[storyboards]], isolated [[film score|music scores]], trivia text commentary, simple games, film shorts, [[TV spots]], [[radio spots]] and most commonly [[movie trailers|theatrical trailers]] and [[teaser trailer]]s.

The extra (or bonus) features are often popular with the audience{{Fact|date=December 2008}} as they can add extra depth and understanding to the film. Games, bloopers and galleries can provide extra entertainment, especially for younger ages. Deleted scenes and alternative endings further the imagination and allow the audience to form a personal judgement on whether the best scenes were selected.

Other extras that can be included on DVDs are motion menus, still pictures, up to 32 selectable subtitles, [[seamless branching]] for multiple storylines, up to 9 camera angles, and [[DVD-ROM]] / data files that can be accessed on a computer equipped with a DVD-ROM capable drive.

==Restrictions==
DVD-Video has four complementary systems designed to restrict the DVD user in various ways: [[Macrovision]], [[Content Scramble System]] (CSS), [[regional lockout|region codes]], and [[User operation prohibition|disabled user operations]] (UOPs). There are also anti-ripping techniques intended to foil [[DVD ripper|ripping software]].

===Content Scramble System===
Many DVD-Video titles use Content Scramble System (CSS) encryption, which is intended to discourage people from copying the disc. Usually, users need to install software provided on the DVD or downloaded from the Internet such as [[WinDVD]], [[PowerDVD]], [[MPlayer]], or [[VLC media player|VLC]] to be able to view the disc in a computer system.

CSS does not make it more difficult to copy the digital content, nor possible to distinguish between legal and illegal copies of a work, but it does restrict the playback software that may be used.

CSS has caused major problems for the inclusion of DVD players in any [[open source]] operating systems, since open source player implementations are not officially given access to the decryption keys or license to the [[patent]]s involved in CSS. [[Proprietary software]] players were also difficult to find on some platforms. However, a successful effort has been made to write a decoder by [[reverse engineering]], resulting in [[DeCSS]]. This has led to long-running legal battles and the arrest of some of those involved in creating or distributing the DeCSS code<ref>{{cite web

| title = DeCSS Author Arrested
| url = http://slashdot.org/yro/00/01/25/0827258.shtml
| publisher = [[Slashdot]] | date = [[2000-01-25]]
| accessdate = 2008-06-18

}}</ref><ref>{{cite web

| title = The Openlaw DVD/DeCSS Forum Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) List
| date = 2000-05-03
| url = http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/DVD/dvd-discuss-faq.html
| last = Warren | first = R. | publisher = Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University
| accessdate = 2008-06-18

}}</ref>, through the use of the controversial U.S. [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA), on the grounds that such software could also be used to facilitate unauthorized copying of the data on the discs.

The DMCA currently affects only the [[United States]], however many other countries are signatories to the similar [[World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty|WIPO Treaty]]. In some countries it is not illegal to use de-scrambling software to bypass the DVD restrictions. A [[List of video players (software)|number of software programs]] have since appeared on the Web to view DVDs on a number of different platforms.

Other measures such as anti-ripping, as well as U.S. and non-U.S. [[copyright]] law, may be used to prevent making unauthorized copies of DVDs. CSS decrypting software, or ripping software, such as [[DVD Decrypter]], [[AnyDVD]], and [[DVD Shrink]] allows a disc to be copied to hard disk unscrambled. Some DeCSS applications also remove [[Macrovision]], [[regional lockout|region codes]], and disabled user operations (UOPs).

===Anti-ripping===
After DeCSS ripping software became available, companies developed techniques to introduce errors in DVD-Video discs that don't normally affect playback and navigation of a disc, but can cause problems in software that attempts to copy the entire disc. These approaches, which are not part of the official DVD-Video specification, include Sony [[ARccOS]], Macrovision [[Macrovision#RipGuard|RipGuard]], [[X-protect]], ProtectDisc [[SecureBurn]], Anaho <ref>[http://www.anahoproductions.com Anaho]</ref>, Fortium, and others. All of these methods have been circumvented (as might have been expected, since all standard DVD players naturally circumvent them to play and navigate the discs normally.) [[Riplock]] is a feature that reduces drive noise during playback but inadvertently reduces ripping speed.

===Disabled user operations===
{{main|User operation prohibition}}
DVD-Video allows the disc to specify whether or not the user may perform any operation, such as selecting a menu, skipping chapters, forwarding or rewinding—essentially any function on the remote control. This is known as User Operation Prohibitions, or Prohibited User Operations (UOPs or PUOs). Most DVD players respect these commands (e.g., by preventing skipping or fast-forwarding through a copyright message or an advertisement at the beginning of a disc). However, [[grey market]] players ignore UOPs and some DVD "re-authoring" software packages allow the user to produce a copy without these restrictions. The legality of these activities varies by jurisdiction and is the subject of debate. (See [[fair use]].)

===Region codes===
{{main|DVD region code}}
[[Image:DVD-Regions with key.png|thumb|right|300px|DVD region codes across the world]]
Each DVD-Video disc contains one or more '''region codes''', denoting the area(s) of the world in which distribution and playback are intended. The commercial DVD player specification dictates that a player must only play discs that contain its region code. In theory, this allows the motion picture studios to control the various aspects of a release (including content, date and price) on a region-by-region basis, or ensure the success of "staggered" or delayed cinema releases from country to country. For example, the British movie ''[[28 Days Later]]'' was released on DVD in Europe several months prior to the film's release in North American movie theaters. Regional coding kept the European DVD unplayable for most North American consumers, thereby ensuring that ticket sales would be relatively unaffected. 

In practice, many DVD players allow playback of any disc, or can be modified to do so. Entirely independent of encryption, region coding pertains to [[regional lockout]], which originated in the [[video game]] industry.

From a worldwide perspective regional coding may be seen as a failure.<ref>{{cite web | first=Paul | last=Rubens | title = Border controls crumble in DVD land | publisher = [[BBC News]] | date = [[2002-08-19]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2000/dot_life/2197548.stm | accessdate = 2007-07-09}}</ref> A huge percentage of players outside of North America can be easily modified (and are even sold pre-modified by mainstream stores such as Amazon.co.uk) to ignore the regional codes on a disc. This, coupled with the fact that almost all televisions in Europe and [[Australasia]] are capable of displaying NTSC video (at the very least, in black and white), means that consumers in these regions have a huge choice of discs. Contrary to popular belief, this practice is not illegal and in some countries that strongly support free trade it is encouraged.

A normal DVD player can only play region-coded discs designated for the player's own particular region. However, a code-free or region-free DVD player is capable of playing DVD discs from any of the six regions around the world.

The [[Content Scramble System|CSS]] license prohibits manufacturing of DVD players that are not set to a single region by default. While the same license prohibits manufacturers from including prominent interfaces to change the region setting it does not clearly prevent them from including "hidden" menus that enable the player's region to be changed; as such, many high-end models in the U.S. include password-protected or otherwise hidden methods to enable multi-region playback. Conversely in the UK and Ireland many cheap DVD players are multi-region while more expensive systems, including the majority of [[home cinema]] systems, are preset to play only region 2 discs.

==Programming interface==
A [[virtual machine]] implemented by the DVD player runs [[bytecode]] contained on the DVD. This is used to control playback and display special effects on the menus. The [[instruction set]] is called the Virtual Machine (VM) DVD command set. There are 16 general parameter registers (GPRM) to hold temporary values and 24 system parameters (SPRM). As a result of a moderately flexible programming interface, DVD players can be used to play games, such as the DVD re-release of ''[[Dragon's Lair]]'', along with more sophisticated and advanced games such as ''[[Scene It]]'', all of which can be run on standard DVD players.

== Players and recorders ==
Modern [[DVD recorder]]s often support additional formats, including DVD+/-R/RW, CD-R/RW, [[MP3]], [[Windows Media Audio|WMA]], [[Super Video CD|SVCD]], [[JPEG]], [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], [[Karaoke|KAR]] and [[MPEG-4]] ([[DivX]]/[[Xvid]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdrecorderworld.com/articles/choosing_a_dvd_recorder.php|title=DVD Recorder Formats dvdrecorderworld.com|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> Some also include [[USB]] ports or [[flash memory]] readers. Player prices range from as low as [[United States dollar|US$]]20 ([[Pound sterling|GB£]]10){{Fact|July 9, 2008|Amazon is hardly an authoritative source and these prices do not match the source quoted anyway|date=July 2008}} to as high as US$2,700 (GB£1,350).{{Fact|July 9, 2008|Amazon is hardly an authoritative source and these prices do not match the source quoted anyway|date=July 2008}}

DVD drives for computers usually come with one of two kinds of Regional Playback Control (RPC), either RPC-1 or RPC-2. This is used to enforce the publisher's restrictions on what regions of the world the DVD can be played. (See [[Regional lockout]] and [[DVD region code]]s.) Most DVD players (both standalone models and software players) come further encumbered with restrictions forbidding the viewer from skipping (or in some cases fast-forwarding) certain content such as copyright warnings or advertisements. (See [[User operation prohibition]].)

Video game systems with DVD-Video playback functionality are [[PlayStation 2]], [[PlayStation 3]], [[Xbox]] (additional remote required), [[Xbox 360]], and [[Panasonic Q]]. Reggie Fils-Aime said in an interview that a future version of the Nintendo [[Wii]] will be able to play DVD-Video.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Wii DVD player planned
| publisher = The Inquirer
| date = [[2006-11-23]]
| url = http://www.theinquirer.net/default.aspx?article=35919
| accessdate = 2007-05-16 }}</ref>

== Competitors and successors ==

In April 2000, Sonic Solutions and Ravisent announced hDVD, an [[HDTV]] extension to DVD.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Sonic Solutions ships New hDVD Format
| publisher = CDRInfo
| date = [[2000-04-18]]
| url = http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=4623
| accessdate = 2006-12-17 }}</ref> However hDVD failed to gain much popularity.

On [[November 18]], [[2003]], the Chinese news agency [[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]] reported the final standard of the Chinese government-sponsored [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD) which is another extension of standard DVD.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Chinese Companies Tackling Intellectual Property Rights Issues
| publisher = WorldWatch
| date = [[2000-04-18]]
| url = http://www.worldwatch.org/node/3867
| accessdate = 2007-05-16 }}</ref> Shortly thereafter the development of the format was halted by a licensing dispute between Chinese companies and [[On2 Technologies]], but on [[December 6]], [[2006]], 20 Chinese electronic firms unveiled 54 prototype EVD players and announced their intention for the format to completely replace DVDs in China by 2008.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Chinese companies unveil video players with homegrown DVD technology
| publisher = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
| date = [[2006-12-06]]
| url = http://www.cbc.ca/cp/business/061206/b120613A.html
| accessdate = 2007-05-16 }}</ref> However, due to a lack of sales, support for EVD has recently been dropped by the Xinhua Bookstore in [[Wuhan]], which was a major supporter of the format.

The first serious contenders to replace DVD were [[HD DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]]. HD DVD was backed by the [[DVD Forum]] which voted to make it the official successor to DVD. Blu-ray is backed by the [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] which shares many of the same members. The first HD DVD player was released in [[March 2006]], with the first Blu-ray player following in [[June 2006]]. They were engaged in a [[format war]] up until February 2008, to determine which of the two formats would become the leading carrier for high-definition content to consumers. This situation was similar to the [[Videotape format war|VHS/Betamax format war]] in consumer video recorders in the late 1980s. The manufacturers of HD DVD, Toshiba, announced in February 2008 that they were ceasing production of their HD DVD players indefinitely, citing low demand for HD DVD and the growing use of Blu-ray, which had become popular due to its inclusion as part of the PlayStation 3, among other reasons<ref>{{cite web |title=E-commerce and Vídeo Distribution:DVD and Blu-ray |url=http://ecommerceandvideodistributiondvd.blogspot.com/}}</ref>.

As of February 2009, Blu-ray disc remains the market's chosen high-definition video media format and interest in the format, and in HDTV in general, is quickly becoming popular, as measured by sales figures. It does not appear that Blu-ray or anything else will replace DVD soon, as most people simply don't seem to see enough advantage in a new format to balance against the downsides of making another switch.

It should be noted, however, that all standard DVD's will play on existing Blu-ray players, making the switch to Blu-ray much easier than the switch from VHS to DVD was 10 years ago.

==See also==
*[[Blu-ray Disc]]
*[[Format war]]
*[[List of video players (software)]]
*[[Jon Lech Johansen]], author of [[DeCSS]]
*[[Superbit]]
*[[Video Object]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://dvd.sourceforge.net/dvdinfo/index.html DVD-Video information] including virtual machine instruction set information.
* [http://www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/productinfo.php Unofficial DVD Specifications Guide] (Commercial site.) Includes information about the virtual machine.

{{Homevid}}

[[Category:Computer storage media]]
[[Category:Audio storage]]
[[Category:Video storage]]
[[Category:DVD| DVD]]
[[Category:Consumer electronics]]

[[af:DVD-Video]]
[[bg:DVD#DVD-Video]]
[[cs:DVD-Video]]
[[da:DVD-Video]]
[[de:DVD-Video]]
[[ko:DVD 비디오]]
[[it:DVD-Video]]
[[ms:DVD-Video]]
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[[pl:DVD-Video]]
[[sk:DVD-Video]]
[[sv:DVD-video]]
[[vi:DVD-Video]]
[[zh:DVD-Video]]

IPod

2009-05-22T07:06:28Z

MichaelsProgramming: Grammar fix.

{{lowercase}}
{{Infobox Information appliance
|name = iPod
|image = [[File:IPod family.png|300px]]
|caption = The current iPod line. From left to right: [[iPod Shuffle]], [[iPod Nano]], [[iPod Classic]], [[iPod Touch]].
|manufacturer = [[Apple Inc.]]
|type = [[Portable Media Player]] (PMP)
|service = [[iTunes Store]] [[App Store]]
|unitssold = Over 151,000,000 worldwide as of April 2008<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.systemshootouts.org/ipod_sales.html | title=iPod Sales: Quarterly & Total | author=Charles Gaba | accessdate=2008-04-28}}</ref>
|cpu = [[Samsung]] [[ARM architecture|ARM]]
}}
'''iPod''' is the brand of [[portable media player]]s designed and marketed by [[Apple Inc.]] and launched on {{start date|2001|10|23}}. The product line-up includes the hard drive-based [[iPod Classic]], the touchscreen [[iPod Touch]], the video-capable [[iPod Nano]], and the compact [[iPod Shuffle]]. The [[iPhone]] can function as an iPod but is generally treated as a separate product. Former iPod models include the [[iPod Mini]] and the spin-off [[iPod Photo]] (since reintegrated into the main iPod Classic line). iPod Classic models store [[multimedia|media]] on an internal [[hard drive]], while all other models use [[flash memory]] to enable their smaller size (the discontinued Mini used a [[Microdrive]] miniature hard drive). As with many other digital music players, iPods can also serve as external [[USB mass storage device class|data storage devices]]. Storage capacity varies by model.

Apple's [[iTunes]] software can be used to transfer music to the devices from computers using certain versions of Apple [[Macintosh]] and [[Microsoft Windows]] operating systems.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apple.com/itunes/download/ | title=iTunes system requirements. Apple iTunes software currently runs on Macintosh OS X 10.3.9 or OS X 10.4.9 or later and on Microsoft Windows XP (Service Pack 2) or Vista | author=Apple Inc. | accessdate=2008-05-28}}</ref> For users who choose not to use Apple's software or whose computers cannot run iTunes software, several open source alternatives to iTunes are also available.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.simplehelp.net/2007/07/08/10-alternatives-to-itunes-for-managing-your-ipod/ | title=Alternatives to iTunes for managing your iPod | author=Ross McKillop, simplehelp.net | accessdate=2008-05-28}}</ref> iTunes and its alternatives may also transfer photos, videos, [[iPod game|games]], contact information, [[e-mail]] settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars to iPod models supporting those features. {{As of|2008|09}}, more than 173,000,000 iPods had been sold worldwide, making it the best-selling [[digital audio player]] series in history.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.engadget.com/2007/09/05/steve-jobs-live-apples-the-beat-goes-on-special-event/17 | title=Steve Jobs live -- Apple's "The beat goes on" special event | author=Ryan Block | date=5 September 2007 | work=[[Engadget]] | accessdate=2008-03-10}}</ref>

==History and design==
[[File:IPod 5-6 Gen side-by-side.jpg|thumb|The [[iPod Classic]] 5G (right) and 6G (left) showing the improved album view]]
The iPod line came from Apple's "digital hub" category,<ref name=straight>Kahney, Leander.[http://www.wired.com/news/columns/cultofmac/0,71956-0.html Straight Dope on the iPod's Birth], ''[[Wired News]]'', 2006-10-17. Retrieved on 2006-10-30.</ref> when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user interfaces that were "unbelievably awful,"<ref name=straight /> so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO [[Steve Jobs]], Apple's hardware engineering chief [[Jon Rubinstein]] assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers [[Tony Fadell]] and [[Michael Dhuey]],<ref>"[http://www.designnews.com/article/CA6478178.html 2007 Engineer of the Year Finalist Michael Dhuey’s Hardware Knowledge Helps Breathe Life Into iPod, TelePresence]", ''Design News'', 24 September 2007.</ref> and design engineer [[Jonathan Ive]].<ref name=straight /> The product was developed in less than one year and unveiled on 23 October 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket."<ref>http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/origin-of-the-ipod.html</ref>

Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using [[PortalPlayer]]'s reference platform based on 2 [[ARM architecture|ARM]] cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with [[Bluetooth]] headphones.<ref name=straight /> Apple contracted another company, [[Pixo]], to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs.<ref name=straight /> As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the [[iPod Mini]], the [[Chicago (typeface)|Chicago]] font was replaced with [[Espy Sans]]. Later iPods switched fonts again to [[Podium Sans]]—a font similar to Apple's corporate font, [[Myriad (typeface)|Myriad]]. iPods with color displays then adopted some [[Mac OS X]] themes like Aqua progress bars, and [[Brushed Metal (interface)|brushed metal]] meant to evoke a [[combination lock]]. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation [[iPod Classic]] and third-generation [[iPod Nano]] by changing the font to [[Helvetica]] and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item).

In September 2007, during the course of a lawsuit with [[patent holding company]] Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. [[Kane Kramer]] patented the idea of a "plastic music box" in 1979, which he called the IXI.<ref name=DailyMail>Boffey, Daniel [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1053152/Apple-admit-Briton-DID-invent-iPod-hes-getting-money.html Apple admit Briton DID invent iPod, but he's still not getting any money] ''[[Daily Mail]]'', 2008-09-08. Retrieved on 2008-09-08.</ref> He was unable to secure funding to renew the [[United States dollar|US$]] 120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea.<ref name=DailyMail /> Kramer is now in talks with the company to discuss how he will be reimbursed.<ref name=DailyMail />

===Trademark===
The name ''iPod'' was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' and the phrase "Open the pod bay door, [[HAL 9000|Hal]]!", which refers to the white [[EVA Pod]]s of the [[Discovery One]] spaceship.<ref name=straight /> Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of [[New Jersey]] had originally listed an "iPod" trademark with the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]] in July 2000 for [[Internet kiosk]]s. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005.<ref>Serial No. 78018061, Registration No. 2781793, records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. InPub, LLC, filed an "IPOD" trademark on 1 June 1999, for "computer software and hardware." The trademark was abandoned May 18, 2000, without commercial use.</ref>

==Software==
The iPod line can play several [[audio file format]]s including [[MP3]], [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]]/[[MPEG-4 Part 14|M4A]], [[FairPlay|Protected AAC]], [[AIFF]], [[WAV]], [[Audible.com|Audible]] [[audiobook]], and [[Apple Lossless]]. The iPod Photo introduced the ability to display [[JPEG]], [[Windows bitmap|BMP]], [[Graphics Interchange Format|GIF]], [[TIFF]], and [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] image file formats. Fifth and sixth generation iPod Classics, as well as third generation iPod Nanos, can additionally play [[MPEG-4]] ([[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]]) and [[QuickTime]] [[container format|video formats]], with restrictions on video dimensions, encoding techniques and data-rates.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/ipodclassic/specs.html iPod Classic Technical Specs]</ref> Originally, iPod software only worked with [[Mac OS]]; iPod software for [[Microsoft Windows]] was launched with the second generation model.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/itunes/download/ iTunes Downloads]</ref> Unlike most other media players, Apple does not support [[Microsoft]]'s [[Windows Media Audio|WMA]] audio format—but a converter for WMA files without [[Digital Rights Management]] (DRM) is provided with the [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] version of iTunes. [[MIDI]] files also cannot be played, but can be converted to audio files using the "Advanced" menu in iTunes. Alternative open-source audio formats, such as [[Ogg Vorbis]] and [[FLAC]], are not supported without installing custom firmware onto an iPod (e.g. [[Rockbox]]).

During installation, an iPod is associated with one host computer. Each time an iPod connects to its host computer, iTunes can synchronize entire music libraries or music playlists either automatically or manually. Song ratings can be set on an iPod and synchronized later to the iTunes library, and vice versa. A user can access, play, and add music on a second computer if an iPod is set to manual and not automatic sync, but anything added or edited will be reversed upon connecting and syncing with the main computer and its library. If a user wishes to automatically sync music with another computer, an iPod's library will be entirely wiped and replaced with the other computer's library.

===User interface===
[[Image:Ipodwheelwiki.svg|thumb|The iPod line's signature click wheel]]
iPods with color displays use [[anti-aliasing|anti-aliased]] graphics and text, with sliding animations. All iPods (except the [[iPod shuffle]] and [[iPod touch]]) have five buttons and the later generations have the buttons integrated into the click wheel—an innovation that gives an uncluttered, minimalist [[User interface|interface]]. The buttons perform basic functions such as menu, play, pause, next track, and previous track. Other operations such as scrolling through menu items and controlling the volume are performed by using the click wheel in a rotational manner. The [[iPod shuffle]] does not have any controls on the actual player, instead it has a small control on the earphones cable, with volume up and down buttons and a single button for play/pause, next track, etc. The [[iPod Touch]] has no click-wheel. Instead it uses a 3.5" touch screen in addition to a home button, sleep/wake button and (on the second generation iPod touch) volume up and down buttons. The user interface for the iPod touch is virtually identical to the [[iPhone]]. Both devices use the [[iPhone OS]].

===iTunes Store===
{{main|iTunes|iTunes Store}}
The iTunes Store is an online media store run by Apple and accessed via iTunes. It was introduced on 29 April 2003 and it sells individual songs, with typical prices being US$0.99, or $1.29 [[Australian dollar|AU$]]1.69 (inc. [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|GST]]), [[New Zealand dollar|NZ$]]1.79 (inc. [[Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)|GST]]), [[Euro|€]]0.99 (inc. [[Value added tax#European Union|VAT]]), or [[Pound sterling|£]]0.79 (inc. [[Value added tax#European Union|VAT]]) per song. Since no other portable player supports the [[Digital rights management|DRM]] used, only iPods can play protected content from the iTunes Store. The store became the market leader soon after its launch<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2004/aug/10itms.html iTunes Music Store Catalog Tops One Million Songs], ''[[Apple Inc.]]'', 2004-08-10. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.</ref> and Apple announced the sale of videos through the store on 12 October 2005. Full-length movies became available on 12 September 2006.<ref>Scott-Joynt, Jeremy. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5339470.stm Apple targets TV and film market], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2006-09-12. Retrieved on 2006-09-12.</ref>

Purchased audio files use the AAC format with added encryption. The encryption is based on the [[FairPlay]] DRM system. Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods can play the files. Burning the files onto an audio CD, then re-compressing can create music files without the DRM, although this results in [[generation loss|reduced quality]]. The DRM can also be removed using third-party software. However, in a deal with Apple, [[EMI]] began selling DRM-free, higher-quality songs on the iTunes Stores, in a category called "iTunes Plus." While individual songs were made available at a cost of US$1.29, 30¢ more than the cost of a regular DRM song, entire albums were available for the same price, US$9.99, as DRM encoded albums. On 17 October 2007, Apple lowered the cost of individual iTunes Plus songs to US$0.99 per song, the same as DRM encoded tracks. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM has been removed from 80% of the music catalog, and that it will be removed from all music by April, 2009.

iPods cannot play music files from competing music stores that use rival-DRM technologies like [[Microsoft]]'s [[Windows Media DRM|protected WMA]] or [[RealNetworks]]' [[Helix (project)|Helix]] DRM. Example stores include [[Napster]] and [[MSN Music]]. RealNetworks claims that Apple is creating problems for itself<ref>Kanellos, Michael. [http://news.com.com/2100-1025_3-5177914.html Real's Glaser exhorts Apple to open iPod], ''[[CNET|CNet News]]'', 2004-03-23. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.</ref> by using FairPlay to lock users into using the iTunes Store. Steve Jobs has stated that Apple makes little profit from song sales, although Apple uses the store to promote iPod sales.<ref>Orlowski, Andrew. [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/11/07/your_99c_belong/ Your 99c belong to the RIAA – Steve Jobs], ''[[The Register]]'', 2003-11-07. Retrieved on2006-06-20.</ref> However, iPods can also play music files from online stores that do not use DRM, such as [[eMusic]] or [[Amie Street]].

[[Universal Music Group]] decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Music Store on 3 July 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.<ref>Evans, Jonny. [http://www.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/index.cfm?newsid=18459 Universal confirms iTunes contract change], ''[[Macworld UK]]'', 2007-07-04. Retrieved on 2007-07-05.</ref>

Apple debuted the [[iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store]] on 5 September 2007, in its Media Event entitled "The Beat Goes On..." This service allows users to access the Music Store from either an iPhone or an iPod Touch and download songs directly to the device that can be synced to the user's iTunes Library.

====Games====
{{main|iPod game|App Store}}
[[Video game]]s are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game ''[[Breakout (arcade game)|Brick]]'' (originally invented by Apple's co-founder [[Steve Wozniak]]) included as an [[easter egg (virtual)|easter egg]] hidden feature; later [[firmware]] versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games in addition to ''Brick'': ''[[Parachute (iPod Game)|Parachute]]'', ''[[Solitaire]]'', and ''Music Quiz''.

In September 2006 the [[iTunes Store]] began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of [[iTunes version history|iTunes 7]], compatible with the [[iPod (5G)|fifth generation iPod]] with iPod software 1.2 or later. Those games were: ''[[Bejeweled]]'', ''Cubis 2'', ''[[Mahjong]]'', ''[[Mini Golf|Mini]] [[Golf]]'', ''[[Pac-Man]]'', ''[[Tetris]]'', ''[[Texas Hold 'Em]]'', ''[[Vortex (iPod game)|Vortex]]'', and ''[[Zuma (computer game)|Zuma]]''. Additional games have since been added. These games work on current and immediate previous generation of the iPod Nano and iPod Classic.

With third parties like [[Namco]], [[Square Enix]], [[Electronic Arts]], [[Sega]], and [[Hudson Soft]] all making games for the iPod, Apple's MP3 player has taken great steps towards entering the video game handheld console market.{{POV-statement|date=January 2009}} Even video game magazines like [[GamePro]] and [[Electronic Gaming Monthly|EGM]] have reviewed and rated most of their games as of late.{{Fact|date=January 2009}}

The games are in the form of [[.ipg]] files, which are actually [[.zip]] archives in disguise. When unzipped, they reveal executable files along with common audio and image files, leading to the possibility of [[third-party developer|third party games]]. Apple has not publicly released a [[software development kit]] (SDK) for iPod-specific development.<ref>[http://www.bensinclair.com/article/whats-inside-an-ipod-game "What's Inside an iPod Game?"] bensinclair.com, September 14, 2006.</ref> Apps produced with the [[iPhone SDK]] are compatible only the [[iPhone OS]] on the iPod Touch and iPhone, which cannot run clickwheel-based games.

===File storage and transfer===
All iPods except for the iPod Touch can function in "disk mode" as a [[USB mass storage device class|mass storage devices]] to store data files.<ref>[http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=306414 iPod touch: Appears in iTunes but not in Finder or Windows Desktop]</ref> If an iPod is formatted on a Mac OS X computer it uses the [[HFS Plus|HFS+]] file system format, which allows it to serve as a [[boot disk]] for a Mac computer.<ref>[http://lifehacker.com/software/how-to/boot-up-your-mac-from-your-ipod-260157.php How To: Boot up your Mac from your iPod]</ref> If it is formatted on Windows, the [[File Allocation Table#FAT32|FAT32]] format is used. With the advent of the Windows-compatible iPod, the default file system used on the iPod line switched from HFS+ to FAT32, although it can be reformatted to either file system (excluding the iPod Shuffle which is strictly FAT32). Generally, if a new iPod (excluding the iPod Shuffle) is initially plugged into a computer running Windows, it will be formatted with FAT32, and if initially plugged into a Mac running Mac OS X it will be formatted with HFS+.{{Fact|date=December 2008}}

Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical [[file management]] application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though [[comparison of iPod managers|several alternative third-party applications]] are available on a number of different platforms.

iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it.

Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling [[hidden files]] to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod.

==Hardware==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Chipsets and Electronics
!Chipset or Electronic
!Product(s)
!Component(s)
|-
|rowspan=4|Microcontroller
|iPod first to third generations
|Two [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 7TDMI-derived [[central processing unit|CPUs]] running at 90 MHz
|-
|iPod fourth and fifth generations, iPod Mini, iPod Nano first generation
|Variable-speed ARM 7TDMI CPUs, running at a peak of 80 MHz to save battery life
|-
|iPod Nano second generation
|Samsung System-On-Chip, based around an ARM processor.<ref>Cassell, Jonathan. [http://www.isuppli.com/markech/default.asp?id=360 Apple Delivers More For Less With New iPod Nano], iSuppli Corporation, 2006-09-20. Retrieved on 2006-10-21.</ref>
|-
|iPod Shuffle first generation
|[[SigmaTel]] STMP3550 chip that handles both the music decoding and the audio circuitry.<ref>Williams, Martyn. [http://www.pcworld.com/article/119799-1/article.html How Much Should an IPod Shuffle Cost?], ''[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]'', 2005-02-24. Retrieved on 2006-08-14.</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|Audio Chip
|All iPods (except the shuffle, 6G and the iPod Touch 2nd Generation <ref>[[Macworld (magazine)|Macworld]] [http://www.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/index.cfm?RSS&NewsID=20818 Wolfson loses Apple iPod business]</ref>)
|[[Codec|Audio Codecs]] developed by [[Wolfson Microelectronics]]
|-
|Sixth generation iPods
|[[Cirrus Logic]] Audio Codec Chip
|-
|rowspan=4|Storage Medium
|iPod first to fifth generation, iPod classic
|45.7 mm (1.8 in) hard drives (ATA-6, 4200 rpm with proprietary connectors) made by [[Toshiba]]
|-
|iPod Mini
|25.4 mm (1 in) [[Microdrive]] by [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]] and [[Seagate]]
|-
|iPod Nano
|[[Flash Memory]] from [[Samsung]], Toshiba, and others
|-
|iPod shuffle and touch
|[[Flash Memory]]
|-
|rowspan=2|Batteries
|iPod first and second generation, Shuffle
|Internal [[Lithium Polymer|Lithium Polymer Batteries]]
|-
|iPod third to fifth generation, iPod nano, iPod classic, iPod touch, iPod mini
|Internal [[lithium-ion battery|Lithium-Ion Batteries]]
|}

===Connectivity===
[[Image:IPod Chargers.JPG|thumb|right|Two iPod wall chargers, with FireWire (left) and USB (right) connectors, which allow iPods to charge without a computer.]]
Originally, a [[FireWire]] connection to the host computer was used to update songs or recharge the [[battery (electricity)|battery]]. The battery could also be charged with a power adapter that was included with the first four generations. The third generation began including a [[dock connector]], allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. The dock connector also brought opportunities to exchange data, sound and power with an iPod, which ultimately created a large market of accessories, manufactured by third parties such as [[Belkin]] and [[Griffin Technology|Griffin]]. The second generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm jack which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock.

Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first generation iPod Nano and the fifth generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed.

====iPod dock connector====
Introduced in the third-generation iPod, a 30-pin [[dock connector]] allows iPods to be connected to a variety of accessories, which can range from televisions to speaker systems. Some peripherals utilize their own interface, while others use an iPod's own screen for access. Such accessories may be used for music, video, and photo playback. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple.<ref>{{cite news |first= Joel |last= Johnson |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= How the "Apple Tax" Boosts Prices on iPod & iPhone Accessories|url= http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4272628.html?page=1|work= |publisher= [[Popular Mechanics]]|date= 2008-07-10 |accessdate=2008-09-09 }}</ref>

===Accessories===
Many accessories have been made for the iPod line. A large number are made by third party companies, although many, such as the late [[iPod Hi-Fi]], are made by Apple. This market is sometimes described as the iPod [[ecosystem]].<ref>Darlin, Damon. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/03/technology/03ipod.html?ex=1296622800&en=91f4e87dd848693f&ei=5088 The iPod Ecosystem]. ''[[New York Times]]'', 2006-02-03. Retrieved on 2006-08-14.</ref> Some accessories add extra features that other music players have, such as sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables for TV connections. Other accessories offer unique features like the [[Nike+iPod]] pedometer and the iPod Camera Connector. Other notable accessories include external speakers, wireless remote controls, protective cases/films and wireless earphones.<ref>[http://www.etymotic.com/ephp/er88.aspx In-The-Ear Bluetooth Earphones]. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> Among the first accessory manufacturers were [[Griffin Technology]], [[Belkin]], [[JBL]], [[Bose Corporation|Bose]], [[Monster Cable]], and [[SendStation Systems|SendStation]].[[Image:IPod Earbuds.JPG|thumb|Two designs of iPod earphones. The current version is shown on the right.]]

The white [[Headphones#Earbuds/Earphones|earphones]] (or "earbuds") that ship with all iPods have become symbolic of the brand. [[iPod advertising|Advertisements]] feature them prominently, often contrasting the white earphones (and cords) with people shown as dark [[silhouette]]s. The original earphones came with the first generation iPod. They were revised to be smaller after Apple received complaints of the earbuds being too large. The revised earphones were shipped with second through early fifth generation iPods, the iPod Mini, and the first generation Nanos. The earbuds were revised again in 2006, featuring an even smaller and more streamlined design. This third design was shipped with late fifth generation iPods and the second-generation nanos. All first generation iPod Shuffles and the second generation up until 30 January 2007 (when color models were introduced) were shipped with the second design; those that shipped after that date were distributed with the third design of the earbuds. The fourth generation Nano, the second generation Touch and the 120 GB iPod Classic come with headphones made from a slightly different material, which makes it anti-tangle, but more prone to damage,<ref>www.apple.com/ca/iPod_touch/#audio.html</ref> leading some users with issues, such as volume imbalance.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} The third generation [[iPod Shuffle]] came with headphones with the controls on the right ear.

In 2005, [[New York City|New York's]] [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)|Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] placed advertisements on the subways warning passengers that "Earphones are a giveaway. Protect your device",<ref>Dianner. [http://flickr.com/photos/65441232@N00/27561488/ Earphones are a giveaway], ''[[Flickr]]'', 2005-07-21. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.</ref> after iPod thefts on the subway rose from zero in 2004 to 50 in the first three months of 2005.<ref>MacMillan, Robert. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/28/AR2005042800461.html Somebody Out There Wants Your iPod], ''[[Washington Post]]'', 2005-04-28. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.</ref>

[[BMW]] released the first iPod automobile interface,<ref>[http://www.ipodyourbmw.com/ iPod Your BMW]. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including [[Mercedes-Benz]],<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/11mercedes.html Apple & Mercedes-Benz Unveil iPod Integration Kit], ''[[Apple Inc.]]'', 2005-01-11. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.</ref> [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]],<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/11volvo.html Apple & Volvo Announce iPod Connectivity For Entire 2005 US Model Line], ''[[Apple Inc.]]'', 2005-01-11. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.</ref> [[Nissan]], [[Toyota]],<ref>http://www.gizmag.com/go/7945/</ref> [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Ferrari]],<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jan/11cars.html Apple & Leading Car Companies Team Up to Deliver iPod Integration in 2005], ''[[Apple Inc.]]'', 2005-01-11. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.</ref> [[Acura]], [[Audi]], [[Honda]],<ref>[http://automobiles.honda.com/models/audio_accessories.asp?ModelName=Accord%20Coupe&PHOTO=0 Honda Music Link for iPods], ''[[Honda]]''. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> [[Renault]], [[Infiniti]]<ref>[http://www.apple.com/ipod/carintegration/#car_browser_infiniti Apple Car Integration page]</ref> and [[Volkswagen]].<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/sep/07ipod_auto.html Apple Teams Up With Acura, Audi, Honda & Volkswagen to Deliver Seamless iPod Experience], ''[[Apple Inc.]]'', 2005-09-07. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.</ref> [[Scion (car)|Scion]] offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.

Some independent stereo manufacturers including [[JVC]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], [[Kenwood Electronics|Kenwood]], [[Alpine Electronics|Alpine]], [[Sony]], and [[Harman Kardon]] also have iPod-specific integration solutions. Alternative connection methods include adaptor kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the [[iTrip]]—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries. Many car manufacturers have added audio input jacks as standard.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/ipod/carintegration.html Car Integration: iPod your car], ''[[Apple Inc.]]''. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref>

Beginning in mid-2007, four major airlines, [[United Airlines|United]], [[Continental Airlines|Continental]], [[Delta Air Lines|Delta]], and [[Emirates Airline|Emirates]] reached agreements to install iPod seat connections. The free service will allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/nov/14ipod.html Apple Teams Up With Continental, Delta, Emirates, & United to deliver iPod Integration], ''[[Apple Inc.]]'', 2006-11-14. Retrieved on 2006-12-07.</ref> Originally [[KLM]] and [[Air France]] were reported to be part of the deal with Apple, but they later released statements explaining that they were only contemplating the possibility of incorporating such systems.<ref>Marsal, Katie. [http://www.appleinsider.com/article.php?id=2240 Two of six airlines say there's no ink on iPod deal], ''AppleInsider'', 2006-11-15. Retrieved on 2006-12-07.</ref>

===Audio performance===
The third generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests.<ref name=playertest>Machrone, Bill. [http://home.comcast.net./~machrone/playertest/playertest.htm iPod audio measurements], ''[[PC Magazine]]'', 2005. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref><ref>Heijligers, Marc. [http://members.chello.nl/~m.heijligers/ipod/Performance/measurements.html iPod audio measurements]. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> The combination of the undersized DC-blocking [[capacitor]]s and the typical low-[[electrical impedance|impedance]] of most consumer headphones form a [[high-pass filter]], which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth generation iPods.<ref>Heijligers, Marc. [http://homepage.mac.com/marc.heijligers/audio/ipod/engineering/engineering.html iPod circuit design engineering], May 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external [[headphone amplifier]]. The first generation iPod Shuffle uses a [[bridged and paralleled amplifiers#Bridged amplifier|dual-transistor output stage]],<ref name=playertest /> rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.

From the 5th generation iPod on, Apple introduced a user-configurable volume limit in response to concerns about hearing loss.<ref name=volumelimit>Cohen, Peter. [http://www.macworld.com/article/50101/2006/03/ipodupdate.html iPod update limits iPod volume setting], Macworld, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-11-07.</ref> Users report that in the 6th generation iPod, the maximum volume output level is limited to 100dB in EU markets. Apple previously had to remove iPods from shelves in [[France]].<ref name=ipodsfrance>Fried, Ian. [http://news.cnet.com/2100-1040-960211.html Apple pulls iPod in France]. Retrieved on 2008-11-07.</ref>

==Models==
{{main|List of iPod models}}
{{List of iPod models}}
{{timeline of iPod models}}

==Patent disputes==
In 2005, Apple faced two lawsuits claiming [[patent infringement]] by the iPod line and its associated technologies:<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2005/03/10/apple_ipod_patent_lawsuits/ Apple faces patent lawsuits over its iPod], ''ChannelRegister'', 2005-03-10. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> Advanced Audio Devices claimed the iPod line breached its [[patent]] on a "music jukebox",<ref>[http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT6587403&id=oawMAAAAEBAJ&dq=6,587,403 U.S. Patent 6,587,403] — Advanced Audio Devices' "music jukebox" patent.</ref> while a [[Hong Kong]]-based [[Intellectual property|IP]] portfolio company called Pat-rights filed a suit claiming that Apple's FairPlay technology breached a patent<ref>[http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT6665797&id=QrR2AAAAEBAJ&dq=6,665,797 U.S. Patent 6,665,797] — "Protection of software again against unauthorized use" (corrected to "Computer Apparatus/Software Access Control").</ref> issued to inventor Ho Keung Tse. The latter case also includes the online music stores of [[Sony]], RealNetworks, [[Napster]], and Musicmatch as defendants.<ref>[http://www.appleinsider.com/article.php?id=1235 Apple, Sony among those named in new DRM lawsuit], ''AppleInsider'', 2005-08-16. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref>

Apple's application to the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] for a patent on "rotational user inputs",<ref>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=%2260/346,237%22&OS=%2260/346,237%22&RS=%2260/346,237%22 U.S. patent application 20030095096] [[Apple Inc.]]'s application on "rotational user inputs".</ref> as used on the iPod interface, received a third "non-final rejection" (NFR) in August 2005. Also in August 2005, [[Creative Technology]], one of Apple's main rivals in the MP3 player market, announced that it held a patent<ref>[http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT6928433&id=sJoVAAAAEBAJ&dq=6,928,433 U.S. Patent 6,928,433] [[Creative Technology]]'s "Zen" patent.</ref> on part of the music selection interface used by the iPod line, which Creative dubbed the "Zen Patent", granted on 9 August 2005.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4198360.stm Creative wins MP3 player patent], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2005-08-30. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> On 15 May 2006, Creative filed another suit against Apple with the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]]. Creative also asked the [[United States International Trade Commission]] to investigate whether Apple was breaching U.S. trade laws by importing iPods into the United States.<ref>[http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=14646 Creative sues Apple over patent], ''[[Macworld UK]]'', 2006-05-16. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.</ref>

On 24 August 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the ''Made for iPod'' program.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/aug/23settlement.html Apple & Creative Announce Broad Settlement...], , ''[[Apple Inc.]]''. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref>

==Sales==
[[Image:iPodsales 2008Q3.svg|thumb|right|450px|iPod quarterly sales. Click for table of data and sources. Note that Q1 is October through December of previous year, the holiday season.]]
{{see also|iPod advertising}}
Since October 2004, the iPod line has dominated digital music player sales in the United States, with over 90% of the market for hard drive-based players and over 70% of the market for all types of players.<ref>Marsal, Katie. [http://www.appleinsider.com/article.php?id=1770 iPod: how big can it get?], ''[[AppleInsider]]'', 2006-05-24. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> During the year from January 2004 to January 2005, the high rate of sales caused its U.S. market share to increase from 31% to 65% and in July 2005, this market share was measured at 74%. In January 2007 the iPod market share reached 72.7% according to Bloomberg Online.

The release of the iPod Mini helped to ensure this success at a time when competing flash-based music players were once dominant.<ref>jomy [http://homepage.mac.com/jomy/PhotoAlbum14.html Apple Computer (presentation slides)], 2005-10-18. Retrieved on 2006-05-25.</ref> On 8 January 2004, [[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including [[Wal-Mart]]—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.<ref>[http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/05/07/29/hp_to_stop_selling_apples_ipods.html HP to stop selling Apple's iPods], ''[[Apple rumors community|AppleInsider]]'', 2005-07-29. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.</ref>

In January 2007, Apple reported record quarterly revenue of US$7.1 billion, of which 48% was made from iPod sales.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/01/17results.html Apple Reports First Quarter Results], ''[[Apple Inc.]]'', 2007-01-17. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref>

On 9 April 2007, it was announced that Apple had sold its one-hundred millionth iPod, making it the biggest selling digital music player of all time. In April 2007, Apple reported second quarter revenue of US$5.2 billion, of which 32% was made from iPod sales.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/04/25results.html Apple Reports Second Quarter Results], ''[[Apple Inc.]]''. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.</ref> Apple and several industry analysts suggest that iPod users are likely to purchase other Apple products such as Mac computers.<ref>Orlowski, Andrew. [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/10/11/apple_q4_2005/ For Apple, Halo effect eclipses Osborne effect], ''[[The Register]]'', 2005-10-11. Retrieved on 2006-07-13.</ref>

On 5 September 2007, during their "The Beat Goes On" event, Apple announced that the iPod line had surpassed 110 million units sold.

On 22 October 2007, Apple reported quarterly revenue of US$6.22 billion, of which 30.69% came from Apple notebook sales, 19.22% from desktop sales and 26% from iPod sales. Apple's 2007 year revenue increased to US$24.01 billion with US$3.5 billion in profits. Apple ended the fiscal year 2007 with US$15.4 billion in cash and no debt.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/10/22results.html Apple Reports Fourth Quarter 2007 Results], ''[[Apple Inc.]]'', 2007-10-22. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.</ref>

On 22 January 2008, Apple reported the best quarter revenue and earnings in Apple's history so far. Apple posted record revenue of US$9.6 billion and record net quarterly profit of US$1.58 billion. 42% of Apple's revenue for the First fiscal quarter of 2008 came from iPod sales, followed by 21% from notebook sales and 16% from desktop sales.<ref>Apple Inc. (22 January 2008). [http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/01/22results.html Apple Reports First Quarter Results]. Press release. Retrieved on 2008-1-23</ref> Apple has sold over 163 million iPods to date (see chart).

On 21 October 2008, Apple reported that only 14.21% of total revenue for fiscal quarter 4 of year 2008 came from iPods.<ref>AppleInsider (27 October 2008). [http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/10/27/ipods_accounted_for_just_14_2_of_apples_sales_in_q4_2008.html]. Retrieved on 2008-10-27</ref>

==Industry impact==
iPods have won several awards ranging from engineering excellence,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4605881.stm iPod and Bluetooth lead to prizes], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2005-06-03. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.</ref> to most innovative audio product,<ref name="pcworld25">{{cite web|coauthors = PC World Editors| title = The 25 Most Innovative Products of the Year| publisher = [[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]| date = 2007-08-03| url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,123942-page,2/article.html|accessdate=2007-02-17}}</ref> to fourth best computer product of 2006.<ref>[http://www.macnn.com/articles/06/05/31/top.100.products.announced/ Apple wins 5 'World Class' awards], ''MacNN''. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> iPods often receive favorable reviews; scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use. [[PC World (magazine)|PC World]] says that iPod line has "altered the landscape for portable audio players".<ref name="pcworld25"/> Several industries are modifying their products to work better with both the iPod line and the AAC audio format. Examples include CD copy-protection schemes,<ref>[http://www.macrumors.com/pages/2004/07/20040720124549.shtml Apple, iPod, and CD Copy Protection], ''MacRumors''. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> and mobile phones, such as phones from [[Sony Ericsson]] and [[Nokia]], which play AAC files rather than WMA.

In addition to its reputation as a respected entertainment device, iPods have also become accepted as business devices. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the [[Glasgow Royal Infirmary|Royal]] and [[Western Infirmary|Western Infirmaries]] in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] where iPods are used to train new staff.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4859302.stm Hospitals train staff with iPods], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2006-03-29. Retrieved on 2007-06-16.</ref>

iPods have also gained popularity for use in education. Apple offers more information on educational uses for iPods on their website,<ref>[http://www.apple.com/education/itunesu_mobilelearning/ipod.html iTunes U and Mobile Learning]</ref> including a collection of lesson plans.<ref>[http://www.apple.com/au/education/ipod/lessons/ iPod in the Classroom]</ref> There has also been academic research done in this area in nursing education<ref name=Maag2006>{{cite journal | author = Maag, M.E.D. | year = 2006 | title = Podcasting and MP3 Players: Emerging Education Technologies. | journal = CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–13 | url = http://www.cinjournal.com/pt/re/cin/fulltext.00024665-200601000-00005.htm | accessdate = 2008-02-08 | doi = 10.1186/1742-5581-3-1 }}</ref> and more general K-16 education.<ref name=Slykhuis2006>{{cite journal | author = Slykhuis, D. | year = 2006 | title = Have an iPod? Then you need to know this about how to use it in your classroom. | url = http://www.aace.org/newdl/index.cfm?fuseaction=Reader.ViewAbstract&paper_id=22435 | accessdate = 2008-02-08 }}</ref> Duke University provided iPods to all incoming freshmen in the fall of 2004, and the iPod program continues today with modifications.<ref> [http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/04/28/ipod Duke’s Ever-Evolving iPod Initiative]</ref>

==Criticism==
{{criticism-section}}
{{Disputed|date=January 2009}}
===Battery issues===
The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod.<ref>[http://www.mp3.com/features/stories/3646.html MP3 Insider: The truth about your battery life], ''mp3.com'', 2006-03-13. Retrieved on 2006-07-10.</ref> In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3477497.stm Apple investigates iPod batteries], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2004-02-10. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.</ref> The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement.<ref>Horwitz, Jeremy. [http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/apples-ipod-battery-settlement-explained/ Apple’s iPod Battery Settlement, Explained], ''iLounge'', 2005-06-10. Retrieved on 2006-08-27.</ref>

iPod batteries are not designed to be removed or replaced by the user, although some users have been able to open the case themselves, usually following instructions from third-party vendors of iPod replacement batteries. Compounding the problem, Apple initially would not replace worn-out batteries. The official policy was that the customer should buy a refurbished replacement iPod, at a cost almost equivalent to a brand new one. All lithium-ion batteries eventually lose capacity during their lifetime<ref>[http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/6002/li_ion.html The Curse of Lithium Ion Batteries], ''[[MP3 Newswire]]'', 2006-01-06. Retrieved on 2006-11-30.</ref> (guidelines are available for [[lithium-ion battery#Guidelines for prolonging Li-ion battery life|prolonging life-span]]) and this situation led to a market for third-party battery replacement kits.

Apple announced a battery replacement program on 14 November 2003, a week before<ref>[http://ipodbatteryfaq.com/#18 iPod Battery FAQ]. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.</ref> a high publicity stunt and website by the [[Neistat Brothers]].<ref>Neistat, Casey. [http://www.ipodsdirtysecret.com/message.html A Message From the Neistat Brothers], 2003-11-20. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> The initial cost was US$99,<ref>[http://www.macminute.com/2003/11/14/ipodbattery Apple offers iPod battery replacement service], ''[[MacMinute]]'', 2003-11-14. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.</ref> and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59.<ref>[http://www.macminute.com/2003/11/21/ipodapplecare/ AppleCare for iPod now available], ''[[MacMinute]]'', 2003-11-21. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.</ref> For the iPod Nano, [[soldering]] tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive.<ref>Ecker, Clint. [http://arstechnica.com/reviews/hardware/video-ipod.ars/6 Vivisection of the Video iPod], ''[[Ars Technica]]'', 2005-10-19. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.</ref><ref>[http://www.ipodmods.com/guides/Video/videodisassemblyguide.htm Disassemble Guide for Video iPod]. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.</ref>

===Reliability and durability===
iPods have been criticized for their short life-span and fragile hard drives. A 2005 survey conducted on the MacInTouch website found that the iPod line had an average failure rate of 13.7% (although they note that comments from respondants indicate that "the true iPod failure rate may be lower than it appears"). It concluded that some models were more durable than others.<ref>[http://www.macintouch.com/reliability/ipodfailures.html iPod Reliability Survey], ''MacInTouch'', 2005-11-28. Retrieved on 2006-10-29.</ref> In particular, failure rates for iPods employing hard drives was usually above 20% while those with flash memory had a failure rate below 10%, indicating poor hard drive durability. In late 2005, many users complained that the surface of the first generation iPod Nano can become scratched easily, rendering the screen unusable.<ref>[http://www.macworld.com/news/2005/09/27/nanoscreen/index.php Apple responds to iPod nano screen concerns], ''[[Macworld]]'', 2005-09-27. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref><ref>Arthur, Charles. [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/09/23/ipod_nano_scratching/ iPod Nano owners in screen scratch trauma], ''[[The Register]]'', 2005-09-25. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> A class action lawsuit was also filed.<ref>Fried, Ina. [http://news.com.com/Suit+filed+over+Nano+scratches/2100-1047_3-5906399.html Suit filed over Nano scratches], ''[[CNET|CNet News]]'', 2005-10-21. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> Apple initially considered the issue a minor defect, but later began shipping these iPods with protective sleeves.

===Allegations of worker exploitation===
On 11 June 2006, the British newspaper ''[[Daily Mail|Mail on Sunday]]'' reported that iPods are mainly manufactured by workers who earn no more than US$50 per month and work 15-hour shifts.<ref>[http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=14915 Inside Apple's iPod factories], ''[[Macworld UK]]'', 2006-06-12. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.</ref> Apple investigated the case with independent auditors and found that, while some of the plant's labour practices met Apple's Code of Conduct, others did not: Employees worked over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25% of the time.<ref>Millard, Elizabeth. [http://www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=13100EV85O19&page=2 Is It Ethical To Own an iPod?]. Retrieved on 2007-03-20.</ref>

[[Foxconn]], Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses,<ref>[http://www.macnn.com/articles/06/06/19/ipod.sweatshop.claims/ Foxconn denies iPod 'sweatshop' claims], ''MacNN'', 2006-06-19. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref> but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verité, and joined the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group to oversee the measures. On 31 December 2006, workers at the Longhua, [[Shenzhen]] factory (owned by Foxconn) formed a union. The union is affiliated with the world's largest and most powerful federation of trade unions, the [[All-China Federation of Trade Unions]].<ref>Bodeen, Chistopher. [http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/01/17/ap3334400.html Official Union Forms at Taiwanese Plant], ''[[Forbes]]'', 2007-01-17. Retrieved on 2007-02-17.</ref>

===Social isolation===
[[Tara Brabazon]], professor of media studies at the [[University of Brighton]], is concerned that iPods may cause social isolation.<ref>http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=401340&sectioncode=26</ref> A school in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] banned MP3 players to encourage students to communicate with others.<ref>http://www.news24.com/News24/Technology/News/0,,2-13-1443_1679706,00.html</ref>

==See also==
*[[Comparison of portable media players]]
*[[Comparison of iPod managers]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons|iPod}}
{{wikiquote|iPod}}
*[http://www.apple.com/itunes/ Apple iPod] — Official website
*[http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=32222 iPod troubleshooting basics and service FAQ] — From the official website
*[http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2001/11/12/313342/index.htm ''Apple's 21st century Walkman''] — Brent Schlender, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', October 2001
*[http://www.newsweek.com/id/54529 iPod Nation] — [[Steven Levy]], ''[[Newsweek]]'', July 2004
*[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.11/ipod.html The Perfect Thing] — [[Steven Levy]], ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', November 2006

{{iPhone}}
{{Apple hardware since 1998}}
{{Apple}}

[[Category:2001 introductions]]
[[Category:Portable media players]]
[[Category:Industrial design examples]]
[[Category:IPod]]
[[Category:IPhone OS software]]
[[Category:ITunes]]
[[Category:2000s fads]]

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[[zh:IPod]]

Peer-Directed Projects Center

2009-05-20T08:20:27Z

MichaelsProgramming: Adding ref.

{{Infobox_Company |
company_name = Peer-Directed Projects Center|
company_logo = |
company_type = [[Non-profit organization|Nonprofit]] |
company_slogan = |
foundation = [[Houston, Texas]] (2002) |
location = Houston, Texas|
key_people = Christel Dahlskjaer, President Richard Hartmann, Treasurer Phil Stracchino, Secretary and formerly [[Rob Levin]], Founder, late President and Executive Director|
num_employees = 0<ref>[http://freenode.net/group_registration.shtml Group Registration], second bullet</ref> |
industry = Internet Services|
products = [[freenode]] |
revenue = under $25000 USD (2005) |
operating_profit = |
homepage = [http://freenode.net/pdpc.shtml Official Website] 
}}
The '''PDPC''' is a [[501(c)(3)]] [[public charity]]<ref>[http://www.guidestar.org/pqShowGsReport.do?partner=justgive&npoId=100180443 Peer-Directed Projects Center]</ref> organization which runs the [[freenode]] [[IRC]] network, where many prominent open source projects operate an IRC chat service, including [[Ubuntu]], [[KDE]], [[Wikimedia]], [[GNU]] and unofficially [[MySQL]]. The PDPC is incorporated in the state of [[Texas]], [[United States]]; and is an IRS 501(c)(3) [[Charitable organization|charitable]] and [[education]]al organization.

== Goals ==
PDPC was created to run the freenode network and to establish a variety of programs relating to peer-directed project communities. According to its charter, the PDPC exists "to help peer-directed project communities flourish", mostly based around [[FOSS|free and open source software]] projects, and encouraging the use of free software through supporting its development. Many open source development groups including the [[GNU Project]]<ref>[http://www.gnu.no/press/2002-08-26-freenode.html "GNU Project Will Use Freenode as Its Official IRC Network"], [[GNU Project]], [[August 26]], [[2002]]</ref> use the freenode network for communication. However, other projects that focus on community-driven progress are also welcomed.

== History ==
The PDPC was founded and initially directed by the late<ref>[http://freenode.net/news-2006-09-16.shtml "Rob Levin passed away"], freenode.net, [[September 16]], [[2006]]</ref>
[[Rob Levin]] ([[List of acronyms and initialisms: A#AK|a.k.a.]] '''lilo'''). In early November, the board went through a reshuffle and new members were installed. Seth Schoen left and Christel Dahlskjaer, senior freenode staffer became the secretary and head of staff on freenode in Schoen's place. Also joining the board was David Levin, Rob's brother.<ref>[http://freenode.net/news-2006-11-11.shtml New board of directors for PDPC announced], freenode.net, [[November 11]], [[2006]]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also==
*[[freenode]]

==External links==
{{wikinews|PDPC President Rob Levin has died}}
*[http://freenode.net/pdpc.shtml Overview of PDPC]

[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Texas]]

[[zh:Peer Directed計劃中心]]

American Idol season 8

2009-05-06T01:02:05Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Top 4 - Rock and roll solo and duet */

{{pp-semiprotected|small=yes}}

{{pp-semiprotected|small=yes}}

{{infobox television |
| show_name = American Idol (Season 8) | image =[[Image:American Idol logo.svg|200px]]
| caption =
| rating = TV-PG
| format = [[Interactive television|Interactive]] [[reality television|reality-based]] [[singing]] competition
| runtime = Varies
| creator = [[Simon Fuller]]
| executive_producer = [[Ken Warwick]] [[Simon Fuller]]
| director = [[Ken Warwick]] [[Bruce Gowers]]
| starring = [[Simon Cowell]] [[Paula Abdul]] [[Randy Jackson]] [[Kara DioGuardi]] [[Ryan Seacrest]]
| country = [[United States]]
| filmed = TBAelimina
| network = [[Fox Broadcasting Company]]
| first_aired = January 13, 2009
| last_aired = May 20, 2009
| num_episodes = [[List of American Idol episodes#Season 8: 2009|34]]
| website = http://www.americanidol.com
}}

The '''eighth season of ''[[American Idol]]''''' premiered on January 13, 2009. Judges [[Simon Cowell]], [[Paula Abdul]], and [[Randy Jackson]] are judges once again, along with [[Ryan Seacrest]] as host. This season introduced [[Kara DioGuardi]] as the fourth judge on the ''Idol'' panel.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2008-08-25-new-idol-juidge_N.htm Songwriter Kara DioGuardi joins 'American Idol' panel]</ref>

==Changes from Season 7==
Several changes were planned for season 8. Fox Entertainment president [[Kevin Reilly]] stated that ''Idol'' would feature fewer "[[William Hung]]-like" contestants and "funny auditions," and would quickly move its focus to the potential singers during the earlier stages of the competition, thus moving the season at a faster pace.<ref>[http://www.okmagazine.com/posts/view/7849/ OK! Magazine - First for Celebrity News - Less is More for Next Season of American Idol]</ref> [[Mike Darnell]], president of Fox's alternative programming, said the contestants would be more emotional and that viewers would learn more about them and their pasts than they had in the [[American Idol (season 7)|previous season]].<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28002633/ ‘Idol's’ emotional focus will highlight Abdul]</ref>
Songwriter and record producer [[Kara DioGuardi]] was added as a permanent fourth judge on the panel. She had previously collaborated with [[Celine Dion]], [[Hilary Duff]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Leona Lewis]] and [[Christina Aguilera]], and produced several [[American Top 40|Top 40]] hits. As a songwriter, she had already worked with several American Idol alumni and winners, including [[Kelly Clarkson]], [[Carrie Underwood]], [[David Archuleta]] and [[David Cook (singer)|David Cook]].<ref name="Associated Press">[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iwXD4BoO2HF6nbttn2FU7Cw_ZtowD92PCML81 Associated Press]</ref> Meanwhile, [[Ken Warwick]] became the new executive producer, as [[Nigel Lythgoe]] had left the show to focus on ''[[So You Think You Can Dance]]'' and his new show with Simon Fuller, ''[[Superstars of Dance]]''.<ref>[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20216860,00.html Lythgoe Leaving 'American Idol']</ref>
''[[Idol Gives Back]]'' was canceled for season 8, as the [[Global financial crisis of 2008-2009|ongoing economic crisis and recession]], left ''Idol'' officials uncomfortable asking financially struggling viewers to donate.<ref> [http://tv.yahoo.com/american-idol/show/34934/news/urn:newsml:tv.tvguide.com:20081213:d5c5e51c579d7928219e77d2c2ae5681__ER:1 American Idol Shelves "Give Back" Show for 2009 Season]</ref>
The semifinals saw the biggest change as the wild card round returned for the first time since the [[American Idol (season 3)|third season]]. After voters picked three finalists from each of three groups of 12 semi-finalists, the judges selected eight of the previously eliminated 27 semifinalists to return and perform a song on the March 5, 2009, show. They were judged by the panel, instead of a vote by the viewers, with four advancing to the finals.<ref name="Reality TV World">[http://realitytvworld.com/news/fox-releases-american-idol-schedule-confirms-format-changes-8158.php Fox releases 'American Idol' schedule, confirms format changes]</ref><ref name="How Will The Wild-Card Round Work On 'America Idol'"> [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1605830/20090225/story.jhtml MTV How WIll The Wild-Card Round Work On 'American Idol']</ref> Although the finals had been billed from the beginning of the season as a set of 12 contestants, the judges announced at the last minute that they would be advancing a thirteenth contestant, [[Anoop Desai]], as well.

Another change in the ''Idol'' format, which was revealed on March 11, 2009, is that the judges are eligible to exercise a veto power on one eliminated contestant at any given point of the competition and spare them from elimination for that particular week. This can only be invoked up until the Final 5. The following week two contestants will be eliminated if the save is used because nobody is eliminated on the week that the save is used. The save can only be used once and it must be unanimous.

==Early process==
===Regional auditions phase===
;Locations
Auditions were held in the following cities:<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.americanidol.com/news/view/?pid=1367 Who Will Be The Next Singing Superstar? - American Idol News]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="Center"|'''Audition City'''
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="Center"|'''Date'''
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="Center"|'''Audition Venue'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[San Francisco, California]]<ref>Release says [[San Francisco]]; arena is actually in Daly City, though part of its property is in San Francisco.</ref>
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|July 17, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Cow Palace]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Louisville, Kentucky]]<ref>http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/01/22/american-idol-finds-a-major-label-burnout-kentucky-derby-hats-at-louisville-auditions/ The filmed session before the judges was actually at [[Churchill Downs]].</ref>
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|July 21, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Freedom Hall]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Glendale, Arizona]]<ref>Release says [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]; arena is actually in Glendale.</ref>
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|July 25, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Jobing.com Arena]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Salt Lake City, Utah]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|July 29, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[EnergySolutions Arena]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|August 2, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Coliseo de Puerto Rico]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Kansas City, Missouri]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|August 8, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Kemper Arena]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Jacksonville, Florida]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|August 13, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[East Rutherford, New Jersey]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|August 19, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Izod Center]]
|}
Contestants are required to be between the ages 16 and 28 on July 15, 2008 and eligible to work in the [[United States]]. Contestants are ineligible if they were part of the top 40 from previous seasons (exception being for those who reached the top 50 from season 7), if they hold recording or management contracts or if they are not U.S. citizens or landed immigrants (i.e. temporary residents).

===Hollywood phase===
For this season, the Hollywood round moved to the [[Kodak Theatre]], which was previously used for the season finale from seasons 1 and 3–6, from the [[Orpheum Theatre (Los Angeles)|Orpheum Theatre]]. In addition, the Hollywood round was extended to two weeks.

In the first round, the 147 contestants each sang a short solo a cappella performance of any song. The next round had the remaining 107 contestants performing in groups of three or four. The 72 contestants that passed group day performed one more solo song, this time accompanied by a band, before being narrowed down to 54. The final 54 then went to the "judges' mansion" in Los Angeles for the final results, and the Top 36 were announced. Some contestants had a sing-off to determine who would enter the top 36.

==Semi-finals==
The top 36 were announced in a special two-hour broadcast on Wednesday, February 11, 2009.<ref>http://www.americanidol.com/news/view/pid/1564 Top 36 Revealed!</ref> 
All 36 contestants, performing in three groups of twelve, sang songs that were '''[[Billboard Hot 100]] Hits'''.

Below are the three semi-final groups with contestants listed in their performance order. In each group, three people advanced to the next round, based on votes by the viewers. The top male and female recipient advanced, along with the next highest vote recipient of the remaining ten contestants in each group. Following those nine singers advancing, eight of the remaining 27 semi-finalists were selected by the judges to compete in the Wild Card round. Following another performance by each Wild Card contender, the judges selected four contestants to advance to the final group of 13.

===Semi-Final Group 1 - [[Billboard Hot 100]] hits===
*[[Jackie Tohn]] - "[[A Little Less Conversation]]" ([[Elvis Presley]])
*Ricky Braddy - "[[A Song for You]]" ([[Donny Hathaway]])
*Alexis Grace - "[[I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)]]" ([[Aretha Franklin]])
*[[Brent Keith]] - "[[Hicktown]]" ([[Jason Aldean]])
*Stevie Wright - "[[You Belong with Me]]" ([[Taylor Swift]])
*[[Anoop Desai]] - "[[Angel of Mine]]" ([[Monica (singer)|Monica]])
* Casey Carlson - "[[Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic|Every Little Thing He Does Is Magic]]" ([[The Police]])
*[[Michael Sarver]] - "[[I Don't Want to Be]]" ([[Gavin DeGraw]])
*Ann Marie Boskovich - "[[(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman]]" (Aretha Franklin)
*Stephen Fowler - "[[Rock with You (Michael Jackson song)|Rock with You]]" ([[Michael Jackson]])
*Tatiana Del Toro - "[[Saving All My Love for You]]" ([[Whitney Houston]])
*[[Danny Gokey]] - "[[Hero (Mariah Carey song)|Hero]]" ([[Mariah Carey]])

'''Advancing to the Top 13: Alexis Grace, Michael Sarver, and Danny Gokey''' 
'''Wild Card Contenders: Ricky Braddy, Tatiana Del Toro, and Anoop Desai'''

===Semi-Final Group 2 - [[Billboard Hot 100]] hits===
* [[Jasmine Murray]] - "[[Love Song (Sara Bareilles song)|Love Song]]" ([[Sara Bareilles]])
* [[Matt Giraud]] - "[[Viva la Vida]]" ([[Coldplay]])
*Jeanine Vailes - "[[This Love (Maroon 5 song)|This Love]]" ([[Maroon 5]])
*Nick Mitchell - "[[And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going]]" ([[Jennifer Holliday]])
*[[Allison Iraheta]] - "[[Alone (Heart song)|Alone]]" ([[Heart (band)|Heart]])
*[[Kris Allen]] - "[[Man in the Mirror]]" ([[Michael Jackson]])
*[[Megan Joy]] - "[[Put Your Records On]]" ([[Corinne Bailey Rae]])
*Matt Breitzke - "[[If You Could Only See]]" ([[Tonic (band)|Tonic]])
*[[Jesse Langseth]] - "[[Bette Davis Eyes]]" ([[Kim Carnes]])
*Kai Kalama - "[[What Becomes of the Brokenhearted]]" ([[Jimmy Ruffin]])
*[[Mishavonna Henson]] - "[[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)]]" ([[Train (band)|Train]])
*[[Adam Lambert]] - "[[(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction]]" ([[The Rolling Stones]])

'''Advancing to the Top 13: Allison Iraheta, Kris Allen, and Adam Lambert''' 
'''Wild Card Contenders: Jasmine Murray, Matt Giraud, Megan Joy, and Jesse Langseth'''

===Semi-Final Group 3 - [[Billboard Hot 100]] hits===
* [[Von Smith]] - "[[You're All I Need to Get By]]" ([[Marvin Gaye]] & [[Tammi Terrell]])
*Taylor Vaifanua - "[[If I Ain't Got You]]" ([[Alicia Keys]])
*Alex Wagner-Trugman - "[[I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues]]" ([[Elton John]])
*Arianna Afsar - "[[The Winner Takes It All]]" ([[ABBA]])
*Ju'Not Joyner - "[[Hey There Delilah]]" ([[Plain White T's]])
*[[Kristen McNamara]] - "[[Give Me One Reason]]" ([[Tracy Chapman]])
*Nathaniel Marshall - "[[I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)]]" ([[Meat Loaf]])
*Felicia Barton - "[[No One (Alicia Keys song)|No One]]" (Alicia Keys)
*[[Scott MacIntyre]] - "[[Mandolin Rain]]" ([[Bruce Hornsby and the Range]])
*[[Kendall Beard]] - "[[This One's for the Girls]]" ([[Martina McBride]])
*[[Jorge Núñez (singer)|Jorge Núñez]] - "[[Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me]]" (Elton John)
*[[Lil Rounds]] - "[[Be Without You]]" ([[Mary J. Blige]])

'''Advancing to the Top 13: Lil Rounds, Scott MacIntyre, and Jorge Núñez''' 
'''Wild Card Contender: Von Smith'''

===Wild Card Round - [[Billboard Hot 100]] hits===
*Jesse Langseth - "[[Tell Me Something Good]]" ([[Rufus and Chaka Khan]])
*Matt Giraud - "[[Who's Lovin' You]]" ([[The Jackson 5]])
*Megan Joy - "[[Black Horse and the Cherry Tree]]" ([[KT Tunstall]])
*Von Smith - "[[Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word]]" ([[Elton John]])
*Jasmine Murray - "[[Reflection (song)|Reflection]]" ([[Christina Aguilera]])
*Ricky Braddy - "[[Superstition (song)|Superstition]]" ([[Stevie Wonder]])
*Tatiana Del Toro - "[[Saving All My Love for You]]" ([[Whitney Houston]])
*Anoop Desai - "[[My Prerogative]]" ([[Bobby Brown]])
'''Advancing to the Top 13: Jasmine Murray, Megan Joy, Matt Giraud, and Anoop Desai'''

== Finals ==
=== Top 13 - [[Michael Jackson]] ===
*Lil Rounds - "[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Scott MacIntyre - "[[Dangerous (album)|Keep the Faith]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Danny Gokey - "[[P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Michael Sarver - "[[You Are Not Alone]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Jasmine Murray - "[[I'll Be There]]" ([[The Jackson 5]])
*Kris Allen - "[[Remember the Time]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Give In to Me]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Anoop Desai - "[[Beat It]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Jorge Núñez - "[[Never Can Say Goodbye]]" (The Jackson 5)
*Megan Joy - "[[Rockin' Robin (song)|Rockin' Robin]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Adam Lambert - "[[Black or White]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Matt Giraud - "[[Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)|Human Nature]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Alexis Grace - "[[Dirty Diana]]" (Michael Jackson)

'''''Eliminated: Jasmine Murray and Jorge Núñez''''' 

The judges chose not to save either Jasmine or Jorge.

=== Top 11 - [[Grand Ole Opry]] ===
Mentor: [[Randy Travis]]
*Michael Sarver - "[[Ain't Goin' Down ('Til the Sun Comes Up)]]" ([[Garth Brooks]])
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Blame It on Your Heart]]" ([[Patty Loveless]])
*Kris Allen - "[[Make You Feel My Love|To Make You Feel My Love]]" (Garth Brooks)
*Lil Rounds - "[[Independence Day (song)|Independence Day]]" ([[Martina McBride]])
*Adam Lambert - "[[Ring of Fire (song)|Ring of Fire]]" ([[Johnny Cash]])
*Scott MacIntyre - "[[Wild Angels (song)|Wild Angels]]" (Martina McBride)
*Alexis Grace - "[[Jolene (song)|Jolene]]" ([[Dolly Parton]])
*Danny Gokey - "[[Jesus, Take the Wheel]]" ([[Carrie Underwood]])
*Anoop Desai - "[[Always on My Mind]]" ([[Brenda Lee]])
*Megan Joy - "[[Walkin' After Midnight]]" ([[Patsy Cline]])
*Matt Giraud - "[[So Small]]" (Carrie Underwood)

'''Bottom 3: Allison Iraheta, Michael Sarver, and Alexis Grace'''

'''Bottom 2: Michael Sarver and Alexis Grace'''

'''''Eliminated: Alexis Grace'''''

The judges chose not to use their save on Alexis.

===Top 10 - [[Motown]]===
Mentor: [[Smokey Robinson]]
*Matt Giraud - "[[Let's Get It On]]" ([[Marvin Gaye]])
*Kris Allen - "[[How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)]]" (Marvin Gaye)
*Scott MacIntyre - "[[You Can't Hurry Love]]" ([[The Supremes]])
*Megan Joy - "[[For Once in My Life]]" ([[Stevie Wonder]])
*Anoop Desai - "[[Ooo Baby Baby]]" ([[The Miracles]])
*Michael Sarver - "[[Ain't Too Proud to Beg]]" ([[The Temptations]])
*Lil Rounds - "[[(Love Is Like A) Heat Wave]]" ([[Martha and the Vandellas]])
*Adam Lambert - "[[The Tracks of My Tears]]" (The Miracles)
*Danny Gokey - "[[Get Ready (The Temptations song)|Get Ready]]" (The Temptations)
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Papa Was a Rollin' Stone]]" (The Temptations)

'''Bottom 3: Matt Giraud, Michael Sarver, and Scott MacIntyre'''

'''Bottom 2: Matt Giraud and Michael Sarver'''

'''''Eliminated: Michael Sarver'''''

The judges chose not to save Michael.

===Top 9 - Popular iTunes Downloads ===
*Anoop Desai - "[[Caught Up (Usher song)|Caught Up]]" ([[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]])
*Megan Joy - "[[Turn Your Lights Down Low]]" ([[Bob Marley]])
*Danny Gokey - "[[What Hurts the Most]]" ([[Rascal Flatts]])
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Don't Speak]]" ([[No Doubt]])
*Scott MacIntyre - "[[Just the Way You Are]]" ([[Billy Joel]])
*Matt Giraud - "[[You Found Me (song)|You Found Me]]" ([[The Fray]])
*Lil Rounds - "[[A New Day Has Come#Track listing|I Surrender]]" ([[Celine Dion]])
*Adam Lambert - "[[Play That Funky Music]]" ([[Wild Cherry (band)|Wild Cherry]])
*Kris Allen - "[[Ain't No Sunshine]]" ([[Bill Withers]])

'''Bottom 3: Megan Joy, Allison Iraheta, and Anoop Desai'''

'''Bottom 2: Megan Joy and Anoop Desai'''

'''''Eliminated: Megan Joy'''''

Simon made it clear that the judges would not even consider using the save on Megan.

===Top 8 - Year They Were Born ===
*Danny Gokey - "[[Stand by Me (song)|Stand by Me]]" ([[Ben E. King]])
*Kris Allen - "[[All She Wants to Do Is Dance]]" ([[Don Henley]])
*Lil Rounds - "[[What's Love Got to Do with It (song)|What's Love Got to Do With It]]" ([[Tina Turner]])
*Anoop Desai - "[[True Colors (song)|True Colors]]" ([[Cyndi Lauper]])
*Scott MacIntyre - "[[The Search Is Over]]" ([[Survivor (band)|Survivor]])
*Allison Iraheta - "[[I Can't Make You Love Me]]" ([[Bonnie Raitt]])
*Matt Giraud - "[[Part-Time Lover]]" ([[Stevie Wonder]])
*Adam Lambert - "[[Mad World]]" ([[Tears for Fears]])

'''Bottom 3: Anoop Desai, Scott MacIntyre, and Lil Rounds'''

'''Bottom 2: Anoop Desai and Scott MacIntyre'''

'''''Eliminated: Scott MacIntyre''''' 

Paula and Kara wanted to save Scott, but Simon and Randy did not.<ref name="Top 8 Results Show Wrap Up">{{Cite web|url=http://mjsbigblog.com/top-8-results-show-wrap-up-where-do-the-contestants-stand.htm|title=judgesplit|accessdate=2009-04-12}}</ref> Since the judges must be unanimous for the save to be used, the save was not used on Scott.

===Top 7 (first week) - Idol at the Movies===
Mentor: [[Quentin Tarantino]]
*Allison Iraheta - "[[I Don't Want to Miss a Thing]]" ([[Aerosmith]]) from ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]''
*Anoop Desai - "[[(Everything I Do) I Do It for You]]" ([[Bryan Adams]]) from ''[[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves]]''
*Adam Lambert - "[[Born to Be Wild]]" ([[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]]) from ''[[Easy Rider]]''
*Matt Giraud - "[[Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?]]" (Bryan Adams) from ''[[Don Juan DeMarco]]''
*Danny Gokey - "[[Endless Love (song)|Endless Love]]" ([[Lionel Richie]] and [[Diana Ross]]) from ''[[Endless Love (film)|Endless Love]]''
*Kris Allen - "[[Falling Slowly]]" ([[Glen Hansard]] and [[Mark%C3%A9ta Irglov%C3%A1]]) from ''[[Once (film)|Once]]''
*Lil Rounds - "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" ([[Bette Midler]]) from ''[[The Rose (film)|The Rose]]''

'''Bottom 3: Anoop Desai, Lil Rounds, and Matt Giraud'''

'''Bottom 2: Matt Giraud and Lil Rounds'''

'''Lowest Voted: Matt Giraud'''

'''''Eliminated: None*'''''

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Matt Giraud received the lowest number of votes but the judges decided to use their save and Matt was not eliminated.

===Top 7 (second week) - Disco===
*Lil Rounds - "[[I'm Every Woman]]" ([[Chaka Khan]])
*Kris Allen - "[[She Works Hard for the Money (song)|She Works Hard for the Money]]" ([[Donna Summer]])
*Danny Gokey - "[[September (song)|September]]" ([[Earth, Wind & Fire]])
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Hot Stuff (Donna Summer song)|Hot Stuff]] (Donna Summer)
*Adam Lambert - "[[If I Can't Have You]]" ([[Yvonne Elliman]])
*Matt Giraud - "[[Stayin' Alive]]" ([[Bee Gees]])
*Anoop Desai - "[[Dim All the Lights]]" (Donna Summer)

'''Bottom 3: Anoop Desai, Allison Iraheta, and Lil Rounds'''

'''''Eliminated: Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai'''''

With no elimination the previous week, there was a second "Top 7" week and two people were eliminated.

===Top 5 - [[Rat Pack]] [[Standard (music)|Standards]]===
Mentor: [[Jamie Foxx]]
*Kris Allen - "[[The Way You Look Tonight]]"
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Someone to Watch Over Me (song)|Someone to Watch Over Me]] "
*Matt Giraud - "[[My Funny Valentine]]"
*Danny Gokey - "[[Come Rain or Come Shine]]"
*Adam Lambert - "[[Feeling Good]]"

'''Bottom 3: Adam Lambert, Kris Allen, and Matt Giraud'''

'''Bottom 2: Adam Lambert and Matt Giraud'''

'''''Eliminated: Matt Giraud'''''

===Top 4 - [[Rock and roll]] [[Solo (music)|solo]] and [[Duet (music)|duet]]===
Mentor: [[Slash (musician)|Slash]]
*Adam Lambert - "[[Whole Lotta Love]]" ([[Led Zeppelin]])
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Pearl (album)|Cry Baby]]" ([[Janis Joplin]])
*Kris Allen/Danny Gokey - "[[Renegade (song)|Renegade]]" ([[Styx (band)|Styx]])
 
*Kris Allen - "[[Come Together]]" ([[The Beatles]])
*Danny Gokey - "[[Dream On (Aerosmith song)|Dream On]]" ([[Aerosmith]])
*Allison Iraheta/Adam Lambert - "[[Slow Ride]]" ([[Foghat]])

==Results night performances==
For the finals, [[American Idol (season 4)|season 4]] winner [[Carrie Underwood]]'s cover of [[Mötley Crüe]]'s "[[Home Sweet Home (Mötley Crüe song)|Home Sweet Home]]" was used as the exit song.

===Group song===
*Top 36/Group 1: "[[I'm Yours (Jason Mraz song)|I'm Yours]]" by [[Jason Mraz]]
*Top 36/Group 2: "[[Closer (Ne-Yo song)|Closer]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
*Top 36/Group 3: "[[Hot N Cold]]" by [[Katy Perry]]
*Top 13: "[[I Want You Back]]/[[ABC (song)|ABC]] Medley" by [[The Jackson 5]]
*Top 11: "[[T-R-O-U-B-L-E]]" by [[Travis Tritt]]
*Top 10: "[[Motown]]" Medley: "[[You Keep Me Hangin' On]]" by [[The Supremes]]/"[[You're All I Need to Get By]]" by [[Marvin Gaye]] and [[Tammi Terrell]]/"[[Ain't No Mountain High Enough]]" by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell
*Top 9: "[[Don't Stop Believing]]" by [[Journey (band)|Journey]]
*Top 8: "[[Can't Get You out of My Head]]" by [[Kylie Minogue]]
*Top 7 (week 1): "[[Maniac (song)|Maniac]]" by [[Michael Sembello]] from ''[[Flashdance]]''
*Top 7 (week 2): "[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]" by [[The Jackson 5]]; choreographed by Paula Abdul
*Top 5: "[[It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)]]" and "[[I Got Rhythm]]"
*Top 4: TBA

=== Other performances ===
In addition, songs are played during the elimination night to promote an artist, single, album, or the show itself. Included is a list of those songs with their ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] and [[Hot Digital Songs]] reactions.

{| border="5" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
| '''Week''' || '''Performer(s)''' || '''Title''' || '''Hot 100 Reaction''' || '''Hot Digital Songs Reaction''' || '''Notes'''
|-
| Top 36/Group 1 || [[Carly Smithson]] [[Michael Johns]] || "[[The Letter (song)|The Letter]]" || Was Never Released || Ineligible to chart (No legal digital release)|| live performance
|-
| Top 36/Group 2 || [[Brooke White]] || "[[Hold Up My Heart]]" || 47 (debut) || 27 (51,171 +999%) || live performance
|-
| Top 36/Group 3 || align=center colspan=5|''No performer''
|-
|rowspan="2"| Top 13 ||[[Kanye West]] || "[[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]" || 7 (+1) || 13 (95,223 +18%) || pre-recorded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b104006_american_idol_what_you_didnrsquot_see.html |title=''American Idol'': What You Didn't See |author=Borzillo-Vrenna, Carrie |publisher=[[E!]] |date=March 11, 2009 |accessdate=March 12, 2009}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Kelly Clarkson]] || "[[My Life Would Suck Without You]]" || 5 (+4) || 6 (141,167 +38%) || live performance
|-
| rowspan="2"| Top 11 || [[Brad Paisley]] || "[[Then (song)|Then]]" ||| 35 (debut) || 18 (64,127 +999%) || live performance
|-
|| [[Carrie Underwood]] [[Randy Travis]]|| "[[I Told You So (Randy Travis song)|I Told You So]]" || 9 (+48) || 4 (125,806 +701%) || pre-recorded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2009/03/idol-top-11-per.html |title=''American Idol'': On the scene at the Top 11 performance night -- special appearance by Carrie Underwood! |author=Vary, Adam B. |publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' |date=March 18, 2009 |accessdate=March 18, 2009}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| Top 10 || [[Ruben Studdard]] || "Together" || did not debut || N/A || pre-recorded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2009/03/american-idol-o.html |title=''American Idol'': On the scene for Top 10 performance night |author=Pastorek, Whitney |publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' |date=March 26, 2009 |accessdate=March 26, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| [[Smokey Robinson]] [[Joss Stone]] || "You’re the One for Me" || did not debut || N/A || live performance
|-
| [[Stevie Wonder]] || "[[Motown]]" Medley: "[[My Chérie Amour]]"/"[[Superstition (song)|Superstition]]"/ "[[Overjoyed (Stevie Wonder song)|Overjoyed]]"/"All About the Love Again" || ineligible to re-enter || N/A || live performance
|-
|rowspan="2"| Top 9||[[David Cook (singer)|David Cook]] || "[[Come Back to Me (David Cook song)|Come Back to Me]]" || 63 (debut) || 40 (39,430 +498%) || pre-recorded
|-
| [[Lady GaGa]] || "[[Poker Face (Lady Gaga song)|Poker Face]]" || 2 (-1) || 2 (228,799 +11%) || live performance
|-
|rowspan="3"| Top 8 || [[Frankie Avalon]] || "[[Venus (Frankie Avalon song)|Venus]]" || N/A || N/A || live performance
|-
| [[Flo Rida]] || "[[Right Round]]" || 3 (=) || 4 (179,913 +9%) || live performance
|-
| [[Kellie Pickler]] || "[[Best Days of Your Life]]" || 50 (+53) || 34 (46,825 +257%) || live performance
|-
|rowspan="2" | Top 7 (week 1) || [[Jennifer Hudson]] || "[[If This Isn't Love (Jennifer Hudson song)|If This Isn't Love]]" || 63 (+23) || 86 (19,112 +172%) || live performance
|-
| [[Miley Cyrus]] || "[[The Climb (song)|The Climb]]" || 4 (+4)|| 2 (189,566 +0%) || pre-recorded
|-
|rowspan="2" | Top 7 (week 2) || [[David Archuleta]] || "[[Touch My Hand]]"<ref>http://weblogs.newsday.com/entertainment/music/idol/blog/2009/04/david_archuleta_grins_his_way.html</ref> || did not debut || 107 (12,875 +558%) || live performance
|-
| [[Freda Payne]], [[Thelma Houston]], and [[Harry Wayne Casey|KC]] || Medley of "[[Band of Gold (Freda Payne song)|Band of Gold]]", "[[Don't Leave Me This Way]]" and "[[Get Down Tonight]]." || ineligible to re-enter || did not enter || live performance

|-
|rowspan="3" | Top 5 || [[Natalie Cole]] || "Something's Gotta Give" || TBA || TBA || live performance
|-
| [[Taylor Hicks]] <ref>http://news-briefs.ew.com/2009/04/post-1.html</ref> || "Seven Mile Breakdown" || TBA || TBA || live performance
|-
| [[Jamie Foxx]]|| "[[Blame It (song)|Blame It]]" || TBA || TBA || live performance
|-
|rowspan="3" | Top 4 || [[Daughtry (band)|Daughtry]] <ref>http://www.hitfix.com/articles/2009-4-30-daughtry-no-doubt-coming-to-american-idol</ref> || "[[No Surprise (Daughtry)|No Surprise]]" || TBA || TBA ||
|-
| [[No Doubt]] <ref>http://www.hitfix.com/articles/2009-4-30-daughtry-no-doubt-coming-to-american-idol</ref> || "Stand and Deliver" || TBA || TBA ||
|-
| [[Paula Abdul]]<ref>[http://ryanseacrest.com/blog/whats-happening/exclusive-paula-abdul-debuts-new-single-here-for-the-music/ EXCLUSIVE: Paula Abdul Debuts New Single "Here For The Music"]</ref> || "(I'm Just) Here for the Music" || TBA || TBA ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | Top 3 || [[Jordin Sparks]] <ref>http://myidol.americanidol.com/americanidolnow/blog/2009/04/24/jordin_sparks_sophmore_record_details</ref> || "Battlefield" || TBA || TBA ||
|-
| [[Katy Perry]]|| "[[Waking Up In Vegas]]" || TBA || TBA ||
|-
| Top 2 || TBA || TBA || TBA || TBA ||
|}

==Elimination chart==
<center>
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" style="background:gray; border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 1em 1em 0; text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Legend'''
|-
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" width="15%" | Did Not Perform
| style="background:pink;" width="15%" | Female
| style="background:cyan;" width="15%" | Male
| style="background:#CCCCCC;" width="15%" | Top 36
| style="background:#FBF373;" width="15%" | Wild Card
| style="background:palegoldenrod;" width="15%" | Top 13
| style="background:lime;" width="15%" | Winner
|}

{| border="2" style="border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:white;" width="20%" | <center>Safe</center>
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" width="20%" | <center>Bottom 3</center>
| style="background:#FFFF99;" width="20%" | <center>Bottom 2</center>
| style="background:#FFFF00;" width="20%" | <center>Eliminated</center>
| style="background:#87CEEB;" width="20%"| <center>Judges' Save</center>
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|colspan=2 align="right"|''Stage:''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"|'''Semi-Finals'''
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center"|{{nowrap|'''Wild Card''' }}
|colspan=11 bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''Finals'''
|-
|colspan=2 align="right"|''Week:''
!align="center"|<center>2/18</center>
!align="center"|<center>2/261</center>
!align="center"|<center>3/4</center>
!align="center"|<center>3/5</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>3/112</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>3/18</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>3/263</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>4/1</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>4/8</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>4/154</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>4/225</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>4/29</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>5/6</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>5/13</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>5/20</center>
|-
!Place
!Contestant
!colspan=15|Result
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|
|bgcolor="cyan"|Kris Allen
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|{{nowrap|Top 13}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 3}}
|
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|
|bgcolor="cyan"|Danny Gokey
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|Top 13}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|
|bgcolor="pink"|Allison Iraheta
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 3}}
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|Btm 3
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 3}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|
|bgcolor="cyan" | Adam Lambert
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 2}}
|
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''5'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Matt Giraud
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"|Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center"|{{nowrap|Top 13}}
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 2}}
|
|
|bgcolor="#87CEEB" align="center"| Saved
|
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center"|'''Elim'''
|colspan="3" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" rowspan="2" align="center"|'''6 - 7'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Anoop Desai
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center"|Top 13
|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 2}}
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 2}}
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|Btm 3
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center" rowspan=2|'''Elim'''
|colspan="4" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Lil Rounds
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|{{nowrap|Top 13}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|Btm 3
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|Btm 2
|colspan="4" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''8'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Scott MacIntyre
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|Btm 3
|
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center"|'''Elim'''
|colspan="6" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''9'''
|bgcolor="pink"|Megan Joy
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center" |Top 13
|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center"|'''Elim'''
|colspan="7" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''10'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Michael Sarver
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|Btm 2
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center"|'''Elim'''
|colspan="8" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''11'''
|bgcolor="pink"|Alexis Grace
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center"|'''Elim'''
|colspan="9" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" rowspan="2" align="center"|'''12 - 13'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Jorge Núñez
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center" rowspan=2|'''Elim'''
|colspan="10" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Jasmine Murray
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center"|Top 13
|colspan="10" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center" rowspan=4|'''Wild Card'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Ricky Braddy
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center" rowspan=4|'''Elim'''
|colspan="11" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Tatiana Del Toro
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="11" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Jesse Langseth
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="11" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Von Smith
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|colspan="11" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=8|'''Semi- Final 3'''
|bgcolor="pink"|Arianna Afsar
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=8|'''Elim'''
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Felicia Barton
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Kendall Beard
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Ju'Not Joyner
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Nathaniel Marshall
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Kristen McNamara
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Taylor Vaifanua
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|{{nowrap|Alex Wagner-Trugman}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=5|'''Semi- Final 2'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Matt Breitzke
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=5|'''Elim'''
|colspan="13" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Mishavonna Henson
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="13" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Kai Kalama
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="13" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Nick Mitchell
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="13" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Jeanine Vailes
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="13" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=6|'''Semi- Final 1'''
|bgcolor="pink"|Ann Marie Boskovich
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=6|'''Elim'''
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Casey Carlson
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Stephen Fowler
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Brent Keith
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Jackie Tohn
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Stevie Wright
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|} 
</center>

1 Due to the [[Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, 2009|2009 Speech to the Joint Session of the United States Congress]] on Tuesday, February 24, 2009, the performance show was moved to Wednesday, February 25 and the results show was moved to Thursday, February 26. 
2 Ryan never specifically said who the bottom three or four was, but Megan Joy was brought up with Jasmine Murray and Anoop Desai with Jorge Nuñez for dramatic effect. Jasmine Murray was announced as the first to leave, followed by Jorge Nuñez. 
3 Due to the White House Press Conference on Tuesday, March 24, 2009, the performance show was moved to Wednesday, March 25 and the results show was moved to Thursday, March 26. 
4 Due to the judges using their one save, in order to save [[Matt Giraud]], the Top 7 remained intact for another week. 
5 The bottom two were eliminated on 4/22. It was never announced who received the lowest number of votes, although Lil Rounds was announced as the first to leave, followed by Anoop Desai. 


==Controversies==
====Joanna Pacitti====
[[Joanna Pacitti]], who was originally selected as a semi-finalist, created controversy due to her being previously signed to A&M and Geffen Records. Later, she was found to have been having a "private relationship" with 19 Management. She was later disqualified, and replaced by Felicia Barton.<ref name="Joanna">{{cite news |title=Joanna Pacitti Disqualified From "American Idol" |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=February 12, 2009 |first=Lynn |last=Elber |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/12/joanna-pacitti-disqualifi_n_166379.html }}</ref>

====Telephone number====
In the Top 13, the expected phone number for Alexis Grace, 866-IDOLS-13, was not owned by American Idol, but by a company called Intimate Encounters, who used it as a sex line. Although host Ryan Seacrest mentioned the replacement phone number, 866-IDOLS-36, several times, some commentators feared that the phone number confusion could lead to Grace being inadvertently voted off the show.<ref name="sexline">{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1606780/20090311/story.jhtml |title=Will 'Idol' Phone Snafu Sink Alexis Grace? |first=James |last=Montgomery |date=March 11, 2009 |accessdate=2009-03-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=American Idol can't use 'nasty' 1-866-IDOLS-13 number |work=[[Newsday]] |first=Jamshid |last=Mousavinezhad |date=March 10, 2009 |url=http://weblogs.newsday.com/entertainment/music/idol/blog/2009/03/american_idol_cant_use_nasty_1.html }}</ref> Grace was not voted off that week.

====Lip-syncing====
After the Top 11 program, [[Justin Guarini]], while hosting ''[[Idol Wrap]]'' on TV Guide channel, asserted that the show's group performances were being [[lip-sync]]ed.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |title=‘Idol’ Group Numbers: Not So Live After All |work=The New York Times |date=Mrch 25, 2009 |first=Edward |last=Wyatt |page=C1 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/arts/television/26idol.html?_r=1 }}</ref> Soon after Guarini's assertion was aired, a spokesperson for the producers of ''American Idol'' said, "The Idols don't lip-sync, period."<ref name=nyt/> The following day, the same spokesperson said that "due to extensive choreography and to balance their voices with open mics against a screaming audience, the Idols do sing along to their own prerecorded vocal track during the group performances only."<ref name=nyt/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1607786/20090326/story.jhtml |title='American Idol' Producers Admit Group Sing-Alongs Are Lip-Synched |work=MTV |first=Gil |last=Kaufman |date=March 26, 2009 }}</ref> The spokesperson maintained that the performers sing their solo songs live, but their performances available to download through [[iTunes]] are recorded prior to airing.<ref name=nyt/>

==Releases==
===iTunes===
As in the [[American Idol (season 7)|previous season]], ''American Idol'' exclusively partnered with [[iTunes]]. To keep the competition fair and prevent any revealing of the number of songs bought during voting, they are not available until the result show (Wednesdays). While the performers sing their solo songs live on the program, the performances available to download through [[iTunes]] are prerecorded prior to airing.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |title=‘Idol’ Group Numbers: Not So Live After All |work=The New York Times |date=March 25, 2009 |first=Edward |last=Wyatt |page=C1 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/arts/television/26idol.html?_r=1 |quote=Every single year we can’t stand the group performances. I know they can't stand it either. And I think what makes them even worse now is that they're lip-synched. They're really prerecorded now. }}</ref> The iTunes exclusives includes:
*Top 36 live performance audio
*Top 13 live performances videos and audios, as well as studio recordings

Songs from some guest performers, such as [[Brooke White]], are also available on the American Idol portion of iTunes.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.americanidol.com/ American Idol Official Website]
*[http://www.mtv.com/news/topics/a/american_idol/ MTV's American Idol Coverage]
*{{imdb title|0319931|American Idol (Season 8)}}
*{{tv.com|11307|American Idol (Season 8)}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=''[[American Idol]]''|before=[[American Idol (season 7)|Season 7 (2008)]]|after=''Season 9 (2010)''|years='''''Season 8 (2009)'''''}}
{{end box}}

{{American Idol 8}}
{{American Idol}}

[[Category:American Idol seasons]]
[[Category:2009 in television]]
[[Category:2009 in the United States]]

[[ja:アメリカン・アイドル (シーズン8)]]
[[vi:American Idol (Mùa 8)]]
[[zh:美國偶像 (第八季)]]

American Idol season 8

2009-05-06T01:01:39Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Top 4 - Rock and roll solo and duet */

{{pp-semiprotected|small=yes}}

{{pp-semiprotected|small=yes}}

{{infobox television |
| show_name = American Idol (Season 8) | image =[[Image:American Idol logo.svg|200px]]
| caption =
| rating = TV-PG
| format = [[Interactive television|Interactive]] [[reality television|reality-based]] [[singing]] competition
| runtime = Varies
| creator = [[Simon Fuller]]
| executive_producer = [[Ken Warwick]] [[Simon Fuller]]
| director = [[Ken Warwick]] [[Bruce Gowers]]
| starring = [[Simon Cowell]] [[Paula Abdul]] [[Randy Jackson]] [[Kara DioGuardi]] [[Ryan Seacrest]]
| country = [[United States]]
| filmed = TBAelimina
| network = [[Fox Broadcasting Company]]
| first_aired = January 13, 2009
| last_aired = May 20, 2009
| num_episodes = [[List of American Idol episodes#Season 8: 2009|34]]
| website = http://www.americanidol.com
}}

The '''eighth season of ''[[American Idol]]''''' premiered on January 13, 2009. Judges [[Simon Cowell]], [[Paula Abdul]], and [[Randy Jackson]] are judges once again, along with [[Ryan Seacrest]] as host. This season introduced [[Kara DioGuardi]] as the fourth judge on the ''Idol'' panel.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2008-08-25-new-idol-juidge_N.htm Songwriter Kara DioGuardi joins 'American Idol' panel]</ref>

==Changes from Season 7==
Several changes were planned for season 8. Fox Entertainment president [[Kevin Reilly]] stated that ''Idol'' would feature fewer "[[William Hung]]-like" contestants and "funny auditions," and would quickly move its focus to the potential singers during the earlier stages of the competition, thus moving the season at a faster pace.<ref>[http://www.okmagazine.com/posts/view/7849/ OK! Magazine - First for Celebrity News - Less is More for Next Season of American Idol]</ref> [[Mike Darnell]], president of Fox's alternative programming, said the contestants would be more emotional and that viewers would learn more about them and their pasts than they had in the [[American Idol (season 7)|previous season]].<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28002633/ ‘Idol's’ emotional focus will highlight Abdul]</ref>
Songwriter and record producer [[Kara DioGuardi]] was added as a permanent fourth judge on the panel. She had previously collaborated with [[Celine Dion]], [[Hilary Duff]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Leona Lewis]] and [[Christina Aguilera]], and produced several [[American Top 40|Top 40]] hits. As a songwriter, she had already worked with several American Idol alumni and winners, including [[Kelly Clarkson]], [[Carrie Underwood]], [[David Archuleta]] and [[David Cook (singer)|David Cook]].<ref name="Associated Press">[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iwXD4BoO2HF6nbttn2FU7Cw_ZtowD92PCML81 Associated Press]</ref> Meanwhile, [[Ken Warwick]] became the new executive producer, as [[Nigel Lythgoe]] had left the show to focus on ''[[So You Think You Can Dance]]'' and his new show with Simon Fuller, ''[[Superstars of Dance]]''.<ref>[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20216860,00.html Lythgoe Leaving 'American Idol']</ref>
''[[Idol Gives Back]]'' was canceled for season 8, as the [[Global financial crisis of 2008-2009|ongoing economic crisis and recession]], left ''Idol'' officials uncomfortable asking financially struggling viewers to donate.<ref> [http://tv.yahoo.com/american-idol/show/34934/news/urn:newsml:tv.tvguide.com:20081213:d5c5e51c579d7928219e77d2c2ae5681__ER:1 American Idol Shelves "Give Back" Show for 2009 Season]</ref>
The semifinals saw the biggest change as the wild card round returned for the first time since the [[American Idol (season 3)|third season]]. After voters picked three finalists from each of three groups of 12 semi-finalists, the judges selected eight of the previously eliminated 27 semifinalists to return and perform a song on the March 5, 2009, show. They were judged by the panel, instead of a vote by the viewers, with four advancing to the finals.<ref name="Reality TV World">[http://realitytvworld.com/news/fox-releases-american-idol-schedule-confirms-format-changes-8158.php Fox releases 'American Idol' schedule, confirms format changes]</ref><ref name="How Will The Wild-Card Round Work On 'America Idol'"> [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1605830/20090225/story.jhtml MTV How WIll The Wild-Card Round Work On 'American Idol']</ref> Although the finals had been billed from the beginning of the season as a set of 12 contestants, the judges announced at the last minute that they would be advancing a thirteenth contestant, [[Anoop Desai]], as well.

Another change in the ''Idol'' format, which was revealed on March 11, 2009, is that the judges are eligible to exercise a veto power on one eliminated contestant at any given point of the competition and spare them from elimination for that particular week. This can only be invoked up until the Final 5. The following week two contestants will be eliminated if the save is used because nobody is eliminated on the week that the save is used. The save can only be used once and it must be unanimous.

==Early process==
===Regional auditions phase===
;Locations
Auditions were held in the following cities:<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.americanidol.com/news/view/?pid=1367 Who Will Be The Next Singing Superstar? - American Idol News]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="Center"|'''Audition City'''
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="Center"|'''Date'''
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="Center"|'''Audition Venue'''
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[San Francisco, California]]<ref>Release says [[San Francisco]]; arena is actually in Daly City, though part of its property is in San Francisco.</ref>
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|July 17, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Cow Palace]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Louisville, Kentucky]]<ref>http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/01/22/american-idol-finds-a-major-label-burnout-kentucky-derby-hats-at-louisville-auditions/ The filmed session before the judges was actually at [[Churchill Downs]].</ref>
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|July 21, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Freedom Hall]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Glendale, Arizona]]<ref>Release says [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]; arena is actually in Glendale.</ref>
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|July 25, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Jobing.com Arena]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Salt Lake City, Utah]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|July 29, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[EnergySolutions Arena]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|August 2, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Coliseo de Puerto Rico]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Kansas City, Missouri]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|August 8, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Kemper Arena]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Jacksonville, Florida]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|August 13, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena]]
|-
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[East Rutherford, New Jersey]]
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|August 19, 2008
| align="center" bgcolor="#FAF6F6"|[[Izod Center]]
|}
Contestants are required to be between the ages 16 and 28 on July 15, 2008 and eligible to work in the [[United States]]. Contestants are ineligible if they were part of the top 40 from previous seasons (exception being for those who reached the top 50 from season 7), if they hold recording or management contracts or if they are not U.S. citizens or landed immigrants (i.e. temporary residents).

===Hollywood phase===
For this season, the Hollywood round moved to the [[Kodak Theatre]], which was previously used for the season finale from seasons 1 and 3–6, from the [[Orpheum Theatre (Los Angeles)|Orpheum Theatre]]. In addition, the Hollywood round was extended to two weeks.

In the first round, the 147 contestants each sang a short solo a cappella performance of any song. The next round had the remaining 107 contestants performing in groups of three or four. The 72 contestants that passed group day performed one more solo song, this time accompanied by a band, before being narrowed down to 54. The final 54 then went to the "judges' mansion" in Los Angeles for the final results, and the Top 36 were announced. Some contestants had a sing-off to determine who would enter the top 36.

==Semi-finals==
The top 36 were announced in a special two-hour broadcast on Wednesday, February 11, 2009.<ref>http://www.americanidol.com/news/view/pid/1564 Top 36 Revealed!</ref> 
All 36 contestants, performing in three groups of twelve, sang songs that were '''[[Billboard Hot 100]] Hits'''.

Below are the three semi-final groups with contestants listed in their performance order. In each group, three people advanced to the next round, based on votes by the viewers. The top male and female recipient advanced, along with the next highest vote recipient of the remaining ten contestants in each group. Following those nine singers advancing, eight of the remaining 27 semi-finalists were selected by the judges to compete in the Wild Card round. Following another performance by each Wild Card contender, the judges selected four contestants to advance to the final group of 13.

===Semi-Final Group 1 - [[Billboard Hot 100]] hits===
*[[Jackie Tohn]] - "[[A Little Less Conversation]]" ([[Elvis Presley]])
*Ricky Braddy - "[[A Song for You]]" ([[Donny Hathaway]])
*Alexis Grace - "[[I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)]]" ([[Aretha Franklin]])
*[[Brent Keith]] - "[[Hicktown]]" ([[Jason Aldean]])
*Stevie Wright - "[[You Belong with Me]]" ([[Taylor Swift]])
*[[Anoop Desai]] - "[[Angel of Mine]]" ([[Monica (singer)|Monica]])
* Casey Carlson - "[[Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic|Every Little Thing He Does Is Magic]]" ([[The Police]])
*[[Michael Sarver]] - "[[I Don't Want to Be]]" ([[Gavin DeGraw]])
*Ann Marie Boskovich - "[[(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman]]" (Aretha Franklin)
*Stephen Fowler - "[[Rock with You (Michael Jackson song)|Rock with You]]" ([[Michael Jackson]])
*Tatiana Del Toro - "[[Saving All My Love for You]]" ([[Whitney Houston]])
*[[Danny Gokey]] - "[[Hero (Mariah Carey song)|Hero]]" ([[Mariah Carey]])

'''Advancing to the Top 13: Alexis Grace, Michael Sarver, and Danny Gokey''' 
'''Wild Card Contenders: Ricky Braddy, Tatiana Del Toro, and Anoop Desai'''

===Semi-Final Group 2 - [[Billboard Hot 100]] hits===
* [[Jasmine Murray]] - "[[Love Song (Sara Bareilles song)|Love Song]]" ([[Sara Bareilles]])
* [[Matt Giraud]] - "[[Viva la Vida]]" ([[Coldplay]])
*Jeanine Vailes - "[[This Love (Maroon 5 song)|This Love]]" ([[Maroon 5]])
*Nick Mitchell - "[[And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going]]" ([[Jennifer Holliday]])
*[[Allison Iraheta]] - "[[Alone (Heart song)|Alone]]" ([[Heart (band)|Heart]])
*[[Kris Allen]] - "[[Man in the Mirror]]" ([[Michael Jackson]])
*[[Megan Joy]] - "[[Put Your Records On]]" ([[Corinne Bailey Rae]])
*Matt Breitzke - "[[If You Could Only See]]" ([[Tonic (band)|Tonic]])
*[[Jesse Langseth]] - "[[Bette Davis Eyes]]" ([[Kim Carnes]])
*Kai Kalama - "[[What Becomes of the Brokenhearted]]" ([[Jimmy Ruffin]])
*[[Mishavonna Henson]] - "[[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)]]" ([[Train (band)|Train]])
*[[Adam Lambert]] - "[[(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction]]" ([[The Rolling Stones]])

'''Advancing to the Top 13: Allison Iraheta, Kris Allen, and Adam Lambert''' 
'''Wild Card Contenders: Jasmine Murray, Matt Giraud, Megan Joy, and Jesse Langseth'''

===Semi-Final Group 3 - [[Billboard Hot 100]] hits===
* [[Von Smith]] - "[[You're All I Need to Get By]]" ([[Marvin Gaye]] & [[Tammi Terrell]])
*Taylor Vaifanua - "[[If I Ain't Got You]]" ([[Alicia Keys]])
*Alex Wagner-Trugman - "[[I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues]]" ([[Elton John]])
*Arianna Afsar - "[[The Winner Takes It All]]" ([[ABBA]])
*Ju'Not Joyner - "[[Hey There Delilah]]" ([[Plain White T's]])
*[[Kristen McNamara]] - "[[Give Me One Reason]]" ([[Tracy Chapman]])
*Nathaniel Marshall - "[[I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)]]" ([[Meat Loaf]])
*Felicia Barton - "[[No One (Alicia Keys song)|No One]]" (Alicia Keys)
*[[Scott MacIntyre]] - "[[Mandolin Rain]]" ([[Bruce Hornsby and the Range]])
*[[Kendall Beard]] - "[[This One's for the Girls]]" ([[Martina McBride]])
*[[Jorge Núñez (singer)|Jorge Núñez]] - "[[Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me]]" (Elton John)
*[[Lil Rounds]] - "[[Be Without You]]" ([[Mary J. Blige]])

'''Advancing to the Top 13: Lil Rounds, Scott MacIntyre, and Jorge Núñez''' 
'''Wild Card Contender: Von Smith'''

===Wild Card Round - [[Billboard Hot 100]] hits===
*Jesse Langseth - "[[Tell Me Something Good]]" ([[Rufus and Chaka Khan]])
*Matt Giraud - "[[Who's Lovin' You]]" ([[The Jackson 5]])
*Megan Joy - "[[Black Horse and the Cherry Tree]]" ([[KT Tunstall]])
*Von Smith - "[[Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word]]" ([[Elton John]])
*Jasmine Murray - "[[Reflection (song)|Reflection]]" ([[Christina Aguilera]])
*Ricky Braddy - "[[Superstition (song)|Superstition]]" ([[Stevie Wonder]])
*Tatiana Del Toro - "[[Saving All My Love for You]]" ([[Whitney Houston]])
*Anoop Desai - "[[My Prerogative]]" ([[Bobby Brown]])
'''Advancing to the Top 13: Jasmine Murray, Megan Joy, Matt Giraud, and Anoop Desai'''

== Finals ==
=== Top 13 - [[Michael Jackson]] ===
*Lil Rounds - "[[The Way You Make Me Feel]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Scott MacIntyre - "[[Dangerous (album)|Keep the Faith]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Danny Gokey - "[[P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Michael Sarver - "[[You Are Not Alone]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Jasmine Murray - "[[I'll Be There]]" ([[The Jackson 5]])
*Kris Allen - "[[Remember the Time]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Give In to Me]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Anoop Desai - "[[Beat It]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Jorge Núñez - "[[Never Can Say Goodbye]]" (The Jackson 5)
*Megan Joy - "[[Rockin' Robin (song)|Rockin' Robin]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Adam Lambert - "[[Black or White]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Matt Giraud - "[[Human Nature (Michael Jackson song)|Human Nature]]" (Michael Jackson)
*Alexis Grace - "[[Dirty Diana]]" (Michael Jackson)

'''''Eliminated: Jasmine Murray and Jorge Núñez''''' 

The judges chose not to save either Jasmine or Jorge.

=== Top 11 - [[Grand Ole Opry]] ===
Mentor: [[Randy Travis]]
*Michael Sarver - "[[Ain't Goin' Down ('Til the Sun Comes Up)]]" ([[Garth Brooks]])
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Blame It on Your Heart]]" ([[Patty Loveless]])
*Kris Allen - "[[Make You Feel My Love|To Make You Feel My Love]]" (Garth Brooks)
*Lil Rounds - "[[Independence Day (song)|Independence Day]]" ([[Martina McBride]])
*Adam Lambert - "[[Ring of Fire (song)|Ring of Fire]]" ([[Johnny Cash]])
*Scott MacIntyre - "[[Wild Angels (song)|Wild Angels]]" (Martina McBride)
*Alexis Grace - "[[Jolene (song)|Jolene]]" ([[Dolly Parton]])
*Danny Gokey - "[[Jesus, Take the Wheel]]" ([[Carrie Underwood]])
*Anoop Desai - "[[Always on My Mind]]" ([[Brenda Lee]])
*Megan Joy - "[[Walkin' After Midnight]]" ([[Patsy Cline]])
*Matt Giraud - "[[So Small]]" (Carrie Underwood)

'''Bottom 3: Allison Iraheta, Michael Sarver, and Alexis Grace'''

'''Bottom 2: Michael Sarver and Alexis Grace'''

'''''Eliminated: Alexis Grace'''''

The judges chose not to use their save on Alexis.

===Top 10 - [[Motown]]===
Mentor: [[Smokey Robinson]]
*Matt Giraud - "[[Let's Get It On]]" ([[Marvin Gaye]])
*Kris Allen - "[[How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)]]" (Marvin Gaye)
*Scott MacIntyre - "[[You Can't Hurry Love]]" ([[The Supremes]])
*Megan Joy - "[[For Once in My Life]]" ([[Stevie Wonder]])
*Anoop Desai - "[[Ooo Baby Baby]]" ([[The Miracles]])
*Michael Sarver - "[[Ain't Too Proud to Beg]]" ([[The Temptations]])
*Lil Rounds - "[[(Love Is Like A) Heat Wave]]" ([[Martha and the Vandellas]])
*Adam Lambert - "[[The Tracks of My Tears]]" (The Miracles)
*Danny Gokey - "[[Get Ready (The Temptations song)|Get Ready]]" (The Temptations)
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Papa Was a Rollin' Stone]]" (The Temptations)

'''Bottom 3: Matt Giraud, Michael Sarver, and Scott MacIntyre'''

'''Bottom 2: Matt Giraud and Michael Sarver'''

'''''Eliminated: Michael Sarver'''''

The judges chose not to save Michael.

===Top 9 - Popular iTunes Downloads ===
*Anoop Desai - "[[Caught Up (Usher song)|Caught Up]]" ([[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]])
*Megan Joy - "[[Turn Your Lights Down Low]]" ([[Bob Marley]])
*Danny Gokey - "[[What Hurts the Most]]" ([[Rascal Flatts]])
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Don't Speak]]" ([[No Doubt]])
*Scott MacIntyre - "[[Just the Way You Are]]" ([[Billy Joel]])
*Matt Giraud - "[[You Found Me (song)|You Found Me]]" ([[The Fray]])
*Lil Rounds - "[[A New Day Has Come#Track listing|I Surrender]]" ([[Celine Dion]])
*Adam Lambert - "[[Play That Funky Music]]" ([[Wild Cherry (band)|Wild Cherry]])
*Kris Allen - "[[Ain't No Sunshine]]" ([[Bill Withers]])

'''Bottom 3: Megan Joy, Allison Iraheta, and Anoop Desai'''

'''Bottom 2: Megan Joy and Anoop Desai'''

'''''Eliminated: Megan Joy'''''

Simon made it clear that the judges would not even consider using the save on Megan.

===Top 8 - Year They Were Born ===
*Danny Gokey - "[[Stand by Me (song)|Stand by Me]]" ([[Ben E. King]])
*Kris Allen - "[[All She Wants to Do Is Dance]]" ([[Don Henley]])
*Lil Rounds - "[[What's Love Got to Do with It (song)|What's Love Got to Do With It]]" ([[Tina Turner]])
*Anoop Desai - "[[True Colors (song)|True Colors]]" ([[Cyndi Lauper]])
*Scott MacIntyre - "[[The Search Is Over]]" ([[Survivor (band)|Survivor]])
*Allison Iraheta - "[[I Can't Make You Love Me]]" ([[Bonnie Raitt]])
*Matt Giraud - "[[Part-Time Lover]]" ([[Stevie Wonder]])
*Adam Lambert - "[[Mad World]]" ([[Tears for Fears]])

'''Bottom 3: Anoop Desai, Scott MacIntyre, and Lil Rounds'''

'''Bottom 2: Anoop Desai and Scott MacIntyre'''

'''''Eliminated: Scott MacIntyre''''' 

Paula and Kara wanted to save Scott, but Simon and Randy did not.<ref name="Top 8 Results Show Wrap Up">{{Cite web|url=http://mjsbigblog.com/top-8-results-show-wrap-up-where-do-the-contestants-stand.htm|title=judgesplit|accessdate=2009-04-12}}</ref> Since the judges must be unanimous for the save to be used, the save was not used on Scott.

===Top 7 (first week) - Idol at the Movies===
Mentor: [[Quentin Tarantino]]
*Allison Iraheta - "[[I Don't Want to Miss a Thing]]" ([[Aerosmith]]) from ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]''
*Anoop Desai - "[[(Everything I Do) I Do It for You]]" ([[Bryan Adams]]) from ''[[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves]]''
*Adam Lambert - "[[Born to Be Wild]]" ([[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]]) from ''[[Easy Rider]]''
*Matt Giraud - "[[Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?]]" (Bryan Adams) from ''[[Don Juan DeMarco]]''
*Danny Gokey - "[[Endless Love (song)|Endless Love]]" ([[Lionel Richie]] and [[Diana Ross]]) from ''[[Endless Love (film)|Endless Love]]''
*Kris Allen - "[[Falling Slowly]]" ([[Glen Hansard]] and [[Mark%C3%A9ta Irglov%C3%A1]]) from ''[[Once (film)|Once]]''
*Lil Rounds - "[[The Rose (song)|The Rose]]" ([[Bette Midler]]) from ''[[The Rose (film)|The Rose]]''

'''Bottom 3: Anoop Desai, Lil Rounds, and Matt Giraud'''

'''Bottom 2: Matt Giraud and Lil Rounds'''

'''Lowest Voted: Matt Giraud'''

'''''Eliminated: None*'''''

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Matt Giraud received the lowest number of votes but the judges decided to use their save and Matt was not eliminated.

===Top 7 (second week) - Disco===
*Lil Rounds - "[[I'm Every Woman]]" ([[Chaka Khan]])
*Kris Allen - "[[She Works Hard for the Money (song)|She Works Hard for the Money]]" ([[Donna Summer]])
*Danny Gokey - "[[September (song)|September]]" ([[Earth, Wind & Fire]])
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Hot Stuff (Donna Summer song)|Hot Stuff]] (Donna Summer)
*Adam Lambert - "[[If I Can't Have You]]" ([[Yvonne Elliman]])
*Matt Giraud - "[[Stayin' Alive]]" ([[Bee Gees]])
*Anoop Desai - "[[Dim All the Lights]]" (Donna Summer)

'''Bottom 3: Anoop Desai, Allison Iraheta, and Lil Rounds'''

'''''Eliminated: Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai'''''

With no elimination the previous week, there was a second "Top 7" week and two people were eliminated.

===Top 5 - [[Rat Pack]] [[Standard (music)|Standards]]===
Mentor: [[Jamie Foxx]]
*Kris Allen - "[[The Way You Look Tonight]]"
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Someone to Watch Over Me (song)|Someone to Watch Over Me]] "
*Matt Giraud - "[[My Funny Valentine]]"
*Danny Gokey - "[[Come Rain or Come Shine]]"
*Adam Lambert - "[[Feeling Good]]"

'''Bottom 3: Adam Lambert, Kris Allen, and Matt Giraud'''

'''Bottom 2: Adam Lambert and Matt Giraud'''

'''''Eliminated: Matt Giraud'''''

===Top 4 - [[Rock and roll]] [[Solo (music)|solo]] and [[Duet (music)|duet]]===
Mentor: [[Slash (musician)|Slash]]
*Adam Lambert - "[[Whole Lotta Love]]" ([[Led Zeppelin]])
*Allison Iraheta - "[[Pearl (album)|Cry Baby]]" ([[Janis Joplin]])
*Kris Allen/Danny Gokey - "[[Renegade (song)|Renegade]]" ([[Styx (band)|Styx]])
 
*Kris Allen - "[[Come Together]]" ([[The Beatles]])
*Danny Gokey - "[[Dream On (Aerosmith Song)|Dream On]]" ([[Aerosmith]])
*Allison Iraheta/Adam Lambert - "[[Slow Ride]]" ([[Foghat]])

==Results night performances==
For the finals, [[American Idol (season 4)|season 4]] winner [[Carrie Underwood]]'s cover of [[Mötley Crüe]]'s "[[Home Sweet Home (Mötley Crüe song)|Home Sweet Home]]" was used as the exit song.

===Group song===
*Top 36/Group 1: "[[I'm Yours (Jason Mraz song)|I'm Yours]]" by [[Jason Mraz]]
*Top 36/Group 2: "[[Closer (Ne-Yo song)|Closer]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
*Top 36/Group 3: "[[Hot N Cold]]" by [[Katy Perry]]
*Top 13: "[[I Want You Back]]/[[ABC (song)|ABC]] Medley" by [[The Jackson 5]]
*Top 11: "[[T-R-O-U-B-L-E]]" by [[Travis Tritt]]
*Top 10: "[[Motown]]" Medley: "[[You Keep Me Hangin' On]]" by [[The Supremes]]/"[[You're All I Need to Get By]]" by [[Marvin Gaye]] and [[Tammi Terrell]]/"[[Ain't No Mountain High Enough]]" by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell
*Top 9: "[[Don't Stop Believing]]" by [[Journey (band)|Journey]]
*Top 8: "[[Can't Get You out of My Head]]" by [[Kylie Minogue]]
*Top 7 (week 1): "[[Maniac (song)|Maniac]]" by [[Michael Sembello]] from ''[[Flashdance]]''
*Top 7 (week 2): "[[Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)]]" by [[The Jackson 5]]; choreographed by Paula Abdul
*Top 5: "[[It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)]]" and "[[I Got Rhythm]]"
*Top 4: TBA

=== Other performances ===
In addition, songs are played during the elimination night to promote an artist, single, album, or the show itself. Included is a list of those songs with their ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] and [[Hot Digital Songs]] reactions.

{| border="5" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
| '''Week''' || '''Performer(s)''' || '''Title''' || '''Hot 100 Reaction''' || '''Hot Digital Songs Reaction''' || '''Notes'''
|-
| Top 36/Group 1 || [[Carly Smithson]] [[Michael Johns]] || "[[The Letter (song)|The Letter]]" || Was Never Released || Ineligible to chart (No legal digital release)|| live performance
|-
| Top 36/Group 2 || [[Brooke White]] || "[[Hold Up My Heart]]" || 47 (debut) || 27 (51,171 +999%) || live performance
|-
| Top 36/Group 3 || align=center colspan=5|''No performer''
|-
|rowspan="2"| Top 13 ||[[Kanye West]] || "[[Heartless (Kanye West song)|Heartless]]" || 7 (+1) || 13 (95,223 +18%) || pre-recorded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b104006_american_idol_what_you_didnrsquot_see.html |title=''American Idol'': What You Didn't See |author=Borzillo-Vrenna, Carrie |publisher=[[E!]] |date=March 11, 2009 |accessdate=March 12, 2009}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Kelly Clarkson]] || "[[My Life Would Suck Without You]]" || 5 (+4) || 6 (141,167 +38%) || live performance
|-
| rowspan="2"| Top 11 || [[Brad Paisley]] || "[[Then (song)|Then]]" ||| 35 (debut) || 18 (64,127 +999%) || live performance
|-
|| [[Carrie Underwood]] [[Randy Travis]]|| "[[I Told You So (Randy Travis song)|I Told You So]]" || 9 (+48) || 4 (125,806 +701%) || pre-recorded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2009/03/idol-top-11-per.html |title=''American Idol'': On the scene at the Top 11 performance night -- special appearance by Carrie Underwood! |author=Vary, Adam B. |publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' |date=March 18, 2009 |accessdate=March 18, 2009}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| Top 10 || [[Ruben Studdard]] || "Together" || did not debut || N/A || pre-recorded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2009/03/american-idol-o.html |title=''American Idol'': On the scene for Top 10 performance night |author=Pastorek, Whitney |publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' |date=March 26, 2009 |accessdate=March 26, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| [[Smokey Robinson]] [[Joss Stone]] || "You’re the One for Me" || did not debut || N/A || live performance
|-
| [[Stevie Wonder]] || "[[Motown]]" Medley: "[[My Chérie Amour]]"/"[[Superstition (song)|Superstition]]"/ "[[Overjoyed (Stevie Wonder song)|Overjoyed]]"/"All About the Love Again" || ineligible to re-enter || N/A || live performance
|-
|rowspan="2"| Top 9||[[David Cook (singer)|David Cook]] || "[[Come Back to Me (David Cook song)|Come Back to Me]]" || 63 (debut) || 40 (39,430 +498%) || pre-recorded
|-
| [[Lady GaGa]] || "[[Poker Face (Lady Gaga song)|Poker Face]]" || 2 (-1) || 2 (228,799 +11%) || live performance
|-
|rowspan="3"| Top 8 || [[Frankie Avalon]] || "[[Venus (Frankie Avalon song)|Venus]]" || N/A || N/A || live performance
|-
| [[Flo Rida]] || "[[Right Round]]" || 3 (=) || 4 (179,913 +9%) || live performance
|-
| [[Kellie Pickler]] || "[[Best Days of Your Life]]" || 50 (+53) || 34 (46,825 +257%) || live performance
|-
|rowspan="2" | Top 7 (week 1) || [[Jennifer Hudson]] || "[[If This Isn't Love (Jennifer Hudson song)|If This Isn't Love]]" || 63 (+23) || 86 (19,112 +172%) || live performance
|-
| [[Miley Cyrus]] || "[[The Climb (song)|The Climb]]" || 4 (+4)|| 2 (189,566 +0%) || pre-recorded
|-
|rowspan="2" | Top 7 (week 2) || [[David Archuleta]] || "[[Touch My Hand]]"<ref>http://weblogs.newsday.com/entertainment/music/idol/blog/2009/04/david_archuleta_grins_his_way.html</ref> || did not debut || 107 (12,875 +558%) || live performance
|-
| [[Freda Payne]], [[Thelma Houston]], and [[Harry Wayne Casey|KC]] || Medley of "[[Band of Gold (Freda Payne song)|Band of Gold]]", "[[Don't Leave Me This Way]]" and "[[Get Down Tonight]]." || ineligible to re-enter || did not enter || live performance

|-
|rowspan="3" | Top 5 || [[Natalie Cole]] || "Something's Gotta Give" || TBA || TBA || live performance
|-
| [[Taylor Hicks]] <ref>http://news-briefs.ew.com/2009/04/post-1.html</ref> || "Seven Mile Breakdown" || TBA || TBA || live performance
|-
| [[Jamie Foxx]]|| "[[Blame It (song)|Blame It]]" || TBA || TBA || live performance
|-
|rowspan="3" | Top 4 || [[Daughtry (band)|Daughtry]] <ref>http://www.hitfix.com/articles/2009-4-30-daughtry-no-doubt-coming-to-american-idol</ref> || "[[No Surprise (Daughtry)|No Surprise]]" || TBA || TBA ||
|-
| [[No Doubt]] <ref>http://www.hitfix.com/articles/2009-4-30-daughtry-no-doubt-coming-to-american-idol</ref> || "Stand and Deliver" || TBA || TBA ||
|-
| [[Paula Abdul]]<ref>[http://ryanseacrest.com/blog/whats-happening/exclusive-paula-abdul-debuts-new-single-here-for-the-music/ EXCLUSIVE: Paula Abdul Debuts New Single "Here For The Music"]</ref> || "(I'm Just) Here for the Music" || TBA || TBA ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | Top 3 || [[Jordin Sparks]] <ref>http://myidol.americanidol.com/americanidolnow/blog/2009/04/24/jordin_sparks_sophmore_record_details</ref> || "Battlefield" || TBA || TBA ||
|-
| [[Katy Perry]]|| "[[Waking Up In Vegas]]" || TBA || TBA ||
|-
| Top 2 || TBA || TBA || TBA || TBA ||
|}

==Elimination chart==
<center>
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" style="background:gray; border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 1em 1em 0; text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Legend'''
|-
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" width="15%" | Did Not Perform
| style="background:pink;" width="15%" | Female
| style="background:cyan;" width="15%" | Male
| style="background:#CCCCCC;" width="15%" | Top 36
| style="background:#FBF373;" width="15%" | Wild Card
| style="background:palegoldenrod;" width="15%" | Top 13
| style="background:lime;" width="15%" | Winner
|}

{| border="2" style="border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:white;" width="20%" | <center>Safe</center>
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" width="20%" | <center>Bottom 3</center>
| style="background:#FFFF99;" width="20%" | <center>Bottom 2</center>
| style="background:#FFFF00;" width="20%" | <center>Eliminated</center>
| style="background:#87CEEB;" width="20%"| <center>Judges' Save</center>
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|colspan=2 align="right"|''Stage:''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"|'''Semi-Finals'''
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center"|{{nowrap|'''Wild Card''' }}
|colspan=11 bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''Finals'''
|-
|colspan=2 align="right"|''Week:''
!align="center"|<center>2/18</center>
!align="center"|<center>2/261</center>
!align="center"|<center>3/4</center>
!align="center"|<center>3/5</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>3/112</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>3/18</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>3/263</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>4/1</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>4/8</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>4/154</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>4/225</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>4/29</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>5/6</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>5/13</center>
!width=35 align="center"|<center>5/20</center>
|-
!Place
!Contestant
!colspan=15|Result
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|
|bgcolor="cyan"|Kris Allen
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|{{nowrap|Top 13}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 3}}
|
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|
|bgcolor="cyan"|Danny Gokey
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|Top 13}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|
|bgcolor="pink"|Allison Iraheta
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 3}}
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|Btm 3
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 3}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|
|bgcolor="cyan" | Adam Lambert
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 2}}
|
|
|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''5'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Matt Giraud
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"|Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center"|{{nowrap|Top 13}}
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 2}}
|
|
|bgcolor="#87CEEB" align="center"| Saved
|
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center"|'''Elim'''
|colspan="3" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" rowspan="2" align="center"|'''6 - 7'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Anoop Desai
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center"|Top 13
|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 2}}
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|{{nowrap|Btm 2}}
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|Btm 3
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center" rowspan=2|'''Elim'''
|colspan="4" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Lil Rounds
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|{{nowrap|Top 13}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|Btm 3
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|Btm 2
|colspan="4" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''8'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Scott MacIntyre
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFFCC" align="center"|Btm 3
|
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center"|'''Elim'''
|colspan="6" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''9'''
|bgcolor="pink"|Megan Joy
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center" |Top 13
|
|
|
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center"|'''Elim'''
|colspan="7" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''10'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Michael Sarver
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|bgcolor="#FFFF99" align="center"|Btm 2
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center"|'''Elim'''
|colspan="8" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''11'''
|bgcolor="pink"|Alexis Grace
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center"|'''Elim'''
|colspan="9" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" rowspan="2" align="center"|'''12 - 13'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Jorge Núñez
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|Top 13
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFF558" align="center" rowspan=2|'''Elim'''
|colspan="10" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Jasmine Murray
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center"|Top 13
|colspan="10" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center" rowspan=4|'''Wild Card'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Ricky Braddy
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FBF373" align="center" rowspan=4|'''Elim'''
|colspan="11" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Tatiana Del Toro
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="11" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Jesse Langseth
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="11" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Von Smith
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" |Elim
|colspan="11" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=8|'''Semi- Final 3'''
|bgcolor="pink"|Arianna Afsar
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=8|'''Elim'''
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Felicia Barton
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Kendall Beard
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Ju'Not Joyner
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Nathaniel Marshall
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Kristen McNamara
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Taylor Vaifanua
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|{{nowrap|Alex Wagner-Trugman}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="12" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=5|'''Semi- Final 2'''
|bgcolor="cyan"|Matt Breitzke
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=5|'''Elim'''
|colspan="13" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Mishavonna Henson
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="13" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Kai Kalama
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="13" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Nick Mitchell
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="13" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Jeanine Vailes
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|colspan="13" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=6|'''Semi- Final 1'''
|bgcolor="pink"|Ann Marie Boskovich
|bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" rowspan=6|'''Elim'''
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Casey Carlson
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Stephen Fowler
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="cyan"|Brent Keith
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Jackie Tohn
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|-
|bgcolor="pink"|Stevie Wright
|colspan="14" bgcolor="666666"|
|} 
</center>

1 Due to the [[Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, 2009|2009 Speech to the Joint Session of the United States Congress]] on Tuesday, February 24, 2009, the performance show was moved to Wednesday, February 25 and the results show was moved to Thursday, February 26. 
2 Ryan never specifically said who the bottom three or four was, but Megan Joy was brought up with Jasmine Murray and Anoop Desai with Jorge Nuñez for dramatic effect. Jasmine Murray was announced as the first to leave, followed by Jorge Nuñez. 
3 Due to the White House Press Conference on Tuesday, March 24, 2009, the performance show was moved to Wednesday, March 25 and the results show was moved to Thursday, March 26. 
4 Due to the judges using their one save, in order to save [[Matt Giraud]], the Top 7 remained intact for another week. 
5 The bottom two were eliminated on 4/22. It was never announced who received the lowest number of votes, although Lil Rounds was announced as the first to leave, followed by Anoop Desai. 


==Controversies==
====Joanna Pacitti====
[[Joanna Pacitti]], who was originally selected as a semi-finalist, created controversy due to her being previously signed to A&M and Geffen Records. Later, she was found to have been having a "private relationship" with 19 Management. She was later disqualified, and replaced by Felicia Barton.<ref name="Joanna">{{cite news |title=Joanna Pacitti Disqualified From "American Idol" |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=February 12, 2009 |first=Lynn |last=Elber |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/12/joanna-pacitti-disqualifi_n_166379.html }}</ref>

====Telephone number====
In the Top 13, the expected phone number for Alexis Grace, 866-IDOLS-13, was not owned by American Idol, but by a company called Intimate Encounters, who used it as a sex line. Although host Ryan Seacrest mentioned the replacement phone number, 866-IDOLS-36, several times, some commentators feared that the phone number confusion could lead to Grace being inadvertently voted off the show.<ref name="sexline">{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1606780/20090311/story.jhtml |title=Will 'Idol' Phone Snafu Sink Alexis Grace? |first=James |last=Montgomery |date=March 11, 2009 |accessdate=2009-03-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=American Idol can't use 'nasty' 1-866-IDOLS-13 number |work=[[Newsday]] |first=Jamshid |last=Mousavinezhad |date=March 10, 2009 |url=http://weblogs.newsday.com/entertainment/music/idol/blog/2009/03/american_idol_cant_use_nasty_1.html }}</ref> Grace was not voted off that week.

====Lip-syncing====
After the Top 11 program, [[Justin Guarini]], while hosting ''[[Idol Wrap]]'' on TV Guide channel, asserted that the show's group performances were being [[lip-sync]]ed.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |title=‘Idol’ Group Numbers: Not So Live After All |work=The New York Times |date=Mrch 25, 2009 |first=Edward |last=Wyatt |page=C1 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/arts/television/26idol.html?_r=1 }}</ref> Soon after Guarini's assertion was aired, a spokesperson for the producers of ''American Idol'' said, "The Idols don't lip-sync, period."<ref name=nyt/> The following day, the same spokesperson said that "due to extensive choreography and to balance their voices with open mics against a screaming audience, the Idols do sing along to their own prerecorded vocal track during the group performances only."<ref name=nyt/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1607786/20090326/story.jhtml |title='American Idol' Producers Admit Group Sing-Alongs Are Lip-Synched |work=MTV |first=Gil |last=Kaufman |date=March 26, 2009 }}</ref> The spokesperson maintained that the performers sing their solo songs live, but their performances available to download through [[iTunes]] are recorded prior to airing.<ref name=nyt/>

==Releases==
===iTunes===
As in the [[American Idol (season 7)|previous season]], ''American Idol'' exclusively partnered with [[iTunes]]. To keep the competition fair and prevent any revealing of the number of songs bought during voting, they are not available until the result show (Wednesdays). While the performers sing their solo songs live on the program, the performances available to download through [[iTunes]] are prerecorded prior to airing.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |title=‘Idol’ Group Numbers: Not So Live After All |work=The New York Times |date=March 25, 2009 |first=Edward |last=Wyatt |page=C1 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/arts/television/26idol.html?_r=1 |quote=Every single year we can’t stand the group performances. I know they can't stand it either. And I think what makes them even worse now is that they're lip-synched. They're really prerecorded now. }}</ref> The iTunes exclusives includes:
*Top 36 live performance audio
*Top 13 live performances videos and audios, as well as studio recordings

Songs from some guest performers, such as [[Brooke White]], are also available on the American Idol portion of iTunes.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.americanidol.com/ American Idol Official Website]
*[http://www.mtv.com/news/topics/a/american_idol/ MTV's American Idol Coverage]
*{{imdb title|0319931|American Idol (Season 8)}}
*{{tv.com|11307|American Idol (Season 8)}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=''[[American Idol]]''|before=[[American Idol (season 7)|Season 7 (2008)]]|after=''Season 9 (2010)''|years='''''Season 8 (2009)'''''}}
{{end box}}

{{American Idol 8}}
{{American Idol}}

[[Category:American Idol seasons]]
[[Category:2009 in television]]
[[Category:2009 in the United States]]

[[ja:アメリカン・アイドル (シーズン8)]]
[[vi:American Idol (Mùa 8)]]
[[zh:美國偶像 (第八季)]]

The Dark Knight

2009-04-29T07:44:06Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Plot */ Typo fix.

{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Film
| name = The Dark Knight
| image = Dark_Knight.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Christopher Nolan]]
| producer = Christopher Nolan Charles Roven [[Emma Thomas]]
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' Christopher Nolan [[Jonathan Nolan]] '''Story:''' [[David S. Goyer]] Christopher Nolan '''Comic Book:''' [[Bob Kane]] [[Bill Finger]]
| starring = [[Christian Bale]] [[Michael Caine]] [[Heath Ledger]] [[Aaron Eckhart]] [[Gary Oldman]] [[Maggie Gyllenhaal]] [[Morgan Freeman]]
| music = [[Hans Zimmer]] [[James Newton Howard]]
| cinematography = [[Wally Pfister]]
| editing = [[Lee Smith (editor)|Lee Smith]]
| studio = [[Legendary Pictures]] [[Syncopy Films]] [[DC Comics]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released = '''Australia:''' July 16, 2008 '''North America:''' July 18, 2008 '''United Kingdom:''' July 24, 2008 '''
| runtime = 152 min.
| country = [[Cinema of the United States|United States]]
| language = English
| budget = [[United States dollar|$]]185 million<ref name=BOM>{{cite news |title=The Dark Knight (2008) |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=darkknight.htm |publisher=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=2009-03-19}}</ref>
| gross = $1,001,921,825<ref name=BOM/>
| preceded_by = ''[[Batman Begins]]''
| followed_by = 
}}

'''''The Dark Knight''''' is a {{fy|2008}} [[superhero film]] directed and co-written by [[Christopher Nolan]]. Based on the [[DC Comics]] character [[Batman]], the film is part of [[Batman (film series)#Nolan_series|Nolan's ''Batman'' film series]] and a [[sequel]] to 2005's ''[[Batman Begins]]''. [[Christian Bale]] reprises the lead role. The film follows Bruce Wayne/Batman (Bale), District Attorney [[Two-Face|Harvey Dent]] ([[Aaron Eckhart]]), Assistant D.A. [[Rachel Dawes]] ([[Maggie Gyllenhaal]]), and Police Commissioner [[James Gordon (comics)|James Gordon]] ([[Gary Oldman]]) and their struggles and journey in combating the new rising threat of a criminal who goes by the name of the "[[Joker (comics)|Joker]]" ([[Heath Ledger]]). His identity is left a mystery in the film, while Dent's transformation from heroic [[district attorney]] to disfigured killer Two-Face is presented entirely. Nolan's inspiration for the film was the Joker's comic book debut in 1940, and the 1996 series ''[[Batman: The Long Halloween|The Long Halloween]]'', which retold Two-Face's origin. ''The Dark Knight'' was filmed primarily in [[Chicago]], as well as in several other locations in the United States, the United Kingdom, and [[Hong Kong]]. Nolan used an [[IMAX]] camera to film some sequences, including the Joker's first appearance in the film.

On January 22, 2008, after he had completed filming ''The Dark Knight'', Heath Ledger died from a [[Combined drug intoxication|toxic combination of prescription drugs]], leading to intense attention from the press and moviegoing public. [[Warner Bros.]] had initially created a [[viral marketing]] campaign for ''The Dark Knight'', developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screen shots of Ledger as the Joker, but after Ledger's death, the studio refocused its promotional campaign.<ref name="CrookSanders">{{Cite news|author=Marshall Crook and Peter Sanders|title=Advertising: Will Marketing Change After Star's Death?|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120113527501911813.html|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|publisher=''online.wsj.com''|date=2008-01-24|accessdate=2008-06-04|pages=B1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/01/24/ledger.films/index.html?iref=mpstoryview|title=Ledger's Death Puts Last Films in a Bind|work=[[CNN|CNN.com Entertainment]]|publisher=''[[CNN|cnn.com]]''|date=[[2008-01-24]]|accessdate=2008-07-10}}</ref> The film was released on July 16, 2008 in Australia, on July 18, 2008 in North America, and on July 24, 2008 in the United Kingdom. Before its [[box office]] debut in North America, record numbers of advanced tickets were sold for ''The Dark Knight''. It was greeted with positive reviews upon release,<ref name="meta"/> and became only the second film to earn more than $500 million at the North American box office, setting numerous other records in the process. It is also the fourth highest grossing film worldwide, and only the fourth film to earn more than $1 billion. Following its critical and commercial success, ''The Dark Knight'' has gone to garner multiple awards ranging from Best Picture to Best Special Effects.

==Plot==

In [[Gotham City]], the [[Joker (comics)|Joker]] robs a mob bank with his accomplices, whom he tricks into killing one another, ultimately killing the last one himself. That night, Batman and [[James Gordon (comics)|Lieutenant James Gordon]] contemplate including new district attorney [[Two-Face|Harvey Dent]] in their plan to eradicate the mob. However, Batman wonders if Dent can be trusted. Bruce runs into [[Rachel Dawes]] and Dent, who are dating, and after talking to Dent, he realizes Dent's sincerity and decides to host a fundraiser for him. Mob bosses [[Sal Maroni]], Gambol, and the Chechen meet with other underworld gangsters to discuss both Batman and Dent, who have been cracking down on the mobster's operations. Lau, a [[Chinese people|Chinese]] mafia accountant, informs them that he has hidden their money and fled to [[Hong Kong]] in an attempt to preempt Gordon's plan to seize the mobsters' funds and hide from Dent's jurisdiction. The Joker appears and offers to kill Batman for half of the mafia's money, but they flatly refuse and Gambol places a bounty on the Joker's head. Not long after, the Joker kills Gambol and takes control of his men.

In Hong Kong, Batman captures Lau and delivers him to the [[Gotham City Police Department|Gotham City police]], where Lau agrees to testify against the mob. In retaliation, the mobsters hire the Joker to kill Batman and Lau. The Joker issues an ultimatum to Gotham: people will die each day until Batman reveals his identity. When Commissioner [[Gillian B. Loeb]] and Judge Surillo are murdered by corrupt police, the public blames Batman, prompting Bruce to decide to reveal his identity. Before Bruce can turn himself in, Dent holds a press conference to try and persuade the public not to sell Batman out just because of one terrorist, but the public insists that Batman turn himself in, so Dent announces that he himself is Batman and is arrested as part of a plan to draw the Joker out of hiding. The Joker attempts to ambush the police convoy carrying Dent, but Batman and Gordon intervene and capture him. In recognition of his actions, Gordon is appointed the new police commissioner.

Later that night, Dent and Rachel disappear. At the police station, Batman interrogates the Joker, who reveals that Dent and Rachel's police escorts were on Maroni's payroll and have placed them in warehouses rigged with explosives on opposite sides of the city — far enough apart so that Batman cannot save them both. Batman leaves to save Rachel, while Gordon and the police head after Dent. With the aid of a smuggled bomb, the Joker escapes police custody with Lau. Batman arrives, but finds Dent instead of Rachel. Batman successfully saves Dent, but the ensuing explosion disfigures Dent's face. Gordon arrives at Rachel's location too late, and she perishes when the bomb detonates. Aboard a cargo ship, the Joker burns Lau to death atop a pile of the mob's money, and has the Chechen killed before taking control of his men. The Joker goes to the hospital and frees Dent from his restraints, convincing him to exact revenge on the people responsible for Rachel's death, as well as Batman and Gordon for not saving her. Dent flips for the Joker's life, and spares him. The Joker destroys the hospital on his way out, and then escapes with a hijacked bus full of hospital patients.

Out of the hospital, Dent goes on a personal vendetta, confronting Maroni and the corrupt cops one by one. The Joker announces to the public that anyone left in Gotham at nightfall will be subject to his rule. With the bridges and tunnels out of the city closed due to a bomb threat by the Joker, authorities begin evacuating people by ferry. The Joker has explosives placed on two of the ferries—one ferry with convicts, who were evacuated in an effort to keep the Joker from freeing them, and the other with civilians—telling the passengers the only way to save themselves is to trigger the explosives on the other ferry; otherwise, he will destroy both at midnight. Batman locates the Joker and the hostages he has taken. Realizing the Joker has disguised the hostages as his own men, Batman is forced to attack both Gordon's [[SWAT]] team and the Joker's henchmen in order to save the real hostages.

The Joker's plan to destroy the ferries fails after the passengers on both decide not to destroy each other. Batman locates and subdues the Joker, preventing him from destroying both ferries. When Batman refuses to kill the Joker, the Joker acknowledges that Batman is truly incorruptible, but that Dent was not, and that he has unleashed Dent upon the city. Leaving the Joker for the SWAT team, Batman searches for Dent. At the remains of the building where Rachel died, Batman finds Dent holding Gordon and his family at gunpoint. Dent judges the innocence of Batman, himself, and Gordon's son through three coin tosses. As the result of the first two flips, he shoots Batman in the [[Human abdomen|abdomen]] and spares himself. Before Dent can determine the boy's fate, Batman, who was wearing body armor, tackles him over the side of the building. Gordon's son is saved, but Dent and Batman fall to the ground below resulting in Dent's death.<ref>{{cite news|author=Heather Newgen|title=Aaron Eckhart on Two-Face|work=[[Superhero Hype!]]|date=2008-09-03|url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/featuresnews.php?id=7641|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> Knowing that the citizens of Gotham will lose hope and all morale if Dent's rampage becomes public news, Batman convinces Gordon to hold ''him'' responsible for the murders. Images are shown of Gordon delivering the eulogy at Dent's funeral, him smashing the Bat-Signal, and a city-wide manhunt for Batman's arrest begins.

==Cast==
'''[[Christian Bale]]''' as '''[[Batman|Bruce Wayne / Batman]]''': A [[billionaire]] dedicated to protecting Gotham City from the criminal underworld by night. Bale said he was confident in his choice to return in the role because of the positive response to his display in ''[[Batman Begins]]''.<ref name=wizardworld>{{cite news|title=WWC — 'The Dark Knight' Panel|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080111142832/http://www.wizarduniverse.com/movies/dark_knight/005609461.cfm| work=wizarduniverse.com|publisher=[[Wizard Entertainment]]|date=2007-08-11|accessdate=2008-11-10}}</ref> He continued training in the [[Keysi Fighting Method]] and performed many of his own stunts,<ref name=wizardworld/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keysikfm.com/darkknight.php|title=Dark Knight: Christian Bale: Batman/Bruce Wayne| work=keysikfm.com |publisher=Keysi Fighting Method|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> but did not gain as much muscle as in the previous film because the new Batsuit allowed him to move with greater agility.<ref name=wild>{{cite news |title=Joker's Wild|url=http://www.wizarduniverse.com/020108darkknightsetvisit.html |work=wizarduniverse.com|publisher=[[Wizard Entertainment]]|date=2008-02-11|accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref> Bale described Batman's dilemma as whether "[his crusade is] something that has an end. Can he quit and have an ordinary life? The kind of manic intensity someone has to have to maintain the passion and the anger that they felt as a child, takes an effort after awhile, to keep doing that. At some point, you have to exorcise your demons."<ref name=Beale>{{cite news|first=Lewis|last=Beale|title=Fast Chat: Christian Bale|work=[[Newsday]]|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070717185008/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/movies/ny-fffast5289821jul15,0,3894445.story?coll=ny-movies-mezz|date=2007-07-15|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|accessdate=2008-04-19}}</ref> He added, "Now you have not just a young man in pain attempting to find some kind of an answer, you have somebody who actually has power, who is burdened by that power, and is having to recognize the difference between attaining that power and holding on to it."<ref name=Halbfinger>{{cite news|author=David M. Halbfinger|title=A Director Confronts Darkness and Death|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/movies/09halb.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=''nytimes.com''|date=2008-03-09|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref> Bale felt Batman's personality had been strongly established in the first film, so it was unlikely his character would be overshadowed by the villains, stating: "I have no problem with competing with someone else. And that's going to make a better movie."<ref name=Jolin1>{{cite journal|first=Dan|last=Jolin|title=Fear Has a Face|url=http://www.empireonline.com/magazine/covers/image.asp?id=24227&gallery=1365&caption=%23223%20%28January%202008%29|journal=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|volume=223|month=January|year=2008|pages=87–88|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group|Bauer Verlagsgruppe]]|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref>

'''[[Heath Ledger]]''' as '''[[Joker (comics)|The Joker]]''': Before Ledger was confirmed to play the Joker in July 2006, [[Paul Bettany]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Kellvin|last=Chavez|url=http://www.latinoreview.com/news.php?id=233|title=Bettany Talks ''Batman Begins'' Sequel!|work=latinoreview.com|publisher=Latino Review|date=2006-01-28|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> [[Lachy Hulme]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Beall|url=http://www.cinematical.com/2006/05/30/lachy-hulme-talks-joker/|title=Lachy Hulme Talks Joker|work=cinematical.com|publisher=Moviefone|date=2006-05-30|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> [[Adrien Brody]],<ref name=Stax2>{{cite news|author=Stax|title=That Joker Adrien Brody|url=http://comics.ign.com/articles/679/679631p1.html|work=[[IGN]] Comics|publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=2006-01-09|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> [[Steve Carell]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Saney|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/a24568/steve-carell-to-play-the-joker.html|title=Steve Carell to play The Joker?|work=digitalspy.co.uk|publisher=[[Digital Spy]] |date=2005-09-21|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> and [[Robin Williams]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Jeff|last=Otto|url=http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/714/714752p1.html |title=Robin Williams, Joker?|work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=2006-06-26|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> publicly expressed interest in the role. Yet Nolan had wanted to work with Ledger on a number of projects in the past (though he had been unable to do so), and was agreeable to Ledger's [[anarchy|anarchic]] interpretation of the character.<ref name=Stax1>{{cite news|author=Stax|title=IGN interviews Christopher Nolan|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/839/839933p1.html|work=[[IGN]] Movies |publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=2007-12-06|accessdate=2008-06-03}}</ref> When Ledger saw ''Batman Begins'', he had realized a way to make the character work consistent with the film's tone:<ref name=Lesnick>{{cite news|first=Silas |last=Lesnick|title=IESB Exclusive: Heath Ledger Talks the Joker!|url=http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3691&Itemid=99|work=The Movie Reporter |publisher=IESB.net|date=2007-11-10|accessdate=2007-11-12}}</ref> he described his Joker as a "[[psychopathy|psychopath]]ic, [[mass murder]]ing, [[schizophrenia|schizophrenic]] clown with zero [[empathy]]".<ref name=Lyall>{{cite news|first=Sarah|last= Lyall|title=Movies: In Stetson or Wig, He's Hard to Pin Down|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/movies/moviesspecial/04lyal.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|date=2007-11-04|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref>

To prepare for the role, Ledger lived alone in a hotel room for a month, formulating the character's posture, voice, and personality, and kept a diary, in which he recorded the Joker's thoughts and feelings.<ref name=Jolin1/><ref name=Richards>{{Cite news|first=Olly |last=Richards|title=World Exclusive: The Joker Speaks: He's a Cold-blooded Mass-murdering Clown|url=http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?nid=21560|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group|Bauer Verlagsgruppe]]|date=2007-11-28|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> While he initially found it difficult, Ledger eventually generated a voice unlike [[Jack Nicholson]]'s character in [[Tim Burton]]'s [[Batman (1989 film)|1989 ''Batman'' film]].<ref name=Lyall/><ref name=Richards/> He was also given ''[[Batman: The Killing Joke]]'' and ''[[Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth]],'' which he "really tried to read and put it down".<ref name=Lesnick/> Ledger also cited ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' and [[Sid Vicious]] as "a very early starting point for Christian [Bale] and I. But we kind of flew far away from that pretty quickly and into another world altogether."<ref name=noempathy>{{cite news|first=Josh |last=Horowitz|title=Heath Ledger Says His Joker Has 'Zero Empathy' |url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/11/10/heath-ledger-says-his-joker-has-zero-empathy/|work=MTV Movies Blog|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=2007-11-10|accessdate=2007-11-12}}</ref><ref name=Carroll>{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Carroll|title='Dark Knight' Stars, Director Want Film To 'Celebrate' Heath Ledger's Work|work=MTV Movies Blog|publisher=[[MTV]]|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1583563/story.jhtml|date=2008-03-18|accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref> "There’s a bit of everything in him. There’s nothing that consistent," Ledger said, and added, "There are a few more surprises to him."<ref name=noempathy/> Ledger was allowed to shoot and mostly direct the videos the Joker sends out as warnings. Each take Ledger made was different from the last. Nolan was impressed enough with the first video shoot that he chose to not be present when Ledger shot the video with a kidnapped reporter ([[Anthony Michael Hall]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Nolan Talks DARK KNIGHT Blu-Ray, A 100,000 Person Screening Of The Film (Featuring Live Q & A w/ Nolan), TDK Sequel, And More!!|work=[[Ain't It Cool News]]|date=2008-12-05|url=http://www.aintitcool.com/node/39348|accessdate=2008-12-06}}</ref>

On January 22, 2008, after he had completed filming ''The Dark Knight'', Ledger died of an accidental [[prescription drug]] [[drug overdose|overdose]], leading to intense press attention and memorial tributes. "It was tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day [during editing]," Nolan recalled. "But the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish."<ref name=Carroll/> All of Ledger's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming; in editing the film, Nolan added no "digital effects" to alter Ledger's actual performance posthumously.<ref name=Brown>{{cite news|first=Scott|last=Brown|title=Dark Knight Director Shuns Digital Effects for the Real Thing|url=http://www.wired.com/entertainment/hollywood/magazine/16-07/ff_darknight?currentPage=all|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publications]]|date=2008-06-24|accessdate=2008-06-24}}</ref> Nolan has dedicated the film in part to Ledger's memory.<ref name=Hough>{{cite news|title=Dark Knight Dedicated to Ledger|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=2008-06-27|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7477095.stm|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref><ref name=Jolin2>{{Cite journal|first=Dan |last=Jolin|title=The Dark Knight|journal=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|volume=228|month=July|year=2008|pages=92–100 |publisher=[[Bauer Media Group|Bauer Verlagsgruppe]]|accessdate=2008-06-28}}</ref>

'''[[Gary Oldman]]''' as '''[[James Gordon (comics)|James Gordon]]''': Lieutenant of the [[Gotham City Police Department]] and one of the few police officers who is not corrupt. He forms a tenuous, unofficial alliance with Batman and Dent. When the Joker assassinates Police Commissioner Loeb, Mayor Garcia gives Gordon the position. Oldman described his character as "incorruptible, virtuous, strong, heroic, but understated".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darkhorizons.com/interviews/dk4.php|title=Exclusive Interview: Gary Oldman for "The Dark Knight"|last=Fischer|first=Paul|date=2008-07-09|work=Darkhorizons.com|publisher=Dark Horizons Multimedia|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> Nolan explained that "''[[Batman: The Long Halloween|The Long Halloween]]'' has a great, triangular relationship between Harvey Dent and Gordon and Batman, and that's something we very much drew from."<ref name="carroll">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1590648/story.jhtml|title=In 'Dark Knight,' The Often-Incompetent Jim Gordon Actually Knows What He's Doing|last=Carroll|first=Larry|date=2008-07-10|work=MTV Movie News|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> Oldman added that "Gordon has a great deal of admiration for him at the end, but [Batman] is more than ever now the dark knight, the outsider. I'm intrigued now to see: If there is a third one, what he's going to do?"<ref name="carroll"/> On the possibility of another sequel, he said that "returning to [the role] is not dependent on whether the role was bigger than the one before".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/article/gary_oldman_discusses_his_role_as_jim_gordon_in_the_dark_knight|title=Gary Oldman Discusses His Role as Jim Gordon in 'The Dark Knight'|last=Brevet|first=Brad|date=2008-07-18|work=RopeofSilicon.com|publisher=Ropeofsilicon|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref>

'''[[Aaron Eckhart]]''' as '''[[Two-Face|Harvey Dent / Two-Face]]''': The Gotham district attorney who is hailed as Gotham's "White Knight"; Dent's battle with the Joker transforms Dent into a murderous, disfigured [[vigilante]] called "Two-Face".<ref name=Boucher>{{cite news|first=Geoff|last=Boucher|title=Aaron Eckhart: Not Just Another Pretty Face in 'The Dark Knight' |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-echkart-2008may04,0,932553.story|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|date=2008-05-03|accessdate=2008-05-03}}</ref><ref name=Purdin>{{Cite news|first=Rickey |last=Purdin|title=(Dark Knight Exclusive): Aaron Eckhart Q&A|url=http://www.wizarduniverse.com/030408eckhart.html|work=wizarduniverse.com|publisher=[[Wizard Entertainment]]|date=2008-03-04|accessdate=2008-06-01}}</ref> Bruce sees Dent as his heir, demonstrating his realization that Batman will be a lifelong mission, and furthering the tragedy of Dent's downfall.<ref name=Jolin2/> Nolan and [[David S. Goyer]] had originally considered using Dent in ''Batman Begins'', but they replaced him with the new character Rachel Dawes when they realized they "couldn’t do him justice".<ref name=NolanGoyerintrod>{{cite book |author=[[Christopher Nolan]] and [[David S. Goyer]]|chapter=Introduction|title=Absolute Batman: The Long Halloween|url=http://www.dccomics.com/comics/?cm=6764|year=2007|isbn=9781401212827}}</ref> Before Eckhart was cast in February 2007, [[Liev Schreiber]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Kellvin|last=Chavez|url=http://www.latinoreview.com/news.php?id=607|title=Video Interview: Schreiber & Stiles on The Omen!|work=latinoreview.com|publisher=Latino Review|date=2005-05-31|accessdate=2006-08-15}}</ref> [[Josh Lucas]],<ref name=Carroll2>{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Carroll|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1529088/story.jhtml|title=Movie File: Brad Pitt, Chevy Chase, Ben Stiller, Owen Wilson, Josh Lucas & More|work=MTV.com |publisher=[[MTV]]|date=2006-04-21|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> and [[Ryan Phillippe]]<ref name=Stax3>{{cite news|author=Stax|title=Phillippe Talks Two-Face|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/760/760793p1.html|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=2007-02-02|accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref> had expressed interest in the role,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Dave|last=McNary|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117959570.html?categoryid=13&cs=1|title=Eckhart Set As Two-Face|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=[[2007-02-15]]|accessdate=2007-02-15}}</ref> while [[Mark Ruffalo]] auditioned.<ref>{{cite news|first=Casey|last=Seijas|title=Mark Ruffalo Discusses His Try-Out For Harvey Dent/Two-Face Role In ‘The Dark Knight’|work=[[MTV]] Splash Page|date=2008-10-02|url=http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/10/02/mark-ruffalo-discusses-his-try-out-for-harvey-denttwo-face-role-in-the-dark-knight/|accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref> [[Hugh Jackman]] was also considered for the part of Dent. Nolan chose Eckhart, whom he had considered for the lead role in ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]'', citing his "extraordinary" ability as an actor, his embodiment of "that kind of chiselled, American hero quality" projected by [[Robert Redford]], and his subtextual "edge".<ref name=Jolin1>{{Cite journal|first=Dan |last=Jolin|title=The Dark Knight|journal=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|volume=228|year=2008|month=July|publisher=[[Bauer Verlagsgruppe]]|accessdate=2008-06-05|pages=92-100}}</ref>

Eckhart was "interested in good guys gone wrong", and had played corrupt men in films such as ''[[The Black Dahlia (film)|The Black Dahlia]]'', ''[[Thank You for Smoking]]'', and ''[[In the Company of Men]]''. Whereas Two-Face is an evil villain in the comics, Nolan chose to portray him as a twisted vigilante to emphasize his role as Batman's counterpart. Eckhart explained, "[He] is still true to himself. He's a crime fighter, he's not killing good people. He's not a bad guy, not purely."<ref name=Boucher/><ref name=Purdin/> For Dent, Eckhart "kept on thinking about the Kennedys", particularly [[Robert F. Kennedy]], who was "idealistic, held a grudge and took on the Mob". He had his hair lightened and styled to make him appear more dashing. Nolan told Eckhart to not make Two-Face "jokey with slurping sounds or ticks".<ref>{{cite news|last=Keck|first=William|title=Aaron Eckhart puts on his best acting face|work=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|date=2008-07-29|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-07-28-eckhart_N.htm|accessdate=2008-11-16}}</ref>

'''[[Maggie Gyllenhaal]]''' as '''[[Rachel Dawes]]''': The Gotham assistant D.A. and childhood friend of Bruce Wayne. Before the events of the film, she told Bruce that if he ever decided to stop being Batman, they would be together. She is one of the few people to know the identity of Batman. Gyllenhaal took over the role from [[Katie Holmes]], who played it in ''Batman Begins''. In August 2005, Holmes was reportedly planning to reprise the role,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cinescape.com/0/Editorial.asp?this_cat=Movies&obj_id=49367&aff_id=0|title=''Batman Begins'' Sequel Is Moving Along|work=cinescape.com|publisher=Cinescape|date=2005-08-10|accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref> but she eventually turned it down to do ''[[Mad Money (film)|Mad Money]]'' with [[Diane Keaton]] and [[Queen Latifah]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Shawn|last=Adler|url=http://www.vh1.com/movies/news/articles/1579619/20080114/story.jhtml|title='Dark Knight' Absentee Katie Holmes Full Of Regrets? 'Not At All,' Actress Says|work=[[MTV News]]|date=2008-01-14|accessdate=2009-01-9}}</ref> By March 2007, Gyllenhaal was in "final talks" for the part.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Pamela|last=McClintock|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960782.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |title=Gyllenhaal Joining Batman Sequel|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=[[2007-03-08]]|accessdate=2007-03-08}}</ref> Gyllenhaal has acknowledged her character is a [[damsel in distress]] to an extent, but says Nolan sought ways to empower her character, so "Rachel's really clear about what's important to her and unwilling to compromise her morals, which made a nice change" from the many conflicted characters whom she has previously portrayed.<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew|last=Williams|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=82565&in_page_id=11|title=Gyllenhaal Talks Sexy Underwear|work=[[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]] |publisher=[[Associated Newspapers|Associated Newspapers Ltd]] |date=2008-01-06|accessdate=2008-01-08}}</ref>

'''[[Michael Caine]]''' as '''[[Alfred Pennyworth]]''': Bruce Wayne's trusted butler and advisor who tends to Bruce's penthouse. His supply of useful advice to Bruce and his likeness to a fatherly figure to him has led to him being labeled as "Batman's [[batman (military)|batman]]".<ref>{{cite news |first=Rob |last=Mackie |title=Batman Begins review |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,1596464,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=[[2005-10-21]] |accessdate=2007-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Steve |last=Tilley |title=Michael Caine one tough butler |url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/C/Caine_Michael/2005/06/13/1084190.html |work=[[Canadian Online Explorer|CANOE]] |publisher=[[Edmonton Sun]] |date=[[2005-06-13]] |accessdate=2007-02-20}}</ref>

'''[[Morgan Freeman]]''' as '''[[Lucius Fox]]''': The recently promoted [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Wayne Enterprises]] who, now fully aware of his employer's double life as Batman, serves more directly as Bruce's [[armourer|armorer]] in addition to his corporate managerial duties.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-14|url=https://www.nypost.com/seven/07132008/entertainment/movies/morgan_freeman__how_i_mentored_batman_119635.htm|title=MORGAN FREEMAN: HOW I MENTORED BATMAN |work=New York Post|date=2008-07-13|author=Getlen, Larry}}</ref>

'''[[Chin Han|Ng Chin Han]]''' as '''Lau''': The [[accountant]] who hid the money for the mobs and transferred the money to [[Hong Kong]], he was later captured by Batman and sent back to Gotham City. Joker later burned and killed him.

'''[[Eric Roberts]]''' as '''[[Sal Maroni]]''': A gangster who has taken over [[Carmine Falcone]]'s mob and consents with his associates to let the Joker try to eliminate Batman. [[Bob Hoskins]] and [[James Gandolfini]] previously auditioned for the role.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Kane|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/05142007/entertainment/heroic_save_entertainment_michael_kane.htm?page=0|title=Heroic Save: 20-Year Old Career Skid Ends with Super Roles|work=[[New York Post]]|publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=2007-05-14|accessdate=2007-05-14}}</ref>

'''[[Colin McFarlane]]''' as '''[[Gillian B. Loeb]]''': The Police Commissioner of Gotham until his murder at the hands of the Joker.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-14|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1576589/story.jhtml|title='Dark Knight' Trailer: Shot-By-Shot Analysis Uncovers Clues About Batman's Next Fight |publisher=MTV|date=2007-12-17|author=Adler, Shawn}}</ref>

The film's Gotham officials and authorities include [[Nestor Carbonell]] as Mayor Anthony Garcia, [[Keith Szarabajka]] as Detective Gerard Stephens, Monique Curnen as Anna Ramirez, and Ron Dean as Detective Michael Wuertz. While Stephens is an honest and good cop, the latter two are two corrupt officers who betray Harvey Dent and Rachel Dawes to the Joker. The film also casts [[Anthony Michael Hall]] as Gotham Cable News reporter Mike Engel, Nydia Rodriguez Terracina as Judge Janet Surrillo, [[Joshua Harto]] as Coleman Reese, [[Melinda McGraw]] and [[Nathan Gamble]] as Gordon's wife and son, and [[Tom Lister, Jr.|Tom "Tiny" Lister, Jr.]] as a prison inmate on one of the bomb-rigged ferries. The film's criminals include [[Michael Jai White]] as gang leader Gambol, [[Ritchie Coster]] as the Chechan, and [[William Fichtner]] as the Gotham National Bank Manager. [[David Banner]] originally auditioned for the role of Gambol.<ref name=Carroll3>{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Carroll| title='Spawn' Star Takes a Gamble On 'Dark Knight' Role|url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/07/03/spawn-star-takes-a-gamble-on-dark-knight-role/|work=MTV Movies Blog |publisher=[[MTV]]|date=2007-07-03|accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref> [[Cillian Murphy]] returns in a cameo as [[Scarecrow (comics)|Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow]], who is captured early on in the film by Batman.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-14|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1591147/20080718/story.jhtml?rsspartner=rssColdFusion|title='The Dark Knight': Ledgerdemain |publisher=MTV|date=2008-07-18|author=Loder, Kurt}}</ref>

Musician [[Dwight Yoakam]] was approached for the roles of either the manager or a corrupt cop, but he chose to focus on his album ''[[Dwight Sings Buck]]''.<ref>{{cite news|first=Ton|last=Lanham|url=http://www.examiner.com/a-993882~Dwight_Yoakam_pays_tribute_to_Buck_Owens.html|title=Dwight Yoakam Pays Tribute to Buck Owens|work=examiner.com|publisher=Examiner|date=2007-10-17|accessdate=2007-10-17}}</ref> Another cameo was made by [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] [[Patrick Leahy]], a Batman fan who was previously an extra in the 1997 ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]'' and also was a guest voice actor on ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]''. Leahy cameos as a guest who defies the Joker at a fundraiser thrown by Bruce Wayne.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alexander |last= Mooney|coauthors=Lauren Kornreich|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2007/08/14/senator-patrick-leahy-d-gotham/|title=Senator Patrick Leahy (D-Gotham)|work=[[CNN]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System]]|date=2007-08-14|accessdate=2007-08-14}}</ref>

==Production==
===Development===
{{quote box|width=40%|quote=As we looked through the comics, there was this fascinating idea that Batman's presence in Gotham actually attracts criminals to Gotham, [it] attracts [[insanity|lunacy]]. When you're dealing with questionable notions like people taking the law into their own hands, you have to really ask, where does that lead? That's what makes the character so dark, because he expresses a vengeful desire.|source=—Nolan on the theme of escalation<ref name=Halbfinger />}}

Before the release of ''[[Batman Begins]]'', screenwriter [[David S. Goyer]] wrote a [[film treatment|treatment]] for two sequels which introduced the Joker and Harvey Dent. His original intent was for the Joker to scar Dent during the Joker's trial in the third film, turning Dent into Two-Face.<ref name=prem>{{cite news|url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/batmannews.php?id=2978|title=Premiere Features ''Batman Begins''|work=[[Superhero Hype!]]|publisher=Coming Soon Media, L.P |date=2005-05-09|accessdate=2006-11-02}}</ref> Goyer, who penned the first draft of the film, cited the [[DC Comics]] 13-issue [[comic book]] [[limited series]] ''[[Batman: The Long Halloween]]'' as the major influence on his storyline.<ref name=NolanGoyerintrod/> While initially uncertain of whether or not he would return to direct the sequel, Nolan did want to reinterpret the Joker on screen.<ref name=Jolin1/> On July 31, 2006, Warner Bros. officially announced initiation of production for the sequel to ''Batman Begins'' titled ''The Dark Knight'';<ref name="robinov">{{cite news|author=Warner Bros. Pictures|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=15774|title=''Batman'' Sequel Title & Casting Confirmed!|work=Movie News|work=ComingSoon.net|publisher=Coming Soon Media, L.P|date=2006-07-31|accessdate=2006-07-31}}</ref> it is the first live-action ''Batman'' film without the word "Batman" in its title, which Bale noted as signaling that "this take on Batman of mine and Chris' is very different from any of the others."<ref name=Stax4>{{cite news|author=Stax|title=Dark Knight Talks ''Dark Knight''|url=http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/723/723567p1.html|work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=2006-08-04|accessdate=2006-10-03}}</ref>

After much research, Nolan's brother and co-writer, [[Jonathan Nolan|Jonathan]], suggested the Joker's first two appearances, published in the first issue of ''[[Batman (comic book)|Batman]]'' (1940), as the crucial influences.<ref name=Stax1/> [[Jerry Robinson]], one of the Joker's co-creators, was consulted on the character's portrayal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.insomniacmania.com/news_default.php?id=3543|title=Updates on The Dark Knight Plus Our Own Exclusive on the Involvement of Joker Creator Jerry Robinson in the Batman Sequel!|work=insomniacmania.com|publisher=Insomniac Mania|date=2006-08-24|accessdate=2006-08-28}}</ref> Nolan decided to avoid divulging an in-depth [[origin story]] for the Joker, and instead portray his rise to power so as to not diminish the threat he poses, explaining to [[MTV News]], "the Joker we meet in ''The Dark Knight'' is fully formed...To me, the Joker is an absolute. There are no shades of gray to him—maybe shades of purple. He's unbelievably dark. He bursts in just as he did in the comics."<ref name=opening/> Nolan reiterated to [[IGN]], "We never wanted to do an origin story for the Joker in this film", because "the arc of the story is much more Harvey Dent's; the Joker is presented as an absolute. It's a very thrilling element in the film, and a very important element, but we wanted to deal with the rise of the Joker, not the origin of the Joker."<ref name=Stax1/> Nolan suggested ''[[Batman: The Killing Joke]]'' influenced a section of the Joker's dialogue in the film, in which he says that anyone can become like him given the right circumstances.<ref name=convention>{{cite journal|first=Anne|last=Thompson|title=Dark Knight Review: Nolan Talks Sequel Inflation|url=http://weblogs.variety.com/thompsononhollywood/2008/07/dark-knight-rev.html|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=[[2008-07-06]]|accessdate=2008-07-07}}</ref>

Nolan also cited ''[[Heat (1995 film)|Heat]]'' as "sort of an inspiration" for his aim "to tell a very large, city story or the story of a city": "If you want to take on Gotham, you want to give Gotham a kind of weight and breadth and depth in there. So you wind up dealing with the political figures, the media figures. That's part of the whole fabric of how a city is bound together."<ref name=Stax1/>

According to Nolan, an important theme of the sequel is "escalation", extending the [[dénouement|ending]] of ''Batman Begins'', noting "things having to get worse before they get better".<ref name=Horowitz>{{cite news|first=Josh|last=Horowitz|url=http://www.betterthanfudge.com/?p=925|title=Exclusive! Dirt on The Dark Knight!|work=betterthanfudge.com|publisher=Better Than Fudge|date=2006-08-23|accessdate=2006-08-23}}</ref> While indicating ''The Dark Knight'' would continue the themes of ''Batman Begins'', including justice vs. revenge and Bruce Wayne's issues with his [[Thomas Wayne|father]],<ref name=Stax5>{{cite news|author=Stax|title=Exclusive: Nolan's ''Dark Knight'' Revelations|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/736/736931p1.html|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=2006-10-03|accessdate=2006-10-23}}</ref> Nolan emphasized the sequel would also portray Wayne more as a [[detective]], an aspect of his character not fully developed in ''Batman Begins''.<ref name=wild/> Nolan described the friendly rivalry between Bruce Wayne and Harvey Dent as the "backbone" of the film.<ref name=opening/> He also chose to compress the overall storyline, allowing Dent to become Two-Face in ''The Dark Knight'', thus giving the film an emotional arc the unsympathetic Joker could not offer.<ref name=convention/> Nolan acknowledged the title was not only a reference to Batman, but also the fallen "white knight" Harvey Dent.<ref name=GBoucher>{{cite news|first=Geoff|last=Boucher|title=Thor's cartoon, Stan Lee's medal and Dick Tracy's fate all in Everyday Hero headlines|work=Hero Complex|publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''|date=2008-11-17|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2008/11/thors-cartoon-s.html|accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref>

===Filming===
While scouting for shooting locations in October 2006, location manager Robin Higgs visited [[Liverpool]], concentrating mainly along the city's waterfront. Other candidates included Yorkshire, Glasgow, and parts of London.<ref>{{cite news|first=Catherine|last=Jones|url=http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/entertainment/previewsandreviews/tm_headline=batman-film-may-swoop-into-liverpool&method=full&objectid=17926461&siteid=50061-name_page.html|title=Batman Film May Swoop Into Liverpool|work=icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk|publisher=icLiverpool|date=2006-10-13|accessdate=2006-10-13}}</ref> In August 2006, one of the film's producers, Charles Roven, stated that its principal photography would begin in March 2007,<ref name=Newgen>{{cite news|first=Heather|last=Newgen|url=http://superherohype.com/news/featuresnews.php?id=4634|title=Producer Chuck Roven on ''The Dark Knight''|work=[[Superhero Hype!]]|publisher=Coming Soon Media, L.P|date=2006-08-12|accessdate=2006-08-23}}</ref> but filming was pushed back to April.<ref name=Lowman>{{cite news|first=Rob|last=Lowman|title=Tricks of the Trade (Part 2)|url=http://www.dailynews.com/entertainment/ci_5260002|work=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]|publisher=[[MediaNews Group]]|date=2007-02-19 |accessdate=2007-02-20}}</ref> For its release in [[IMAX]] theaters, Nolan shot four major sequences in that format, including the Joker's introduction, and said that he wished that it were possible to shoot the entire film in IMAX: "if you could take an IMAX camera to [[Mount Everest]] or outer space, you could use it in a feature movie."<ref>{{cite news|first=Scott|last=Bowles|title=First Look: Enter the Joker — In the IMAX Format|work=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2007-05-28-dark-knight-firstlook_N.htm|date=2007-05-28|accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> For fifteen years Nolan had wanted to shoot in the IMAX format, and he also used it for "quiet scenes which pictorially we thought would be interesting."<ref name=opening/>
[[Image:Jokerbehingdthaglass.jpg|thumb|left|Director [[Christopher Nolan]] (far left) and actor [[Heath Ledger]] (in [[Cosmetics|make-up]]) filming a scene in ''The Dark Knight'' with an IMAX camera]]

Warner Bros. chose to film in Chicago for thirteen weeks, because Nolan had had a "truly remarkable experience" filming part of ''Batman Begins'' there.<ref name=Armour>{{cite news|first=Terry|last=Armour|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/chi-0701280414jan28,1,5821076.column|title=Quiet on the Set? Not in This Town|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|date=2007-01-28|accessdate=2007-01-30}}</ref><ref name=Pearlman>{{cite news|first=Cindy|last=Pearlman|url=http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/movies/109454,CST-FTR-Knight25.article|title=Caped Crusader May Alight Here Next Year|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|publisher=[[Sun-Times Media Group]]|date=2006-10-25|accessdate=2006-10-25}}</ref> Instead of using the [[Chicago Board of Trade Building]] as the location for the headquarters of [[Wayne Enterprises]], as ''Batman Begins'' did,<ref>{{cite web|author=Ebert, Roger|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050613/REVIEWS/50525003|publisher=rogerebert.suntimes.com|title=Batman Begins|date=2005-06-13| accessdate=2007-02-25}}</ref> ''The Dark Knight'' used the [[Richard J. Daley Center]].<ref name=MG>{{cite web|url=http://landmarksocietywny.blogspot.com/2008/07/miess-gotham.html|title=Mies’s Gotham|accessdate=2008-08-04|date=2008-07-29|author=Palmer, Dan|publisher=The Landmark Society of Western New York, Inc.|work=Confessions of a Preservationist}}</ref> While filming in Chicago, the film was given the false title ''Rory's First Kiss'' to lower the visibility of production, but the local media eventually uncovered the ruse.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,2129988,00.html|title=Film: Chicago Journalists Smell a Bat in 'Rory's First Kiss'|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|date=2007-07-19|accessdate=2008-06-03}}</ref> [[Richard Roeper]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' commented on the absurdity of the technique, "Is there a Bat-fan in the world that doesn't know ''Rory's First Kiss'' is actually ''The Dark Knight'', which has been filming in Chicago for weeks?"<ref name=Roeper>{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Roeper|title=Potter Leaks Won't Ruin Book's Magic — Piracy Usually Hits Movies, But Publishers Also Affected|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|publisher=[[Sun-Times Media Group]]|date=2007-07-18}}</ref> Production of ''The Dark Knight'' in Chicago generated $45 million in the city's economy and created thousands of jobs.<ref name=chicagoeconomy>{{cite news|first=Lorene |last=Yue|title=Batman Movie Filming to Start Saturday|url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=25284|work=chicagobusiness.com|publisher=[[Crain Communications Inc.|Crain Communications Inc]]|date=2007-06-08|accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> For the film's prologue involving the Joker, the crew shot in Chicago from April 18, 2007 to April 24, 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbc5.com/entertainment/12403161/detail.html?dl=headlineclick|title=Batman's Back in Chicago|work=nbc5.com|publisher=[[WMAQ-TV]]|date=2007-04-18|accessdate=2007-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Carolyn|last=Giardina|title='Dark Knight' Heeds Imax Signal|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3ieac90360954f656741f97fb3a117d32c|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company]]|date=2007-05-29|accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> They returned to shoot from June 9, 2007 to early September.<ref name=chicagoeconomy/> Shooting locations included [[Navy Pier]], [[330 North Wabash]], [[James R. Thompson Center]], [[LaSalle Street]], [[The Berghoff (restaurant)|The Berghoff]], [[Millennium Station]], Hotel 71, the old Brach's factory, the old Van Buren Street Post Office, and [[Wacker Drive]].<ref name=MG/><ref name=AKTR>{{citation|title=A Knight to Remember: Death, drama and a Chicago setting — The Dark Knight blasts onto screens this month|periodical=Chicago Social|date=July 2008|page=66|last=Gardener|first=Chris}}</ref> [[Pinewood Studios]], near London, was the primary studio space used for the production.<ref>[http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/gen/z_sys_infoProduction.aspx?intProductionId=1832 Pinewood Studios - The Dark Knight (2008) production information]</ref> [[Marina City]] was in the background throughout the movie.<ref name=MG/>

While planning a stunt with the [[Batmobile]] in a special effects facility near [[Chertsey|Chertsey, England]] in September 2007, technician Conway Wickliffe was killed when his car crashed.<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Hough|title='Batman' Film Technician Dies in Accident|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL2576601720070925|work=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[The Thomson Corporation]]|date=2007-09-25|accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> The film is dedicated to both Ledger and Wickliffe.<ref name=Hough/> The following month in London at the defunct [[Battersea Power Station]], a rigged 200-foot fireball was filmed, reportedly for an opening sequence, prompting calls from local residents who feared a terrorist attack on the station.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thelondonpaper.com/cs/Satellite/london/news/article/1157149322813?packedargs=suffix%3DArticleController|title=Battersea Power Station Explosion|work=thelondonpaper.com|publisher=[[thelondonpaper]]|date=2007-10-12|accessdate=2007-10-12}}</ref> A similar incident occurred during the filming in Chicago, when an abandoned [[Brach's]] candy factory (which was Gotham Hospital in the film) was demolished.<ref>{{Citation |last= |first= |title=Batman Film Crews Blow Up Brach's Candy Building |url=http://www.nbc5.com/news/14006347/detail.html |publisher=[[WMAQ-TV]] |date=2007-08-29 |accessdate=2008-08-17}}</ref>

Filming took place in Hong Kong from November 6 to November 11, 2007, at the [[Central-Mid-Levels escalators]], [[Queen's Road]], [[The Center]], and [[International Finance Centre]].<ref name=nine>{{cite news|title=New Batman Flick to Be Filmed in HK|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=317405|work=ninemsn.com|publisher=[[ninemsn]]|date=2007-11-03|accessdate=2007-11-03}}</ref><ref name=hkend>{{cite news|title=New Batman Movie Completes High Profile Shooting in Hong Kong|work=[[International Herald Tribune]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|date=2007-11-12|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/arts/AS-A-E-MOV-Hong-Kong-Batman.php|accessdate=2007-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Scarlett|last=Chiang |title=Holy Chaos, Batman!|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=12&art_id=53868&sid=15486249&con_type=3|work=[[The Standard]]|publisher=Sing Tao Newspaper Limited|date=2007-09-21|accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref> The city's [[Kowloon Walled City|walled city of Kowloon]] influenced the [[Gotham City#Landmarks in other media|Narrows]] in ''Batman Begins''.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jeff|last=Otto|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/622/622719p1.html|title=Interview: Christopher Nolan|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=2005-06-05|accessdate=2007-01-10}}</ref> The shoot hired helicopters and [[C-130 Hercules|C-130]] aircraft.<ref name=nine/> Officials expressed concern over possible noise pollution and traffic.<ref name=hkend/> In response, letters sent to the city's residents promised that the sound level would approximate noise decibels made by buses.<ref name=nine/> Environmentalists also criticized the filmmakers' request to tenants of the waterfront skyscrapers to keep their lights on all night in order to enhance the cinematography, describing it as a waste of energy.<ref name=hkend/> Cinematographer [[Wally Pfister]] found the city officials a "nightmare", and ultimately Nolan had to create Batman's jump from a skyscraper (which Bale had looked forward to performing) digitally.<ref name=Brown/>

===Design===
[[Image:HeathJoker.png|thumb|Heath Ledger as the Joker.]]
Costume designer [[Lindy Hemming]] described the Joker's look as reflecting his personality — that "he doesn't care about himself at all"; she avoided designing him as a [[Vagrancy (people)|vagrant]] but still made him appear to be "scruffier, grungier", so that "when you see him move, he's slightly twitchier or edgy."<ref name=Jolin1/><ref name=Richards/><ref name=Richards/> Nolan noted, "We gave a [[Francis Bacon (painter)|Francis Bacon]] spin to [his face]. This corruption, this decay in the texture of the look itself. It's grubby. You can almost imagine what he smells like."<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=James |title=Indy, Batman, Narnia All Return in 2008|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22653902/|work=[[MSNBC]]|publisher=[[NBC Universal]], [[Microsoft]]|date=2008-01-14|accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref> In creating the "anarchical" look of the Joker, Hemming drew inspiration from such [[Counterculture|countercultural]] [[popular culture|pop culture]] artists as [[Pete Doherty]], [[Iggy Pop]], and [[John Lydon|Johnny Rotten]].<ref name=IGNStaff>{{cite news|author=IGN Staff|title=Dressing the Joker|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/854/854616p1.html|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=2008-02-25 |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> Ledger described his "clown" mask, made up of three pieces of stamped [[silicone]], as a "new technology", taking much less time for the [[make-up artist]]s to apply than more-conventional [[Facial prosthetic|prosthetics]] usually requires — the process took them only an hour — and said that he felt he was barely wearing any make-up.<ref name=Jolin1/><ref name=sfx>{{cite journal|title=Joker in the Pack|journal=[[SFX magazine]] |volume=164| month=Winter|year=2007|pages=18|publisher=[[Future plc|Future Publishing]]|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref>

Designers improved on the design of the [[Batsuit]] from ''Batman Begins'', adding wide elastic banding to help bind the costume to Bale, and suggest more sophisticated technology. It was constructed from 200 individual pieces of [[natural rubber|rubber]], [[fiberglass]], metallic [[mesh]], and [[nylon]]. The new cowl was modeled after a [[motorcycle helmet]] and separated from the neck piece, allowing Bale to turn his head left and right and nod up and down.<ref name=suit>{{cite news|first=Jeff|last=Jensen|title=Batman's New Suit|journal=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.|Time Inc]]|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20042739,00.html|date=2007-06-15|accessdate=2007-06-18}}</ref> The cowl is equipped to show white lenses over the eyes when the character turns on his [[sonar]] detection, which gives Batman the white eyed look from the comics and animation.<ref name=kino>{{cite news|url=http://www.kino.de/news/batman-flattert-nach-hongkong/242400/nr-242400,channel-kino,ref-rssfeed.html|title=Batman flattert nach Hongkong|publisher=Kino.de|language=German|date=2007-10-15|accessdate=2007-10-25}}</ref> The [[Gauntlet (glove)|gauntlets]] have retractable razors which can be fired.<ref name=suit/> Though the new costume is eight pounds heavier, Bale found it more comfortable and less hot to wear.<ref name=wild/> The original suit was also worn during part of the film, where Batman employs [[hydraulics|hydraulic]] assistance on the gauntlets to bend a gun barrel and cut through steel.

The depiction of [[Gotham City]] is less gritty than in ''Batman Begins''. "I've tried to unclutter the Gotham we created on the last film," said Crowley. "Gotham is in chaos. We keep blowing up stuff, so we can keep our images clean."<ref name=Halbfinger />

===Effects===
[[Image:Batpod.jpg|thumb|left|A view of the "[[batcycle#The Dark Knight|Batpod]]" on display in [[Los Angeles]].]]
The film introduces the [[batcycle#The Dark Knight|Batpod]], which is a recreation of the [[Batcycle]]. [[Production designer]] Nathan Crowley, who designed the [[Batmobile#Nolan films|Tumbler]] for ''Batman Begins'', designed six models (built by special effects supervisor [[Chris Corbould]]) for use in the film's production, because of necessary crash scenes and possible accidents.<ref name=goy/> Crowley built a prototype in Nolan's garage, before six months of safety tests were conducted.<ref name=wild/> The Batpod is steered by shoulder instead of hand, and the rider's arms are protected by sleeve-like shields. The bike has 508-millimeter (20-inch) front and rear tires, and is made to appear as if it is armed with grappling hooks, cannons, and machine guns. The engines are located in the hubs of the wheels, which are set 3 1/2 feet (1067 mm) apart on either side of the tank. The rider lies belly down on the tank, which can move up and down in order to dodge any incoming gunfire that Batman may encounter. [[stunt performer|Stuntman]] Jean-Pierre Goy doubled for [[Christian Bale]] during the riding sequences in ''The Dark Knight''.<ref name=goy>{{cite news|first=Susan|last=Carpenter|url=http://www.latimes.com/classified/automotive/highway1/la-hy-throttle18jun18redo,0,6121661.story?coll=la-highway1-reviews-motorcycle|title=Wholly High-Tech, Batman|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|date=2007-06-18|accessdate=2007-11-24}}</ref>

[[Image:Two-face before and after.jpg|thumb|upright|Aaron Eckhart with make-up and motion capture markers on set. Below is the finished Two-Face effect]]
Nolan designed [[Two-Face]]'s appearance in the film as one of the least disturbing, explaining, "When we looked at less extreme versions of it, they were too real and more horrifying. When you look at a film like ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' – something like that, there's something about a very fanciful, very detailed visual effect, that I think is more powerful and less repulsive."<ref>{{cite news|first=Kevin|last=Williamson|url=http://lfpress.ca/newsstand/Today/Entertainment/2008/07/15/6158716-sun.html|title= Two Face a gruesome delight|work=[[London Free Press]]|publisher=[[Quebecor Media]]|date=2008-07-15|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> [[Framestore]] created 120 computer-generated shots of Two-Face's scarred visage. Nolan felt using make-up would look unrealistic, as it adds to the face, unlike real burn victims. Framestore acknowledged they rearranged the positions of bones, muscles and joints to make the character look more dramatic. For each shot, three 720-pixel HD cameras were set up at different angles on set to fully capture Aaron Eckhart's performance. Eckhart wore markers on his face and a prosthetic skullcap, which was acted as a lighting reference. A few shots of the skullcap were kept in the film. Framestore also integrated shots of Bale and Eckhart into that of the exploding building where Dent is burned. It was difficult simulating fire on Eckhart because only having half of something being burned is inherently unrealistic.<ref name=cinefex>{{cite journal|last=Duncan|first=Jody|title=Batman Grounded|journal=[[Cinefex]]|issue=115|pages=64–88, 116–117}}</ref>

===Music===
{{seealso|The Dark Knight (soundtrack)}}
''Batman Begins'' composers [[Hans Zimmer]] and [[James Newton Howard]] returned to score the sequel. Composition began before shooting, and during filming Nolan received an [[iPod]] with ten hours of recordings.<ref name=brass>{{cite journal|first=Phil|last=Gallo|title=A different kind of 'Knight' music|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=[[2008-07-14]]|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117988909.html?categoryid=2857&cs=1|accessdate=2008-07-15}}</ref> Their nine-minute [[suite]] for the Joker, "Why So Serious?", is based around two notes. Zimmer compared its style to that of [[Kraftwerk]], a band from his native [[Germany]], as well as bands like [[The Damned]].<ref name=Martens>{{cite news|first=Todd|last=Martens |title=Zimmer Brings 'punk attitude' to Batman with 'The Dark Knight' |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/extendedplay/2008/06/batman-the-dark.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]] |date=2008-06-02 |accessdate=2008-06-04}}</ref> When Ledger died, Zimmer felt like scrapping and composing a new theme, but decided that he could not be sentimental and compromise the "evil [performance] projects".<ref name=Wolf>{{cite web|first=Jeanne|last=Wolf|title=Singing the Joker's Praises|work=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]|publisher=[[Advance Publications]]|url=http://www.parade.com/celebrity/celebrity-parade/archive/pc_0185.html|date=2008-07-01|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> Howard composed Dent's "elegant and beautiful" themes,<ref name=Martens/> which are [[brass instrument|brass]]-focused.<ref name=brass/>

==Release==
===Marketing===
In May 2007, [[42 Entertainment]] began a [[viral marketing]] campaign utilizing the film's "Why So Serious?" [[tagline]] with the launch of a website featuring the fictional political campaign of Harvey Dent, with the caption, "I Believe in Harvey Dent."<ref name=IBHD>{{Cite web|title=Harvey Dent for Gotham District Attorney: Harvey Dent: Latest News|work=ibelieveinharveydent.com|publisher=Warner Bros.|url=http://ibelieveinharveydent.com/|accessdate=2008-06-01}} [This is an updated version of that website.]</ref> The site aimed to interest fans by having them try to earn what they wanted to see and, on behalf of Warner Bros., 42 Entertainment also established a "[[vandalism|vandalized]]" version of ''I Believe in Harvey Dent'', called "I believe in Harvey Dent too," where e-mails sent by fans slowly removed [[pixel]]s, revealing the first official image of the Joker; it was ultimately replaced with many "Haha"s and a hidden message that said "see you in December."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Now You See Him...|journal=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|volume=228|year=2008|month=July|pages=26 |publisher=[[Bauer Media Group|Bauer Verlagsgruppe]]}}</ref>
[[Image:Norulessensible.jpg|thumb|left|horizontal|''WhySoSerious.com'' directed fans to find letters composing [[Joker (comics)|the Joker's]] message "The only sensible way to live in this world is without rules," to send in photographs of these letters, and then featured their photos in a collage.]]

During the 2007 [[San Diego Comic-Con International]], 42 Entertainment launched WhySoSerious.com, sending fans on a [[scavenger hunt]] to unlock a teaser trailer and a new photo of the Joker.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Marc|last=Graser|coauthors=Anne Thompson|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117969414.html?categoryId=13&cs=1|title=Jokes Join Joker at Comic-Con|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=[[2007-07-29]]|accessdate=2007-07-30}}</ref> On October 31, 2007, the film's website morphed into another scavenger hunt with hidden messages, instructing fans to uncover clues at certain locations in major cities throughout the United States, and to take photographs of their discoveries. The clues combined to reveal a new photograph of the Joker and an audio clip of him from the film saying "And tonight, you're gonna break your one rule." Completing the scavenger hunt also led to another website called Rory's Death Kiss<ref name=treat>{{cite news |title=The Joker's Halloween Treat |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/831/831681p1.html|work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[News Corporation]] |date=2007-10-31 |accessdate=2007-11-01}}</ref> (referencing the false working title of ''Rory's First Kiss''), where fans could submit photographs of themselves costumed as the Joker. Those who sent photos were mailed a copy of a fictional newspaper called ''The Gotham Times'', whose electronic version led to the discovery of numerous other websites.<ref name=GT>{{Cite web|title=''The Gotham Times''| url=http://www.thegothamtimes.com/page1.htm|publisher=[[Warner Bros.]]|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Update #12: The Dark Knight Viral Campaign|url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=6470|work=[[Superhero Hype!]] |publisher=Coming Soon Media, L.P|date=2007-11-30|accessdate=2008-03-17}} (Source: The Fans.)</ref>

''The Dark Knight'''s opening sequence, (showing a bank raid by the Joker) and closing montage of other scenes from the film, was screened with selected [[IMAX]] screenings of ''[[I Am Legend (film)|I Am Legend]]'', which was released on December 14, 2007.<ref name=opening>{{cite news|first=Josh|last=Horowitz|title='Dark Knight' Opening Scenes Reveal 'Radical' New Joker|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1575671/20071203/story.jhtml|work=MTV.com|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=2007-12-03|accessdate=2007-12-04}}</ref> A theatrical [[Teaser trailer|teaser]] was also released with non-IMAX showings of ''I Am Legend'', and also on the official website.<ref>{{cite news|first=Shawn|last=Adler|title='Dark Knight' Trailer Shows A Joker Hellbent On Chaos|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1576559/20071214/story.jhtml|work=MTV.com|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=2007-12-14|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> The sequence was released on the [[Blu-ray Disc]] edition of ''[[Batman Begins]]'' on July 8, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=McCutcheon|title=Batman Begins Anew|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/859/859998p1.html|work=[[IGN]]|publisher=[[News Corporation]] |date=2008-03-17|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> Also on July 8, 2008, the studio released ''[[Batman: Gotham Knight]]'', a [[direct-to-video|direct-to-DVD]] animated film, set between ''Batman Begins'' and ''The Dark Knight'' and featuring six original stories, directed by [[Bruce Timm]], co-creator and producer of ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'', and starring veteran Batman voice actor [[Kevin Conroy]]. Each of these segments, written by [[Josh Olson]], [[David S. Goyer]], [[Brian Azzarello]], [[Greg Rucka]], [[stickK|Jordan Goldberg]], and [[Alan Burnett]], presents its own distinctive artistic style, paralleling numerous artists collaborating in the same [[DC Universe]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Batman: Gotham Knight' Set for July 8 Release|url=http://www.wizarduniverse.com/022608gothamknightpr.html|work=wizarduniverse.com|publisher=[[Wizard Entertainment]]|date=2008-02-25|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref>

After the death of [[Heath Ledger]], on January 22, 2008, [[Warner Bros.]] adjusted its promotional focus on the Joker,<ref name=CrookSanders/> revising some of its websites dedicated to promoting the film and posting a memorial tribute to Ledger on the film's official website<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heath Memorial|url=http://thedarkknight.warnerbros.com/HeathMemorial.html|publisher=[[Warner Bros.]] |date=2008-01-23|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> and overlaying a black memorial ribbon on the photo collage in ''WhySoSerious.com''.<ref name=WSSrev>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Warner Bros.]]|title=Why So Serious?|url=http://www.whysoserious.com/|work=whysoserious.com|accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> On February 29, 2008, ''I Believe in Harvey Dent'' was updated to enable fans to send their e-mail addresses and phone numbers.<ref>{{cite news|author=IGN Staff|title=Harvey Dent Wants You|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/855/855926p1.html|work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[News Corporation]]|date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref> In March 2008, Harvey Dent's fictional campaign informed fans that actual campaign buses nicknamed "Dentmobiles" would tour various cities to promote Dent's candidacy for district attorney.<ref>{{cite news|title='Dentmobiles' Promote ''Dark Knight''|url=http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?id=50270|work=[[Sci Fi Wire]] |publisher=[[Sci Fi Channel (United States)|Sci Fi Channel]]|date=2008-03-13|accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref>

[[Image:Jarno Trulli 2008 Britain.jpg|thumb|right|[[Toyota Racing|Toyota]] [[Formula One]] racing car featuring the Batman insignia, at the [[2008 British Grand Prix]]]]
On May 15, 2008, [[Six Flags Great America]] and [[Six Flags Great Adventure]] theme parks opened ''[[The Dark Knight (roller coaster)|The Dark Knight]]'' [[roller coaster]], which cost [[United States dollar|$]]7.5 million to develop and which simulates being [[stalking|stalked]] by the Joker.<ref>{{cite news|first=Lee|last=Filas|title=Great America Getting New 'Dark Knight' Coaster Next Year|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/story/?id=46662|work=[[Daily Herald (Arlington Heights)|Daily Herald]] |publisher=Paddock Publications, Inc|date=2007-09-27|accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> [[Mattel]] produced toys and games for ''The Dark Knight'', action figures, [[roleplaying|role play]] costumes, board games, puzzles, and a special-edition [[Uno (game)|UNO]] card game, which began commercial distribution in June 2008.<ref name=mattel>{{cite news|title=Mattel on Board for Speed Racer & The Dark Knight|url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/topnews.php?id=5877|work=[[Superhero Hype!]]|publisher=Coming Soon Media, L.P|date=2007-06-19|accessdate=2008-03-18}} (Source: [[Warner Bros.]] Consumer Products.)</ref>

[[Warner Bros.]] devoted six months to an anti-piracy strategy that involved tracking the people who had a pre-release copy of the film at any one time. Shipping and delivery schedules were also staggered and spot checks were carried out both domestically and overseas to ensure illegal copying of the film was not taking place in cinemas.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Dark Knight Pirate Movie Update - Batman’s 38 Piracy Free Hours Deemed Success|url=http://www.webtvwire.com/batman-the-dark-knight-movie-how-warner-bros-stopped-film-leaking-to-internet/|publisher= webtvwire.com|date=2008-07-29}}</ref> A pirated copy was released on the Web approximately 38 hours after the film's release. [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent]] search engine [[The Pirate Bay]] taunted the movie industry over its ability to provide the movie free, replacing its logo with a taunting message.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Dark Knight Torrent Used To Mess With Hollywood|url=http://www.webtvwire.com/the-dark-knight-torrent-used-to-mess-with-hollywood-the-pirate-bay-uses-batman-hype/|publisher= webtvwire.com|date=2008-07-26}}</ref>

===Theatrical run===
Warner Bros. held the world premiere for ''The Dark Knight'' in [[New York City]] on July 14, 2008, screening in an IMAX theater with the film's composers [[James Newton Howard]] and [[Hans Zimmer]] playing a part of the film score live.<ref name=buzz>{{cite journal|first=Steven|last=Zeitchik|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3icbacc817cd9e1b4e40577f631ccf89fc|title='Dark Knight' buzz keeps building|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company]]|date=[[2008-07-14]]|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> Leading up to ''The Dark Knight'''s commercial release, the film had drawn "overwhelmingly positive early reviews and buzz on Heath Ledger's turn as the Joker". ''The Dark Knight'' was commercially released on July 16, 2008 in Australia, grossing almost $2.3 million in its first day.<ref name=high>{{cite journal|first=Carl|last=DiOrio|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i7c9fb5e8533a7a9cc7f96524fbfccac7|title=High expectations for 'Dark Knight'|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company]]|date=[[2008-07-16]]|accessdate=2008-07-16}}</ref>

In the United States and Canada, ''The Dark Knight'' was distributed to 4,366 theaters, breaking the previous record for the highest number of theaters held by ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End]]'' in 2007. The number of theaters also included 94 IMAX theaters, with the film estimated to be played on 9,200 screens in the United States and Canada.<ref name=high/> Online, ticketing services sold enormous numbers of tickets for approximately 3,000 midnight showtimes as well as unusually early showtimes for the film's opening day. All IMAX theaters showing ''The Dark Knight'' were sold out for the opening weekend.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Carl|last=DiOrio|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3ic89034626f7645c385ca5977ca529ca2|title='Dark Knight' sells out quickly online|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company]]|date=2008-07-17|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref>

''The Dark Knight'' set a new midnight record on the opening day of July 18, 2008 with $18.5 million, beating the $16.9 million record set by ''[[Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith]]'' in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|url=http://www.variety.com/VR1117989149.html|title='Dark Knight' sets midnight record|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=2008-07-18|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> $640,000 of the record gross came from IMAX screenings.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Gregg|last=Kilday|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3ifcadec3fe426ce3cc558d6b67854119c|title='Dark Knight' sets midnight record|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company]]|date=2008-07-18|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> ''The Dark Knight'' ultimately grossed $67,165,092 on its opening day,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/days/?page=open&p.htm|title=Opening Day Records at the Box Office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=Box Office Mojo, LLC|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> beating the previous record of $59.8 million held by ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' in 2007.<ref name=earns>{{cite journal|first=Pamela|last=McClintock|url=http://www.variety.com/VR1117989204.html|title='Dark Knight' earns $67 million|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=2008-07-18|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> For its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, ''The Dark Knight'' accumulated a total of $158,411,483 from 9,200 screens at a record 4,366 theaters, for an average of $36,283 per theater, or $17,219 per screen,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/weekends/|title=Biggest Opening Weekends at the Box Office|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=Box Office Mojo, LLC|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> beating out the original weekend estimate by more than $3 million, and topping the previous record of $151,116,516 held by ''Spider-Man 3'', while playing in 114 more theaters but on 800 fewer screens. The following Monday, it grossed another $24,493,313, and the following Tuesday it grossed $20,868,722. ''The Dark Knight'' also set a new record for opening weekend gross in IMAX theaters, accumulating $6.2 million to beat ''Spider-Man 3'''s previous record of $4.7 million.<ref name=spidey>{{cite journal|first=Carl|last=DiOrio|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i1da5db18eb0203bb06464245988651de|title=Batman beats Spidey with $158.4 mil haul|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company]]|date=[[2008-07-20]]|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref>

Besides the United States and Canada, ''The Dark Knight'' premiered in 20 other territories on 4,520 screens, grossing $41.3 million in its first weekend.<ref name=beater>{{cite journal|first=Hy|last=Hollinger|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i11f792c8aef008a087b6419a92386a7a|title='Dark Knight' eyes world-beater status|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company]]|date=2008-07-21|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> The film came in second to ''[[Hancock (film)|Hancock]]'', which was in its third weekend, screening in 71 territories. ''The Dark Knight'''s biggest territory for the weekend was Australia, grossing $13.7 million over the weekend, the third largest Warner Bros. opening and the largest superhero film opening to date. The film also grossed $7 million from 1,433 screens in Mexico, $4.45 million from 548 screens in Brazil,<ref>{{cite journal|first=Frank|last=Segers|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i1da5db18eb0203bb1a4bb902e91072cb|title='Hancock' holds on overseas|journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company]]|date=[[2008-07-20]]|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Dave|last=McNary|coauthors=Pamela McClintock|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117989269.html?categoryid=13&cs=1|title=Batman box office gets better|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=2008-07-21|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> and $2.12 million from 37 screens in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Patrick|last=Frater|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117989272.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&nid=2564|title='Knight' makes WB's day in HK|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=2008-07-21|accessdate=2008-08-01}}</ref> Citing cultural sensitivities to some elements in the film, and a reluctance to adhere to pre-release conditions, Warner Bros. declined to release the film in [[mainland China]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Dave|last=McNary| url=http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=awardcentral&jump=contenders&id=picture&articleid=VR1117997740&cs=1|title=China to miss out on 'Dark Knight'|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=2008-12-23|accessdate=2008-12-24}}</ref>

''The Dark Knight'' sold an estimated 22.37 million tickets with today's average admission of $7.08, meaning the film sold more tickets than ''Spider-Man 3,'' which sold 21.96 million with the average price of $6.88 in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/washington/news.aspx?id=95261|title='Dark Knight' sets record with help of ever pricier tickets|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=2008-08-07}}</ref><ref name="tickets">[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/20/DDP011SAGC.DTL ‘'Dark Knight' breaks box office record] Accessed on July 21, 2008</ref> It also broke the record for the biggest opening weekend ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/article/10464/dark-knight-crosses-200m-mark-in-record-time/|title=‘Dark Knight’ Crosses $200M Mark In Record Time|date=2007-07-23|accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> As of December 23, 2008, ''The Dark Knight'' has grossed $530,833,780 in the North American box office, breaking the previous record of the fastest film to hit $500 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2505&p=.htm |title='Tropic Thunder' Leads Quiet Summer Close |accessdate=2008-09-02 |author=Box Office Mojo |authorlink=Box Office Mojo |date=2008-09-02 |work=boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> and $465,993,073 in other countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117989593.html?categoryid=13&cs=1|title='Dark Knight' reigns overseas|publisher=Variety|work=Variety Film|date=2008-09-29|last=Mcnary|first=Dave}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-10-23|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=darkknight.htm|title=The Dark Knight |publisher=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> As of March 5, 2009, its total worldwide gross stands at $1,001,758,644, and is the fourth highest grossing film of all time. ''The Dark Knight'' is currently the highest grossing movie of 2008 in North American box office and worldwide. Unadjusted for inflation, it is now the second highest grossing film in North America of all time with a total of $533,090,262, behind only ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' with $600,788,188. It was the second film in history to pass the $500 million barrier, also in the fastest time, in 43 days (compared to ''Titanic'''s 98 days). ''The Dark Knight''{{'}}s theatrical run was very different from that of ''Titanic''. While ''The Dark Knight'' broke records in its opening weekend, ''Titanic'' started out slowly (making $28.6 million in its opening weekend) and then increased ticket sales in the following weekends.<ref>[http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=titanic.htm Titanic, Weekend Box Office Results] Boxofficemojo, read 2008-10-17</ref> ''The Dark Knight'' instead slowed down after the first few weekends; 50 other movies had better tenth weekends and 91 had better eleventh weekends.<ref>[http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=darkknight.htm The Dark Knight], Boxofficemojo, read 2008-10-17</ref> In its fifteenth weekend, ''The Dark Knight'' was at #26 at the box office. <ref>[http://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2008&wknd=42&p=.htm Weekend Box Office Results for October 17-19 2008] boxofficemojo.com</ref>

Warner Bros. rereleased the film in traditional theaters and IMAX theaters in the United States on January 23, 2009, at the height of the voting for the [[Academy Award]]s, in order to further the chances of the film winning Oscars, as well as attempt to [[List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada|cross $1 billion in worldwide gross]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/industryNews/idUSN1044022120080911|title="Dark Knight" plans re-release for Oscar push|last=DiOrio|first=Carl|date=2008-09-11|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/batmannews.php?id=7874|title=WB to Re-Release The Dark Knight Jan. 23|work=[[Superhero Hype!]]|date=2008-12-04|accessdate=2008-12-05}}</ref> which it accomplished in February 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b101032__lt_i_gt_The_Dark_Knight_lt__i_gt__Breaks_a_Billion.html|title=''The Dark Knight'' breaks a billion|date=2009-02-20|work=[[E! Online]]|publisher=[[E!|E! Entertainment Television]]|accessdate=2009-02-21}}</ref>

===Home video release===
The film was released on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc]] in North America on December 9, 2008. Releases include a one-disc edition DVD; a two-disc Special Edition DVD; a two-disc edition Blu-ray; and a Special Edition Blu-ray package featuring a statuette of the Bat-pod.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dark Knight Swoops In|work=[[IGN]]|date=2008-09-29|url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/914/914260p1.html|accessdate=2008-08-20}}</ref> The Blu-ray version presents the film in a variable aspect ratio, with the IMAX sequences framed in 1.78:1, while scenes filmed in [[35 mm film|35 mm]] are framed in 2.40:1.<ref>{{Cite news|title=‘Dark Knight’ Ready to Turn Blu |work=Home Media Magazine|date=2008-12-03|url=http://homemediamagazine.com/high-def/dark-knight-ready-turn-blu-14002|accessdate=2008-12-06}}</ref> The DVD versions feature the entire film framed in a uniform 2.40:1 aspect ratio. Disc 2 of the two-disc Special Edition DVD features the IMAX sequences in the original 1.44:1 aspect ratio. In addition to the standard DVD releases, some stores released their own exclusive editions of the film.

In the [[United Kingdom]], the film had combined sales of 513,000 units on its first day of release, of which 107,730 (21%) were Blu-ray discs, the highest number of first-day Blu-ray discs sold.<ref>{{cite news|author= Reynolds, Simon|title= 'The Dark Knight' breaks Blu-ray records|url= http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/a137931/the-dark-knight-breaks-blu-ray-records.html|work= Digital Spy|date= 9 December 2008|accessdate= 9 December 2008}}</ref> In the [[United States]], ''The Dark Knight'' set a sales record for most DVDs sold in one day, selling 3 million copies on its first day of release - 600,000 of which were Blu-ray discs.<ref>{{cite news|author= Chmielewski, Dawn C.|title= ‘Dark Knight’ DVD selling at brisk pace |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2008/12/11/business/fi-darkknight11|work= Los Angeles Times|date= 11 December 2008|accessdate= 11 December 2008}}</ref>

The DVD and Blu-ray Disc editions were released in [[Australia]] on December 10, 2008. Releases were in the form of a one-disc edition on DVD; a two-disc edition on DVD; a two-disc edition including a Batmask on DVD; a two-disc Blu-ray edition; and a four-disc ''Batman Begins''/''The Dark Knight'' pack on DVD and Blu-ray disc. The DVD release is currently the top selling film in the Australian DVD Charts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanity.com.au/charts/charts_daily.asp?dpt=&kwd=visual|title=Top 20 DVD - Daily Charts - Sanity.com.au - More Movies - More Music|date=2008-12-19|accessdate=2008-12-20}}</ref> and is expected to break the Australian sales record set by ''[[Finding Nemo]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author= Fenech, Stephen|title= The Dark Knight tipped to break Finding Nemo's DVD sales record|Movies|News.com.au|url= http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,28383,24783986-7485,00.html|work= The Daily Telegraph|date=11 December 2008|accessdate=20 December 2008}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===


Based on 263 reviews collected by [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''The Dark Knight'' has an overall approval rating from critics of 94%, with an [[weighted mean|average]] score of 8.5/10.<ref name="rt">{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_dark_knight/|title=The Dark Knight Movie Reviews|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=''IGN Entertainment''|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> Among Rotten Tomatoes' ''Cream of the Crop'', which consists of popular and notable critics from the top newspapers, websites, television, and radio programs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/pages/faq#creamofthecrop|title=Rotten Tomatoes FAQ: What is Cream of the Crop|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref> the film holds an overall approval rating of 90%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_dark_knight/?critic=creamcrop|title=''The Dark Knight'': Rotten Tomatoes' Cream of the Crop|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=2009-01-24}}</ref> By comparison, [[Metacritic]], which assigns a [[Normalization (statistics)|normalized]] rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received an average score of 82, based on 39 reviews.<ref name="meta">{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/darkknight|title=The Dark Knight (2008): Reviews|work=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=''CNET Networks''|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> [[CinemaScore]] polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was "A" on an A+ to F scale, and that audiences skewed slightly male and older.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Joshua|last=Rich|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20213630,00.html|title='Dark Knight' Nabs Biggest Debut Ever|journal=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|date=[[2008-07-20]]|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref>

For seven years, [[IMDb]]'s Top 250 Movies of All-Time (a list of the top movies based on user ratings on a scale of 1 to 10) had ''[[The Godfather]]'' ranked number one and ''[[The Shawshank Redemption]]'' ranked number two. On July 19, 2008, however, ''The Dark Knight'' finally dethroned ''[[The Godfather]]'' from that number one position.<ref name="The Dark Knight Currently Ranked #1 on IMDb's Top 250!!">{{cite web|author=[[Alex Billington]]|url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2008/07/19/the-dark-knight-currently-ranked-1-on-imdbs-top-250/|title=The Dark Knight Currently Ranked #1 on IMDb's Top 250!!|format=Web|work=[[First Showing]]|publisher=''firstshowing.net''|date=2008-07-19|accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref> The last time ''[[The Godfather]]'' hadn't been ranked number one was in 2001 when it was dethroned briefly by ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. While ''The Dark Knight'' held the top spot, many fans of ''[[The Godfather]]'' were angry and began giving ''The Dark Knight'' a 1 rating (the lowest) to try and return ''[[The Godfather]]'' to the number one position, even if they thought the movie deserved a higher ranking. Conversely, fans of ''The Dark Knight'' were doing the same for ''[[The Godfather]]'' to keep it at number two. Eventually and ironically, all of the 1 ratings for both movies pushed them both down to number 2 and 3, and the ''[[The Shawshank Redemption]]'' up to number one, where it currently resides today. If it hadn't have been for ''The Dark Knight'' fans giving so many 1 ratings to ''[[The Godfather]]'', ''[[The Shawshank Redemption]]'' most likely would have never been ranked at the top. Currently, ''The Dark Knight'' is ranked sixth while ''[[The Godfather]]'' is ranked second.<ref name="Top 250 movies as voted by our users">{{cite web|author=[[IMDb]]|url=http://www.imdb.com/chart/top|title=Top 250 movies as voted by our users|format=Web|work=[[IMDb]]|publisher=''imdb.com''|date=2009-04-23|accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' describes ''The Dark Knight'' as a "haunted film that leaps beyond its origins and becomes an engrossing tragedy." He praises the performances, direction, and writing, and says the film "redefine[s] the possibilities of the comic-book movie".<ref name="ebert">{{cite web|author=[[Roger Ebert]]|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080716/REVIEWS/55996637|title=The Dark Knight|format=Web|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|publisher=''rogerebert.com''|date=2008-07-16|accessdate=2008-07-19}}</ref> He named it one of his twenty favorite films of 2008.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Roger Ebert]]|title=The best films of 2008... and there were a lot of them|date=2008-12-05|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081205/COMMENTARY/812059997/1023|accessdate=2008-12-09}}</ref> Peter Travers of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' writes that the film is deeper than its predecessor, with a "deft" script that refuses to scrutinize the Joker with [[popular psychology]], instead pulling the viewer in with an examination of Bruce Wayne's [[psyche (psychology)|psyche]],<ref name="TraversDK">{{cite web|author=[[Peter Travers]]|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/16155928/review/21477208/the_dark_knight|title=Dark Knight|format=Web|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=''rollingstone.com''|date=2008-07-18|accessdate=2008-07-09}} (Postdated)</ref> Travers has praise for all the cast, saying each brings his or her "'A' game" to the film. He says Bale is "electrifying", evoking [[Al Pacino]] in ''[[The Godfather Part II]]'', and that Eckhart's portrayal of Harvey Dent is "scarily moving".<ref name="TraversDK"/> Ebert states that the "key performance" is by Heath Ledger, and pondered whether he would become the first posthumous [[Academy Award]] winner since [[Peter Finch]] in 1976 (Ledger ultimately did win the Oscar).<ref name="ebert"/> Travers says the actor moves the Joker away from [[Jack Nicholson]]'s interpretation into darker territory, and expresses his support for any potential campaign to have Ledger nominated for an Academy Award,<ref name="TraversDK"/> a call echoed by filmmaker [[Kevin Smith]].<ref name="Sciretta">{{cite web|author=Peter Sciretta|title=Kevin Smith Reviews The Dark Knight ...|url=http://www.slashfilm.com/2008/06/29/kevin-smith-reviews-the-dark-knight-new-zack-and-miri-photo/|work=Slashfilm|publisher=''slashfilm.com''|date=2008-06-29|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref>

Travers says that the filmmakers move the film away from comic book cinema and closer to being a genuine work of art, citing Nolan's direction and the "gritty reality" of [[Wally Pfister]]'s cinematography as helping to create a [[fictional universe|universe]] that has something "raw and elemental" at work within it. In particular, he cites Nolan's action choreography in the IMAX-tailored heist sequence as rivaling that of ''[[Heat (1995 film)|Heat]]'' (1995).<ref name="TraversDK"/> [[Emanuel Levy]] wrote Ledger "throws himself completely" into the role,<ref name="Levy"/> and that the film represents Nolan's "most accomplished and mature" work, and the most technically impressive and resonant of all the ''Batman'' films. Levy calls the action sequences some of the most impressive seen in an American film for years, and talks of the [[Hong Kong]]-set portion of the film as being particularly visually impressive.<ref name="Levy"/> Levy and Peter Travers conclude that the film is "haunting and visionary",<ref name="TraversDK"/><ref name="Levy">{{cite web|author=[[Emanuel Levy]]|url=http://www.emanuellevy.com/article.php?articleID=10176|title=Movie Review: Dark Knight, The: A|publisher=''emanuellevy.com''|date=N.d.|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref> while Levy goes on to say that ''The Dark Knight'' is "nothing short of brilliant".<ref name="Levy"/>

[[David Denby (film critic)|David Denby]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' holds that the story is not coherent enough to properly flesh out the disparities. He says the film's mood is one of "constant climax", and that it feels rushed and far too long. Denby criticizes scenes which he argues are meaningless or are cut short just as they become interesting.<ref name="denby">{{cite news|url= http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/cinema/2008/07/21/080721crci_cinema_denby|title=Past Shock|first=David|last=Denby|work=[[The New Yorker]]|publisher=''newyorker.com''|date=2008-07-21|accessdate=2008-07-16}} (Postdated)</ref> Denby remarks that the central conflict is workable, but that "only half the team can act it", saying that Bale's "placid" Bruce Wayne and "dogged but uninteresting" Batman is constantly upstaged by Ledger's "sinister and frightening" performance, which he says is the film's one element of success. Denby concludes that Ledger is "mesmerising" in every scene.<ref name="denby"/> While Denby has praise for Pfister's cinematography, he does not rate the film as a remarkable piece of craftmanship. He puts forward that while a lot happens in the film, it is often difficult to follow due to the close, dark photography and editing. Denby says the film is too grim and is seemingly "jammed together".<ref name="denby"/> He surmises that the "heavy-handed" score and "thunderous" violence only serve to coarsen the property from [[Tim Burton]]'s vision of the franchise into a "hyperviolent summer action spectacle", and that the film embraces the themes of terror that it purports to scrutinize.<ref name="denby"/>

''The Dark Knight'' was ranked the 15th greatest film in history on ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'s'' 2008 list of the "500 Greatest Movies of All Time", based upon the weighted votes of 10,000 readers, 150 film directors, and 50 key film critics.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-27|url=http://www.empireonline.com/500/93.asp|title=Empire's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time|publisher=''empireonline.com''|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref> Heath Ledger's interpretation of the Joker was also ranked number three on ''Empire'''s 2008 list of the "100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time".<ref>{{citeweb|accessdate=2008-11-26|url=http://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=3|title=Empire's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time|publisher=''empireonline.com''|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref>

===Top ten lists===
The film appeared on many critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008.<ref name=mctop08>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2008/toptens.shtml |title=Metacritic: 2008 Film Critic Top Ten Lists |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=January 11, 2009}}</ref>

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
*1st - Elizabeth Weitzman, ''[[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily News]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*1st - Frank Scheck, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*1st - [[James Berardinelli]], ReelViews<ref name=mctop08/>
*1st - Joe Neumaier, ''[[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily News]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*1st - Mike Russell, ''[[The Oregonian]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*1st - Peter Hartlaub, ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*1st - ''[[Premiere (magazine)|Premiere]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*1st - ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*2nd - Kirk Honeycutt, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*2nd - [[Nathan Rabin]], ''[[The A.V. Club]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*2nd - [[Richard Roeper]], ''[[The Chicago Sun-Times]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/article/richard-roeper-names-his-top-25-of-2008|title = Richard Roeper's Top 25 Films of 2008|accessdate=January 21, 2009}}</ref>
*2nd - [[Owen Gleiberman]], ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*3rd - Lawrence Toppman, ''[[The Charlotte Observer]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*3rd - Lisa Schwarzbaum, ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*3rd - Marc Mohan, ''[[The Oregonian]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*3rd - Michael Rechtshaffen, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*3rd - Peter Rainer, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*3rd - [[Peter Travers]], ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
{{Col-2}}
*3rd - Sheri Linden, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*4th - [[Kyle Smith]], ''[[New York Post]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*5th - Keith Phipps, ''[[The A.V. Club]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*5th - Noel Murray, ''[[The A.V. Club]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*5th - Rene Rodriguez, ''[[The Miami Herald]]'' (tied with ''[[Hellboy II: The Golden Army|Hellboy II]]'')<ref name=mctop08/>
*5th - Scott Foundas, ''[[LA Weekly]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*5th - [[Wesley Morris]], ''[[The Boston Globe]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*6th - Philip Martin, ''[[Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*6th - Peter Vonder Haar, ''[[Film Threat]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*7th - [[Manohla Dargis]], ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*7th - Marc Doyle, Metacritic.com<ref name=mctop08/>
*7th - Sean Axmaker, ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*9th - Robert Mondello, ''[[National Public Radio|NPR]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*9th - Scott Tobias, ''[[The A.V. Club]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
*10th - [[Michael Phillips (critic)|Michael Phillips]], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''<ref name=mctop08/>
{{Col-end}}

===Commentary===
Mystery writer [[Andrew Klavan]], writing in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', compared the extreme measures that Batman takes to fight crime with those [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] used in the [[War on Terrorism|War on Terror]]. Klavan claims that, "at some level" ''The Dark Knight'' is "a paean of praise to the fortitude and moral courage that has been shown by George W. Bush in this time of [[terrorism|terror]] and war." Klavan supports this reading of the film by comparing Batman – like Bush, Klavan argues – "sometimes has to push the boundaries of [[civil and political rights|civil rights]] to deal with an emergency, certain that he will re-establish those boundaries when the emergency is past."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/article_print/SB121694247343482821.html|work=Wall Street Journal|title=What Bush and Batman Have in Common|last=Klavan|first=Andrew|date=2008-07-25}}</ref> Klavan's article has received criticism on the Internet and in mainstream media outlets, such as in ''[[The New Republic]]'s'' "The Plank."<ref>{{cite web|author=Christopher Orr|url=http://blogs.tnr.com/tnr/blogs/the_plank/archive/2008/07/25/batman-as-bush-ctd.aspx|title= Batman as Bush, Ctd.|publisher=The New Republic|date=2008-07-25|accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref> Reviewing the film in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', Cosmo Landesman reached the opposite conclusion to Klavan, arguing that ''The Dark Knight'' "offers up a lot of moralistic waffle about how we must hug a terrorist – okay, I exaggerate. At its heart, however, is a long and tedious discussion about how individuals and society must never abandon the [[rule of law]] in struggling against the forces of lawlessness. In fighting monsters, we must be careful not to become monsters – that sort of thing. The film champions the [[anti-war]] coalition’s claim that, in having a war on terror, you create the conditions for more terror. We are shown that innocent people died because of Batman – and he falls for it".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/film_reviews/article4386375.ece|title=The Dark Knight – the Sunday Times review|date=2008-07-27|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=2008-08-19}}</ref> Benjamin Kerstein, writing in ''Azure'', says that both Klavan and Landesman "have a point," because "''The Dark Knight'' is a perfect mirror of the society which is watching it: a society so divided on the issues of terror and how to fight it that, for the first time in decades, an American mainstream no longer exists."<ref>{{cite web|author=Benjamin Kerstein|url=http://www.azure.org.il/article.php?id=477&page=all|title=Batman's War On Terror|publisher=Azure|date=Autumn 2008|accessdate=2008-12-01}}</ref>

===Themes and analysis===
According to David S. Goyer, the primary theme of ''The Dark Knight'' is [[escalation]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Shawn Adler|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1557699/story.jhtml|title='Batman' Writer David Goyer Spills 'Dark Knight,' 'Invisible' Details|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=2007-04-27|accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref> Gotham City is weak and the citizens blame Batman for the city's violence and corruption as well as the Joker's threats, and it pushes his limits, making him feel that taking the laws into his own hands are further downgrading the city. [[Roger Ebert]] noted, "Throughout the film, [the Joker] devises ingenious situations that force Batman, Commissioner Gordon and District Attorney Harvey Dent to make impossible [[ethics|ethical]] decisions. By the end, the whole moral foundation of the Batman legend is threatened."<ref name="ebert"/>

Other critics have mentioned the theme of the triumph of evil over good. Harvey Dent is seen as Gotham's "White Knight" in the beginning of the film but ends up becoming seduced to evil.<ref name=GBoucher/> The Joker, on the other hand, is seen as the representation of anarchy and chaos. He has no motive, no orders, and no desires but to cause havoc and "watch the world burn". The terrible logic of human error is another theme as well. The ferry scene displays how humans can easily be enticed by iniquity.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Chen|url=http://www.slashfilm.com/2008/07/20/assessing-the-themes-of-the-dark-knight/|title=Assessing the Themes of The Dark Knight|publisher=Slashfilm.com|date=20078-07-20|accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{{Split section|List of The Dark Knight awards|date=April 2009}}
So far, ''The Dark Knight'' has been nominated for over 150 awards recognizing several aspects of the film (most notably the performance of Ledger), more than any other film of 2008. Of these nominations, the film has won 92.

===Organizations===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award !! Category !! Winner/Nominee !! Result
|-
|rowspan="9"|[[Academy Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan Adams|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/81academyawards/nominees.html|title=Oscar Nominations|publisher=Oscars|date=[[2009-01-22]]|accessdate=[[2009-01-22]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Art Direction
|Nathan Crowley, Peter Lando
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"| Nominated
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Wally Pfister
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Film Editing
|Lee Smith
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Makeup
|John Caglione, Jr. and Conor O’Sullivan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Sound Editing
|Richard King
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Sound Mixing
|Lora Hirschberg, Gary Rizzo and Ed Novick
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Visual Effects
|Nick Davis, Chris Corbould, Tim Webber and Paul Franklin
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|[[American Film Institute]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan Adams|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=4840|title=AFI Top Ten Films|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-14]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Top 10 Film of the Year
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|[[Australian Film Institute]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/article.html?Heath_Ledgers_family_in_tears_after_winning_new_award&in_article_id=436010&in_page_id=7&in_a_source=|title=Heath Ledger's family in tears after winning new award|date=2008-12-08|work=[[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]]|publisher=[[Associated Newspapers|Associated Newspapers Ltd]]|accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref>
|International Award for Best Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="9"|[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA Awards]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Film Winners in 2009 | work=bafta.org | publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] | url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/film-nominations-in-2009,657,BA.html | accessdate=8 February, 2009 }}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Music
|Hans Zimmer / James Newton Howard
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Wally Pfister
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Editing
|Lee Smith
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Production Design
|Nathan Crowley / Peter Lando
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Costume Design
|Linda Hemming
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Sound
|Lora Hirschberg / Richard King / Ed Novick / Gary Rizzo
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Visual Effects
|Chris Corbould / Nick Davis / Paul Franklin / Tim Webber
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Make Up and Hair
|Peter Robb-King
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Broadcast Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117997072.html?categoryId=13&cs=1|author=Dade Hayes|title=Critics Choice favors 'Milk,' 'Button'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=[[2008-12-09]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-09]]}}</ref>
|Best Picture
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Acting Ensemble
|Bale, Caine, Ledger, Eckhart, Oldman, Gyllenhaal, and Freeman
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Action Movie
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Composer
|James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|[[Golden Globe Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/news/id/104|title=Hollywood Foreign Press Association 2008 Golden Globe Awards Nominations For The Year Ended December 31, 2008|publisher=Golden Globes|date=[[2008-12-11]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Golden Trailer Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldentrailer.com/gta9.html|title=9th Annual Golden Trailer Awards|publisher=GoldenTrailer.com|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Action Trailer
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|"Batman Teaser" Poster
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Summer 2008 Blockbuster Poster (teaser)
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Motion Title/Graphics
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|[[Grammy Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx#22|title=51st Annual Grammy Award Nominations|publisher=Grammy.com|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Score Soundtrack Album
|James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|[[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures|National Board of Review]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Dade Hayes|title=NBR names 'Slumdog best of year|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=[[2008-12-04]]|url=http://www.variety.com/awardcentral_article/VR1117996815.html?nav=news&categoryid=1983&cs=1|accessdate=[[2008-12-09]]}}</ref>
|Top 10 Film of the Year
|Warner Brothers
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[National Movie Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2709800/Mamma-Mia-wins-best-musical-at-National-Movie-Awards.html|title=Mamma Mia! wins best musical at National Movie Awards|date=2008-09-10|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=''telegraph.co.uk''|accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref>
|Best Superhero Film
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Performance - Male
|Christian Bale
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|rowspan="2"|Project Fanboy Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectfanboy.com/index.php?pageid=pfa_winners|title=Project Fanboy Awards}}</ref>
|Best Comic Book to Movie Adaptation
|Batman The Dark Knight
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Comic Book to Movie Adaptation: Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan=7|[[People's Choice Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcavote.com/pca/votenow.jsp?src=votenow.jsp&category=&_requestid=2655756htm|title=2009 People's Choice Awards|publisher=PCAvote.com|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Favorite Movie
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Favorite Action Movie
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Favorite Cast
|Bale, Ledger, Eckhart, Caine, Oldman, Gyllenhaal, and Freeman
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Favorite Male Action Star
|Christian Bale
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Favorite Leading Man
|Christian Bale
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Favorite On-Screen Match Up
|Christian Bale and Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Favorite Superhero
|Christian Bale as Batman
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Satellite Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2008.shtml|title=2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards|publisher=Press Academy|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Sound (Mixing & Editing)
|Richard King, Lora Hirschberg, and Gary rizzo
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Visual Effects
|Nick Davis, Chris Corbould, Tim Webber, Paul Franklin
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Film Editing
|Lee Smith
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|rowspan="11"|[[Saturn Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saturnawards.org/|title=2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards|publisher=Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror|accessdate=[[2009-03-12]]}}</ref>
|Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film
|Warner Bros
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Writing
|Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Actor
|Christian Bale
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Actress
|Maggie Gyllenhall
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Aaron Eckhart
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Music
|James Newton Howard
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Costume
|Lindy Hemming
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Make Up
|John Caglione, JR. and Conor O’Sullian
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Special Effects
|Nick Davis, Chis Corbould, Tim Webber, Paul Franklin
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|rowspan="19"|[[Scream Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://horror.about.com/od/horrorawardnominees/a/scream2008.htm|title=2008 Scream Award Nominees|publisher=About.com|date=[[2008-10-18]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|The Ultimate Scream
|Warner Brothers studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Screamplay
|Christopher Nolan and Jonathan Nolan
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Sequel
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best F/X
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Comic Book Movie
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Fantasy Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Superhero
|Christian Bale
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Villain
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Gary Oldman
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|The Holy Sh!t Scene of the Year
|Big Rig Flips over
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Line
|Heath Ledger - I believe that whatever doesn't kill you simply makes you... stranger!
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Fantasy Movie
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Fantasy Actor
|Christian Bale
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Villain
|Aaron Eckhart
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Michael Caine
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Line
|Heath Ledger - Why So Serious?
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Line
|Heath Ledger - I'm gonna make this pencil disappear
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|The Holy Sh!t Scene of the Year
|The Batmobile/Batpod Chase
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|[[Teen Choice Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teenchoiceawards.com/nominees/summer/defaultsummer.aspxhttp|title=2008 Teen Choice Awards|publisher=TeenChoiceAwards.com|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Choice Summer Movie - Action, Adventure
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|[[Japanese Academy Awards]]
|Outstanding Foreign Language Film
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|}

===Guild awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award !! Category !! Winner/Nominee !! Result
|-
|[[American Cinema Editors]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Sasha Stone|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5914#more-5914|title=59th Annual Ace Eddie Awards|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2009-01-12]]|accessdate=[[2009-01-12]]}}</ref>
|Best Edited Feature Film,Dramatic
|Lee Smith
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|[[American Society of Cinematographers]]<ref>{{cite web|author=ACS|url=http://www.ascmag.com/news/News_Articles/News_200.php|title=ASC Names Feature Film Nominees:|publisher=ASC|date=[[2009-01-07]]|accessdate=[[2009-01-07]]}}</ref>
|Outstanding Achievement Award,Theatrical Release
|Wally Pfister
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|[[Art Directors Guild]]<ref>{{cite web|author=ADG|url=http://www.artdirectors.org/art=nominee_08|title=2008 Nominations|publisher=ADG|date=[[2009-01-09]]|accessdate=[[2009-01-09]]}}</ref>
|Excellence in Production Design,Fantasy Films
|Nathan Crowley
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|[[Cinema Audio Society Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5663#more-5663|title=Cinema Audio Society Announces|publisher=Awards Daily|accessdate=[[2009-01-07]]}}</ref>
|Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing
|Ed Novick,Lora Hirschberg,Gary A. Rizzo
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|[[Costume Designers Guild]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/news/env-costume-designers-noms-2009jan13,0,2490597.story|title=Cinema Audio Society Announces|publisher=The Envelope|accessdate=[[2009-01-13]]}}</ref>
|Excellence in Fantasy Film
|Lindy Hemming
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|[[Directors Guild of America]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5677#more-5677|title=DGA Awards|publisher=Awards Daily|author=Sasha Stone|date=[[2009-01-08]]|accessdate=[[2009-01-08]]}}</ref>
|Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Motion Picture Sound Editors]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=6414#more-6414|title=MPSE Nominations|publisher=Awards Daily|author=Sasha Stone|date=[[2009-01-26]]|accessdate=[[2009-01-26]]}}</ref>
|Best Sound Editing: Music in a Feature Film
|Alex Gibson and Daniel Pinder
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Sound Editing: Dialogue and ADR in a Feature Film
|Richard King, Hugo Weng, Linda Folk, and Michael Magill
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film
|Richard King,Christopher Flick,John Roesch, Alyson Dee Moore, Michael W. Mitchell, Hamilton Sterling, and Michael Babcock
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|[[Producers Guild of America]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5534|title=PGA Awards|publisher=Awards Daily|author=Sasha Stone|date=[[2009-01-05]]|accessdate=[[2009-01-05]]}}</ref>
|Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award, Theatrical Motion Picture
|Christopher Nolan, Charles Roven, Emma Thomas
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviecitynews.com/awards/2009/critics_awards/sag.html|title=2008 Screen Actors Guild Awards Nominations|publisher=MovieCityNews|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Stunt Ensemble
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Visual Effects Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=awardcentral&jump=news&articleid=VR1117998754|title=Par, 'Iron Man' shine in VES noms|publisher=Variety|accessdate=[[2009-01-19]]}}</ref>
|Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Feature Motion Picture(Garbage Truck Crash Models And Miniature)
|Ian Hunter, Forest Fischer, Branden Seifert, Adam Gelbart
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Outstanding Created Environment in a Feature Motion Picture(Imax Gotham City Scapes)
|Peter Bebb, David Vickery, Philippe Leprince, Andrew Lockley
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Outstanding Special Effects in a Motion Picture
|Chris Corbould, Peter Notley, Ian Lowe
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5653#more-5653|author=Sasha Stone|title=WGA Nominations! And Here. We. Go.|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2009-01-07]]|accessdate=[[2009-01-07]]}}</ref>
|Best Adapted Screenplay
|Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan; Story by Christopher Nolan & David S. Goyer
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|}

===Critics awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award
!Category
!Winner/Nominee
!Result
|-
|rowspan="2"|African-American Critics Association<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan Adams|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5085|title=African American Film Critics Top 10|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-19]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Picture
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awfj.org/2008/12/14/2008-eda-awards-winners/|title=2008 EDA Awards Winners!|publisher=Alliance of Women Film Journalists|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|[[Boston Society of Film Critics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebsfc.org/CurrWin.html|title=2008 EDA Awards Winners!|publisher=The BSFC|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Austin Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Blogs?oid=oid%3A716158|title=Austin Film Critics Association Announces Year-End Awards|publisher=Austin Chronicle|date=[[2008-12-16]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Picture
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Adapted Screenplay
|Christopher Nolan and Jonathan Nolan
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Original Score
|James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan=4|Central Ohio Film Critics Association<ref>http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5745#more-5745</ref>
|Top 10 Film of the Year (#4)
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Acting Ensemble
|Bale, Ledger, Eckhart, Oldman, Caine, Gyllenhaal, and Freeman
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Wally Pfister
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Chicago Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan Adams|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=4849#more-4849|title=Chicago Film Critics Nominations|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-15]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Picture
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Adapted Screenplay
|Jonathan Nolan and Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Wally Pfister
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Original Score
|James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|rowspan=3|Detroit Film Critics Society<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan Adams|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5109#more-5109|title=Detroit Film Critics Winners|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-20]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Picture
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="4"|Dallas-Ft. Worth Film Critics<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan Adams|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=4973#more-4973|title=Dallas-Ft. Worth Film Critics|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-17]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Top 10 Film of the Year (#3)
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Wally Pfister
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffffc8"|Runner-Up
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Florida Film Critics Circle|Florida Film Critics]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan Adams|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5037#comments|title=Florida Film Critics Circle Winners|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-18]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Wally Pfister
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Houston Film Critics<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan Adams|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=4961|title=Houston Film Critics Awards|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-16]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan=2|[[International Film Music Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theoscarigloo.blogspot.com/2009/01/film-music-noms.html|title=The Film Music Noms|publisher=The Awards Circuit|date=[[2009-01-16]]|accessdate=[[2009-01-16]]}}</ref>
|Film Score of the Year
|James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Original Score for an Action/Adventure Film
|James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|[[Iowa Film Critics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdailyforums.com/showthread.php?t=12354|title=Iowa Film Critics Awards Winners|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2009-01-12]]|accessdate=[[2009-01-12]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan=2|Kansas City Film Critics<ref>http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5494</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Fantasy or Horror Film
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Las Vegas Film Critics Society Sierra Awards<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan Adams|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5045|title=Las Vegas Film Critics Society Sierra Awards|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-19]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|[[London Film Critics' Circle|London Film Critics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviecitynews.com/awards/2009/critics_awards/london.htm|title=2008 London Film Critics Awards Nominations|publisher=MovieCityNews|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Actor of the Year
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Justin Chang|title=L.A. critics wired for 'Wall-E'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=[[2008-12-09]]|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117997085.html?categoryid=13&ref=ra&cs=1|accessdate=[[2008-12-09]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Film
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffffc8"|Runner-Up
|-
|Best Direcor
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffffc8"|Runner-Up
|-
|Best Production Design
|Nathan Crowley
|bgcolor="#ffffc8"|Runner-Up
|-
|[[New York Film Critics Online]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan=2|Oklahoma Film Critics<ref>http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5216</ref>
|Top Ten Film of the Year
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Online Film Critics Society]]<ref>http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5518</ref>
|Best Picture
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Adapted Screenplay
|Christopher Nolan and Jonathan Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Wally Pfister
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Editing
|Lee Smith
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Score
|James Newton Howard / Hans Zimmer
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Phoenix Film Critics Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=4932#more-4932|title=Phoenix Film Critics Society Announces|publisher=Awards Daily|author=Ryan Adams|date=[[2008-12-16]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Top 10 Film of the Year
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Production Design
|Nathan Crowley
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Visual Effects
|Nick Davis, Chris Corbould, Tim Webber, Paul Franklin
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Stunts
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[San Diego Film Critics Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=4911|title=San Diego Film Critics Society Awards|publisher=Awards Daily|author=Ryan Adams|date=[[2008-12-15]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Film
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffffc8"|Runner-Up
|-
|rowspan="2"|San Francisco Film Critics Circle<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=4899|author=Sasha Stone|title=San Francisco Film Critics Award Milk|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-15]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Wally Pfister
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Southeastern Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/ps971100/SFCA00.htm|title=2008 Screen Actors Guild Awards Nominations|publisher=GeoCities|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Top 10 Film of the Year (#4)
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="6"|St. Louis Film Critics Association<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toastedrav.com/post/5325_st_louis_film_critics_association_announces_award_nominees|title=St. Louis Film Critics Association Announces Award Nominees|author=Roger Qbert|publisher=ToastedRav.com|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Special Effects
|Nick Davis, Chris Corbould, Tim Webber, Paul Franklin
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Picture
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Wally Pfister
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|Best Music
|James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer
|bgcolor="#ffdddd"|Nominated
|-
|[[Toronto Film Critics Association|Toronto Film Critics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=4957#more-4957|author=Sasha Stone|title=Toronto Film Critics Announce Winners|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-16]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|rowspan="3"|Utah Film Critics<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviecitynews.com/awards/2009/critics_awards/utah.html|title=Utah Film Critics Awards 2008|publisher=MovieCityNews|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Picture
|Warner Brothers Studios
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|Best Director
|Christopher Nolan
|bgcolor="#ffffc8"|Runner-Up
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|[[Vancouver Film Critics Circle|Vancouver Film Critics]]<ref>http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=5528#more-5528</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|-
|[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/?p=4624|author=Sasha Stone|title=Slumdog Tops Washington, DC Critics|publisher=Awards Daily|date=[[2008-12-07]]|accessdate=[[2008-12-27]]}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Heath Ledger
|bgcolor="#ddffdd"|Won
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=The Dark Knight: Featuring Production Art and Full Shooting Script |last=Byrne |first=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2008 |publisher=Universe |location= |isbn=0789318121 |format=Hardcover |pages=}}
* {{cite book |title=Absolute Batman: The Long Halloween |last=Nolan |first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Nolan |coauthors=[[David S. Goyer]] |year=2007 |publisher=[[DC Comics]] |location=New York |isbn=1401212824 |format=Hardcover |chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book |title=The Dark Knight |last=O'Neil |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis O'Neil |coauthors= |year=2008 |publisher=Berkley |location= |isbn=0425222861 |format=Paperback |others=Novelization of the film |pages=}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}

* {{official|http://thedarkknight.warnerbros.com/}}
* {{imdb title|0468569|The Dark Knight}}
* {{amg movie|1:357349|The Dark Knight}}
* {{mojo title|darkknight|The Dark Knight}}
* {{myspace|thedarkknight|''The Dark Knight''}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|the_dark_knight|The Dark Knight}}
* {{metacritic film|darkknight|The Dark Knight}}
* [http://warnerbros2008.warnerbros.com/assets/images/TheDarkKnight_Script.pdf Official site script]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|before=''[[Hellboy II: The Golden Army]]''|title =[[List of 2008 box office number-one films in the United States|Box office number-one films of 2008 (USA)]]|years=July 20 – August 10|after=''[[Tropic Thunder]]''}}
{{s-bef|before=''[[Mamma Mia! (film)|Mamma Mia!]]''}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[List of 2008 box office number-one films in the United Kingdom|Box office number-one films of 2008 (UK)]]|years=July 27 - August 3 August 17}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|''[[The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor]]''}}}}
{{s-bef|before={{nowrap|''The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor''}}}}
{{s-aft|after=''[[Hellboy II: The Golden Army]]''}}
{{end}}

{{Christopher Nolan films}}
{{Batman in popular media}}
{{DC Comics films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dark Knight, The}}
[[Category:2000s action films]]
[[Category:2000s adventure films]]
[[Category:2000s crime films]]
[[Category:2000s drama films]]
[[Category:2000s thriller films]]
[[Category:Superhero films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Christopher Nolan]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winning performance]]
[[Category:Films set in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Films shot in multiple formats]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Sequel films]]
[[Category:Legendary Pictures films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Batman films]]

{{Link FA|hr}}
{{Link FA|tr}}
[[ar:الفارس الأسود (فيلم)]]
[[bg:Черният рицар]]
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[[cy:The Dark Knight (ffilm)]]
[[da:The Dark Knight]]
[[de:The Dark Knight]]
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[[el:Ο Σκοτεινός Ιππότης]]
[[es:The Dark Knight]]
[[fa:شوالیه تاریکی (فیلم)]]
[[fo:The Dark Knight]]
[[fr:The Dark Knight : Le Chevalier noir]]
[[ga:The Dark Knight (scannán)]]
[[gl:The Dark Knight]]
[[ko:다크 나이트]]
[[hr:Vitez tame (2008)]]
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List of volunteer computing projects

2009-04-16T19:21:09Z

MichaelsProgramming: /* Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) */ Updating performance statistics, removing those with no source.

A '''list of [[distributed computing]] projects'''.
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}

== The fastest Distributed Computers ==

[[Image:Abeta-PS3.png|thumb|right|250px|The [[PlayStation 3]] Folding@home client displays a [[3D computer graphics|3D model]] of the protein being simulated]]

* [[Folding@Home]] is of April 2009 sustaining over 8.1 PFLOPS <ref>{{cite web|url=http://fah-web.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/main.py?qtype=osstats |title=Client statistics by OS|date=2009-01-22|publisher=Folding@Home|accessdate=2009-01-23}}</ref>, the first computing project of any kind to cross the four petaFLOPS milestone. This level of performance is primarily enabled by the cumulative effort of a vast array of [[PlayStation 3]] and powerful [[GPU]] units.<ref>{{cite news
| author = Staff
| title = Sony Computer Entertainment's Support for Folding@home™ Project on PlayStation®3 Receives This Year's "Good Design Gold Award"
| curly = y
| url = http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/081106de.html
| agency = Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
| work = Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
| publisher = Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.
| date = November 6, 2008
| accessdate = December 11, 2008
| accessdaymonth =
| accessmonthday =
| accessyear =
}}</ref>
* The entire [[BOINC]] averages over 1.5 PFLOPS as of March 15, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boincstats.com/stats/project_graph.php?pr=bo|title=Credit overview|publisher=BOINC|accessdate=2008-08-04}}</ref>.
* [[SETI@Home]] computes data averages more than 528 TFLOPS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boincstats.com/stats/project_graph.php?pr=sah|title=SETI@Home Credit overview|publisher=BOINC|accessdate=2008-08-04}}</ref>
* [[Einstein@Home]] is crunching more than 150 TFLOPS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://einstein.phys.uwm.edu/server_status.php|title=Server Status|publisher=Einstein@Home|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref>
* {{As of|2007|alt=As of August 2008}}, [[Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search|GIMPS]] is sustaining 27 TFLOPS.<ref>[http://www.mersenne.org/primenet/status.shtml Internet PrimeNet Server Parallel Technology for the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search]</ref>

[[Intel Corporation]] has recently unveiled the experimental [[multi-core]] [[Teraflops Research Chip|POLARIS]] chip, which achieves 1 TFLOPS at 3.13 GHz. The 80-core chip can increase this result to 2 TFLOPS at 6.26 GHz, although the thermal dissipation at this frequency exceeds 190 watts<ref>http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/2007/04/30/the_arrival_of_teraflop_computing/2</ref>.

As of 2008, the fastest PC [[microprocessor|processors]] (quad-core) perform over 70 GFLOPS (Intel Core i7 965 XE) in double precision<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techgage.com/article/intel_core_i7_performance_preview/9|title=Intel Core i7 Performance Preview|date=2008-11-03|publisher=TECHGAGE|accessdate=2008-11-17}}</ref>. [[Graphics processing unit|GPU]]s are considerably more powerful, for example, in the [[GeForce 200 Series]] the nVidia GTX 280 performs around 933 GFLOPS on 240 processing elements in [[single precision]] calculations<ref>http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/nvidia-gtx-280,1953-2.html</ref>, and that while GPUs are highly efficient at single precision calculations they are not as flexible as a general purpose CPUs in [[double precision]] operations.

== Cycle Scavenging Infrastructure ==
=== Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) ===
{{main|Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing}}
[[Image:BOINC logo July 2007.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing]] (BOINC), originally developed to support [[SETI@home]], became useful as a platform for several distributed applications in areas as diverse as mathematics, medicine, molecular biology, climatology, and astrophysics.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8iSRLIK-x6A BOINC - Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing], Dr. [[David P. Anderson|David Anderson]] describes SETI@home, BOINC and Distributed Computing, [[youtube.com]]</ref>]]

The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) is currently the most popular volunteer-based distributed computing platform as of April 2009.<ref>[http://boincstats.com/stats/project_graph.php?pr=bo BOINCStats, active hosts.]</ref><ref>[http://fah-web.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/main.py?qtype=osstats Folding@Home, active hosts.]</ref>

==== Active Projects ====
* '''Biology'''
** [[Cels@Home]] - studies how diseases [[metastasis|spread through a body]].<ref>[http://cels-at-home-dev.dyndns.org/cels/ "Cels@Home" website]</ref>
** [[Malaria Control Project|Malaria Control]] — for [[stochastic]] modelling of the clinical [[epidemiology]] and natural history of [[malaria]].
** [[POEM@Home]] — models protein folding using [[Anfinsen's dogma]].<ref>[http://boinc.fzk.de/poem/ "POEM@Home website]</ref>
** [[Rosetta@home]] — tests the assembly of specific proteins, using appropriate fragments of better-known proteins.
** [[SIMAP]] — compiles a database of protein similarities using the [[FASTA]] algorithm, and [[protein domains]] using [[InterPro]].

* '''Earth Sciences'''
** [[Climateprediction.net]] — tries to produce a forecast of the [[climate]] in the 21st century.

* '''Physics and Astronomy'''
** [[BRaTS@Home]] — to study [[gravitational lensing]].<ref>[http://maxwell.dhcp.umsl.edu/brats/ "BRaTS@Home" website]</ref>
** [[Einstein@Home]] — uses data from [[LIGO]] and [[GEO 600]] to detect [[gravitational wave]]s.
** [[LHC@home]] — simulates particles travelling in the [[Large Hadron Collider]].
** [[QMC@Home]] — uses [[Quantum Monte Carlo]] to predict [[molecular geometry]].
** [[SETI@home]] — Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence

* '''Mathematics'''
** [[ABC@Home]] — attempt to solve the [[ABC conjecture]] problem.
** [[SZTAKI Desktop Grid]] — searches for generalized [[Binary number|binary number systems]].

==== Upcoming Projects ====
These projects are considered to be in the Alpha or Beta [[Software release life cycle|development stages]].

* '''Mathematics'''
** [[Distributed Exact Cover Solver]] - solves [[exact cover]] problems using a version of the [[Dancing Links]] algorithm.<ref>[http://evil.podzone.org/decs/ "Distributed Exact Cover Solver" website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[PrimeGrid]] — searches for [[megaprime]]s. (Beta)
** [[Ramsey@Home]] - searches for new lower bounds of [[Ramsey's theorem|Ramsey numbers]]<ref>[http://ramseyathome.com Ramsey@Home website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[Rectilinear Crossing Number]] — finds the lowest [[crossing number]] for a given array of points on a [[Graph (mathematics)|graph]].<ref>[http://dist.ist.tugraz.at/cape5/ Rectilinear Crossing Number website]</ref> (Beta)
** [[Riesel Sieve]] — attempts to solve the [[Riesel number|Riesel problem]]. (Beta)
** [[WEP-M+2]] - investigates the [[factorization]] of [[Mersenne prime]] numbers. (Beta)

* '''Internet'''
** [[Project Neuron]] — records, observes and analyzes BOINC activity and data with a view to developing [[metrics]].<ref>[http://neuron.mine.nu/neuron/ "Project Neuron" website]</ref> (Beta)

* '''Cryptography'''
** [[SHA-1 Collision Search]] - searches for a [[hash collision|collision]] in the [[SHA1]] [[hash function]].<ref>[http://boinc.iaik.tugraz.at/sha1_coll_search/ "SHA-1 Collision Search" website]</ref> (Alpha)

* '''Games'''
** [[Chess960@Home]] — studies [[Chess960]] in order to develop some basics of theory in this chess variant. (Alpha)
** [[Eternity2.net]] - searches for a solution to the [[Eternity II puzzle]].<ref>[http://eternity2.net/ "Eternity2.net" website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[NQueens@Home]] - simulates the [[eight queens puzzle]].<ref>[http://nqueens.ing.udec.cl/ "NQueens@Home" website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[pPot Tables]] - computes relative handstrength and 1-card lookahead positive potential for all possible card combinations in [[Poker probability (Texas hold 'em)|Texas hold 'em]]<ref>[http://www.init1.net/pPotTables/ "pPot Tables" website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[Project Sudoku]] - searches for the smallest possible start configuration of [[Sudoku]].<ref>[http://dist2.ist.tugraz.at/sudoku/ "Project Sudoku" website]</ref> (Alpha)

* '''Art'''
** [[BURP]] — to develop a publicly distributed system for rendering [[3D computer graphics|3D animations]]. (Alpha)
** [[RenderFarm@Home]] — a publicly distributed system for rendering.<ref>[http://www.renderfarmathome.com.ar/ "RenderFarm@Home" website]</ref> (Alpha)

* '''Artificial Intelligence'''
** [[Artificial Intelligence System]] — simulates the human brain, complete with [[artificial consciousness]] and [[artificial general intelligence]]. (Alpha)
** [[FreeHAL@home]] - to [[parsing|parse]] and [[Type conversion|convert]] big [[Open source software|open source]] [[Knowledge engineering|semantic nets]] for use in [[FreeHAL]].<ref>[http://boinc.freehal.org/projects/freehal_at_home/ FreeHAL@home website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[MindModeling@Home]] - builds [[cognitive model]]s of the human mind. (Beta)

* '''Biology'''
** [[Docking@Home]] — models protein-[[Ligand (biochemistry)|ligand]] docking.<ref>[http://docking.utep.edu/ "Docking@Home" website]</ref> (Beta)
** [[Genetic Life]] - studies the [[evolution]] of [[artificial life]].<ref>[http://genlife.is-a-geek.org/genlife/ "Genetic Life" website]</ref> (Beta)
** [[GPUGRID.net]] - Full-atom [[molecular biology]] simulations, specially optimized for the [[Cell (microprocessor)|Cell microprocessor]] in [[PlayStation 3]], and [[Nvidia]] [[graphics processing unit]]s.<ref> [http://www.gpugrid.net/ "GPUGRID.net" website]</ref> (Beta)
** [[Hydrogen@Home]] - searches for the most efficient method of producing [[biohydrogen]].<ref>[http://hydrogenathome.org/ Hydrogen@Home website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[The Lattice Project]] — studies a variety of problems in biology. (Beta)
** [[Predictor@home]] — uses [[Homology (biology)|homology]] modeling to compare proteins of known structure with similar, but lesser known, proteins, and then constructs predictions for those proteins. (Alpha)
** [[Proteins@home]] — deduces DNA sequence, given a protein. (Alpha)
** [[RALPH@home]] — [[Rosetta@home]] official alpha test project.
** [[SciLINC]] — indexes a digitised library of plant species.<ref>[http://www.scilinc.org/ "SciLINC" website]</ref><ref>[http://www.botanicus.org/Scilinc.aspx Botanicus.org description of SciLINC]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[Superlink@Technion]] — uses [[genetic linkage]] analysis to identify genes that are responsible for [[genetic disorder]]s.<ref>[http://cbl-link02.cs.technion.ac.il/superlinkattechnion/ "Superlink@Technion" website]</ref> (Beta)
** [[Virtual Prairie]] models the behavior of [[Clonal colony|clonal colonies]] in a [[prairie]] ecosystem.<ref>[http://vcsc.cs.uh.edu/virtual-prairie/ "Virtual Prairie" website]</ref> (Alpha)

* '''Astronomy'''
** [[Cosmology@Home]] — searches for the model that best describes our [[universe]] and finds the range of [[physical cosmology]] models that agree with the available data. (Beta)
** [[Milkyway@home]] — uses data from the [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey]] to deduce the structure of the [[Milky Way]] galaxy.<ref>[http://milkyway.cs.rpi.edu/milkyway/ "Milkyway@home" website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[Orbit@home]] — monitoring the impact hazard posed by [[near-Earth object]]s. (Alpha)
** [[SETI@home beta]] — is currently the test environment for [[SETI@home]] programs destined for the main project.

* '''Physics'''
** [[AQUA@home]] - predicts the performance of [[superconductor|superconducting]] [[Adiabatic theorem|adiabatic]] [[quantum computer]]s.<ref>[http://aqua.dwavesys.com/ "AQUA@home" website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[Leiden Classical]] — General [[classical mechanics]] grid for any scientist or science student.<ref>[http://boinc.gorlaeus.net/ "Leiden Classical" website]</ref> (Beta)
** [[LHC@home Alpha]] — [[LHC@Home]] official alpha test project.<ref>[http://lhcathome.cern.ch/ LHC@home website]</ref>
** [[Magnetism@home]] - studies the [[magnetization]] of materials in [[nanotechnology]].<ref>[http://kinetic.dnsalias.org/magnetism/index.php "Magnetism@home" website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[Nano-Hive@Home]] — simulates large-scale [[nanotechnology]] systems. (Alpha)
** [[Pirates@home]] — currently being used to test BOINC's forum software for possible use by another project: [[Interactions in Understanding the Universe]].
** [[RND@home]] - calculates the most efficient arrangement of [[antenna (radio)|radio antennas]], treating it as an [[NP-hard]] optimization problem, and using the [[population-based incremental learning]] [[algorithm]].<ref>[http://arcoboinc.unex.es/rnd/ "RND@home" website]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[Spinhenge@Home]] — models the [[spin (physics)|spin]] of [[elementary particles]] using the principles of [[quantum mechanics]]. (Beta)
** [[μFluids@Home]] — simulates [[two-phase flow]] in [[microgravity]] and [[microfluidics]] problems. (Beta)

* '''Earth Sciences'''
**[[APS@Home]] — examines the effects of [[Atmospheric dispersion modeling|atmospheric dispersion]] as it relates to the accuracy of measurements used in climate prediction.<ref>[http://www.apsathome.org/ "APS@Home" website]</ref> (Alpha)
**[[Quake-Catcher Network]] — uses [[accelerometer]]s in, or attached to, internet-connected computers to detect [[earthquakes]]. (Alpha)

* '''Unspecialized Projects'''
** [[Ibercivis]] — Studies [[nuclear fusion]], [[materials science]] and [[protein docking]]
** [[Second Computing]] — the first application assesses [[biopolymer]] dynamics.<ref>[http://vcsc.cs.uh.edu/index.html "Second Computing" website"]</ref> (Alpha)
** [[Yoyo@home]] — finds optimal [[Golomb ruler]]s using the OGR application from [[distributed.net]], optimises the design of a [[Particle accelerator|particle collider]] which will be used to measure the mass of [[neutrino]]s, and addresses fundamental questions about [[evolution]] and [[population genetics]]..<ref>[http://www.rechenkraft.net/yoyo/ "Yoyo@home" website]</ref> (Beta)

Performance of BOINC projects<ref>[http://boincstats.com/stats/project_graph.php?pr=bo BOINCstats | BOINC combined - Credit overview]</ref>:
*over 1,650,000 participants (over 290,000 active)
*over 3,950,000 computers (over 500,000 active)
*over 1.5 PetaFLOPS (more than supercomputer [[Blue Gene]])

=== Distributed.net ===
{{main|Distributed.net}}

Distributed.net runs several projects:
* Search for optimal [[Golomb ruler]]s
* Try to break [[RC5]]-72 encryption.

=== World Community Grid ===
{{main|World Community Grid}}

The [[World Community Grid]] is an IBM philanthropic initiative which aims to create the largest public computing grid benefiting humanity. It utilizes the [[BOINC]] platform.

====Active Projects====
* [[Human Proteome Folding Project|Human Proteome Folding Project - Phase 2]] — predicting functions of proteins in conjunction with [[rosetta@home]].
* [[FightAIDS@Home]] — identify candidate drugs that have the right shape and chemical characteristics to block [[HIV]] [[protease]].
* [[Discovering Dengue Drugs – Together]] — uncover novel drugs to cure [[dengue hemorrhagic fever]], [[hepatitis C]], [[West Nile encephalitis]], and [[Yellow fever]].
* [[Help Conquer Cancer]] — improve the results of protein [[X-ray crystallography]] in order to increase understanding of cancer and its treatment.
* [[Nutritious Rice for the World]] — Predict the protein structures of rice in order to help rice breeders create more abundant, resilient and nutritious harvests.
* [[The Clean Energy Project]][http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/projects_showcase/cep1/viewCep1Main.do][http://cleanenergy.harvard.edu] — Trying to find the best organic substances for the next generation's solar cells and storing energy
* [[Help Fight Childhood Cancer]] [https://secure.worldcommunitygrid.org/projects_showcase/hfcc/viewHfccMain.do] The mission of the Help Fight Childhood Cancer project is to find drugs that can disable three particular proteins associated with neuroblastoma, one of the most frequently occurring solid tumors in children. Identifying these drugs could potentially make the disease much more curable when combined with chemotherapy treatment.

====Upcoming Projects====
* [[Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy]] - Phase 2 (Starting in 2009)

====Completed Projects====
* [[AfricanClimate@Home]] — develop more accurate climate models of specific regions in [[Africa]].
* [[Cuboid simulation project]] (important for industry, biophysics and statistics) [http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/cm/cmt/cuboid] You roll a six-sided die with parallel faces but non-equal edge lengths. What is the [[probability]] to land on each surface ?
* [[Genome Comparison]] — finding all possible similarities between predicted proteins and all known genome sequences decoded to date.
* [[Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy]] Phase I (UD.EXE version only)
* [[Help Defeat Cancer]] — analyzes [[tissue microarray]]s of breast, head, and neck cancers.
* [[Smallpox Research]]

=== Commercial Cycle Scavengers ===
==== Gomez Peer ====

Commercial distributed computing project that uses peers' computers to measure the real-world performance of websites. They pay the active peers 0.10$ for being online more than 20 hours a day and 0.0005$ for each processing minute. Each peer can install their program on more than one computer and sum up online and processing time. Payments are distributed by [[PayPal]] (you must have a minimum of $5 to get a payment).

==== Parabon Computation ====
{{main|Parabon Computation}}

The Parabon Computation client uses a Java VM technology, and is commercial in nature.
* [[Compute Against Cancer]] — cancer research

== Custom/Uncategorized Platforms ==
Custom software encompasses distributed computing projects that do not make use of a third-party generic client-server infrastructure or which use one other than those listed above.

Note that not all of these projects use cycle-scavenging technology; some instead focus on more traditional remote-access-to-[[High-performance computing|HPC]] approaches.
=== Active projects ===
* '''Mathematics'''
** [[Background Pi]] [http://sourceforge.net/projects/backpi] Computes decimal digits of [[pi]] using digit extraction method.
** [[Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search|GIMPS]] — Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, dedicated to finding ever larger [[Mersenne prime]]s.
** [[NFSNET]] — uses the [[General number field sieve|Number Field Sieve]] to factor increasingly large integers.
** [[PiSegment]] — Chinese Volunteer Computing Project with the dual purpose of looking for a large number of digits for the number [[Pi]] and making Volunteer Computing more popular in China. Only a Windows client available at this time though.
** [[Seventeen or Bust]] — attempts to find prime numbers in 17 [[sequence]]s, to solve the [[Sierpinski problem]]. So far primes in 11 sequences have been found.
** [[Wieferich@Home]] — searches for new [[Wieferich prime]]s
* '''Internet'''
** [[AssessGRID]] [http://www.assessgrid.eu/] Addresses obstacles to a wide adoption of Grid technologies by bringing risk management and assessment to this field, enabling use of Grid computing in business and society.
** [[A-Ware]] [http://www.a-ware-project.eu/] will develop a stable, supported, commercially exploitable, high quality technology to give easy access to Grid resources.
** [[BREIN]] — uses the [[Semantic Web]] and [[Multi-agent system|Multi-agent System]]s to build simple and reliable [[Grid computing|Grid]] systems for [[business]].
** [[Cohesion Platform]] [http://www.cohesion.de/cms] is a Java-based modular Peer-to-Peer multi-application Desktop Grid computing platform for irregularly structured problems developed at the University of Tübingen (Germany).
** [[DIMES]] — is a distributed computing project which maps the structure and evolution of the [[Internet infrastructure]], allowing users to see how the Internet looks from their home.
** [[Enabling Grids for E-sciencE]]
** [[GridCOMP]] [http://gridcomp.ercim.org/] — provides an advanced component platform for an effective invisible Grid.
** [[GridECON]] [http://www.gridecon.eu/] takes a user-oriented perspective and creates solutions to grid challenges to promote the widespread use of grids.
** Hours — Ongoing project [[HarmOny and Useful Resource Sharing]]. Attempts to make use of the trust management and [[network economics]] to implement the heterogeneous resource sharing. Currently focusing on the resource allocation in the science grid like Teragrid and OSG. This project is run by the [[MIST]] group of Computer Science at [[Wayne State University]].[http://mist.cs.wayne.edu/hours.html/]
** [[Java Heterogeneous Distributed Computing|JHDC]] — Open source programmable Java distributed computing system.
** [[Legion (software)|Legion]] — Grid computing platform developed at the University of Virginia.
** [[MJ-12 Distributed Search|Majestic-12]] — Uses a distributed [[web crawler]] program to index web sites for a distributed search engine.[http://www.majestic12.co.uk/]
** [[NESSI-GRID]] [http://www.nessi-europe.com/] aims to provide a unified view for European research in Services Architectures and Software Infrastructures that will define technologies, strategies and deployment policies fostering new, open, industrial solutions and societal applications that enhance the safety, security and well-being of citizens.
** [[OMII-Europe]] is an EU-funded project which has been established to source key software components that can interoperate across several heterogeneous Grid middleware platforms.
** [[OMII-UK]] provides free Open Source software and support to enable a sustained future for the UK e-Research community.
** [[OurGrid]] — aims to deliver grid technology that can be used today by current users to solve present problems. To achieve this goal, OurGrid chooses a different trade-off compared to most grid projects. It forfeits supporting arbitrary applications in favor of supporting only [[Bag-of-Tasks]] applications.
** [[ScottNet NCG]] — This is a distributed neural computing grid. A private commercial effort in continuous operation since 1995. This system performs a series of functions including data synchronization amongst databases, mainframe systems, and other data repositories. E-Commerce transaction processing, automated research and data retrieval, content analysis, web site monitoring, scripted and dynamic user emulation, shipping and fulfillment API integration and management, RSS and NNTP monitoring and analysis, real time security enforcement, and backup / restore functionality.[http://www.brettscott.com/NeuralComputing.asp]
* '''Biology'''
** [[Bio4All]] ToolKits - genetic annotation tools for responsible research <ref>[http://www.bio4all.tk "www.Bio4All.Tk" website]</ref>
** [[CommunityTSC]] - design drugs to treat patients afflicted with [[Tuberous sclerosis]].
** [[D2OL]] — works to discover drug candidates against [[Anthrax]], [[Smallpox]], [[Ebola]] and [[SARS]] and other potentially devastating infectious diseases. (Uses Java VM)
** [[Folding@Home]] — run by [[Stanford University]] and whose goal is to understand why [[protein folding|proteins misfold]].
** [[SharkGrid]] — is a small grid for [[whale shark]] (Rhincdon typus) photo-identification.<ref>[http://www.sharkgrid.org/ "sharkGrid" website]</ref>
* '''Chemistry'''
** [[Chemomentum]] evaluation and [[risk assessment]] of chemicals.
* '''Earth Sciences'''
** [[Climateprediction.net]] — seeks to forecast the [[climate]] of the [[Earth]] in the 21st century. ''The original windows client is in process of being retired. At this time the windows client is used for Open University classes only.''
* '''Art'''
** [[Electric Sheep]] — An [[open source]] screen-saver for animating and evolving abstract animations.
* '''Physics'''
** [[EON]] — run by [[The University of Texas at Austin]] and whose goal is to understand [[condensed matter physics]]. EON uses [[Cosm]] client architecture and also [[Fida]]. [http://eon.cm.utexas.edu/]
** [[Galaxy Zoo]] -- Classification of galaxy types from the [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey]].
** [[Stardust@home]] — Scans/Analyzes the collection grid from a recent NASA mission to capture particles from a comet.
* '''Cryptography'''
** [[M4 Project]] [http://www.bytereef.org/m4_project.html] - Decrypting Enigma messages from World War II.
* '''Miscellaneous'''
** [http://agentsteal.dcmembers.com/ The CCL Game and The CCL Winter Game Optimal Solution Finder] — using [[brute-force search]] to find optimal solutions for a Flash clone of [[The Incredible Machine]].
** [[BEinGRID]] — Business Experiments in Grid. Also See [http://www.gridipedia.eu/ Gridipedia]
** [[Gstock]] — Investment Strategy Search, dedicated to finding ever better [[technical analysis]] strategies.
** [[MoneyBee]] — Generates [[stock forecast]]s by application of artificial intelligence with the aid of artificial neural networks.
** [[Perplex City]] — an [[Alternate Reality Game]] created by the British company [[Mind Candy]], features puzzle cards which can be solved to earn points on a leaderboard and earn clues to help understand the game. One of these cards, "The 13th Labour", features what players have determined to be a block of [[RC5]]-64bit encryption, which is now being [[Brute-force search|brute-forced]], using a distributed computing client created by one player.
** [[SoundExpert]] [http://www.soundexpert.info] — human distributed project estimates sound quality of different audio devices and technologies (lossy encoders at the moment only, such as mp3, aac, wma, etc.) by means of blind listening tests conducted over the internet.
** [[StrataGenie]] [http://www.stratagenie.com] — searches for [[Trading strategy|trading strategies]] in intraday stock market data and distributes trading signals to subscribers.

=== Completed projects ===
* [[OGR-25]] - part of [[Distributed.net]]. Verified already known OGR-25 line.
* [[OGR-24]] - part of [[Distributed.net]]. Verified already known OGR-24 line.
* [[BBC Climate Change Experiment]] (part of Climateprediction.net)
* [[DHEP]] [http://dhep.dbestern.com/] — automatically design self-diagnosing hardware (now closed).
* [[Distributed Folding]] — was doing work similar to that of [[Folding@home]], but with a [[genetic algorithm]] to attempt to improve the results over time. Distributed Folding closed on [[October 5]], [[2004]].
* [[FAFNER]]
* [[Find-a-drug]] — a non-profit organisation using Internet-based computing for drug discovery. Preliminary results from the Cancer and HIV projects are very promising. Project ended on [[December 16]], [[2005]].
* [[HashClash@home]] — extends both theoretical and experimental results on [[hash collision|collision]] generation for the [[MD5]] and [[SHA1]] [[hash functions]].
* [[Lifemapper]] — Attempted to build global archive of biological species distributions.
* [[PiHex]] — found the 40 billionth bit of [[Pi]] on [[September 11]], [[2000]].
* [[Screensaver Lifesaver]] — A project being carried out by the [[University of Oxford]]'s [[Centre for Computational Drug Discovery]], sponsored by the [[NFCR]], attempts to find cures for various cancers.
* [[ZetaGrid]] — verification of [[Riemann hypothesis|Riemann's hypothesis]].
* [[Grid.org]] — A [[grid computing]] platform funded by United Devices as a testbed for its own software, hosting large scale research studies. Closed on April 27, 2007.
* [[United Devices Cancer Research Project]] — find drugs for [[pancreatic cancer]] and [[leukemia]]. Closed on April 27, 2007.
* [[XtremLab]] — measures the free resources available on desktop PC's involved in large-scale distributed computing. Results will be used to improve the design of systems, such as BOINC. (Alpha)

===Abandoned projects===
These projects were either abandoned outright or in some cases merged with other larger ongoing projects.
* 15k Search [http://www.15k.us] — Automated search for large titanic [[prime number]]s, of special forms
* [[MD5CRK]] — Attempted to crack the commonly used [[cryptographic hash function]] [[MD5]]. This project ended [[August 24]], [[2004]] due to findings by Wang, Feng, Lai, and Yu.<ref>Xiaoyun Wang, Dengguo Feng, Xuejia Lai, Hongbo Yu: [http://eprint.iacr.org/2004/199 Collisions for Hash Functions MD4, MD5, HAVAL-128 and RIPEMD], Cryptology ePrint Archive Report 2004/199, 16 Aug 2004, revised 17 Aug 2004.</ref>
* [[Popular Power]]
* [[Entropia, Inc. (company)|Entropia]]
* [[Genome@home]] — Due to lack of funding, merged with [[Folding@home]]
* [http://www.blisstonia.com/software/TivoCrack TivoCrack]
* DepSpid — Built up a database containing the dependencies between individual web sites and groups of web sites, and collected statistical data about the structure of the [[World Wide Web]].<ref>[http://www.depspid.net/ "DepSpid" website]</ref> (Reached alpha)
* 3x+1@home — Studied the [[Collatz conjecture]].<ref>[http://allprojectstats.com/collatz/ 3x+1@home website]</ref> (Reached alpha)
* [[TANPAKU]] — to [[Protein structure prediction|predict protein structures]] using [[Brownian dynamics]].
* TSP - Studied the [[traveling salesman problem]].

=== Upcoming projects ===
* [[Storage@home]] — distributed storage infrastructure developed to solve the problem of backing up and sharing petabytes of scientific results using a distributed model of volunteer managed hosts. Data is maintained by a mixture of replication and monitoring, with repairs done as needed.

== Volunteer distributed computing projects ==
Popular projects in volunteer distributed computing include:<ref>{{cite paper|author=[[David P. Anderson]]|title=A Million Years of Computing|url=http://boinc.berkeley.edu/talks/singapore_public.pdf|date=2005-05-23|accessdate=2009-01-30}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2009}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Project
! Start
! Affiliation
! Area
! Peak_#hosts
! Current status
! Computing power
|-
|[[GIMPS]]
|1996
|?
|[[mathematics]]
|10,000
|active
|27 TFLOPS
|-
|[[distributed.net]]
|1997
|U.S. non-profit organization
|[[cryptography]]
|100,000
|active
|?
|-
|[[SETI@home]]
|1999
|[[University of California, Berkeley]]
|[[SETI]]
|362,000
|active
|528 TFLOPS
|-
|[[Electric Sheep]]
|1999
|?
|[[art]]
|57,000
|active
|?
|-
|[[Folding@home]]
|2000
|[[Stanford University]]
|[[biology]]
|406,000
|active
|8.1 PFLOPS
|-
|[[BOINC]]
|2002
|[[University of California, Berkeley]]
|[[biomedicine]], other
|550,000
|active
|1.5 PFLOPS
|-
|[[Grid.org]]
|2002
|philanthropic by [[United Devices]]
|[[biomedicine]], other
|3,734,000<ref name="ud">Host numbers from the UD platform represent unique installations, so are greater than the number of actual computers.</ref>
|closed
|?
|-
|[[Climateprediction.net]]
|2003
|[[University of Oxford]]
|[[climate change]]
|150,000
|active
|?
|-
|[[LHC@home]]
|2004
|[[CERN]]
|[[physics]]
|60,000
|active
|?
|-
|[[World Community Grid]]
|2004
|philanthropic by [[IBM]]
|[[biomedicine]], other
|700,000<ref name="ud" />
|active
|?
|-
|[[Einstein@home]]
|2005
|[[LIGO]]
|[[astrophysics]]
|200,000
|active
|150 TFLOPS
|-
|[[Rosetta@home]]
|2005
|[[University of Washington]]
|[[biology]]
|100,000
|active
|?
|}

== Physical infrastructure projects ==
These projects attempt to make large physical computation infrastructures available for researchers to use:
* [[Berkeley NOW Project]]
* [http://dcc.irb.hr Institut Ruđer Bošković (IRB) Debian Cluster Components]
* [http://www.opensciencegrid.org/ Open Science Grid]
* [http://www.sara.nl/userinfo/lisa/usage/batch/index.html SARA Computing and Networking Services in Netherlands]
* [http://www.teragrid.org/ Teragrid]
* [http://www.tcf.vt.edu/systemX.html VirginiaTech]

== Other distributed computing software platforms ==
The following are generic software platforms or infrastructures used to implement some of the projects listed in the previous section.


* [http://www.alchemi.net Alchemi] — A .NET-based system for building enterprise Grids and applications.
* [[Amoeba distributed operating system|Amoeba]] — distributed operating system that is designed for distributed computing tasks.
* [[Base One Foundation Component Library]] — [[Rapid application development|RAD]] framework for [[database-centric]] distributed computing.
* [[Beowulf (computing)|Beowulf cluster]]s — [[Linux]] based parallel computing using commodity hardware.
* [[Condor cycle scavenger|Condor]] — a flexible high-throughput distributed computing scheduler
*[http://dcez.emporia.edu DCEZ] — Simple to set up and use platform to perform distributed computing with a minimum of infrastructure.
* [[Distributed object]]s — systems like [[CORBA]], Microsoft [[Distributed Component Object Model|DCOM]], [[Java RMI]], and others that try to map [[object oriented]] design onto the network.
* [[DragonFly BSD]] — an operating system aiming to support [[Single-system image|SSI clustering]]
* [[Globus Toolkit]] — an open source software toolkit used for building Grid systems and applications
* [http://www.GreenTeaTech.com GreenTea Software] — a Java-based P2P generic distributed network computing platform that transmits code and data on-demand to run on heterogeneous OS's.
* [http://www.gridbus.org Gridbus Toolkit] — an open source software toolkit used for building market-oriented Grid systems and applications
* [[Grid MP]] — an infrastructure created by [[United Devices]], used to run [[grid.org]], and is one of the infrastructures used by [[World Community Grid]].
* [http://www.jppf.org JPPF] — an open source computational grid toolkit focused on performance and ease of use
* [http://jstm.sourceforge.net JSTM] — uses a java [[Software Transactional Memory]] implementation for distributed object replication.
* [[Popular Power]] — (Defunct) building a platform for Internet-wide distributed computing.
* [[ProActive]] ProActive is a Java middleware (part of the [[ObjectWeb]] consortium, with Open Source code) for parallel, distributed and multi-threaded computing.
* [[RPyC]] — Remote Python Call, a platform for building distributed applications.
* [[Sun Grid Engine]] — a distributed resource management system, similar to Condor
* [[SynfiniWay]] — [[Fujitsu]]'s middleware with which a virtualised IT framework can be created that provides a uniform and global view of resources within a department, a company, or a company with its suppliers.
* [http://www.terracotta.org Terracotta] — Open source Java clustering - Java extension that provides seamless clustering of plain java code. See also [[Terracotta Cluster]].
* [[UNICORE]] — an open source software platform for supporting Grid systems and applications
* [[Vaakya Architecture|Vaakya]] — software developed by Vaakya Technologies Pvt. Ltd., a Bangalore-based company. It has its own language and different frameworks (e.g. business application components, handheld devices, 3D graphics) that allow [[Independent Software Vendor|ISVs]] to develop applications, particularly for businesses, that run entirely on premises on ordinary work stations, not expensive servers.
* [http://www.xoreax.com/technology_xge.htm XGE] — a Windows-based product which distributes tasks on a local network by virtualizing filesystem access.
* [[Xgrid]] — software developed by Apple's [[Advanced Computation Group]].

[[Comparison of cluster software]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://distributedcomputing.info/ DistributedComputing.info — lists ongoing, future and past projects]
* [http://www.kd-web.info/clanky.php Flash tutorials - how to attach BOINC projects] {{en icon}} {{cs icon}}
* [http://www.hyper.net/dc-howto.html How-To: Join Distributed Computing projects that benefit humanity]
* [http://www.volunteerathome.com/ [email protected] — All about volunteer computing]

[[Category:Distributed computing projects|*]]
[[Category:Grid computing]]
[[Category:Computer lists|Distributed computing projects]]
[[Category:Citizen science]]

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