Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

User:Programmingchess

2021-04-08T17:09:11Z

Programmingchess:

Hi all! #{{user|Programmingchess}} Professional Chess Engine Programmer, amateur 2000 level player

|{{Chess diagram
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{{Chess diagram
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| size = 46
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| letters =
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| <a1> | <b1> | ... | <h1> ( ... #66)
| <footer> (#67)
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User:Programmingchess

2021-04-08T17:08:05Z

Programmingchess:

Hi all! #{{user|Programmingchess}} Professional Chess Engine Programmer, amateur 2000 level player

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|Position after 9...Qa3
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{{Chess diagram
| <alignment> tleft
| <header> Sample Board
| size = 46
| numbers = both
| letters =
| <a8> | <b8> | ... | <h8> (#3 to ...
| <a7> | <b7> | ... | <h7>
...
| <a1> | <b1> | ... | <h1> ( ... #66)
| <footer> (#67)
| reverse =
}}

User:Programmingchess

2021-04-08T16:57:43Z

Programmingchess:

Hi all! #{{user|Programmingchess}} Professional Chess Engine Programmer, amateur 2000 level player

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|Position after 9...Qa3
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Glossary of chess

2021-04-08T16:55:15Z

Programmingchess: /* A */

{{short description|Glossary of common chess terminology}}

This '''glossary of chess''' explains commonly used terms in [[chess]], in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like ''[[#fork|fork]]'' and ''[[#pin|pin]]''. For a list of unorthodox chess pieces, see [[Fairy chess piece]]; for a list of terms specific to [[chess problems]], see [[Glossary of chess problems]]; for a list of named [[#opening|opening lines]], see [[List of chess openings]]; for a list of chess-related games, see [[List of chess variants]].

{{Compact ToC|short1|name=Directory|num=no|y=|notesfirst=yes|refs=yes}}

==A==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= absolute pin|content= [[absolute pin]] {{anchor|Absolute pin|absolute pins}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pin|pin]] against the [[#king|king]] is called ''absolute'' since the pinned piece cannot legally move out of the line of attack (as moving it would expose the king to [[#check|check]]).<ref>Wilkinson 2008, p. 128</ref> Cf. ''[[#relative pin|relative pin]]''.}}

{{term|term= active|content= active {{anchor|Active|activity}} }}
{{defn|defn= Describes a [[#piece|piece]] that threatens a number of squares, or that has a number of squares available for its next move. It may also describe an aggressive style of play.<ref name="S&S_p237">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 237</ref> Antonym: ''[[#passive|passive]]''.}}

[[Image:Adjournment.JPG|thumb|210px|Envelope used for the adjournment of a match game [[Efim Geller]] vs. [[Bent Larsen]], Copenhagen 1966]]

{{term|term= adjournment|content= [[Adjournment (games)|adjournment]] {{anchor|Adjournment|adjournments}} }}
{{defn|defn= Suspension of a chess game with the intention to finish it later. It was once very common in high-level competition, often occurring soon after the first [[#time control|time control]], but has been mostly abandoned due to the advent of computer analysis.<ref>United States Chess Federation, p. 72</ref> See also ''[[#sealed move|sealed move]]''.}}

{{term|term= adjudication|content= adjudication {{anchor|Adjudication|adjudications}} }}
{{defn|defn= A way to decide the result of an unfinished game. A tournament director, or an impartial and strong player, will evaluate the final position and assign a win, draw, or loss assuming best play by both players.<ref>United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. 84, 282</ref>}}

{{term|term= adjust|content= adjust {{anchor|Adjust|j'adoube|Adjust or j'adoube|adjustment|adjustments}} }}
{{defn|defn= See [[Touch-move rule]]. To adjust the position of a [[#piece|piece]] on its square without being required to move it. A player may do this only on their turn, and must first say "I adjust", or the French equivalent [[#j'adoube|''J'adoube'']].<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}

{{term|term= advanced pawn|content= advanced pawn {{anchor|Advanced pawn|advanced pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] that is on the opponent's half of the board (the fifth [[#rank|rank]] or higher). An advanced pawn may be weak if it is [[#overextended|overextended]], lacking support and difficult to defend, or strong if it [[#cramped|cramps]] the enemy by limiting [[#mobility|mobility]]. An advanced [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] that threatens to [[#promotion|promote]] can be especially strong.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, pp. 22–23</ref>}}

{{term|term= advantage|content= advantage {{anchor|Advantage}} }}
{{defn|defn= A better position with the chance of winning the game. Evaluation factors can include [[#space|space]], [[#time|time]], [[#material|material]], and [[#threat|threats]].<ref name=S&S_p237 />}}

{{Chess diagram small
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|Alekhine vs. Nimzowitsch, 1930
| |rd| | | |kd| |
|pd| |rd|qd|nd| |pd|
|pl|pd|nd| |pd| | |pd
| |bl| |pd|pl|pd| |
| |pl| |pl| |pl| |
| | |rl| | |nl| |
| | |rl| | | |pl|pl
| | |ql| | | |kl|
|[[Alekhine's gun]]
}}
{{term|term= Alekhine's gun|content= [[Alekhine's gun]] {{anchor|Alekhine's gun}} }}
{{defn|defn= A special form of [[#battery|battery]] in which a [[#queen|queen]] backs up two [[#rook|rooks]] on the same [[#file|file]].<ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 25</ref>}}

[[File:SCD algebraic notation.svg|right|[[Algebraic notation (chess)|Algebraic notation]]|frame]]
{{term|term= algebraic notation|content= [[Algebraic notation (chess)|algebraic notation]] {{anchor|Algebraic notation|algebraic chess notation}} }}
{{defn|defn= The standard way to record the moves of a chess game, using alphanumeric coordinates for the squares.<ref>Hochberg 2005, p. 14</ref>}}

{{term|term= amateur|content= amateur {{anchor|Amateur|amateurs}} }}
{{defn|defn= Any player whose main occupation is not chess.<ref name="Brace_p17">Brace 1977, p. 17</ref> The distinction between professional and amateur is not very important in chess as amateurs may win prizes, accept appearance fees, and earn any title, including [[#World Champion|World Champion]].<ref name=Brace_p17 /><ref name="H&W_p13">Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 13</ref> In the 19th century, "Amateur" was sometimes used in published game scores to conceal the name of the losing player in a Master vs. Amateur contest. It was thought to be impolite to use a player's name without permission, and the professional did not want to risk losing a customer.<ref name=H&W_p13 /> See also ''[[#NN|NN]]''.}}

{{term|term= analysis|content= analysis {{anchor|Analysis|analyses}} }}
{{defn|defn= The study of a game or a position, in order to evaluate the quality of the moves and various other aspects of the game or position. At the end of a game, the players will often do an analysis of the game. Cf. ''[[#post-mortem|post-mortem]]''.<ref name=S&S_p237 />}}

{{term|term= annotation|content= annotation {{anchor|Annotation|annotations}} }}
{{defn|defn= Written commentary on a game or a position using words, [[chess symbols]] or [[#notation|notation]].<ref name=S&S_p237 />}}

{{term|term= announced mate|content= announced mate {{anchor|Announced mate|announced checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A practice, common in the 19th century, whereby a player would announce a sequence of moves, believed by them to constitute [[#optimal play|best play]] by both sides, that led to a [[#forced mate|forced checkmate]] for the announcing player in a specified number of moves (for example, "mate in five").<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 28</ref>}}

{{term|term= antipositional|content= antipositional {{anchor|Antipositional}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move or a plan that is not in accordance with the principles of [[#positional play|positional play]].<ref>Brace 1977, p. 22</ref> Antipositional is used to describe moves that are part of an incorrect plan rather than a mistake made when trying to follow a correct plan. Antipositional moves are often [[#pawn|pawn]] moves; since pawns cannot move backwards to return to squares they have left, their advance can create irreparable weaknesses.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 18</ref>}}

{{term|term= Anti-Sicilian|content= Anti-Sicilian {{anchor|Anti-Sicilian|Anti-Sicilians|anti-Sicilian|anti-Sicilians}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]] that [[#White|White]] uses against the [[Sicilian Defense]] (1.e4 c5) other than the most common plan of 2.Nf3 followed by 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 (the Open Sicilian). Some Anti-Sicilians include the [[Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation|Alapin Variation]] (2.c3), Moscow Variation (2.Nf3 d6 3.Bb5+), Rossolimo Variation (2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5), Grand Prix Attack (2.Nc3 Nc6 3.f4 g6 4.Nf3 Bg7 and now 5.Bc4 or 5.Bb5), Closed Sicilian (2.Nc3 followed by g3 and Bg2), [[Sicilian Defence, Smith–Morra Gambit|Smith–Morra Gambit]] (2.d4 cxd4 3.c3), and [[Wing Gambit]] (2.b4).<ref>Hoffman 1996, p. 12</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram medium
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| | | | | | | |kd
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|[[Checkmate pattern#Arabian mate|Arabian mate]]
}}
{{term|term= Arabian mate|content= [[Checkmate pattern#Arabian mate|Arabian mate]] {{anchor|Arabian mate|Arabian checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate that occurs when the knight and rook trap the opposing king in a corner.<ref>Renaud & Kahn 1962, p. 182</ref>}}

{{term|term= arbiter|content= arbiter {{anchor|Arbiter|arbiters}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#International Arbiter|International Arbiter]]''.}}

{{term|term= Armageddon game|content= [[Armageddon chess|Armageddon game]] {{anchor|Armageddon|Armageddon game|Armageddon games}} }}
{{defn|defn= A game that is guaranteed to produce a decisive result, because if there is a draw it is ruled a victory for Black. In compensation for this White is given more time on the clock. Often White is given five minutes, and Black four. This format is typically used in playoff tiebreakers when shorter [[#blitz chess|blitz]] games have not resolved the tie.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2016/11/26/chess-grandmasters-on-track-for-possible-armageddon-at-world-championship/ "Chess grandmasters on track for possible 'Armageddon' at world championship"] Payne, Marissa. ''Washington Post''. 26 November 2016.</ref>}}

{{term|term= artificial castling|content= [[artificial castling]] {{anchor|Artificial castling}} }}
{{defn|defn= Refers to a maneuver of several separate moves by the [[#king|king]] and by a [[#rook|rook]] where they end up as if they had [[#castling|castled]]. Also known as ''castling by hand''.<ref>Kaufmann 2014, p. 151</ref>}}

{{term|term= attack|content= attack {{anchor|Attack|attacks|attacking|attacked}} }}
{{defn|defn= An aggressive action on a part of the chessboard, or to threaten the capture of a piece or pawn.<ref name="S&S_p238">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 238</ref> See also ''[[#counterattack|counterattack]]'', ''[[#discovered attack|discovered attack]]'', ''[[#double attack|double attack]]'', ''[[#mating attack|mating attack]]'', and ''[[#minority attack|minority attack]]''. Antonym: ''[[#defense|defense]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
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|Example of attraction
| | | | | | |rd|
|ql|qd|kd| | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |kl|rl| | | |
| | | | | | | |
|White wins with 1.Rd7+! The black king is attracted away from the defense of the black queen with a [[#skewer|skewer]].
}}
{{term|term= attraction|content= attraction {{anchor|Attraction}} }}
{{defn|defn= A type of [[#decoy|decoy]] involving a [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a [[#minor piece|minor]] or [[#major piece|major]] piece on a square next to the enemy king, forcing the king to abandon the defense of another square. For example (see diagram), the black queen has interposed to block a check from the white queen, and White can check the king from the opposite direction to win the queen.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 34</ref>}}

{{term|term= automaton|content= [[automaton]] {{anchor|Automaton|automatons}} }}
{{defn|defn=An automaton is a self-operating machine. In chess, it refers to chess-playing machines that were in fact hoaxes and under the control of hidden human players. Automatons stirred up great interest in the 18th and 19th centuries and inspired early thoughts of the possibility of [[artificial intelligence]]. By far, the most famous chess-playing "automaton" was [[The Turk]], whose secret of human control was kept for a very long time. The first true automaton [[El Ajedrecista]] was created by [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]].}}

{{glossary end}}

==B==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= B|content= B {{anchor|B}} }}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#bishop|bishop]] when recording chess moves in English.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 57">Staunton 2009, p. 57</ref>}}

{{term|term= back rank|content= back rank {{anchor|Back rank|back ranks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A player's first [[#rank|rank]] (the one on which the pieces stand in the starting position); [[#White|White]]'s back rank is Black's eighth rank, and vice versa.<ref name="Fischer, Margulies 1982, p. 103">Fischer, Margulies, & Mosenfelder 1982, p. 103</ref> Also called ''first rank'' or ''home rank''.}}

{{term|term= back-rank mate|content= [[Back-rank checkmate|back-rank mate]] {{anchor|Back-rank mate|back-rank mates|back-rank checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate delivered by a rook or queen along a [[#back rank|back rank]] from which the mated king is unable to move because it is blocked by friendly pieces (usually pawns) or squares under attack on the second rank.<ref name="Fischer, Margulies 1982, p. 103">Fischer, Margulies, & Mosenfelder 1982, p. 103</ref> Also called ''back-row mate''.}}

{{term|term= back-rank weakness|content= back-rank weakness {{anchor|Back-rank weakness}} }}
{{defn|defn= A situation in which a player is under threat of a [[#back-rank mate|back-rank mate]] and, having no time/option to create an escape for the king, must constantly watch and defend against that threat, for example by keeping a rook on the back rank.<ref name="Fischer, Margulies 1982, p. 103">Fischer, Margulies, & Mosenfelder 1982, p. 103</ref>}}

{{term|term= backward pawn|content= [[backward pawn]] {{anchor|Backward pawn|backward pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] that is behind a pawn of the same color on an adjacent [[#file|file]] and that cannot be advanced with the support of another pawn.<ref>Silman 1998, p. 236</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
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|
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | |pd|pd|
| | | |bd|pd| | |pd
| |pd| |pd| | | |
| |pl| |pl| | | |
| | |bl| |pl| | |pl
| | | | | |pl|pl|
| | | | | | | |
|White has a bad bishop, Black has a good bishop {{Harvcol|Evans|1967:66}}.
}}
{{term|term= bad bishop|content= bad bishop {{anchor|Bad bishop|bad bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]] that is hemmed in by the player's own [[#pawn|pawns]].<ref>Grooten 2017, p. 199</ref> See also ''[[#good bishop|good bishop]]''.}}

{{term|term= bare king|content= [[bare king]] {{anchor|Bare king|bare kings}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position in which a [[#king|king]] is the only [[#man|man]] of its [[#color|color]] on the board.<ref>Pritchard 2012, p. 75</ref>}}

{{term|term= Basque chess|content= Basque chess {{anchor|Basque chess|Basque Chess|Basque System|Basque system}} }}
{{defn|defn= A chess competition in which the players simultaneously play each other two games on two boards, each playing White on one and Black on the other. There is a clock at both boards. It removes the bonus in mini-matches of playing White first. Basque chess was first played in the 2012 [[Donostia]] Chess Festival in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], Spain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/che-magazine-basque-che-does-it-work-for-you- |title=CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?! |publisher=[[ChessBase]] |date=29 February 2012 }}</ref> Also called '''Basque System'''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
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|
|rd| | | |rd| | |
|pd|kd| | | | |pd|pd
| |pd| | | | | |
| | | |pd|rl|pd| |
| | | |pl| |pl| |
| | | | | | |pl|
| | | | | | | |pl
| | | | |rl| |kl|
|A pair of white rooks are aligned along their battery, ready to do some action.
}}
{{term|term= battery|content= [[Battery (chess)|battery]] {{anchor|Battery|batteries}} }}
{{defn|defn= To double rooks on a file, or to place a bishop and a queen on a diagonal.<ref name=S&S_p238 /> In chess problems, battery refers to an arrangement of two pieces in line with the enemy [[#king|king]] on a rank, file, or diagonal so that if the middle piece moves a [[#discovered check|discovered check]] (or a [[#threat|threat]] other than a check) will be delivered.<ref>Horton 1959, pp. 12–13; Brace 1977, p. 29; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 32</ref>}}

{{term|term= BCF|content= BCF {{anchor|BCF}} }}
{{defn|defn= British Chess Federation, the former name of the [[English Chess Federation]].<ref>Harding 2015, p. 424</ref> See ''[[#ECF|ECF]]''.}}

{{term|term= BCM|content= [[British Chess Magazine|BCM]] {{anchor|BCM}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the ''British Chess Magazine''.<ref>Hilbert 2013, p. 104</ref>}}

{{term|term= BCO|content= ''BCO'' {{anchor|BCO}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the 1982 [[#opening|openings]] reference book ''Batsford Chess Openings'', by [[Raymond Keene]] and [[Garry Kasparov]]. The second edition (1989) is often called ''BCO-2''.<ref>Pandolfini 1989, p. 233</ref> Cf. ''[[#ECO|ECO]]'' and ''[[#MCO|MCO]]''.}}

{{term|term= best play|content= best play {{anchor|Best play|best move}} }}
{{defn|defn= The theoretical absolute and ideal best moves from any given position.<ref>Roycroft, 1981, p. 346</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
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|Charousek vs. Maroczy, 1895
| | | | | | |rd|kd
| |pd|pd| | | |pd|
| |rd| | | |pd| |pd
|pd| | | |nd|pl| |pl
|pl| |pl|pd|pl| | |
| |pl| |pl| | | |
| | |bl| |kl| |rl|
| | | | | | |rl|
|Example of a "big pawn": the white bishop is doing the work of a pawn and has no bigger prospects.
}}
{{term|term= big pawn|content= big pawn {{anchor|Big pawn|big pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bad bishop|bad bishop]] stuck behind its own pawns and defending them—effectively doing the work of a pawn.<ref>Soltis 2012, p. 11</ref>}}

{{term|term= bind|content= bind {{anchor|Bind|binds}} }}
{{defn|defn= A strong grip or stranglehold on a position that is difficult for the opponent to break. A bind is usually an advantage in [[#space|space]] created by [[#advanced pawn|advanced pawns]]. The [[Maróczy Bind]] is a well-known example.<ref>Pandolfini 2013, p. 42</ref> See also ''[[#squeeze|squeeze]]''.}}

{{term|term= bishop|content= [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]] {{anchor|Bishop|bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[Image:Chess bishop icon.png]]}}

{{term|term= bishop pair|content= bishop pair {{anchor|Bishop pair}} }}
{{defn|defn=The player with two [[#bishop|bishops]] is said to have the ''bishop pair''. Two bishops are able to control the diagonals of both colors. In [[#open game|open positions]], two bishops are considered to have an advantage over two [[#knight|knights]], or a knight and a bishop.<ref name=S&S_p238 /> Also called ''the two bishops''.}}

{{term|term= bishop pawn|content= bishop pawn {{anchor|Bishop pawn|bishop's pawn|Bishop's pawn|bishop pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''bishop's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the bishop's [[#file|file]], i.e. the c-file or f-file. Sometimes abbreviated "BP".<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 3">Staunton 2009, p. 3</ref>}}

{{term|term= bishops on opposite colors|content= bishops on opposite colors {{anchor|bishops of opposite colors|Bishops on opposite colors|Bishops of opposite colors|bishops on opposite colours|bishops of opposite colours|Bishops on opposite colours|Bishops of opposite colours}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''bishops of opposite colors'''. A situation in which one player has only a light-square [[#bishop|bishop]] remaining while the other has only a dark-square bishop remaining. In [[#endgame|endgames]], this often results in a draw if there are no other pieces than pawns, even if one side has a material advantage of one, two or even three pawns, since the bishops control different squares (see [[Opposite-colored bishops endgame]]). In the [[#middlegame|middlegame]], however, the presence of opposite-colored bishops imbalances the game and can lead to [[#mating attack|mating attacks]], since each bishop attacks squares that cannot be covered by the other.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 46</ref>}}

{{term|term= black|content= black {{anchor|black}} }}
{{defn|defn= The dark-colored squares on the [[#chessboard|chessboard]] are often referred to as "the black squares" even though they are often some other dark color. Similarly, "the black pieces" are sometimes actually some other (usually dark) color.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 1">Staunton 2009, p. 1</ref> See also ''[[#white|white]]''.}}

{{term|term= Black|content= [[White and Black in chess|Black]] {{anchor|Black}} }}
{{defn|defn= The designation for the player who moves second, even though the [[#piece|pieces]] ("the black pieces") are sometimes actually some other (usually dark) color.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 47">Pandolfini 1996, p. 47</ref> See also ''[[#White|White]]'' and ''[[#first-move advantage|first-move advantage]]''.}}

{{term|term= blind chess|content= blind chess {{anchor|Blind chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Kriegspiel|Kriegspiel]]''.}}

{{term|term= blindfold chess|content= [[blindfold chess]] {{anchor|Blindfold chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess in which one or both players are not allowed to see the board.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 45</ref>}}

{{term|term= blind pigs|content= blind pigs {{anchor|Blind pigs}} }}
{{defn|defn= A pair of rooks on the opponent's second rank are referred to as "pigs" as they tend to devour pawns and pieces, and "blind pigs" if they cannot find the mate.<ref>MacEnulty 2004, p. 129</ref>}}

{{term|term= blitz chess|content= [[Fast chess#Blitz|blitz chess]] {{anchor|Blitz chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from {{lang-de|Blitz}}, "lightning"] A fast form of chess with a very short [[#time control|time limit]], usually three or five minutes per player for the entire game. With the advent of electronic [[#chess clock|chess clocks]], the time remaining is often incremented by one or two seconds per move.<ref name="Schiller 2003, p. 398">Schiller 2003, p. 398</ref>}}

{{term|term= blitzkrieg|content= blitzkrieg {{anchor|Blitzkreig}} }}
{{defn|defn= A ''[[blitzkrieg]]'' is sometimes used to describe a quick attack on the [[Algebraic chess notation|f7- or f2-square]] early in the game.<ref>{{cite book |first=Harvey |last=Kidder |year=1970 |title=Illustrated Chess for Children |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |isbn=0-385-05764-4}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/07/archives/chess-a-fortissimo-zuckertort-its-a-kevitz-blitzkrieg.html Chess: A Fortissimo Zuckertort? It's a Kevitz Blitzkrieg], [[New York Times]], Dec. 7, 1964</ref> }}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd| | | | | | |
| | | |pd| | |pd|kd
|pd| |bd| |pd| | |
| |pd| |nd|pl|pd|bl|
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|pl|pl| | | |pl|pl|pl
|rl| | |rl| | |kl|
|Black has a solid light-square blockade. White's bishop cannot challenge Black's minor pieces.
}}
{{term|term= blockade|content= blockade {{anchor|Blockade|blockades}} }}
{{defn|defn= The placement of a piece directly in front of an enemy pawn, where it obstructs the pawn's advance, and hinders the movements of the other enemy pieces. The enemy pawn provides some shelter to the piece that is blocking it, thereby protecting it from attacks by enemy pieces. A blockade is most effective against passed or isolated pawns. The ideal piece to use as a blockader is the knight. This strategy was famously formulated by [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] in 1924.<ref>Nimzowitsch 1980, p. 5</ref><ref>Pandolfini 2013, p. 47</ref>}}

{{term|term= blocked position|content= blocked position {{anchor|Blocked position|blocked positions}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position where both sides are constrained from making progress, typically by interlocking [[#pawn chain|pawn chain(s)]] dividing the available [[#space|space]] into two camps.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 100</ref> See also ''[[#closed game|closed game]]''.}}

{{term|term= blunder|content= [[Blunder (chess)|blunder]] {{anchor|Blunder|blunders}} }}
{{defn|defn= A very bad move, an oversight (indicated by "{{chesspunc|??}}" in [[#notation|notation]]).<ref name=S&S_p238 />}}

{{term|term= board|content= board {{anchor|Board|boards}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= See ''[[#chessboard|chessboard]]''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= An assignment in team chess, e.g. [[#first board|first board]], second board, etc.}}

{{term|term= board one|content= board one {{anchor|Board one}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#first board|first board]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Schulder vs. Boden, London 1853
| | |kd| |rd| | |rd
|pd|pd|pd| | | |pd|pd
| | |nd| | | | |
| | | |bl| |bd| |
| | | | | |pl| |
|bd| |pl| |bl|ql| |
|pl| | |nl| |pl| |pl
| | |kl|rl| | | |rl
|[[Boden's Mate]]
}}
{{term|term= Boden's Mate|content= [[Boden's Mate]] {{anchor|Boden's Mate|Boden's mate|Boden's checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= Boden's Mate, named for [[Samuel Boden]], is a [[checkmate pattern]] in which the king, usually having castled queenside, is checkmated by two crisscrossing bishops. Immediately prior to delivering the mate, the winning side typically plays a queen [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] on c3 or c6 to set up the mating position.<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 299</ref>}}

{{term|term= book draw|content= book draw {{anchor|Book draw|book draws}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#endgame|endgame]] position known to be a [[#draw|draw]] with [[perfect play]]. Historically this was established by reference to [[chess endgame literature]], but in simplified positions computer analysis in an [[#endgame tablebase|endgame tablebase]] can be used.<ref name="Haworth">Haworth, G. M. (2005) 6-man chess solved. ''[[ICGA Journal]]'', 28 (3). p. 153. ISSN 1389-6911</ref>}}

{{term|term= book move|content= book move {{anchor|Book move|book moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] move found in standard reference books on [[Chess theory#Opening theory|opening theory]]. A game is said to be "in book" when both players are playing moves found in the opening references. A game is said to be "out of book" when the players have reached the end of the [[#variation|variations]] analyzed in the opening books, or if one of the players deviates with a [[#theoretical novelty|novelty]] (or a [[#blunder|blunder]]).<ref>Silman 1999, p. 428</ref>}}

{{term|term= book win|content= book win {{anchor|Book win|book wins}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#endgame|endgame]] position known to be a [[#win|win]] with [[perfect play]]. Historically this was established by reference to [[chess endgame literature]], but in simplified positions (currently seven pieces or fewer) computer analysis in an [[#endgame tablebase|endgame tablebase]] can be used.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 53</ref>}}

{{term|term= break|content= break {{anchor|Break|breaks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that gains space and therefore freedom of movement, or the opening of a [[#blocked position|blocked position]] by the [[#pawn break|advance]] or capture of a [[#pawn|pawn]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 429">Silman 1999, p. 429</ref>}}

{{term|term= breakthrough|content= breakthrough {{anchor|Breakthrough|breakthroughs}} }}
{{defn|defn= Penetration of the opponent's position, or destruction of the defense, often by means of a [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]].<ref name=S&S_p238 />}}

{{term|term= brevity|content= brevity {{anchor|Brevity|brevities}} }}
{{defn|defn= [chiefly British] See ''[[#miniature|miniature]]''.}}

{{term|term= brilliancy|content= brilliancy {{anchor|Brilliancy|brilliancies}} }}
{{defn|defn= A game that contains a spectacular, deep and beautiful strategic idea, combination, or original plan.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 429">Silman 1999, p. 429</ref>}}

{{term|term= brilliancy prize|content= brilliancy prize {{anchor|Brilliancy prize|brilliancy prizes}} }}
{{defn|defn= A prize awarded at some [[#tournament|tournaments]] for the best [[#brilliancy|brilliancy]] played in the tournament.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 55">Pandolfini 1996, p. 55</ref>}}

{{term|term= Bronstein delay|content= Bronstein delay {{anchor|Bronstein delay}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#time control|time control]] method with [[#time delay|time delay]], invented by [[David Bronstein]]. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the [[#chess clock|clock]] waits for the delay period before starting to subtract from the player's remaining time.<ref>Kasparov 2017, pp. 52–54</ref>}}

[[File:Bughouse game animation.gif|thumb|right|420px|[[Bughouse chess]]]]
{{term|term= bughouse chess|content= [[bughouse chess]] {{anchor|Bughouse chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= A popular [[#chess variant|chess variant]] played with teams of two or more.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 56</ref>}}

{{term|term= building a bridge|content= building a bridge {{anchor|Building a bridge|building bridges}} }}
{{defn|defn= Making a path for a [[#king|king]] in the endgame by providing protective cover against [[#check|checks]] from [[#line piece|line pieces]]. A well-known example is the [[#Lucena position|Lucena position]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1992, p. 154">Pandolfini 1992, p. 154</ref>}}

{{term|term= bullet chess|content= [[Fast chess#Bullet|bullet chess]] {{anchor|Bullet chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= Each side has one minute to make all their moves.<ref>Pandolfini 2005, p. 162</ref>}}

{{term|term= bust|content= bust {{anchor|Bust|busts}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#refute|refutation]] of an [[#opening|opening]], an opening line, a tactic, or a previously published analysis.<ref>de Firmian 1999, p. 3</ref><ref name="Pan_1996_p57">Pandolfini 1996, p. 57</ref>}}

{{term|term= bye|content= [[Bye (sports)|bye]] {{anchor|Bye|byes}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#tournament|tournament]] round in which a player does not have a game, usually because there are an odd number of players. A bye is normally scored as a [[#win|win]] (1 point), although in some tournaments a player is permitted to choose to take a bye (usually in the first or last round) and score it as a draw (½ point).<ref name=Pan_1996_p57 />}}

{{glossary end}}

==C==
{{glossary}}

[[Image:Caissa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.80|[[Caïssa]], the patron goddess of chess ([[Domenico Maria Fratta|Fratta]], 18th century)]]

{{term|term= Caïssa|content= [[Caïssa]] {{anchor|Caïssa|Ca.C3.AFssa|Caissa}} }}
{{defn|defn= Known as the goddess or muse of chess, whose name is taken from a nymph in a 1763 poem, ''Caïssa or The Game at Chess'', by Sir William Jones.<ref>Judovitz & Duchamp 2010, p. 137</ref>}}

{{term|term= calculate|content= calculate {{anchor|Calculate|calculation|calculations}} }}
{{defn|defn= To plan mentally a series of moves and consider possible responses, without actually moving the pieces.<ref name=S&S_p238 />}}

{{term|term= Candidate Master|content= [[Candidate Master]] {{anchor|Candidate Master|Candidate Master (CM)|Candidate Masters}} }}
{{defn|defn= A chess title ranking below [[#FIDE Master|FIDE Master]].<ref name=cmandwcmtitles>https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017</ref> Abbr. '''CM'''.}}

{{term|term= candidate move|content= [[candidate move]] {{anchor|Candidate move|candidate moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that seems good upon initial observation of the position, and that warrants further analysis.<ref>Johnson 2010, p. 12</ref>}}

{{term|term= Candidates Match|content= Candidates Match {{anchor|Candidates Match|Candidate Matches}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#knockout tournament|knockout]] match in the [[#Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournament]].<ref>Olafsson 2014, p. 32</ref>}}

{{term|term= Candidates Tournament|content= Candidates Tournament {{anchor|Candidates Tournament}} }}
{{defn|defn= A tournament organised by the [[#FIDE|FIDE]], the third and last qualifying cycle of the [[World Chess Championship]]. The participants are the top players of the [[#Interzonal tournament|Interzonal tournament]] plus possibly other players selected on the basis of rating or performance in the previous candidates tournament. The top ranking player(s) qualify(ies) for the world championship.<ref>Higgins, Andrew. "Masters of Chess, Not Self-Promotion". ''The New York Times''. 30 March 2016</ref>}}

{{term|term= can-opener|content= can-opener {{anchor|Can-opener|can-openers|can opener|can openers}} }}
{{defn|defn= The plan of attacking a [[#kingside|kingside]], sometimes a [[#fianchetto|fianchetto]] position, by advancing the h-pawn with the intention of opening a file near the defender's king.<ref>Souleidis 2017, p. 176</ref>}}

{{term|term= capped piece|content= capped piece {{anchor|Capped piece|capped pieces}} }}
{{defn|defn= A particular piece with which one player attempts to deliver checkmate. The requirement to checkmate with the capped piece constitutes a [[#odds|handicap]]. When the capped piece is a [[#pawn|pawn]], it is called a ''pion coiffé'' [from French, "capped pawn"].<ref>Staunton 1875, p. 384</ref>}}

{{term|term= capture|content= capture {{anchor|Capture|captures|captured|capturing}} }}
{{defn|defn=A move by a pawn or piece that removes from the board the opponent's pawn or piece. The capturing piece then occupies the square of the captured piece (except in the case of a capture that is done {{italics correction|''[[#en passant|en passant]]''}}).<ref>Keene 1989, p. 178</ref>}}

{{term|term= castling|content= [[castling]] {{anchor|Castling|castle|castled}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move in which the [[#king|king]] and a [[#rook|rook]] are moved at the same time. It moves the king from the center to a flank where it usually is safer, and it [[#development|develops]] the rook. It is the only time two pieces are moved in a turn. Castling can be done on either the [[#kingside|kingside]] (notated 0-0) or the [[#queenside|queenside]] (0-0-0). Castling cannot be done in reply to a [[#check|check]], nor if the king were to cross or land on a square which is under attack by the opponent, nor if either the king or the rook involved has already moved.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 55">Staunton 2014, p. 55</ref><ref>http://www.chesscorner.com/tutorial/basic/castling/castle.htm</ref>}}

{{term|term= castling into it|content= castling into it {{anchor|Castling into it|castle into it|castled into it}} }}
{{defn|defn= A situation where one side [[#castling|castles]] and a result is that the king is in more danger at the destination than on the initial square, either immediately or because lines and diagonals can be more readily opened against it.<ref>Pandolfini 1989, p. 64</ref>}}

{{term|term= castling long|content= castling long {{anchor|Castling long|castle long|castled long}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[#castling|Castling]] [[#queenside|queenside]]; in [[#notation|chess notation]]: 0-0-0.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 55">Staunton 2014, p. 55</ref>}}

{{term|term= castling short|content= castling short {{anchor|Castling short|castle short|castled short}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[#castling|Castling]] [[#kingside|kingside]]; in [[#notation|chess notation]]: 0-0.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 55">Staunton 2014, p. 55</ref>}}

{{term|term= casual game|content= casual game {{anchor|Casual game|casual games}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#friendly game|friendly game]]''.}}

{{term|term= category of a tournament|content= category of a tournament {{anchor|Category of a tournament}} }}
{{defn|defn= The category of a tournament is a measure of its strength based on the average [[#Elo rating system|FIDE rating]] of the participants. The category is calculated by rounding up the number: (average rating − 2250) ÷ 25. So each category covers a 25-point rating range, starting with Category{{nbsp}}1 which spans ratings between 2251 and 2275. A Category 18 tournament has an average rating between 2676 and 2700.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 426</ref>}}

{{term|term= CC|content= CC {{anchor|CC}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation sometimes used for [[#correspondence chess|correspondence chess]].}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
| | | | | | | |
| | | |xx|xx| | |
| | | |xx|xx| | |
| | | | | | | |
|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|The center squares are marked "<big>×</big>".
}}
{{term|term= center|content= center {{anchor|Center|centre|Centre}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''centre'''. The four squares in the middle of the [[#chessboard|board]].<ref name="S&S_p239">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 239</ref> See also ''[[#expanded center|expanded center]]''. Sometimes short for ''[[#pawn center|pawn center]]''. A king "in the center" can refer to an uncastled king on a [[#center file|center file]]. }}

{{term|term= center file|content= center file {{anchor|Center file|centre file|Centre file|center files|centre files}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''centre file'''. The king's file (e-file) or queen's file (d-file).}}

{{term|term= center pawn|content= center pawn {{anchor|Center pawn|centre pawn|Centre pawn|center pawns|centre pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''centre pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the king's file (e-file) or queen's file (d-file).<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 72</ref>}}

{{term|term= central file|content= central file {{anchor|Central file|central files}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#center file|center file]]''.}}

{{term|term= centralization|content= [[Chess strategy#Control of the center|centralization]] {{anchor|Centralization|centralisation|Centralisation}} }}
{{defn|defn= Moving a piece or pieces toward the center of the board, where they will not only [[#control of the center|control the center]], but their influence will extend to other areas. Pieces are best placed near the center of the board, because they increase their power and maneuverability. [[#knight|Knights]] in particular benefit from being centralized.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 430">Silman 1999, p. 430</ref> Antonym: ''decentralization''.<ref name="H&W_p102">Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 102</ref>}}

{{term|term= central pawn|content= central pawn {{anchor|Central pawn|central pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#center pawn|center pawn]]''.}}

{{term|term= cheapo|content= cheapo {{anchor|Cheapo|cheapos}} }}
{{defn|defn= Slang for a primitive [[#trap|trap]], often set in the hope of [[#swindle|swindling]] a win or a draw from a lost position.<ref>Snyder 2007, p. 22</ref> Also called ''cheap shot''.}}

{{term|term= check|content= [[Check (chess)|check]] {{anchor|Check|checks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A direct attack on the [[#king|king]] by an enemy [[#man|man]]. The attacked king is said to be ''in check''. There are only three possible immediate responses to a check: capturing the attacking piece, moving the king to an unattacked square, or [[#interpose|interposing]] a piece between the attacker and the king. In casual games a player usually announces "check", however this is not a requirement in tournament games.<ref>Staunton 2014, p. 48</ref>}}

{{term|term= checkmate|content= [[checkmate]] {{anchor|Checkmate|checkmates}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position in which a player's [[#king|king]] is in [[#check|check]] and the player has no legal move (i.e. cannot move out of or escape the check). A player whose king is checkmated loses the game.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 53">Staunton 2014, p. 53</ref> Often shortened to '''mate'''.}}

{{term|term= chess blindness|content=chess blindness {{anchor|Chess blindness}} }}
{{defn|defn=The failure of a player to see a good move or danger that should normally be considered obvious. The term was coined by [[Siegbert Tarrasch]]. Similar to [[#Kotov syndrome|Kotov syndrome]].<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 210</ref>}}

{{term|term= chessboard|content= [[chessboard]] {{anchor|Chessboard|chessboards}} }}
{{defn|defn= The chequered board used in chess, consisting of 64 squares (eight rows by eight columns) arranged in two alternating colors, light and dark.<ref>Staunton 2014, p. 30</ref>}}

[[Image:Sah sahovska ura.png|thumb|210px|A [[chess clock]]]]

{{term|term= chess clock|content= [[chess clock]] {{anchor|Chess clock|chess clocks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A device made up of two adjacent clocks and buttons, keeping track of the total time each player takes for their moves. Immediately after moving, the player hits their button, which simultaneously stops their clock and starts their opponent's. The picture shown displays an analogue clock where the term ''[[#flag fall|flag fall]]'' originates. Modern clocks are digital.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 66</ref>}}

{{term|term= chessmen|content= chessmen {{anchor|Chessmen|chessman}} }}
{{defn|defn= The movable figures placed on the board in a game of chess. Includes both pieces and pawns.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref> Singular: ''chessman''.}}

{{term|term= chess notation|content= chess notation {{anchor|Chess notation|chess notations}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#notation|notation]]''.}}

{{term|term= chess opening|content= chess opening {{anchor|Chess opening|chess openings}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening|opening]]''.}}

{{term|term= chess problem|content= [[chess problem]] {{anchor|Chess problem|chess problems}} }}
{{defn|defn= Also called ''{{chessprobgloss|composition}}''.}}

[[File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg|thumb|210px|A wooden [[chess set]] and [[Chessboard|board]]]]
{{term|term= chess set|content= [[chess set]] {{anchor|Chess set|chess sets}} }}
{{defn|defn= The thirty-two [[#piece|pieces]] required for a game, plus a [[#chessboard|chessboard]].}}

{{term|term= chess variant|content= [[chess variant]] {{anchor|Chess variant|chess variants}} }}
{{defn|defn= A chess-like game played using a board, pieces, or rules different from standard chess.<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 13">Hochberg 2005, p. 13</ref>}}

{{term|term= Chess960|content= [[Chess960]] {{anchor|Chess960}} }}
{{defn|defn= Chess960 (also known as Fischer Random Chess) is a [[#chess variant|variation of the game]] invented and advocated by [[Bobby Fischer]]. The pieces and pawns have their normal moves, but the setup of pieces on the [[#back rank|first rank]] is [[#randomized chess|random]], except that two rules must be followed: the king must be placed on a square between the rooks, and the bishops are placed on squares of opposite color. Black's pieces are placed opposite White's. The random setup can be established by dice toss, computer program, playing cards, or other methods. Castling may be done; the special Chess960 rules governing castling incorporate the normal castling in classic chess.{{refn|See section "II.3 Chess960 castling rules" under "Guidelines" in the FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess">{{Cite web|title=FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018|url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012018|access-date=12 July 2020|website=FIDE}}</ref>}}<ref>Gligorić 2002, p. 40</ref>}}

{{term|term= chop wood|content= chop wood {{anchor|Chop wood}} }}
{{defn|defn= Slang for [[#capture|capturing]] or [[#exchange|exchanging]] pieces.<ref name="Shibut 2012, p. 68">Shibut 2012, p. 68</ref> See also ''[[#wood|wood]]''.}}

{{term|term= classical|content= classical {{anchor|Classical}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= An [[#opening system|opening system]] geared towards forming a full [[#pawn center|pawn center]]. Classical ideas were challenged by ''[[#hypermodernism|hypermodern]]'' ideas.<ref name=S&S_p239 />}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= A game using a longer [[#time control|time control]] such as 40/2; the opposite of [[#fast chess|fast chess]] categories such as [[#rapid chess|rapid]], [[#blitz chess|blitz]] or [[#bullet chess|bullet]].<ref name="ReferenceA">United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 8</ref>}}

{{term|term= classical bishop sacrifice|content= classical bishop sacrifice {{anchor|Classical bishop sacrifice}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Greek gift sacrifice|Greek gift sacrifice]]''.}}

{{term|term= clearance|content= clearance {{anchor|Clearance}} }}
{{defn|defn=Removal of piece from a square, [[#rank|rank]], [[#file|file]] or [[#diagonal|diagonal]] so that another piece may use it. It often involves sacrificing the piece that unblocked the position.<ref>Hertan 2014, p. 373</ref> See [[Clearance sacrifice]].}}

{{term|term= clock move|content= clock move {{anchor|Clock move}} }}
{{defn|defn= In a game played ''clock move'', a move is considered completed only after the clock is pressed. For example, one could touch a piece, then move a different piece—as long as the player has not pressed their clock button. This way of playing is uncommon but can be seen in [[#friendly game|casual games]] or [[#blitz chess|blitz]] games.<ref>Lawson 1992, pp. 25–26</ref>}}

{{term|term= clock time|content= clock time {{anchor|Clock time|clock times}} }}
{{defn|defn= Time (consumed or remaining) on the [[#chess clock|chess clock]], in a [[#tournament|tournament game]].<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 181</ref>}}

{{term|term= closed file|content= closed file {{anchor|Closed file|closed files}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#file|file]] on which White and Black each have a [[#pawn|pawn]].<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 42</ref>}}

{{term|term= closed game|content= closed game {{anchor|closed game|closed games|closed position|closed positions}} }}
{{defn|defn= A closed game has few open lines ([[#file|files]] or [[#diagonal|diagonals]]). It is generally characterized by interlocking [[#pawn chain|pawn chains]], [[#cramped|cramped]] positions with few opportunities to [[#exchange|exchange]], and extensive maneuvering behind lines. Such a game may evolve and later become an ''[[#open game|open game]]''.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 70</ref> See also ''[[#positional play|positional play]]''.}}

{{term|term= Closed Game|content= [[Closed Game]] {{anchor|Closed Game|Closed Games}} }}
{{defn|defn= A Closed Game is a particular [[#opening|opening]] that begins with the moves 1.d4 d5. It is also known as a ''Double Queen's Pawn Opening'' or ''Double Queen's Pawn Game''.<ref>de Firmian 1999, p. 389</ref> See also ''[[#Open Game|Open Game]]'' and ''[[#Semi-Open Game|Semi-Open Game]]''.}}

{{term|term= closed tournament|content= closed tournament {{anchor|Closed tournament|closed tournaments}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#tournament|tournament]] in which only invited or qualifying players may participate, as opposed to an ''[[#open tournament|open tournament]]''. Also called ''invitational tournament''.}}

{{term|term= CM|content= CM {{anchor|CM|CMs}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Candidate Master|Candidate Master]] title.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd| |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |pd| | |
| | |bl|nd|pl| | |
| | | | | |nl| |
|pl|pl|pl|pl| |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl| | |rl
|The [[Blackburne Shilling Gambit]] (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!), an example of coffeehouse play
}}
{{term|term= coffeehouse|content= coffeehouse {{anchor|Coffeehouse}} }}
{{defn|defn= Adjective used to describe a move, player, or style of play characterized by risky, positionally dubious play that sets traps for the opponent. The name comes from the notion that one would expect to see such play in [[#skittles|skittles]] games played in a coffeehouse or similar setting, particularly in games played for stakes or [[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]. The [[Blackburne Shilling Gambit]] is a typical example of coffeehouse play.<ref>Avni 2014, pp. 35–37</ref>}}

{{term|term= color|content= color {{anchor|Color|colour|colors|colours}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''colour'''. The white or black [[#piece|pieces]], and the white or black squares. The actual pieces and squares may be other colors, usually light and dark, but they are referred to as white and black.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref> See [[White and Black in chess]].}}

{{term|term= colorbound|content= colorbound {{anchor|Colorbound|colourbound}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''colourbound'''. The property of a piece to access only squares of one color. In standard chess, each [[#bishop|bishop]] is colorbound to either the [[#white|white]] or [[#black|black]] squares.}}

{{term|term= combination|content= [[Combination (chess)|combination]] {{anchor|Combination|combinations}} }}
{{defn|defn= A sequence of moves, including forced moves, and often involving a [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]], to gain an advantage.<ref name=S&S_p239 />}}

{{term|term= compensation|content= [[Compensation (chess)|compensation]] {{anchor|Compensation}} }}
{{defn|defn= That which is gained in return for a loss – often a positional improvement in return for loss of material. If material is [[#sacrifice|sacrificed]] there may be a gain in development, or if a minor piece is [[#exchange|exchanged]] for two or three pawns, the pawns would be the compensation.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 72</ref>}}

{{term|term= computer move|content= computer move {{anchor|Computer move|computer moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= A term for a move that seems likely to have been played by a [[Computer chess|computer]] rather than a human, because the move seems counterintuitive, or seems not to make immediate sense, or seems to eventually make sense, but not until far into the future of the game. Computer moves seem to be what they are: moves based on the brute force of millions of calculations, and not based on intuition, aesthetics, or emotion. A computer move would overlook a dramatic capture that might cause an opponent to resign on the spot in favor of an obscure move that may eventually turn out to be only slightly better. At one time the term was used disparagingly, but the definition has evolved as computers have improved. It is a term that is occasionally used to suggest that a player has been assisted by a computer.<ref>Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 99</ref><ref>Hertan 2014, p. 7</ref>}}

{{term|term= connected passed pawns|content= [[Passed pawn#Protected passed pawn|connected passed pawns]] {{anchor|Connected passed pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[#passed pawn|Passed pawns]] on adjacent [[#file|files]]. These are considered to be unusually powerful (often worth a minor piece or rook if on the sixth rank or above and not properly blockaded) because they can advance together.<ref name=S&S_p239 /> See also ''[[#connected pawns|connected pawns]]''.}}

{{term|term= connected pawns|content= [[connected pawns]] {{anchor|Connected pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= Refers to two or more [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on adjacent [[#file|files]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 430">Silman 1999, p. 430</ref> Cf. ''[[#isolated pawn|isolated pawns]]''.}}

{{term|term= connected rooks|content= connected rooks {{anchor|Connected rooks}} }}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#rook|rooks]] of the same color on the same [[#rank|rank]] or [[#file|file]] with no pawns or pieces between them. Connected rooks are usually desirable. Players often connect rooks on their own [[#home rank|first rank]] or along an [[#open file|open file]].<ref>Pandolfini 1989, p. 223</ref> See also ''[[#doubled rooks|doubled rooks]]''.}}

{{term|term= consolidation|content= consolidation {{anchor|Consolidation|consolidations|consolidate}} }}
{{defn|defn= The improvement of a player's position by the reposition of one or more pieces to better square(s), typically after a player's attack or [[#combination|combination]] has left their pieces in poor positions or uncoordinated.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 76</ref>}}

{{term|term= continuation|content= continuation {{anchor|Continuation|continuations}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#variation|variation]]''.}}

{{term|term= control |content= control {{anchor|Control}} }}
{{defn|defn= When a player's pawn, piece or pieces guard a square, or squares, or a file, or a rank in such a way that the territory can be advantageously used; and the opponent is prevented from using the territory.<ref>Borders 2007, p. 102</ref>}}

{{term|term= control of the center|content= [[Chess strategy#Control of the center|control of the center]] {{anchor|Control of the center|control of the centre|Control of the centre}} }}
{{defn|defn= Having one or more pieces that attack any of the four center squares; an important strategy, and one of the main aims of [[#opening|openings]].<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, pp. 44, 149</ref>}}

{{term|term= cook|content= cook {{anchor|Cook|cooks}} }}
{{defn|defn= In {{chessprobgloss|composition|chess problems}}, an unintended duplicate solution, or a refutation.<ref>Hochberg 2005, p. 20</ref> See also [[Glossary of chess problems#cook]].}}

{{term|term= corr.|content= corr. {{anchor|Corr.}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#correspondence chess|correspondence game]].}}

{{term|term= correspondence chess|content= [[correspondence chess]] {{anchor|Correspondence chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= Chess played at a long time control by long-distance correspondence. Traditionally correspondence chess was played though the post; today it is usually played over a [[correspondence chess server]] or by [[e-mail|email]]. Typically, one move is transmitted in every correspondence.<ref>Dunne 1991, p. 1</ref>}}

{{term|term= corresponding squares|content= [[corresponding squares]] {{anchor|Corresponding squares}} }}
{{defn|defn= Corresponding squares are pairs of squares such that when a king moves to one square, it forces the opponent's king to occupy the other square in order to hold the position. If the opponent's king cannot move to the required square it is [[#zugzwang|zugzwang]] and a disadvantage. Corresponding squares usually occur in pawn [[#endgame|endgames]]. The theory of corresponding squares has developed to include complex calculations based on math-like formulas.<ref>Dvoretsky 2006, p. 15</ref> Also called ''related squares''. Cf. ''[[#opposition|opposition]]''.}}

{{term|term= counterattack|content= counterattack {{anchor|Counterattack|counterattacks}} }}
{{defn|defn= An attack that responds to an attack by the opponent.<ref>Pandolfini 2005, p. 125</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
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|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd| | |pd|pd|pd
| | | | | | | |
| | | |pd|pd| | |
| | | | |pl|pl| |
| | | | | | | |
|pl|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|The [[Falkbeer Countergambit]] (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5), a gambit response to the [[King's Gambit]]
}}
{{term|term= countergambit|content= countergambit {{anchor|Countergambit|countergambits}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#gambit|gambit]] offered by [[#Black|Black]], for example the Greco Counter Gambit, usually called the [[Latvian Gambit]] today (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5{{chesspunc|?!}}); the [[Albin Countergambit]] (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); and the [[Falkbeer Countergambit]] (1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5). An opening need not have "countergambit" in its name to be one, for instance the [[Benko Gambit]] (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5); the [[Englund Gambit]] (1.d4 e5?!); the [[Budapest Gambit]] (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5); the [[Blackburne Shilling Gambit]] (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nd4?!); and many lines of the [[Two Knights Defense]] (e.g. 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 4.Ng5 and now 4...Bc5{{chesspunc|!?}} [the Wilkes–Barre Variation or Traxler Counterattack]; 4...Nxe4?!; 4...d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 [the main line]; 4...d5 5.exd5 Nd4 [the Fritz Variation]; and 4...d5 5.exd5 b5 [the Ulvestad Variation]) are all examples of countergambits.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 78</ref>}}

{{term|term= counterplay|content= counterplay {{anchor|Counterplay}} }}
{{defn|defn= The defending side's own aggressive action.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 431">Silman 1999, p. 431</ref>}}

{{term|term= country move|content= country move {{anchor|Country move|country moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= A disparaging term for a move considered unsophisticated, especially an unnecessary single-step advance of the [[#rook's pawn|rook's pawn]] in the [[#opening|opening]]. The term was popular in London in the late 19th century.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 96</ref>}}

{{term|term= cover|content= cover {{anchor|Cover}} }}
{{defn|defn= To protect a piece or control a square.}}

{{term|term= cramped|content= cramped {{anchor|Cramped}} }}
{{defn|defn= Having limited [[#mobility|mobility]] in a position.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 79</ref>}}

{{term|term= critical position|content= critical position {{anchor|Critical position|critical positions}} }}
{{defn|defn=The moment in a game or opening when the evaluation shows that things are about to change, either towards an advantage for one player, or towards equality; a wrong move can be disastrous.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 431">Silman 1999, p. 431</ref>}}

{{term|term= critical square|content= critical square {{anchor|Critical square|critical squares}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#key square|key square]]''.}}

{{term|term= cross-check|content= [[cross-check]] {{anchor|Cross-check|cross-checks|cross check|cross checks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A cross-check is a [[#check|check]] played in reply to a check, especially when the original check is blocked by a piece that itself either delivers check or reveals a [[#discovered check|discovered check]] from another piece.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 81</ref>}}

{{term|term= crosstable|content= crosstable {{anchor|Crosstable|crosstables}} }}
{{defn|defn= An arrangement of the results of every game in a [[#tournament|tournament]] in tabular form. The names of the players run down the left side of the table in numbered rows. The names may be listed in order of results, alphabetically, or in pairing order, but results order is most common. There may be one column for each successive round, or, in a [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]], there may be one column for each player, with the players in the same order in the columns as in the rows. For each player, the table cells on the player's row record the results of the player's games, using 1{{nbsp}}for a win, 0{{nbsp}}for a loss, and ½ for a draw. (In a double [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]] each cell contains two entries, as each pair of players plays two games alternating [[#White|White]] and Black.)<ref>Lawson 1992, pp. 31–32, 53</ref> For examples see [[Hastings 1895 chess tournament]], [[Nottingham 1936 chess tournament]], and [[AVRO 1938 chess tournament|AVRO tournament]].}}

{{term|term= crush|content= crush {{anchor|Crush|crushes}} }}
{{defn|defn= Slang for a quick win, especially an overwhelming [[#Attack|attack]] versus poor defensive play. A crushing move is a decisive one.}}

{{glossary end}}

==D==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= dark-square bishop|content= dark-square bishop {{anchor|Dark-square bishop|dark-square bishops|dark-squared bishop|dark-squared bishops|dark bishop|dark bishops}}}}
{{defn|defn= One of the two [[#bishop|bishops]] that moves only on the [[#dark squares|dark squares]]. In the initial position, White's dark-square bishop is on c1; Black's is on f8.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 47">Pandolfini 1996, p. 47</ref> Often shortened to '''dark bishop'''<ref name=H&W_p102 /> or '''DSB'''. Cf. ''[[#light-square bishop|light-square bishop]]''.}}

{{term|term= dark squares|content= dark squares {{anchor|Dark squares|dark square}} }}
{{defn|defn= The 32 dark-colored squares on the chessboard, such as a1 and h8. A dark square is always located at a player's left-hand corner.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 47">Pandolfini 1996, p. 47</ref> Cf. ''[[#light squares|light squares]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
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| | | | | | | |
| | | | |bl| | |
| | | | | | | |
| |kl| | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |kd| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|A dead draw by means of insufficient material. King versus king and bishop will not ever lead to checkmate.
}}
{{term|term= dead draw|content= dead draw {{anchor|Dead draw|dead draws}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#draw|drawn]] position in which neither player has any realistic chance to win. A dead draw may refer to a position in which it is impossible for either player to win (such as [[#insufficient material|insufficient material]]), or it may refer to a simple, lifeless position that would require a major [[#blunder|blunder]] before either side would have a chance to win.<ref>Webb 2006, p. 49</ref>}}

{{term|term= dead position|content= [[Rules_of_chess#Dead_position|dead position]] {{anchor|Dead position|dead positions}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position where neither player can mate the opponent’s king with any series of legal moves (e.g. [[Knight_(chess)|knight]] and [[King_(chess)|king]] against a [[bare king]]). This position is [[#draw|drawn]].{{refn|Article 5.2.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}}}

{{term|term= decoy|content= [[Decoy (chess)|decoy]] {{anchor|Decoy|decoys}} }}
{{defn|defn= This is a [[#tactics|tactic]] used to lure a piece to a particular square.<ref name="S&S_p240">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 240</ref>}}

{{term|term= defense|content= defense {{anchor|Defense|defence|Defence|defenses|defences}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A move or plan to meet the opponent's [[#attack|attack]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 431">Silman 1999, p. 431</ref>}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= Part of the name of [[#opening|openings]] played by Black; e.g. the [[Scandinavian Defense]], [[King's Indian Defence]], [[English Defence]], etc.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 431">Silman 1999, p. 431</ref>}}

{{term|term= deflect|content= deflect {{anchor|Deflect|deflection|deflections}} }}
{{defn|defn= The inverse of a [[#decoy|decoy]]. Whereas a decoy involves luring an enemy piece to a bad square, a deflection involves luring an enemy piece away from a good square; typically, away from a square on which it defends another piece or threat. Deflection is thus closely related to [[#overloaded|overloading]].<ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 274</ref>}}

[[Image:WouterMeesRotterdam1991.jpg|thumb|210px|Wouter Mees at a demonstration board]]

{{term|term= demonstration board|content= demonstration board {{anchor|Demonstration board|demonstration boards}} }}
{{defn|defn= A large standing chess board used to analyze a game or show a game in progress. [[Johann Löwenthal]] invented the demonstration board in 1857.<ref>Pandolfini 2005, p. 64</ref>}}

{{term|term= descriptive notation|content= [[Descriptive chess notation|descriptive notation]] {{anchor|Descriptive notation}} }}
{{defn|defn= A system of recording chess moves, used primarily in the English and Spanish speaking countries until the 1980s. Descriptive notation is based on natural language descriptions of chess moves rendered in abbreviated form, for example "pawn to queen's bishop's fourth" is rendered as "P-QB4". Now replaced by the standard [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]].<ref>Wilson 1994, p. 60</ref>}}

{{term|term= desperado|content= [[Desperado (chess)|desperado]] {{anchor|Desperado|desperadoes|desperados}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#piece|piece]] that seems determined to give itself up, typically to bring about [[#stalemate|stalemate]] or [[#perpetual check|perpetual check]]. Also a threatened piece that sacrifices itself for the maximum compensation possible.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 89</ref>}}

{{term|term= development|content= development {{anchor |Development |develop |Develop |develops |developed |developing}} }}
{{defn|defn= The movement of non-pawn pieces in the [[#opening|opening]] from their original squares to squares where they can be more [[#active|active]]. Development of one's pieces is one of the [[Chess opening#Common aims in opening play|objectives of the opening]] phase of the game.<ref name=S&S_p240 />}}

{{term|term= diagonal|content= diagonal {{anchor|Diagonal|diagonals}} }}
{{defn|defn= A line of squares of the same color touching corner to corner, along which a queen or bishop can move.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 56">Staunton 2014, p. 56</ref>}}

{{term|term= discovered attack|content= [[discovered attack]] {{anchor|Discovered attack|discovered attacks}} }}
{{defn|defn= An attack made by a queen, rook or bishop when another piece or pawn moves out of its way.<ref name=S&S_p240 />}}

{{Chess diagram small
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| | | | |qd| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |kd| | |
| | | | |bl| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |rl| | |
| |kl| | | | | |
|Once the e4-bishop moves, it is discovered check by the rook.
}}
{{term|term= discovered check|content= [[discovered check]] {{anchor|Discovered check|discovered checks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A discovered attack to the king. This occurs when a player moves a piece, resulting in another piece putting their opponent's king in check.<ref>Staunton 2014, p. 50</ref>}}

{{term|term= domination|content= [[Domination (chess)|domination]] {{anchor|Domination}} }}
{{defn|defn= A situation that occurs in games and in [[endgame studies]] when a piece is attacked and appears to have a number of destination squares, but the squares are guarded and the piece cannot avoid being captured.<ref>Soltis 2013, p. 10</ref>}}

{{term|term= double attack|content= double attack {{anchor|Double attack|double attacks}} }}
{{defn|defn= Two attacks made with one move: these attacks may be made by the same piece (in which case it is a {{italics correction|''[[#fork|fork]]''}}); or by different pieces, for example in a [[#discovered attack|discovered attack]] when the moved piece also makes a threat.<ref name=S&S_p240 />}}

{{term|term= double check|content= [[double check]] {{anchor|Double check|double checks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#check|check]] delivered by two pieces at the same time. A double check necessarily involves a [[#discovered check|discovered check]]. By its nature a double check cannot be met by interposing a defending piece in the line of attack, or by capturing an attacker; when subjected to a double check, the attacked king must move, which makes the double check especially powerful as an attacking tactic.<ref>Staunton 2014, p. 51</ref>}}

{{term|term= doubled pawns|content= [[doubled pawns]] {{anchor|Doubled pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on the same [[#file|file]]; generally considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 56">Staunton 2014, p. 56</ref>}}

{{term|term= doubled rooks|content= doubled rooks {{anchor|Doubled rooks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A powerful configuration in which a player's two rooks are placed on the same [[#file|file]] or [[#rank|rank]] with no other [[#man|men]] between them. They defend each other and attack along the shared file or rank, as well as two additional ranks or files. The configuration can be especially decisive in the [[#endgame|endgame]].<ref>Pandolfini 2013, p. 75</ref>}}

{{term|term= draw|content= [[Draw (chess)|draw]] {{anchor|Draw|draws}} }}
{{defn|defn= A game that ends without victory for either player. Most drawn games are [[draw by agreement|draws by agreement]]. The other ways that a game can end in a draw are by [[#stalemate|stalemate]], by a [[#dead position|dead position]], by the [[#threefold repetition|threefold repetition rule]], by the [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]], by the [[#fivefold repetition|fivefold repetition rule]] and by the [[#seventy-five-move rule|seventy-five-move rule]]. A position is said to be a draw (or a "drawn position" or "theoretical draw") if either player can, through correct play, eventually force the game into a position where the game must end in a draw, regardless of the moves made by the other player. A draw is usually scored as ½ point, although in some matches only wins are counted and draws are ignored.<ref name=S&S_p240 />}}

{{term|term= draw by agreement|content= [[draw by agreement]] {{anchor|Draw by agreement|draws by agreement}} }}
{{defn|defn= A game that is ended by both players' accepting a draw.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 96</ref> See also ''[[#resign|resign]]''.}}

{{term|term= draw death|content= draw death {{anchor|Draw death}} }}
{{defn|defn= Hypothetical scenario whereby elite-level chess players, aided by modern computer analysis, become so good that they never make mistakes, leading to endless drawn games (since chess is widely believed to be drawn with best play from both sides).<ref>Grooten 2017, p. 289</ref>}}

{{term|term= drawing line|content= drawing line {{anchor|Drawing line|drawing lines}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]] that commonly ends in a [[#draw|draw]].<ref>Soltis 2002, p. 146</ref> See also [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1008234 Collection of drawing lines].}}

{{term|term= drawing weapon|content= drawing weapon {{anchor|Drawing weapon|drawing weapons}} }}
{{defn|defn= An opening [[#line|line]] played with the intent of drawing the game.<ref>Desjarlais 2011, p. 99</ref>}}

{{term|term= drawish|content= drawish {{anchor|Drawish}} }}
{{defn|defn= An adjective describing a position or game that is likely to end in a [[#draw|draw]].<ref>Edwards 2007, p. 258</ref>}}

{{term|term= draw odds|content= draw odds {{anchor|Draw odds}} }}
{{defn|defn= A type of chess handicap where one player (Black in an [[#Armageddon game|Armageddon game]]) has only to draw in order to win the match.<ref>Capablanca 2002, p. 79</ref>}}

{{term|term= draw offer|content= draw offer {{anchor|Draw offer|draw offers}} }}
{{defn|defn= A proposal by a player to the opponent that the game be [[#draw by agreement|drawn by agreement]].<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 376</ref>}}

{{term|term= dynamism|content= dynamism {{anchor|Dynamism}} }}
{{defn|defn= A style of play in which the activity of the pieces is favored over more positional considerations, even to the point of accepting permanent structural or spatial weaknesses. Dynamism stemmed from the teachings of the [[#hypermodernism|Hypermodern school]] and challenged the dogma found in more classical teachings, such as those put forward by [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] and [[Siegbert Tarrasch]].<ref>Suba 2014, p. 104</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==E==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= eat }}
{{defn|defn= To remove the opponent's [[#piece|piece]] or [[#pawn|pawn]] from the board by taking it with one's own piece or pawn.<ref>Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 281</ref><ref>Silman 1998, p. 10</ref> See also ''[[#capture|capture]]''.}}

{{term|term= ECF|content= [[English Chess Federation|ECF]] {{anchor|ECF}} }}
{{defn|defn= The English Chess Federation (ECF) is the governing chess organisation in England and is one of the federations of the [[#FIDE|FIDE]]. It was known as the British Chess Federation (BCF) until 2005 when it was renamed.}}

{{term|term= ECO|content= ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings|ECO]]'' {{anchor|ECO|ECO code|ECO codes}} }}
{{defn|defn= The ''Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings'' ({{italics correction|''ECO''}}), a standard and comprehensive [[#opening|chess opening]] reference. Also a classification system ('''''ECO''''' '''code''') for openings that assigns an alphanumeric code from A00 to E99 to each opening.}}

{{term|term= edge|content= edge {{anchor|Edge}} }}
{{defn|defn= An ''edge'' is a small but meaningful advantage in the position against one's opponent. It is often said White has an edge in the starting position, since White moves first (see [[First-move advantage in chess]]).<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 301</ref>}}

{{term|term= Elo rating system|content= [[Elo rating system]] {{anchor|Elo rating system}} }}
{{defn|defn= The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of chess players, named after [[Arpad Elo]]. Since 2012, [[#FIDE|FIDE]] publishes a monthly international chess rating list using the Elo system.<ref name="S&S_p241">Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 241</ref>}}

{{term|term= endgame|content= [[Chess endgame|endgame]] {{anchor|Endgame|endgames}} }}
{{defn|defn= The third and last phase of the game, when there are few pieces left on the board. The endgame follows the [[#middlegame|middlegame]].<ref name=S&S_p241 />}}

{{term|term= endgame tablebase|content= [[endgame tablebase]] {{anchor|Endgame tablebase|endgame tablebases}} }}
{{defn|defn= A computerized database of [[#endgame|endgames]] with a small number of pieces, providing [[perfect play]] for both players, and thus completely solving those endgames. By 2012, tablebases have been calculated for all positions with up to seven pieces.<ref>Moore & Mertens 2011, p. 14</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
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|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd| |pd| |pd|pd|pd
| | | | | | | |
| | |pd|pl|pd| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|pl|pl|pl| |pl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|After 1.d4 c5 2.d5 e5, White can play 3.dxe6, capturing the e-pawn ''en passant'' on the next move. The white pawn is placed on e6, and the black pawn on e5 is removed from the board.
}}
{{term|term= en passant|content= ''[[en passant]]'' {{anchor|En passant}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from French, "in the act of passing"] The rule that allows a [[#pawn|pawn]] that has just advanced two squares to be captured by an enemy pawn that is on the same rank and adjacent file. The pawn can be taken as if it had advanced only one square. Capturing ''en passant'' is possible only on the next move.<ref>Alburt & Parr 2003, pp. 22–23</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
| | | | | |nd| |
| | | | | | | |
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| | | | | |nl| |
|pl|pl|pl|pl| |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl| |rl
|The pawn on e4 is ''en prise''.
}}
{{term|term= en prise|content= ''en prise'' {{anchor|En prise}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from French, "in a position to be taken",<ref>Brace 1977</ref><ref>''[[New Oxford American Dictionary]]''</ref> often italicized] ''En prise'' describes a piece or pawn exposed to a material-winning capture by the opponent. This is either a [[#hanging|hanging]] piece, an undefended [[#pawn|pawn]], a piece attacked by a less valuable attacker, or a piece or pawn defended insufficiently. For instance, 1.e4 Nf6 2.Nf3? leaves White's e-pawn ''en prise''.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 57">Staunton 2014, p. 57</ref><ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/enprise.html "En prise (Chess Term)" by Edward Winter]</ref>}}

{{term|term= epaulette mate|content= [[epaulette mate]] {{anchor|Epaulette mate|Epaulette checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#checkmate|checkmate]] position where the king is blocked on both sides by its own rooks.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 102</ref>}}

{{term|term= EPD|content= EPD {{anchor|EPD}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Extended Position Description|Extended Position Description]].}}

{{term|term= equalize|content= equalize {{anchor|Equalize|equalizing|equalise|Equalise|equalising|equality|equal}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''equalise'''. To reach a position where the players have equal chances of winning, referred to as '''equality''', or a position that is '''equal'''. In the [[#opening|opening]], because White has the [[#first-move advantage|advantage of the first move]], the immediate goal for Black is to achieve equality.<ref>Wilson 1994, p. 55</ref>}}

{{term|term= escape square|content= escape square {{anchor|Escape square|escape squares}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#flight square|flight square]]''.}}

{{term|term= evaluation|content= [[evaluation]] {{anchor|Evaluation|eval|Eval|evaluations|Evaluations}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or simply '''eval'''. The analysis of a position. A computer or engine evaluation is a means of assigning a number value to a position, based not on intelligence, but on algorithms, which vary from engine to engine and depend on engine strength. Engine evaluations have foibles and imperfections even when functioning as designed. If an engine describes a position as +2.50, the plus sign ("+") indicates the position is favorable to White; a minus sign ("−") indicates the position is favorable to Black. The number can correspond to the approximate value of pieces, although engines use other factors besides material. The notation +2.50 indicates that White is ahead by two and one-half pawns. The notation +M4 indicates that White can force checkmate in four moves.<ref>David 2016, pp. 88–96</ref><ref>ChessMN16. "How to Read Engine Evaluations". Chess.com. April 29, 2015</ref><ref>Newborn 2013, pp. 1–14</ref> Cf. ''[[#analysis|analysis]]''.}}

{{term|term= exchange|content= [[Exchange (chess)|exchange]] {{anchor|Exchange|exchanges|exchanged|exchanging}} }}
{{defn|defn= To swap or trade pieces by [[#capture|capture]]. Usually the pieces are of equal value (i.e., rook for rook, knight for knight, etc.), or of bishop for knight (two pieces that are considered approximately equal in value).<ref>Golombek 1977, p. 113, and Silman 1999, p. 432, define an exchange to always be of equal value, but most writers do not: Horton 1952, p. 63; Brace 1977, p. 97; Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 130; Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 188.</ref> Also called ''even exchange''.}}

{{term|term= exchange, the|content= [[The exchange (chess)|exchange, the]] {{anchor|Exchange, the|The exchange|the exchange}} }}
{{defn|defn= The advantage of a rook over a [[#minor piece|minor piece]] (knight or bishop). The player who captures a rook for a minor piece is said to have "won the exchange", the player who has lost the rook has "lost the exchange". An ''exchange sacrifice'' is giving up a rook for a minor piece.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 57">Staunton 2014, p. 57</ref>}}

{{term|term= exchange variation|content= [[exchange variation]] {{anchor|Exchange variation|exchange variations}} }}
{{defn|defn= This is a type of [[#opening|opening]] in which there is an early, voluntary exchange of pawns or pieces.<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 113</ref>}}

{{term|term= exhibition|content= exhibition {{anchor|Exhibition|exhibitions}} }}
{{defn|defn= Chess games played for the public in various formats and for various purposes, often to promote the game, or a particular match or player, or as a fundraiser. An exhibition may pit two masters against each other, and normally use [[#chess clock|chess clocks]]. In a [[#simultaneous chess|simultaneous exhibition]], one player takes on a number of opponents at once, and it is often not [[#time control|timed]]. A blindfold exhibition is the same but more challenging, since the exhibitor plays without seeing the boards.<ref>Soltis 2002, p. 102</ref>}}

{{term|term= expanded center|content= expanded center {{anchor|Expanded center|expanded centre|Expanded centre}} }}
{{defn|defn= The central sixteen squares of the [[#chessboard|chessboard]].<ref>Lawrence & Alburt 2010, p. 88</ref>}}

{{term|term= exposed king|content= exposed king {{anchor|Exposed king|exposed kings}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#king|king]] lacking [[#pawn|pawns]] to shield it from enemy attack.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, pp. 56, 94, 118</ref>}}

{{term|term= Extended Position Description|content= Extended Position Description {{anchor|Extended Position Description|Extended Position Description (EPD)}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#Forsyth–Edwards Notation|Forsyth–Edwards Notation]] derivative format that contains the position on the chessboard, but not the game. It is primarily used to test [[chess engine]]s.<ref>Pawlak, Robert. "Your Computer as Opponent, Coach, and Training Assistant". ''Chess Life'', Vol. 56, issue 11. November 2001. pp. 22–25.</ref> Abbr. '''EPD'''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==F==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= family fork|content= family fork {{anchor|Family fork|family check|Family check|family forks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A knight [[#fork|fork]] that simultaneously attacks the enemy king (giving [[#check|check]]), queen, and possibly other pieces. Also known as a "family check".<ref name="Pandolfini 1989, p. 225">Pandolfini 1989, p. 225</ref>}}

{{term|term= FAN|content= FAN {{anchor|FAN}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[Algebraic notation (chess)#Figurine algebraic notation|figurine algebraic notation]], which substitutes symbols for letters to represent piece names (e.g. ♘f3 instead of Nf3).<ref>Soltis 2002, p. 71</ref>}}

{{term|term= fast chess|content= [[fast chess]] {{anchor|Fast chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess in which both sides are given less time to make their moves than under the normal tournament [[#time control|time controls]]. See also: ''[[#rapid chess|rapid chess]]'', ''[[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]'', ''[[#bullet chess|bullet chess]]''.}}

{{term|term= FEN|content= FEN {{anchor|FEN}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Forsyth–Edwards Notation|Forsyth–Edwards Notation]].}}

{{term|term= FGM|content= FGM {{anchor|FGM}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#FICGS Grandmaster|FICGS Grandmaster]] title.}}

{{term|term= fianchetto|content= [[fianchetto]] {{anchor|Fianchetto|fiachetti}} }}
{{defn|defn= To [[#development|develop]] a [[#bishop|bishop]] to the board's longest diagonal on the file of the adjacent knight (b2 or g2 for White; b7 or g7 for Black). The Italian word ("little flank") is pronounced "fyan-ketto".<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 433">Silman 1999, p. 433</ref>}}

{{term|term= FICGS Grandmaster|content= FICGS Grandmaster {{anchor|FICGS Grandmaster}} }}
{{defn|defn= A correspondence chess title calculated by the FICGS (Free Internet Correspondence Games Server) organization.<ref>[http://www.ficgs.com/membership.html#titles FICGS correspondence chess titles]</ref>}}

{{term|term= FIDE|content= [[FIDE]] {{anchor|FIDE}} }}
{{defn|defn= The World Chess Federation (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the primary international chess organizing and governing body. The abbreviated name FIDE is nearly always used in place of the full name in French.<ref name="Pan_1996_p108">Pandolfini 1996, p. 108</ref>}}

{{term|term= FIDE Master|content= [[FIDE Master]] {{anchor|FIDE Master|FIDE Master (FM)|FIDE Masters}} }}
{{defn|defn= A chess title ranking below [[#International Master|International Master]].<ref>Ashley 2007, p. 232</ref> Abbr. '''FM'''.}}

{{term|term= fifty-move rule|content= [[fifty-move rule]] {{anchor|Fifty-move rule}} }}
{{defn|defn= A draw may be claimed if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last fifty moves by either side.<ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 16</ref> For the occurrence of seventy-five such moves, see ''[[#seventy-five-move_rule|seventy-five-move rule]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
| | | | | |xo| |
| | | | | |xo| |
| | | | | |xo| |
| | | | | |xo| |
| | | | | |xo| |
| | | | | |xo| |
| | | | | |xo| |
| | | | | |xo| |
|The f-file
}}
{{term|term= file|content= file {{anchor|File|files|Files}} }}
{{defn|defn= A column of the [[#chessboard|chessboard]]. A specific file can be named either using its position in [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]], a–h, or by using its position in [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]]. For example, "f-file" and "king bishop file" both denote the squares f1–f8 (or KB1–KB8 in descriptive notation).<ref name=Pan_1996_p108 />}}

{{term|term= fingerfehler|content= fingerfehler {{anchor|Fingerfehler}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "finger mistake"] An error caused by unthinkingly touching the wrong piece or releasing a piece on the wrong square, forcing the player to move that piece in accordance with the [[#touch-move rule|touch-move rule]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/04/style/pastimes-chess.html Byrne, Robert. "Pastimes; Chess".] ''The New York Times''. 4{{nbsp}}November 1990</ref>}}

{{term|term= first board|content= first board {{anchor|First board|first boards}} }}
{{defn|defn= In team chess, the player who is assigned to face the strongest opponents. Also called ''top board'' and ''board one''. Second board faces the next strongest players, followed by third board, and so on. Generally board assignments must be made before the competition begins and players may not switch boards, although reserve players are often allowed as substitutes.}}

{{term|term= first-move advantage|content= [[First-move advantage in chess|first-move advantage]] {{anchor|First-move advantage}} }}
{{defn|defn= The slight (by most accounts) advantage that [[#White|White]] has by virtue of moving first.<ref name=Pan_1996_p108 />}}

{{term|term= first player|content= first player {{anchor|First player}} }}
{{defn|defn= The expression "the first player" is sometimes used to refer to [[#White|White]].}}

{{term|term= first rank|content= first rank {{anchor|First rank|first ranks}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#back rank|back rank]]''.}}

{{term|term= Fischer delay|content= Fischer delay {{anchor|Fischer delay}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#time control|time control]] method with [[#time delay|time delay]], invented by [[Bobby Fischer]]. When it becomes a player's turn to move, the delay is added to the player's remaining time.<ref>Olafsson 2014, p. 80</ref>}}

{{term|term= Fischer Random Chess |content= Fischer Random Chess {{anchor|Fischer Random Chess|FR Chess|FRC|Fischerandom Chess|Fischerandom}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#Chess960|Chess960]]''.}}

{{term|term= fivefold repetition|content= [[Threefold_repetition#Fivefold repetition rule|fivefold repetition]] {{anchor|Fivefold repetition}} }}
{{defn|defn= A game is drawn if the same position occurs five times, with specific meaning of occurrence as under [[#threefold repetition|threefold repetition]].{{refn|Article 9.6.1 in FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}}}

{{term|term= five-minute chess|content= five-minute chess {{anchor|Five-minute chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]''.}}

{{term|term= flag|content= flag {{anchor|Flag|flags}} }}
{{defn|defn= Part of an analogue [[#chess clock|chess clock]], usually red, that indicates when the minute hand passes the hour. To "flag" someone means winning the game on the basis of the opponent exceeding the [[#time control|time control]].<ref name=Pan_1996_p108 />}}

{{term|term= flag-fall|content= flag-fall {{anchor|Flag-fall|flag-falls}} }}
{{defn|defn= The event when the allotted time of a player has just expired; the player has run out of time.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}

{{term|term= flank|content= flank {{anchor|Flank|flanks}} }}
{{defn|defn= The [[#queenside|queenside]] a-, b-, and c-files; or the [[#kingside|kingside]] f-, g-, and h-files. Distinguished from the [[#center|center]] d-file and e-file.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 189</ref> Also called ''wing''.}}

{{term|term= flank opening|content= [[flank opening]] {{anchor|Flank opening|flank openings}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] played by [[#White|White]] and typified by play on one or both [[#flank|flanks]].<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 234</ref>}}

{{term|term= flight square|content= [[flight square]] {{anchor|Flight square|flight squares}} }}
{{defn|defn= A square to which a piece can move, that allows it to escape attack.<ref name="Pandolfini 1989, p. 225">Pandolfini 1989, p. 225</ref> Also called ''escape square''. See also ''[[#luft|luft]]''.}}

{{term|term= FM|content= FM {{anchor|FM|FMs}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#FIDE Master|FIDE Master]] title.}}

[[File:fools mate animation.gif|frame|right|[[Fool's mate]]]]
{{term|term= Fool's mate|content= [[Fool's mate]] {{anchor|Fool's mate|Fool's Mate|Fool's mates|Fool's checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= The shortest possible chess game ending in [[#checkmate|mate]]: 1.f3 e5 2.g4 Qh4# (or minor variations on this).<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 58">Staunton 2014, p. 58</ref>}}

{{term|term= forced mate|content= forced mate {{anchor|Forced mate|forced mates|forced checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A sequence of two or more moves culminating in [[#checkmate|checkmate]] that the opponent cannot prevent.<ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 47</ref>}}

{{term|term= forced move|content= forced move {{anchor|Forced move|forced moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that is the only one to not result in a serious disadvantage for the moving player. ''Forced'' can also be used to describe a sequence of moves for which the player has no viable alternative, for example "the forced win of a piece" or "a forced checkmate". In these cases the player cannot avoid the loss of a piece or checkmate, respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 58">Staunton 2014, p. 58</ref>}}

{{term|term= forced win|content= forced win {{anchor|Forced win|forced wins}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#win|win]] guaranteed by a series of [[#forcing move|forcing move]]s.}}

{{term|term= forcing move|content= forcing move {{anchor|Forcing move|forcing moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that presents a threat and limits the opponent's responses.<ref>Hendriks 2014, pp. 161–62</ref>}}

{{term|term= forfeit|content= forfeit {{anchor|Forfeit|forfeits}} }} 
{{defn|defn= Refers to losing the game by breaking rules, by absence or by exceeding the [[#time control|time control]] (forfeit on time).<ref>United States Chess Federation 2003, pp. xxvii, 29, 34, 64, 69</ref>}}

{{term|term= fork|content= [[Fork (chess)|fork]] {{anchor|Fork|forks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A simultaneous attack by a single piece on two (or more) of the opponent's pieces (or other direct target, such as a [[#checkmate|mate]] threat). When the attacker is a [[#knight|knight]] the tactic is often specifically called a ''knight fork''. Some sources state that only a knight can give a fork and that the term ''[[#double attack|double attack]]'' is correct when another piece is involved, but this is by no means universal usage.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}

{{term|term= Forsyth–Edwards Notation|content= [[Forsyth–Edwards Notation]] {{anchor|Forsyth–Edwards Notation|Forsyth–Edwards Notation (FEN)}} }}
{{defn|defn= A standard notation for describing a particular board position of a chess game. The purpose of FEN notation is to provide all the necessary information to restart a game from a particular position.<ref>Brown 2012, p. 241</ref><ref>Moore 2015, p. 77</ref> Abbr. '''FEN'''.}}

{{term|term= fortress|content= [[Fortress (chess)|fortress]] {{anchor|Fortress|fortresses}} }}
{{defn|defn= In [[#endgame|endgame theory]], a fortress is an impenetrable position which, if obtained by the side with a material disadvantage, may result in a [[#draw|draw]] due to the stronger side's inability to make progress.<ref>Soltis 2014, p. 31</ref>}}

{{term|term= frame |content= frame {{anchor|frame|frames}} }}
{{defn|defn= A square region of the board enclosing another region not part of the given frame, akin to a [[picture frame]]. The outer frame consists of the 28 squares along the edge of the board, the middle frame consists of the 20 squares just inside the outer frame, and the inner frame consists of the 12 squares just inside the middle frame.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 144</ref> The notion of the frame may be expanded to include the [[#center|center]] itself as the innermost frame. The [[#mobility|mobility]] of pieces is closely related to the frame on which they stand. In general, a piece closer to the center has greater freedom of movement than a piece closer to the edge of the board.}}

{{term|term= friendly game|content= friendly game {{anchor|Friendly game|friendly games}} }}
{{defn|defn= A game that is not played as part of a [[#match|match]], [[#tournament|tournament]], or [[#exhibition|exhibition]]. Often the game is not [[#time control|timed]], but if a [[#chess clock|chess clock]] is used, [[#fast chess|rapid time controls]] are common. The term refers only to the circumstances in which the game is played, not the relationship between the players or the intensity of the competition.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 145</ref> Also called ''casual game''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==G==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= gambit|content= [[gambit]] {{anchor|Gambit|gambits}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] (usually of a pawn) used to gain an early advantage in [[#space|space]] or [[#time|time]] in the [[#opening|opening]].<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}

{{term|term= game clock|content= game clock {{anchor|Game clock|game clocks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A synonym for ''[[#chess clock|chess clock]]''.}}

{{term|term= game score|content= game score {{anchor|Game score|game scores}} }}
{{defn|defn= Often shortened to '''score'''. The record of a game in some form of [[#notation|notation]], usually [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]]. In [[#over the board|over-the-board]] tournaments, the game score is recorded on a [[#score sheet|score sheet]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 134">Pandolfini 1996, p. 134</ref>}}

{{term|term= gardez|content= gardez {{anchor|Gardez}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from {{lang-fr|gardez la reine!}}, "Protect the Queen!"] An announcement to the opponent that their queen is under direct attack, similar to the announcement of "check". This warning was customary until the early 20th century.<ref>Murray 2012, pp. 390–91</ref>}}

{{term|term= GM|content= GM {{anchor|GM|GMs}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]].<ref>Ashley 2007, p. 233</ref>}}

{{term|term= God|content= God {{anchor|God}} }}
{{defn|defn= Metaphorically, a hypothetical player who always plays perfectly.<ref>Kvanvig 2008, p. 229</ref>}}

{{term|term= good bishop|content= good bishop {{anchor|Good bishop}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]] that has greater mobility, because the player's own pawns are on squares of color opposite to that of the bishop.<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 165</ref> See also ''[[#bad bishop|bad bishop]]''.}}

{{term|term= Grandmaster|content= [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] {{anchor|Grandmaster|grandmaster|Grandmaster (GM)|Grandmasters|grandmasters}} }}
{{defn|defn= The highest title a chess player can attain (besides [[#World Champion|World Champion]]). Awarded by [[#FIDE|FIDE]], it cannot be taken away.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 434">Silman 1999, p. 434</ref> Abbr. '''GM'''.}}

{{term|term= grandmaster draw|content= [[Draw by agreement#Grandmaster draw|grandmaster draw]] {{anchor|Grandmaster draw|grandmaster draws}} }}
{{defn|defn= A game in which the players agree to a quick [[#draw|draw]]. Originally it referred to such games between [[#Grandmaster|grandmasters]], but the term can now refer to any such game.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 434">Silman 1999, p. 434</ref>}}

{{term|term= Greek gift sacrifice|content= [[Greek gift sacrifice]] {{anchor|Greek gift sacrifice|Greek gift sacrifices}} }}
{{defn|defn= A typical sacrifice of a [[#bishop|bishop]] by White playing Bxh7+ or by Black playing ...Bxh2+ against a [[#castling|castled king]] to initiate a [[#mating attack|mating attack]]. Also known as the ''classical bishop sacrifice''.<ref>Clarke 1963, p. 1</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==H==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= half-open file|content= [[half-open file]] {{anchor|Half-open file|half-open files}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#file|file]] on which only one player has no pawns.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 242</ref> Also called ''semi-open file''.}}

{{term|term= handicap|content= [[Chess handicap|handicap]] {{anchor|Handicap|handicaps}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#odds|odds]]''.}}

{{term|term= hanging|content= hanging {{anchor|Hanging}} }}
{{defn|defn= Unprotected and exposed to capture. A hanging piece may also be said to be ''[[#en prise|en prise]]''.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 434">Silman 1999, p. 434</ref>}}

{{term|term= hanging pawns|content= [[Pawn structure#Hanging pawns|hanging pawns]] {{anchor|Hanging pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on adjacent [[#file|files]], with no pawns of the same color on the files either side of them. The term is used almost exclusively for pawns on the c- and d-files, and usually for two pawns on the same [[#rank|rank]] (side by side). They can be a strength, a weakness or neutral depending on the position. They are typically an attacking rather than a defensive asset.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 434">Silman 1999, p. 434</ref>}}

{{term|term= Harry|content= Harry {{anchor|Harry|Harry}} }}
{{defn|defn= A nickname for the h-pawn, sometimes occurring in the expression, "Harry the h-pawn".<ref>Barden 2017</ref><ref>Cranston 2017, p. 1</ref>}}

{{term|term= hauptturnier|content= hauptturnier {{anchor|Hauptturnier}} }}
{{defn|defn= German word that is freely translated as "candidates tournament". In the early part of the 20th century, it was necessary for the ambitious European amateur to win a succession of prizes in small tournaments, to progress to a higher level of competition. The creation of the ''hauptturnier'' enabled the process to become more formalized, and they became a regular feature of the major German chess congresses. Winning such an event conferred the title of 'Master of the German Chess Federation', and this, in turn, could be used to gain admittance to prestigious international tournaments. Some of the best players in chess history, such as [[Emanuel Lasker]] and [[Siegbert Tarrasch]], secured their Master titles and advanced their chess careers in this way.<ref>Lombardy & Daniels 1977, pp. 10, 11</ref> }}

{{term|term= heavy piece|content= heavy piece {{anchor|Heavy piece|heavy pieces}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#major piece|major piece]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
| |kd| | | | | |
|pd| |pd| | | | |
|xo|pd|xo| | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | |pl|oo|pl| |
| | |pl|oo|pl| | |
|pl|pl| | | | |pl|pl
| | | | | | |kl|
|The dots indicate holes. (Evans, 1967)
}}
{{term|term= hole|content= hole {{anchor|Hole|holes}} }}
{{defn|defn= A square that is inside or near a player's territory that cannot be controlled by a pawn. It is a gap in a player's pawn configuration, and especially dangerous when the hole is close to the center or near the king. A knight landing on a hole may be part of an attack. An example of a hole is e4 in the [[Stonewall Attack]].<ref>Znosko-Borovsky 2012, p. 39</ref>}}

{{term|term= home rank|content= home rank {{anchor|Home rank|home ranks}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[#rank|Rank]] one for White; rank eight for Black.<ref>Pandolfini 2005, p. 69</ref> See ''[[#back rank|back rank]]''.}}

{{term|term= horizontal line|content= horizontal line {{anchor|Horizontal line|horizontal lines}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#rank|rank]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Horwitz vs. Harrwitz, <br />London 1846, rd. 10, 0–1<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.365chess.com/tournaments/London_m4_1846/29141 |title=London m4 Games |website=365Chess.com }}</ref>
| |rd| | | | | |
|pd| |pd| | | | |kd
| |bd|pd|pd| | |rd|
| | | |bd|pd| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | |pl| | |pl|qd
|pl|pl|pl| |ql| |nl|bl
|rl| | | | |rl| |kl
|After 30.Qe2. Black's [[#Horwitz bishops|Horwitz bishops]] are aimed at White's kingside.<ref>Hertan 2013, p. 109</ref>
}}
{{term|term= Horwitz bishops|content= Horwitz bishops {{anchor|Horwitz bishops|Horrwitz bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= A player's light-square and dark-square [[#bishop|bishops]] placed so that they occupy adjacent [[#diagonal|diagonals]], creating a potent attack. Also called ''raking bishops'', and sometimes ''Harrwitz bishops''.<ref>Nimzowitsch 2016, p. 466</ref><ref>Timman 2014, p. 71</ref>}}

{{term|term= human move|content= human move {{anchor|Human move|human moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move a human would make, as opposed to the kind of move that only a computer would make.<ref>Lee 2016, p. 158</ref>}}

{{term|term= Hutton pairing|content= Hutton pairing {{anchor|Hutton pairing|Hutton pairings}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pairing|pairing]] technique invented in 1921 by George Dickson Hutton for matching teams of players in which only one game is required per player. Has been used regularly for [[#correspondence chess|correspondence]] team events and for matches between many teams conducted on one day.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 178</ref> Also called ''jamboree pairing''.}}

{{term|term= hypermodernism|content= [[Hypermodernism (chess)|hypermodernism]] {{anchor|Hypermodernism|hypermodern|Hypermodern}} }}
{{defn|defn= A school of thought that prefers controlling the center with pieces from the [[#flank|flanks]] as opposed to occupying it directly with pawns. Two major proponents of hypermodernism were [[Richard Réti|Réti]] and [[Aron Nimzowitsch|Nimzowitsch]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 435">Silman 1999, p. 435</ref> See also ''[[#classical|classical]]''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==I==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= ICCA|content= ICCA {{anchor|ICCA}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#International Correspondence Chess Federation|International Correspondence Chess Federation]]''.}}

{{term|term= ICCF|content= ICCF {{anchor|ICCF}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#International Correspondence Chess Federation|International Correspondence Chess Federation]].<ref name="Dunne 1991, p. 99">Dunne 1991, p. 99</ref>}}

{{term|term= ICS|content= ICS {{anchor|ICS|ICSs}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Internet chess server|Internet chess server]].}}

{{term|term= IGM|content= IGM {{anchor|IGM|IGMs}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the older term ''International Grandmaster''. The modern usage is ''[[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]]'' (GM).}}

{{term|term= illegal move|content= illegal move {{anchor|Illegal move|illegal moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that is not permitted by the [[rules of chess]]. An illegal move discovered during the course of a game must be corrected.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 124">Pandolfini 1996, p. 124</ref>}}

{{term|term= illegal position|content= illegal position {{anchor|Illegal position|illegal positions}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position in a game that is a consequence of an [[#illegal move|illegal move]] or an incorrect starting position; a position that is impossible to reach by any sequence of legal moves.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 124">Pandolfini 1996, p. 124</ref>}}

{{term|term= IM|content= IM {{anchor|IM|IMs}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#International Master|International Master]] title.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 125">Pandolfini 1996, p. 125</ref>}}

{{term|term= imbalance|content= imbalance {{anchor|Imbalance|imbalances}} }}
{{defn|defn= Any difference between the positions of White and Black. An imbalanced position is one where White and Black both have unique advantages. Conversely, a balanced position may be [[#drawish|drawish]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 435">Silman 1999, p. 435</ref>}}

{{term|term= inaccuracy|content= inaccuracy {{anchor|Inaccuracy|inaccuracies}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that is not the best, but not as bad as a [[#blunder|blunder]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 125">Pandolfini 1996, p. 125</ref>}}

{{term|term= inactive|content= inactive {{anchor|Inactive}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#passive|passive]]''.}}

{{term|term= increment|content= increment {{anchor|Increment|increments}} }}
{{defn|defn= Refers to the amount of time added to each player's time before each move. For instance, [[#rapid chess|rapid chess]] might be played with "25 minutes plus 10 second per move increment", meaning that each player starts with 25 minutes on their clock, and this increments by 10 seconds after (or before) each move, usually using the Fischer Delay method.<ref name="Schiller 2003, p. 398">Schiller 2003, p. 398</ref> See [[Time control#Compensation (delay methods)]].}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd| |rd|kd|
|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|bd|pd
| | | |pd| |nd|pd|
| | | | | | | |
| | |pl|pl| | | |
| | | | | |nl|pl|
|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|bl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql| |rl|kl|
|In the [[King's Indian Defence#Fianchetto Variation|KID Fianchetto Variation]] (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nf3 Bg7 4.g3 0-0 5.Bg2 d6 6.0-0), both sides have Indian bishops.
}}
{{term|term= Indian bishop|content= Indian bishop {{anchor|Indian bishop|Indian bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#fianchetto|fianchettoed]] [[#bishop|bishop]], characteristic of the [[#Indian Defence|Indian defenses]], the [[King's Indian Defence|King's Indian]] and the [[Queen's Indian Defense|Queen's Indian]].<ref>Lemos 2014, pp. 30–32</ref>}}

{{term|term= Indian defense|content= [[Indian defence|Indian defense]] {{anchor|Indian defense|Indian defence|Indian Defense|Indian Defence|Indian defenses|Indian defences}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins 1.d4 Nf6. Originally used to describe queen's pawn defenses involving the [[#fianchetto|fianchetto]] of one or both black bishops, it is now used to describe all Black defenses after 1.d4 Nf6 that do not [[#transposition|transpose]] into the [[Queen's Gambit]].<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 126</ref>}}

{{term|term= initiative|content= [[Initiative (chess)|initiative]] {{anchor|Initiative|initiatives}} }}
{{defn|defn= The ability to make attacking moves, and force the course of play. It is an aspect of time. The attacking player has the initiative, and the defending player attempts to seize it.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 128">Pandolfini 1996, p. 128</ref>}}

{{term|term= innovation|content= innovation {{anchor|Innovation|innovations}} }}
{{defn|defn= A synonym for ''[[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]]''.}}

{{term|term= insufficient material|content= insufficient material {{anchor|Insufficient material}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#endgame|endgame]] scenario in which all pawns have been captured, and one side has only its king remaining while the other has only its king, a king plus a knight, or a king plus a bishop. A king plus bishop versus a king plus bishop with the bishops on the same color is also a draw, since neither side can [[#checkmate|checkmate]], regardless of play. Situations where checkmate is possible only if the inferior side [[#blunder|blunders]] are covered by the [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]].<ref name="Pandolfini 2009, p. 302">Pandolfini 2009, p. 302</ref> See [[Draw (chess)#Draws in all games]].}}

{{term|term= interference|content= [[Interference (chess)|interference]] {{anchor|Interference|interferences}} }}
{{defn|defn= The interruption of the line or diagonal between an attacked piece and its defender by ''[[#interpose|interposing]]'' a piece.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 128">Pandolfini 1996, p. 128</ref>}}

{{term|term= intermediate move|content= intermediate move {{anchor|Intermediate move|intermediate moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#zwischenzug|zwischenzug]]''.}}

{{term|term= intermezzo|content= intermezzo {{anchor|Intermezzo|intermezzos|intermezzi}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#zwischenzug|zwischenzug]]''.}}

{{term|term= International Arbiter|content= [[International Arbiter]] {{anchor|International Arbiter|International Arbiters}} }}
{{defn|defn= A tournament official who arbitrates disputes and performs other duties such as keeping the [[#game score|score]] when players are under [[#time pressure|time pressure]].}}

{{term|term= International Correspondence Chess Federation|content= [[International Correspondence Chess Federation]] {{anchor|International Correspondence Chess Federation|International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF)}} }}
{{defn|defn= The International Correspondence Chess Federation (abbr. '''ICCF''') was founded in 1951 to replace the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA).<ref name="Dunne 1991, p. 99">Dunne 1991, p. 99</ref>}}

{{term|term= International Grandmaster|content= International Grandmaster {{anchor|International Grandmaster|International Grandmaster (IGM)|International Grandmasters}} }}
{{defn|defn= Abbr. '''IGM'''. The original name of the [[#FIDE|FIDE]] title now simply called ''[[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]]'' (GM).}}

{{term|term= International Master|content= [[International Master]] {{anchor|International Master|International Master (IM)|International Masters}} }}
{{defn|defn= A chess title that ranks below [[#Grandmaster|Grandmaster]] but above [[#FIDE Master|FIDE Master]]. Abbr. '''IM'''.}}

{{term|term= International Woman Master|content= International Woman Master {{anchor|International Woman Master|IWM|International Woman Master (IWM)}} }}
{{defn|defn= Obsolete name for [[#Woman International Master|Woman International Master]].}}

{{term|term= Internet chess server|content= [[Internet chess server]] {{anchor|Internet chess server|Internet chess server (ICS)|internet chess server|Internet chess servers}} }}
{{defn|defn= An external server that provides the facility to play, discuss, and view chess over the [[Internet]]. Abbr. '''ICS'''.}}

{{term|term= interpose|content= interpose {{anchor|Interpose}} }}
{{defn|defn= To move a piece between an attacking piece and its target, blocking the line or diagonal of attack. Interposing is not possible if the attacker is a knight, king, or pawn, thus only possible in case of attacking rooks, bishops, or queens. Interposing a piece is one of the three possible responses to a [[#check|check]].<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}

{{term|term= Interzonal tournament|content= [[Interzonal]] tournament {{anchor|Interzonal tournament|interzonal tournament|Interzonal|interzonal|Interzonal tournaments}} }}
{{defn|defn= A tournament organised by the [[#FIDE|FIDE]] starting from the 1950s to 1993. It was the second qualifying cycle of the [[World Chess Championship]]. The participants were selected from the top players of the [[#Zonal tournaments|Zonal tournaments]]. The top ranking players qualified for the [[#Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournament]]. Since 1998 the winners of the zonal tournaments have played short matches against each other over a few weeks in a [[#knockout tournament|knockout-style competition]] to determine who is eligible for the Candidates Tournament. }}

{{term|term= IQP|content= IQP {{anchor|IQP|IQPs}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for isolated queen pawn. See also ''[[#isolani|isolani]]''.}}

{{term|term= irregular opening|content= [[Irregular chess opening|irregular opening]] {{anchor|Irregular opening|irregular openings}} }}
{{defn|defn= In early 19th-century chess literature, all [[#opening|openings]] that did not begin with either 1.e4 e5 or 1.d4 d5 were classified as "irregular". As opening theory developed and many openings previously considered "irregular" became standard (e.g. the [[Sicilian Defence]]), the term gradually became less common. Opening books today are more likely to describe debuts such as 1.b4 (the [[Sokolsky Opening]]) as "uncommon" or "unorthodox".<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 91</ref>}}

{{term|term= isolani|content= [[Isolated pawn#Isolated queen pawn|isolani]] {{anchor|Isolani|isolated queen pawn|isolated queen's pawn}} }}
{{defn|defn= Refers to a d-pawn with no pawns of the same color on the adjacent c-file and e-file, and is a synonym for ''isolated queen pawn'' (abbr. IQP). The term was coined by [[Aron Nimzowitsch]], who considered the isolani as a weapon of attack in the [[#middlegame|middlegame]] but an [[#endgame|endgame]] weakness; he considered the problem of [[#hanging pawns|hanging pawns]] to be related.<ref>Pandolfini 1989, p. 227</ref> See also [[Pawn structure#Queen's Gambit – Isolani]].}}

{{term|term= isolated pawn|content= [[isolated pawn]] {{anchor|Isolated pawn|isolated pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] with no pawn of the same color on an adjacent [[#file|file]].<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 61">Staunton 2014, p. 61</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd| |bd|qd|kd| |nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd
| | |nd| | | | |
| | |bd| |pd| | |
| | |bl| |pl| | |
| | | | | |nl| |
|pl|pl|pl|pl| |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl| | |rl
|Italian bishops in the [[Giuoco Piano]]
}}
{{term|term= Italian bishop|content= Italian bishop {{anchor|Italian bishop|Italian bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= A white [[#bishop|bishop]] developed to [[#algebraic notation|c4]] or a black bishop developed to [[#algebraic notation|c5]]. A bishop so developed is characteristic of the [[Italian Game]]. In the [[Giuoco Piano]] both players have Italian bishops. The Italian bishop stands in contrast to the [[#Spanish bishop|Spanish bishop]] on b5 characteristic of the [[Ruy Lopez]]. "Italian" may be used as an adjective for an [[#opening|opening]] where one or both players have Italian bishops.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 183</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==J==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= j'adoube|content= j'adoube {{anchor|J'adoube}} }}
{{defn|defn= (from French, "I adjust", {{IPA-fr|ʒa.dub|pron}}) See [[Touch-move rule]]. A player says "j'adoube" as the international signal of the intention to adjust the position of a piece on the board without being subject to the [[#touched piece rule|touched piece rule]]. The verb ''adouber'', literally "to dub" (raise to the knighthood) is rarely used in contemporary French outside of this context. A local language equivalent, e.g. "I am adjusting" is generally acceptable.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==K==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= K|content= K {{anchor|K}} }}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#king|king]] when recording chess moves in English.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 57">Staunton 2009, p. 57</ref>}}

{{term|term= key square|content= [[key square]] {{anchor|Key square|key squares}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= An important square.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= In pawn endings, a square whose occupation by one side's king guarantees the achievement of a certain goal, such as the [[#promotion|promotion]] of a pawn or the win of a pawn.<ref name="Pandolfini 2009, p. 302">Pandolfini 2009, p. 302</ref>}}

{{term|term= KGA|content= [[King's Gambit#King's Gambit Accepted|KGA]] {{anchor|KGA}} }}
{{defn|defn= The King's Gambit Accepted [[#opening|opening]].}}

{{term|term= KGD|content= [[King's Gambit#King's Gambit Declined|KGD]] {{anchor|KGD}} }}
{{defn|defn= The King's Gambit Declined [[#opening|opening]].}}

{{term|term= KIA|content= [[King's Indian Attack|KIA]] {{anchor|KIA}} }}
{{defn|defn= The King's Indian Attack [[#opening|opening]].}}

{{term|term= kibitz|content= [[Kibitzer|kibitz]] {{anchor|Kibitz}} }}
{{defn|defn= As a spectator, making comments on a chess game that can be heard by the players. Kibitzing on a serious game while it is in progress (rather than during a [[#post-mortem|post-mortem]]) is a serious breach of chess etiquette.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 136">Pandolfini 1996, p. 136</ref>}}

{{term|term= kick|content= kick {{anchor|Kick}} }}
{{defn|defn= Attacking a [[#piece|piece]], often a [[#knight|knight]], with a [[#pawn|pawn]], so that it will move. Kicking a piece may lead to gaining a [[#tempo|tempo]], or may force the opponent to concede control of [[#key square|key squares]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 136">Pandolfini 1996, p. 136</ref>}}

{{term|term= KID|content= [[King's Indian Defence|KID]] {{anchor|KID}} }}
{{defn|defn= The King's Indian Defence [[#opening|opening]].}}

{{term|term= king|content= [[King (chess)|king]] {{anchor|King|kings}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[Image:Chess king icon.png]]}}

{{term|term= king bishop|content= king bishop {{anchor|King bishop|king's bishop|King's bishop|king bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's bishop'''. The [[#bishop|bishop]] that is on the [[#kingside|kingside]] at the start of the game. The terms ''king knight'' and ''king rook'' are also used. Sometimes abbreviated "KB", "KN", and "KR", respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}

{{term|term= king hunt|content= [[king hunt]] {{anchor|King hunt|king hunts}} }}
{{defn|defn= A sustained [[#attack|attack]] on the enemy [[#king|king]] that results in the king being driven a far distance from its initial position, typically resulting in its [[#checkmate|checkmate]]. Some of the most famous games featuring king hunts are [[Edward Lasker#Notable games|Edward Lasker–Thomas]], [[Rashid Nezhmetdinov#Illustrative games|Polugaevsky–Nezhmetdinov]], and Kasparov–Topalov.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011478 |title=Kasparov vs. Topalov, Wijk aan Zee 1999 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref>}}

{{term|term= king knight|content= king knight {{anchor|King knight|king's knight|King's knight|king knights}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's knight'''. The [[#knight|knight]] that is on the [[#kingside|kingside]] at the start of the game. The terms ''king bishop'' and ''king rook'' are also used. Sometimes abbreviated "KN", "KB", and "KR", respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}

{{term|term= king pawn|content= king pawn {{anchor|King pawn|king's pawn|King's pawn|king pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the king's [[#file|file]], i.e. the e-file. Sometimes abbreviated "KP". Also ''king bishop pawn'' (KBP), ''king knight pawn'' (KNP), and ''king rook pawn'' (KRP) for a pawn on the f-, g-, or h-file, respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}

{{term|term= king pawn opening|content= [[King's Pawn Game|king pawn opening]] {{anchor|King pawn opening|king's pawn opening|King's pawn opening|king pawn openings}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's pawn opening'''. An [[#opening|opening]] that begins 1.e4. }}

{{term|term= king rook|content= king rook {{anchor|King rook|king's rook|King's rook|king rooks}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's rook'''. The [[#rook|rook]] that is on the [[#kingside|kingside]] at the start of the game. The terms ''king bishop'' and ''king knight'' are also used. Sometimes abbreviated "KR", "KB", and "KN", respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}

{{term|term= kingside|content= kingside {{anchor|Kingside|king's side|King's side}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''king's side'''. The side of the board (half-board) the [[#king|kings]] are on at the start of the game (the e- through h-[[#file|file]]), as opposed to the ''[[#queenside|queenside]]''.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 3">Staunton 2009, p. 3</ref> Also called ''king's wing''.}}

{{term|term= king walk|content= king walk {{anchor|King walk|king walks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A consecutive series of king moves designed to bring the king to a safer square. For example, if a player has castled kingside but the opponent has sacrificed a piece to destroy the kingside pawn cover, they may choose to walk the king over to the queenside to shelter behind the queenside pawns.<ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 220</ref> See also [[King walk]].}}

{{term|term= knight|content= [[Knight (chess)|knight]] {{anchor|Knight|knights}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[Image:Chess knight icon.png]]}}

{{term|term= knight pawn|content= knight pawn {{anchor|Knight pawn|knight's pawn|Knight's pawn|knight pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''knight's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the knight's [[#file|file]], i.e. the b-file or g-file. Sometimes abbreviated "NP".<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}

[[Image:Knight's tour anim.gif|thumb|210px|Example of a [[knight's tour]]]]

{{term|term= knight's tour|content= [[knight's tour]] {{anchor|Knight's tour|Knight's Tour}} }}
{{defn|defn= A puzzle that challenges a person to set a knight on an empty chessboard, and make the piece move around (as it moves in a chess game), but to visit every square only once. The knight's tour is the most well known of a variety of "tours" and puzzles based on chess pieces. A "closed" tour (also known as a "re-entrant tour") ends on the same square on which it began and needs 64 moves. An "open" tour ends on a different square and needs only 63 moves.<ref>Petković 1997, pp. 50–55</ref>}}

{{term|term= knockout tournament|content= knockout tournament {{anchor|Knockout tournament|knockout tournaments}} }}
{{defn|defn= See [[Single-elimination tournament]]. A tournament conducted as a series of [[#match|matches]] in which the winner of each match advances to the next round and the loser is eliminated. Well-known chess tournaments held in the knockout format include [[London 1851 chess tournament|London 1851]] and the [[Chess World Cup 2007|2007 Chess World Cup]]. Cf. ''[[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]]'' and ''[[#Swiss tournament|Swiss tournament]]''.}}

{{term|term= Kotov syndrome|content= [[Kotov syndrome]] {{anchor|Kotov syndrome}} }}
{{defn|defn= This phenomenon, described by [[Alexander Kotov]] in his 1971 book ''Think Like a Grandmaster'', can occur when a player does not find a good plan after thinking long and hard on a position. The player, under [[#time pressure|time pressure]], then suddenly decides to make a move that they have hardly thought about at all, and it may not be a good move for that reason.<ref>Kotov 2012, p. 12</ref>}}

{{term|term= Kriegspiel|content= [[Kriegspiel (chess)|Kriegspiel]] {{anchor|Kriegspiel}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "war game"] Kriegspiel is a [[#chess variant|chess variant]] played by two opponents who can see only their own board, and one monitoring umpire who makes the moves of both players on a neutral board. It requires three chess sets and boards. The players make their moves based on limited information from the umpire. It was introduced in 1898. It is sometimes referred to as ''blind chess'', not be confused with [[#blindfold chess|blindfold chess]].<ref>Hochberg 2005, p. 73</ref>}}

{{term|term= Kt|content= Kt {{anchor|Kt}} }}
{{defn|defn= The symbol sometimes used for the [[#knight|knight]] when recording chess moves in [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]], mainly in older literature. An '''N''' is used instead in [[#Algebraic notation|algebraic notation]] and in later descriptive notation to avoid confusion with ''K'', the symbol for the [[#King|king]].<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 57">Staunton 2009, p. 57</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==L==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= laws of chess|content= [[Rules of chess|laws of chess]] {{anchor|Laws of Chess|Laws of chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= The rules of chess.<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}

{{term|term= lightning chess|content= lightning chess {{anchor|Lightning chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess with an extremely short [[#time control|time limit]], either [[#blitz chess|blitz chess]] or [[#bullet chess|bullet chess]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 146">Pandolfini 1996, p. 146</ref>}}

{{term|term= light-square bishop|content= light-square bishop {{anchor|Light-square bishop|light-square bishops|light-squared bishop|light-squared bishops|light bishop|light bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= One of the two [[#bishop|bishops]] that moves only on the [[#light squares|light squares]]. In the initial position, White's light-square bishop is on f1; Black's is on c8.<ref name="Pandolfini 2009, p. 302">Pandolfini 2009, p. 302</ref> Often shortened to '''light bishop'''.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 226</ref> Cf. ''[[#dark-square bishop|dark-square bishop]]''.}}

{{term|term= light squares|content= light squares {{anchor|Light squares|light square}} }}
{{defn|defn= The 32 light-colored squares on the chessboard, such as h1 and a8.<ref>Staunton 2009, p. 46</ref> Cf. ''[[#dark squares|dark squares]]''.}}

{{term|term= line|content= line {{anchor|Line|lines}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A sequence of moves, usually in the [[#opening|opening]] or in analyzing a position.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= An open path for a piece (queen, rook, or bishop) to move or control squares.<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 146">Pandolfini 1996, p. 146</ref>}}

{{term|term= line piece|content= line piece {{anchor|Line piece|line-piece|line pieces}} }}
{{defn|defn= A piece whose movement is defined to be along straight lines of squares (i.e. the [[#rook|rook]], [[#bishop|bishop]], and [[#queen|queen]]).<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 147</ref>}}

{{term|term= liquidation|content= liquidation {{anchor|Liquidation|liquidations}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#simplification|simplification]]''.}}

{{term|term= long diagonal|content= long diagonal {{anchor|Long diagonal|long diagonals}} }}
{{defn|defn= One of the two [[#diagonal|diagonals]] with eight squares (a1–h8 or h1–a8).<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 148</ref>}}

{{term|term= long-range piece|content= long-range piece {{anchor|Long-range piece|long-range pieces}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]], [[#rook|rook]], or [[#queen|queen]].}}

{{term|term= loose piece|content= loose piece {{anchor|Loose piece|loose pieces}} }}
{{defn|defn= A piece vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is undefended and cannot easily be withdrawn or supported.<ref>Euwe & Meiden 2013, p. 19</ref>}}

{{term|term= loose position|content= loose position {{anchor|Loose position|loose positions}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position vulnerable to opponent attacks because it is [[#overextended|overextended]] or its pieces are uncoordinated.}}

{{term|term= losing a tempo|content= losing a tempo {{anchor|Losing a tempo|losing tempi}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#tempo|tempo]]''. }}

{{term|term= loss|content= loss {{anchor|Loss|losses}} }}
{{defn|defn= A defeat for one of the two players, which may occur due to that player being [[#checkmate|checkmated]] by the other player, [[#resign|resigning]], exceeding the [[#time control|time control]], or being [[#forfeit|forfeited]] by the [[#tournament director|tournament director]]. In chess, a [[zero-sum game]], this results in a [[#win|win]] for the other player.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 150</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Lucena position
| |kl| |kd| | | |
| |pl| | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|rd| | | | | | |
| | |rl| | | | |
|White wins by 1.Rd1+ Ke7 2.Rd4! Ra1 3.Kc7 Rc1+ 4.Kb6 Rb1+ 5.Kc6 Rc1+ 6.Kb5 Rb1+ 7.Rb4 and the pawn queens.
}}
{{term|term= Lucena position|content= [[Lucena position]] {{anchor|Lucena position}} }}
{{defn|defn= A well-known [[rook and pawn versus rook endgame]] position in which the player with the extra pawn can force a win by cutting off the opponent's king and placing a rook on the 4th rank in order to block the opponent's rook checks, thereby allowing the pawn to [[#promotion|queen]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1992, p. 154">Pandolfini 1992, p. 154</ref>}}

{{term|term= luft|content= [[luft]] {{anchor|Luft}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "air"] Space made for a [[#castling|castled]] king to give it a [[#flight square|flight square]] to prevent a [[#back-rank mate|back-rank mate]]. Usually ''luft'' is made by moving a [[#pawn|pawn]] on the second [[#rank|rank]] in front of the king.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 243</ref> See also ''[[#flight square|flight square]]''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==M==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= main line|content= main line {{anchor|Main line|main lines}} }}
{{defn|defn= The principal, most important, or most often played variation of an opening.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 152</ref>}}

{{term|term= majority|content= majority {{anchor|Majority|majorities}} }}
{{defn|defn= A larger number of pawns on one [[#flank|flank]] opposed by a smaller number of the opponent's; often a player with a majority on one flank has a minority on the other.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 109</ref> A ''central pawn majority'' is a larger number of pawns on the [[#center files|center files]].}}

{{term|term= major piece|content= major piece {{anchor|Major piece|major pieces}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#queen|queen]] or [[#rook|rook]], also known as a ''heavy piece''.<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 303</ref> The primary distinction of major pieces versus [[#minor piece|minor pieces]] is that major pieces are capable of checkmate with only their own king for support, as the enemy king is unable to step across the ranks and files they control. On an otherwise empty board, a major piece can move from any square to any other square in at most two moves.}}

{{term|term= man|content= man {{anchor|Man|men}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#piece|piece]] or a [[#pawn|pawn]], when the term ''piece'' is used as exclusive of pawns.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 244, ''man''</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd| |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd| |pd
| | |nd| | | |pd|
| | | | | | | |
| | |pl|nl|pl| | |
| | | | | | | |
|pl|pl| | | |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl| |rl
|A typical [[Maróczy Bind]] position
}}
{{term|term= Maróczy Bind|content= [[Maróczy Bind]] {{anchor|Maróczy Bind}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bind|bind]] on the light squares in the center, particularly d5, obtained by White by placing pawns on c4 and e4. Named for [[Géza Maróczy]], it originally referred to formations arising in some variations of the [[Sicilian Defence]], but the name is now also applied to similar setups in the [[English Opening]] and the [[Queen's Indian Defense]]. It was once greatly feared by Black but means of countering it have been developed since the 1980s and earlier.<ref>Kmoch 2013, p. 143</ref>}}

{{term|term= master|content= master {{anchor|Master|masters}} }}
{{defn|defn= Loosely, a strong chess player who would be expected to beat most amateurs. It may also refer to a formal title such as [[#International Master|International Master]] or [[National Master]]. Standards vary, but a master will usually have an [[#Elo rating system|Elo rating]] of over 2200.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 234">Ashley 2007, p. 234</ref>}}

{{term|term= match|content= match {{anchor|Match|matches}} }}
{{defn|defn= A competition between two individuals or two teams. A match may be the entire competition, or it may be a round in a [[#knockout tournament|knockout tournament]] or team tournament. A chess match always consists of at least two games, and often many more.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 234"/>}}

{{term|term= mate|content= mate {{anchor|Mate}} }}
{{defn|defn= Short for [[#checkmate|checkmate]].<ref>Pandolfini 2008, p. 351</ref>}}

{{term|term= material|content= material {{anchor|Material}} }}
{{defn|defn= All of a player's pieces and pawns on the board. The player with pieces and pawns of greater value is said to have a "material advantage". Gaining a material advantage is also called "winning material".<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 436">Silman 1999, p. 436</ref> See [[Chess piece relative value]].}}

{{term|term= materialism|content= materialism {{anchor|Materialism|materialistic}} }}
{{defn|defn= Playstyle characterised by a willingness to win [[#material|material]] at the expense of positional considerations. Chess computers are often materialistic.<ref>Hartston 1997, p. 118</ref>}}

{{term|term= mating attack|content= mating attack {{anchor|Mating attack|mating attacks}} }}
{{defn|defn= An attack aimed at [[#checkmate|checkmating]] the enemy [[#king|king]].<ref name="Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187">Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187</ref>}}

{{term|term= mating net|content= mating net {{anchor|Mating net|mating nets}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position or series of moves that leads to forced [[#checkmate|mate]].<ref name="Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187">Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 187</ref>}}

{{term|term= MCO|content= ''[[Modern Chess Openings|MCO]]'' {{anchor|MCO}} }}
{{defn|defn= ''Modern Chess Openings'', a popular [[#opening|chess opening]] reference. Often the edition is also given, as in ''MCO-14'', the 14th edition. Cf. ''[[#ECO|ECO]]''.}}

{{term|term= middlegame|content= [[Chess middlegame|middlegame]] {{anchor|Middlegame|middlegames}} }}
{{defn|defn= The part of a chess game that follows the [[#opening|opening]] and comes before the [[#endgame|endgame]], beginning after the pieces are developed in the opening. This is usually roughly moves 20 through 40.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 436">Silman 1999, p. 436</ref>}}

{{term|term= miniature|content= miniature {{anchor|Miniature|miniatures}} }}
{{defn|defn= A short game (usually no more than 20 to 25 moves), for example: 1.e3 e5 2.Qf3 d5 3.Nc3 e4 4.Qf4?? Bd6! and White resigned in Spiel–Künzel, Europe 1900,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessedinburgh.co.uk/chandlerarticle.php?ChandID=3 |title=Chandler Cornered · 200 Miniatures Games part 2 |website=Chess Edinburgh and Lothians }}</ref> because the queen is trapped. However, a significant minority of authors include games up to 30 moves.<ref>Nunn 1999, p. 6</ref> Usually only decisive games (not draws) are considered miniatures. Ideally, a miniature should not be spoiled by an obvious [[#blunder|blunder]] by the losing side. A miniature may also qualify as a [[#brilliancy|brilliancy]]. The [[Morphy versus the Duke of Brunswick and Count Isouard|Opera Game]] is a famous example. Sometimes called a ''brevity'' [chiefly British].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 55">Pandolfini 1996, p. 55</ref> See also [[Glossary of chess problems#miniature]].}}

{{term|term= minor exchange|content= minor exchange {{anchor|Minor exchange|minor exchanges}} }}
{{defn|defn= The exchange of a [[#bishop|bishop]] for a [[#knight|knight]].<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 63</ref>}}

{{term|term= minority|content= minority {{anchor|Minority|minorities}} }}
{{defn|defn= A smaller number of pawns on one [[#flank|flank]] opposed by a larger number of the opponent's; often a player with a minority on one flank has a majority on the other.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 109</ref>}}

{{term|term= minority attack|content= minority attack {{anchor|Minority attack|minority attacks}} }}
{{defn|defn= An advance of [[#pawn|pawns]] on the side of the board where one has fewer pawns than the opponent, usually carried out to provoke a weakness.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 436">Silman 1999, p. 436</ref>}}

{{term|term= minor piece|content= minor piece {{anchor|Minor piece|minor pieces}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#bishop|bishop]] or [[#knight|knight]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 436">Silman 1999, p. 436</ref> Unlike [[#major piece|major pieces]], minor pieces are unable to contain the enemy king or block his advance alone, as he can simply pass through the holes in their line of attack. Compared to major pieces, minor pieces also find it difficult to navigate the entire board; a knight may require four moves to reach a square two squares away, while a bishop can only ever control half of all squares.}}

{{term|term= mobile pawn center|content= mobile pawn center {{anchor|Mobile pawn center|mobile pawn centre|Mobile pawn centre}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[#pawn|Pawns]] on [[#center|central squares]] able to advance without becoming weak.<ref>Keene 1989, p. 73</ref>}}

{{term|term= mobility|content= mobility {{anchor|Mobility}} }}
{{defn|defn= The ability of a piece(s) to move around the board. Having ''[[#space|space]]''.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 436">Silman 1999, p. 436</ref>}}

{{term|term= mouse slip|content= mouse slip {{anchor|Mouse slip|mouse slips}} }}
{{defn|defn= A fumble by a player in the use of a computer control tool while playing chess on the [[Internet]] that results in an unintended move.<ref>[http://www.uschess.org/content/view/13082/826/] Klein, Mike. "Five Crowned In ChessKid.com National Championship". The United States Chess Federation website.9 June 2015 "The rules specify that mouse-slips stand, so Perkins' win drew him even with Vaidya at 3.0/4."</ref>}}

{{term|term= move|content= move {{anchor|Move|moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= A full move is a turn by both players, White and Black. A turn by either White or Black is a half-move, or (in computer context) one [[#ply|ply]].<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 12">Hochberg 2005, p. 12</ref>}}

{{term|term= move order|content= move order {{anchor|Move order|move orders}} }}
{{defn|defn= The sequence of moves one chooses to play an [[#opening|opening]] or execute a plan. Different move orders often have different advantages and disadvantages. A plan that uses certain moves can sometimes be improved by making the identical moves but in a different sequence.<ref>Pandolfini 2005, p. 185</ref> See also ''[[#transposition|transposition]]''.}}

{{term|term= mysterious rook move|content= mysterious rook move {{anchor|Mysterious rook move|mysterious rook moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= Coined by [[Aron Nimzowitsch|Nimzowitsch]] to refer to the placing of a rook on a closed file in anticipation that the opponent is going to open the file. This move may either achieve a position with a rook on an open file, or it may alternatively hinder the opponent's intentions ([[#prophylaxis|prophylaxis]]). The meaning of the word has since expanded to refer to any rook move that appears to have a hidden purpose.<ref>Nimzowitsch 2014, p. 182</ref><ref>Hallman, 2013, p. 154</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==N==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= N|content = N {{anchor|N}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= Symbol used for the [[#knight|knight]] when recording chess moves in English.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= An abbreviation for [[#theoretical novelty|novelty]].}}

{{term|term= NCO|content = ''NCO'' {{anchor|NCO}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation sometimes used for the [[#opening|chess opening]] reference ''Nunn's Chess Openings''. Cf. ''[[#ECO|ECO]]'' and ''[[#MCO|MCO]]''.}}

{{term|term= NN|content= NN {{anchor|NN|NN (or N.N.)|NN or N.N.}} }}
{{defn|defn= Traditionally used in [[#game score|game scores]] to indicate a player whose name is not known. The origin is uncertain. It may be an abbreviation of the Latin ''nomina'' ("names"), or it may be short for the Latin phrase ''[[nomen nescio]]'' ("name unknown").<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 274</ref>}}

{{term|term= norm|content= [[Norm (chess)|norm]] {{anchor|Norm|norms}} }}
{{defn|defn=A step toward earning a [[chess title]]; for example, a way of qualifying for the [[#FIDE|FIDE]] [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]] title is to earn three grandmaster norms. Each norm is earned by getting a sufficiently high score in a tournament. To be a qualifying tournament, the tournament must be sufficiently strong, and meet some other requirements; and the score necessary to qualify for a norm depends on the strength of the tournament.<ref name="FideNorms">{{Cite web|title=FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 01. International Title Regulations (Qualification Commission) / FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 July 2017|url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B01Regulations2017|access-date=12 July 2020|website=FIDE}}</ref><ref>Agdestein 2013, p. 141</ref>}}

{{term|term= notation|content= [[Chess notation|notation]] {{anchor|Notation|chess notation|Chess notation}} }}
{{defn|defn=Any method of recording chess moves, allowing games to be later published, replayed and analyzed. The most common notation today is [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]], which is used internationally. Formerly [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]] was standard in English language publications. There are also systems of notation for recording chess positions without the use of diagrams, the most common of which is [[#Forsyth–Edwards Notation|Forsyth–Edwards Notation]] (FEN).<ref>Wilson 1994, p. 4</ref>}}

{{term|term= novelty|content= novelty {{anchor|Novelty|novelties}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]]''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==O==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= occupation|content= occupation {{anchor|Occupation}} }}
{{defn|defn= Occupation of a rank or file means a rook or queen controls it; occupation of a square means a piece or pawn sits on it.<ref>Znosko-Borovsky 2012, pp. 118–19</ref><ref>Komarov & Djuric 2016, p.10</ref>}}

{{term|term= octopus|content= octopus {{anchor|Octopus}} }}
{{defn|defn= A strongly positioned knight in enemy territory. A knight on e6 reaches out in eight directions, like the eight tentacles of an octopus.<ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 13</ref>}}

{{term|term= odds|content= [[Chess handicap|odds]] {{anchor|Odds}} }}
{{defn|defn= This refers to the stronger player giving the weaker player some sort of advantage in order to make the game more competitive. It may be an advantage in [[#material|material]], in extra moves, in time on the [[#chess clock|clock]], or some combination of those elements. Since the advent of the chess clock, time odds have become more common than material odds.<ref>Keene 1989, p. 182</ref>}}

{{term|term= offhand game|content= offhand game {{anchor|Offhand game|offhand games}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#skittles|skittles]]''.}}

{{term|term= Olympiad|content= [[Chess Olympiad|Olympiad]] {{anchor|Olympiad|Olympiads}} }}
{{defn|defn= An international team chess tournament organized biennially by [[#FIDE|FIDE]]. Each team represents a FIDE member country.}}

{{term|term= O-O|content= O-O {{anchor|O-O|0-0}} }}
{{defn|defn= Also '''0-0'''. The move notation for [[#kingside|kingside]] [[#castling|castling]]. ([[#Portable Game Notation|PGN]] format uses Os; [[#FIDE|FIDE]] uses 0s.)<ref name="ReferenceB">United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 158</ref>}}

{{term|term= O-O-O|content= O-O-O {{anchor|O-O-O|0-0-0}} }}
{{defn|defn= Also '''0-0-0'''. The move notation for [[#queenside|queenside]] [[#castling|castling]]. ([[#Portable Game Notation|PGN]] format uses Os; [[#FIDE|FIDE]] uses 0s.)<ref name="ReferenceB">United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 158</ref>}}

{{term|term= open file|content= [[open file]] {{anchor|Open file|open files|Open files}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#file|file]] on which there are no [[#pawn|pawns]]. A file on which only one player has pawns is said to be ''half-open''.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 59">Staunton 2014, p. 59</ref>}}

{{term|term= open game|content= open game {{anchor|open game|open games|open position|open positions}} }}
{{defn|defn= A game in which exchanges have opened files and diagonals, and there are few pawns in the center, as opposed to a ''[[#closed game|closed game]]''.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 437">Silman 1999, p. 437</ref>}}

{{term|term= Open Game|content= [[Open Game]] {{anchor|Open Game|Open Games}} }}
{{defn|defn= Any [[#opening|opening]] that begins with the moves 1.e4 e5. Examples of Open Games include the [[Ruy Lopez]], the [[Giuoco Piano]], the [[Danish Gambit]], and many others. The Open Game is also referred to as a ''Double King's Pawn Opening'' or ''Double King's Pawn Game''.}}

{{term|term= opening|content= [[Chess opening|opening]] {{anchor|Opening|openings}} }}
{{defn|defn= The beginning phase of the game, roughly the first dozen moves, but it can extend much farther. In the opening players set up their [[#pawn structure|pawn structures]], [[#development|develop]] their pieces, and usually [[#castling|castle]]. The opening precedes the [[#middlegame|middlegame]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 437">Silman 1999, p. 437</ref>}}

{{term|term= opening innovation|content= opening innovation {{anchor|Opening innovation|opening innovations}} }}
{{defn|defn= A synonym for ''[[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]]''.}}

{{term|term= opening preparation|content= opening preparation {{anchor|Opening preparation|opening preparations}} }}
{{defn|defn= Home study and analysis of [[#opening|openings]] and defenses that one expects to play, or meet, in later tournament or match games. In high-level play, an important part of this is the search for [[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelties]] that improve upon previous play or previously published analysis.<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 19</ref>}}

{{term|term= opening repertoire|content= opening repertoire {{anchor|Opening repertoire|opening repertoires}} }}
{{defn|defn= The set of [[#opening|openings]] played by a particular player. The breadth of different players' repertoires varies from very narrow to very broad.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 166</ref>}}

{{term|term= opening system|content= opening system {{anchor|Opening system|opening systems}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that is defined by one player's moves and that can be played generally regardless of the moves of the opponent, with the goal of reaching a desired type of [[#middlegame|middlegame]] position. Sometimes several different [[#move order|move orders]] are possible. Examples include the [[Colle System]] and [[Hippopotamus Defence]].<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 405. ''system''.</ref>}}

{{term|term= open lines|content= open lines {{anchor|Open lines|open line}} }}
{{defn|defn= ''noun.'' Unobstructed [[#file|files]] and [[#diagonal|diagonals]]. See also ''[[#open game|open game]]''. ''verb.'' To move or exchange pawns to bring about unobstructed files and diagonals. }}

{{term|term= open tournament|content= open tournament {{anchor|Open tournament|open tournaments}} }}
{{defn|defn= A tournament where anyone can enter, regardless of rating or invitation.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 167</ref> Cf. ''[[#closed tournament|closed tournament]]''.}}

{{term|term= opposite-colored bishops|content= opposite-colored bishops {{anchor|Opposite-colored bishops|opposite-coloured bishops|Opposite-coloured bishops|Opposite color bishops|Opposite colour bishops|Opposite colored bishops|Opposite coloured bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#bishops on opposite colors|bishops on opposite colors]]''.}}

{{term|term= opposition|content= [[Opposition (chess)|opposition]] {{anchor|Opposition}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position in which two kings stand on the same rank, file or diagonal with one empty square between them. The player to move may be forced to move the king to a less advantageous square. Opposition is a particularly important concept in [[#endgame|endgames]].<ref>Staunton 2014, p. 60</ref> One orthogonal square separation is ''direct opposition''; one diagonal square is ''diagonal opposition''; multiple squares separation is ''distant opposition''. Cf. ''[[#corresponding squares|corresponding squares]]''.}}

{{term|term= optimal play|content= optimal play {{anchor|Optimal play}} }}
{{defn|defn= See [[Best response]]. Both sides playing their best move at each turn, or one of equally good alternatives. One side tries to win as quickly as possible while the other side tries to delay it as long as possible, or optimal play may result in a draw. Cf. [[Solved game#Perfect play]].}}

{{term|term= OTB|content = OTB {{anchor|OTB}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#over the board|over the board]].<ref name="Webb 2006, p. 72">Webb 2006, p. 72</ref>}}

{{term|term= outpost|content= [[Outpost (chess)|outpost]] {{anchor|Outpost|outposts}} }}
{{defn|defn= An outpost is a square protected by a pawn that is in or near the enemy's stronghold. Outposts are a favorable position from which one can launch an attack, particularly using a knight.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 113</ref>}}

{{term|term= outside passed pawn|content= [[Passed pawn#Outside passed pawn|outside passed pawn]] {{anchor|Outside passed pawn|outside passed pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] near the edge of the board and not in the path of threats from the opponent's pawns. In the [[#endgame|endgame]], such a pawn can constitute a strong advantage, because it threatens to promote, and it also diverts the opponent's forces to restrain its advance.<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 305</ref>}}

{{term|term= overextended|content= overextended {{anchor|Overextended}} }}
{{defn|defn= An overextended position results when a player has advanced pawns too far into the opponent's side without sufficient support. The premature advance can leave weaknesses in the player's camp or the advanced pawns themselves may be weak ("overextended pawns").<ref>Seirwan & Silman 2005, p. 246; Horton 1959, p. 147</ref>}}

{{term|term= overloaded|content= [[Overloading (chess)|overloaded]] {{anchor|Overloaded|overloading|Overloading}} }}
{{defn|defn= A piece that has too many defensive duties. An overloaded piece can sometimes be [[#deflect|deflected]], or required to abandon one of its defensive duties.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 237</ref>}}

{{term|term= overprotection|content= overprotection {{anchor|Overprotection}} }}
{{defn|defn= The strategy of protecting an important pawn or square more than is apparently necessary. This serves to dissuade the opponent from attacking that point, and the latent power of the "over protectors" assembled around an important point is a significant threat that can bear fruit at a small tactical change in the position. [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] coined the term and was a proponent of overprotection.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 438">Silman 1999, p. 438</ref>}}

{{term|term= over the board|content= over the board {{anchor|Over the board|over the board (OTB)|over-the-board|Over-the-board|Over-the-board (OTB)}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A game played face-to-face with the opponent, as opposed to a remote opponent as in [[Internet chess server|online chess]] or [[#correspondence chess|correspondence chess]].}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= Analysis carried out during a game in real time (not necessarily a face-to-face game) as opposed to during [[#prepared variation|preparation]]. Finding accurate moves over the board is harder than finding them with computer assistance in one's own time. "I looked up the [[#gambit|gambit]] Smith played and there's a [[#line|line]] that [[#refute|refutes]] it, but I couldn't find it over the board."<ref name="Webb 2006, p. 72">Webb 2006, p. 72</ref>}}
{{defn|Abbr. '''OTB'''.}}

{{term|term= overworked|content= overworked {{anchor|Overworked}} }}
{{defn|defn= A synonym for ''[[#overloaded|overloaded]]''.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 246; Brace 1977, p. 208; Horton 1959, p. 147</ref>}}
{{glossary end}}

==P==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= P|content= P {{anchor|P}} }}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#pawn|pawn]] when recording chess positions in English. Also used for the pawn when recording chess moves in [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]].}}

{{term|term= pairing|content= pairing {{anchor|Pairing|pairings}} }}
{{defn|defn= The assignment of opponents in a [[#tournament|tournament]]. The most common pairing methods used in chess tournaments are [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin]] and the [[#Swiss tournament|Swiss system]].<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 172</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
| | | | |kd| | |
| |pl| | | |pd| |
| | | | | |nd|pd|
|pd| | |pd| | | |
|pl| | | |pl| | |
| | |bl| | | | |
| | | |kl| | | |
| | | | | | | |
|White with a passed pawn on b7. Black has a passed pawn on g6.
}}
{{term|term= passed pawn|content= [[passed pawn]] {{anchor|Passed pawn|passed pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pawn|pawn]] that has no pawn of the opposite color on its file or on any adjacent files on its way to [[#queening|queening]].<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 61">Staunton 2014, p. 61</ref>}}

{{term|term= passer|content= passer {{anchor|Passer|passers}} }}
{{defn|defn= A ''[[#passed pawn|passed pawn]]''.<ref>Kmoch 2013, p. 18</ref>}}

{{term|term= passive|content= passive {{anchor|Passive}} }}
{{defn|defn= Describes a piece or pawn that is inactive and able to move to or control relatively few squares, or a position without possibilities for [[#attack|attack]] or [[#counterplay|counterplay]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 438">Silman 1999, p. 438</ref> Antonym: ''[[#active|active]]''.}}

{{term|term= passive sacrifice|content= passive sacrifice {{anchor|Passive sacrifice}} }}
{{defn|defn= The [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] of a piece, by moving a different piece, leaving the sacrificed piece under attack.}}

{{term|term= pattern recognition |content= [[Pattern recognition (psychology)|pattern recognition]] {{anchor| Pattern recognition}} }}
{{defn|defn= A part of chess thinking that involves remembering and recognizing certain recurring aspects large and small, visual and dynamic. It is a kind of thinking that gives an advantage to a player with great experience. It is distinct from the intellectual activity of [[#calculation|calculation]]. It uses intuitive thinking that is familiar to humans, but is foreign to computers. It can be developed by studying [[chess puzzle]]s. It has been studied by [[Adriaan de Groot]], and other scientists, who have attempted to discover how chess players think.<ref>de Groot 2008, pp. 189–203</ref><ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 7</ref>}}

{{term|term= patzer|content= patzer {{anchor|Patzer|patzers}} }}
{{defn|defn= A weak chess player (from {{lang-de|patzen}}, "to bungle").<ref>Kaan 2016, p. 19</ref> See also ''[[#woodpusher|woodpusher]]''.}}

{{term|term= pawn|content= [[Pawn (chess)|pawn]] {{anchor|Pawn|pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[Image:Chess pawn icon.png]]}}

{{term|term= pawn and move|content= [[Chess handicap|pawn and move]] {{anchor|Pawn and move}} }}
{{defn|defn= A type of odds game, common in the 18th and 19th centuries, in which the superior player plays Black and begins the game with one of their pawns, usually the king bishop pawn, removed from the board; plus White gets an extra move at the start.<ref>Staunton 1875, p. 41</ref>}}

{{term|term= pawn break|content= pawn break {{anchor|Pawn break|pawn breaks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A pawn move that attacks an enemy pawn in order to open up [[#line|lines]] and/or challenge the opponent's pawn structure. See also ''[[#break|break]]''.}}

{| align="right" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"
|-valign="top"
|
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd| |rd|kd|
|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|bd|pd
| | | |pd| |nd|pd|
| | | | | | | |
| | |pl|pl|pl|pl| |
| | |nl| | | | |
|pl|pl| | | | |pl|pl
|rl| |bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|White has a large pawn center in the [[King's Indian Defence, Four Pawns Attack]].
}}
|
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd| | | |pd|pd|pd
| | | | |pd| | |
| | | |pd|pl| | |
| | |pd|pl| | | |
| | |pl| | | | |
|pl|pl| | | |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|Pawn chains in the [[French Defence]]
}}
|}
{{term|term= pawn center|content= pawn center {{anchor|Pawn center|pawn centre|Pawn centre}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''pawn centre'''. A player's [[#pawn|pawns]] in the [[#center|center]] of the board. Pawns on the squares adjacent to the center may also be considered part of the pawn center. Having a strong pawn center was considered absolutely essential until the [[#hypermodernism|hypermodernist]] school introduced some new ideas.<ref>Keene 1989, p. 183</ref> Often shortened to '''center'''. See [[King's Indian Defence, Four Pawns Attack]] for an example of an opening leading to an extended pawn center.}}

{{term|term= pawn chain|content= pawn chain {{anchor|Pawn chain|pawn chains}} }}
{{defn|defn= Two or more pawns of the same color diagonally linked. A pawn chain's weakest point is the base, because it is not protected by another pawn.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 438">Silman 1999, p. 438</ref> See also ''[[#pawn structure|pawn structure]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Lichtenhein vs. Morphy, 1857
|rd| | |qd|kd| | |rd
|pd| |pd|bd| |pd|pd|pd
| | |pd| | | | |
| | |bd|pd|pl| | |
| | | | |bl| | |
| | | | | | | |
|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl| | |rl
|Black has three pawn islands and White has two. The pawn on e5 is not isolated because it is adjacent a file that has a white pawn.
}}
{{term|term= pawn island|content= pawn island {{anchor|Pawn island|pawn islands}} }}
{{defn|defn= A group of [[#pawn|pawns]] of one color on consecutive files with no other pawns of the same color on an adjacent file. A pawn island consisting of one pawn is an [[#isolated pawn|isolated pawn]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 439">Silman 1999, p. 439</ref>}}

{{term|term= pawn majority|content= pawn majority {{anchor|Pawn majority|pawn majorities}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#majority|majority]]''.}}

{{term|term= pawn minority|content= pawn minority {{anchor|Pawn minority|pawn minorities}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#minority|minority]]''.}}

{{term|term= pawn race|content= pawn race {{anchor|Pawn race}} }}
{{defn|defn= A situation where both opponents are [[#push|pushing]] a [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] in effort to be first to [[#promotion|promote]].}}

{{term|term= pawn roller|content= pawn roller {{anchor|Pawn roller|pawn rollers}} }}
{{defn|defn= Two [[#connected pawns|connected]] [[#passed pawn|passed pawns]]. "Roller" refers to their ability to defend one another as they advance toward [[#promotion|promotion]].}}

{{term|term= pawn skeleton|content= pawn skeleton {{anchor|Pawn skeleton}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#pawn structure|pawn structure]]''.}}

{{term|term= pawn storm|content= [[pawn storm]] {{anchor|Pawn storm}} }}
{{defn|defn= An attacking technique where a group of pawns on one wing is advanced to break up the defense.<ref>Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 83</ref>}}

{{term|term= pawn structure|content= [[pawn structure]] {{anchor|Pawn structure}} }}
{{defn|defn= The placement of the pawns during the course of a game. As pawns are the least mobile of the pieces and the only pieces unable to move backwards, the position of the pawns greatly influences the character of the game.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 238</ref> Also called ''pawn skeleton''.}}

{{term|term= PCA|content= [[Professional Chess Association|PCA]] {{anchor|PCA}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the Professional Chess Association.}}

{{term|term= performance rating|content= [[Performance rating (chess)|performance rating]] {{anchor|Performance rating|performance ratings}} }}
{{defn|defn= A number reflecting the approximate [[#Elo rating system|rating]] level at which a player performed in a particular [[#tournament|tournament]] or [[#match|match]]. It is often calculated by adding together the player's performances in each individual game, using the opponent's rating for a draw, adding 400 points to the opponent's rating for a win, and subtracting 400 points from the opponent's rating for a loss, then dividing by the total number of games. For example, a player who beat a 2400-rated player, lost to a 2600, drew a 2500, and beat a 2300, would have a performance rating of 2550 (i.e. 2800 + 2200 + 2500 + 2700, divided by 4).<ref>United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 202</ref> Abbr. '''PR'''.}}

{{term|term= perpetual check|content= [[perpetual check]] {{anchor|Perpetual check|perpetual checks}} }}
{{defn|defn= When a player puts the opponent in check, and the check could be repeated endlessly, the game will be declared a draw by [[#threefold repetition|repetition]]. This tactic can be resorted to as a form of insurance in a losing position.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 245</ref> Often shortened to '''perpetual'''.}}

{{term|term= PGN|content= PGN {{anchor|PGN}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#Portable Game Notation|Portable Game Notation]].<ref name="Hurst 2007, p. 365">Hurst 2007, p. 365</ref>}}

{{term|term= Philidor position|content= [[Philidor position]] {{anchor|Philidor position}} }}
{{defn|defn= Usually refers to an important chess [[#endgame|endgame]] that illustrates a drawing technique when the defender has a king and rook versus a king, rook, and pawn. It is also known as the third rank defense, because of the importance of the rook on the third rank cutting off the opposing king. It was analyzed by Philidor in 1777.<ref>Fine 1976, p. 4</ref> See also [[Rook and pawn versus rook endgame]].}}

{{term|term= piece|content= [[Chess piece|piece]] {{anchor|Piece|pieces}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= One of the chessmen or figures used to play the game – that is, a king, queen, rook, bishop, knight or pawn. Each piece type has its own rules of movement on the board and of capturing enemy pieces. This is the definition used in the context of [[rules of chess]] – for example, the [[#touched piece rule|touched piece rule]].}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= When annotating or discussing chess games, the term "piece" usually excludes [[#pawn|pawns]]. It may be used collectively for all "non-pawns" – for example, "White's pieces are well-posted". In some contexts, it may refer specifically to a [[#minor piece|minor piece]] – for example, "White is up two pieces for a rook".<ref>Hochberg 2005, p. 11</ref>}}

{{term|term= pin|content= [[Pin (chess)|pin]] {{anchor|Pin|pins}} }}
{{defn|defn= When a piece is attacked but cannot legally move, because doing so would expose the player's own king to [[#check|the attack]]; or when a piece is attacked and ''can'' legally move out of the line of attack, but such a move would expose a more valuable piece (or an unprotected piece) to [[#capture|capture]].<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 12">Hochberg 2005, p. 12</ref> See ''[[#absolute pin|absolute pin]]'' and ''[[#relative pin|relative pin]]'', respectively.}}

{{term|term= playable|content= playable {{anchor|Playable|playability}} }}
{{defn|defn= Said of an [[#opening|opening]], a position, or move that gives the person playing it a tenable position.<ref>Kaan 2016, p. 16</ref>}}

{{term|term= play by hand|content= play by hand {{anchor|Play by hand}} }}
{{defn|defn= To make a move intuitively and without analyzing the move.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/15/AR2007071500907.html Kavalek, Lubomir. "Chess".] ''The Washington Post''. 16 July 2007</ref>}}

{{term|term= ply|content= [[Ply (chess)|ply]] {{anchor|Ply|plies}} }}
{{defn|defn= Term mainly used in [[computer chess]] to denote one play of either White or Black. Thus equal to half a [[#move|move]].}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd|nd|bd| |kd|bd| |rd
| |pd| | | |pd|pd|pd
|pd| | |pd|pd|nd| |
| | | | | | |bl|
| | | |nl|pl|pl| |
| | |nl| | | | |
|pl|qd|pl|ql| | |pl|pl
|rl| | | |kl|bl| |rl
|Black has accepted the "poisoned" b2-pawn with 8...Qxb2 in the [[Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation]].
}}
{{term|term= poisoned pawn|content= poisoned pawn {{anchor|Poisoned pawn|poisoned pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= An unprotected pawn that, if captured, causes positional problems or material loss.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 439">Silman 1999, p. 439</ref>}}

{{term|term= Poisoned Pawn Variation|content= [[Poisoned Pawn Variation]] {{anchor|Poisoned Pawn Variation}} }}
{{defn|defn= Any of several opening [[#variation|variation]]s, the best-known of these being in the [[Najdorf Variation]] of the [[Sicilian Defence]], in which there is a [[#poisoned pawn|poisoned pawn]].<ref>Watson & Watson 1998, p. 18</ref>}}

{{term|term= Portable Game Notation|content= [[Portable Game Notation]] {{anchor|Portable Game Notation}} }}
{{defn|defn= This is a popular computer-processible [[ASCII]] format for recording chess games (both the moves and related data).<ref name="Hurst 2007, p. 365">Hurst 2007, p. 365</ref> Abbr. '''PGN'''.}}

{{term|term= positional play|content= positional play {{anchor|Positional play}} }}
{{defn|defn= Play based on strategy, on gaining and exploiting small advantages, and on analyzing the larger position, rather than calculating the more immediate [[#tactics|tactics]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 439">Silman 1999, p. 439</ref>}}

{{term|term= positional player|content= positional player {{anchor|Positional player|positional players}} }}
{{defn|defn= A player who specializes in [[#positional play|positional play]], as distinguished from a [[#tactician|tactician]].}}

{{term|term= positional sacrifice|content= positional sacrifice {{anchor|Positional sacrifice|positional sacrifices}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] in which the lost material is not regained via a [[#combination|combination]], but instead gains positional [[#compensation|compensation]]. These typically require deep positional understanding and are often overlooked by computers. Also known as a ''true sacrifice'', as opposed to a ''pseudo sacrifice'' or ''[[#sham sacrifice|sham sacrifice]]''.}}

{{term|term= post mortem|content= post mortem {{anchor|Post mortem|post mortems|post-mortem|Post-mortem}} }}
{{defn|defn= Analysis of a game after it has concluded, typically by one or both players and sometimes with spectators (kibitzers) contributing as well. A player who has just lost the game thanks to a dubious move has the chance to ''win the post-mortem'' by finding a better one.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 439">Silman 1999, p. 439</ref>}}

{{term|term= PR|content= PR {{anchor|PR}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#performance rating|performance rating]].}}

{{term|term= premove|content=premove {{anchor|Premove|premoving|Premoving|premoves|Premoves}} }}
{{defn|defn= In [[online chess]], premoves are moves that are made before the opponent has taken their turn. ''Premoving'', the act of making premoves, is a popular way of saving time in blitz and bullet formats.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://support.chess.com/article/642-what-are-premoves-and-how-do-they-work}}</ref>}}

{{term|term= preparation|content= preparation {{anchor|Preparation}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening preparation|opening preparation]]''.}}

{{term|term= prepared variation|content= prepared variation {{anchor|Prepared variation|prepared variations}} }}
{{defn|defn= A well-analyzed [[#theoretical novelty|novelty]] in the [[#opening|opening]] that is not published but first used against an opponent in competitive play.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 188</ref>}}

{{term|term= Principle of two weaknesses |content= Principle of two weaknesses {{anchor|Principle of two weaknesses}} }}
{{defn|defn= A technique of increasing one's advantage by causing the opponent, who has one weakness, to have a second weakness. Even if both weaknesses are minor, the fact of having two, in practice, becomes a major weakness.<ref name="Dvoretsky 2006, p. 53">Dvoretsky 2006, p. 53</ref>}}

{{term|term= priyome|content= [[priyome]] {{anchor|Priyome}} }}
{{defn|defn= A Russian term for particular tactics that depend on pawn structure.<ref>Soltis 2013, p. 1</ref>}}

{{term|term= problem-like|content= problem-like {{anchor|Problem-like}} }}
{{defn|defn= An elegant and counterintuitive tactical [[#shot|shot]], of the type generally found in [[chess problem]]s rather than in actual play, can be termed problem-like.}}

{{term|term= promotion|content= [[Promotion (chess)|promotion]] {{anchor|Promotion|promotions}} }}
{{defn|defn= Advancing a [[#pawn|pawn]] to the eighth rank, converting it to a queen, rook, bishop or knight. Promotion to a piece other than a queen is called ''[[#underpromotion|underpromotion]]''.<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 12">Hochberg 2005, p. 12</ref>}}

{{term|term= prophylaxis|content= [[Prophylaxis (chess)|prophylaxis]] {{anchor|Prophylaxis|prophylactic|Prophylactic}} }}
{{defn|defn= A strategy that frustrates and protects against an opponent's plan or tactic for fear of the consequences.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 439">Silman 1999, p. 439</ref> See also ''[[#blockade|blockade]]'', ''[[#overprotection|overprotection]]'', and ''[[#mysterious rook move|mysterious rook move]]''.}}

{{term|term= protected passed pawn|content= [[Passed pawn#Protected passed pawn|protected passed pawn]] {{anchor|Protected passed pawn|protected passed pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#passed pawn|passed pawn]] that is supported by another pawn.<ref>Silman 1999, p. 440</ref>}}

{{term|term= pseudo sacrifice|content= pseudo sacrifice {{anchor|Pseudo sacrifice|pseudo-sacrifice}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#sham sacrifice|sham sacrifice]]''.}}

{{term|term= push|content= push {{anchor|Push|pushed|pushes}} }}
{{defn|defn= To move a [[#pawn|pawn]] forward (''v.''), or a pawn move forward (''n.'').}}

{{glossary end}}

==Q==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= Q|content= Q {{anchor|Q}} }}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#queen|queen]] when recording chess moves in English.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 57">Staunton 2009, p. 57</ref>}}

{{term|term= QGA|content= [[Queen's Gambit Accepted|QGA]] {{anchor|QGA}} }}
{{defn|defn= The Queen's Gambit Accepted [[#opening|opening]].<ref>Staunton 2009, p. 355</ref>}}

{{term|term= QGD|content= [[Queen's Gambit Declined|QGD]] {{anchor|QGD}} }}
{{defn|defn= The Queen's Gambit Declined [[#opening|opening]].<ref>Staunton 2009, p. 360</ref>}}

{{term|term= QID|content= [[Queen's Indian Defense|QID]] {{anchor|QID}} }}
{{defn|defn= The Queen's Indian Defense [[#opening|opening]].<ref>Kaan 2016, pp. 161–62</ref>}}

{{term|term= quad|content= quad {{anchor|Quad|quads}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin style]] tournament between four players, where each participant plays every other participant once.}}

{{term|term= queen|content= [[Queen (chess)|queen]] {{anchor|Queen|queens}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= [[Image:Chess queen icon.png]]}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= ''verb.'' The act of [[#promotion|promoting]] a pawn to a queen.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}

{{term|term= queen bishop|content= queen bishop {{anchor|Queen bishop|queen's bishop|Queen's bishop|queen bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's bishop'''. The [[#bishop|bishop]] that is on the [[#queenside|queenside]] at the start of the game. It is abbreviated "QB".<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 306</ref>}}

{{term|term= queening|content= queening {{anchor|Queening}} }}
{{defn|defn= Promotion to a [[#queen|queen]]. Also called ''[[#promotion|promotion]]''. Rarely used to indicate promotion to a knight, rook, or bishop (i.e. [[#underpromotion|underpromotion]]) as well.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 61">Staunton 2014, p. 61</ref>}}

{{term|term= queen knight|content= queen knight {{anchor|Queen knight|queen's knight|Queen's knight|queen knights}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's knight'''. The [[#knight|knight]] that is on the [[#queenside|queenside]] at the start of the game. The terms ''queen bishop'' and ''queen rook'' are also used. Sometimes abbreviated "QN", "QB", and "QR", respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}

{{term|term= queen pawn|content= queen pawn {{anchor|Queen pawn|queen's pawn|Queen's pawn|queen pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the queen's [[#file|file]], i.e. the d-file. Sometimes abbreviated "QP". Also ''queen rook pawn'' (QRP), ''queen knight pawn'' (QNP), and ''queen bishop pawn'' (QBP) for a pawn on the a-, b-, or c-file, respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}

{{term|term= queen pawn opening|content= [[Queen's Pawn Game|queen pawn opening]] {{anchor|Queen pawn opening|queen's pawn opening|Queen's pawn opening|queen pawn openings}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's pawn opening'''. An [[#opening|opening]] that begins 1.d4. }}

{{term|term= queen rook|content= queen rook {{anchor|Queen rook|queen's rook|Queen's rook|queen rooks}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's rook'''. The [[#rook|rook]] that is on the [[#queenside|queenside]] at the start of the game. The terms ''queen bishop'' and ''queen knight'' are also used. Sometimes abbreviated "QR", "QB", and "QN", respectively.<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}

{{term|term= queenside|content= queenside {{anchor|Queenside|queen's side|Queen's side}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''queen's side'''. The side of the board (board-half) the [[#queen|queens]] are on at the start of the game (the a- through d-[[#file|file]]), as opposed to the ''[[#kingside|kingside]]''.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 3">Staunton 2009, p. 3</ref> Also called ''queen's wing''.}}

{{term|term= quickplay finish|content= quickplay finish {{anchor|Quickplay finish}} }}
{{defn|defn= The same as ''[[#sudden death|sudden death]]''.<ref>United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 337</ref>}}

{{term|term= quiet move|content= quiet move {{anchor|Quiet move|quiet moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that does not attack or capture an enemy piece.<ref>Hertan 2014, p. 193</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==R==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= R|content= R {{anchor|R}} }}
{{defn|defn= Symbol used for the [[#rook|rook]] when recording chess moves in English.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 57">Staunton 2009, p. 57</ref>}}

{{term|term= Rabar Classification|content= Rabar Classification {{anchor|Rabar Classification|Rabar classification}} }}
{{defn|defn=A system of [[#Opening|opening]] classification codes introduced by [[Braslav Rabar]] for ''[[Chess Informant]]''. The system was used by Informant publications from 1966 to 1981 but has since been replaced by ''[[#ECO|ECO]]'' codes.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 330</ref>}}

{{term|term= raking bishops|content= raking bishops {{anchor|Raking bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= Another term for ''[[#Horwitz bishops|Horwitz bishops]]''.<ref>Alburt & Parr 2003, p. 113</ref>}}

{{term|term= randomized chess|content= randomized chess {{anchor|Randomized chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= "A form of unorthodox chess designed to discount knowledge of the openings. The pawns are placed as in the array and behind them the pieces are placed in unorthodox fashion."<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 331</ref> See also ''[[#Chess960|Chess960]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|x8| | |qd|kd| | |x1
|x7| | |pd|pd| | |x2
|x6| | | | | | |x3
|x5| | | | | | |x4
|x4| | | | | | |x5
|x3| | | | | | |x6
|x2| | |pl|pl| | |x7
|x1| | |ql|kl| | |x8
|White's ranks are indicated on the left (a-file); Black's relative reference to ranks are indicated on the right (h-file).
}}
{{term|term= rank|content= rank {{anchor|Rank|ranks|Ranks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A row of the [[#chessboard|chessboard]]. In [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]], ranks are numbered 1–8 starting from White's side of the board; however, players customarily refer to ranks from their own perspectives. For example: White's king and other pieces start on their first (or "back") rank, whereas Black calls the same rank the eighth rank; White's seventh rank is Black's second; and so on. If neither perspective is given, White's view is assumed. This relative reference to ranks was formalized in the older [[#descriptive notation|descriptive notation]].<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, pp. 331–32</ref>}}

{{term|term= rapid chess|content= [[Fast chess#Rapid chess|rapid chess]] {{anchor|Rapid chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess with reduced time limit, usually 30 minutes per player.}}

{{term|term= recapture|content= recapture {{anchor|Recapture|recaptures}} }}
{{defn|defn= The [[#capture|capture]] of an opponent's piece that previously made a capture, and usually played immediately following the opponent's capture move. The capture and recapture occur on the same square, and usually the pieces captured and recaptured have the same [[Chess piece relative value|value]].}}

{{term|term= refute|content= refute {{anchor|Refute|refuted|refutation|refutations}} }}
{{defn|defn= To demonstrate that a strategy, move, or opening is not as good as previously thought (often, that it leads to a loss), or that previously published analysis is unsound. A refutation is sometimes colloquially referred to as a ''[[#bust|bust]]''. A refutation in the context of chess problems or endgame studies is often called a ''[[#cook|cook]]''.<ref>Soltis 2013, p. 210</ref>}}

{{term|term= related squares|content= related squares {{anchor|Related squares}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#corresponding squares|corresponding squares]]''.}}

{{term|term= relative pin|content= relative pin {{anchor|Relative pin|relative pins}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#pin|pin]] where it is legal to move the pinned piece out of the line of attack. Contrast with ''[[#absolute pin|absolute pin]]'' where the pinned piece is not permitted to move because it would expose the king to check.}}

{{term|term= remis|content= remis {{anchor|Remis}} }}
{{defn|defn= [French] A ''[[#draw|draw]]''. It literally means "reset" and is somewhat archaic (the usual word for a draw in modern French is ''nulle'') but is internationally understood and may be used between players without a common language.}}

{{term|term= repertoire|content= repertoire {{anchor|Repertoire|repertoires}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening repertoire|opening repertoire]]''.}}

{{term|term= reserve tempo|content= [[Tempo (chess)#Reserve tempo|reserve tempo]] {{anchor|Reserve tempo}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move a player has available. Such a move may not be crucial to the position on the board, but being able to force the opponent to move by making a reserve move can on occasion result in a significant advantage.<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 96</ref>}}

{{term|term= resign|content= [[Rules of chess#Resigning|resign]] {{anchor|Resign|resigns|resigned|resignation|resignations}} }}
{{defn|defn= To concede loss of the game. A resignation is usually indicated by stopping the clocks, sometimes by offering a handshake, or by saying "I resign". A traditional way to resign is by tipping over one's king. It is common for a game to be resigned, rather than for it to end with [[#checkmate|checkmate]], because experienced players can foresee the checkmate.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref><ref>Burgess 2000, p. 481</ref>}}

{{term|term= resign on time|content = resign on time {{anchor|Resign on time}} }}
{{defn|defn= A player who in a hopeless position intentionally runs out of time to avoid having to resign can be said to have ''resigned on time''. This is usually performed in a more subtle manner than that of [[Curt von Bardeleben#Game|Curt von Bardeleben walking out of the tournament hall]] against [[Wilhelm Steinitz]]. A player low on time and in a losing position may simply "forget" to pay any attention to the clock.}}

{{term|term= Romantic chess|content= [[Romantic chess]] {{anchor|Romantic chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= Romantic chess was the style of chess prevalent in the 19th century. It is characterized by bold attacks and sacrifices.<ref>Grooten 2017, p. 51</ref>}}

{{term|term= rook|content= [[Rook (chess)|rook]] {{anchor|Rook|rooks}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[Image:Chess rook icon.png]]}}

{{term|term= rook lift|content= rook lift {{anchor|Rook lift|rook lifts}} }}
{{defn|defn= A maneuver that places a [[#rook|rook]] in front of its own [[#pawn|pawns]], often on the third or fourth [[#rank|rank]]. This can allow the rook to treat a [[#half-open file|half-open file]] as if it were an [[#open file|open file]], or a [[#closed file|closed file]] as if it were half-open.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 102</ref>}}

{{term|term= rook pawn|content= rook pawn {{anchor|Rook pawn|rook's pawn|Rook's pawn|rook pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''rook's pawn'''. A [[#pawn|pawn]] on the rook's [[#file|file]], i.e. the a-file or h-file. Sometimes abbreviated "RP".<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref>}}

{{term|term= round-robin tournament|content= [[round-robin tournament]] {{anchor|Round-robin tournament|round-robin tournaments}} }}
{{defn|defn= This is a tournament in which each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times. In a double round-robin tournament the participants play each other exactly twice, once with white and once with black. A round robin tournament is commonly used if the number of participants is relatively small.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 238">Ashley 2007, p. 238</ref> See also ''[[#Swiss tournament|Swiss tournament]]''.}}

{{term|term= royal fork|content= royal fork {{anchor|Royal fork}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#fork|fork]] threatening the king and queen.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 247</ref>}}

{{term|term= royal piece|content= royal piece {{anchor|Royal piece|royal pieces}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#king|king]] or [[#queen|queen]].<ref name="Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7">Staunton 2009, pp. 2–7</ref> In [[#chess variant|chess variants]], the term refers to any piece that must be protected from capture; under this definition, only the king is royal in orthodox chess.}}

{{glossary end}}

==S==
{{glossary}}
{{term|term= S|content= S {{anchor|S}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from {{lang-de|Springer}}, "jumper"] Alternate notation for the [[#knight|knight]]. Used rather than ''K'', which means [[#king|king]]. }}

{{term|term= sac|content= sac {{anchor|Sac|sacs}} }}
{{defn|defn= Short for ''[[#sacrifice|sacrifice]]'', usually used to describe a sacrifice for a [[#mating attack|mating attack]].<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 238">Ashley 2007, p. 238</ref>}}

{{term|term= sacrifice|content= [[Sacrifice (chess)|sacrifice]] {{anchor|Sacrifice|sacrifices}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move or capture that voluntarily gives up material in return for an advantage such as space, development, or an attack. A sacrifice in the [[#opening|opening]] is called a [[#gambit|gambit]], especially when applied to a pawn.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref>}}

{{term|term= SAN|content= SAN {{anchor|SAN}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for standard (or short) [[#algebraic notation|algebraic notation]] (e.g. 1.Nf3), as opposed to [[Algebraic notation (chess)#Long algebraic notation|long algebraic notation]] (e.g. 1.Ng1-f3).}}

{{term|term= sans voir|content= sans voir {{anchor|Sans voir}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from French] See ''[[#blindfold chess|blindfold chess]]''.}}

[[File:scholars mate animation.gif|frame|right|[[Scholar's mate]]]]
{{term|term= Scholar's mate|content= [[Scholar's mate]] {{anchor|Scholar's mate|Scholar's Mate|Scholar's checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A four-move checkmate (common among novices) in which White plays 1.e4, follows with Qh5 (or Qf3) and Bc4, and finishes with 4.Qxf7#.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 58">Staunton 2014, p. 58</ref>}}

{{term|term= score|content= score {{anchor|Score}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#game score|game score]]''.}}

[[Image:Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg|thumb|210px|A score sheet]]

{{term|term= score sheet|content= score sheet {{anchor|Score sheet|scoresheet|score-sheet|score sheets|scoresheets}} }}
{{defn|defn= The sheet of paper used to record a game in progress. During formal games, it is usual for both players to record the game using a score sheet. A completed score sheet contains the [[#game score|game score]].<ref name="Pandolfini 1996, p. 134">Pandolfini 1996, p. 134</ref>}}

{{term|term= sealed move|content= sealed move {{anchor|Sealed move}} }}
{{defn|defn= Lengthy [[#OTB|OTB]] games can be [[#adjournment|adjourned]], though the practice is far less common today. To prevent unfair advantage, the player whose turn it is to move is required to write down their next move in the approved notation and put it in a sealed envelope. Upon resumption, the [[#arbiter|arbiter]] makes the sealed move and the game continues. The player may be forfeited if the sealed move is illegal, ambiguous or unclear. See also [[Adjournment (games)]].}}

{{term|term= second|content= second {{anchor|Second|seconds}} }}
{{defn|defn= An assistant hired to help a player in preparation for and during a major match or tournament. The second assists in areas such as [[#opening preparation|opening preparation]]. The second also used to assist with [[#adjournment|adjournment]] analysis before the practice of adjournments was largely abandoned in the 1990s.<ref>[http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378 All The King's Men] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024222221/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262378 |date=24 October 2009 }}, Outlook Business, 31 October 2009</ref> }}

{{term|term= second player|content= second player {{anchor|Second player}} }}
{{defn|defn= The expression "the second player" is sometimes used to refer to [[#Black|Black]].}}

{{term|term= seesaw|content= seesaw {{anchor|Seesaw}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#windmill|windmill]]''.}}

{{term|term= Semi-Closed Game|content= [[Semi-Closed Game]] {{anchor|Semi-Closed Game|Semi-closed game|semi-closed game}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins with White playing 1.d4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...d5.<ref name="H&W_p365">Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 365</ref> Also called ''half-closed game''.<ref name="H&W_p165">Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 165</ref> See also ''[[#Open Game|Open Game]]'' and ''[[#Closed Game|Closed Game]]''.}}

{{term|term= semi-open file|content= semi-open file {{anchor|Semi-open file|semi-open files}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#half-open file|half-open file]]''.}}

{{term|term= Semi-Open Game|content= [[Semi-Open Game]] {{anchor|Semi-Open Game|Semi-open game|semi-open game}} }}
{{defn|defn= An [[#opening|opening]] that begins with White playing 1.e4 and Black replying with a move other than 1...e5.<ref name=H&W_p365 /> Also called ''half-open game''.<ref name=H&W_p165 /> See also ''[[#Open Game|Open Game]]'' and ''[[#Closed Game|Closed Game]]''.}}

{{term|term= seventy-five-move rule|content= [[Fifty-move_rule#Seventy-five-move rule|seventy-five-move rule]] {{anchor|Seventy-five-move rule}} }}
{{defn|defn= The game is drawn if no capture or pawn move has occurred in the last seventy-five moves by either side, related to the [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]] for looking at a series of moves without capture or pawn move.{{refn|Article 9.6.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}}}}

{{term|term= sham sacrifice|content= [[Sacrifice (chess)#Real versus sham|sham sacrifice]] {{anchor|Sham sacrifice|sham sacrifices}} }}
{{defn|defn= An offer of [[#material|material]] that is made at no risk, as acceptance would lead to the gain of equal or greater material or [[#checkmate|checkmate]]. This is in contrast to a ''true sacrifice'' in which the [[#compensation|compensation]] is less tangible. Also called ''pseudo sacrifice''.<ref>Brace 1977, p. 257</ref>}}

{{term|term= sharp|content= sharp {{anchor|Sharp|sharper|sharpest}} }}
{{defn|defn= Risky, double-edged, highly [[#tactics|tactical]]. Sharp can be used to describe [[#move|moves]], maneuvers, positions, opening lines, and styles of play.<ref>Kaan 2016, p. 244</ref>}}

{{term|term= shot|content= shot {{anchor|Shot|shots}} }}
{{defn|defn= Slang for an unexpected or [[#sharp|sharp]] move that typically makes a [[#tactics|tactical]] threat or technical challenge for the opponent.}}

{{term|term= silent move}}
{{defn|defn= A move that has a dynamic tactical effect on a position, but that does not capture or attack an enemy piece.<ref>Rasskin-Gutman 2009, p. 136</ref><ref>Timman 2014, p. 166</ref> See also ''[[#quiet move|quiet move]]''.}}

{{term|term= simplification|content= simplification {{anchor|Simplification|simplify|simplifying}} }}
{{defn|defn= A strategy of exchanging pieces, often with one of the following goals: as a defensive measure to reduce the size of an attacking force, when having the advantage to reduce the opponent's [[#counterplay|counterplay]], to try to obtain a [[#draw|draw]], or as an attempt to gain an advantage by players who are strong in [[#endgame|endgame]] play with simplified positions.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 373; Silman 1999, p. 441</ref> Also called ''liquidation''.}}

[[Image:Maksimenko in simultaneous exhibition.jpg|thumb|210px|A simultaneous exhibition]]

{{term|term= simultaneous chess|content= [[Simultaneous exhibition|simultaneous chess]] {{anchor|Simultaneous chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= A form of chess in which one player plays against several players simultaneously. It is usually an exhibition.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 239">Ashley 2007, p. 239</ref>}}

{{term|term= sitzfleisch|content= sitzfleisch {{anchor|Sitzfleisch}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "sitting flesh"] The ability to sit still.<ref>Fine 2015, p. 87</ref>}}

{{term|term= skewer|content= [[Skewer (chess)|skewer]] {{anchor|Skewer|skewers}} }}
{{defn|defn= An attack on a valuable piece, compelling it to move to avoid capture and thus expose a less valuable piece which can then be taken.<ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 267</ref> See also ''[[#X-ray|X-ray]]''.}}

{{term|term= skittles|content= skittles {{anchor|Skittles}} }}
{{defn|defn= A casual or "pickup" game, usually played without a [[#chess clock|chess clock]]. At chess [[#tournament|tournaments]], a skittles room is where one goes to play for fun while waiting for the next formal game.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 239">Ashley 2007, p. 239</ref>}}

{{term|term= slow|content= slow {{anchor|Slow}} }}
{{defn|defn= Describes a strategy that requires too many [[#tempo|tempi]] to complete, allowing the opponent [[#time|time]] to [[#consolidation|consolidate]].}}

{{term|term= smothered mate|content= [[smothered mate]] {{anchor|Smothered mate|smothered checkmate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A checkmate delivered by a [[#knight|knight]] in which the mated king is unable to escape because it is surrounded (or {{italics correction|''smothered''}}) by its own pieces.<ref>Staunton 2009, p. 25</ref>}}

{{term|term= Sofia rules|content= [[Draw by agreement#Only theoretical draws allowed (Sofia Rules)|Sofia rules]] {{anchor|Sofia rules}} }}
{{defn|defn= In the tournament played by Sofia rules, players are not allowed to draw by agreement. They could have draws by [[#stalemate|stalemate]], [[#threefold repetition|threefold repetition]], [[#fifty-move rule|fifty-move rule]], or insufficient material. Other draws are allowed only if the arbiter declares the game reached a drawn position.<ref>Giddins 2017, pp. 169–70</ref>}}

{{term|term= solid|content= solid {{anchor|Solid}} }}
{{defn|defn= An adjective used to describe a move, opening, or manner of play that is characterized by minimal risk-taking and emphasis on [[#quiet move|quiet]] [[#positional play|positional play]] rather than wild [[#tactics|tactics]].}}

{{term|term= sortie|content= sortie {{anchor|Sortie|sorties}} }}
{{defn|defn= A queen development in front of its own pawns, often early in the opening, usually for the purpose of exploiting an advantage in space or punishing an error by the opponent. So called because the queen is usually developed behind its own pawns for its protection.}}

{{term|term= sound|content= sound {{anchor|Sound}} }}
{{defn|defn= A correct move or plan. A sound [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] has sufficient [[#compensation|compensation]], a sound [[#opening|opening]] or [[#variation|variation]] has no known [[#refute|refutation]], and a sound {{chessprobgloss|composition|puzzle or composition}} has no known [[#cook|cooks]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref> Antonym: ''unsound''.}}

{{term|term= space|content= space {{anchor|Space|spatial}} }}
{{defn|defn= The squares controlled by a player. A player controlling more squares than the other is said to have a ''spatial advantage''.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 441">Silman 1999, p. 441</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd| |bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd
| | |nd| | | | |
| |bl| | |pd| | |
| | | | |pl| | |
| | | | | |nl| |
|pl|pl|pl|pl| |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl| | |rl
|The Spanish bishop on b5 in the [[Ruy Lopez]].
}}
{{term|term= Spanish bishop|content= Spanish bishop {{anchor|Spanish bishop}} }}
{{defn|defn= A white [[#king bishop|king bishop]] developed to [[#algebraic notation|b5]]. This is characteristic of the [[Ruy Lopez]], also known as the Spanish Opening.}}

{{term|term= speed chess|content= speed chess {{anchor|Speed chess}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#blitz chess|blitz chess]]''.}}

{{term|term= spite check|content= spite check {{anchor|Spite check|spite checks}} }}
{{defn|defn= A harmless [[#check|check]] given by a player who is about to lose the game, that serves no purpose other than to momentarily delay the defeat.<ref>Reinfeld 2016, p. 151</ref>}}

{{term|term= squeeze|content= squeeze {{anchor|Squeeze}} }}
{{defn|defn= Making pawn moves that limit mobility, freedom and options for the opponent, typically causing a ''[[#zugzwang|zugzwang]]''.<ref>Pandolfini 1988, p. 78</ref>}}

{{term|term= stalemate|content= [[stalemate]] {{anchor|Stalemate}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position in which the player whose turn it is to move has no legal move and their king is not in check. A stalemate results in an immediate draw.<ref name="Staunton 2014, p. 53">Staunton 2014, p. 53</ref>}}

{{term|term= starting square|content= starting square {{anchor|Starting square|starting squares}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#piece|piece]]'s starting square is the square it occupies at the beginning of the game.}}

[[Image:JaquesCookStaunton.jpg|thumb|210px|[[Staunton chess set|Staunton chessmen]]]]

{{term|term= Staunton chessmen|content= [[Staunton chess set]] {{anchor|Staunton chessmen|Staunton chess set}} }}
{{defn|defn= The standard design of chess pieces, required for use in competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-the-chess-set-got-its-look-and-feel-14299092/?no-ist |title=How the Chess Set Got Its Look and Feel |last=Stamp |first=Jimmy |website=Smithsonian.com |date=3 April 2013 }}</ref>}}

{{term|term= stem game|content= stem game {{anchor|Stem game}} }}
{{defn|defn= A stem game is the chess game featuring the first use of a particular [[#opening|opening]] [[#variation|variation]]. Sometimes, the player or the venue of the stem game is then used to refer to that opening.}}

{{term|term= strategic crush|content= strategic crush {{anchor|Strategic crush}} }}
{{defn|defn= Win characterised by gradual accumulation of advantages and complete prevention of [[#counterplay|counterplay]].}}

{{term|term= strategy|content= [[Chess strategy|strategy]] {{anchor|Strategy|strategies}} }}
{{defn|defn= The basis of a player's moves. The evaluation of positions and ways to achieve goals. Strategy is often contrasted with [[#tactics|tactics]], which are the calculations of more immediate plans and [[#combination|combinations]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}

{{term|term= stong|content= strong {{anchor|Strong|strength|strengths}} }}
{{defn|defn= A forceful or good move, a position having good winning chances, a highly [[#Elo rating system|rated]] player or one successful in tournaments, or a tournament having a sizable number of strong players competing, such as [[#Grandmaster|grandmasters]]. A "strong showing" refers to a player's high win ratio in a tournament. Antonym: ''weak'', e.g. a [[#weak square|weak square]].}}

{{term|term= stronger side|content= stronger side {{anchor|Stronger side}} }}
{{defn|defn= The side with a [[#material|material]] or [[#positional play|positional]] advantage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive Chess Endings |last1=Averbakh |first1=Yuri |author-link1=Yuri Averbakh |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |page=viii }}</ref>}}

{{term|term= strongpoint|content= strongpoint {{anchor|Strongpoint|strongpoints|strong points}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A "strongpoint defense" means an [[#opening|opening]] that defends and retains a central pawn (White: e4 or d4; Black: e5 or d5), as opposed to exchanging the pawn and relinquishing occupation of that central square.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= More generically, a strongpoint can be any square heavily defended.}}

{{term|term= strong square|content= strong square {{anchor|Strong square|strong squares}} }}
{{defn|defn= A square on a player's 4th or greater [[#rank|rank]] on which the player can post a piece that cannot or will not be driven away by enemy pawns.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 400</ref> Cf. ''[[#weak square|weak square]]''.}}

{{term|term= sudden death|content= sudden death {{anchor|Sudden death}} }}
{{defn|defn= The most straightforward [[#time control|time control]] for a chess game: each player has a fixed amount of time available to make all moves. See also ''[[#fast chess|fast chess]]''.}}

{{term|term= support point |content= support point {{anchor|Support point|support points}} }}
{{defn|defn= A square that cannot be attacked by a pawn, and that can be occupied as a home base for a piece, usually a knight.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}

{{term|term= swap|content= swap {{anchor|Swap|swaps}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#exchange|exchange]]''.}}

{{term|term= swindle|content= [[Swindle (chess)|swindle]] {{anchor|Swindle|swindles}} }}
{{defn|defn= A ruse or trick played from a position that is inferior.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}

{{term|term= Swiss tournament|content= [[Swiss-system tournament|Swiss tournament]] {{anchor|Swiss tournament|Swiss-system tournament|Swiss tournaments}} }}
{{defn|defn= A system used in tournaments to determine pairings. In every round each player is paired with an opponent with the same or similar score.<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 240">Ashley 2007, p. 240</ref> See also ''[[#round-robin tournament|round-robin tournament]]''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Example of symmetry
| | | | |rd| |kd|
|pd|pd|qd|nd| |pd|pd|
| | |pd| | |nd|pd|
| | | |pd| | | |
| | | |pl| | | |
| | |pl| | |nl|pl|
|pl|pl|ql|nl| |pl|pl|
| | | | |rl| |kl|
|1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 exd5 4.Bd3 Bd6 5.Nf3 Nf6 6.0-0 0-0 7.Bg5 Bg4 8.Re1 Nbd7 9.Nbd2 c6 10.c3 Qc7 11.Qc2 Rfe8 12.Bh4 Bh5 13.Bg3 Bxg3 14.hxg3 Bg6 15.Rxe8+ Rxe8 16.Bxg6 hxg6 17.Re1 (''diagram''). [[José Raúl Capablanca|Capablanca]]–[[Géza Maróczy|Maróczy]], 1926.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1094365 |title=Capablanca vs. Maróczy, Lake Hopatcong 1926 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref> The game continued 17...Rxe1+ 18.Nxe1 Ne8 19.Nd3 Nd6 20.Qb3 a6 21.Kf1 {{chessAN|½–½}}
}}
{{term|term= symmetry|content= symmetry {{anchor|Symmetry|symmetric|symmetrical}} }}
{{defn|defn= A symmetrical position on the chessboard means the positions of one's pieces are exactly mirrored by the opponent's pieces. This most often occurs when Black mimics White's opening moves. Black is said to ''break'' symmetry when making a move that no longer imitates White's move.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}

{{term|term= system|content= system {{anchor|System}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#opening system|opening system]]''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==T==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= tabia|content= tabia {{anchor|Tabia|tabiya|Tabiya}} }}
{{defn|defn=[from Arabic: طبيعة ṭabīʕa, "essence"] Also '''tabiya'''. In chess openings a tabia is a key point. It may be a well-known "point of departure" where variations branch off, it may be a position that is reached so often that the real game begins after this initial series of book moves.<ref>Steingass 1884, p. 752</ref><ref>van de Oudeweetering 2014, p. 193</ref> }}

{{term|term= tablebase|content= tablebase {{anchor|Tablebase}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#endgame tablebase|endgame tablebase]]''.}}

{{term|term= tactician|content= tactician {{anchor|Tactician|tacticians}} }}
{{defn|defn= A player who specializes in tactical play, as distinguished from a [[#positional player|positional player]].}}

{{term|term= tactics|content= [[Chess tactics|tactics]] {{anchor|Tactics|tactic|tactical}} }}
{{defn|defn= Combinations, traps, and threats. Play characterized by short-term attacks, requiring calculation by the players, as distinguished from [[#positional play|positional play]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref>}}

{{term|term= takeback|content= takeback {{anchor|Takeback}} }}
{{defn|defn= Used in casual games whereby both players agree to undo one or more moves.}}

{{term|term= tall pawn|content= tall pawn {{anchor|Tall pawn}} }}
{{defn|defn= (colloquial) An ineffective bishop, usually a ''[[#bad bishop|bad bishop]] hemmed in by its own pawns.}}

{{term|term= Tarrasch rule|content= [[Tarrasch rule]] {{anchor|Tarrasch rule}} }}
{{defn|defn= The general principle that rooks usually should be placed behind [[#passed pawn|passed pawns]], either one's own or one's opponent's. Named after [[Siegbert Tarrasch]].<ref>Kotov 2012, p. 42</ref>}}

{{term|term= TD|content= TD {{anchor|TD}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#tournament director|tournament director]].<ref name="Ashley 2007, p. 240">Ashley 2007, p. 240</ref>}}

{{term|term= technique|content= technique {{anchor|Technique}} }}
{{defn|defn= The manner in which a player converts an advantageous position into a win.}}

{{term|term= tempo|content= [[Tempo (chess)|tempo]] {{anchor|Tempo|tempos|tempi}} }}
{{defn|defn= A unit of time considered as one move. A player may gain a tempo in the opening when the opponent moves the same piece twice. In the [[#endgame|endgame]], one may wish to lose a tempo by [[#triangulation|triangulation]] in order to gain the [[#opposition|opposition]].<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref> Plural: ''tempos'' or ''tempi''.}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
|rd| |bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd
| | |nd| | |nd| |
| | | | | | | |
| | | |nl|pl| | |
| | |nl| | | | |
|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl
|rl| |bl|ql|kl|bl| |rl
|This [[Scotch Opening]] position contains tension due to the knights on c6 and d4. Both knights are currently adequately defended, so neither player is forced to release the tension.
}}
{{term|term= tension|content= tension {{anchor|Tension}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position in which there are one or more [[#exchange|exchanges]] possible, such as a pair of pawns facing each other on a diagonal where either can capture the other, is said to contain tension. Such a situation differs from a [[#threat|threat]] in that it does not need to be immediately resolved – for example, if both pawns are defended. The consequences of resolving the tension must be constantly considered by both players, in case there is a possibility of winning or losing [[#material|material]]. This makes calculating the best move more complicated, and so there is a natural temptation to ''release the tension'' by making a like-for-like exchange (see {{italics correction|''[[#simplification|simplification]]''}}) or by moving the attacked piece. To ''keep the tension'' is to avoid resolving it, which is sometimes good advice depending on the position.}}

{{term|term= text move|content= text move {{anchor|Text move|text moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= This term is used in written [[#analysis|analysis]] of chess games to refer to a move actually played in the game as opposed to other possible moves. Often shortened to '''text''', for example "The text is inferior as it allows{{nbsp}}...f5." Text moves are usually in bold whereas analysis moves are not.}}

{{term|term= thematic|content= thematic {{anchor|Thematic}} }}

{{defn|defn= Suited to the demands of the position. The term "thematic move" is often applied to the key move of a thematic plan.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, p. 241</ref>}}

{{term|term= theme tournament|content= theme tournament {{anchor|Theme tournament}} }}
{{defn|defn= A chess [[#tournament|tournament]] in which every game must begin with a particular [[#opening|opening]] specified by the organizers, for example the [[Budapest Gambit]] (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5).}}

{{term|term= theoretical draw|content= theoretical draw {{anchor|Theoretical draw|theoretical draws}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#book draw|book draw]]''.}}

{{term|term= theoretical novelty|content= theoretical novelty {{anchor|Theoretical novelty|Theoretical Novelty|novelty|theoretical novelty (TN)|Theoretical Novelty (TN)|theoretical novelties}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move in the [[#opening|opening]] that has not been played before.<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 418</ref> Abbr. '''TN''' or '''N'''.}}

{{term|term= threat|content= threat {{anchor|Threat|threats}} }}
{{defn|defn= A plan or move that carries an intention to damage the opponent's position. A threat is a tactical weapon that must be defended against.<ref name="Pandolfini 1992, p. 240">Pandolfini 1992, p. 240</ref>}}

{{term|term= threefold repetition|content= [[threefold repetition]] {{anchor|Threefold repetition}} }}
{{defn|defn= A draw may be claimed if the same position occurs three times with the same player to move; and with each player having the choice of the same set of moves each time, including the right to capture ''en passant'' and the right to castle.<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 307</ref> For the same position occurring five times, see ''[[#fivefold repetition|fivefold repetition]]''.}}

{{term|term= tiebreaks|content= tiebreaks {{anchor|Tiebreaks|tiebreak|tie-breaks|tie-break}} }}
{{defn|defn= See [[Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments]]. This refers to a number of different systems that are used to break ties, and thus designate a single winner, where multiple players or teams tie for the same place in a [[#Swiss tournament|Swiss system chess tournament]].}}

{{term|term= time|content= time {{anchor|Time}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= In chess "time" refers to the amount of time each player has to think and calculate as measured by a chess clock.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= The number of moves to complete an objective; for example, if a king is racing to stop a pawn from queening, and the king has too few moves, that may be referred to as "not enough time".<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 442">Silman 1999, p. 442</ref> See also ''[[#tempo|tempo]]''.}}

{{term|term= time control|content= [[time control]] {{anchor|Time control|time controls}} }}
{{defn|defn= The allowed time to play a game, usually measured by a [[#chess clock|chess clock]]. A time control can require either a certain number of moves be made per time period (e.g. 40 moves in {{frac|2|1|2}} hours) or it can limit the length of the entire game (e.g. five minutes per game for [[#blitz chess|blitz]]). Hybrid schemes are used, and [[#time delay|time delay]] controls have become popular since the widespread use of digital clocks.<ref name="ReferenceA">United States Chess Federation 2003, p. 8</ref>}}

{{term|term= time delay|content= time delay {{anchor|Time delay}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#time control|time control]] that makes it possible for a player to avoid having an ever-decreasing amount of time remaining (as is the case with [[#sudden death|sudden death]]). The most important time delays in chess are [[#Bronstein delay|Bronstein delay]] and [[#Fischer delay|Fischer delay]].}}

{{term|term= time pressure|content= time pressure {{anchor|Time pressure|time trouble|Time trouble}} }}
{{defn|defn= Also called '''time trouble'''. Having very little time on one's [[#chess clock|clock]] (especially less than five minutes) to complete one's remaining moves. See ''[[#time control|time control]]''.}}

{{term|term= TN|content= TN {{anchor|TN}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for [[#theoretical novelty|theoretical novelty]].}}

{{term|term= top board|content= top board {{anchor|Top board}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#first board|first board]]''.}}

{{term|term= touched piece rule|content= touched piece rule {{anchor|Touched piece rule|touch-move rule|Touch-move rule|Touch move rule}} }}
{{defn|defn= Also called '''[[touch-move rule]]'''. The rule that requires a player who touches a piece to move that piece unless the piece has no legal moves. If a player moves a piece to a particular square and takes their hand off it, the move must be to that square if it is a legal move. Castling must be initiated by moving the king first, so a player who touches their rook may be required to move the rook, without castling. The rule also requires a player who touches an opponent's piece to capture it if possible. In order to adjust the position of a piece within its square without being required to move it, the player should say "[[#j'adoube|J'adoube]]" or "I adjust".<ref name="Pandolfini 1992, p. 240">Pandolfini 1992, p. 240</ref>}}

[[File:TataSteelChess2013TournamentHall.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Tata Steel Chess Tournament|Tata Steel Tournament]] 2013]]
{{term|term= tournament|content= [[Chess tournament|tournament]] {{anchor|Tournament|tourney|tournaments|tourneys}} }}
{{defn|defn= A competition involving more than two players or teams, generally played at a single venue (or series of venues) in a relatively short period of time. A tournament is divided into rounds, with each round consisting either of individual games or matches in the case of [[#knockout tournament|knockout tournaments]] and team tournaments. The assignment of opponents is called [[#pairing|pairing]], with the most popular systems being [[#round-robin tournament|round-robin]] and [[#Swiss tournament|Swiss]]. A tournament is usually referred to by the city in which it was played and the year, such as "[[London 1851 chess tournament|London 1851]]", although there are well-known exceptions, such as "[[AVRO tournament|AVRO]] 1938".}}

{{term|term= tournament book|content= tournament book {{anchor|Tournament book}} }}
{{defn|defn= A book recording the [[#game score|scores]] of all the games in a tournament, usually with [[#analysis|analysis]] of the best or most important games and some background on the event and its participants. One well-known example is [[David Bronstein|Bronstein's]] ''Zurich International Chess Tournament 1953''. The less comprehensive '''tournament bulletin''' is usually issued between the rounds of a prestigious event, giving the players and world media an instant record of the games of the previous round. Individual copies may be bundled together at the conclusion of the event to provide an inexpensive alternative to the ''tournament book''.<ref>Bronstein 2013, p. vii</ref>}}

{{term|term= tournament director|content= tournament director {{anchor|Tournament director|Tournament Director|tournament director (TD)|Tournament director (TD)|Tournament Director (TD)}} }}
{{defn|defn= Organizer and arbiter of a tournament, responsible for enforcing the tournament rules and the [[#laws of chess|laws of chess]]. Abbr. '''TD'''. Also '''tournament controller''' [chiefly British].}}

{{term|term= trade|content= trade {{anchor|Trade|trades}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#exchange|exchange]]''.}}

{{term|term= transposition|content= [[Transposition (chess)|transposition]] {{anchor|Transposition|transpositions|transposing|transposes|transposed}} }}
{{defn|defn= Arriving at a position using a different sequence of moves.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 433">Silman 1999, p. 433</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
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|rd| |bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd
|pd|pd|pd|nd| |pd|pd|pd
| | | | |pd|nd| |
| | | |pd| | |bl|
| | |pl|pl| | | |
| | |nl| | | | |
|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl|pl
|rl| | |ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|With 4...Nbd7 Black sets a trap in the [[Queen's Gambit Declined|QGD]] (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5). White cannot win the pawn on d5 due to the [[Queen's Gambit Declined, Elephant Trap|Elephant Trap]].
}}
{{term|term= trap|content= trap {{anchor|Trap|traps}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that may tempt the opponent to play a losing move.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 443">Silman 1999, p. 443</ref> See also ''[[#swindle|swindle]]'' and [[List of chess traps]].}}

{{Chess diagram small
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| | | | |pd|kl| |
| | | |kd|pl| | |
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| | | | | | | |
|Trébuchet, whoever has the move loses. 1.Kg4 Kxe4 2.Kg3 Ke3 3.Kg2 Ke2 4.Kg3 e4 5.Kf4 e3 6.Ke4 Kf2 and the black pawn will queen.
}}
{{term|term= trébuchet|content= trébuchet {{anchor|Trébuchet}} }}
{{defn|defn= A theoretical position of mutual [[#zugzwang|zugzwang]] in which either player would lose if it were their turn to move.<ref>Soltis 2013, p. 33</ref> (from French, a type of [[siege engine]])}}

{{term|term= triangulation|content= [[Triangulation (chess)|triangulation]] {{anchor|Triangulation}} }}
{{defn|defn= A technique used in king and pawn [[#endgame|endgames]] (less commonly seen with other pieces) to lose a [[#tempo|tempo]] and gain the [[#opposition|opposition]].<ref>Soltis 2013, p. 5</ref>}}

{{term|term= tripled pawns|content= [[Doubled pawns#Tripled and quadrupled pawns|tripled pawns]] {{anchor|Tripled pawns}} }}
{{defn|defn= Three [[#pawn|pawns]] of the same color on the same [[#file|file]]; considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.<ref>Pandolfini 1996, pp. 249–50</ref>}}

{{term|term= Troitsky line|content= [[Troitsky line]] {{anchor|Troitsky line|Troitzky line}} }}
{{defn|defn= Also '''Troitzky line'''. [[#endgame|Endgame]] analysis by [[Alexey Troitsky]] of two knights versus a pawn found certain pawn positions that result in win, draw or loss. The resulting pawn positions on each [[#file|file]] form what is known as the [[Troitsky line]] or Troitsky position.<ref>de la Villa 2014, p. 246</ref>}}

{{term|term= two bishops|content= two bishops {{anchor|Two bishops|the two bishops|The two bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= A synonym for ''[[#bishop pair|bishop pair]]''.<ref>Pandolfini 2009, p. 310</ref> Also called '''the two bishops'''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==U==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= undermining|content= [[Undermining (chess)|undermining]] {{anchor|Undermining}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#tactics|tactic]] (also known as ''removal of the guard'') in which a defensive piece is captured, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or underdefended.<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 241</ref>}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
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| | | | | | | |
| | |pl|kl| | | |
| | | | | | | |
|kd| | | | | | |
|pd| | | | | | |
|pl| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| |rl| | | | | |
|White to move should underpromote the c7-pawn to a rook; promoting to a queen gives stalemate.
}}
{{term|term= underpromotion|content= [[Promotion (chess)|underpromotion]] {{anchor|Underpromotion}} }}
{{defn|defn= [[#promotion|Promoting]] a pawn to a rook, bishop, or knight instead of a queen. Rarely seen unless the knight can deliver a crucial [[#check|check]], or when promotion to a rook or a bishop instead of a queen is necessary to avoid [[#stalemate|stalemate]].<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 12">Hochberg 2005, p. 12</ref>}}

{{term|term= United States Chess Federation|content= [[United States Chess Federation]] {{anchor|United States Chess Federation|United States Chess Federation (USCF)|US Chess Federation}} }}
{{defn|defn= This is a nonprofit organization, the governing chess organization within the United States, and one of the federations of the [[#FIDE|FIDE]]. Abbr. '''USCF'''.}}

{{term|term= unorthodox opening|content= [[unorthodox opening]] {{anchor|Unorthodox opening|unorthodox openings}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#irregular opening|irregular opening]]''.}}

{{term|term= unpinning|content= unpinning {{anchor|Unpinning}} }}
{{defn|defn= The act of breaking a ''[[#pin|pin]]'' by interposing a second piece between the attacker and the target. This allows the piece that was formerly pinned to move.}}

{{term|term= unsound|content= unsound {{anchor|Unsound}} }}
{{defn|defn= Antonym of ''[[#sound|sound]]''.}}

{{term|term= USCF|content= USCF {{anchor|USCF}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#United States Chess Federation|United States Chess Federation]].}}

{{glossary end}}

==V==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= vacating sacrifice|content= vacating sacrifice {{anchor|Vacating sacrifice}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#sacrifice|sacrifice]] made for the purpose of clearing a square for a different piece of the same color.}}

{{term|term= valve|content= valve {{anchor|Valve}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that opens one [[#line|line]] and closes another.}}

{{term|term= vanished center|content= vanished center {{anchor|Vanished center|vanished centre|Vanished centre}} }}
{{defn|defn= Or '''vanished centre'''. A position with no white or black [[#center pawn|center pawns]].<ref>Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 439</ref> }}

{{term|term= variant|content= variant {{anchor|Variant|variants}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#chess variant|chess variant]]''.}}

{{term|term= variation|content= [[Variation (game tree)|variation]] {{anchor|Variation|variations}} }}
{{defn|no=1|defn= A sequence of moves or an alternative line of play, often applied to the [[#opening|opening]]. A variation does not have to have been played in a game, it may also be a possibility that occurs only in analysis.<ref name="Silman 1999, p. 443">Silman 1999, p. 443</ref> Also called ''continuation''.}}
{{defn|no=2|defn= The word ''Variation'' is also used to name specific sequences of moves within an opening. For an example, the [[Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation|Dragon Variation]] is part of the [[Sicilian Defence]].<ref name="Hochberg 2005, p. 13">Hochberg 2005, p. 13</ref>}}

{{term|term= vertical line|content= vertical line {{anchor|Vertical line|vertical lines}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#file|file]]''.}}

{{glossary end}}

==W==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= waiting move|content= waiting move {{anchor|Waiting move|waiting moves}} }}
{{defn|defn= A move that makes no threats except that it puts the obligation to move on the opponent. A waiting move is effective when the opponent has nothing but bad moves available (i.e. is in [[#zugzwang|zugzwang]]).<ref>Tarrasch 2012, p. 5</ref>}}

{{term|term= WCC|content= [[World Chess Championship|WCC]] {{anchor|WCC}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the World Chess Championship.<ref name="Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10">Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10</ref>}}

{{term|term= WCM| content= WCM {{anchor|WCM}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman Candidate Master|Woman Candidate Master]] title.}}

{{term|term= weakness|content= weakness {{anchor|Weakness|weaknesses}} }}
{{defn|defn= A pawn or square that can be attacked and is hard to defend.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 127</ref>}}

{{term|term= weak square|content= weak square {{anchor|Weak square|weak squares}} }}
{{defn|defn= A square that cannot be easily defended from attack by an opponent. Often a weak square is unable to be defended by pawns (a [[#hole|hole]]) and can be theoretically occupied by a piece. Exchange or loss of a bishop may make all squares of that bishop's color weak resulting in a "weak square complex" on the light squares or the dark squares.<ref>Seirawan & Silman 1994, p. 250</ref>}}

{{term|term= WFM| content= WFM {{anchor|WFM}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman FIDE Master|Woman FIDE Master]] title.<ref name="Goichberg, Jarecki 2010, p. 329">Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329</ref>}}

{{term|term= WGM| content= WGM {{anchor|WGM}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman Grandmaster|Woman Grandmaster]] title.<ref name="Goichberg, Jarecki 2010, p. 329">Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329</ref>}}

{{term|term= white|content= white {{anchor|white}} }}
{{defn|defn= The light-colored squares on the [[#chessboard|chessboard]] are often referred to as "the white squares" even though they often are some other light color. Similarly, "the white pieces" are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color.<ref name="Staunton 2009, p. 1">Staunton 2009, p. 1</ref> See also ''[[#black|black]]''.}}

{{term|term= White|content= [[White and Black in chess|White]] {{anchor|White}} }}
{{defn|defn= The designation for the player who moves first, even though the corresponding [[#piece|pieces]], referred to as "the white pieces", are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color. See also ''[[#Black|Black]]'' and ''[[#first-move advantage|first-move advantage]]''.}}

{{term|term= WIM|content= WIM {{anchor|WIM}} }}
{{defn|defn= An abbreviation for the [[#Woman International Master|Woman International Master]] title.<ref>Evans, Silman & Roberts 1991, p. 91</ref>}}

{{term|term= win|content= win {{anchor|Win|wins}} }}
{{defn|defn= A victory for one of the two players in a game, which may occur due to [[#checkmate|checkmate]], [[#resign|resignation]] by the other player, the other player exceeding the [[#time control|time control]], or the other player being [[#forfeit|forfeited]] by the [[#tournament director|tournament director]]. Chess being a [[zero-sum game]], this results in a [[#loss|loss]] for the other player. In a tournament a [[#bye|bye]] may be scored as a win.<ref>Hertan 2016, p. 43</ref> See ''[[#winning position|winning position]]''.}}

{{term|term= windmill|content= [[Windmill (chess)|windmill]] {{anchor|Windmill|windmills}} }}
{{defn|defn= A [[#combination|combination]] in which two pieces work together to deliver an alternating series of [[#check|checks]] and [[#discovered check|discovered checks]] in such a way that the opposing [[#king|king]] is required to move on each turn. It is a potent technique, since, on every other move, the discovered check may allow the non-checking piece to capture an enemy piece without losing a [[#tempo|tempo]]. The most famous example is [[Carlos Torre#"The Windmill"|Torre–Lasker, Moscow 1925]].<ref>Schiller 2003, p. 287</ref> Also called ''seesaw''.}}

{{term|term= wing|content= wing {{anchor|Wing|wings}} }}
{{defn|defn= The [[#queenside|queenside]] a-, b-, and c-files; or the [[#kingside|kingside]] f-, g-, and h-files.<ref>Young & Howell 1894, p. 46</ref> Also called ''flank''.}}

{{term|term= Wing Gambit|content= [[Wing Gambit]] {{anchor|Wing Gambit}} }}
{{defn|defn= The name given to variations of several openings in which one player gambits a wing pawn, usually the b-pawn.<ref>Reinfeld 2016, p. 585</ref>}}

{{term|term= winning percentage|content= winning percentage {{anchor|Winning percentage|winning percentages}} }}
{{defn|defn= A number calculated by adding together the number of games won and half of the number of games drawn, (ignoring the losses) then dividing that total by the total number of games that were played.

Another way of calculating the winning percentage is by taking the percentage of games won by a player plus half the percentage of drawn games. Thus, if out of 100 games a player wins 40 percent, draws 32 percent, and loses 28 percent, the winning percentage is 40 plus half of 32, i.e. 56 percent.<ref>Silver 2012, p. 270</ref>}}

{{term|term= winning position|content= winning position {{anchor|Winning position|winning positions}} }}
{{defn|defn= A position is said to be a winning one if one specified side, with correct play, can eventually force a checkmate against any defense (i.e. [[Perfect play|perfect defense]]).<ref>Capablanca 2002, p. 116</ref> Also called ''won game''.}}

{{term|term= Woman Candidate Master|content= [[Woman Candidate Master]] {{anchor|Woman Candidate Master|Woman Candidate Master (WCM)}} }}
{{defn|defn= A women-only chess title ranking below [[#Woman FIDE Master|Woman FIDE Master]].<ref name=cmandwcmtitles /> Abbr. '''WCM'''.}}

{{term|term= Woman FIDE Master|content= [[Woman FIDE Master]] {{anchor|Woman FIDE Master|Woman FIDE Master (WFM)}} }}
{{defn|defn= A women-only chess title ranking below [[#Woman International Master|Woman International Master]].<ref name="Goichberg, Jarecki 2010, p. 329">Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329</ref> Abbr. '''WFM'''.}}

{{term|term= Woman Grandmaster|content= [[Woman Grandmaster]] {{anchor|Woman Grandmaster|Woman Grandmaster (WGM)}} }}
{{defn|defn= The highest ranking gender-restricted chess title except for Women's World Champion.<ref name="Goichberg, Jarecki 2010, p. 329">Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329</ref> Abbr. '''WGM'''.}}

{{term|term= Woman International Master|content= [[Woman International Master]] {{anchor|Woman International Master|Woman International Master (WIM)}} }}
{{defn|defn= A women-only chess title ranking below [[#Woman Grandmaster|Woman Grandmaster]] and above [[#Woman FIDE Master|Woman FIDE Master]].<ref name="Goichberg, Jarecki 2010, p. 329">Goichberg, Jarecki & Riddle 2010, p. 329</ref> Abbr. '''WIM'''.}}

{{term|term= won game|content= won game {{anchor|Won game|won games}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#winning position|winning position]]''.}}

{{term|term= wood|content= wood {{anchor|Wood}} }}
{{defn|defn= Slang for [[#piece|pieces]]. "A lot of wood came off the board" conveys that several piece [[#exchange|exchanges]] occurred.<ref name="Shibut 2012, p. 68">Shibut 2012, p. 68</ref>}}

{{term|term= woodpusher|content= woodpusher {{anchor|Woodpusher|woodpushers}} }}
{{defn|defn= A weak chess player, also referred to as a ''[[#patzer|patzer]]'' or ''duffer''. Colloquial, typically derogatory.<ref>Evans 2009, p. 92</ref>}}

{{term|term= World Champion|content= World Champion {{anchor|World Champion|world champion|World Champions|world champions}} }}
{{defn|defn= A winner of the [[World Chess Championship]].<ref name="Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10">Schiller 2009, pp. 1–10</ref>}}

{{term|term= wrong-colored bishop|content= wrong-colored bishop {{anchor|Wrong-colored bishop|wrong-coloured bishop|wrong-colored bishops|wrong-coloured bishops}} }}
{{defn|defn= See ''[[#wrong rook pawn|wrong rook pawn]]''.<ref>Soltis 2002, p. 87</ref>}}

{{term|term= wrong rook pawn|content= [[wrong rook pawn]] {{anchor|Wrong rook pawn}} }}
{{defn|defn= With a bishop, a [[#rook pawn|rook pawn]] may be the ''wrong rook pawn'', depending on whether or not the bishop controls its promotion square.<ref>Benjamin 2015, pp. 215–16</ref>}}
{{Chess diagram small
|tleft
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| |kd| | | | | |
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|pl| | | | | | |
| | | |bl| | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|A wrong rook pawn at a5 with a wrong-colored bishop. In this position, White cannot force promotion and Black can force a draw.
}}
{{clear}}

{{glossary end}}

==X==
{{glossary}}

{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|
| | | |ql| | |kd|
| | | | | |pd|pd|pd
| | | | | | | |
| | | |rd| | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|qd| | | | |pl|pl|pl
| | | |rl| |kl| |
|An example of an X-ray defense: The white queen has just put the king in check, and the white rook provides an X-ray defense of the white queen.
}}
{{term|term= X-ray|content= [[X-ray (chess)|X-ray]] {{anchor|X-ray|x-ray}} }}
{{defn|defn=When the power of a piece, either to attack or to defend, seems to pass through an intervening enemy piece. The X-ray attack, also known as a ''[[#skewer|skewer]]'', involves two pieces of the same color both caught in the same line of attack along a diagonal, rank, or file. The attacking piece [[#forcing move|forces]] the first and more valuable piece to move out of the way, which allows the second piece to be captured.

As a defensive tactic the X-ray occurs when one piece is defended by another piece, through an attacking enemy piece standing between the two.<ref>Pandolfini 1993, p. 46</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}

==Z==
{{glossary}}

{{term|term= zeitnot|content= zeitnot {{anchor|Zeitnot}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "time need"] Having very little time on the clock to complete the remaining moves of a timed game.<ref>Galperin 2012, p. 64</ref> Synonyms: ''[[#time pressure|time pressure]]'' and ''time trouble''.}}

{{term|term= Zonal tournaments|content= Zonal tournaments {{anchor|Zonal tournaments|Zonal Tournaments|zonal tournaments|Zonal tournament|Zonal Tournament|zonal tournament|Zonal|zonal}} }}
{{defn|defn= Tournaments organised by [[#FIDE|FIDE]], the first qualifying cycle of the [[World Chess Championship]]. Each zonal tournament features top players of a certain geographical zone. Up until 1993 the winners went on to [[#Interzonal tournament|Interzonal tournaments]]. This was replaced by a system where the winners now play each other in [[knockout tournament|knockout-style competitions]] to determine who goes on to the [[#Candidates Tournament|Candidates Tournament]].<ref>Williams 1997, p. 120</ref>}}

{{term|term= zugzwang|content= [[zugzwang]] {{anchor|Zugzwang}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "compulsion to move"] When a player is put at a disadvantage by having to make a move; where any legal move weakens the position. Zugzwang usually occurs in the [[#endgame|endgame]], and rarely in the [[#middlegame|middlegame]].<ref>Pandolfini 1992, p. 76</ref>}}

{{term|term= zwischenschach|content= zwischenschach {{anchor|Zwischenschach}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "in-between check"] Playing a surprising check that the opponent did not consider when plotting a sequence of moves; a [[#zwischenzug|zwischenzug]] that is a [[#check|check]].<ref>Wilson & Alberston 2012, p. 10</ref>}}

{{term|term= zwischenzug|content= [[zwischenzug]] {{anchor|Zwischenzug}} }}
{{defn|defn= [from German, "in-between move"] An "inbetween" move, or an [[#intermezzo|intermezzo]], played before an expected reply. Often, but not always, this involves responding to a threat by posing an even greater threat, forcing the opponent to respond to the threat first.<ref>Waitzkin & Waitzkin 1995, p. 159</ref>}}

{{glossary end}}
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

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{{refend}}

{{chess|state=expanded|sp=us}}
{{Glossaries of sports}}

[[Category:Chess terminology| ]]
[[Category:Glossaries of chess| ]]
[[Category:Glossaries of sports]]

User talk:Programmingchess

2021-04-08T16:37:33Z

Programmingchess: ←Created page with 'Hi fellow Wikipedians!'

Hi fellow Wikipedians!

User:Programmingchess

2021-04-08T16:36:57Z

Programmingchess:

Hi all! #{{user|Programmingchess}} Professional Chess Engine Programmer, amateur 2000 level player

User:Programmingchess

2021-04-08T16:36:03Z

Programmingchess: startup

Hi all! #{{user|Chessprogrammer}} Professional Chess Engine Programmer, amateur 2000 level player

Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess

2021-04-08T16:35:03Z

Programmingchess: /* 20px|Participants Participants */

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration}}
{{WikiProject status|active|sc1=WP:CHESS}}
Skip to: [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chess#footer|Bottom of page]]
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Navbar|menu={{Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/ExtendMenu}}}}
{|width="67%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#FFE8D1; border-radius:6px;"
! <h2 style="margin:0;background-color:#ffce9e;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #ffce9e;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;border-radius:6px;">WikiProject Chess</h2>
|-
|style="color:#000"|[[Image:ChessSet.jpg|right|70px]]Welcome to '''WikiProject Chess'''!
Some Wikipedians have formed a project to better improve information on [[chess]]-related articles.
This page and its subpages contain their suggestions; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. If you would like to help, please inquire on the talk page and/or see the list below.
{{portal|Chess}}
Feel free to [[#Participants|join this WikiProject]] by adding your name to the list.
|-
|}
<div class="tright">{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Assessment statistics}}
<small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand"></small>
</div>

__TOC__
{{-}}

== How you can help ==
Looking for something to do? Feel free to help out with any of the tasks below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! What
! Where
|-
| Improve a frequently viewed article || [[/Popular pages]]
|-
| Expand a [[Wikipedia:Stub|stub]] || [[:Category:Chess stubs]]
|-
| Develop the outline || ''[[Outline of chess]]''
|-
| Request or create a new article || [[#... to create|Articles to create]]
|-
| Discuss or nominate articles to be deleted || [[#... to delete/listed for deletion|Articles to delete]]
|-
| Merge two articles || [[#... to merge|Articles to merge]]
|-
| Rename an article || [[#... to rename|Articles to rename]]
|-
| Peer-review an article || [[#Reviews_and_quality_assessment|Articles to review]]
|-
| Investigate orphaned articles || [[#... that are orphans|Articles that are orphans]]
|-
| Edit an article needing attention || [[#... that need some work|Articles that need some work]]
|-
| Add a photo to an article || [[#... that need a photo|Articles that need a photo]]
|-
| Maintain the portal || [[Portal:Chess]]
|-
| Add an infobox to articles of chess players || [[#Biographies|Chess players infobox]]
|-
| Monitor recent changes || [[Special:RecentChangesLinked/Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Index of chess articles|Index of chess articles: Related changes]]
|-
| Repair unreferenced BLP articles || [[/Unreferenced BLPs]]
|-
| Participate in WikiProject Chess discussions || [[Wikipedia talk:Wikiproject Chess]]
|-
|}

== Templates ==
One of the goals of WikiProject Chess is the uniform presentation of chess related articles. For this aim, a couple of templates have been created. See [[:Category:Chess templates]] for a full list; the most useful ones are explained below.

=== Diagrams, annotation and notation ===
{{shortcut|WP:FEN}}
According to the Wikimedia commons, the current "standard" for Chess diagrams on Wikipedia is the [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Standard_chess_diagram chess diagram template]. See [[:Template:Chess_diagram]] for the template and [[Template_talk:Chess_diagram]] for instructions on how to use it. The Tool [http://www.dwheeler.com/misc/fen2wikipedia.html FEN2Wikipedia] converts FEN to use the "chess diagram" template. Note that the current {{tl|Chess diagram}} in the English wikipedia supports FEN directly.

[[User:Bubba73|Bubba73]] has written a Windows program to generate chess diagrams for Wikipedia articles. You can download it [http://www.judmccranie.com/downloads.aspx here]. It is the first program on the download screen, either download WikiChessDiagram.zip and extract the EXE file or download WikiChessDiagram.EXEC and change the extension to ".exe". This new version 2.0 fixes some bugs and has some enhancements. It runs under Windows, and it automatically puts the code for a chess diagram in your clipboard, or you can copy and paste it. Select the piece on the left and then click on the square.

Having uniform chess diagrams will be easy once [[LaTeX]] chess support is here. Word has been for several years it that it will soon be implemented on Wikipedia. It is already implemented on http://wikisophia.org. For examples see [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex] & [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/User:Igor/sandbox_1]{{dead link}}. At the moment there is a problem with security risk, hopefully this will get sorted out. The other problem will be displaying diagrams with arrows as are present in [[Chess tactics]] — for the time being they'll probably just have to remain pictures.

However, one of the more useful activities, chess games interspersed with [http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Chess commentary], should be possible with unlimited diagrams.

[[Template:HiddenMultiLine]] is handy for the captions of chess diagrams as it allows you to hide part of the caption, e.g. a game continuation or problem solution.

=== Biographies ===
A template has been created to display an infobox for chess players. See [[Template:Infobox_chess_player]] for an example and instructions on how to use it. The easy way to use it is copy an existing similar one.

A 'Infobox chess player' is already found on many pages like [[Mikhail Chigorin]], [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] for dead people and for a living person [[Susan Polgar]], [[Anatoly Karpov]], etc. Where no photo of the player is available, [[Hans Berliner]] is a good example.

For external links, [[Template:fide]] for the FIDE rating card and [[Template:chessgames player]] for the link to the player's page at [[ChessGames.com]] are available. Other sites such as 365chess.com may be entered manually. The following are some of the external links that may be used for a player profile, using [[Viswanathan Anand]] as an example:
<syntaxhighlight lang="moin">
* {{fide|id=5000017|name=Viswanathan Anand}}
* {{Chessgames player|12088|Viswanathan Anand}}
* [http://www.365chess.com/players/Viswanathan_Anand Viswanathan Anand] chess games at 365Chess.com
* [http://www.olimpbase.org/players/mw0k8ogi.html Viswanathan Anand] team chess record at OlimpBase.org
* [http://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/player/Anand,%20Viswanathan.html Viswanathan Anand] FIDE rating history, 1984-2001 at OlimpBase.org
* [http://www.benoni.de/schach/elo/elohis.html?id=5000017 Viswanathan Anand] FIDE rating history at benoni.de
* [http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S003424000000111000000000001310100 Viswanathan Anand] at [[Chessmetrics]]
* [http://main.uschess.org/msa/MbrDtlMain.php?12465315 Viswanathan Anand] USCF profile
</syntaxhighlight>
will be displayed as
* {{fide|id=5000017|name=Viswanathan Anand}}
* {{Chessgames player|12088|Viswanathan Anand}}
* [http://www.365chess.com/players/Viswanathan_Anand Viswanathan Anand] chess games at 365Chess.com
* [http://www.olimpbase.org/players/mw0k8ogi.html Viswanathan Anand] team chess record at OlimpBase.org
* [http://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/player/Anand,%20Viswanathan.html Viswanathan Anand] FIDE rating history, 1984-2001 at OlimpBase.org
* [http://www.benoni.de/schach/elo/elohis.html?id=5000017 Viswanathan Anand] FIDE rating history at benoni.de
* [http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PlayerProfile.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S003424000000111000000000001310100 Viswanathan Anand] at [[Chessmetrics]]
* [http://main.uschess.org/msa/MbrDtlMain.php?12465315 Viswanathan Anand] USCF profile

There are perhaps still 1000 chess players to do, and it looks like there will be more than enough to do for quite some time. A full list of chess players is found [[List_of_chess_topics#Biographical_articles| here]], although a shorter list like [[List of chess grandmasters]] might be more interesting to work through.

=== Openings ===
A template has been created to display an infobox for chess openings. See [[Template:Infobox chess opening]] for an example and instructions on how to use it. For a list of chess openings see [[List of chess openings]] and [[List_of_chess_topics#Opening_articles]].

=== Barnstar ===
The template [[:Template:Chess Barnstar]] has been created to be awarded to Wikipedians who have accomplished something great for the coverage of chess on Wikipedia.

==Reviews and quality assessment==
Assessment of an article as FA-class, A-class, GA-class or B-class is done via a formal review process. A review can also give insight and ideas on how to improve the article. Articles of lower quality (C, Start or Stub) do not need a formal review and can be quickly assessed by anyone who wishes to do so, using the criteria explained at [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment]].

===High-quality articles===
Articles covered by WikiProject Chess that have successfully passed formal reviews for quality are:
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Reviewed articles}}

===FA-class review===
The FA-class review process is described at [[Wikipedia:Featured articles]]. Before nominating the articles for FA-class, please undertake the following steps:
# Nominate the article for a GA-class review at [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations]].
# At the end of the GA-class review, nominate the article for at least two peer reviews at [[Wikipedia:Peer review]], asking the reviewers to prioritize checking the quality of prose.

Articles currently under review for FA-class are:
* ''none''

===A-class review===
Articles can be nominated and reviewed for [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment|A-class]] quality at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Review#Current candidates]].

Articles currently under review for A-class are:
* ''none''

===GA-class review===
The process for articles to become GA-class is described [[Wikipedia:Good articles|here]]. Although GA-class is lower than A-class, a possible first step is to nominate the article to an A-class review first, as it will possibly get some comments quicker than through the formal GA process. If you wish to review an article, please follow the steps described at [[Wikipedia:Good article nominations]].
Articles currently under review for GA-class are:


* ''none''

== Articles ==
=== ... to create ===

* A list of most wanted articles, based on a redlink count in chess articles can be found at '''[[Wikipedia:CHESS/Most_Wanted]]'''.

*An article on what a tournament [[crosstable]] is. Although there is a brief section on this in the Wikipedia [[Glossary of chess|Glossary of Chess]], it is quite hard to find. An alternative suggestion is to add a new sub-section to [[Chess tournament]], perhaps below 'format', e.g. titled 'reporting results', or similar.

*Players who appeared in the top 100 FIDE list since 2000 with a rating of at least 2600: [[Alexandru Crisan]] | [[Toni Najdoski]]
**A [[stencil]] for creating chess player articles can be found '''[[User:Arbitrarily0/Stencils/Chess/Player|here]]'''.

*Other strong players who don't have articles, e.g. [[Jorge Sammour-Hasbun]] or [[Peter H. Clarke]][http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=40951]. See also [[List of chess grandmasters]] – over 500 grandmasters lack articles on the English Wikipedia although many have Wikipedia articles in other languages.

*Leading women players – see [[List of female chess players]] for a current list of women with the full International Master title, including two who lack articles.

*Other important women players present and past – many are World Championship candidates, multiple national champions, etc. - for example, [[Natalia Alekhina]] | [[Vera Obermuller]] | [[Monika Seps]].

*We need an article on (dedicated) chess computers. Only the article on [[computer chess]] briefly mentions them, but the topic definitely deserves to have its own article (history, most important brands, etc.). There is a lot to say here. A good collection of links can be found at [http://www.chesscomputers.org/ www.chesscomputers.org].

* We need to cover [[Chess World Cup 1982]], held in Hamburg and televised, as well as [[Chess World Cup 1988]] (the GMA/Kavalek organised 1988-1989 series of events, and the subsequent botched attempt in 1991-1992). The book ''World Cup Chess'' by Kavalek gives a complete account of the 1988-1989 series. The Chess World Cup was a FIDE event in 1982, a GMA event in 1988-89, then again in 1991-92 (but abandoned), returned to being a FIDE event in 2000 and this is where our article [[Chess World Cup]] picks up the trail. Articles should perhaps be retitled to reflect the FIDE/GMA distinctions.

*The [[Grandmasters Association]] or 'GMA' was the organising body of the World Cup events mentioned above. The Exec. Director was [[Lubomir Kavalek]] - the GMA is now defunct. The history of PCA and GMA can be found [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=253 here]

*Chess magazines: [[List of chess periodicals]] has many red links:
[[American chess journal]] | [[American Chess Magazine]] | [[Baltische Schachblaetter]] | [[Brüderschaft Deutsches Wochenschach]] | [[Chess Express]] | [[Columbia Chess Chronicle]] | [[Computerschach und Spiele]] | [[Der Schachfreund]] | [[Le Courrier des Échecs]] | [[L'Italia Scacchistica]] | [[Messaggero Scacchi]] | [[Northwest Chess]] | [[Panorama Szachowa]] | [[Peón de rey]] | [[Probleemblad]] | [[Schaak Magazine]] | ''{{ill|Schach (magazine)|lt=Schach|de|Schach (Zeitschrift)}}'' | [[Schach-Magazin 64]] | [[StrateGems]] | [[Schweizerische Schachzeitung]] | [[Tidsskrift for Skak]] | [[The London Chess Fortnightly]] | [[The Philidorian]] | [[Torre & Cavallo Scacco!]].

*Openings and variations: [[Marshall Attack]] needs an article of its own. If you do it, add interwiki link to [[:fi:Marshallin gambiitti]].

* Years in chess (see [[:Category:Chess by year]]) before 1987 which don't have articles like [[1986 in chess]], [[1985 in chess]], etc.

* Chess articles found on [[/Inter Language|other language Wikis]] which could be translated into English.

* [[Richard Eales]]. A noted chess historian, he wrote ''Chess: The History of a Game'' (1985) and has been Head of History of Kent in Canterbury. Gaige says he is Richard Geoffrey Eales born in 1949. Tied for second in the 1970 British Championship, played for England. Olimpbase has in in the [http://www.olimpbase.org/playersc/y40smyan.html 1976 European Men's Chess Club Cup] and the [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=48296 Richard G Eales page on chessgames.com] has more details.

* [[Student World Team Chess Championship]] (aka Student Olympiad) had 22 editions from 1954 to 1977.[http://www.olimpbase.org/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olimpbase.org%2Fyouth%2Ffisu_results.html] We might be able to cover the brief history of the poorly conceived U26 Team Championship and the even briefer history of the U20 Team Championship on the same page. http://www.olimpbase.org has some information.

*Several articles related to [[chess composition]], such as:
**[[Problem (chess magazine)]], started in 1951 by Nenad Petrović it was official journal of FIDE-PCCC(Permanent Commission of the FIDE for Chess Compositions)
**[[World Congress of Chess Composition]], first one was held in Piran in 1958., since then organized yearly;
**[[Codex of Chess Composition]] or [[Codex for Chess Composition]], first one was introduced at 1958 [[World Congress of Chess Composition]]; it is a set of rules concerning "problem chess" (for composition, solving, publication); one of the foundations of chess composition
** [[Theme (chess)]], e.g., [[100$ theme]], [[Oudot theme]] - themes in helpmates.
** [[Phoenix task (chess composition)]] - one of the task classes in composition chess

*Three-check chess, a popular chess variant.

=== ... to delete/listed for deletion ===
: ''Articles listed here are added manually and may not include all articles up for deletion. See [[#Article alerts]] for an automated list.''

* {{On AFD|Robert Hyatt}} 03:12, 14 January 2021 (UTC)

=== ... to merge ===

=== ... to rename ===

===... that are orphans===
The following chess-related articles are currently marked as [[Wikipedia:Orphan|orphans]]: [[Erik Kislik]], [[Four Fronts]], [[Indira Bajt]], [[Josep Tolosa]], [[Juris Markauss]], [[Kenneth Clayton]], [[Louis Eichborn]], [[SK Rockaden]]

They should be linked from other articles or their notability should be questioned (e.g. considered for deletion).

=== ... that need some work ===
{{WikiProject cleanup listing}}
* All stubs in [[:Category:Chess stubs]], such as [[Outpost (chess)]] or [[Romantic chess]]
* All articles in [[:Category:Chess articles needing expert attention]]

*The articles on the various tournament systems and tie-breaking systems, we have a bit of information, see [[:Category:Chess tournament systems]], but most articles in that category need serious revision. For instance [[Scheveningen system]] is a stub (it for instance mentions that it is a popular way to create [[Grandmaster norm|title norm]] opportunities, which is true, but needs a cite.

* A lot of the [[Chess Olympiads]] (see [[:Category:Chess Olympiads]]) are stubs, a lot of work left there!.

* [[Elo rating system]] needs work - a lot of unreferenced material, may be OR or POV.
:: Today (March 12, 2008) someone tagged a section of it with "O.R." and added a lot of "fact" tags.

*[[:Category:Top-importance_chess_articles|Top importance]] articles that require much work. [[Chess strategy]], [[Chess tactics]], [[Queen (chess)]], [[Rook (chess)]], [[King (chess)]], [[François-André Danican Philidor|A.D Philidor]], [[Boris Spassky]]

*[[:Category:High-importance_chess_articles|High importance]] articles that require much work. [[Queen's Gambit]], [[World Chess Championship 2010]], [[Gambit]], [[Timeline of chess]], [[Interzonal]]

*[[Chess title]] and [[FIDE title]] link back to each other and appear to contain some crossover/duplication. Would these be better combined into one article? Also, both articles focus on performance based titles while 'International Arbiter' and 'International Organizer' titles appear to have been ignored, even though they are both Chess and FIDE titles. Another point to consider is the presence of Russian Federation grandmaster titles that are sometimes described as more prestigious than the FIDE equivalent - these may need some coverage.
*[[Chess database]] could be improved and expanded, with more sources added

=== ... that need a photo ===
[[:Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of chess people]]

Leading (deceased) players still missing a photo include, in no particular order: [[Arthur Dake]] | [[Rashid Nezhmetdinov]] | [[Lajos Steiner]] | [[Baruch Wood]] | [[Hans Berliner]]

Some important (deceased) players need improved photos, even though they may have one already, for example [[Aivars Gipslis]] | [[Alexander Konstantinopolsky]].

In terms of living players, the copyright laws are more stringent, nevertheless good quality images are sought of masters.

See the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Chess|Talk page]] (December 2007) for more information on how these photos may possibly be obtained.
[http://www.ajedrezdeataque.com/15%20Listado/Listado.htm This page] has a lot of photos, but they all seem to be small (100 pixels wide).

Others: [[Play-by-mail game]].

'''NEW.''' The YouTube channel [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCa1RTZ95_wMc5dbzI8ugTEQ/videos Gibraltar International Chess Festival] has hundreds of Creative Commons–licensed interview videos, which may be of very good quality. Unfortunately, most of them seem to be poorly lit.

===... that need to be updated regularly ===
Some articles are frequently overtaken by events, and need to be kept up to date. Examples include [[List of chess grandmasters]], [[FIDE world rankings]], and articles about active "super-GMs" including [[Magnus Carlsen]], [[Levon Aronian]], [[Fabiano Caruana]], [[Vishwanathan Anand]], [[Ding Liren]], [[Shakhriyar Mamedyarov]], [[Hikaru Nakamura]] and [[Alexander Grischuk]].

=== New articles ===
* Most of the new chess related articles will show up here: [[User:AlexNewArtBot/ChessSearchResult]].

==Tools==
An assortment of useful tools created by [[User:Philcha|Philcha]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Tools]]

==Conventions==

===Capitalization===
* The names of pieces (king, queen, rook, etc.) are ''not'' capitalized (except when the first word of a sentence).
* The words "white" and "black" are capitalized ''only'' when they are used as substitutes for player names, e.g. "... captured ''White's'' rook ... " and "the ''black'' queen...".
* Following our sources, chess opening names are capitalized as proper nouns, e.g., "[[King's Gambit]]", "[[Nimzo-Indian Defence]]", and "[[Dragon Variation]]".
*In quotations, the capitalization used in the source is followed, even if different from the above conventions.

===Notation===
{{shortcut|WP:CHESSNOTATION|WP:ALGEBRAIC}}
When describing moves, use short form English [[algebraic notation (chess)|algebraic notation]], and include [[Template:Algebraic notation]]. Thus, only the destination square is indicated, not the original square except for disambiguation purposes, e.g. Kf1, not Kg1-f1. Castling is indicated by 0-0 or 0-0-0, not O-O or O-O-O. Captures are indicated by the letter "x" rather than a [[multiplication sign]] ("×") or other indicator such as a colon (":"). Pawn captures include the "x" sign and name the destination square even in cases where there is no ambiguity, e.g. exd5 rather than exd or ed. Checks are indicated by "+" ([[plus sign]]), and mates by "#" ([[number sign|hash sign]]). There are no symbols specifically for [[discovered check]] or [[double check]]; simply use "+" for these. Be cautious with the use of [[chess annotation symbols]] (e.g. !, ?, ??), or any other editorial comment on a move. If challenged, an annotation needs a source, or else it may be removed.

Chess games with little or no commentary may be formatted as a dense block, [[Portable Game Notation|PGN]] style. In the case when there is significant commentary (such as in [[Immortal Game]]), moves are written in boldface, and the annotations/commentary are most usually started in a separate indented paragraph for readability. The leads of openings articles have commentary outdented and moves indented (as in [[King's Gambit, McDonnell Gambit]]), and occasionally an article uses this formatting as well (e.g. [[Ruy Lopez, Noah's Ark Trap]]). An article with massive annotations/commentary (such as [[Kasparov versus the World]]) is best presented without any indenting. Due to [[MOS:ACCESS|accessibility concerns]], it is recommended to use [[Wikipedia:DLIST|description list]] formatting to keep the HTML output clean.

===Half points===
Use ½ to denote the scoring for a drawn game, rather than .5, 0.5, 1/2, {{frac|1|2}}, or {{sfrac|1|2}}. The first of these is generally used in print books and magazines. [[MOS:FRAC]] generally discourages the use of "precomposed fractions" such as this one, but makes an exception for articles in which ½ is the only fraction used, such as most chess articles.

===Opening nomenclature===
In naming chess openings and variations, particularly obscure ones, beware of using "internet names" or local names. Generally only names that have been published in reputable sources (e.g. [[Modern Chess Openings]]) should be used. For the more obscure openings, some of which have acquired multiple names, a source for the name should be provided.

===Ratings===
{{shortcut|WP:CHESSRATING}}
Published FIDE ratings are given priority and may be included in a player's Infobox. Exceptionally, if a FIDE rating is unavailable, then a national federation's rating (e.g. [[United States Chess Federation|USCF]]) may be used. Unofficial live chess ratings, such as those published by the site [http://2700chess.com 2700chess.com] and unofficial historical ratings such as those published by the sites [http://chessmetrics.com chessmetrics.com] and [http://edochess.ca edochess.ca] are considered [[WP:SPS|self-published]] and should not be included in a player's Infobox. They are not normally mentioned in articles, as this is potentially [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]].

===Notability of chess players===
{{shortcut|WP:NCHESS}}
A chess player is '''presumed''' to meet the [[WP:GNG|general notability guideline]] if he or she meets at least one of the following criteria:
# Has been awarded the title of [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]].
# Has participated in a [[World Chess Championship]], [[Women's World Chess Championship]] or [[Chess World Cup]].
# Has won a national or continental championship or women's championship.
# Has earned a team or individual medal at a [[Chess Olympiad]] or [[Women's Chess Olympiad]].

Failure to meet these criteria does '''not''' mean an article must be deleted; conversely, meeting any of these criteria does '''not''' mean that an article must be kept. The article should provide reliable sources showing that the subject meets the general notability guideline or [[:Category:Wikipedia notability guidelines|other topic-specific notability guidelines]].

===Engine analysis===
{{Shortcut|WP:CHESSENGINE}}
Analysis by a [[chess engine]] is [[WP:OR|original research]] and cannot be used on Wikipedia. This includes engine analysis generated by posting games or positions on sites such as lichess.org. However, if a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] refers to engine analysis, this can be used.

==New articles and renamed articles ==
* When creating a new chess article, please add {{tlx|WikiProject Chess|class{{=}} |importance{{=}} }} to its talk page. The class and importance can be filled in or left blank. Also please add it to the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Index of chess articles|index of chess articles]].

* When moving/renaming a chess article, please make the change in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Index of chess articles|index of chess articles]] also. This is so that changes to the article under the new name will show up under "related changes" to the index article. (The exact title of the article has to be on that page for it to show up that way.)

==To show membership==
Use the code {{tlx|User WikiProject Chess}}
to show this:
{{User WikiProject Chess}}
{{clear}}
This will automatically add you in the [[:Category:WikiProject Chess participants]]

==[[Image:Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg|20px|Participants]] Participants==
This is a list of Wikipedians who are active in WikiProject Chess. If you’re interested in helping, feel free to join by adding your name to the list below, in ''alphabetical order''. If you wish, leave a comment about your special interests in this project and five tildes.

Once you have joined, you may also add the '''Show membership''' [[Wikipedia:Userboxes|userbox]] to your userpage as explained above.
#{{user|11achitturi}}
#{{user|Abhishikt}}
#{{user|Adnan.jsr}}I'm a active chess player who is interested mostly in Chess Openings and it's variation and also love to improvise in it.
#{{user|Adpete}} I mainly contribute to the chess history articles. 01:04, 13 August 2007 (UTC)
#{{user|Alan Islas}}
#{{user|Allenjambalaya}} I'm a newbie Wikipedian who happens to be a retired chess player.15:11, 27 August 2013 (UTC)
#{{user|Andreas Kaufmann}} 06:52, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
#{{user|Andrejj}} 2009
#{{user|Arbitrarily0}} 19 August, 2008
#{{user|Artichoker}} I'm interested in [[:Category:Chess traps|chess traps]] and openings. 00:22, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
#{{user|Arunram}} Interested in Chess topics. Currently contribute to India content and GM pages. Created Wikibook [[Book:Indian_Chess_players|Indian Chess players]].
# [[User:Astrophobe|Astrophobe]] ([[User talk:Astrophobe|talk]]) 21:35, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
#{{user|Awesome Days}}
#{{user|Billbrock}} Some years ago, I rewrote several sections of [[Bobby Fischer]]. Happy to help with rewrites. [[User:Billbrock|Billbrock]] ([[User talk:Billbrock|talk]]) 03:13, 3 August 2020 (UTC)
#{{user|BIONICLE233}} 18:29, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
#{{user|Bobbylon}} OTB player (FIDE), coach, arbiter. Interested in [[History of chess]], Chess statistics and lists, Mathematics in Chess. 21:47, 17 October 2015 (UTC)
#{{user|Brittle_heaven}} 11:31, 12 August 2007
#{{user|Bruce leverett}} 15:04, 4 January 2020 (UTC)
#{{user|Bubba73}} Might as well join. 05:43, 23 July 2006 (UTC) I've been playing since 1966. I have over 200 chess books, the bulk of which are on the endgame. I edit mostly endgames, rules, and chess terms. I am a USCF local-level tournament director. 05:33, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
#{{user|CaptainMorgan}} It appears I was once on this project, as my personal page shows a userbox that hasn't been edited since the year 2009. :) Well, I'm back. Cheers 10:37, 7 February 2016 (UTC)
#{{user|Carcharoth}} - club chess player, with interest in chess history. 12:30, 24 December 2009 (UTC)
#{{user|CatcherStorm}} - Started chess in 2013, began playing rated in 2016. Current USCF rating is 794/P21 at the time of joining this WikiProject. It is my goal to reach 1500 by the summer of 2017. [[User:CatcherStorm|<b><i><span style="text-shadow:3px 3px 4px darkgray;"><span style="color:#0000A0">CatcherStorm</span></span></i></b>]] [[User talk:CatcherStorm|<sup><i><span style="color:#2C3539">talk</span></i></sup>]] 17:33, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
#{{user|Chessedit}}
#{{user|ChessPlayerLev}} USCF-rated chess expert, former chess coach, and very interested in chess history and classical players.
#{{user|Chessrat}} - I often update chess-related articles; FIDE rating ~2000. 16:30, 4 August 2016 (UTC)
#{{user|Chr.K.}} Among thoughts for other innovations for the project, believe a table for chess games can be created, one much more easeful on the eye than the current system. 01:25, 29 July 2007.
#{{user|Cobblet}}
#{{user|DaQuirin}} I am not too active on the English site, but I am willing to contribute in the field of chess history. 09:47, 29 July 2008
#{{user|DENAMAX}}
#{{user|DocFido}} I'm a chess player18:59, 26 December 2013 (UTC)
#{{user|Double sharp}} Sometimes. Mostly [[chess variant]]s and [[fairy chess piece]]s. 13:09, 24 May 2012 (UTC)
#{{user|DrZukhar}} I am not that strong at chess, but I do enjoy staring at the players.
#{{user|DShafer}} - I've been playing chess on and off more or less serious for 63 years, having learned at the ripe old age of 5. One-time rated club player now resurrecting deeper interest in semi-retirement. 12:05, 2 February 2014 (UTC)
#{{user|Eagleash}} Only play online for 'amusement' nowadays. 23:52, 4 June 2017 (UTC)
#{{user|Einliterflasche}} I like chess. At the moment ~900 rating on Chess.com
#{{user|Epicgenius}} 18:40, 15 November 2013 (UTC)
#{{user|Ernstblumberg}} 23:01, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
#{{user|Erux}} Chess openings expert and chess history buff
#{{user|Faithlessthewonderboy}} I'd like to create/contribute to articles concerning little known or obscure chess players. My favorite player is Tal. 02:10, 29 August 2007
#{{user|FinalForm}}
#{{user|Florence Hansen}} Just a person who likes to play Chess.
#{{user|Francois-Pier}}
#{{user|Frank Niro}} President of Chess Journalists of America
#{{user|fuzzyhair2}} I am a geek. A bold thinker. 08:38, 1 April 2009 (UTC)games/positions on the Wikipedia page. 05:29, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
#{{user|Geekpotato24}} I am an active player on lichess and chess.com, I like chess variants. 15:29, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
#{{user|Greenman}} Been on a quest to add missing player articles. Now adding adding articles for all players in the [[Chess World Cup 2019]].
#{{user|GrouchyDan}} I'm an aging patzer of the 1600 ELO type; I usually make only spelling, grammar and usage edits.
#{{user|Guy Macon}} 00:01 March 2012 Toy engineer hoping to make handheld LCD chess toys stronger and more human-like.
#{{user|Handthrown}}
#{{user|Hannu-san}} ([[User talk:Hannu-san|talk]]) 17:20, 25 October 2008 (UTC)
#'''[[User:HelloThereMinions|<span style="color: #3BB9FF; font-style: italic; font-family: Lato, sans-serif'">HelloThereMinions</span>]] <sup>[[User talk:HelloThereMinions|<span style="color:#00B88A;">t</span>]]</sup>''' 00:51, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
#{{user|H elokeinu h 1}}
#{{user|Hushpuckena}} Retired [[USCF]] master, though I remain interested in the history of the game and its players. Have done some copy editing (used to write for a chess magazine), and would like to see general state of articles on chess in Wikipedia improve. [[User:Hushpuckena|Hushpuckena]] ([[User talk:Hushpuckena|talk]]) 09:29, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
#{{user|infiniti4}}, I am an average club player and am interested in mostly computer chess.
#{{user|Ioannes Pragensis}} 09:26, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
#[[User:Jarmihi|Jarmihi]]<sub>[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors|GOCE]]</sub> ([[User talk:Jarmihi|talk]]) 19:00, 18 November 2015 (UTC) I am good at organizing and standardizing content; I work as a copy editor and I enjoy working with and creating systems.
#{{user|Jayesh07}}
#{{user|J-E-N-O-V-A}} 20:17 4th October 2014 (BST) I'd like to produce animated gif's to accompany the algebraic notation on chess articles describing move-sequences. If you know of software that can help me produce these images it'd be much appreciated.
#{{user|Jordanyubin}} I am always happy to help.
#{{user|J S Ayer}} Dilettante; I have just created an article for [[Courier Chess]] and rewritten the history section of [[bishop (chess)]] and have struggled with [[History of Chess]] and rewrote [[Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa]] and do a good deal of copy-editing.
#{{user|Jkmaskell}} 12 July 2014
#{{user|kieranian2001}} interested in helping [[User:Kieranian2001|Kieranian2001]] ([[User talk:Kieranian2001|talk]]) 13:13, 24 September 2012 (UTC)
#{{user|Kingturtle}}
#{{user|Kiril Simeonovski}} I can do a lot in editing variations in the chess theory. 12:55, 3 October 2008
#{{user|Knucmo2}} 17 January 2021
#{{user|KoRoBeNiKi}} I mostly edit online chess sites as well as online biographies, such as updating ratings and the related. In terms of ratings, I am around a 1850 in over the board standard and around 2050 in blitz. My FIDE blitz is around 2040. My usernames on sites are CabassoG on both Chess.com and Lichess. --[[User:KoRoBeNiKi|KoRoBeNiKi]] SSBWiki Rollback Moderator and chess specialist 16:57, 25 August 2015 (UTC)
#{{user|Krakatoa}} I'm a [[United States Chess Federation|USCF]] [[master (chess)|master]] at over-the-board chess and a USCF [[Senior Master]] at [[correspondence chess]]. I also have a lot of chess books. 17:46, 3 September 2005 (UTC)
#{{user|Malinaccier}} 18:52, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
#{{user|Mark Chung}} 02:12, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
#{{user|Markworthen}} <span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 14px;">[[User:Markworthen|Mark D Worthen PsyD]] [[User talk:Markworthen|(talk)]] [he/his/him]</span> 17:15, 14 September 2020 (UTC)
#{{user|MarkZusab}}
#{{user|Matthew_Yeager}} I'm able to help with some programmatic aspects as well. I'm working on a universal Game Board rendering script right now, and I've completed rendering FEN from a board position. Please post to my [[User_Talk:Matthew_Yeager|usertalk]] with any suggestions.
#{{user|Matthewrbowker}} Enthusiastic amateur.
#{{user|Mauropetrolo}} 10:54, 14 December 2011 (UTC)
#{{user|MaxBrowne}} Interested in chess history and theory. March 2013
#{{user|Mibelz}} I am interested in History of Chess, especially the period 1850-1950. 19:06, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
#{{user|Michael riber jorgensen}} Articles on tournament chess, mainly World Ch'ships. Joined January 2012.
#{{user|Michael james campbell}} Have a Glicko rating of around 1250-1309 like to edit opening articles.
#{{user|ModaShoe}} Rating of around 1000-1200 FIDE
#{{user|MrsHudson}} 23 November 2008
#{{user|Muhammad Areez}} I am a chess player who is determined to become the youngest World Chess Champion.
#{{user|Neb.st}}
#{{user|Nicoguaro}}
#{{user|NovaSkola}} 15:55, 03 May 2009 (GMT)
#{{user|Nannadeem}}
#{{user|Path slopu}}11:01, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
#{{user|Pawnkingthree}} Interested in biographies and the history of the world championship.
#{{user|PeskyGnat}} My main interest is openings, I have a small library of books. 21:48, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
#{{user|Programmingchess}} Professional Chess Engine Programmer, amateur 2000 level player
#{{user|Quale}} 06:41, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
#{{user|Qwertyxp2000}} [[User:Qwertyxp2000|'''Q'''wertyxp2000]] ([[User talk:Qwertyxp2000|talk]])
#[[User:RaptorChief|RaptorChief]] ([[User talk:RaptorChief|talk]]) 05:46, 1 February 2018 (UTC)
#{{user|Rhododendrites}} - hoping to find time to make contributions to some of the openings and variants pages, but feel free to leave messages if you're looking for help with a particular article/topic/project. --[[User:Rhododendrites|Rhododendrites]] ([[User talk:Rhododendrites|talk]]) 21:51, 25 February 2013 (UTC)
#{{user|Roller26}}
#{{user|Rtewqq}} I've been playing chess for a really long time. I love to play, but don't always have time too. 00:25, 9 November 2015 (UTC)
#{{user|Ruziklan}} chess composition (problems, themes, composers, terminology...) 17:56, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
#{{user|Scholarus}} I'm an experienced chess player; I could expand articles on opening theory and tactics, for example. 04:13, 16 December 2006
#{{user|ScottM84}} 04:48, 2 January 2009
#{{user|Sirmouse}} 17:07, 27 November 2013
#{{user|Sjakkalle}} 06:06, 29 March 2005.
#{{user|Sophia91}} 23:50, 12 August 2015
#{{user|soulbust}} [[User:Soulbust|Soulbust]] ([[User talk:Soulbust|talk]]) 12:54, 27 December 2012 (UTC) I am new to chess, but am in my school's chess club and wish to excel at it.
#{{user|Sourov0000}} I am a professional level chess player and like to analyze every move of chess. I can expand articles about tactics, formations and defense.
#{{user|SpuriousQ}} 15:40, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
#{{user|StephanQz}} 2:52, 3 April 2013 (CEST)
#{{user|Steveg922}} 13:02, 22 August 2013 (UTC) Active chess player for 15 years and avid follower of high level chess
#{{user|Strawberry4Ever}} 20:19, 12 January 2016 (UTC) I'm a tournament director/arbiter and also have a fairly extensive chess library.
#{{user|StudiesWorld}} 22:11, 14 April 2015 (UTC)
#{{user|Tazerdadog}} Chess fan and woodpusher [[User:Tazerdadog|Tazerdadog]] ([[User talk:Tazerdadog|talk]]) 05:23, 18 December 2012 (UTC)
#{{user|The Gnome}}
#{{user|The Optimistic One}}
#{{user|TheQ_Editor}}
#{{user|TL The Legend}} I'm not the best chess player, but I have an immense knowledge of openings and chess variations. 18:13, 17 April 2020 (UTC)
#{{user|Tommy Kronkvist}} I used to be a Swedish club player; my merits include losing big-time to the (then) reigning Swedish Champions in the late 1980s and early 1990s... :-) Nowadays I'm not playing in a club, even though I still play a lot of chess. I'm mostly interested in chess history and hypermodern chess openings, such as the [[Réti Opening]] and [[Pirc Defence]], and will try to contribute in those areas. 08:37, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
#{{user|U+003F}} 08:53, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
#{{user|UltraSonja}} Club chess player with an interest in PGNs.
#{{user|Usedtobecool}} Avid follower of tournaments (might get to related articles in time to update them), also might create articles on players/events I find don't have one. 07:35, 17 November 2019 (UTC)
#{{user|Vikas chess}} I am a chess player with rating [http://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?event=25009389 2077].
#{{user|VodkaJazz}} 5 November 2006
#{{user|Voorlandt}} 00:16, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
#{{user|WHPratt}} 15:47, I am an awful player, but I have studied the game and its history for decades. 24 May 2009 (UTC)
#{{user|Wiae}} I'm an avid recreational player, and I'm mostly interested in keeping chess articles up to date. 20:00, 2 March 2016 (UTC)
#{{user|WilliamJE}} 14:19, 25 April 2012 (UTC), I'm rated expert in correspondence chess. Very knowledgeable about chess history from the 50's to the 80's
#{{user|Yeti007}} 20:18, 21 August 2015 (UTC) I follow current grandmaster chess tournaments and want to help update tournament results quickly.
#{{user|ZeroOne}} 15:55, 26 March 2005
#{{user|Destroyeraa}}[[User:Destroyeraa|Destroyeraa]] ([[User talk:Destroyeraa|talk]]) 01:33, 13 May 2020 (UTC) I am an avid chess players and I am good at expanding stub articles. I am interested in the different openings.
#{{user|Ján Kepler}} I am a chess player, so I can help.--[[User:Ján Kepler|Ján Kepler]] ([[User talk:Ján Kepler|talk]]) 15:51, 21 May 2020 (UTC)
#{{user|Iloveguppy}} 11:35, 27th January 2021 (UTC) I am an avid and strong intermediate chess player. I am interested in the chess history and chess openings and techniques. In terms of ratings I play mostly on chess.com and have a 1550+ Daily rating, 1300+ rapid rating, 1250+ blitz rating and 1350+ bullet rating.

==Milestones==
* 7 April 2002: [[Chess]] was [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AFeatured_articles&theResponse=%3Conlyinclude%3E%7B%7B%23ifeq%3A%7B%7B%7Bname%7D%7D%7D%7CFeatured+articles%7C%7E%7E%7E%7E%7D%7D%3C%2Fonlyinclude%3EThe+following+suggestions+were+generated+by+a+semi-automatic+%5B%5BUser%3AAndyZ%2Fpeerreviewer%7Cjavascript+program%5D%5D%2C+and+might+not+be+applicable+for+the+article+in+question.&diff=47621&oldid=47610 listed] as "Brilliant Prose", the former version of "Featured Article".
* 30 December 2003: the WikiProject Chess was launched.
* 5 October 2007: the WikiProject Chess reaches 2,000 articles with the article [[George Botterill]].
* 12 April 2008: the WikiProject Chess reaches 2,500 articles with the article [[Ariah Mohiliver]].
* 30 September 2008: [[Rules of chess]] became the 10th article to reach a high level of quality (either FA-class, A-class or GA-class; see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Reviewed articles]]).
* 25 January 2009: the WikiProject Chess reaches 3,000 articles with the article [[Vienna 1908 chess tournament]].

==Related WikiProjects==
Although chess has many aspects (art, sport, science, game, ...), the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Directory/Culture]] classifies WikiProject Chess in the Games category. Several other [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProjects]] can be considered as "parent" or at least "related":
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Strategy games]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Board and table games]] specifically excludes chess articles from its scope, in order to avoid interference with WikiProject Chess (thanks to them!)
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Games]]
*[[Wikibooks:Wikibooks:Chess|Wikibooks:Chess]]

==Most popular articles==
This lists the most popular articles in the chess project, by number of times they are viewed:
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Popular pages]]

==Recognised content==
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Recognized content}}

==Unreferenced BLPs==
Biographies of living people in chess articles that lack references can be seen here:
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chess/Unreferenced BLPs]]

==Article alerts==
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