Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:TV Links

2007-10-23T23:08:45Z

Python187: /* Not sure if I got this right */

== Moderator also arrested & This is 2d time its been shut down ==
Someone removed my information, cba finding it all again.
- They where shut down before by the MPAA, so they moved servers abroad
- The forum staff where also arrested !!! for organised crime
- The website is actualy STILL ONLINE, but the domain no longer works. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.0.99.21|86.0.99.21]] ([[User talk:86.0.99.21|talk]]) 13:42, 22 October 2007 (UTC) 

== Not sure if I got this right ==

If 'facilitating copyright infringement' is now a crime, does this not make many many things illegal? ie the internet, selling blank cd's, and who knows how much else. I'm scared —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/82.24.113.160|82.24.113.160]] ([[User talk:82.24.113.160|talk]]) 19:49, 21 October 2007 (UTC) 

Not to mention (potentially) Wikipedia [[User:Python187|Pete]] 23:08, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

== Actual charge ==
Does anyone know what the site creator and maintainer was actually charged with? // [[User:24.250.125.206|24.250.125.206]] 03:02, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
::They will find one, anyone who takes money away from big business will have the government come down on them, they own everything. Most likely it be along the lines of Copyright Violations.[[User:EmoHobo|EmoHobo]] 04:30, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

== Date ==

At the top of the page it says the arrest was on october 18th but the bottom says october 19th? is that an accident or am i missing something? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Danos|Danos]] ([[User talk:Danos|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Danos|contribs]]) 20:31, 22 October 2007 (UTC) 

"The closure was a first for major UK-based pirate sites and the owner, a 26-year-old man from Cheltenham, was arrested for charges relating to facilitating copyright infringement over the internet" —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/82.0.221.198|82.0.221.198]] ([[User talk:82.0.221.198|talk]]) 13:53, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Talk:Soulja Boy

2007-10-13T22:55:37Z

Python187:

{{Skiptotoctalk}}
{{talkheader}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|blp=yes|1=
{{WPBiography|nested=yes|living=yes|class=Stub|musician-work-group=yes|}}
{{WikiProject hip hop|nested=yes|class=Stub}}
{{ChicagoWikiProject|nested=yes|class=Stub}}
{{WikiProject United States|nested=yes|class=Stub}}
}}
{{todo|3}}
== ...==
Uh, why exactly is this page protected?
Great so random rap artist pages are protected but subjects like the Israel-Arab conflict aren't.
It would appear his manager doesn't want any one editing his page.
Isn't Wikipedia great? —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/66.82.9.108|66.82.9.108]] ([[User talk:66.82.9.108|talk]]) 22:26, 2 October 2007 (UTC) 

:Pages that experience great vandalism are semi-protected so that only established users can edit them. Since most vandalism comes from unregistered users, it automatically stems down most vandalism. Please register so you can make factual edits [[User:Bladesofhalo|♣ChiTownBearsFor Life♣]] 04:06, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

== HEY ==
Aiuella Foreman is the shit. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/65.69.27.25|65.69.27.25]] ([[User talk:65.69.27.25|talk]]) 14:12, 19 September 2007 (UTC) 

SHOULDNT YOU PUT A PICTURE OF HIM —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Rudedoggydogg214|Rudedoggydogg214]] ([[User talk:Rudedoggydogg214|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rudedoggydogg214|contribs]]) 22:03, 13 September 2007 (UTC) 

== Official Site ==

For a page that's protected from editing, you'd think they would have accurate information. The official site is wrong and it brings me to a stupid site that spells it as "solja" all over the place. Great job, "solja boy" fan. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/68.226.116.32|68.226.116.32]] ([[User talk:68.226.116.32|talk]]) 01:32, 17 September 2007 (UTC) 

== "1.3 Recently" accuracy ==

Something needs to be done about the posted information given, and although it states Soulja Boy came out with a supposed remix of his popular hit song "Crank Dat", I can' find anything valuable with the posted, also I haven't been able to find that "popular" remix either on my filesharing program. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Chalino1|Chalino1]] ([[User talk:Chalino1|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Chalino1|contribs]]) 21:17, 17 September 2007 (UTC) 
:I don't know about an official remix (one that was created by Soulja Boy), but there is a remix of Crank Dat by Travis Barker. I know this, because I have it. Call it a "rock remix," if you will. [[User:Ninety2ina45|Ninety2ina45]] 13:58, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

== Horrible writing ==

I'm assuming an "administrator" is allowed to make changes to this page if we can't. However, whoever is in charge cannot write correctly at all. I mean, punctuation, grammar, capitalization rules were all taught in 3rd grade. For this to be a good credible source, at least it should look professional. This refers to the new section added: 1.3 Recently.

==Vandalized==
You guys might wanna take out that little line about the person wanting Soulja Boy in them. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/68.8.104.62|68.8.104.62]] ([[User talk:68.8.104.62|talk]]) 03:35, 3 October 2007 (UTC) 

==Please add==
{{editprotected}}
In November 2005 Soulja Boy, along with another rapper "Arab" posts his songs on the music-based social community [[SoundClick]]. Following positive reviews on SoundClick, Soulja Boy opens a [[YouTube]] account on January 13, 2006 so "... people can put your face to the things you spitting." The following month Soulja expanded onto [[MySpace]] to increase his fan base. A year later in March 2007 he would record "[[Crank That (Soulja Boy)|Crank That]]" and release his first independent album ''Unsigned and Sill Major''. On April 11th a low budget video is filmed demonstrating the "Soulja Boy" dance. By the end of May 2007 "Crank That" receives its first air play and Soulja Boy meets with [[Mr. Collipark]] to sign a deal with [[Interscope Records]]. [[August 12]], [[2007]], the song appears on the [[Primetime Emmy Award|Emmy-award]] winning HBO series [[Entourage (TV series)|Entourage]] and by September 1st it has broken into the top 10 of the [[Billboard Hot 100]] and tops the [[Hot RingMasters|Billboard Hot RingMasters]] chart.<ref>Vibe Magazine. Ayo, Technology by Brent S. Grier. November 2007. Page 50.</ref> --[[User:192.193.221.141|192.193.221.141]] 15:43, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

:Of course, if you can find reliable sources for these claims and if they add to the integrity of this article then I will be happy to incorporate them into the article [[User:Bladesofhalo|♣ChiTownBearsFor Life♣]] 04:09, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

==Rape charges==
http://i193.photobucket.com/albums/z193/Jock_Jock_Jock/HolyShitSoulja.jpg

hopefully soulja boy will go to jail.I dont like the New York Times but the enemy of my enemy is my friend. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Parralax|Parralax]] ([[User talk:Parralax|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Parralax|contribs]]) 22:26, 13 October 2007 (UTC) 

: The rape charges are fake, as is that article. I searched NYT for the last seven days
http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?frow=0&n=10&srcht=s&query=Soulja+Boy&srchst=nyt&submit.x=43&submit.y=9&submit=sub&hdlquery=&bylquery=&daterange=site1week&mon1=01&day1=01&year1=1981&mon2=10&day2=13&year2=2007
[[User:Python187|Pete]] 22:55, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Coup de grâce

2007-09-01T17:32:36Z

Python187:

{{Redirect3|Mercy killing|See also [[euthanasia]]}}
{{wiktionarypar|coup de grâce}}
The expression '''''coup de grâce''''' (pronounced {{IPA|/ku də gras/}}) ([[French language|French]]: {{IPA|/ku də ɡʁas/}} "blow of mercy") means a [[death]] blow intended to end the suffering of a wounded creature. It is often used figuratively to describe the last of a series of events which brings about the end of some entity; for example: "The business had been failing for years; the coup de grâce was the sudden jump in oil prices."

In war times, it means shooting into the cardiac or temporal region of an already shot, but not yet dead person during a military or civilian execution. It can also refer to the final destruction of an already sinking ship; during World War II, ships crippled beyond repair were often finished off by their own escorts, or by enemy submarines. Examples include the [[USS Wasp (CV-7)|USS ''Wasp'']], the [[USS Lexington (CV-2)|USS ''Lexington'']], and the [[USS Yorktown (CV-5)|USS ''Yorktown'']].

In a classic [[duel]] to the death, if a person is wounded and not likely to recover, a coup de grâce is performed.

The French pronunciation of the phrase is {{IPA|[ku də gras]}}, but [[English language|English]] speakers sometimes mispronounce it as {{IPA|[ku de'gra]}}. Not pronouncing the final "c" is an example of a [[hypercorrection#Hyperforeignism|hyperforeignism]]: in French, this mispronunciation sounds like ''coup de gras,'' which means "a blow of fat."

==See also==
* [[Animal euthanasia]]
* [[Euthanasia]]
*  [[:Image:Fr-coupdegrace-fr-Paris.ogg|Audio of "coup de grâce"]] by a native French speaker[[Wikipedia:Media help (Ogg)|?]], {{#ifeq:Coup de grâce|Main Page||[[:Image:Fr-coupdegrace-fr-Paris.ogg|file]]}}

[[Category:French words and phrases]]
[[Category:Homicide]]

[[de:Fangschuss]]
[[nl:Genadeslag]]
[[no:Coup de grâce]]
[[ru:Удар милосердия]]

Second World

2007-08-13T14:43:08Z

Python187:

{{Not verified|date=July 2007}}
[[Image:Secondworld-extended.png|thumb|300px|A map of countries often considered to have made up the "Second World" from the 1950s through to the 1980s.]]
[[Image:World map worlds first second third.gif|250px|thumb|The three worlds during the [[Cold War]] era; '''Blue:''' [[First World]], '''Red:''' [[Second World]], '''Green:''' [[Third World]]]]

The term "'''Second World'''" is a phrase that was used to describe the [[Communist state]]s within the [[Soviet Union]]'s sphere of influence. Along with "[[First World]]" and "[[Third World]]", the term has been used to divide the nations of Earth into three broad categories. The term has largely fallen out of use since the end of the [[Cold War]]. The other two 'worlds' are still widely talked about, although "First World" is now deprecated for the more [[politically correct]] "[[developed country]]" and "Third World" has been replaced with "[[developing country]]".

==History==
The three terms did not arise simultaneously. After [[World War II]], people began to speak of the [[NATO]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] countries as two major blocs, often using such terms as the "[[Western bloc]]" and the "[[Eastern bloc]]". The two "worlds" were not numbered. It was eventually pointed out that there were a great many countries that fit into neither category, and in 1952 [[France|French]] [[demographer]] [[Alfred Sauvy]] coined the term "Third World" to describe these countries; retroactively, the first two groups came to be known as the "First World" and "Second World".

==Definition==
The term was used to refer to nations within the [[Soviet Union]]'s sphere of influence, e.g. the [[Warsaw Pact]] countries, as well as farther-flung Soviet Allies such as [[Cuba]] and [[North Vietnam]]. Besides the Soviet Union proper, most of [[Eastern Europe]] was run by satellite governments working closely with [[Moscow]]. The term "Second World" may or may not also refer to Communist countries whose leadership were at odds with Moscow after the [[Sino-Soviet split]], such as [[Albania]]. After the split with Soviet Union, [[China]] considers itself a [[Third World]] country. [[North Korea]] pursues an [[isolationist]] policy that even distances itself from both China and Soviet Union, thus it is also sometimes considered Third World.
There were a number of countries which did not fit comfortably into this neat partitioning of the world, including [[Switzerland]], [[Sweden]], [[Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and the [[Republic of Ireland]], who all chose to remain neutral. [[Finland]] was under the Soviet Union's sphere of influence but was not communist, nor was it a member of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. [[Austria]] was within the [[United States]]' sphere of influence, but in 1955, when it became a fully independent republic, it did so under the condition that it remain neutral. [[Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], a socialist [[Southeastern Europe|southeast European]] country, was a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. [[Albania]] was a communist east European country which withdrew from the Warsaw Pact over ideological differences in 1968 and had stopped supporting the Pact as early as 1962.

Alternatively, First World countries may be defined as having developed [[market economy|market economies]], Second World as having developed [[planned economy|planned economies]], and Third World as having [[developing country|developing economies]] that may follow either the market or the planned model. The fall of communism and the end of most planned economics has also made this distinction largely moot.

Additionally, the term is often used incorrectly, to describe a moderately developed country. This is most likely based on the misconception that the First World refers to the developed world, the Third World the developing world, and thus the Second World is an intermediate level between the two. To help with this problem, a newer term, Fourth World, was coined to refer to only the most impoverished nations, to distinguish more developed "third world" nations from completely undeveloped "third world" nations.

== See also ==
{{Global economic classifications}}
* [[First World]]
* [[Third World]]
* [[Three Worlds Theory]]
* [[Least Developed Countries|Fourth World]]
* [[Second Superpower]]
* [[Human Development Index]]
* [[Cold War]]

[[Category:Country classifications]]
[[Category:Politics by region]]

[[ar:العالم الثاني]]
[[da:Den anden verden]]
[[de:Zweite Welt]]
[[es:Segundo Mundo]]
[[ko:제2세계]]
[[it:Secondo Mondo]]
[[nl:Tweede wereld]]
[[pl:Drugi Świat]]
[[pt:Segundo mundo]]
[[sk:Druhý svet]]
[[sv:Andra världen]]
[[zh:第二世界]]

Thomas Patrick Cavanagh

2007-05-26T01:58:42Z

Python187:

'''Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh''' is an aerospace engineer who was sentenced in 1985 after being convicted of trying to sell stealth bomber secrets to the [[Soviet Union]].

Cavanaugh was arrested at a hotel in Commerce, California, in [[December 1984]], by [[FBI]] agents posing as Russian spies. Cavanaugh, who worked at [[Northrop]], was debt-ridden and was "willing to take 25,000 U$S in cash for technology that cost us billions to develop".

The cloaking technology was later used in both the bomber and fighter versions of the stealth aircraft. The fighter plane saw action several years later during the first Gulf War.

==References==
*[http://thepaperink.com/1993/93tt1217.htm The Paper Ink]
*[http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/05/dayintech_0523 Wired]

[[Category:Soviet spies]]

Thomas Patrick Cavanagh

2007-05-26T01:58:11Z

Python187: refference

'''Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh''' is an aerospace engineer who was sentenced in 1985 after being convicted of trying to sell stealth bomber secrets to the [[Soviet Union]].

Cavanaugh was arrested at a hotel in Commerce, California, in [[December 1984]], by [[FBI]] agents posing as Russian spies. Cavanaugh, who worked at [[Northrop]], was debt-ridden and was "willing to take 25,000 U$S in cash for technology that cost us billions to develop".

The cloaking technology was later used in both the bomber and fighter versions of the stealth aircraft. The fighter plane saw action several years later during the first Gulf War.

==References==
*[http://thepaperink.com/1993/93tt1217.htm The Paper Ink]
*http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/05/dayintech_0523*

[[Category:Soviet spies]]

Scouting in Lanarkshire

2007-05-21T23:22:10Z

Python187: /* Hamilton District */ 2nd Uddingston

{{portal|Scouting|Scout logo2.svg}}

'''Scouting in Lanarkshire''' is a part of [[the Scout Association]] in the [[United Kingdom]], covering the Scouting Area of [[Lanarkshire]] in [[Scotland]]. The Area Commissioner is Karen Limond.

==Organisation==
===Canderside District===

*67th Lanarkshire
*79th Lanarkshire (2nd Larkhall)
*127th Lanarkshire

===[http://www.ek-district-scouts.org.uk East Kilbride District]===

The DC is Gilbert Reddick.

*[http://www.strathaven.org.uk 39th Lanarkshire]
*53rd Lanarkshire
*[http://www.third-ek.org.uk 55th Lanarkshire]
*60th Lanarkshire
*61st Lanarkshire (6th Kilbride)
*82nd Lanarkshire
*136th Lanarkshire
*[http://www.14thek-scouts.org.uk 138th Lanarkshire]

===Hamilton District===

*[http://mysite.freeserve.com/2nd_bothwell_scouts 3rd Lanarkshire (2nd Bothwell)]
*4th Lanarkshire
*9th Lanarkshire (Glenlee)
*28th Lanarkshire (1st Blantyre)
*30th Lanarkshire
*47th Lanarkshire (St Ninans)
*78th Lanarkshire (3rd Blantyre)
*107th Lanarkshire (2nd Uddingston)
*111th Lanarkshire
*112th Lanarkshire (St Annes)
*140th Lanarkshire

===Lanark District===
The DC is Iain Forrest.

*6th Lanarkshire (1st Carluke)
*7th Lanarkshire (1st Douglas)
*8th Lanarkshire (3rd Carluke)
*10th Lanarkshire (2nd Lanark)
*15th Lanarkshire
*21st Lanarkshire (1st Tinto)
*[http://www.biggartinto.org.uk 37th Lanarkshire (Biggar)]
*122nd Lanarkshire

===Motherwell District===

*[http://www.second-motherwell.org.uk 22nd Lanarkshire]
*25th Lanarkshire
*34th Lanarkshire (1st Allanton)
*36th Lanarkshire (3rd Shotts)
*63rd Lanarkshire (4th Wishaw)
*64th Lanarkshire
*73rd Lanarkshire (9th Wishaw)
*91st Lanarkshire
*103rd Lanarkshire

===Monklands District===

*5th Lanarkshire
*[http://www.chapelhallscouts.org.uk 8th Airdrie (Chapelhall) 85th Lanarkshire]
*88th Lanarkshire (9th Airdrie)
*[http://www.2ndcoatbridgescoutgroup.com/ 90th Lanarkshire (2nd Coatbridge)]
*94th Lanarkshire
*95th Lanarkshire
*125th Lanarkshire
*126th Lanarkshire
*[http://www.10thcbscouts.tk 129th Lanarkshire]
*130th Lanarkshire

==External links==
*[http://www.borderscouting.co.uk Area Website]

{{Scouts UK Counties}}

[[Category:Scouting in the United Kingdom|Lanarkshire, Scouting in]]

Beecroft

2007-05-11T12:05:55Z

Python187:

'''Beecroft''' may refer to:
*[[Beecroft, New South Wales]], a suburb of Sydney, Australia
*[[Beecroft railway station, Sydney]]
*[[Beecroft Peninsula]]
*[[Beecroft Art Gallery]]
*[[Beecroft Primary School]], A Primary school in [[Beecroft]],[[Sydney]], [[Australia]]
People:
*[[John Beecroft]] (1790–1854)
*[[Graham Beecroft]], a British radio personality
*[[David Beecroft]], an American actor
*[[Vanessa Beecroft]], an Italian contemporary artist living in New York
*[[W. I. Beecroft]], biologist/illustrator

{{disambig}}

Beecroft

2007-05-11T12:04:14Z

Python187:

'''Beecroft''' may refer to:
*[[Beecroft, New South Wales]], a suburb of Sydney, Australia
*[[Beecroft railway station, Sydney]]
*[[Beecroft Peninsula]]
*[[Beecroft Art Gallery]]
*[[Beecroft Primary School]], A Primary school in [[Leeds]], [[England]]

People:
*[[John Beecroft]] (1790–1854)
*[[Graham Beecroft]], a British radio personality
*[[David Beecroft]], an American actor
*[[Vanessa Beecroft]], an Italian contemporary artist living in New York
*[[W. I. Beecroft]], biologist/illustrator

{{disambig}}

Talk:Shitdisco

2007-04-22T13:18:55Z

Python187: bunch of fannies

{{WPBiography
|class=Stub
|priority=
|auto=yes
|musician-work-group=yes
}}
{{Wikiproject Alternative music|class=Stub|importance=Low}}
Article for this band added today with Profile and Links. [[User:TG312274|TG312274]] 20:34, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

==bunch of fannies?==
Can someone explain this line to me:
"Uninterrupted, the parties would often be just a bunch of fannies."[[User:Python187|Pete]] 13:18, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

==Pronounciation?==

Is it correct that it's pronounced Shhhdisco? [[User:Y control|Y control]] 17:34, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
: No, its pronounced as its spelt. Some radio station who dont want to say the word "shit" pronouce it the way you spelt it. [[User:Vintagekits|Vintagekits]] 21:56, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Home Taping Is Killing Music

2007-03-26T18:42:17Z

Python187: PPUK

[[Image:Home taping is killing music.png|200px|thumb|right|The original logo.]]
[[Image:homesewing.png|thumb|200px|right|Example of a parody on the original logo.]]
[[Image:DRM is killing music.svg|thumb|200px|right|Another example of a parody on the original logo.]]
[[Image:The Pirate Bay logo.svg|200px|thumb|[[The Pirate Bay]] logo featuring the tape and bones.]]

“'''Home Taping Is Killing Music'''” was the slogan of a [[1980s]] anti-[[copyright infringement]] campaign by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] (BPI), a British music industry trade group. With the rise in [[cassette deck|cassette recorder]] popularity, the BPI feared that home taping would cause a decline in record sales. The logo, consisting of a [[skull and crossbones]] formed from the silhouette of a [[compact audio cassette|cassette]], also included the words '''And It’s Illegal'''.

==Parodies==

The slogan was often [[parody|parodied]], one example being the addendum ''and it’s about time too!'', used by [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[anarcho-punk]] band [[The Ex]]. Another example was the early [[1980s]] counter-slogan ''Home Taping Is Skill in Music'', referring to early mix-tapes, in some ways a precursor to [[Sampling (music)|sampling]] and [[Remix|remixes]]. In [[1981]] the [[Dead Kennedys]] printed “Home taping is killing big business profits. We left this side blank so you can help” on one side of ''[[In God We Trust, Inc.]]'' EP, though ironically the tape stock they used didn’t actually work with most consumer recorders. The cassette & crossbones image was displayed briefly as a backdrop in the "Time Out For Fun" video by the band [[Devo]] from their 1982 album, "[[Oh No! It's Devo (album)|Oh No! It's Devo]]". [[Venom (band)|Venom]]’s classic [[1982]] album ''[[Black Metal (album)|Black Metal]]'' had some play with the logo; it read ''Home Taping Is Killing Music; So Are Venom''. The phrase ''Home-Taping Is Making Music'' appears on the back cover of [[Peter Principle]]’s self-produced [[1988]] album ''[[Tone Poems (album)|Tone Poems]]''. The [[San Diego]] punk band [[Rocket from the Crypt]] sold T-shirts with the tape and bones and the words “Home Taping Is Killing the Music Industry: Killing Ain’t Wrong.” More recently, the pro-[[Peer-to-peer|p2p]] [[file sharing]] group [[Downhill Battle]] has used the slogan “Home Taping Is Killing the Music Industry, and It’s Fun” on T-shirts, and the [[BitTorrent]] website [[The Pirate Bay|''ThePirateBay.org'']] uses the logo of a pirate ship whose sails bear the “tape and bones.” Additionally the [[Pirate Party]] in the UK have a version of the tape and bones with the logo "copyright is killing music - and it's legal".

Similar rhetoric has continued; in [[1982]] [[Jack Valenti]] famously compared the [[Videocassette recorder|VCR]] and its anticipated effect on the movie industry to the [[Boston Strangler]], and in [[2005]] [[Mitch Bainwol]] of the [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] claimed that [[CD burner|CD burning]] is hurting music sales.

==Other references==

*“Home Taping’s Killing Music” is also the title of a short song by [[Misty's Big Adventure|Misty’s Big Adventure]], a band from [[Birmingham]], which takes the implications of this slogan to their illogical conclusion.
*The track "Steal This Song" from [[Mitch Benn|Mitch Benn's]] second album [[Radioface]] features the line "Home taping isn't killing music; music's dying of natural causes."
*In [[2005]], [[Zane Lowe]], a DJ on [[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1]], toured around the United Kingdom with the ''Home Taping Tour''. The promotional materials for this tour bore the skull-and-bones logo.

==See also==
* [[Piracy is theft|Piracy Is Theft]]
* [[You can click, but you can't hide|You Can Click, But You Can’t Hide]]
* [[Don't Copy That Floppy|Don’t Copy That Floppy]]

==External links==
*[http://www.bpi.co.uk/piracy/ BPI Anti-Piracy Unit]
*[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/30/1072546532286.html Home taping not killing music—Sydney Morning Herald]
*[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/culturevulture/archives/2005/08/02/track_back.html Guardian Unlimited Culture Vulture—Track Back]

[[Category:Political slogans]]
[[Category:Music industry associations]]
[[Category:Copyright campaigns]]

[[fr:Home taping is killing music]]
[[sv:Home Taping is Killing Music]]

Dreadnought-class submarine

2007-03-22T18:36:11Z

Python187: Vadalism Reversion

{{current}}

[[Image:Trident_II_missile_image.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A [[Trident missile]] launches from a submerged submarine]]

The '''British replacement of Trident''' is a proposal to replace the existing [[Vanguard class submarine|''Vanguard'' class]] of four submarines each armed with 16 [[Trident missile|Trident II]] [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]]s.<ref name="qa">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4805768.stm|title="Q&A: Trident replacement"|date=[[11 November]] [[2006]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2006-12-01}}</ref> The government has begun planning a new [[submarine]]-based system<ref name="WhitePaper">{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/AC00DD79-76D6-4FE3-91A1-6A56B03C092F/0/DefenceWhitePaper2006_Cm6994.pdf|title= "The Future of the United Kingdom’s Nuclear Deterrent"|date=[[4 December]] [[2006]]|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] | accessdate = 2006-12-05}}</ref> but there is opposition from those who want to take the opportunity for full [[nuclear disarmament]] or replacement with a cheaper nuclear weapon delivery system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6050336.stm|title= "Trident debate to top CND agenda"|date=[[14 October]] [[2006]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2006-12-01}}</ref><ref name="bishops">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6171908.stm|title= "Bishops against Trident options"|date=[[22 November]] [[2006]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2006-12-01}}</ref><ref name="unions">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/5342812.stm|title= "Unions oppose replacing Trident"|date=[[13 September]] [[2006]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2006-12-01}}</ref>

The term "Trident" is the name of the submarine-launched ballistic missile in British use that delivers a nuclear payload but is also widely used to refer to the UK's collective military nuclear system.<ref name="qa"/><ref name=CommonsFutureReport>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmdfence/986/986.pdf|title= "The Future of the UK's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent"|date=[[30 June]] [[2006]]|publisher=[[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Defence Committee]] | accessdate = 2006-12-01}}</ref>

==Background==

{{main|Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom}}

===Policy===

Official policy regarding nuclear weapons is for use as a defensive [[nuclear deterrent]]. This refers to the possession of nuclear weapons to deter an enemy nuclear attack with the threat of a retaliatory [[second strike]].

The current reasoning for the deterrent comes from the 1998 [[Strategic Defence Review]]:

<blockquote>"We are committed to working towards a safer world in which there is no requirement for nuclear weapons and continue to play a full role in international efforts to strengthen arms control and prevent the proliferation of chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. However, the continuing risk from the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and the certainty that a number of other countries will retain substantial nuclear arsenals, mean that our minimum nuclear deterrent capability, currently represented by Trident, is likely to remain a necessary element of our security."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/65F3D7AC-4340-4119-93A2-20825848E50E/0/sdr1998_complete.pdf|title="Strategic Defence Review"|date=[[July 1998]]|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] | accessdate = 2006-12-01}}</ref></blockquote>

Since the [[Manhattan Project]] produced the first nuclear weapons during [[World War Two]], the UK has worked closely with the [[United States]] on [[nuclear strategy]]. This cooperation was formalised in the 1958 [[1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement|Mutual Defence Agreement]] (MDA) and has been a key aspect of the [[special relationship]] between the two countries.

===Trident system===

[[Image:Vanguard_class_image.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A [[Vanguard class submarine|''Vanguard'' class]] [[submarine]]]]

Since the retirement of the last [[Royal Air Force]] [[WE.177]] nuclear bomb in 1998, the British nuclear system has been wholly submarine-based. This helps provide deterrent value if an enemy cannot ensure eliminating the entire stockpile in a [[first strike]] if a [[ballistic missile submarine]] (SSBN) remains undetected.

Since the Strategic Defence Review, the UK has maintained a stockpile of around 200 warheads. In a policy known as "Continuous at Sea Deterrence," at least one [[Vanguard class submarine|''Vanguard'' class]] SSBN is kept on patrol with up to 16 [[Trident missile]]s sharing up to 48 warheads from the stockpile at any given time. The SDR stated this was the minimum adequate deterrent. It is collectively known as the Trident system.<ref name=CommonsFutureReport/> The majority of this system is based in [[Scotland]] at [[HM Naval Base Clyde]], which includes the [[Faslane]] home of the ''Vanguard'' submarines and [[Coulport]] nuclear depot.

The oldest submarine of the ''Vanguard'' class is expected to remain in service until 2017<ref name=CommonsWhitePaperReport>{{cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmdfence/225/225i.pdf|title= "The Future of the UK's Strategic Nuclear Deterent: the White Paper"|date=[[7 March]] [[2007]]|publisher=[[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Defence Committee]] | accessdate = 2007-03-15}}</ref> without a refit, prompting consideration of a replacement before the end of the current [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|parliament]] in 2010 to allow for development time.<ref name=CommonsFutureReport/>

==Replacement system==

===Proposal===

A December 2006 [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] [[white paper]] recommended that the deterrent should be maintained and outlined measures that would do so until the 2040s. It advocated the currently preferred submarine-based system, as it remained the cheapest and most secure deterrent option available.

Costs for this option are estimated at £15-20 billion based on:
*£0.25 billion to participate in U.S. Trident D5 missile life extension programme.
*£11-14 billion for a class of four new SSBNs.
*£2-3 billion for refurbishing warheads.
*£2-3 billion for infrastructure.<ref name="WhitePaper"/>

These cost estimates exclude the ''Vanguard'' 5 year life extension and decommissioning, and it is unclear if new Trident missiles will need to be purchased for the life extension programme.<ref name=CommonsWhitePaperReport/>

Running costs would be about £1.5 billion per year at 2006 prices.<ref name=CommonsWhitePaperReport/>

====Trident D5 missile life extension====

In 2002 the [[US Navy]] awarded a contract for the Trident II D5 Service Life Extension Programme to extend the life of the missiles from the mid-2020s to about 2042, to match the extended life of the US [[Ohio class submarine]]. The UK will join this programme to arm a ''Vanguard'' submarine class replacement.

====Submarines====

The paper suggested parts of the existing Trident system be refitted to some extent to prolong their lives. However, the relatively short (five years) life extension potential of the ''Vanguard'' class meant that a new class of SSBNs should replace it in the early 2020s. There are suggestions that the new fleet be cut to three hulls if Continuous at Sea Deterrence could still be assured at that number. The first SSBN would take 17 years to be designed and built, making a five year life extension of the ''Vanguard'' class necessary. On this basis, a refitted ''Vanguard'' class could still shrink by at least one vessel before the first replacement SSBN enters service.<ref name="WhitePaper"/>

====Munitions====

The overall warhead stockpile would be reduced from around 200 warheads to 160. The remaining warheads are expected to last until the mid-2020s, with a decision to either replace or refurbish them taken closer to the time. The government-owned nuclear weapons research company [[Atomic Weapons Establishment]] would likely play a key role in either, with over £1 billion being invested between 2005 and 2008 to maintain "key skills and facilities."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm050719/wmstext/50719m03.htm#50719m03.html_sbhd0|title= "Written Ministerial Statements"|date=[[19 July]] [[2005]]|publisher=[[British House of Commons|House of Commons]]| accessdate = 2006-12-01}}</ref> The replacement of the Trident missiles was also deferred, as the UK intends to participate in a US programme to lengthen the missiles' lives from the [[2020s]] through to the 2040s.<ref name="WhitePaper"/>

===Parliamentary support===

On [[14 March]] [[2007]], the Labour government won [[British House of Commons|Commons]] support for the plans to renew the submarine system. The proposals were passed by the House of Commons by a majority of 248.<ref name="bbcvote">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6448173.stm|title= "Trident plan wins Commons support"|date=[[15 March]] [[2007]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2007-03-15}}</ref>

Despite a clarification that the vote was just for the concept stage of the new system, 89 Labour MPs (including one teller for the Noes) rebelled, and it was only passed with the support of the opposition Conservative Party.<ref name="bbcvote"/><ref name="abcnews">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200703/s1872177.htm|title= "Blair wins Trident nuclear arsenal vote"|date=[[15 March]] [[2007]]|publisher=[[ABC News]]| accessdate = 2007-03-15}}</ref>

It was the first time MPs had been given the chance to vote on whether the UK should remain a [[Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom|nuclear power]], and the biggest backbench rebellion since the beginning of the 2003 [[Iraq war]]. <ref name="bbcvote"/>

Another vote is anticipated before the order of the new submarine class in 2014.<ref name="abcnews"/>

==Controversy==

[[Image:Faslane1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|An anti-nuclear demonstration outside [[HMNB Clyde|HM Naval Base Clyde]]]]

===Morality===

The possession of nuclear weapons, as a form [[weapons of mass destruction]], has long been criticised in British politics{{Fact|date=February 2007}} for being immoral. As such, it has been at the core of the [[peace movement]] in the UK since the first introduction of nuclear weapons in the 1950s.

The [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] has historically been a significant anti-nuclear lobby group since its formation in 1957. As a result, the potential replacement of Trident has naturally been criticised by the CND, coming under their "Scrap Trident" campaign. More recently in 2006, 20 [[bishop]]s claimed Trident was "anti-God." Other religious leaders, including [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[Rowan Williams]], have questioned the morality of replacing Trident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6208642.stm|title= "Archbishop questions Trident plan "|date=[[5 December]] [[2006]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2006-12-06}}</ref><ref name="bishops"/>

Other groups claim the development of new nuclear weapons would undermine Britain's stance with other countries, such as Iran and North Korea, and international nuclear disarmament in general<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenparty.org.uk/news/2053|title= "Trident cash risks terror escalation, warns MEP"|date=[[20 July]] [[2005]]|publisher=[[Green Party (UK)|Green Party]]| accessdate = 2006-12-02}}</ref><ref name="bishops"/>. The UK government insists that there are no plans to enhance the capability of the missiles in terms of payload, range or accuracy, in order to avoid such diplomatic problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6454273.stm|title= "Why do Trident submarines have to be replaced?"|date=[[15 March]] [[2007]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2007-03-19}}</ref>

===Strategic value===

Another reason cited is the claim that the nuclear environment has become less dangerous since the development of the deterrent during the [[Cold War]]. Consequently, with a diminished nuclear threat towards Britain, the value of having a deterrent to guard against it has fallen as well. However the Ministry of Defence has a declared policy of sub-strategic use which would see, for example, a limited nuclear strike (e.g. one missile with one limited yield warhead) used as either a deterrent to a country from using chemical or biological weapons or as retaliation for having used them.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00560.x|title=Big boats and bigger skimmers: determining Britain’s role in the Long War|author=Paul Rogers|date=July 2006|journal=[[International Affairs]]|volume=82|issue=4|publisher=Blackwell Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/breakfast_with_frost/2718629.stm|title=BBC Breakfast with Frost interview: Geoff Hoon, Secretary of State for Defence|date=2 February 2003|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo031027/text/31027w02.htm#31027w02.html_sbhd3|title=Weapons of Mass Destruction|date=27 October 2003|publisher=[[Hansard]]|work=Column 8W|accessdate=2007-02-02}}</ref>

Outspoken critics on this basis include former [[Secretary of State for Defence|Defence Secretaries]] [[Malcolm Rifkind]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1729192006|title=Rifkind slams 'dumb' plan to axe Trident|date=21 June 2006|publisher=[[The Scotsman]]|accessdate=2006-12-02}}</ref>, [[Denis Healey]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/5158618.stm|title=UK needs no nuclear arms - Healey|date=7 July 2006|publisher=[[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2006-12-02}}</ref> and [[Michael Portillo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4109564.stm|title=Scrap UK nuclear arms - Portillo|date=19 June, 2005|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=2007-03-16}}</ref>

===Legality===
On [[19 December]] [[2005]] Rabinder Singh [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] and [[Professor]] [[Christine Chinkin]] of [[Matrix Chambers]] handed down an [[legal opinion|opinion]] which addressed

<blockquote>"whether Trident or a likely replacement to Trident breaches [[customary international law]] and ... whether the replacement of Trident would breach the [[Non-Proliferation Treaty]] 1967 (NPT), article VI"<ref>http://www.peacerights.org/reports/195/ (paragraph 1)</ref></blockquote>

Singh and Chinkin found that:

#The use of the Trident system would breach customary international law, in particular because it would infringe the "intransgressible" requirement that a distinction must be drawn between combatants and non-combatants.
#The replacement of Trident is likely to constitute a breach of article VI of the NPT.
#Such a breach would be a material breach of that treaty.<ref>http://www.peacerights.org/reports/195/ (paragraph 2)</ref>

The opinion reinforces claims made by [[Greenpeace]] and other groups claim that new development of nuclear weapons would violate the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]], specifically Article 6:<ref name="npt">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/berkshire/6076416.stm|title= "Nuclear claims over weapons site"|date=[[23 October]] [[2006]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2006-12-02}}</ref><blockquote>
"Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/npt/text/npt2.htm|title= "Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons"|date=|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]| accessdate = 2006-12-02}}</ref></blockquote>

===Cost and timing===
Several groups, such as the [[Scottish National Party]] and some [[trade union]]s, prefer the money to be spent on [[public services]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/5387750.stm|title= "Trident missile costs 'immoral'"|date=[[28 September]] [[2006]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]| accessdate = 2006-12-02}}</ref><ref name="unions"/>

Greenpeace has claimed the recent £1 billion investment in AWE is for secret initial work on developing a replacement.<ref name="npt"/>

In evidence to the House of Commons [[Defence Select Committee]] on [[23 January]] [[2007]], the US nuclear expert [[Richard Garwin]] said that the plans were "premature and wasteful", and that delaying the decision for 15 years following inexpensive engine repairs would save £5bn. He added that pressure to commission a new fleet of submarines was rooted in the shipbuilding industry's urge to land lucrative contracts.<ref name="Garwin">{{cite news|publisher=The Guardian|date=[[24 January]] [[2007]]|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/guardianpolitics/story/0,,1997190,00.html|title=Trident replacement 'premature'|accessdate=2007-01-27}}</ref>.

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

==See also==
*[[Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom]]

==External links==
*[http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.2420 Ballistic Submarines - Royal Navy]
*[http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.2420 Ministry of Defence]
*[http://www.awe.co.uk/ Atomic Weapons Establishment]
*[http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/AC00DD79-76D6-4FE3-91A1-6A56B03C092F/0/DefenceWhitePaper2006_Cm6994.pdf Government White Paper Cm 6994 ''The Future of the United Kingdom’s Nuclear Deterrent'' (December 2006)]
*UK House of Commons, Select Committee on Defence [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmdfence/225/22502.htm The Future of the UK's Strategic Nuclear Deterent: the White Paper: Ninth Report of Session 2006-07], House of Commons Papers, HC 225 [2005-2007]
*UK House of Commons, Select Committee on Defence [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmdfence/59/5902.htm The Future of the UK’s Strategic Nuclear Deterrent: the Manufacturing and Skills Base: Fourth Report of Session 2006–07], House of Commons Papers, HC 59 [2005-2007]
*[http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/releases/061204.htm Archbishop of Canterbury's press release 4 December 2006 ''Trident White Paper must provoke wide debate'']

[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of the United Kingdom]]

Klaxons

2007-03-01T23:52:35Z

Python187: Awards

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Klaxons
| Img = Klaxons.jpg
| Img_capt =
| Background = group_or_band
| Origin = {{flagicon|England}} [[London]], [[England]]
| Genre = [[Psychedelic Pop]], [[New Rave]]
| Years_active = 2005-present
| Label = '''current''' [[Modular Records]] (NYC) '''old''' [[Angular Recording Corporation]] (UK) [[Merok Records]] (UK) [[Polydor Records|Rinse Records/Polydor]] (UK)
| URL = [http://klaxons.net/ Official website]
| Current_members = Jamie Reynolds James Righton Simon Taylor-Davis Steffan Halperin
}}

'''Klaxons''' is an [[England|English]] band from [[London]], with a large [[underground music|underground]] following. The word '[[klaxon]]' derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] verb ''klazō'', meaning "to shriek".

Their debut album, titled ''[[Myths of the Near Future (album)|Myths of the Near Future]]'', was released on [[January 29]], 2007 following the single "[[Golden Skans]]", which was released on [[January 22]], 2007.

Klaxons headline the [[NME]] indie rave tour starting in February 2007. The London date at [[Hammersmith Palais]] sold out in two days. They have also had promising early success in Europe, Japan and Australia, selling out tours in November 2006, and upcoming sell-out UK dates in May 2007.

==Band members==
* '''Jamie Reynolds''' - vocals, bass guitar
* '''James Righton''' (a.k.a. The Cat) - vocals, keyboards/synthesizers, bass guitar
* '''Simon Taylor-Davis''' (a.k.a. Captain Strobe) - guitar, backing vocals
* '''Steffan Halperin''' (a.k.a. Bellringer) - drums, backing vocals

==Angular / Merok Records==
Their debut single, "[[Gravity's Rainbow (song)|Gravity's Rainbow]]" was released in April 2006 on [[Angular Recording Corporation|Angular Records]]. Only 500 copies were released on 7" vinyl decorated by the band themselves. The band's second single, "[[Atlantis to Interzone]]" was the first release for new label [[Merok Records|Merok]] and led to further coverage in the [[NME]] and even had [[BBC Radio 1]] daytime play from [[Jo Whiley]], who repeatedly, and mistakenly, called the song "Atlantic To Interscope".

They released their first EP, ''[[Xan Valleys]]'' in the UK on [[October 16]], 2006 with [[Modular Records|Modular]].

==Polydor Records==
In 2006, they signed to [[Polydor Records]]. Their first single for the label, "[[Magick (single)|Magick]]", was released on [[October 30]], 2006 and reached #29 in the UK Top 40 the following week.

In August 2006, Klaxons played at the Reading and Leeds festivals, playing in the Carling tent on each festival site. The Carling tent, at both festivals, is the smallest stage and as a result large numbers of people were forced to watch from outside the tent. Fans sounded "Klaxons!" and cheered loudly between songs, brandishing glo-sticks, seemingly giving credit to the "new rave" bandwagon label. This term was coined by [[Angular Recording Corporation|Angular Records]] founder Joe Daniel and later used by NME to describe the burgeoning scene.

On [[January 24]], 2007, Klaxons performed on the UK [[BBC Radio 1]] [[Live Lounge]], performing their single "Golden Skans" and a cover of [[Justin Timberlake]]'s "[[My Love (Justin Timberlake song)|My Love]]", to great acclaim from disc jockey [[Jo Whiley]].[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/jowhiley/galleries/983/1/#gallery983]

The first single from their debut album, "[[Golden Skans]]", was released on [[January 22]], 2007. It reached #16 in the UK Singles Chart on download sales on January 14 (two weeks before the release of the CD) and climbed to #14 the next week, eventually reaching #7 after the CD release.

Their debut album, titled ''[[Myths of the Near Future (album)|Myths of the Near Future]]'', was released on [[January 29]], 2007 and produced by James Ford. It entered the UK album charts at #2.

==Style==
HMV describes Klaxons as "acid-rave sci-fi punk-funk", while on their [[MySpace]] page they are described as 'Psychedelic / Progressive / Pop'. Along with [[Shitdisco]] they are one of the bands dubbed part of the '[[New Rave]]' movement, a term coined by [[Angular Recording Corporation|Angular Records]] founder Joe Daniel who released their first single. Although the accessible side of their sound shows the influence of the art rock explosion of the 2000s, they draw upon some less common influences, notably the [[rave culture]] of the 1990s, which they appropriate and redefine in a [[post-modernism|post-modern]] fashion. This is most evident in their cover version of the novelty rave hit, "The Bouncer" by [[Kicks Like a Mule]] and a further cover of '[[Not Over Yet]]' by [[Grace (band)|Grace]]. They also have a taste for the supernatural and magic-realist, as evidenced by songs names such as "Atlantis To Interzone" (a [[William Burroughs]] reference), "[[Magick (single)|Magick]]" ([[Aleister Crowley]]) "4 Horsemen of 2012" and "[[Gravity's Rainbow]]" (a [[Thomas Pynchon ]] reference).

Band member Jamie stated that there weren't any regrets for coining the term "new-rave" to the band - "...it's great that it started as an in-joke and became a minor youth subculture."[http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguide/features/story/0,,2004020,00.html]

==Discography==
===Albums===
*''[[Myths of the Near Future (album)|Myths of the Near Future]]'' ([[29 January]] [[2007]] [http://www.drownedinsound.com/articles/1245350]) UK #2

===EPs===
* ''[[Xan Valleys]]'' - October 16, 2006

===Singles===
* "[[Gravity's Rainbow (song)|Gravity's Rainbow]]" - [[Angular Recording Corporation]] (500 copies)
* "[[Atlantis to Interzone]]" - Merok Records (1000 copies)
* 2006 "Gravity's Rainbow" - [[Kitsune]]
* 2006 "[[Magick (song)|Magick]]" - [[Polydor]] UK #29
* 2007 "[[Golden Skans]]" - [[Polydor]] UK #7

===Compilations===
* "Gravity's Rainbow" - On [[Angular Recording Corporation]] compilation 'Future Love Songs' (Nov 06)
* "4 Horsemen of 2012" - On [[Delete Yourself]] compilation 'Digital Penetration' (July 06)

==Awards==
The band won the [[NME]] Best New Band award in 2007.

==Trivia==
*Members of Klaxons used to share a house with [[Pull Tiger Tail]] in [[New Cross]], South-East London.
*The album cover featured in the [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYQJ9b-C3j0 video clip] for "[[Gravity's Rainbow (song)|Gravity's Rainbow]]" (during the babies scene) is an album by [[Frankie Valli]] and his band [[The Four Seasons]].
*[[Dominic Howard]] and [[Matthew Bellamy]] of the band [[Muse (band)|Muse]] are big fans of Klaxons, according to an interview in the [[NME]], and have been to a number of their gigs. They also recently asked Jamie of Klaxons if they would support them for their two Wembley stadium concerts to which he reportedly replied "nah, we don't support anyone" (as reported by the band on a recent [[Drowned In Sound]] [[podcast]]). The band, who afterwards expressed regret stating alcohol to be a factor in their refusal of the support slot, have since been re-approached and confirmed that they in fact do wish to play with Muse. [[Matthew Bellamy]] has re-opened his offer to Klaxons to support them at the upcoming Wembley gig, when he became aware of the confusion he told [[NME]]: "Is that what they've said? Well OK, if they're still up for it, we'll bring them on!"[http://www.nme.com/news/klaxons/26113] They have still not been confirmed as one of the three bands to support them on both dates.
*Their [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAO1nadsrgQ promotional video] for "Golden Skans" was heavily influenced by the video for '[[Can You Feel It]]' by [[The Jackson 5]].
*Their song "Gravity's Rainbow" appears in the videogames [[Tony Hawk's Project 8]] and [[Project Gotham Racing 3]].
*Simon studied Fine Art at Nottingham Trent University, where he received a First Class Honours Degree.

==External links==
*[http://www.klaxons.net Official site]
*[http://www.Myspace.com/klaxons Klaxons at MySpace]
*[http://www.modularpeople.com/aus.html Klaxons at Modular Records]
*[http://www.arc018.com/ Angular Recording Corporation]
*[http://www.polydor.co.uk/polydor.html Polydor Records]
*[http://community.livejournal.com/theklaxons Klaxons Fan Community At LiveJournal]
*[http://www.musictowers.com/features/ViewArticle1864.aspx Interview with James Righton at MusicTowers.com]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguide/features/story/0,,2004020,00.html Interview with the band at TheGuardian.co.uk]

[[Category:Dance-punk musical groups]]
[[Category:English musical groups|Klaxons]]

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Alfred C. Haynes

2007-03-01T15:46:21Z

Python187:

'''Alfred C. "Al" Haynes''' (born 1932 in [[Dallas, Texas]]) is a former [[airline]] pilot and a regular guest speaker at social events. Haynes gained international fame in 1989, when he, together with [[Dennis E. Fitch]], a United DC-10 flight instructor who was a passenger on the flight, limited the loss of lives by crash-landing [[United Airlines Flight 232]], a damaged [[DC-10]] jetliner, at [[Sioux Gateway Airport|Sioux City Airport]].

Haynes attended [[Texas A&M University]], where he became a member of the university's corp of cadets. He took one semester off to learn about [[aviation]] at a naval station.

In 1956, he graduated from aviation school and joined [[United Airlines]], eventually climbing up the airline's pilots' ranks until he became a main captain. He started flying for United as a [[Boeing 727]] co-pilot, and was later promoted to [[DC-8]] and DC-10 co-pilot, before becoming a pilot on the Boeing 727. Haynes later became a DC-10 pilot. As a worker for United, Haynes was based at [[Seattle, Washington]].

On [[July 19]], [[1989]], Haynes became famous for his role in the events during a DC-10 flight headed to [[Chicago, Illinois]] from [[Denver, Colorado]]. With Haynes as captain, the airliner suffered damage to its number two engine which made all three of its hydraulic control systems fail<ref>http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-ua232.shtml</ref>. Haynes, with the help of Fitch (who had been a passenger on the plane but offered his help) crash-landed the airplane at the [[Sioux City, Iowa]] airport, where a fuselage section ended up in an adjoining cornfield. While 112 people died, 184 survived.

Haynes kept his sense of humor during the emergency, as recorded on the plane's [[cockpit voice recorder|CVR]]:

:Fitch: ''I'll tell you what, we'll have a [[beer]] when this is all done.
:Haynes: ''Well I don't drink, but I'll sure as hell have one.

and later:

:Sioux City Approach: ''United Two Thirty-Two Heavy, the wind's currently three six zero at one one; three sixty at eleven. You're cleared to land on any runway.''
:Haynes: ''[laughter] Roger. [laughter] You want to be particular and make it a runway, huh?''

A more serious remark often quoted from Haynes was made when ATC asked the crew to make a left turn to keep them clear of the city:

:''Whatever you do, keep us away from the city.''

Haynes retired in 1991, and received major media attention when [[Charlton Heston]] played him in a 1992 movie ''[[A Thousand Heroes]]''. The story of Flight 232 was famous worldwide, and Haynes started speaking about it at lunches and meetings. He also became a [[post traumatic stress disorder]] speaker and emergency situations trainer.

In 1997, his oldest son died after a motorcycle accident, and his wife died in 1999. His daughter Laurie Haynes-Arguello (born 1964) gained media attention in 2001 when she was diagnosed with [[aplastic anemia]]. By 2003, her disease was in an advanced stage and she required a [[bone marrow transplant]]. Because his daughter's insurance would not cover the operation, Al Haynes needed help from the [[Air Line Pilots Association]], which donated money and brought the Haynes' monetary plight to light. Many survivors of Flight 232 found out about the case and they also helped raise money. Eventually, his daughter was able to get the transplant.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.airforceheritagefoundation.org/alhaynes.html Airforceheritage.org]
*[http://forums.airlinepilotcentral.com/showthread.php?t=2849&page=3 Airlinepilotcentral.com]
*[http://www.enetsociety.com/PDFs/CARPBCProudlyPresents06.pdf Enetsociety.com]

[[Category:1932 births|Haynes, Alfred C.]]
[[Category:Living people|Haynes, Alfred C.]]
[[Category:People from Dallas|Haynes, Alfred C.]]
[[Category:American aviators|Haynes, Alfred C.]]

MCS

2007-02-22T16:22:08Z

Python187:

'''MCS''' may refer to:

*[[Marcus Corporation]] (NSYE: MCS), a company that owns and runs theatres, hotels and resorts
*[[Magdalen College School]], a boys' independent day school near the centre of Oxford
*[[Maine Coast Semester]], a private educational semester program run by the [hewonki Foundation
*[[Maneuver Control System]]
*[[Maintenance Control System]]
*[[Maryknoll Convent School]] in Kowloon, Hong Kong
*[[Melbourne Continuation School]]
*[[Mellon College of Science]], a school at Carnegie Mellon University
*[[Media Convergence Server]]
*[[MedcomSoft]] -- MedcomSoft Inc, (TSX:MSF) medical office automation software company
*[[Merchiston Castle School]], a boys' independent boarding school in Edinburgh
*[[Methodist Church in Singapore]]
* [[Military College of Signals]], a college of electrical and computer engineering, constituent college of National University of Science and Technology in Rawalpindi, Pakistan
*Mine Countermeasures Support Ship (US Navy [[hull classification symbol]]: MCS)
*[[BMW MINI|MINI Cooper S]]
*[[Minimally conscious state]], a medical term for a state similar to persistent vegetative state
*[[Modular Component Systems]]
*[[Motion City Soundtrack]]
*[[Motion Control System]]s
*[[Multiple Chemical Sensitivity]], Ideopathic Environmental Intolerance
*[[Multiple Classifier Systems]]
*[[Multiple cloning site]]
*[[Mesoscale Convective System]] in meteorology
*[http://www.micromaps.org Micronational Cartography Society]

In '''information technology''':
* [[Multi categories security]]
* [[Multi Channel Server]] - a rendering solution for mobile devices developed by [[Volantis]]
*a [[C Sharp programming language|C#]] compiler running on [[Mono (software)|Mono]]
* [[Cisco MCS]], Cisco hardware for running Cisco call manager

{{3CC}}

[[da:MCS]]
[[de:MCS]]
[[it:MCS]]

MCS

2007-02-22T16:14:20Z

Python187:

'''MCS''' may refer to:

*[[Marcus Corporation]] (NSYE: MCS), a company that owns and runs theatres, hotels and resorts
*[[Magdalen College School]], a boys' independent day school near the centre of Oxford
*[[Maine Coast Semester]], a private educational semester program run by the [hewonki Foundation
*[[Maneuver Control System]]
*[[Maintenance Control System]]
*[[Maryknoll Convent School]] in Kowloon, Hong Kong
*[[Melbourne Continuation School]]
*[[Mellon College of Science]], a school at Carnegie Mellon University
*[[Media Convergence Server]]
*[[MedcomSoft]] -- MedcomSoft Inc, (TSX:MSF) medical office automation software company
*[[Merchiston Castle School]], a boys' independent boarding school in Edinburgh
*[[Methodist Church in Singapore]]
* [[Military College of Signals]], a college of electrical and computer engineering, constituent college of National University of Science and Technology in Rawalpindi, Pakistan
*Mine Countermeasures Support Ship (US Navy [[hull classification symbol]]: MCS)
*[[BMW MINI|MINI Cooper S]]
*[[Minimally conscious state]], a medical term for a state similar to persistent vegetative state
*[[Modular Component Systems]]
*[[Motion City Soundtrack]]
*[[Motion Control System]]s
*[[Multiple Chemical Sensitivity]], Ideopathic Environmental Intolerance
*[[Multiple Classifier Systems]]
*[[Multiple cloning site]]
*[[Mesoscale Convective System]] in meteorology
*[[Micronational Cartography Society]]

In '''information technology''':
* [[Multi categories security]]
* [[Multi Channel Server]] - a rendering solution for mobile devices developed by [[Volantis]]
*a [[C Sharp programming language|C#]] compiler running on [[Mono (software)|Mono]]
* [[Cisco MCS]], Cisco hardware for running Cisco call manager

{{3CC}}

[[da:MCS]]
[[de:MCS]]
[[it:MCS]]

Talk:Lovefoxxx/Comments

2007-02-15T15:56:26Z

Python187: ←Created page with '{{Start-Class}}'

List of Scottish monarchs

2007-02-12T13:55:15Z

Python187: /* Claimants */

[[Image:Kingdom of Scotland Royal Arms.png|thumb|250px|The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland, as used before 1603]]

The '''monarch of Scotland''' was the [[head of state]] of the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. According to tradition, the first '''King of Scots''' was [[Cináed I of Scotland]], who founded the [[state]] in 843, although this is disputed on a number of different grounds. Some modern historiography would tend to see his grandson [[Constantine II of Scotland]] as the creator of the [[Kingdom of Alba]] which became known in [[English language|English]] as ''Scotland''. The title fell out of use in 1707 when the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] merged with the [[Kingdom of England]] to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. Thus [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] became the last Queen of Scotland and the first [[Queen of Great Britain]]. The two kingdoms had shared a monarch since 1603, and [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was the last Scottish monarch to actually be [[coronate|crowne]]d in Scotland, at [[Scone (Perth and Kinross)|Scone]] in 1651.

==Style==
{{main|Style of the monarchs of Scotland}}
By the twelfth century Scotland's monarchs were using both the style ''rex Scottorum'', king of the ''Scots'' and ''rex Scotiae'', king of Scotland, in Latin documents. This continued until the 17th century; the last three monarchs before the Act of Union only used the style King or Queen of Scotland. In the high middle ages, the vernacular style seems to have continued to be ''rí Alban'' or ''Ard rí Alban'', King of Scotland or High King of Scotland.

==Houses==
Although genealogists divide the monarchs of Scotland into "Houses", based on continental European ideas of [[dynasty|dynasties]], it appears that the kings and queens of Scotland, insofar as they thought about their ultimate origins, traced their descent from [[Fergus Mór]], the legendary founder of [[Dál Riata]] said to have flourished in the late 5th century, and from his grandson [[Gabrán mac Domangairt]] and brother [[Loarn mac Eirc]]. James VI is recorded as saying that he was a "Monarch sprunge of Ferguse race". After the Restoration of 1660, when [[Jacob de Wet]] was commissioned to produce portraits of Scotland's past and present rulers for [[Holyrood Palace]], the series began with Fergus Mór.

==List of monarchs of Scotland==
===House of Alpin (Ailpean)===
* [[Kenneth I of Scotland|Kenneth I]] (Modern Gaelic: Coinneach I mac Alpin; Old Gaelic: Cináed mac Ailpín) (c.843–858)
* [[Donald I of Scotland|Donald I]] (Domhnall I; Domnall mac Ailpín) (858–862)
* [[Constantine I of Scotland|Constantine I]] (Causantín mac Cináeda) (862–877)
* [[Áed of Scotland|Áed]] (Aodh; Áed mac Cináeda) (877–878)

===House of Strathclyde===
* [[Eochaid of Scotland|Eochaid]] (Eochaidh; Eochu) (878–889)

===House of Alpin?===
* [[Giric of Scotland|Giric]] (Giric; Giric mac Dúngail) (878–889)

===House of Alpin (Restored)===
* [[Donald II of Scotland|Donald II]] (Domhnall II; Domnall mac Causantín) (889–890)
* [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] (Causantín mac Áeda) (900–943)
* [[Malcolm I of Scotland|Malcolm I]] (Calum I; Máel Coluim mac Domnaill) (943–954)
* [[Indulf of Scotland|Indulf]] (Indulbh; Idulb mac Causantín) (954–962)
* [[Dub of Scotland|Dub]] (Dubh; Dub mac Maíl Choluim) (962–967)
* [[Culen of Scotland|Culen]] (Cuilean; Cuilén mac Iduilb) (967–971)
* [[Kenneth II of Scotland|Kenneth II]] (Coinneach II; Cináed mac Maíl Choluim) (971–?)
* [[Amlaíb of Scotland|Amlaíb]] (Amlaíbh; Amlaíb mac Iduilb) (after 973–977)
* [[Kenneth II of Scotland|Kenneth II]] (Coinneach II; Cináed mac Maíl Choluim) (977–995)
* [[Constantine III of Scotland|Constantine III]] (Constantín III; Causantín mac Cuilén) (995–997)
* [[Kenneth III of Scotland|Kenneth III]] (Coinneach III; Cináed mac Duib) (997–1005)
* [[Malcolm II of Scotland|Malcolm II]] (Calum II; Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) (1005–1034)

===House of Dunkeld===
* [[Duncan I of Scotland|Duncan I]] (Donnchadh I; Donnchad mac Crínáin) (1034–1040)

===House of Moray===
* [[Macbeth of Scotland|MacBeth]] (MacBeatha; Mac Bethad mac Findláich) (1040–1057)
* [[Lulach of Scotland|Lulach]] (Lulach mac Gillai Comgain) (1057–1058)

===House of Dunkeld===
[[Image:Alexander III and Ollamh Rígh.JPG|thumb|200px|Coronation of King Alexander III on [[Moot Hill]], [[Scone, Perth and Kinross|Scone]]. Scottish kings, by ancient tradition, were always supposed to be crowned at Scone.]]
* [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] (Calum III; Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) (1058–1093)
* [[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]] (Domhnall III; Domnall mac Donnchada) (1093–1094)
* [[Duncan II of Scotland|Duncan II]] (Donnchadh II; Donnchad mac Maíl Choluim) (1094)
* [[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]] (Domhnall III; Domnall mac Donnchada) (1094–1097)
* [[Edgar of Scotland|Edgar]] (Eagar/Eadgar; Etgair mac Maíl Choluim) (1097–1107)
* [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]] (Alasdair I; Alaxandair mac Maíl Choluim) (1107–1124)
* Saint [[David I of Scotland|David I]] (Daibhidh I; Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim) (1124–1153)
* [[Malcolm IV of Scotland|Malcolm IV]] (Calum IV; Máel Coluim mac Enric) (1153–1165)
* [[William I of Scotland|William I]] (Uilleam I; Uilliam mac Enric) (1165–1214)
* [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]] (Alasdair II) (1214–1249)
* [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]] (Alasdair III) (1249–1286)

===First Interregnum===
* [[Guardians of Scotland]]
** [[William Fraser (Guardian of Scotland)|William Fraser]], [[Bishop of St Andrews]]
** [[Donnchadh IV of Fife|Duncan Macduff]], [[Earl of Fife]]
** [[Alexander Comyn]], [[Earl of Buchan]]
** [[Robert Wishart]], [[Bishop of Glasgow]]
** [[James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland]]
** [[John Comyn]]

''[[Margaret of Scotland (Maid of Norway)|Margaret, Maid of Norway]], granddaughter of Alexander III, is sometimes considered to have been heiress or Queen from 1286 until her death in 1290, although she never set foot in Scotland and was never crowned at Scone.

===House of Balliol (Bailiol)===
* [[John I of Scotland|John]] (Iain) (1292–1296)

===Second Interregnum===
* [[Guardians of Scotland]]
** [[Andrew de Moray]] (1297)
** [[William Wallace]] (1297–1298)
** [[Robert the Bruce]], [[Earl of Carrick]] (1298–1300)
** [[John Comyn]] (1298–1301)
** [[William Lamberton]], [[Bishop of St Andrews]] (1299–1301)
** [[Ingram de Umfraville|Sir Ingram de Umfraville]] (1300–1301)
** [[John de Soules]] (1301–1304)
** [[John Comyn]] (1302–1304)

===House of Bruce (Bruis)===
* [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert I the Bruce]] (Raibeart I) (1306–1329)
* [[David II of Scotland|David II]] (Daibidh II) (1329–1371)

===House of Balliol===
* [[Edward Balliol]] (Eideard) (Antiking 1329 – 1363)

===House of Stewart===
[[Image:Armoiries Ecosse.png|thumb|150px|right|[[Arms of Scotland]]: Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory gules]]
* [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]] (Raibeart II) (1371–1390)
* [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]] (Raibeart III) (1390–1406)
* [[James I of Scotland|James I]] (Seumas I) (1406–1437)
* [[James II of Scotland|James II]] (Seumas II) (1437–1460)
* [[James III of Scotland|James III]] (Seumas III) (1460–1488)
* [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] (Seumas IV) (1488–1513)
* [[James V of Scotland|James V]] (Seumas V) (1513–1542)
* [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary I]] (Mairi) (1542–1587)

===House of Stuart-Lennox===
* [[James I of England|James VI]] (Seumas VI) (1587–1625), [[Union of the Crowns]] with [[Kingdom of England]] from (1603)
* [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] (Teàrlach I) (1625–1649)
* [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (Teàrlach II) (1649–1685) (See also [[English Interregnum]])
* [[James II of England|James VII]] (Seumas VII) (1685–1689)
* [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] (Mairi II) (1689–1694), co–monarch
* [[William III of England|William II]] (Uilleam II) (1689–1702), co-monarch until 1694
* [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]] (Anna) (1702–1714), though the Scottish throne was replaced with that of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in 1707

From 1707, the titles ''King of Scots'' and ''Queen of Scots'' are incorrect. Hence, this list runs up to 1707; for monarchs after that date, see [[List of British monarchs]].

===Claimants===
* [[James Francis Edward Stuart|"James VIII"]] {Seumas VIII), the son of James VII, who claimed that the union was invalid, was claimant from [[1701]]- [[1766]], when he died. Known as the Old Pretender
* [[Charles Edward Stuart|"Charles III"]] (Teàrlach III), often called Bonnie Prince Charlie, was claimant from his father's death until his own death in [[1788]].
* [[Henry Benedict Stuart| "Henry I"]], was the last member of the House of Stuart to claim the crown. He was James VIII's younger son. He died in [[1807]].
* The current heir of the House of Stuart is [[Franz, Duke of Bavaria]].
* In the 1970s, Ugandan dictator [[Idi Amin]] proclaimed himself King of Scotland.
* Many [[Micronation|Micronational]] claiments

==References==
*An ancient, but useful work of reference for this article up to the year 1383 is ''John of Fordun's Chronicle of The Scottish Nation'' edited by W.F. Skene (Edinburgh, 1872)
*Plantagenet Somerset Fry. ''The Kings and Queens of England and Scotland''. Grove Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8021-1386-9

==See also==
*[[British monarchy]]
*[[Scottish monarchs family tree]]
*[[List of Kings of the Picts]]
*[[List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs]]
*[[Idi Amin]], who claimed to be King of Scotland
*[[Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland]]
*[[List of Queens of Scotland]]
*[[List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death]]

{{Scottish topics}}

[[Category:Lists of monarchs|Scotland, Monarchs of]]
[[Category:Lists of office-holders|Scotland, Monarchs of]]
[[Category:Scottish monarchs|*]]
[[Category:History of Scotland|Monarchs of Scotland]]
[[Category:Scotland-related lists|Monarchs of Scotland]]
[[Category:Lists of Scottish people]]

[[da:Skotske regenter]]
[[de:Liste der Herrscher Schottlands ]]
[[fr:Liste des rois d'Écosse]]
[[gd:Rìghrean na h-Alba]]
[[nl:Lijst van koningen van Schotland]]
[[pl:Władcy Szkocji]]
[[pt:Lista de reis da Escócia]]
[[fi:Luettelo Skotlannin hallitsijoista]]
[[sv:Lista över Skottlands regenter]]
[[zh:蘇格蘭君主列表]]

List of Scottish monarchs

2007-02-12T13:54:27Z

Python187: /* Claimants */

[[Image:Kingdom of Scotland Royal Arms.png|thumb|250px|The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland, as used before 1603]]

The '''monarch of Scotland''' was the [[head of state]] of the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. According to tradition, the first '''King of Scots''' was [[Cináed I of Scotland]], who founded the [[state]] in 843, although this is disputed on a number of different grounds. Some modern historiography would tend to see his grandson [[Constantine II of Scotland]] as the creator of the [[Kingdom of Alba]] which became known in [[English language|English]] as ''Scotland''. The title fell out of use in 1707 when the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] merged with the [[Kingdom of England]] to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. Thus [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] became the last Queen of Scotland and the first [[Queen of Great Britain]]. The two kingdoms had shared a monarch since 1603, and [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was the last Scottish monarch to actually be [[coronate|crowne]]d in Scotland, at [[Scone (Perth and Kinross)|Scone]] in 1651.

==Style==
{{main|Style of the monarchs of Scotland}}
By the twelfth century Scotland's monarchs were using both the style ''rex Scottorum'', king of the ''Scots'' and ''rex Scotiae'', king of Scotland, in Latin documents. This continued until the 17th century; the last three monarchs before the Act of Union only used the style King or Queen of Scotland. In the high middle ages, the vernacular style seems to have continued to be ''rí Alban'' or ''Ard rí Alban'', King of Scotland or High King of Scotland.

==Houses==
Although genealogists divide the monarchs of Scotland into "Houses", based on continental European ideas of [[dynasty|dynasties]], it appears that the kings and queens of Scotland, insofar as they thought about their ultimate origins, traced their descent from [[Fergus Mór]], the legendary founder of [[Dál Riata]] said to have flourished in the late 5th century, and from his grandson [[Gabrán mac Domangairt]] and brother [[Loarn mac Eirc]]. James VI is recorded as saying that he was a "Monarch sprunge of Ferguse race". After the Restoration of 1660, when [[Jacob de Wet]] was commissioned to produce portraits of Scotland's past and present rulers for [[Holyrood Palace]], the series began with Fergus Mór.

==List of monarchs of Scotland==
===House of Alpin (Ailpean)===
* [[Kenneth I of Scotland|Kenneth I]] (Modern Gaelic: Coinneach I mac Alpin; Old Gaelic: Cináed mac Ailpín) (c.843–858)
* [[Donald I of Scotland|Donald I]] (Domhnall I; Domnall mac Ailpín) (858–862)
* [[Constantine I of Scotland|Constantine I]] (Causantín mac Cináeda) (862–877)
* [[Áed of Scotland|Áed]] (Aodh; Áed mac Cináeda) (877–878)

===House of Strathclyde===
* [[Eochaid of Scotland|Eochaid]] (Eochaidh; Eochu) (878–889)

===House of Alpin?===
* [[Giric of Scotland|Giric]] (Giric; Giric mac Dúngail) (878–889)

===House of Alpin (Restored)===
* [[Donald II of Scotland|Donald II]] (Domhnall II; Domnall mac Causantín) (889–890)
* [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] (Causantín mac Áeda) (900–943)
* [[Malcolm I of Scotland|Malcolm I]] (Calum I; Máel Coluim mac Domnaill) (943–954)
* [[Indulf of Scotland|Indulf]] (Indulbh; Idulb mac Causantín) (954–962)
* [[Dub of Scotland|Dub]] (Dubh; Dub mac Maíl Choluim) (962–967)
* [[Culen of Scotland|Culen]] (Cuilean; Cuilén mac Iduilb) (967–971)
* [[Kenneth II of Scotland|Kenneth II]] (Coinneach II; Cináed mac Maíl Choluim) (971–?)
* [[Amlaíb of Scotland|Amlaíb]] (Amlaíbh; Amlaíb mac Iduilb) (after 973–977)
* [[Kenneth II of Scotland|Kenneth II]] (Coinneach II; Cináed mac Maíl Choluim) (977–995)
* [[Constantine III of Scotland|Constantine III]] (Constantín III; Causantín mac Cuilén) (995–997)
* [[Kenneth III of Scotland|Kenneth III]] (Coinneach III; Cináed mac Duib) (997–1005)
* [[Malcolm II of Scotland|Malcolm II]] (Calum II; Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) (1005–1034)

===House of Dunkeld===
* [[Duncan I of Scotland|Duncan I]] (Donnchadh I; Donnchad mac Crínáin) (1034–1040)

===House of Moray===
* [[Macbeth of Scotland|MacBeth]] (MacBeatha; Mac Bethad mac Findláich) (1040–1057)
* [[Lulach of Scotland|Lulach]] (Lulach mac Gillai Comgain) (1057–1058)

===House of Dunkeld===
[[Image:Alexander III and Ollamh Rígh.JPG|thumb|200px|Coronation of King Alexander III on [[Moot Hill]], [[Scone, Perth and Kinross|Scone]]. Scottish kings, by ancient tradition, were always supposed to be crowned at Scone.]]
* [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] (Calum III; Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) (1058–1093)
* [[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]] (Domhnall III; Domnall mac Donnchada) (1093–1094)
* [[Duncan II of Scotland|Duncan II]] (Donnchadh II; Donnchad mac Maíl Choluim) (1094)
* [[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]] (Domhnall III; Domnall mac Donnchada) (1094–1097)
* [[Edgar of Scotland|Edgar]] (Eagar/Eadgar; Etgair mac Maíl Choluim) (1097–1107)
* [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]] (Alasdair I; Alaxandair mac Maíl Choluim) (1107–1124)
* Saint [[David I of Scotland|David I]] (Daibhidh I; Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim) (1124–1153)
* [[Malcolm IV of Scotland|Malcolm IV]] (Calum IV; Máel Coluim mac Enric) (1153–1165)
* [[William I of Scotland|William I]] (Uilleam I; Uilliam mac Enric) (1165–1214)
* [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]] (Alasdair II) (1214–1249)
* [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]] (Alasdair III) (1249–1286)

===First Interregnum===
* [[Guardians of Scotland]]
** [[William Fraser (Guardian of Scotland)|William Fraser]], [[Bishop of St Andrews]]
** [[Donnchadh IV of Fife|Duncan Macduff]], [[Earl of Fife]]
** [[Alexander Comyn]], [[Earl of Buchan]]
** [[Robert Wishart]], [[Bishop of Glasgow]]
** [[James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland]]
** [[John Comyn]]

''[[Margaret of Scotland (Maid of Norway)|Margaret, Maid of Norway]], granddaughter of Alexander III, is sometimes considered to have been heiress or Queen from 1286 until her death in 1290, although she never set foot in Scotland and was never crowned at Scone.

===House of Balliol (Bailiol)===
* [[John I of Scotland|John]] (Iain) (1292–1296)

===Second Interregnum===
* [[Guardians of Scotland]]
** [[Andrew de Moray]] (1297)
** [[William Wallace]] (1297–1298)
** [[Robert the Bruce]], [[Earl of Carrick]] (1298–1300)
** [[John Comyn]] (1298–1301)
** [[William Lamberton]], [[Bishop of St Andrews]] (1299–1301)
** [[Ingram de Umfraville|Sir Ingram de Umfraville]] (1300–1301)
** [[John de Soules]] (1301–1304)
** [[John Comyn]] (1302–1304)

===House of Bruce (Bruis)===
* [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert I the Bruce]] (Raibeart I) (1306–1329)
* [[David II of Scotland|David II]] (Daibidh II) (1329–1371)

===House of Balliol===
* [[Edward Balliol]] (Eideard) (Antiking 1329 – 1363)

===House of Stewart===
[[Image:Armoiries Ecosse.png|thumb|150px|right|[[Arms of Scotland]]: Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory gules]]
* [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]] (Raibeart II) (1371–1390)
* [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]] (Raibeart III) (1390–1406)
* [[James I of Scotland|James I]] (Seumas I) (1406–1437)
* [[James II of Scotland|James II]] (Seumas II) (1437–1460)
* [[James III of Scotland|James III]] (Seumas III) (1460–1488)
* [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] (Seumas IV) (1488–1513)
* [[James V of Scotland|James V]] (Seumas V) (1513–1542)
* [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary I]] (Mairi) (1542–1587)

===House of Stuart-Lennox===
* [[James I of England|James VI]] (Seumas VI) (1587–1625), [[Union of the Crowns]] with [[Kingdom of England]] from (1603)
* [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] (Teàrlach I) (1625–1649)
* [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (Teàrlach II) (1649–1685) (See also [[English Interregnum]])
* [[James II of England|James VII]] (Seumas VII) (1685–1689)
* [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] (Mairi II) (1689–1694), co–monarch
* [[William III of England|William II]] (Uilleam II) (1689–1702), co-monarch until 1694
* [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]] (Anna) (1702–1714), though the Scottish throne was replaced with that of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in 1707

From 1707, the titles ''King of Scots'' and ''Queen of Scots'' are incorrect. Hence, this list runs up to 1707; for monarchs after that date, see [[List of British monarchs]].

===Claimants===
* [[James Francis Edward Stuart|"James VIII"]] {Seumas VIII), the son of James VII, who claimed that the union was invalid, was claimant from [[1701]]- [[1766]], when he died. Known as the Old Pretender
* [[Charles Edward Stuart|"Charles III"]] (Teàrlach III), often called Bonnie Prince Charlie, was claimant from his father's death until his own death in [[1788]].
* [[Henry Benedict Stuart| "Henry I"]], was the last member of the House of Stuart to claim the crown. He was James VIII's younger son. He died in [[1807]].
* The current heir of the House of Stuart is [[Franz, Duke of Bavaria]].
* In the 1970s, Ugandan dictator [[Idi Amin]] proclaimed himself King of Scotland.
* Many [[Micronational]] claiments

==References==
*An ancient, but useful work of reference for this article up to the year 1383 is ''John of Fordun's Chronicle of The Scottish Nation'' edited by W.F. Skene (Edinburgh, 1872)
*Plantagenet Somerset Fry. ''The Kings and Queens of England and Scotland''. Grove Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8021-1386-9

==See also==
*[[British monarchy]]
*[[Scottish monarchs family tree]]
*[[List of Kings of the Picts]]
*[[List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs]]
*[[Idi Amin]], who claimed to be King of Scotland
*[[Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland]]
*[[List of Queens of Scotland]]
*[[List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death]]

{{Scottish topics}}

[[Category:Lists of monarchs|Scotland, Monarchs of]]
[[Category:Lists of office-holders|Scotland, Monarchs of]]
[[Category:Scottish monarchs|*]]
[[Category:History of Scotland|Monarchs of Scotland]]
[[Category:Scotland-related lists|Monarchs of Scotland]]
[[Category:Lists of Scottish people]]

[[da:Skotske regenter]]
[[de:Liste der Herrscher Schottlands ]]
[[fr:Liste des rois d'Écosse]]
[[gd:Rìghrean na h-Alba]]
[[nl:Lijst van koningen van Schotland]]
[[pl:Władcy Szkocji]]
[[pt:Lista de reis da Escócia]]
[[fi:Luettelo Skotlannin hallitsijoista]]
[[sv:Lista över Skottlands regenter]]
[[zh:蘇格蘭君主列表]]

Talk:Lovefoxxx

2007-01-21T23:52:39Z

Python187: sex tape

{{WPBiography|living=yes|class=|importance=}}

==the oh-so-tired Dress story==

Wikipedia is an ENCYCLOPEDIA, not a pop news magazine. Information like the lost dress story absolutely does NOT fit in the article. It's gonna be erased again and please be reasonable and do not stupidly revert it.

==Sex Tape==

This is an unsourced comment. It also gets no hits on google. I think it should be removed.[[User:Python187|Pete]]

White Zimbabweans

2006-11-30T16:20:22Z

Python187: /* White millionaires */

[[Image:Nancy1982.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Zimbabwean women at Kariba, 1982]]

People of European ethnic origin (“whites”) first came as settlers to the African country now known as Zimbabwe during the late nineteenth century. A steady immigration of whites followed and eventually a self-governing, white-dominated colony known as [[Rhodesia]] was established. Up to the end of the 1970s whites were the dominant ethnic group in the country, although their numbers never exceeded 300,000, or about 5.5% of the population.

Whites used their dominance to enhance their own material situation and they became one of the richest communities in the world. Extensive areas of prime farmland were reserved for white ownership, better paid jobs were reserved for whites and spending on public services was heavily weighted towards whites. This situation was unwelcome to both the country’s majority black population and to the international community.

After the country’s independence as Zimbabwe in 1980, whites had to adjust to being an ethnic minority in a country with a black government. Having lost many of their privileges, some whites failed to make the adjustment and left the country. However some native whites have flourished in the new environment. Zimbabwean whites continue to have significant influence in the political and economic life of the nation.

== Glossary of terms and acronyms ==

*[[British South Africa Company|BSAC]] – British South Africa Company; a public company with extensive interests in mining and land; it played a major role in the colonisation and development of southern Africa during the late nineteenth century
*CFU - Commercial Farmers Union; association of large scale commercial farmers in Zimbabwe with an overwhelmingly white membership
*[[Commonwealth]] – a voluntary association of nations, most of which are former British colonies
*[[cricket]] – a bat and ball game, associated with England and former British colonies
*[[Dominion]] – a self-governing nation under the British crown
*[[Democratic Republic of Congo|DRC]] - Democratic Republic of Congo; a large central African nation, earlier known variously as the Belgian Congo, Congo (Kinshasa) and [[Zaire]]
*GDP - Gross Domestic Product; the value of all goods and services produced by an economy, usually expressed in terms of an international currency such as $US
*ESAP – Economic Structural Adjustment Programme; a scheme of economic liberalisation involving privatisation and deregulation; ESAP was a requirement of internationally sponsored development funding and debt relief programmes
*[[Movement for Democratic Change|MDC]] - Movement for Democratic Change; a loose alliance of civic organisations that came together in 1999 to oppose ZANU-PF in elections and referenda; it has become the official opposition party, currently holding approximately one third of the elected seats in Parliament
*[[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|UDI]] – Unilateral Declaration of Independence; the 1965 event in which Rhodesia declared itself to be an independent nation; this independence was not recognised by either the UK or the international community
*[[ZANU-PF]] – Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front; a black nationalist political party which forcibly opposed UDI and later assumed the government of [[Zimbabwe]]
*ZIMPREST – Zimbabwe Programme for Economic and Social Transformation; a 1990s localised variant on ESAP seeking to move the country away from the command model that had been inherited from the UDI regime while modifying some of the social provisions introduced in the post-independence period

==Background==

[[Zimbabwe]] (then known as [[Southern Rhodesia]] and later just as [[Rhodesia]]) was selected as a settlement colony by [[South Africa|South African]], [[United Kingdom|British]] (largely [[Scotland|Scottish]]) and [[Afrikaner]] colonists from the 1890s onwards, following the subjugation of the [[Matabele]], (Ndebele), and Shona nations by the [[British South Africa Company]] (BSAC). The early white settlers came in search of mineral resources, finding deposits of coal, chromium, nickel, platinum and gold. They also found some of the best farmland in Africa. The central part of Rhodesia is a plateau which varies in altitude between 900m and 1,500m above sea level. This gives the area a sub-tropical climate which is conducive to European settlement and agricultural practices. <ref>This is a journey :[http://www.thisisajourney.org/item/item_topic-vervolg.asp?id=142&Item_CountryID=3&Item_TopicID=10 the geography of Zimbabwe]</ref>

The white soldiers who assisted in the BSAC takeover of the country were each given 3,000 acre (or more) land grants, and blacks living on this land became tenants. Later, Land Apportionment and Tenure acts reserved extensive areas for white ownership, which gave rise to cases of blacks being excluded from land that they had worked for generations. White settlers were attracted to Rhodesia by the availability of tracts of prime farmland that could be purchased from the state at low cost. This resulted in a major feature of the Rhodesian economy - the "white farm". The white farm was typically a large mechanised estate, owned by a white family and employing hundreds of blacks. Many white farms provided housing, schools and clinics for black employees and their families. At the time of independence in 1980, over 40% of the country's farming land was contained within 5,000 white farms. It was claimed that these farms provided 40% of the country's GDP and up to 60% of its foreign earnings. Major export products included tobacco, beef, sugar, cotton and maize.

The Census of [[May 3]], [[1921]] found that Southern Rhodesia had a total population of 899,187 of whom 33,620 were Europeans, 1,998 were Coloured (mixed races), 1,250 Asiatics, 761,790 Bantu natives of Southern Rhodesia and 100,529 Bantu aliens.<ref>Official Year Book of the Colony of Southern Rhodesia, No. 1, 1924 (Art Printing and Publishing Works, Salisbury, 1924)</ref> The following year, Southern Rhodesians rejected, in a [[Southern Rhodesia government referendum, 1922|referendum]], the option of becoming a province of the [[Union of South Africa]]. Instead, the country became a self-governing British colony. It never gained full [[Dominion]] status, although unlike other colonies, it was treated as a ''de facto'' [[Dominion]], with its Prime Minister attending the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Prime Minister's Conference.

== The growth of the white community ==
In 1891, before Southern Rhodesia was established as a territory, it was estimated that there were about 1,500 Europeans resident there. This number grew slowly to around 75,000 in 1945. In the period 1945 to 1955 the white population doubled to 150,000. During that decade, 100,000 blacks were forcibly resettled from farming land designated for white ownership.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p60]</ref>

[[Image:Wright07s.jpg|left|thumb|340px|"The good life" for Rhodesian whites, taken from Rhodesian government booklet promoting white immigration, 1970]]

Large-scale white emigration to [[Rhodesia]] did not begin until after the [[Second World War]], and at its peak in the late 1960s Rhodesia's white population consisted of as many as 270,000.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p62, fig 1.6]</ref> There were influxes of white immigrants from the 1940s through to the early 1970s. The most conspicuous group were former British servicemen in the immediate post-war period. But many of the new immigrants were refugees from communism in Europe, others were former service personnel from colonial India, others came from Kenya, the Belgian Congo, Zambia and Algeria. For a time, Rhodesia provided something of a haven for whites who were retreating from decolonisation elsewhere in Africa and Asia.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p58]</ref>

However, it should be noted that whites never amounted to more than 5.5% of the country's total population (that is, 270,000 whites divided by 5 million total population in 1970<ref>[[Demographics of Zimbabwe]]</ref>). Also, the white farming community never amounted to more than around 8% of the total white population and this proportion fell steadily after 1945 up to independence in 1980.

Various factors encouraged the growth of the white population of Rhodesia. These included the industrialisation and prosperity of the economy in the post-War period and the fact that the National Party victory in the 1948 South African general election made that country less friendly to British settlement and investment than was previously the case. It was also apparent as early as the 1950s that white rule would continue for longer in Rhodesia than it would in other British colonies such as Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) and Kenya. Many of the new immigrants had a "not here" attitude to majority rule and independence.

[[Image:Rhodesialand.png|right|thumbnail|300px|Land apportionment in Rhodesia in 1965.]]
Rhodesia was run by a white minority government and in 1965 that government declared itself independent through a [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] ('UDI') under Prime Minister [[Ian Smith]].<ref>BBC report :[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/11/newsid_2658000/2658445.stm UDI of Rhodesia, 1965]</ref> The UDI project eventually failed, after a period of UN economic sanctions and a civil war known as the [[Chimurenga]] (Shona) or [[Rhodesian Bush War|Bush War]]. British colonial rule returned in December 1979 (as 'The British Dependency of Southern Rhodesia') and then the country became the independent state of Zimbabwe in April 1980.

One characteristic of white settlement in Rhodesia was that the white community kept itself largely separate from the Black and Asian communities in the country.<ref>"From Civilization to Segregation: Social ideals and social control in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1934" by Carol Summers, Ohio University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8214-1074-1</ref> Urban whites lived in separate areas of town, and whites had their own education, healthcare and recreational facilities. Marriage between blacks and whites was possible, but remains to the present day very rare. The 1903 Immorality Suppression Ordinance made "illicit" (i.e. unmarried) sex between black men and white women illegal – with a penalty of two years imprisonment for any offending white woman.<ref>Gender and History, 2005 :[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0953-5233.2005.00371.x article by Lucy Bland on black-white sex, see p3]</ref> The majority of the early white immigrants were men, so many white men entered into relationships with black women. The result was a large number of mixed race individuals, many of whom were accepted as being white. A proposal by [[Garfield Todd]] (Prime Minister, 1953-1958) to liberalise laws on inter-racial sex was viewed as dangerously radical. The proposal was rejected and was one factor that lead to the political demise of Todd.<ref>Guardian: [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,811389,00.html Obituaries: Sir Garfield Todd]</ref>

Rhodesian whites had enjoyed a very high standard of living. The Land Tenure Act had reserved 50% of agricultural land for white ownership and black labour costs were low (around US$40 per month in 1975).<ref>AFP Report on Rhodesia, 1976 :[http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright19/Wright19.html Robin Wright, para 38]</ref> In the context of an agricultural economy, the social significance of these factors cannot be overstated. Public spending on education, healthcare and other social services was heavily weighted towards provision for whites. Most of the better paid jobs in public service were reserved for whites.<ref>"The Governmental System of Southern Rhodesia", by D.J. Murray, OUP, 1970</ref> Whites in skilled manual occupations enjoyed employment protection against black competition.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p66]</ref> In 1975, the average annual income per head for Rhodesian whites was around US$8,000 (with income tax at a marginal rate of 5%) - making them one of the richest communities in the world.<ref>[http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright19/Wright19.html Propoganda: The Other Rhodesian War]</ref>

At independence probably around 38% of white Zimbabweans were UK-born, with slightly fewer born in Rhodesia and around 20% from elsewhere in [[Africa]].<ref>"A Chronicle of Modern Sunlight", author W.G. Eaton published by Innovision, Rohnert Park, California, 1996</ref> The white population of that era exhibited a high degree of mobility and many whites might better be considered foreign expatriates than settlers. Between 1960 and 1979 white immigration to Rhodesia was 180,000 and white emigration in the same period was 202,000 (with an average white population of around 240,000).<ref>Ian Beckett :[http://members.tripod.com/selousscouts/rhodesian%20army%20coin%2072_79%20part1.htm the Chimuranga or Bush War, 1972 - 1979 (see para 17)]</ref> Many whites were relatively recent arrivals in the country and showed little hesitation about moving on after independence.

== Post Independence ==

The country gained its independence as [[Zimbabwe]] in April [[1980]], under a [[ZANU-PF]] government lead by [[Robert Mugabe]].

=== The status of the whites ===

Following independence, the country's whites lost their former privileged position. A generous social welfare net (including both education and healthcare) that had supported whites in Rhodesia disappeared almost in an instant. Whites in the artisan, skilled worker and supervisory classes began to experience job competition from blacks. Indigenisation in the public services displaced many whites. The result was that white emigration gathered pace. In the ten year period from 1980 to 1990 approximately 2/3 of the white population left Zimbabwe.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p117, fig2.3]</ref>

However, many whites resolved to stay in the new Zimbabwe. Only 1/3 of the white farming community left and an even smaller proportion of white urban business owners left.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p125]</ref>

A 1984 article in the Sunday Times Magazine described and pictured the life of Zimbabwean whites at a time when their number was just about to fall below 100,000. <ref> Sunday Times Magazine :[http://www.maryellenmark.com/text/magazines/london_sunday_times/904G-000-005.html 1984 report on whites in Zimbabwe]</ref> About 49 per cent of emigrants left to settle in [[South Africa]], many of whom were [[Afrikaans]] speakers, 29 per cent in the [[United Kingdom]] and most of the remainder going to [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Canada]] and the [[United States of America|United States]].<ref>W.G. Eaton, A Chronicle of Modern Sunlight, published by Innovision, Rohnert Park, California, 1996</ref> Many of these emigrants identify themselves as [[Rhodesia]]n.

[[Image:ZBWE2.jpg|left|thumbnail|360px|July 1980, Zimbabwe womens' hockey team receive gold medals at the Moscow Olympics<ref> World Hockey:[http://www.worldhockey.org/vsite/vcontent/page/custom/0,8510,1181-167685-184903-36132-179609-custom-item,00.html golden memories]</ref>]]

The lifting of UN imposed economic sanctions and the end of the [[Rhodesian Bush War|Bush War]] at the time of independence produced an immediate 'peace dividend'. Renewed access to world capital markets made it possible to finance major new infrastructure developments in transport and schools. One area of economic growth was tourism, catering in particular to visitors from Europe and North America. Many whites found work in this sector. Another area of growth was horticulture, involving the cultivation of flowers, fruits and vegetables which were air-freighted to market in Europe. Many white farmers were involved in this and in 2002 it was claimed that 8% of horticultural imports into Europe were sourced in Zimbabwe. <ref> SADC newsletter : [http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000015/index.php Eddie Cross interview]</ref> The economic-migrant element among the white population had departed quickly after independence, leaving behind those whites with deeper roots in the country. The country settled and the white population stabilised. Zimbabwean participation in some international sporting events continued to be white dominated until well into the 1990s. For example, no black player was selected for the [[Zimbabwean cricket team]] until 1995.<ref>Henry Olonga website :[http://www.henryolonga.net/ first black cricket player for Zimbabwe]</ref> Rally driver Conrad Rautenbach (son of Billy, see below) won the FIA African Championship scoring Dunlop Zimbabwe Challenge Rally in 2005 and 2006.<ref>Motorsport, July 2006 :[http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=223120&FS=FIA-RALLY Zimbabwean Conrad Rautenbach secures victory]</ref>

It should be noted that the 1979 [[Lancaster House Agreement]], which was the basis for independence, had precluded any meaningful form of compulsory land redistribution for a period of at least 10 years. The pattern of land ownership established during the Rhodesian state therefore survived for some time after independence. Those whites who were prepared to adapt to the situation they found themselves in were therefore able to continue enjoying a very comfortable existence. In fact, the independence settlement combined with favourable economic conditions plus ESAP (see below) produced a 20 year period of unprecedented prosperity for Zimbabwean whites and for the white farming community in particular. A new class of "young white millionaires" appeared in the farming sector.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p194]</ref>

''"This is the best government for commercial farmers that this country has ever seen"'' John Brown (CFU president), 1989<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p126]</ref>

=== The Land Issue ===

By the mid-1990s it is thought that around 70,000 whites remained in Zimbabwe.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p62, fig1.6]</ref> In spite of this small number, the white Zimbabwean minority maintained control of much of the economy through its investment in commercial farms, industry and tourism. However, an on-going programme of [[land reform in Zimbabwe|land reforms]] (intended to alter the ethnic balance of land ownership) dislodged many white farmers. The level of violence associated with these reforms in some rural areas made the position of the wider white community uncomfortable. Twenty years after independence, there were 21,000 commercial farmers in the country of whom 4,000 were white and 17,000 were black.<ref> SADC newsletter : [http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000015/index.php Eddie Cross interview, see Q2]</ref> Natural market processes had diminished the influence of white farmers to a point where the government was no longer afraid to confront them.

The "Land Issue" is a problem that came to assume a very high profile in Zimbabwe's political life. ZANU politicians pressed for land to be transferred from white to black ownership regardless of the resultant disruption to agricultural output, in order to correct the injustice of the Rhodesian land apportionment. White farmers argued that this served little purpose since Zimbabwe has ample agricultural land much of which was either vacant or only lightly cultivated. On this last basis, the problem was really a lack of development rather than one of land tenure. White farmers would respond to claims that they owned "70% of the best arable land" by stating that what they actually owned was "70% of the best developed arable land" - and the two are entirely different things.<ref>Online :[http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/land/gp_zimbabwe.html the Zimbabwean Land Issue]</ref> Whatever the merits of the arguments, in the post-Independence period the Land Issue assumed enormous symbolic importance to all concerned.
As the euphoria of independence subsided and as a variety of economic and social problems became evident in the late 1990s, the Land Issue became a focus for trouble.

In 1999, the government initiated a "fast track land reform" programme. This was intended to transfer 4,000 white farms, covering 11 million hectares of mostly prime farmland, to black ownership. The means used to implement the programme were ad-hoc and involved forcible seizure in many cases.<ref>Human Rights Watch report :[http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/zimbabwe/ZimLand0302-02.htm#P112_20168 Fast Track Land Reform]</ref>

By 2006, only 500 of the original 5,000 white farms were still operational.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p318]</ref> The majority of the remaining white farmers are in Manicaland and Midlands where it proved possible to do local deals and form strategic partnerships. Most of the evicted white farmers are still in Zimbabwe and are turning their hands to new enterprises. One former white farmer formed a construction company and used his bulldozers to demolish township shacks for the government as part of Operation Murumbatsvina.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p325]</ref>

Some of the land lost to white ownership had been redistributed to black peasant farmers and smallholders. Some had been acquired by commercial land companies. Some has been acquired by individuals connected to the regime.

=== White millionaires ===

But many native whites have flourished in the new Zimbabwe:

{{cquote|
''The irony is that the real power in this operation lies in the hands of a group of powerful, shadowy, extremely wealthy white men. Without the backing of these secretive international players, Mugabe's government would crumble ... .''

'All Mugabe's Men', Punch - May 2000, Pete Sawyer
<ref> Punch, May 2000 :[http://zimbabwesituation.com/may19.html financial realities behind the Mugabe regime]</ref> }}

66 year old [[John Bredenkamp]] started his trading business during the UDI era when he developed expertise in “sanctions busting”. He is reported to have arranged the export of Rhodesian tobacco and the import of components (including parts and munitions for the UDI regime’s force of Hunter jets) in the face of UN trade sanctions. Bredenkamp was able to continue and expand his business after independence, making himself a personal fortune estimated at around US$1,000m.<ref>The Guardian, 9 June 2006: [http://www.guardian.co.uk/zimbabwe/article/0,,1793719,00.html Tycoon flees Zimbabwe in private jet]</ref>

[[Image:Chelsy2.JPG|right|thumbnail|300px|[[Chelsy Davy]], Zimbabwean girlfriend of [[Prince Harry]].]]

A number of foreign white entrepreneurs have been attracted to Zimbabwe in recent years. Controversial British businessman [[Nicholas van Hoogstraten]] has built up a 420,000 hectare land holding in central Zimbabwe through his corporate interests (mainly Messina Investments). Far from losing land to resettlement, van Hoogstraten has actually been able to purchase new property since 2000. Van Hoogstraten, a man with a colourful and criminal history, <ref>The Observer, 15 January 2006 :[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,,1685103,00.html van Hoogstraten interview interview with Lyn Barber]</ref> has described President Mugabe as ''“100 percent decent and incorruptible”'' and ''“a true English gentleman”''. <ref>Guardian, 21 April 2000 :[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,212767,00.html British Multimillionaire bankrolls Mugabe party]</ref> Van Hoogstraten is reported to have arranged supplies for Zimbabwean forces in the DRC and to have underwritten arms deals for the Mugabe regime.<ref>Selby thesis :[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf p324]</ref>

Several white Zimbabwean businessmen, such as Billy Rautenbach, have returned to their native country after working abroad for some years. Rautenbach has succeeded in extending Zimbabawean minerals sector activity into neighbouring countries such as the DRC.<ref>Zimnews :[http://www.zwnews.com/issuefull.cfm?ArticleID=10776 report on Billy Rautenbach]</ref>

Charles Davy is one of the largest private landowners in Zimbabwe. 53 year old Davy is reported to own 120,000 hectares of land including farms at Ripple Creek, Driehoek, Dyer's Ranch and Mlelesi. His property has been almost unaffected by any form of land redistribution - and he denies that this fact has any link to his business relationship with MP and Minister Webster Shamu. Says Davy about Minister Shamu ''"I am in partnership with a person who I personally like and get along with".''<ref> Daily Telegraph report :[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=ZE3PM2FPNPMZVQFIQMGSFFWAVCBQWIV0?xml=/news/2005/06/11/wdad111.xml Charles Davy defends business interests]</ref> Other views on Shamu are less kind.<ref>The Zimbabwean 2005 :[http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/22-july-2005/van-hoogstraaten.html see para 5]</ref>

Davy is married to Beverley, a former model and "Miss Rhodesia" of 1973. Their daughter [[Chelsy Davy|Chelsy]] (born and raised in Bulawayo) is the long-standing girlfriend of [[Prince Harry]]. Press reports <ref>Mail on Sunday, 19 December 2004</ref> quote Chelsy's Uncle Paul as saying that although Harry and Chelsy wished to marry, the British Royal Family would not allow this because of Chelsy's Zimbabwean nationality. Chelsy may not have helped her own case by participating a little too enthusiastically in Prince Harry's celebration of his graduation from the Sandhurst military academy in 2006. White Zimbabweans do not enjoy the best of images in the outside world, partly because of events going back to the UDI era.

[[Image:BillyR.jpg|left|thumbnail|300px|Billy Rautenbach - has extended Zimbabwean mineral sector operations into other countries ]]

The political environment in Zimbabwe has allowed the development of an exploitative business culture, in which white businessmen have played a prominent role.<ref>UN report :[http://www.afrol.com/Countries/DRC/documents/un_resources_2002_govt_zim.htm - Zimbabwe involvement in DRC minerals]</ref><ref> House of Commons, 18 November 2002 :[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo021118/text/21118w02.htm debate on Zimbabwe]</ref> When Zimbabwe was subject to EU sanctions arising from its involvement in the DRC from 1998, the government was able to call on sanctions busting expertise and personnel from the UDI era to provide parts and munitions for its force of Hawk jets. It has been suggested that, in spite of 25 years of ZANU-PF government, Zimbabwe has become a congenial place for white millionaires to live and do business in. <ref> The Zimbabwean, 2005 :[http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/22-july-2005/van-hoogstraaten.html business backers of ZANU-PF]</ref>

== The involvement of whites in Zimbabwean politics ==

=== Political and economic background ===

During the UDI era, Rhodesia developed a siege economy as the means of withstanding UN sanctions. The country operated a strict system of exchange and import controls, while major export items were channelled through state trade agencies (such as ‘the Grain Marketing Board’). This approach was continued until around 1990, at which time [[International Monetary Fund]] and [[World Bank]] development funding was made conditional upon the adoption of economic liberalisation. In 1991 Zimbabwe adopted ESAP (Economic Structural Adjustment Programme) which required privatisation, the removal of exchange and import controls, trade deregulation and the phasing out of export subsidies.<ref>PRF paper :[http://www.saprin.org/zimbabwe/research/zim_trade_lib.pdf Moses Tekere]</ref>

[[Image:Zbwe2005.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Zimbabweans queue to cast their votes in the 2005 general election - Avondale, Harare]]

ESAP and its successor ZIMPREST (Zimbabwe Programme for Economic and Social Transformation) caused considerable economic turbulence.<ref> AfricaFiles 1996:[http://www.africafiles.org/article.asp?ID=3876 ESAP's fables, report on ESAP]</ref> Some sectors of the economy did benefit. But the immediate results included job losses, a rise in poverty and a series of exchange rate crises. The associated economic downturn caused the budget deficit to rise which put pressure on public services. The means used to finance the budget deficit have caused hyperinflation. These factors created a situation in which many bright and qualified Zimbabweans (both black and white) had to look abroad for work opportunities.<ref>[http://www.tralac.org/scripts/content.php?id=4113 Report on brain drain from Zimbabwe]</ref> Zimbabwean politics since 1990 have therefore been conducted against a background of economic difficulty with the manufacturing sector (in particular) being 'hollowed out'. Although, some parts of the economy continue to perform well. The Zimbabwe stock exchange and the property market have experienced minor booms, while outsiders are coming to invest in both mining and land operations. Where some see crisis, others see opportunity.<ref>Guardian April 2006 :[http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,1760716,00.html#article_continue report on Zimbabwe stock exchange]</ref>

[[Image:Bredenkamp.JPG|right|thumb|180px|John Bredenkamp, former captain of the Rhodesian rugby team and now Zimbabwean business tycoon]]

In the period immediately after independence, white political leaders (such as [[Ian Smith]]) sought to maintain the identity of Zimbabwe whites as a separate or apartheid group. In particular, they sought to maintain a separate "white roll" for the election of 20 seats in parliament reserved for whites (abolished in 1987). Although, not all whites went along with this and many actually joined ZANU-PF. For example, [[Timothy Stamps]] served as Minister of Health in the Zimbabwe government from 1986 to 2002. Even his critics accept that Stamps was motivated by a desire to improve the lot of poorer people.

=== Rich Zimbabweans ===

More recently, an elite network of white businessmen and senior military officers has been associated with a faction of ZANU-PF identified with [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]], formerly Security Minister and later Speaker of Parliament. Mnangagwa has been described as ''"the richest politician in Zimbabwe"''.<ref>AIM article :[http://www.warmafrica.com/index/geo/3/cat/1/a/f/thrid/13/sa/d/topic/304 January 2005]</ref> He is believed to have favoured the early retirement of President Mugabe and a conciliatory approach towards the regime's domestic opponents. This line has displeased other elements in ZANU-PF. In June 2006, John Bredenkamp (a prominent former Mnangagwa associate) fled Zimbabwe in his private jet after government investigations into the affairs of his Breco trading company were started.<ref>newzimabwe.com :[http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/quit12.14272.html political and financial dealings of Bredenkamp]</ref> Bredenkamp returned to Zimbabwe in September 2006 after his passport was returned by court order.<ref>The Times, 19 October 2006 :[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,19609-2410932,00.html British SFO investigate Bredenkamp]</ref>

In July 2002, 92 prominent Zimbabweans were subject to EU "smart sanctions" intended to express disapproval of various Zimbabwe government policies. These individuals were banned from the EU and access to assets they own in the EU was frozen.<ref> UN press release, 2002 :[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=29018 EU names Zimbabwe blacklist]</ref> 91 of those on the blacklist were black and 1 was white. The single white was Dr [[Timothy Stamps]].

Many observers found the EU's treatment of Dr Stamps to be curious, given that by July 2002 he was retired from active politics and a semi-invalid. Also, Stamps was widely rated to be a highly dedicated doctor who had never been implicated in any form of wrongdoing.<ref>Remembering Zimbabwe, by Dr Amitabh Mitra :[http://www.boloji.com/memoirs/053.htm Stamps "the most dedicated doctor I had come across"]</ref> The same observers found it equally curious that the EU Commission did not include the wealthy white backers of Mugabe on the list.<ref> Daily Telegraph report :[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=ZE3PM2FPNPMZVQFIQMGSFFWAVCBQWIV0?xml=/news/2005/06/11/wdad111.xml see para 8 onwards]</ref>

=== The MDC and the 2000 general election ===

From around 1990, mainstream white opinion favoured opposition politics as whites sought to maintain their position in the country through support for liberal economics, democracy and the rule of law. Whites played a leading role in the funding and management of the opposition MDC party after 1999. [[Roy Bennett]], a white farmer forced off his coffee plantation after it was overrun by radical militants and then expropriated, won a strong victory in the Chimanimani constituency (adjoining the Mozambican border) in the 2000 general election. Bennett (a former [[Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe]] member) won his seat for the [[Movement for Democratic Change]], and was one of four white MDC constituency MPs elected in 2000.<ref>[[BBC]]: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/808007.stm Winners and losers]</ref>
<ref>Sokwanele: [http://www.sokwanele.com/articles/sokwanele/roybennettreleased_28june2005.html Roy Bennett released]</ref> Bennett was excluded from Parliament and imprisoned after he physically assaulted the Attorney General on the floor of the House.

[[Image:Bennett300.jpg|left|thumb|300px|[[Roy Bennett]] (Zimbabwean MP and white farmer) with fellow MDC members]]

Other white MPs elected in 2000 included David Coltart (a former Rhodesian police officer) and Michael Auret (a civil rights activist of long standing who had opposed white minority rule in the 1970s). Trudy Stevenson was a Ugandan white who had come to Rhodesia in 1972. Stevenson served as the MDC's Secretary for Policy and Research before being elected to Parliament. In July 2006, after attending a political meeting in the Harare suburb of Mabvuku, Mrs Stevenson was attacked and suffered panga wounds to the back of her neck and head. The MDC leadership immediately claimed that the attack was carried out by ZANU militants. But, while recovering in hospital, the MP for Harare North positively identified her assailants as members of a rival faction of the MDC. This serves to illustrate the violent and faction ridden nature of Zimbabwean politics.<ref> Guardian, 5 July 2006 :[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1812700,00.html MDC faction attack politicians]</ref> Zimbabwean politicians (black and white) routinely accuse each other of murder, theft, electoral fraud, conspiracy and treason. It is often difficult to know the truth of these matters.<ref> New Zimbabwe.com :[http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/senate212.14368.html MDC supporters attack Mrs Stevenson]</ref>

One of the most prominent MDC spokesmen is Eddie Cross <ref> Africanbios : [http://www.eddiecross.africanherd.com/eright.html Eddie Cross biography]</ref>. Cross is a leading Zimbabwean business figure and serves as the MDC's Economic Secretary and shadow finance minister. Although critical of the ZANU-PF government, Cross has always been an advocate of the economic liberalisation that the government has introduced.

[[Image:Trudy.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Zimbabwean MP for Harare North, Trudy Stevenson]]

The 2000 general election was arguably the most significant event in post-independence Zimbabwean politics. It was the first seriously contested election in the country since 1962 and was fought out against a background of intractable economic, social and political problems. The ZANU ruling party had been in power for 20 years and was widely considered to have run out of ideas.<ref>The Guardian, 17 March 2000 :[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,182109,00.html People are sick of Mugabe]</ref> Whites played a leading role in the campaign of the opposition MDC which almost won the election.<ref>BBC report on 2000 election :[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/808007.stm Winners and Losers]</ref> Radical elements in the country perceived the MDC project to have been an attempt to restore a limited form of white minority rule and this produced a violent backlash.<ref> William Pomeroy speech : [http://www.pww.org/past-weeks-2000/Imperialism%20fails%20to%20block.htm caution, partisan account of 2000 election]</ref><ref>BBC report, October 2000 :[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/991284.stm Mugabe under pressure]</ref>

== Current developments ==

White emigration - particularly from within the farming community - picked up speed again after 2000. There is a link between the recent economic decline in Zimbabwe and white emigration, although which is cause and which is effect is open to debate. There has been an enormous black emigration in the same period. By 2006, some estimates were that the white population of Zimbabwe could have fallen to little more than 30,000. <ref> AR report :[http://www.amren.com/mtnews/archives/2004/07/whites_flee_zim.php caution, partisan comment]</ref> However, the figure may be misleading since there is a large community of white Zimbabweans who work abroad on a contract basis or have moved their businesses abroad - while retaining a home in the country. One view is that the white population of Zimbabwe has been surprisingly resilient, and any improvement in the economic and political climate would bring many expatriates home again.

The Independence constitution contained a provision requiring the Zimbabwean government to honour pension obligations due to former servants of the Rhodesian state. This obligation included payment in foreign currency to pensioners living outside Zimbabwe (almost all white). Pension payments were made until the 1990s, but they then became erratic and stopped altogether in 2003.<ref>UK Parliament: [http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/111/111we03.htm Letter to the Clerk of the Committee from Mr Barry Lennox, 15 July 2004]</ref>

White communities in African countries suffered a variety of fates in the post-colonial period. In many countries (eg [[Kenya]] and [[Namibia]]) the white communities survived and actually grew in number. In two particular cases, [[Algeria]] and [[Zimbabwe]], the previously large white communities have shrunk. In both these last cases, the white communities had put up a fight against decolonisation and many whites found it difficult to adjust to the realities of the world they found themselves in after independence. Many neutral observers feel that the failure of some newly independent African countries and their white minorities to come to terms with one another was to the mutual disadvantage of both parties. For example, refugee white farmers and hoteliers from Zimbabwe have done much to right the economic situation in nearby Zambia.<ref> The Guardian, 27 February 2006 :[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1718591,00.html#article_continue Zimbabwean farmers in Zambia]</ref><ref>The Guardian, 22 July 2006 :[http://travel.guardian.co.uk/activities/wildlife/story/0,,1826000,00.html Zambian tourism sector grows at expense of Zimbabwe]</ref> Although much depleted in numbers, white Zimbabweans continue to play a leading role in the country's economic and political life.

White Zimbabweans/Rhodesians are now scattered around the world, with concentrations in the UK, Australia, South Africa and Canada. They maintain contact with each other through associations and websites. On 11 November 1990, expatriate Rhodesians around the world met at parties to celebrate the 25th anniversary of UDI. Similar parties were held in 2005 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of UDI - but these were far less well attended and less exuberant in mood.

==References==

<references/>

==External links==
* [http://home.iprimus.com.au/rob_rickards/viscounts/hunyani.htm The Viscount disasters of 1978 and 1979]
* [http://www.rhodesia.com/ Rhodesians Worldwide]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/7/newsid_2880000/2880795.stm BBC report on 1965 Rhodesian general election]
* [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/land/gp_zimbabwe.html The Zimbabwean Land Issue]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1718591,00.html#article_continue Zimbabwean refugee farmers help to transform Zambian economy (The ''Guardian'')]
*[http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0953-5233.2005.00371.x Sexual relations between whites and blacks]
*[http://www.maryellenmark.com/text/magazines/london_sunday_times/904G-000-005.html Sunday Times (London) 1984 report on whites in Zimbabwe]
*[http://www.rhodesian.net/rhodesian_african_rifles.htm Sweet Banana, song of the RAR regiment (recorded 1978)]
*[http://www.zwnews.com/3-Main%20Body.pdf “White farmers in Zimbabwe, 1975-2005” Angus Selby, Brasenose College Oxford]

== See also ==
*[[Rhodesia]]
*[[Zimbabwean cricket team]]
*[[Zimbabwe Cricket]]
*[[Whites in South Africa]]

[[Category:British Empire]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:History of Zimbabwe]]

Red Bull

2006-11-08T00:10:27Z

Python187: /* Potential health risks */

{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Company
| company_name = Red Bull GmbH
| company_logo = [[Image:Red_Bull_logo.png|250px]]
| company_type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = [[1987]]
| location = [[Fuschl am See]], [[Austria]]
| key_people = [[Dietrich Mateschitz]]
| industry = [[Drink]]
| products = [[Energy drink]]s
| revenue = {{loss}}
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = [http://redbull.com/ redbull.com]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Red Bull''' is the [[brand]] name of an [[Austria|Austrian]] [[carbonated]] [[soft drink]]. Sold as an [[energy drink]] to combat mental and physical [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], it contains, per 250 ml serving, about 27 g of [[sugar]] ([[glucose]], [[sucrose]]), 1000 mg of [[taurine]], 600 mg of [[glucuronolactone]], B-complex [[vitamin]]s and 80 mg of [[caffeine]]. The caffeine in one serving is a little less than that found in an average cup of [[coffee]] (100 mg/8 [[fluid ounce|oz.]] cup) or twice as much as found in a can of [[Coca Cola|Coke]] (40 mg/12 oz. can). A sugar-free version has been available since the beginning of [[2003]]. Almost 1 billion of the slim 250 ml cans were sold in 2000 in over 100 countries, 260 million of them in the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. In 2003, almost 2 billion cans were sold in over 120 countries.

==Origins==
[[Image:GFDL_Krating_Daeng_150ml.jpg|thumb|120px|left|A [[Thailand|Thai]] ''Krating Daeng'' bottle]]
[[Dietrich Mateschitz]] and Nina Avery travelled to [[Thailand]] and saw that the [[tuk-tuk]] (rickshaw) drivers drank a substance to keep them energized throughout the day. After some alterations to the recipe, and a flavor modification for the public, Red Bull was born. He adapted it from the [[Thailand|Thai]] beverage ''Krating Daeng'' (กระทิงแดง), which translates into the English language as Red [[Gaur]]. In 1984 he approached the local firm TC Pharmaceuticals to license it. They agreed, and took a 51% stake in his firm, Red Bull GmbH. The [[architecture|architecturally]] spectacular headquarters are located in [[Fuschl am See]], Austria.

==Marketing==

Initially, Red Bull created a strategic program to provide "cool" [[post-secondary]] students with free cases of the drink, and then convince them to throw a party. This viral [[campaign]] created a noticeable ripple effect, boosting sales. This [[grass roots]] marketing strategy is still used today in the way of mobile street teams and oncampus reps (student brand managers). This way of marketing to the targeted consumer has gained much publicity and is deemed highly effective.
[[Image:Rb2.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Red Bull Flight Day in Cologne, Germany]]
It was launched in Europe in 1987, supported by sleek advertising and, with its high-priced small blue-and-silver can, targeted at [[yuppie|young urban professionals]]. The international advertising slogan of Red Bull is "Red Bull Gives You Wings", which focuses on the [[stimulant]] properties of the drink.
[[Image:Klien (Red Bull) in practice at USGP 2005.jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Red Bull Racing]] F1 car.]]
Since the initial viral parties, Red Bull's efforts have included sponsoring [[extreme sport]] events, including [[cliff diving]], [[BMX]] and [[skateboarding]]. Red Bull also sponsors the Red Bull ''[[Flugtag]]'' ("flight day" in [[German language|German]]), a competition where entrants launch themselves off a 30-foot ramp in home-made "flying machines" into a body of water, its own version of the [[soapbox (car)|soapbox]] derby called the Red Bull Soap Box Race, and the Red Bull [[Art of the can]] Competition, An international art competition in which artists are asked to create works using the Red Bull can. Red Bull has had a [[sponsorship]] presence in a number of sports for some time especially in the world of motorsport, with the company having a presence in the [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters|DTM]] (Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters) especially the Abt [[Audi]] team, [[KTM (motorcycle manufacturer)|KTM]] Factory Motocross Team, [[Moto GP]], [[A.J. Allmendinger]]'s ride in the [[Champ Car World Series]], [[World Rally Championship]] with the Skoda team run by Armin Schwarz, The [[SEAT]] team in the [[World Touring Car Championship]], [[Rhys Millen|Rhys Millen's]] [[Pontiac]] in [[Formula D]] and owning two [[Formula One]] teams, [[Red Bull Racing]] and [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]] ('Team Red Bull' translated in Italian). The team previously sponsored the [[Sauber]] and [[Arrows]] Formula One teams the Red Bull Cheever Racing Team in the [[Indy Racing League|IRL]], and in 2007 [[Team Red Bull]] will compete in [[NASCAR]]'s [[Nextel Cup Series|Nextel Cup]]. Also Red Bull is now sponsoring the [[Cyberathlete Professional League]] and its own [[air racing]] event called the [[Red Bull Air Race]].

[[Image:Krating_Daeng_Red_Bull.jpg|thumb|100px|left|An [[Indonesia|Indonesian]]
bottle with both 'Krating Daeng' and 'Red Bull' on the label]]
They have since extended their presence to purchasing and entirely re-branding a number of sports teams. These teams include the [[Red Bull Racing]] (previously [[Jaguar Racing|Jaguar]]) and [[Scuderia Toro Rosso]] ([[Italian language|Italian]] for ''Red Bull Team'') (previously [[Minardi]]) Formula One teams. Red Bull Racing had a competitive first season in Formula One in [[2005 Formula One season|2005]], and Scuderia Toro Rosso made its debut in [[2006 Formula One season|2006]] as a 'B' team. Red Bull also has sponsored various racing drivers including NASCAR driver [[Robby Gordon]] and Formula One drivers [[Christian Klien]], [[Vitantonio Liuzzi]] and [[Scott Speed]]. As well as Moto GP riders Nicky Hayden and John Hopkins and AMA rider Eric Bostrom. Red Bull is sponsoring two new NASCAR teams under 2007; racing under the new [[Toyota Camry]] label. On [[April 6]], [[2005]] Red Bull also bought the Austrian [[football (soccer)|football]] club SV Austria Salzburg and renamed it to [[Red Bull Salzburg]], a move which has been heavily criticised by supporter groups within Austria and across Western Europe. Salzburg's pro ice hockey team is named "The Red Bulls", and so is its farm team. The [[MetroStars]] [[Major League Soccer]] team, who are based in [[New Jersey]], were purchased from former owner [[Anschutz Entertainment Group]] and renamed [[New York Red Bulls]]. AEG and Red Bull are building [[Red Bull Park]] for the team in [[Harrison, New Jersey]], to be completed in 2007-2008, which would likely remain in AEG's control.
[[Image:Red Bull car.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Red Bull's campaign car.]]
[[Image:Red_Bull_Mini.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Red Bull Mini.]]
Aside from that, its Thai unit and its Philippine partner has been responsible in forming, licensing, and funding the [[Red Bull Barako]] basketball team in the [[Philippine Basketball Association]] since 2000. It has become one of the most successful sports teams in the [[Philippines]].

In addition to sports sponsorships, Red Bull has developed the MET (Mobile Energy Team) program. The teams consist of mostly college students, who drive specially designed Red Bull "Racers". The racers are detailed with the Red Bull logo, and most carry an oversized can of Red Bull on their chassis (Suzuki Vitara, MiniCooper, SportTrac, etc.). The METs complete daily missions that include bringing energy where it's needed, sporting events, businesses, etc.

==Mixed Drinks==
Red Bull mixed with [[vodka]] is known by several names, in some areas it is called an "Eyeopener" while along the East Coast of the United States, it is known as a "Birch" or when mixed with Peach Tree Schnapps, a "Birch Tree". In the [[United States|American]] Midwest it's known as simply "Red Bull & Vodka" or "Vodka Bomb" or in [[Chicago]], a "Klenfield." It has also been called a "Raging Bull" in the [[Austin, Texas]] area. In some areas of Canada, a shot glass of RedBull or similar energy drink is filled and then dropped into a glass or vodka, which is promptly drinken. This is known as a One-Armed Scissor. In Switzerland it is called "Gummibäärli" which means Gummi Bear. In Turkey, it is called "Votka Enerji," which means Vodka Energy. When mixed with cherry vodka, it's known as a "Cherry Bomb." Mixed with [[Jägermeister]] is it called a "Bull Blaster," "JägerBlaster" or "JägerBomb, JägerBomber and "U-Boot" in some parts of Germany." When served with the Jägermeister still in a shot glass, it is called a "Train Wreck" or "Depth Charge." Mixed with [[whiskey]], it is called "Bull's Balls" or "Night Bandit." When mixed with [[Hennessy]] it is known as "Crunk Juice" or "Wavy Juice." When mixed with tequila and vodka, it is sometimes known as a "TVR" in the [[Tokyo]] metropolitan area of [[Japan]], or in the UK where the name also refers to the [[TVR]] sports car company. When served with Vodka and Cranberry juice, it is known as, "VCR." Detroiters may order a "Black-Bull" - which would be a Red Bull mixed with Guinness Stout. In South Texas and Mexico when mixed with vodka, especially of the Absolut brand, it is called Absolut Bullshit. These drinks are quite popular, despite the potential health risks of mixing any energy drink with alcohol, as mentioned below.

==Imitators==
Red Bull's popularity has spawned countless [[imitation|imitations]], including [[Blue Ox]], Red Rooster, American Bull, Boost, Mad Croc, Liquid Lightning, Red Rave, Red Thunder, and Shark, among others. Overall, Red Bull has created a category that currently includes 125 products in the USA market. Several supermarket groups have created their own house brands. Examples include [[Tesco]]'s Cranberry Diet Kick and [[ASDA]]'s Lemon & Lime flavoured version. In Canada, [[RELOAD]], Sobe Arush, Beaver Buzz, Red Rain & Red Rave are popular imitations. A drink known as Download is reported to taste exactly like Red Bull. RELOAD made a name for itself in the media with a great press review by launching its line of drinks while knocking off the shelves big players such as KMX of Coca-Cola in Montreal [[convenience stores]]. In addition, several celebrities have launched their own energy drinks. Examples include rap superstar [[Nelly]]'s energy drink, [[Pimp Juice (drink)|Pimp Juice]], and [[Lil Jon]] has brought out the [[Crunk!!!]] energy drink.

Despite its rapid success having quickly attracted imitators, Red Bull is still dominant in the energy drink market, accounting for some 70 percent of the market share in 2003. Due to such copies, one of the most popular [[cocktails]] made with Red Bull, Vodka Red Bull, otherwise known as a "Reddy", "RB" or "Raging Bull", is sometimes made with imitators in clubs and bars, such as Roaring Lion or [[Monster Energy (drink)|Monster]]. This has resulted in a handful of lawsuits by Red Bull North America, who alleges that consumers requesting Red Bull were given another energy drink in its place.

==Potential health risks==
In [[2001]], the drink was investigated by the [[Swedish National Food Administration]] after being linked to the deaths of three consumers. It has been subject to a number of other health concerns regarding [[glucuronolactone]], a [[precursor]] of [[taurine]]. Sale of Red Bull as a normal soft drink is prohibited in [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], [[France]] and [[Uruguay]]. Due to the link with [[taurine]], local authorities categorized Red Bull as a medicine and suggest customers ask for medical advice before drinking. Because of this, only energy drinks without taurine are sold in France.
The official imported Canadian Red Bull is a caffeinated version of Thai Krating Daeng. Until late [[2004]], its sale was prohibited in [[Canada]]. Now a can must carry a warning label that says:
<blockquote>Cautions: Contains caffeine. Not recommended for children, pregnant or breast-feeding women, caffeine sensitive persons or to be mixed with alcohol. Do not consume more than 500 [[Millilitre|mL]] per day.</blockquote>
However, no such warning label is present on cans sold in the UK, though people who consume the beverage in excess (more than 2-5 250 mL tins in a 24-hour period) have been known to express discomfort, such as nausea, diarrhea, stomach pains, gas, and/or sleeplessness.

British supermarket chain [[Morrisons]] refuses to sell Red Bull to customers under the age of 16. In [[Finland]], some shops only sell 1 canister of the drink at a time to under 18 year olds. Attempting to buy 2 canisters or more requires customers to prove their age, as if they were buying [[alcoholic beverage]]s.

Red Bull made the news in Ireland after two [[hurling]] players died after drinking Red Bull at half-time in a club game.


Doctors and nutritionists have warned of the dangers of mixing caffeine and [[alcohol]] in excessive quantities. Their warnings, however, are often unheeded as many people feel that the benefits of mixing Red Bull with alcohol far outweigh the risks and use stimulants such as caffeine in order to avoid getting drowsy while [[drunk]]. Mixing Red Bull with alcohol (most commonly [[Vodka]] and [[Jägermeister]]) has become increasingly popular among college-aged crowds and club goers. Heavier drinkers of alcoholic Red Bull drinks have cited "euphoric feelings." Many studies have been performed to determine the actual effects on the human body after consumption of Red Bull with alcohol, most finding solely that the mixing of a depressant with an energy drink can lead to [[arrhythmia|abnormal heart rhythms]] and future heart problems. [http://media.www.coyotepressonline.com/media/paper350/news/2002/04/15/CoyoteNews/Red-Bull.Alcohol.Trouble-236573.shtml?sourcedomain=www.coyotepressonline.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com]

Compare with the results of clinical trials PMID 11897259.

The director of biomaterials research at the University of Maryland Dental School in Baltimore found the most wear to tooth enamel occurred, in descending order, from exposure to lemonade, energy drinks (especially those with citrus (i.e. [[Citric acid]]) flavors such as Red Bull), sports drinks, fitness water, iced tea and cola. [http://www.healthday.com/view.cfm?id=532151] 

==Ingredients==
[[Water]], [[sucrose]], [[glucose]], [[citric acid|acidifier sodium citrates]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[taurine]] (0.4%), [[glucuronolactone]] (0.24%), [[caffeine]] (0.03%), [[inositol]], [[vitamin]]s ([[niacin]], [[pantothenic acid]], [[vitamin B6|B6]], [[vitamin B12|B12]]), [[flavouring]]s, and colours ([[caramel]], [[riboflavin]]).

CBC claims laboratory tests of 80 mg of [[caffeine]] and 1000 mg of [[taurine]] in a standard 250ml can of Red Bull energy drink.[http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/health/redbull/index.html] This is the same amount of caffeine as a cup of black coffee, or over three times as much caffeine as many leading cola drinks.

==Red Bull Distribution==

The Red Bull company also distributes and markets a number of other drinks in the United Kingdom including the [[Carpe Diem (drink)|Carpe Diem]] range of herbal soft beverages, and the Sabai Wine Spritzer (the latter in association with the Thai Siam Winery in Thailand)
==Trivia==
{{Unreferencedsect}}
*The main ingredient in Red Bull that purportedly provides energy is [[taurine]], a substance that was first found within the [[bile]] of an [[ox]] in 1827 by Czech scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin; However, taurine that is used commercially is produced synthetically.
*The Red Bull energy drink was mentioned in the single "[[No Tomorrow]]" by [[Orson]], although the band humourously admitted in an interview with [[Q Magazine]] that they do not exclusively drink Red Bull and that it just fitted the rhyme.

*In an episode of ''Reno 911!'', comedian [[Carrot Top]] is angry and throwing things out the window of his hotel, whereupon the hotel manager says "he's just jacked up on Red Bulls."

*The drink was parodied in one of comedian [[Dave Chappelle]]'s strips, calling a drink named Red Balls - "[[cocaine]] in a can!".

*In the webtoon "Homestar Runner" episode [http://www.homestarrunner.com/sbemail156.html "road trip"], there is a parody of Red Bull called "Bull Honkey".

* Red Bull appears as a power up in the turn-based strategy game [[Worms 3D]], giving the player who uses it the ability to walk faster and jump higher for the duration of their turn.

* Anime culture website [http://www.gaiaonline.com Gaia Online] now has a consumable energy drink called Red Bino. It is styled after Red Bull with silver and blue as well as two red figures and red text. It is produced by Johnny K. Gambino and features a pair of Bucking Bino fish on the label rather than bulls. The drink is powerful enough to energise a crew of construction workers to finish a mansion in a mere few days as well as change the website's users back from being aliens.

==External links==
{{commons|Red Bull}}
* [http://www.redbullusa.com/ Red Bull USA]
* [http://www.redbullartofthecan.com/ Red Bull Art of The Can] (Red Bull International Art Competition)
* [http://www.redbullmet.com Red Bull Mobile Energy Team]
* [http://www.redbullflugtagusa.com/Game/ Red Bull Flugtag Online Game]
* [http://www.redbulldragsterday.com/game/ Red Bull Dragsterday Online Game]
* [http://bullseye.redbull.com/ Bull's Eye Magazine] (Web TV, presentation of Red Bull events and activities)
* [http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=92629 Red Bull health impact] (Google Answers)
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/index.php?newsid=5753 French ban on Red Bull upheld by European Court] Medical News Today (Feb 2004)
*[http://www.curia.eu.int/en/actu/communiques/cp04/aff/cp040012en.htm Press release of the European Court inf the French case]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/health/redbull/index.html Raging Bull Investigation] CBC Marketplace (Feb 2005)
* [http://pintday.org/archive/20050322 Science vs. the Bull] Rebuttal to the CBC Marketplace article above (Mar 2005)
* [http://www.snopes.com/toxins/redbull.htm Bull Marketed] Urban legends pertaining to Red Bull (Oct 2004)
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4826920.stm Red Bull 'masks alcoholic effect'] BBC News (Mar 2006)

[[Category:Energy drinks]]
[[Category:Companies of Austria]]
[[Category:Red Bull New York]]
[[Category:Backpacking]]

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Talk:List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-30T15:01:10Z

Python187: /* Deletion */

==Deletion==
I am in the process of creating teh page and as such would like time to complete it. There are many large (in the UK) bands such as [[Keane]] and [[Coldplay]] signed to the label and as such I feel it is noteworthy.[[User:Python187|Pete]] 23:46, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

: at least signed your comment - I also think it should be kept [[User:Vintagekits|Vintagekits]] 23:44, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

::Sorry signed now. [[User:Python187|Pete]] 23:46, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

::: No probs Pete - maybe you should get stuck into doing a write up abvout the label and citing other sites that talks about them. Also I see [[Shitdisco]] charted at 73 today! [[User:Vintagekits|Vintagekits]] 23:52, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

:::: I have to say I am a fan. I was planning on working more on it, and also on the Shitdisco page and other so called "[[New Rave]]" bands.[[User:Python187|Pete]] 00:00, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Who will refresh such a list? [[User:NCurse|NCurs]][[Wikipedia:Esperanza|e]] [[User talk:NCurse|work]] 10:52, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

:I will check it every so often to make sure its up to date.[[User:Python187|Pete]] 15:00, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Talk:List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-30T15:00:49Z

Python187: /* Deletion */

==Deletion==
I am in the process of creating teh page and as such would like time to complete it. There are many large (in the UK) bands such as [[Keane]] and [[Coldplay]] signed to the label and as such I feel it is noteworthy.[[User:Python187|Pete]] 23:46, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

: at least signed your comment - I also think it should be kept [[User:Vintagekits|Vintagekits]] 23:44, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

::Sorry signed now. [[User:Python187|Pete]] 23:46, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

::: No probs Pete - maybe you should get stuck into doing a write up abvout the label and citing other sites that talks about them. Also I see [[Shitdisco]] charted at 73 today! [[User:Vintagekits|Vintagekits]] 23:52, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

:::: I have to say I am a fan. I was planning on working more on it, and also on the Shitdisco page and other so called "[[New Rave]]" bands.[[User:Python187|Pete]] 00:00, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Who will refresh such a list? [[User:NCurse|NCurs]][[Wikipedia:Esperanza|e]] [[User talk:NCurse|work]] 10:52, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

I will check it every so often to make sure its up to date.[[User:Python187|Pete]] 15:00, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

User:Python187

2006-10-30T00:11:26Z

Python187:

*{{user en}}
*{{User British English}}
*{{user MontyPython}}
*{{user all IM}}
*{{User Chat Babes}}
*{{user last.fm}}
*{{User MySpace}}
*{{User:Menasim/Userboxes/User Google}}
*{{User Save Jeeves}}
*{{User Wikipedia reference}}
*{{User:Menasim/Userboxes/User Gmail}}
*{{user LimeWire}}
*{{User:Feureau/UserBox/Azureus}}
*{{User p2p}}
*{{user browser:PrefersFirefox}}
*{{User AMD}}
*{{user broadband}}
*{{User Carnivore}}
*{{User card games|poker|aces}}
*{{User Sega Mega Drive/Genesis}}
*{{User CS:S}}
*{{User:The Raven's Apprentice/Userboxes/User Metric}}
*{{User all music}}
*{{user audiophile}}
*{{User:Xaosflux/UBX/User Cowbell}}
*{{User no ipod}}
*{{User:Porsche997SBS/Userboxes/User MissesPluto}}
*{{User snooker}}
*{{User pen spinner}}
*{{User politics}}
*{{user Scout}}
*{{User BBC Radio 1}}
*{{User:Canaen/Template:User Scottish}}
*{{user Glasgow}}
*{{User time zone|GMT}}
*{{user ubx-c}}

{{WP:POST}}

User:Python187

2006-10-30T00:11:09Z

Python187:

Talk:List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-30T00:00:29Z

Python187:

==Deletion==
I am in the process of creating teh page and as such would like time to complete it. There are many large (in the UK) bands such as [[Keane]] and [[Coldplay]] signed to the label and as such I feel it is noteworthy.[[User:Python187|Pete]] 23:46, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

: {{hangon}} at least signed your comment - I also think it should be kept [[User:Vintagekits|Vintagekits]] 23:44, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

::Sorry signed now. [[User:Python187|Pete]] 23:46, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

::: No probs Pete - maybe you should get stuck into doing a write up abvout the label and citing other sites that talks about them. Also I see [[Shitdisco]] charted at 73 today! [[User:Vintagekits|Vintagekits]] 23:52, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

:::: I have to say I am a fan. I was planning on working more on it, and also on the Shitdisco page and other so called "[[New Rave]]" bands.[[User:Python187|Pete]] 00:00, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Talk:List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-29T23:46:20Z

Python187: /* Deletion */

==Deletion==
I am in the process of creating teh page and as such would like time to complete it. There are many large (in the UK) bands such as keane and coldplay signed to the label and as such I feel it is noteworthy.[[User:Python187|Pete]] 23:46, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

: at least signed your comment - I also think it should be kept [[User:Vintagekits|Vintagekits]] 23:44, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
::Sorry signed now. [[User:Python187|Pete]] 23:46, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-29T23:37:55Z

Python187:

{{db-band}}
{{hangon}}
The following is a list of bands signed to [[London]] based label [[Fierce Panda Records]]

*[[(x) is greater than (y)]]
*[[Absent Kid]]
*[[Agent Blue]]
*[[Alterkicks]]
*[[Apartment]]
*[[Art Brut]]
*[[Atlantic Dash]]
*[[Battle]]
*[[Blackbud]]
*[[Boy Kill Boy]]
*[[Cablecar]]
*[[Capdown]]
*[[Coldplay]]
*[[David Ford]]
*[[Dead Disco]]
*[[Death Cab for Cutie]]
*[[Further]]
*[[Gledhill]]
*[[Hot Puppies]]
*[[iLiKETRAiNS]]
*[[Kari Kleiv]]
*[[Keane]]
*[[Lapsus Linguae]]
*[[Make Good Your Escape]]
*[[My Architects]]
*[[Polyphonic Spree]]
*[[Seafood]]
*[[Shitdisco]]
*[[Simple Kid]]
*[[sixbyseven]]
*[[The Blackout]]
*[[The Disappiontments]]
*[[The Drama]]
*[[The Features]]
*[[The Immediate]]
*[[The Revelations]]
*[[The Vacation]]
*[[This Girl]]
*[[Winnebago Deal]]
*[[Wreckless Eric]]
*[[YMSS]]

==see also==
* [[Fierce Panda Records]]
* [[Fierce Panda Records compilations]]

List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-29T23:37:39Z

Python187:

List of Fierce Panda Records compilation albums

2006-10-29T23:37:05Z

Python187:

[[Fierce Panda Records]] is especially well known for the [[compilation album]]s and EPs. These are traditionally named after a pun, and are usually deleted on the day of release. A list of these and some of the most famous bands featured is below.

==List of Fierce Panda Compilations==
===Albums===
*''Nings Of Desire'' includes [[Gorky's Zygotic Mynci]], [[The Bluetones]], [[China Drum]]
*''Dial M For Merthyr'' includes [[Manic Street Preachers]], [[Stereophonics]]
*''Nings And Roundabouts'' Includes [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]], [[Kenickie]], [[3 colours red|3 Colours Red]],
*''Where The Wild Nings Are'' includes [[Embrace (British band)|Embrace]], [[Lo-Fidelity Allstars]]
*''The Dead Cheap Sampler'' includes [[Seafood (band)|Seafood]], [[Coldplay]], [[Hundred Reasons]]
*''Mosh & Go'' includes [[Jimmy Eat World]], [[Hundred Reasons]]
*''Live The Dream'' includes [[Death Cab for Cutie (band)|Death Cab for Cutie]], [[Seafood (band)|Seafood]], [[The Music (band)|The Music]], [[Easyworld]]
*''[[Decade: Ten Years of Fierce Panda]]'' (Includes all the best known Fierce Panda artists)
* ''Things that I Discover'' (1999) Tiny Too (Elin Grimstad, Hilde Stephanson, Isobel Jones)

NB: Catalogue Numbers of singles released on Fierce Panda begin with the characters "ning" resulting in the titles of many of the above items being [[in-joke]] [[puns]].

===EPs===
*''Shagging In The Streets''
*''Crazed And Confused''
*''Return To Splendor''
*''From Greer To Eternity''
*''Built To Blast''
*''Suzi Quatro Lives In Chelmsford EP''
*''Mortal Wombat''
*''Songs About Plucking''
*''The Joy Of Plecs''
*''Screecher Comforts''
*''Pandamonium 1-4'
*''The Panda In A Big Vanda Tour '98''
*''Dope Is Important''
*''Listen With Smother''
*''Bless His Little Cotton Rocks''
*''Cry Me A Liver''
*''Otter Than July''
*''Clooney Tunes''
*''Cheffing & Blinding''
*''Vet Sounds''
*''Dark Side Of The Raccoon''
*''Cutting Hedge''
*''The Squirrel EP''
*''Spring Tour 2003''
*''Mosh''
*''Shock & Oar''
*''On The Buzzes''
*''Glowing Underground''

==See also==
* [[Fierce Panda Records]]
* [[List of bands signed to Fierce Panda Records]]

{{Uncategorized|October 2006}}

List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-29T23:36:04Z

Python187:

Talk:List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-29T23:34:41Z

Python187:

List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-29T23:33:05Z

Python187:

{{db-band}}
{{hangon}}

*[[(x) is greater than (y)]]
*[[Absent Kid]]
*[[Agent Blue]]
*[[Alterkicks]]
*[[Apartment]]
*[[Art Brut]]
*[[Atlantic Dash]]
*[[Battle]]
*[[Blackbud]]
*[[Boy Kill Boy]]
*[[Cablecar]]
*[[Capdown]]
*[[Coldplay]]
*[[David Ford]]
*[[Dead Disco]]
*[[Death Cab for Cutie]]
*[[Further]]
*[[Gledhill]]
*[[Hot Puppies]]
*[[iLiKETRAiNS]]
*[[Kari Kleiv]]
*[[Keane]]
*[[Lapsus Linguae]]
*[[Make Good Your Escape]]
*[[My Architects]]
*[[Polyphonic Spree]]
*[[Seafood]]
*[[Shitdisco]]
*[[Simple Kid]]
*[[sixbyseven]]
*[[The Blackout]]
*[[The Disappiontments]]
*[[The Drama]]
*[[The Features]]
*[[The Immediate]]
*[[The Revelations]]
*[[The Vacation]]
*[[This Girl]]
*[[Winnebago Deal]]
*[[Wreckless Eric]]
*[[YMSS]]

User talk:Elomis

2006-10-29T23:32:36Z

Python187: /* Fierce Panda */

==Fierce Panda==
Fierce Panda contains many large bands such as Coldplay and Keane. I am in the process of creating it. If you dont mind I will remove the tag.[[User:Python187|R<<D]]

== MEGATON article... ==

Heya!

Just wanted to note that, yeah, in it's current form, the MEGATON article is... lacking. Eventually, I hope to see it filled out though. Thanks for stopping by. -UB

== Ari Hoening Article ==
The article on Ari Hoenig was actually requested on the Wikipedia Musicians list needing bios. The mere fact you're not familiar with Hoenig doesn't mean he's a "garage band" for your rage. Get a life.

== Ari Hoering ==

No it doesn't, other things do.
There's extensive guidelines on what constitutes notability and even extended specific ones as they relate to music and musicians, Ari Hoering doesn't fit them as notable enough to sufficiently warrant their own article. Perhaps rather than trolling at me here are some things you might consider to sate the request for the article and obviously your own desire to create it.

* I'm not sure what sort of music Ari does, but consider a section on them in the article for that genre.
* If there's an article about the music scene of the area they play in, consider mentioning them in there.
* If there is any festival or forum in which they have played which is notable enough to have it's own article, consider adding content about Ari Hoering to it.

My userpage states my position on this stuff, it doesn't mean that I don't believe Ari Hoering belongs on the Wikipedia, it means that I (and the administrator that accepted my nomination of it as a [[Wikipedia:CSD|CSD]] agreed) have helped out keep the Wikipedia encyclopedic by flagging what I felt was an article about someone not notable enough to stand alone.

Thanks for dropping by.

[[User:Elomis|Elomis]] 07:48, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your comments - the orginal article mentioned Hoenig was a ''jazz'' drummer. He plays all over the world in addition to New York, is that a large enough "scene"? I've added some more detail as well, but the main link I had initially provided to his his Web site has a ton of information for those who actually are interested. I've also added Wiki links to a number of other musicians that have pages already. As I said, I happened to see his name on a list of people bios had been requested for, and smiply tried to fill that need, as I met him at a concert a few months ago. There's also an added link from a leading drummer Web site with added information. I hope this "qualifies" for you, if so, kindly withdraw your objection. Thank you.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 08:44, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== [[Bernice Hansen]] ==

I happened to see that she was red-linked, and thought somebody ought to say something about her. I love the old Warner cartoons, and I recently got the [[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]], which has 4 volues so far. As I'm meandering through it, I'm finding stuff that's useful for entering in this Looney Tunes / Merrie Melodies series of pages, and the beauty of it is that it's its own source. Here's another useful source [http://www.conmicro.cx/~eocostello/wbcc/eowbcc-glossary.html], and now that I've entered the Hansen section ''before'' reading about it on this site, I've got some egg on my face, as there seems to be some doubt about Hansen's part in the "Sniffles" series. That's the annoying thing about the Warner cartoons: they only credit Mel Blanc, who was by no means the only voice. Many of the voices are identifiable, but some of the early ones are hard to pin down. Now I wonder what I should do about the article. I'll have to let it stand for now, maybe with a caveat. I've thought maybe there should be a category for Warner cartoon voices. Maybe there is one, I'll have to see. I don't do much with categories, as I find they are a constant source of debate and conflict, and I just don't have time for that. [[User:Wahkeenah|Wahkeenah]] 08:20, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
*I made some changes to express some doubt. In effect, wikipedia is currently contradicting itself on this matter, which is not exactly a first. This kind of opens a can of worms, but it also opens the door to further research. [[User:Wahkeenah|Wahkeenah]] 08:32, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
*There are already categories called "Looney Tunes people" and "Looney Tunes voices". That's the ticket. [[User:Wahkeenah|Wahkeenah]] 08:39, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== Ari Hoenig Reply/Update ==

Thanks for your comments - the orginal article mentioned Hoenig was a ''jazz'' drummer. He plays all over the world in addition to New York, is that a large enough "scene"? His Web site includes positive reviews and quotes from major jazz publications and newspapers worldwide. I've added some more detail as well, but the main link I had initially provided to his his Web site has a ton of information for those who actually are interested. I've also added Wiki links to a number of other musicians that have pages here already. As I said, I happened to see his name on a list of people bios had been requested for, and smiply tried to fill that need, as I met him at a concert a few months ago and talked to him there. There's also an added link from a leading drummer Web site with added information. I hope this "qualifies" for you, if so, kindly withdraw your objection. Thank you.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 08:53, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== Speaking Of Worldwide Playing - Here's Ari's 2006 Gig List ==

From the aformentioned Web Site

2006 Gig Dates:

Jan 2 Smalls, NYC AH Group with Francois Moutin, JM Pilc
Jan 6 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Jm Pilc, Danton Boller
Jan 7 Smalls, NYC Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Jm Pilc, Danton Boller
Jan 9 Smalls, NYC Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Kenny Werner
Jan 13 IAJE NYC Jean Michel Pilc Trio
Jan 14 IAJE NYC Kenny Werner Trio
Jan 16 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig and Punk Bop
Jan 17 55 Bar Lage Lund Band
Jan 19 Smalls NYC Gilad Hekselman
Jan 23 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig Trio
Jan 25 Temple University Masterclass
Jan 27,28 Mexico City Kenny Werner Trio
Jan 30 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig Trio

*SNIP*
[[User:Elomis|Elomis]] 09:08, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Nov 18 Madrid,Sp Clamores club Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Jean Michel Pilc and Johannes Weidenmueller
Nov 20 Smalls Ari Hoenig Trio with J Kreisberg and M Penman
Nov 21 Clarence Smith Performing Arts Center, Maryland Ari Hoenig Trio with J Kreisberg and M Penman
Nov 24 Enghien Les Bains Bojan Z Trio
Nov 25 Bremen Bojan Z Trio
Nov 26-Dec5 Scandenavian tour. Venues TBA Ari Hoenig Trio
Dec6-Dec 22 Italian Tour. Venues TBA Kenny Werner Trio

That qualify?

== Once again ==

I didn't spam your page...I simply posted one of the most extensive and world-ranging gig lists you'll see for ANY musician anywhere, as an FYI.

Based on your criteria, hundreds of jazz musicians would never "rate" a page on Wikipedia because they weren't famous enough to someone sitting in Australia who apparently knows almost nothing about about the music in question. Thank whomever your criteria doesn't generally apply. In my spare time I write for a major U.S. newspaper group and I try like mad to know what I'm talking about before I publish anything anywhere. Hoening is a band leader and recording artist of note to those who know the music, and want to learn more about it, and Wikipedia is a deserving place to do so.

Yes...the idea is for you to research, at least click a link before you flame my entry as unqualified - I'd never dream of doing that for something I knew nothing about. It's unneccessary to rework every musicians career into an extended Wiki article right off the bat, but if others want to that know more...I thought that was the idea of this whole project.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 09:20, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== Not Quite ==

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Hoenig

The above is a link for the Italian Wikipedia entry on Ari Hoenig. Seems Wikipedia Italy thinks he's significant enough - he must have spent some time in Europe.

I have reviewed the guidelines on music submissions you were kind enough to link and the content now provided more than meets said standards. I contested your request and my page is in limbo - again, please inform the adminstrators you wish your removal request be dropped. There is simply no need for me (or anyone else) to need to spend hours researching a subject to prove to whomever what is easily discoverable through any major Web search engine, for those that bother to look, especially if the contestee has no first-hand knowledge of the subject matter. Again, fortunately, the vast majority of jazz artist pages on Wikipedia do not have to go through this, nor should they.

Please remove your request and miscategorization of this artist. Thank you.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 10:35, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== RE: High Five ==

Hey, thanks! — [[User:NMChico24|'''NM''']][[User_talk:NMChico24|'''Chico''']][[Special:Contributions/NMChico24|'''24''']] [[Image:Flag of New Mexico.svg|25px]] 21:46, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

== GRC and answers.com ==

I have removed your notice because Answers.com mirrors wikipedia.

As they state at the bottom of the GRC article on answers.com: "This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)"

Cheers. --[[User:Falcorian|Falcorian]] [[User_talk:Falcorian|(talk)]] 23:31, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

== Your prod of [[Neros Empire]] ==

I contested your prod of [[Neros Empire]]. It was originally a very large section of [[Choujinki Metalder]] that had, in my opinion, grown too large to remain a part of the main article, so I split it off. My apologies for not adding sufficient context to the new article (I originally just copy/pasted the section and bolded the title). That has since been corrected. [[User:Jgp|jgp]] [[User_talk:Jgp|T]][[Special:Contributions/Jgp|C]] 06:51, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

== [[Unrest in the Midwest]] ==

This is an article for an issue of A Day In The Air zine which is additionally a forthcoming record release. The article is notable on the basis that the zine is notable and that the article [[Iowahardcore.com(pilation)]] is notable and has not been contested. This article is definitely a stub and more information needs to be included as is made available. [[User:Xsxex|Xsxex]] 07:16, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

What is the criteria for a notable zine? I think the article on A Day In The Air is a model article for a notable zine. How many articles on zines are even on wikipedia? I think there are very few compared to how many zines are and have been published. Again, Im not going to even argue that this is an article for a musician because the first issue is whether or not A Day In The Air is a notable zine. Also, please sign your comments using 4 [[tilde]]s. I have been an active wikipedia user for over three years. [[User:Xsxex|Xsxex]] 07:25, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

== [[Orb (Software)]] ==
Hi, I think the article about Orb shouldn't be deleted. Orb is a well known streaming software. There are tons of blogs and reviews on it and it's always mentioned at the free alternative to the [[Slingbox]] in the press. Seeing all other Web 2.0 sites that have and article, it seems right to have one for Orb too, I'm sure other Orb users will enhance the article. --[[User:Webdude0|Webdude0]] 07:34, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the explanation. I gave it another try, let me know your thoughts. Cheers, --[[User:Webdude0|Webdude0]] 02:55, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

== [[Parallon SLA Reporter for HP Openview]] ==

Do you know something about this product that I don't? If so, I will remove the speedy and replace with suitable clean-up tags. [[User:Bubba hotep|Bubba]] [[User talk:Bubba hotep|hot]][[Special:Contributions/Bubba hotep|ep]] 20:29, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

== Non-notable band comments. ==

Yes, they keep popping up all over the place! I do wish them well and tell them about Myspace if they don't already know. Perhaps one of them will make it back as a notable band one day! Regards, [[User talk:(aeropagitica)|(aeropagitica)]] 22:22, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

User talk:Elomis

2006-10-29T23:32:16Z

Python187:

==Fierce Panda==
Fierce Panda contains many large bands such as Coldplay and Keane. I am in the process of creating it. If you dont mind I will remove the tag.[[User:Python187|R<<D]] 23:32, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

== MEGATON article... ==

Heya!

Just wanted to note that, yeah, in it's current form, the MEGATON article is... lacking. Eventually, I hope to see it filled out though. Thanks for stopping by. -UB

== Ari Hoening Article ==
The article on Ari Hoenig was actually requested on the Wikipedia Musicians list needing bios. The mere fact you're not familiar with Hoenig doesn't mean he's a "garage band" for your rage. Get a life.

== Ari Hoering ==

No it doesn't, other things do.
There's extensive guidelines on what constitutes notability and even extended specific ones as they relate to music and musicians, Ari Hoering doesn't fit them as notable enough to sufficiently warrant their own article. Perhaps rather than trolling at me here are some things you might consider to sate the request for the article and obviously your own desire to create it.

* I'm not sure what sort of music Ari does, but consider a section on them in the article for that genre.
* If there's an article about the music scene of the area they play in, consider mentioning them in there.
* If there is any festival or forum in which they have played which is notable enough to have it's own article, consider adding content about Ari Hoering to it.

My userpage states my position on this stuff, it doesn't mean that I don't believe Ari Hoering belongs on the Wikipedia, it means that I (and the administrator that accepted my nomination of it as a [[Wikipedia:CSD|CSD]] agreed) have helped out keep the Wikipedia encyclopedic by flagging what I felt was an article about someone not notable enough to stand alone.

Thanks for dropping by.

[[User:Elomis|Elomis]] 07:48, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your comments - the orginal article mentioned Hoenig was a ''jazz'' drummer. He plays all over the world in addition to New York, is that a large enough "scene"? I've added some more detail as well, but the main link I had initially provided to his his Web site has a ton of information for those who actually are interested. I've also added Wiki links to a number of other musicians that have pages already. As I said, I happened to see his name on a list of people bios had been requested for, and smiply tried to fill that need, as I met him at a concert a few months ago. There's also an added link from a leading drummer Web site with added information. I hope this "qualifies" for you, if so, kindly withdraw your objection. Thank you.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 08:44, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== [[Bernice Hansen]] ==

I happened to see that she was red-linked, and thought somebody ought to say something about her. I love the old Warner cartoons, and I recently got the [[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]], which has 4 volues so far. As I'm meandering through it, I'm finding stuff that's useful for entering in this Looney Tunes / Merrie Melodies series of pages, and the beauty of it is that it's its own source. Here's another useful source [http://www.conmicro.cx/~eocostello/wbcc/eowbcc-glossary.html], and now that I've entered the Hansen section ''before'' reading about it on this site, I've got some egg on my face, as there seems to be some doubt about Hansen's part in the "Sniffles" series. That's the annoying thing about the Warner cartoons: they only credit Mel Blanc, who was by no means the only voice. Many of the voices are identifiable, but some of the early ones are hard to pin down. Now I wonder what I should do about the article. I'll have to let it stand for now, maybe with a caveat. I've thought maybe there should be a category for Warner cartoon voices. Maybe there is one, I'll have to see. I don't do much with categories, as I find they are a constant source of debate and conflict, and I just don't have time for that. [[User:Wahkeenah|Wahkeenah]] 08:20, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
*I made some changes to express some doubt. In effect, wikipedia is currently contradicting itself on this matter, which is not exactly a first. This kind of opens a can of worms, but it also opens the door to further research. [[User:Wahkeenah|Wahkeenah]] 08:32, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
*There are already categories called "Looney Tunes people" and "Looney Tunes voices". That's the ticket. [[User:Wahkeenah|Wahkeenah]] 08:39, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== Ari Hoenig Reply/Update ==

Thanks for your comments - the orginal article mentioned Hoenig was a ''jazz'' drummer. He plays all over the world in addition to New York, is that a large enough "scene"? His Web site includes positive reviews and quotes from major jazz publications and newspapers worldwide. I've added some more detail as well, but the main link I had initially provided to his his Web site has a ton of information for those who actually are interested. I've also added Wiki links to a number of other musicians that have pages here already. As I said, I happened to see his name on a list of people bios had been requested for, and smiply tried to fill that need, as I met him at a concert a few months ago and talked to him there. There's also an added link from a leading drummer Web site with added information. I hope this "qualifies" for you, if so, kindly withdraw your objection. Thank you.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 08:53, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== Speaking Of Worldwide Playing - Here's Ari's 2006 Gig List ==

From the aformentioned Web Site

2006 Gig Dates:

Jan 2 Smalls, NYC AH Group with Francois Moutin, JM Pilc
Jan 6 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Jm Pilc, Danton Boller
Jan 7 Smalls, NYC Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Jm Pilc, Danton Boller
Jan 9 Smalls, NYC Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Kenny Werner
Jan 13 IAJE NYC Jean Michel Pilc Trio
Jan 14 IAJE NYC Kenny Werner Trio
Jan 16 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig and Punk Bop
Jan 17 55 Bar Lage Lund Band
Jan 19 Smalls NYC Gilad Hekselman
Jan 23 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig Trio
Jan 25 Temple University Masterclass
Jan 27,28 Mexico City Kenny Werner Trio
Jan 30 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig Trio

*SNIP*
[[User:Elomis|Elomis]] 09:08, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Nov 18 Madrid,Sp Clamores club Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Jean Michel Pilc and Johannes Weidenmueller
Nov 20 Smalls Ari Hoenig Trio with J Kreisberg and M Penman
Nov 21 Clarence Smith Performing Arts Center, Maryland Ari Hoenig Trio with J Kreisberg and M Penman
Nov 24 Enghien Les Bains Bojan Z Trio
Nov 25 Bremen Bojan Z Trio
Nov 26-Dec5 Scandenavian tour. Venues TBA Ari Hoenig Trio
Dec6-Dec 22 Italian Tour. Venues TBA Kenny Werner Trio

That qualify?

== Once again ==

I didn't spam your page...I simply posted one of the most extensive and world-ranging gig lists you'll see for ANY musician anywhere, as an FYI.

Based on your criteria, hundreds of jazz musicians would never "rate" a page on Wikipedia because they weren't famous enough to someone sitting in Australia who apparently knows almost nothing about about the music in question. Thank whomever your criteria doesn't generally apply. In my spare time I write for a major U.S. newspaper group and I try like mad to know what I'm talking about before I publish anything anywhere. Hoening is a band leader and recording artist of note to those who know the music, and want to learn more about it, and Wikipedia is a deserving place to do so.

Yes...the idea is for you to research, at least click a link before you flame my entry as unqualified - I'd never dream of doing that for something I knew nothing about. It's unneccessary to rework every musicians career into an extended Wiki article right off the bat, but if others want to that know more...I thought that was the idea of this whole project.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 09:20, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== Not Quite ==

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Hoenig

The above is a link for the Italian Wikipedia entry on Ari Hoenig. Seems Wikipedia Italy thinks he's significant enough - he must have spent some time in Europe.

I have reviewed the guidelines on music submissions you were kind enough to link and the content now provided more than meets said standards. I contested your request and my page is in limbo - again, please inform the adminstrators you wish your removal request be dropped. There is simply no need for me (or anyone else) to need to spend hours researching a subject to prove to whomever what is easily discoverable through any major Web search engine, for those that bother to look, especially if the contestee has no first-hand knowledge of the subject matter. Again, fortunately, the vast majority of jazz artist pages on Wikipedia do not have to go through this, nor should they.

Please remove your request and miscategorization of this artist. Thank you.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 10:35, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== RE: High Five ==

Hey, thanks! — [[User:NMChico24|'''NM''']][[User_talk:NMChico24|'''Chico''']][[Special:Contributions/NMChico24|'''24''']] [[Image:Flag of New Mexico.svg|25px]] 21:46, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

== GRC and answers.com ==

I have removed your notice because Answers.com mirrors wikipedia.

As they state at the bottom of the GRC article on answers.com: "This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)"

Cheers. --[[User:Falcorian|Falcorian]] [[User_talk:Falcorian|(talk)]] 23:31, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

== Your prod of [[Neros Empire]] ==

I contested your prod of [[Neros Empire]]. It was originally a very large section of [[Choujinki Metalder]] that had, in my opinion, grown too large to remain a part of the main article, so I split it off. My apologies for not adding sufficient context to the new article (I originally just copy/pasted the section and bolded the title). That has since been corrected. [[User:Jgp|jgp]] [[User_talk:Jgp|T]][[Special:Contributions/Jgp|C]] 06:51, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

== [[Unrest in the Midwest]] ==

This is an article for an issue of A Day In The Air zine which is additionally a forthcoming record release. The article is notable on the basis that the zine is notable and that the article [[Iowahardcore.com(pilation)]] is notable and has not been contested. This article is definitely a stub and more information needs to be included as is made available. [[User:Xsxex|Xsxex]] 07:16, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

What is the criteria for a notable zine? I think the article on A Day In The Air is a model article for a notable zine. How many articles on zines are even on wikipedia? I think there are very few compared to how many zines are and have been published. Again, Im not going to even argue that this is an article for a musician because the first issue is whether or not A Day In The Air is a notable zine. Also, please sign your comments using 4 [[tilde]]s. I have been an active wikipedia user for over three years. [[User:Xsxex|Xsxex]] 07:25, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

== [[Orb (Software)]] ==
Hi, I think the article about Orb shouldn't be deleted. Orb is a well known streaming software. There are tons of blogs and reviews on it and it's always mentioned at the free alternative to the [[Slingbox]] in the press. Seeing all other Web 2.0 sites that have and article, it seems right to have one for Orb too, I'm sure other Orb users will enhance the article. --[[User:Webdude0|Webdude0]] 07:34, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the explanation. I gave it another try, let me know your thoughts. Cheers, --[[User:Webdude0|Webdude0]] 02:55, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

== [[Parallon SLA Reporter for HP Openview]] ==

Do you know something about this product that I don't? If so, I will remove the speedy and replace with suitable clean-up tags. [[User:Bubba hotep|Bubba]] [[User talk:Bubba hotep|hot]][[Special:Contributions/Bubba hotep|ep]] 20:29, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

== Non-notable band comments. ==

Yes, they keep popping up all over the place! I do wish them well and tell them about Myspace if they don't already know. Perhaps one of them will make it back as a notable band one day! Regards, [[User talk:(aeropagitica)|(aeropagitica)]] 22:22, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

User talk:Elomis

2006-10-29T23:31:56Z

Python187:

==Fierce Panda==
Fierce Panda contains many large bands such as Coldplay and Keane. I am in the process of creating it. If you dont mind I will remove the tag.

== MEGATON article... ==

Heya!

Just wanted to note that, yeah, in it's current form, the MEGATON article is... lacking. Eventually, I hope to see it filled out though. Thanks for stopping by. -UB

== Ari Hoening Article ==
The article on Ari Hoenig was actually requested on the Wikipedia Musicians list needing bios. The mere fact you're not familiar with Hoenig doesn't mean he's a "garage band" for your rage. Get a life.

== Ari Hoering ==

No it doesn't, other things do.
There's extensive guidelines on what constitutes notability and even extended specific ones as they relate to music and musicians, Ari Hoering doesn't fit them as notable enough to sufficiently warrant their own article. Perhaps rather than trolling at me here are some things you might consider to sate the request for the article and obviously your own desire to create it.

* I'm not sure what sort of music Ari does, but consider a section on them in the article for that genre.
* If there's an article about the music scene of the area they play in, consider mentioning them in there.
* If there is any festival or forum in which they have played which is notable enough to have it's own article, consider adding content about Ari Hoering to it.

My userpage states my position on this stuff, it doesn't mean that I don't believe Ari Hoering belongs on the Wikipedia, it means that I (and the administrator that accepted my nomination of it as a [[Wikipedia:CSD|CSD]] agreed) have helped out keep the Wikipedia encyclopedic by flagging what I felt was an article about someone not notable enough to stand alone.

Thanks for dropping by.

[[User:Elomis|Elomis]] 07:48, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your comments - the orginal article mentioned Hoenig was a ''jazz'' drummer. He plays all over the world in addition to New York, is that a large enough "scene"? I've added some more detail as well, but the main link I had initially provided to his his Web site has a ton of information for those who actually are interested. I've also added Wiki links to a number of other musicians that have pages already. As I said, I happened to see his name on a list of people bios had been requested for, and smiply tried to fill that need, as I met him at a concert a few months ago. There's also an added link from a leading drummer Web site with added information. I hope this "qualifies" for you, if so, kindly withdraw your objection. Thank you.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 08:44, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== [[Bernice Hansen]] ==

I happened to see that she was red-linked, and thought somebody ought to say something about her. I love the old Warner cartoons, and I recently got the [[Looney Tunes Golden Collection]], which has 4 volues so far. As I'm meandering through it, I'm finding stuff that's useful for entering in this Looney Tunes / Merrie Melodies series of pages, and the beauty of it is that it's its own source. Here's another useful source [http://www.conmicro.cx/~eocostello/wbcc/eowbcc-glossary.html], and now that I've entered the Hansen section ''before'' reading about it on this site, I've got some egg on my face, as there seems to be some doubt about Hansen's part in the "Sniffles" series. That's the annoying thing about the Warner cartoons: they only credit Mel Blanc, who was by no means the only voice. Many of the voices are identifiable, but some of the early ones are hard to pin down. Now I wonder what I should do about the article. I'll have to let it stand for now, maybe with a caveat. I've thought maybe there should be a category for Warner cartoon voices. Maybe there is one, I'll have to see. I don't do much with categories, as I find they are a constant source of debate and conflict, and I just don't have time for that. [[User:Wahkeenah|Wahkeenah]] 08:20, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
*I made some changes to express some doubt. In effect, wikipedia is currently contradicting itself on this matter, which is not exactly a first. This kind of opens a can of worms, but it also opens the door to further research. [[User:Wahkeenah|Wahkeenah]] 08:32, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
*There are already categories called "Looney Tunes people" and "Looney Tunes voices". That's the ticket. [[User:Wahkeenah|Wahkeenah]] 08:39, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== Ari Hoenig Reply/Update ==

Thanks for your comments - the orginal article mentioned Hoenig was a ''jazz'' drummer. He plays all over the world in addition to New York, is that a large enough "scene"? His Web site includes positive reviews and quotes from major jazz publications and newspapers worldwide. I've added some more detail as well, but the main link I had initially provided to his his Web site has a ton of information for those who actually are interested. I've also added Wiki links to a number of other musicians that have pages here already. As I said, I happened to see his name on a list of people bios had been requested for, and smiply tried to fill that need, as I met him at a concert a few months ago and talked to him there. There's also an added link from a leading drummer Web site with added information. I hope this "qualifies" for you, if so, kindly withdraw your objection. Thank you.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 08:53, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== Speaking Of Worldwide Playing - Here's Ari's 2006 Gig List ==

From the aformentioned Web Site

2006 Gig Dates:

Jan 2 Smalls, NYC AH Group with Francois Moutin, JM Pilc
Jan 6 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Jm Pilc, Danton Boller
Jan 7 Smalls, NYC Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Jm Pilc, Danton Boller
Jan 9 Smalls, NYC Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Kenny Werner
Jan 13 IAJE NYC Jean Michel Pilc Trio
Jan 14 IAJE NYC Kenny Werner Trio
Jan 16 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig and Punk Bop
Jan 17 55 Bar Lage Lund Band
Jan 19 Smalls NYC Gilad Hekselman
Jan 23 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig Trio
Jan 25 Temple University Masterclass
Jan 27,28 Mexico City Kenny Werner Trio
Jan 30 Smalls NYC Ari Hoenig Trio

*SNIP*
[[User:Elomis|Elomis]] 09:08, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Nov 18 Madrid,Sp Clamores club Ari Hoenig Trio w/ Jean Michel Pilc and Johannes Weidenmueller
Nov 20 Smalls Ari Hoenig Trio with J Kreisberg and M Penman
Nov 21 Clarence Smith Performing Arts Center, Maryland Ari Hoenig Trio with J Kreisberg and M Penman
Nov 24 Enghien Les Bains Bojan Z Trio
Nov 25 Bremen Bojan Z Trio
Nov 26-Dec5 Scandenavian tour. Venues TBA Ari Hoenig Trio
Dec6-Dec 22 Italian Tour. Venues TBA Kenny Werner Trio

That qualify?

== Once again ==

I didn't spam your page...I simply posted one of the most extensive and world-ranging gig lists you'll see for ANY musician anywhere, as an FYI.

Based on your criteria, hundreds of jazz musicians would never "rate" a page on Wikipedia because they weren't famous enough to someone sitting in Australia who apparently knows almost nothing about about the music in question. Thank whomever your criteria doesn't generally apply. In my spare time I write for a major U.S. newspaper group and I try like mad to know what I'm talking about before I publish anything anywhere. Hoening is a band leader and recording artist of note to those who know the music, and want to learn more about it, and Wikipedia is a deserving place to do so.

Yes...the idea is for you to research, at least click a link before you flame my entry as unqualified - I'd never dream of doing that for something I knew nothing about. It's unneccessary to rework every musicians career into an extended Wiki article right off the bat, but if others want to that know more...I thought that was the idea of this whole project.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 09:20, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== Not Quite ==

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Hoenig

The above is a link for the Italian Wikipedia entry on Ari Hoenig. Seems Wikipedia Italy thinks he's significant enough - he must have spent some time in Europe.

I have reviewed the guidelines on music submissions you were kind enough to link and the content now provided more than meets said standards. I contested your request and my page is in limbo - again, please inform the adminstrators you wish your removal request be dropped. There is simply no need for me (or anyone else) to need to spend hours researching a subject to prove to whomever what is easily discoverable through any major Web search engine, for those that bother to look, especially if the contestee has no first-hand knowledge of the subject matter. Again, fortunately, the vast majority of jazz artist pages on Wikipedia do not have to go through this, nor should they.

Please remove your request and miscategorization of this artist. Thank you.

[[User:Tvccs|Tvccs]] 10:35, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

== RE: High Five ==

Hey, thanks! — [[User:NMChico24|'''NM''']][[User_talk:NMChico24|'''Chico''']][[Special:Contributions/NMChico24|'''24''']] [[Image:Flag of New Mexico.svg|25px]] 21:46, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

== GRC and answers.com ==

I have removed your notice because Answers.com mirrors wikipedia.

As they state at the bottom of the GRC article on answers.com: "This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)"

Cheers. --[[User:Falcorian|Falcorian]] [[User_talk:Falcorian|(talk)]] 23:31, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

== Your prod of [[Neros Empire]] ==

I contested your prod of [[Neros Empire]]. It was originally a very large section of [[Choujinki Metalder]] that had, in my opinion, grown too large to remain a part of the main article, so I split it off. My apologies for not adding sufficient context to the new article (I originally just copy/pasted the section and bolded the title). That has since been corrected. [[User:Jgp|jgp]] [[User_talk:Jgp|T]][[Special:Contributions/Jgp|C]] 06:51, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

== [[Unrest in the Midwest]] ==

This is an article for an issue of A Day In The Air zine which is additionally a forthcoming record release. The article is notable on the basis that the zine is notable and that the article [[Iowahardcore.com(pilation)]] is notable and has not been contested. This article is definitely a stub and more information needs to be included as is made available. [[User:Xsxex|Xsxex]] 07:16, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

What is the criteria for a notable zine? I think the article on A Day In The Air is a model article for a notable zine. How many articles on zines are even on wikipedia? I think there are very few compared to how many zines are and have been published. Again, Im not going to even argue that this is an article for a musician because the first issue is whether or not A Day In The Air is a notable zine. Also, please sign your comments using 4 [[tilde]]s. I have been an active wikipedia user for over three years. [[User:Xsxex|Xsxex]] 07:25, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

== [[Orb (Software)]] ==
Hi, I think the article about Orb shouldn't be deleted. Orb is a well known streaming software. There are tons of blogs and reviews on it and it's always mentioned at the free alternative to the [[Slingbox]] in the press. Seeing all other Web 2.0 sites that have and article, it seems right to have one for Orb too, I'm sure other Orb users will enhance the article. --[[User:Webdude0|Webdude0]] 07:34, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the explanation. I gave it another try, let me know your thoughts. Cheers, --[[User:Webdude0|Webdude0]] 02:55, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

== [[Parallon SLA Reporter for HP Openview]] ==

Do you know something about this product that I don't? If so, I will remove the speedy and replace with suitable clean-up tags. [[User:Bubba hotep|Bubba]] [[User talk:Bubba hotep|hot]][[Special:Contributions/Bubba hotep|ep]] 20:29, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

== Non-notable band comments. ==

Yes, they keep popping up all over the place! I do wish them well and tell them about Myspace if they don't already know. Perhaps one of them will make it back as a notable band one day! Regards, [[User talk:(aeropagitica)|(aeropagitica)]] 22:22, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-29T23:29:25Z

Python187:

{{db-band}}

*[[(x) is greater than (y)]]
*[[Absent Kid]]
*[[Agent Blue]]
*[[Alterkicks]]
*[[Apartment]]
*[[Art Brut]]
*[[Atlantic Dash]]
*[[Battle]]
*[[Blackbud]]
*[[Boy Kill Boy]]
*[[Cablecar]]
*[[Capdown]]
*[[Coldplay]]
*[[David Ford]]
*[[Dead Disco]]
*[[Death Cab for Cutie]]
*[[Further]]
*[[Gledhill]]
*[[Hot Puppies]]
*[[iLiKETRAiNS]]
*[[Kari Kleiv]]
*[[Keane]]
*[[Lapsus Linguae]]
*[[Make Good Your Escape]]
*[[My Architects]]
*[[Polyphonic Spree]]
*[[Seafood]]
*[[Shitdisco]]
*[[Simple Kid]]
*[[sixbyseven]]
*[[The Blackout]]
*[[The Disappiontments]]
*[[The Drama]]
*[[The Features]]
*[[The Immediate]]
*[[The Revelations]]
*[[The Vacation]]
*[[This Girl]]
*[[Winnebago Deal]]
*[[Wreckless Eric]]
*[[YMSS]]

List of Fierce Panda Records artists

2006-10-29T23:26:14Z

Python187:

*(x) is greater than (y)
*Absent Kid
*Agent Blue
*Alterkicks
*Apartment
*Art Brut
*Atlantic Dash
*Battle
*Blackbud
*Boy Kill Boy
*Cablecar
*Capdown
*Coldplay
*David Ford
*Dead Disco
*Death Cab for Cutie
*Further
*Gledhill
*Hot Puppies
*iLiKETRAiNS
*Kari Kleiv
*Keane
*Lapsus Linguae
*Make Good Your Escape
*My Architects
*Polyphonic Spree
*Seafood
*Shitdisco
*Simple Kid
*sixbyseven
*The Blackout
*The Disappiontments
*The Drama
*The Features
*The Immediate
*The Revelations
*The Vacation
*This Girl
*Winnebago Deal
*Wreckless Eric
*YMSS

Fierce Panda Records

2006-10-29T23:23:11Z

Python187:

'''Fierce Panda Records''' is a [[London]], [[England]] based [[independent record label]].

They had their first release in February of [[1994]]. That year they produced a small amount of releases by now famous artists such as [[Ash (band)|Ash]], [[The Bluetones]], [[Baby Bird]] and [[Supergrass]]. Fierce Panda is also credited with releases by [[Coldplay]], [[Seafood (band)|Seafood]], [[Art Brut (band)|Art Brut]], [[Embrace]], [[Kenickie]], [[Keane (band)|Keane]], [[Death Cab for Cutie (band)|Death Cab for Cutie]], [[The Polyphonic Spree]] and [[Boy Kill Boy]].

In the autumn of [[1997]] Fierce Panda formed the sub-label [[Rabid Badger Records]] to release more [[dance (music)|Dance]] oriented music, and in spring [[1998]] the sub-label [[Livid Meerkat]] to put out [[post-rock]] music.

Fierce Panda is especially known for [[compilation album]]s and EPs, whose titles are mainly [[puns]], often [[in-jokes]].

== See also ==
* [[List of record labels]]
* [[List of independent UK record labels]]
* [[Fierce Panda Records compilations]]
* [[List of bands signed to Fierce Panda Records]]

==External links==
* [http://www.fiercepanda.co.uk Official site]
* [http://www.fiercepanda.co.uk/public_html/meerkat_pages/meerkat_main.htm Livid Meerkat Official Site]
* [http://www.fiercepanda.co.uk/public_html/badger_pages/badger_main.htm Rabid Badger Official Site]

[[Category:British record labels]]
[[Category:Independent record labels]]
[[Category:1994 establishments]]

Shitdisco

2006-10-29T23:21:19Z

Python187: Wording

'''SHITDISCO''' are a band from [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]. They were formed in [[2003]] while studying at the Glasgow School of Art. They describe themselves as "[[disco]]-[[house music|house]]/[[punk rock|punk]]" although they have been closely tied to the [[New Rave]] movement alongside bands such as [[Klaxons]]. Their first single "Disco Blood/I Know Kung Fu" was released in December 2005 and sold out quickly. They are signed to record label [[Fierce Panda Records|Fierce Panda]]. Shitdisco released their new single "Reactor Party" in October 2006 and charted at no.73 in the UK charts with the help of their underground following and a campaign on thehuddleboard.com.

Until they were evicted in summer 2006, the band held free parties in a large delapadated house on Glasgow's West Princes Street, known locally as '61.' They have attracted a reputation for organising and playing free parties and raves in peculiar places; including squats, streets, abandoned railway tunnels and club toilets.

The group have been compared to [[Talking Heads]] and [[The Rapture]], but admit influences ranging from [[Elvis]], [[Donna Summer]] and [[Arthur Russell]], [[The Prodigy]] to [[Gang of Four]] and [[The Clash]].

== Band Members ==
* '''Joel Stone''' - Bass, Guitar, Vocals
* '''Joe Reeves''' - Bass, Guitar, Vocals
* '''Jan Lee''' - Bass, Keyboards, Backing Vocals
* '''Darren Cullen''' - Drums

==Discography==

=== Singles ===

*''Disco Blood/I Know Kung Fu'' (2005)
*''Reactor Party'' (2006)

== References ==

* {{cite web | author=James Masterton | title=UK Singles Chart | work=Launch | url=http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/c/uk/single_charts.html | accessdate=29 October | accessyear=2006 }}

==See also==

*[[New Rave]]
*[[Klaxons]]

==Reviews==

* [http://living.scotsman.com/music.cfm?id=378882006 Review, March 2006 in Edinburgh] - from The Scotsman
* [http://www.gigwise.com/contents.asp?contentid=14762 Review, 16/03/06 @ The Barfly, Liverpool] - from gigwise online

==External links==

*[http://www.shitdisco.co.uk Shitdisco Official Site]
*[http://www.myspace.com/shitdisco Shitdisco Myspace]

[[Category: Scottish musical groups|Shitdisco]]
[[Category: 2000s music groups|Shitdisco]]
[[Category: Dance-punk musical groups|Shitdisco]]
[[Category: Rock music groups|Shitdisco]]

{{UK-band-stub}}

Dance music

2006-10-24T23:24:00Z

Python187:

:''This article refers to modern music made for dancing. For music which accompanies the various disciplines of "dance", see [[dancing music]].
'''Dance music''' is a style of [[popular music]] commonly played in dance music [[nightclub]]s, radio stations and shows and raves. The term dance music is usually used for more commercial forms of [[Electronic dance music]]. However, both dance music and electronic dance music are made [[electronic music|electronically]] for dancing. Styles include [[house music|house]], [[Drum and bass|jungle]], [[hip house]], and many others. Associated with dance music are usually commercial forms that may not easily be pidgeonholed, for example "The Power" by [[Snap!]] and "Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)" by [[C+C Music Factory]]. Those tracks are characterised by mixing dance music and hip hop. The chorus usually derives from disco music, the music itself consists mainly of very danceable hip hop beats.
{{music-genre-stub}}
==External links==

* [http://www.dancefrontdoor.co.uk/ DanceFrontDoor] - Dance music news and reviews site
* [http://www.365mag.com/ 365Mag] - 365Mag is an e-zine about electronic music
* [http://www.fantazia.org.uk/ Fantazia Rave Site] - Dance music information / Profiles and more
* [http://www.ilikemusic.com/dance/ Dance music page on ilikemusic.com]
* [http://www.ministryofsound.com Ministry Of Sound]
* [http://www.residentadvisor.net/ Resident Advisor] - RA is an online dance music magazine.
* [http://www.realdanceradio.com/ RealDanceRadio.com] - Online Dance Portal and Internet Radio Station
* [http://www.idmforums.com/ Intelligent Dance Music Forums] - Upfront Dance Music Chat
* [http://www.danxe.com/ Danxe.com] - Asia dance music, clubbing guide.

[[hr:Dance]]
[[it:Musica dance]]
[[fi:Dance]]

[[Category:Dance music|*]]

User:Python187

2006-10-20T22:25:52Z

Python187:

{{user en}}

{{User British English}}

{{user MontyPython}}

{{user all IM}}

{{User Chat Babes}}

{{user last.fm}}

{{User MySpace}}

{{User:Menasim/Userboxes/User Google}}

{{User Save Jeeves}}

{{User Wikipedia reference}}

{{User:Menasim/Userboxes/User Gmail}}

{{user LimeWire}}

{{User:Feureau/UserBox/Azureus}}

{{User p2p}}

{{user browser:PrefersFirefox}}

{{User AMD}}

{{user broadband}}

{{User Carnivore}}

{{User card games|poker|aces}}

{{User Sega Mega Drive/Genesis}}

{{User CS:S}}

{{User:The Raven's Apprentice/Userboxes/User Metric}}

{{User all music}}

{{user audiophile}}

{{User:Xaosflux/UBX/User Cowbell}}

{{User no ipod}}

{{User:Porsche997SBS/Userboxes/User MissesPluto}}

{{User snooker}}

{{User pen spinner}}

{{User politics}}

{{user Scout}}

{{User BBC Radio 1}}

{{User:Canaen/Template:User Scottish}}

{{user Glasgow}}

{{User time zone|GMT}}

{{user ubx-c}}

User:Python187

2006-10-20T01:07:34Z

Python187:

User:Python187

2006-10-14T23:55:16Z

Python187:

http://www.myspace.com/pete_l

<a href="http://www.last.fm/user/Pete187/?chartstyle=basic10"><img src="http://imagegen.last.fm/basic10/artists/5/Pete187.gif" border="0" /></a>

H.M.S. Pinafore

2006-10-01T19:59:11Z

Python187: formatting edit

{| style="float: right;"
|{{Gilbert&Sullivan opera|
| name =H.M.S. Pinafore
| image =Circa-1879-D'Oyly-Carte-HMS-Pinafore-from-Library-of-Congress.jpg
| first performed = 25 May, [[1878]]
|}}
|}
{{wikisource}}

'''''H.M.S. Pinafore''''', ''or The Lass that Loved a Sailor'', is a [[comic opera]] in two acts, with music by [[Arthur Sullivan]] and [[libretto]] by [[W. S. Gilbert]]. It is one of the [[Savoy Opera]]s, and the first big hit by [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]. It opened at the [[Opera Comique]], [[London]], on [[May 25]] [[1878]] for a run of 578 performances, which was nearly unprecedented for a musical theatre piece. This work was Gilbert and Sullivan's fourth operatic collaboration.

Drawing on several of his earlier "[[Bab Ballads|bab ballad]]" poems, Gilbert imbued ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' with mirth and silliness to spare. The opera's gentle satire reprises and builds on a theme introduced in ''[[The Sorcerer]]'' – love between members of different social classes. The opera also pokes good-natured fun at the [[Royal Navy]] and, in themes to be repeated in the later operas, parliamentary politics and the rise of unqualified people to positions of authority. The title of the work itself is humorous, as it juxtaposes the name of a little girl's garment, [[pinafore]], with the symbol of a naval war ship.

The plot revolves around a middle-class naval captain's daughter who is in love with a lower-class foremast hand (a common sailor, well below officer rank), even though she is betrothed to the upper-class First Lord of the Admiralty, the government official in charge of the Royal Navy. As with most of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, a surprise twist changes everything dramatically near the end of the story.

==Background==
''Pinafore'' suffered a shaky start to its run (generally held to be due to a heatwave emptying theatres that summer). It received lukewarm reviews in the press, and ticket sales were poor. Carte's four producing partners of The Comedy Opera Company lost confidence in the opera's viability and posted closing notices. Carte persuaded the author and composer that a business partnership among the three of them would be profitable. He used the enforced closure of the Opéra Comique for repairs to evoke a contract clause reverting the rights of Pinafore and Sorcerer to Gilbert and Sullivan, who entrusted them to him.

Several months later, after Sullivan used some of the music during a successful [[The Proms|Promenade Concert]] at [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]], ''Pinafore'' became a smash hit. Carte's disgruntled former partners, who had each invested in the production with no return, staged a public fracas sending a group of thugs to seize the scenery during a performance. Stagehands successfully managed to ward off their backstage attackers and protect the scenery. Carte's former partners then staged a rival simultaneous production of ''H.M.S.Pinafore'', which was not as popular as the D'Oyly Carte production. The matter was settled in court, where a judge ruled in Carte's favour.

Pinafore became a source of popular quotations, such as the exchange:

:"What, never?"
:"No, never!"
:"What, ''never?''"
:"Well, hardly ever!"

Also popular was the verse:

:For in spite of all temptations
:To belong to other nations
:He remains an Englishman.

Popular songs include:

* "I'm called Little Buttercup" (a solo introducing the round and rosy, but mysterious nurse who later confesses to switching the babies)
* "A British tar" (a [[glee (music)|glee]] describing the ideal sailor, composed by Sir Joseph, as he put it, "to encourage independent thought and action in the lower branches of the service, and to teach the principle that a British sailor is any man's equal, excepting mine")
* "Never mind the why and wherefore" (a trio for the Captain, Josephine, and Sir Joseph)
* Sir Joseph's [[patter song]] "When I was a lad" (a brazen satire on the career of [[William Henry Smith (politician)|William Henry Smith]], the newsagent who had risen to the position of [[First Lord of the Admiralty]] in [[1877]]).

''Pinafore'' was pirated so much in the [[United States]] that Gilbert and Sullivan made a special effort to claim American rights for their next work, ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]'', by giving the official premiere in New York.

''Pinafore'' remains one of Gilbert and Sullivan's most popular works, perhaps because of its infectious tunes and generally well-constructed libretto.

==Roles==
*The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Porter, [[Order of the Bath|KCB]], First Lord of the [[Admiralty]] (comic [[baritone]])
*Captain Corcoran, Commander of the H.M.S. ''Pinafore'' (lyric [[baritone]])
*Ralph (''pronounced "Raif"'') Rackstraw, Able Seaman ([[tenor]])
*Dick Deadeye, Able Seaman ([[bass-baritone]])
*Bill Bobstay, Boatswain's Mate (first mate) ([[baritone]])
*Bob Becket, Carpenter's Mate ([[bass (vocal range)|bass]])
*Josephine, The Captain's Daughter ([[soprano]])
*Cousin Hebe, Sir Joseph's First Cousin ([[mezzo-soprano]])
*Mrs. Cripps (Little Buttercup), A Portsmouth Bumboat Woman ([[contralto]])
*Chorus of First Lord's Sisters, His Cousins, His Aunts, Sailors, Marines, Etc.

==Synopsis==
[[Image:Circa-1879-D'Oyly-Carte-HMS-Pinafore-from-Library-of-Congress2.jpg|thumb|An early poster for a D'Oyly Carte production.]]
=== Act I ===
''H.M.S. Pinafore'' is in port at [[Portsmouth]]. It is noontime, and the sailors are on the quarterdeck, "cleaning brasswork, splicing rope, etc."

Little Buttercup, a Portsmouth "bumboat woman" (dockside vendor) — so-named because she is the "rosiest, roundest, and reddest beauty in all Spithead" — comes on board to sell her wares. She hints that she is hiding a dark secret. The Boatswain disbelieves her, but the villainous and ugly Dick Deadeye says he's often thought that.

Ralph Rackstraw, "the smartest lad in all the fleet," enters, declaring his love for the Captain's daughter, Josephine. His fellow sailors (excepting Dick) offer their sympathies, but can give Ralph little hope that his love will ever be returned.

The Captain greets his crew and compliments them on their politeness, saying that he returns the compliment by never (well, hardly ever) using bad language, such as "a big, big D." After the sailors have left, the Captain complains to Little Buttercup that Josephine has not taken kindly to a marriage proposal from Sir Joseph Porter, the First Lord of the Admiralty. Buttercup says that she knows how it feels to love vain. As she leaves, the Captain remarks that she is "a plump and pleasing person." Josephine enters and confesses to her father that she loves a common sailor, but she is a dutiful daughter and will marry Sir Joseph as her father wishes.

Sir Joseph comes on board, accompanied by his sisters, cousins, and aunts. After telling everyone how he came to be "ruler of the Queen's Navee," he delivers a lesson in etiquette. He tells the Captain that he must always say "if you please" after an order; for, as he says, "A British sailor is any man's equal – excepting mine." He has composed a song to illustrate that point, and he gives a copy of it to Ralph.

Elated by Sir Joseph's views on equality, Ralph decides that he will confess his love to Josephine. His shipmates approve heartily, except for Dick, who is forced to listen to Sir Joseph's song before the sailors exit, leaving Ralph alone. Josephine now enters, and Ralph confesses his love. Although she finds Sir Joseph's attentions nauseating, she knows she is obligated to marry him. Keeping her feelings to herself, she haughtily rejects Ralph's advances.

Ralph summons his shipmates, and tells them he is bent on suicide. He puts a pistol to his head, but as he is about to pull the trigger, Josephine enters, proclaiming she loves him after all. Ralph and Josephine plan to sneak ashore to get married that night. Dick Deadeye warns them that their actions will lead to trouble, but he is ignored by the joyous ensemble.

===Act II===
Later that night, under a full moon, Captain Corcoran confesses his concerns: all his friends are deserting him, and Sir Joseph has threatened a court-martial. Little Buttercup offers sympathy. He tells her that, if it were not for the difference in their social standing, he would have returned her affections. She prophecies that things are not all as they seem, and that a change is in store, but he does not understand her.

Sir Joseph enters, and complains that Josephine has not yet agreed to marry him. The Captain speculates that she is probably dazzled by his superior rank, and that if he can persuade her that "love levels all ranks," she will accept his proposal. When Sir Joseph makes this argument, a delighted Josephine says that she is convinced. The Captain and Sir Joseph rejoice, but Josephine, in an aside, admits that she is now more determined than ever to marry Ralph.

Dick Deadeye intercepts the Captain, and tells him of the lovers' plans to elope. The Captain confronts Ralph and Josephine as they try to leave the ship. The pair declare their love, adding that "I am (He is) an Englishman!" The furious Captain is unmoved, and says, "Why, damme, it's too bad!" Sir Joseph and his relatives, who have overheard, are shocked to hear swearing on board a ship, and Sir Joseph orders the Captain to his cabin.

When Sir Joseph asks what had provoked this outburst, Ralph replies that it was his declaration of love for Josephine. Furious in his turn at this revelation, Sir Joseph has Ralph put in chains and taken to the ship's dungeon. Little Buttercup now reveals her secret. Years before, when she was a [[Baby-farming|nursemaid]], she had cared for two babies, one "of low condition," the other "a regular patrician." She confesses that she "mixed those children up and not a creature knew it.... The wellborn babe was Ralph; your Captain was the other."

Sir Joseph now realizes that Ralph should have been the Captain, and the Captain should have been Ralph. He summons both, and they emerge wearing one another's uniforms: Ralph is now middle-class, and in command of the ''Pinafore'', while the former Captain is now a common sailor. Sir Joseph's marriage with Josephine is now impossible. As he explains it, "love levels all ranks...to a considerable extent, but it does not level them as much as that." He gives her to now-Captain Rackstraw. The former Captain, with his rank reduced, is free to marry Buttercup. Sir Joseph settles for his cousin Hebe, and all ends in general rejoicing.

==Musical numbers==
* Overture
===Act I===
* 1. "We sail the ocean blue" (Sailors)
* 2. "Hail! men-o'-war's men" ... "I'm called Little Buttercup" (Buttercup)
* 2a. "But tell me who's the youth" (Buttercup and Boatswain)
* 3. "The nightingale" (Ralph and Chorus of Sailors)
* 3a. "A maiden fair to see" (Ralph and Chorus of Sailors)
* 4. "My gallant crew, good morning" (Captain Corcoran and Chorus of Sailors)
* 4a. "Sir, you are sad" (Buttercup and Captain Corcoran)
* 5. "Sorry her lot who loves too well" (Josephine)
* 5a. Cut song: "Reflect, my child" (Captain Corcoran and Josephine)
* 6. "Over the bright blue sea" (Chorus of Female Relatives)
* 7. "Sir Joseph's barge is seen" (Chorus of Sailors and Female Relatives)
* 8. "Now give three cheers" (Captain Corcoran, Sir Joseph, Cousin Hebe, and Chorus)
* 9. "When I was a lad" (Sir Joseph and Chorus)
* 9a. "For I hold that on the sea" (Sir Joseph, Cousin Hebe, and Chorus)
* 10. "A British tar" (Ralph, Boatswain, Carpenter's Mate, and Chorus of Sailors)
* 11. "Refrain, audacious tar" (Josephine and Ralph)
* 12. Finale, Act I: "Can I survive this overbearing?"

===Act II===
(Entr'acte)

* 13. "Fair moon, to thee I sing" (Captain Corcoran)
* 14. "Things are seldom what they seem" (Buttercup and Captain Corcoran)
* 15. "The hours creep on apace" (Josephine)
* 16. "Never mind the why and wherefore" (Josephine, Captain, and Sir Joseph)
* 17. "Kind Captain, I've important information" (Captain and Dick Deadeye)
* 18. "Carefully on tiptoe stealing" (Soli and Chorus)
* 18a."Pretty daughter of mine" (Captain and Ensemble) and "He is an Englishman" (Boatswain and Ensemble)
* 19. "Farewell, my own" (Ralph, Josephine, Sir Joseph Porter, Buttercup, and Chorus)
* 20. "A many years ago" (Buttercup and Chorus)
* 20a. "Here, take her, sir" (Sir Joseph, Josephine, Ralph, Cousin Hebe, and Chorus)1
* 21. Finale: "Oh joy, oh rapture unforeseen" (Ensemble) 2

1See [[#Recitative preceding the Act II finale|discussion]], below.

2Includes reprises of several songs, concluding with "For he is an Englishman".

==Versions==
===Ballad for Captain Corcoran, "Reflect, my child"===
During rehearsals for the original production, Gilbert added a ballad for Captain Corcoran in which he urged his daughter to forget the common sailor she is in love with, who "at every step...would commit solecisms that society would never pardon." The ballad was meant to be sung between No. 5 and No. 6 of the current score, but was cut before opening night. The words survive in the libretto that was deposited with the Lord Chamberlain for licensing. Before 1999, all that was known to survive of Sullivan's setting was a copy of the leader violin part.

In April 1999, Sullivan scholars Bruce I. Miller and Helga J. Perry announced that they had discovered a nearly complete orchestration – lacking only the second violin part – in a private collection of early band parts. These materials, with a conjectural reconstruction of the lost vocal lines and second violin part, were later published and professionally recorded. [http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/pinafore/html/lost.html] This piece has now been performed a number of times by amateur and professional companies, although it has not become a standard addition to the traditional scores.

===Dialogue for Cousin Hebe===
In the licensing copy of the libretto, Sir Joseph's cousin Hebe had lines of dialogue in several scenes in Act II. In the scene that follows No. 14 ("Things are seldom what they seem"), she accompanied Sir Joseph onstage and echoed the First Lord's dissatisfaction with Josephine. After several interruptions, Sir Joseph urged her to be quiet, eliciting the response "Crushed again!" Gilbert would later re-use this passage for Lady Jane in ''[[Patience]]''. Hebe was also assigned several lines of dialogue after No. 18 ("Carefully on tiptoe stealing"), and again after No. 19 ("Farewell, my own.")

Late in rehearsals for the original production, Jessie Bond assumed the role of Hebe, replacing Mrs. Howard Paul (the original Lady Sangazure in ''[[The Sorcerer]]''). Miss Bond, who at this point in her career was known primarily as a concert singer and had no experience as an actress, did not feel capable of performing dialogue, and these passages were revised to exclude her. Hebe's dialogue is occasionally restored in modern performances, particularly her lines in the scene following No. 14.

===Recitative preceding the Act II finale===
The dialogue preceding the Act II finale, starting with "Here, take her sir, and mind you treat her kindly," was originally recitative. The music for this passage was printed in the first edition of the vocal score as No. 20a. Shortly after opening night, the recitative was dropped, and the lines thereafter were performed as spoken dialogue. The recitative is rarely performed.

==Productions==
From the beginning, ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' has been one of Gilbert and Sullivan's most popular comic operas. After its initial success in London became clear, [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]] dispatched touring companies into the British provinces. There was a company playing ''Pinafore'' under his aegis close to continuously between 1878–88. The opera was then given a rest, returning to the touring repertory again between 1894–1900, and then most of the time between 1903–1940.

In the winter of 1940–41, the scenery and costumes for ''Pinafore'' and three other operas were destroyed in enemy action. The opera spent seven years out of the repertory before a London revival in the summer of 1947. It was then included in the D'Oyly Carte repertory in every season from then on, until the company's closure in 1982.

In America, ''Pinafore'' was an instant success. The first American production was given at the Boston Museum on [[November 25]] [[1878]]. According to Reginald Allen (1979, p. 2), some 150 companies played the opera (all without royalties to the authors) before Gilbert, Sullivan, and D'Oyly Carte arrived to present the "authorised" version, which opened in [[New York City|New York]] on [[December 1]] [[1879]].

The following table shows the history of the D'Oyly Carte productions in Gilbert's lifetime:

{|class="wikitable"
!Theatre!!Opening Date!!Closing Date!!Perfs.!!Details
|-
|rowspan=2|Opera Comique||[[May 25]] [[1878]]||nowrap|[[December 24]] [[1878]]||rowspan=2 align=center|571||rowspan=2|Original run in London. (The theatre was closed between [[December 25]] [[1878]] and [[January 31]] [[1879]].)
|-
|[[January 31]] [[1879]]||[[February 20]] [[1880]]
|-
|Crystal Palace||[[July 6]] [[1878]]||[[July 6]] [[1878]]||align=center|1||Special performance at the Crystal Palace, conducted by Eugene Goosens.
|-
|Fifth Avenue Theatre, New York||[[December 1]] [[1879]]||[[December 27]] [[1879]]||align=center|28||Official production in New York, prior to the opening of ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]''
|-
|nowrap|Opera Comique||nowrap|[[December 16]] [[1879]]||[[March 20]] [[1880]]||align=center|78||rowspan=2|Company of juvenile performers, matinees only. (This company went on a provincial tour between August 2 and December 11, 1880.)
|-
|Opera Comique||[[December 22]] [[1880]]||[[January 28]] [[1881]]||align=center|28
|-
|Savoy Theatre||[[November 12]] [[1887]]||[[March 10]] [[1888]]||align=center|120||First London revival.
|-
|Savoy Theatre||[[June 6]] [[1899]]||[[November 25]] [[1899]]||align=center|174||Second London revival. Played with ''[[Trial by Jury]]'' as a forepiece.
|-
|nowrap|Savoy Theatre||[[July 14]] [[1908]]||[[March 27]] [[1909]]||align=center|61||Second Savoy repertory season; played with five other operas. (Closing date shown is of the entire season.)
|}

==Historical casting==
The following tables show the casts of the principal original productions and D'Oyly Carte Opera Company touring repertory at various times through to the company's 1982 closure:

{|
!Role!!Opera Comique 1878!!New York 1879!!Savoy Theatre 1888!!Savoy Theatre 1899!!Savoy Theatre 1908
|-
|Sir Joseph||[[George Grossmith]]||J. H. Ryley||[[George Grossmith]]||[[Walter Passmore]]||[[Charles H. Workman]]
|-
|Captain Corcoran||[[Rutland Barrington]]||J. Furneaux Cook||[[Rutland Barrington]]||[[Henry Lytton]]||[[Rutland Barrington]]
|-
|Ralph Rackstraw||George Power||Hugh Talbot||J. G. Robertson||[[Robert Evett]]||Henry Herbert
|-
|Dick Deadeye||[[Richard Temple]]||Sgr. Broccolini||[[Richard Temple]]||[[Richard Temple]]||[[Henry Lytton]]
|-
|Boatswain||Fred Clifton||Fred Clifton||Richard Cummings||W. H. Leon||Leicester Tunks
|-
|Carpenter||Mr. Dymott||Mr. Cuthbert||Rudolph Lewis||Powis Pinder||Fred Hewett
|-
|Josephine||Emma Howson||Blanche Roosevelt||[[Geraldine Ulmar]]||Ruth Vincent||Elsie Spain
|-
|Hebe||[[Jessie Bond]]||[[Jessie Bond]]||[[Jessie Bond]]||Emmie Owen||Jessie Rose
|-
|Buttercup||[[Harriett Everard]]||[[Alice Barnett]]||[[Rosina Brandram]]||[[Rosina Brandram]]||Louie Rene
|}

{|
!Role!!D'Oyly Carte 1915 Tour!!D'Oyly Carte 1925 Tour!!D'Oyly Carte 1935 Tour!!D'Oyly Carte 1950 Tour
|-
|Sir Joseph||[[Henry Lytton]]||[[Henry Lytton]]||[[Martyn Green]]||[[Martyn Green]]
|-
|Captain Corcoran||Leicester Tunks||[[Leo Sheffield]]||[[Leslie Rands]]||Richard Watson
|-
|Ralph Rackstraw||Walter Glynne||Charles Goulding||[[John Dean (singer)|John Dean]]||Herbert Newby
|-
|Dick Deadeye||[[Leo Sheffield]]||[[Darrell Fancourt]]||[[Darrell Fancourt]]||[[Darrell Fancourt]]
|-
|Boatswain||Frederick Hobbs||Henry Millidge||[[Richard Walker (singer)|Richard Walker]]||Stanley Youngman
|-
|Carpenter||George Sinclair||Patrick Colbert||[[L. Radley Flynn]]||[[L. Radley Flynn]]
|-
|Josephine||Phyllis Smith||[[Elsie Griffin]]||[[Ann Drummond-Grant]]||Muriel Harding
|-
|Hebe||[[Nellie Briercliffe]]||Aileen Davies||[[Marjorie Eyre]]||Joan Gillingham
|-
|Buttercup||[[Bertha Lewis]]||[[Bertha Lewis]]||Dorothy Gill||[[Ella Halman]]
|}

{|
!Role!!D'Oyly Carte 1958 Tour!!D'Oyly Carte 1965 Tour!!D'Oyly Carte 1975 Tour!!D'Oyly Carte 1982 Tour
|-
|Sir Joseph||[[Peter Pratt]]||[[John Reed (actor)|John Reed]]||[[John Reed (actor)|John Reed]]||James Conroy-Ward
|-
|Captain Corcoran||[[Alan Styler]]||[[Alan Styler]]||Michael Rayner||Clive Harre
|-
|Ralph Rackstraw||[[Thomas Round]]||David Palmer||[[Meston Reid]]||[[Meston Reid]]
|-
|Dick Deadeye||[[Donald Adams]]||[[Donald Adams]]||[[John Ayldon]]||[[John Ayldon]]
|-
|Boatswain||[[George Cook]]||[[George Cook]]||Jon Ellison||Michael Buchan
|-
|Carpenter||Jack Habbick||Anthony Raffell||John Broad||Michael Lessiter
|-
|Josephine||Jean Hindmarsh||Ann Hood||Pamela Field||Vivian Tierney
|-
|Hebe||[[Joyce Wright]]||Pauline Wales||[[Patricia Leonard]]||Roberta Morrell
|-
|Buttercup||[[Ann Drummond-Grant]]||Christene Palmer||Lyndsie Holland||[[Patricia Leonard]]
|}

==Cultural impact==
*In the "[[Cape Feare]]" episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] successfully stalls his would-be killer [[Sideshow Bob]] with a "final request" that Bob sing him the entire libretto of ''H.M.S. Pinafore''.
*The first story of episode #3 of ''[[Animaniacs]]'' ("HMS Yakko") parodies ''Pinafore'' and ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]'' in its story and songs. Also, a ''[[Pinky and the Brain]]'' song called ''Meticulous Analysis of History'' is set to the same tune as "When I was a lad".
*In the film ''[[Star Trek: Insurrection]]'', [[Captain Picard]] and [[Worf|Lt. Commander Worf]] sing lines from "A British Tar" to distract a malfunctioning [[Data (Star Trek)|Lt. Commander Data]].
*The character Sallah in ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' sings ''Pinafore'' tunes such as "A British tar" when he is excited or overjoyed.
*''[[Family Guy]]'''s [[Stewie]], in a [[cutaway]] during the episode "[[The Thin White Line]]", sings a parody of "My gallant crew", playing to frequent references that he's [[homosexuality|gay]]; and he sings the beginning lines to "Now give three cheers" in the movie ''[[Family Guy Presents Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story]]''.
*[[Allan Sherman]] did a parody of the song "When I was a lad" from the point of view of a young man going to an [[Ivy League]] school and then rising to prominence in an advertising agency. At the end he thanks old Yale, he thanks the Lord, and he also thanks his father "who is chairman of the board".
*The song "For he is an Englishman" is referenced both in the title's name and throughout ''[[The West Wing (TV series)|The West Wing]]'' episode "[[And It's Surely To Their Credit]]".
*"For he is an Englishman" is also referenced in the 1984 miniseries ''[[The Jewel in the Crown]]''.
*There is a reference to ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' in the "[[Major General's Song|Major-General's Song]]" (from ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]''), in which the [[Major-General]] asserts that he can "whistle all the airs from that infernal nonsense ''Pinafore''."
*In the [[1978 in film|1978]] comedy movie ''[[Foul Play]]'', when the bad guy is shot at the end, he falls into the rigging of the stage version of the ''H.M.S. Pinafore''.
*In the film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'', the main protagonist, [[Harold Abrahams]], and others from "[[Cambridge]]" are seen singing "For he is an Englishman." This scene is juxtaposed after a scene in which Abrahams is beng grilled by two of the Cambridge dons for being too individualistic.
* In the [[2003 in film| 2003]] fantasy movie ''[[Peter Pan]]'' there is a scene where the Darling Family can be seen singing "When I Was A Lad."

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Reginald|year=1979|location=New York|publisher=The Pierpont Morgan Library}}
* {{cite book|last=Gänzl|first=Kurt|year=1986|title=The British Musical Theatre—Volume I, 1865–1914|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Rollins|first=Cyril|year=1962|coauthors=R. John Witts|title=The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas: A Record of Productions, 1875–1961|location=London|publisher=Michael Joseph}} Also, five supplements, privately printed.

==External links==
* [http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/pinafore/html/pinafore_home.html ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' at The Gilbert & Sullivan Archive]
* [http://www.concentric.net/~Oakapple/gasdisc/pin.htm ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' at The Gilbert & Sullivan Discography]
* [http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/pinafore/html/lost.html Lost ''Pinafore'' Song Found]
* [http://www2.cruzio.com/~keeper/00.html#7 Lyrics] of the ''[[Animaniacs]]'' episode parodying ''H.M.S. Pinafore''
* [http://math.boisestate.edu/gas/whowaswho/index.htm Site containing biographies of the people listed in the historical casting chart]
* [http://www.amiright.com/parody/performers/g/gilbertsullivan.shtml Page linking to numerous ''Pinafore'' song parodies]

{{Gilbert and Sullivan}}

[[Category:Operas by Gilbert and Sullivan]]
[[Category:English-language operas]]
[[Category:Comic operas]]
[[Category:Operas]]

Pirate Party (Sweden)

2006-09-24T23:25:21Z

Python187: /* Political impact */

{{Infobox Swedish Political Party |
party_name = Piratpartiet |
party_logo = [[Image:Piratpartiet.svg|150px|The Pirate Party]] |
leader = [[Rickard Falkvinge]] |
foundation = [[January 1]], [[2006]] |
headquarters = Stockholm, Sweden |
ideology = [[Information freedom]], [[Privacy]] |
international = |
european = |
europarl = |
colours = [[Black]] |
colorcode = #000000 |
website = [http://www.piratpartiet.se/ www.piratpartiet.se] |
}}
{{update}}
The '''Pirate Party''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Piratpartiet'') is a [[political party]] in [[Sweden]]. The party strives to reform laws regarding [[intellectual property]], including [[copyright]], [[patent]] and the protection of design. The agenda also includes support for a strengthening of the right to [[privacy]] (such as private property and private information), both on the [[Internet]] and in everyday life. Since it does not have an agenda on any other issues, the party claims it is not possible to place it anywhere on the left-right scale.<ref>[http://www2.piratpartiet.se/vagmastarstallning "Vågmästarställning"] from piratpartiet.se, ''accessed on [[August 28]], [[2006]]''</ref>

Initially, the party was against [[trademark]] rights, but did an about-face in that question when the first party programme was accepted. It also contained changes to what the party thought about copyright and patent, amongst others. After around a month of existence, the party had gained 900 members, paying the membership fee of 5 [[Swedish krona|Swedish kronor]] (approx. [[United States dollar|US$]]0.69, c.2006), [[Short message service#Premium content|payable by SMS]]. The current board of the party consists of [[Rickard Falkvinge]] (founder), Christian Engström, Fredrike Lantz, Balder Lingegård, Mika Sjöman, and Joakim Lundborg. Former board members include [[Mikael Viborg]] (known as the legal advisor of the [[BitTorrent tracker]] [[The Pirate Bay]]).

== History and founding ==
[[Image:Piratbaten.jpg|thumb|240px|A political poster saying: "We have set sail. Join our maiden voyage September 17." September 17 being the date for the [[Sweden general election, 2006|2006 general election]].]]The website for the Pirate Party was opened [[January 1]], [[2006]] (at 20.30 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]), starting the foundation of the party. Six phases were presented, with phase one being the collection of at least 2,000 signatures (500 more than needed) to be handed over to the [[Swedish Election Authority]] before [[February 4]] (while the absolutely last date would be [[February 28]]), so that the party would be allowed to participate in the [[Sweden general election, 2006|Swedish general election of 2006]], which took place on [[September 17]]. Less than 24 hours after the opening of the website, the party had collected over 2,000 signatures (2,268 at 16.05 CEST).

By the morning of [[January 3]], the party closed the signature collection. In about 36 hours, they had gathered 4,725 signatures. Given that signatories are required by Swedish election law to identify themselves when giving support for a new party, international media reported this as a significant feat, given the nature of the party. However, signatures presented to the election authorities are required to be handwritten. The goal of at least 1,500 handwritten signatures was reached [[February 10]] and the final confirmation from the authorities was presented three days later.

Phases two to five included registering at the election authority, getting candidates for the [[Riksdag]], getting ballots, and preparing an organization for the election, including local organizations in all [[Municipalities of Sweden]] with a population in excess of 50,000. As of [[2005]] this means 43 municipalities from [[Malmö Municipality|Malmö]] in the south to [[Luleå Municipality|Luleå]] in the north. During this phase the fundraising was also started, at an initial goal of raising 1 million [[Swedish krona|SEK]] ($126,409).

The sixth and final phase was the election itself. The party, which claims that there are between 800,000 and 1.1 million active [[file sharing|file sharers]] in Sweden hoped that at least 225,000 (4% of the anticipated vote) of those are voting for the party, granting them membership in Parliament.

== Media attention the first week ==

Media quickly picked up on the movement. By 10 a.m. on [[January 2]] (Monday), the first large Swedish newspaper, the Dagens Industri, broke the story. By 3 p.m., the media were getting irritated that no owner of the website was listed or easy to track down; some reports listed the website as not serious and a PR stunt. However, the largest Swedish tabloid, Aftonbladet, managed to track party leader [[Rickard Falkvinge]] down at work, where he just had to end the call saying he couldn't talk about the initiative while at work.

On [[January 3]] (Tuesday), all the major Swedish news outlets had broken the story as such. The newspaper Aftonbladet posted an online poll indicating that its readers gave the party a 61% approval rating,<ref>[http://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/special/storfragan/visa/0,1937,19105,00.html "Would you consider voting for the Pirate Party?"], poll by Aftonbladet, at 61% yes in early January of 2006 with 50,000 responding; at 57% on July 30, 2006 with 99,000 responding</ref> and [[IDG]] broke a longer front page interview with Mr. Falkvinge in the afternoon. IDG also posted an online poll similar to the initial one, and scored comparable – but not identical – results.<ref>[http://www.idg.se/globalincludes/applikationer/veckans_fraga/showhistoryresult.asp?id=1703 "Would you consider voting for a pirate party?"], poll by IDG, active January 3-9, 2006, ''accessed on July 30, 2006''</ref> The party was also [[slashdotted]].

The web server received a million hits on its first day of operation, two million the next.

On Wednesday, international media and radio stations picked up the story. The major Swedish radio station broadcast an interview with Mr. Falkvinge about the unexpected amount of attention this initiative had received, and more would follow on Thursday, including [[BBC World Service]], the first global radio station to break the news of the Pirate Party initiative.

At the end of the first week, the Pirate Party had been covered in over 500 English-speaking media and over 600 Spanish-speaking media.

==Current status==
[[Image:Piratpartiet demonstration.jpg|thumb|240px|A Pirate Party banner at the demonstration held in [[Stockholm]] [[3 June]] [[2006]].]]
After successfully raising the funds to purchase the desired 3 million ballots, the pre-campaign is building momentum for a serious attack to reach the 4% barrier for entering the Swedish parliament.

The [[May 31]] [[2006]] Swedish police raid of the facility hosting [[The Pirate Bay]] (and [[Piratbyrån]], along with over 200 other independent site owners, hosted at the same facility) meant a breakthrough for the party in the public eye. From before the raid the party was steadily growing with some ten new members every day, but the aforementioned raid by the police led to more than 500 new members by the end of the day, with a membership count of 2680. The next day had another 930 people register membership, for a total of 3611 members.

On [[June 3]] [[2006]], the party performed a "pirate demonstration"<ref>[http://piratewatch.blogspot.com/ "Pictures from the piracy demonstration"], by Ulf Sjöström, ''Pirate Watch'', [[June 3]] [[2006]], ''accessed on [[June 5]], [[2006]]''</ref> in Stockholm and Gothenburg. The demonstration is in collaboration with some other party’s youth sections (the [[Liberal Youth League]], [[Green Youth (Sweden)|Green Youth]] and [[Young Left (Sweden)|Young Left]]). Within these few days the file sharing issues had – alongside the wide international cover – been the focus of the national debate. In combination with the alleged inappropriate measures taken from the Minister for Justice [[Thomas Bodström]] in [[The Pirate Bay]]-case, the right to free information and legal security was issued and targeted.

The party is the largest party memberwise without any parliamentary representation. It has already passed the member count of [[Miljöpartiet]] ([[Green Party (Sweden)|The Green Party]]) and recently passed the membership count of [[Moderata Ungdomsförbundet]], the youth organization of [[Moderaterna]], the second largest party in Sweden.

*Latest membership count: 9312 ([[September 22]], [[2006]])<ref>[http://www2.piratpartiet.se/storlek "Medlemsantal"] from piratpartiet.se, ''accessed on [[September 22]], [[2006]]''</ref>

===2006 Election Results===
The Pirate Party captured 34918 or 0,63% of the overall votes in their first participation at an election for parliament since the founding of the party less then 10 month ago, becoming the 10th biggest party of more then 40 among the parliament vote. A voting result less then 4% does not qualify for seats in the Swedish Parliament. Getting less then 1% of the vote further means the Party will not get financial assistance from the state for printing ballots nor state-fundings for the next election which requires a result of at least 2,5% of the votes. Despite the setbacks, Falkvinge is already planning for the 2009 European Union elections and the 2010 Swedish election. <ref>[http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,71809-0.html?tw=wn_index_4 "Voters Keelhaul Pirate Party"] from wired.com, ''accessed on [[September 20]], [[2006]]''</ref>

==Political impact==
[[Image:PiratePartiesMap2.svg|thumb|250px|{{legend|black|Officially registered Pirate Party}}{{legend|#025|Active Pirate Party, not registered yet}}{{legend|maroon|Discussions on Pirate Party International}}{{legend|#ccc|No Pirate Party}}]]
The [[Green Party (Sweden)|Green Party]], the [[Moderate Party]] and the [[Left Party (Sweden)|Left Party]] all changed their policies on copyright to prevent losing votes to the Pirate Party.<ref>[http://www.p2pconsortium.com/index.php?showtopic=9496&view=findpost&p=79405 Larger parties bend to support file-sharing under political pressure] from P2P Consortium, ''accessed on [[June 9]], [[2006]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.expressen.se/index.jsp?a=604834 Nu vänder v och m i piratfrågan] from Expressen, ''accessed on [[June 9]], [[2006]]''</ref> It was also announced by the Minister for Justice, [[Thomas Bodström]] on [[June 9]] that he was willing to negotiate a possible revision of the law introduced in 2005 that made unauthorized downloading of copyrighted material illegal (before that only uploading was illegal), introducing a new tax on broadband Internet access.<ref>[http://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,839104,00.html Bodström: "Jag har inte ändrat ståndpunkt"] from Aftonbladet, ''accessed on [[June 9]], [[2006]]''</ref> The response from the Pirate Party was negative, claiming that such a law is not an acceptable solution and that current politicians still have not grasped the issue.<ref>[http://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,839167,00.html ”Det blir inget rättvist system”] from Aftonbladet, ''accessed on [[June 9]], [[2006]]''</ref>

Outside of Sweden, pirate parties have been started in several countries, inspired by the Swedish initiative. Officially registered pirate parties exist in Spain, Austria and Germany,<ref>[http://piratenpartei.de/] as of Sept. 10th 2006</ref> while those in the USA, France, Poland, Italy, Russia, and Belgium are currently unregistered, but active. Additionally, there are discussions on Pirate Party International about forming parties in the Netherlands, Brazil, UK, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, New Zealand, Serbia, Romania, Republic of Ireland and a letter of notification that party in Peru is forming.

== Voter base ==

In the first election ever (September 17, 2006), the party got 34,918 votes, or 0.63% of the popular vote. It scored considerably higher in school elections, which led some political commentators to conclude that while it may not be a considerable power at present, it has the potential to be so in the future.

== See also ==
* [[Politics of Sweden]]
* [[Elections in Sweden]]
* [[Relakks]]
* [[Piratbyrån]]
* [[The Pirate Bay]]
* [[EU Copyright Directive]] and [[DADVSI]]

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

== External links ==
{{wikinews|"Avast ye scurvy file sharers!": Interview with Swedish Pirate Party leader Rickard Falkvinge}}
* [http://www2.piratpartiet.se/international/english Pirate Party] official site in English
* [http://www.piratpartiet.se/documents/Principles%203.0.pdf Declaration of Principles] Declaration of Principles, in English (PDF)
* [http://torrentfreak.com/the-swedish-pirate-party-presents-their-election-manifesto/ 2006 Election Manifesto] 2006 election manifesto, in English
* [http://www.piratdemonstration.se Site for demonstrations following the May 31st raid on The Pirate Bay]

* [http://www.linuxp2p.com/forums/portal.php?article=0 Interview with founder in LinuxP2P]
* [http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=2791&date=20060103 Interview with founder] in [http://www.thelocal.se/ The Local] by [[Agence France-Presse]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xa8H-9u0HH4 YouTube Interview with Founder Rick Falkvinge]
* [http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/01/03/1519241 Coverage on Slashdot]
* [http://politics.slashdot.org/politics/06/04/03/1048254.shtml More Coverage on Slashdot]
* [http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/05/31/1226224 Even More Coverage on Slashdot]
* [http://technocrat.net/article.pl?sid=06/01/03/0045243&mode=thread The Technocrat Article]
* [http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=28671 Article] in [[The Inquirer]]
* [http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/1124 The Brussels Journal coverage]
* [http://www.p2pconsortium.com/index.php?showtopic=9496 English translations of articles about the Pirate Party] at P2P Consortium
* [http://7thwiki.7thguard.net/index.php/Piratbyran_Reboot8 Piratbyran's speech at Reboot]

===Other Pirate parties===
* [http://www.parti-pirate.info/ France]
* [http://www.piratpartiet.it/joomla/index.php Italy]
* [http://www.pirate-party.us/ USA]
* [http://www.piratenpartei.de/ Germany]
* [http://www.parti-pirate.be/ Belgium]
* [http://www.ppoe.or.at/ Austria]
* [http://www.partidopirata.es/ Spain]
* [http://www.piratparty.narod.ru/ Russia]
* [http://www.partiapiratow.org.pl/ Poland]
* [http://www.pp-international.net/ Pirate Party International]

{{Swedish political parties}}

[[Category:Political parties in Sweden]]
[[Category:File sharing]]
[[Category:Movement against intellectual property]]

[[da:Piratpartiet]]
[[de:Piratpartiet]]
[[es:Partido Pirata]]
[[fr:Parti pirate]]
[[it:Partito dei pirati]]
[[nl:Piratenpartij]]
[[ja:パイレーツ党]]
[[no:Piratpartiet]]
[[nn:Piratpartiet]]
[[pl:Piratpartiet]]
[[pt:Piratpartiet]]
[[ru:Пиратская партия Швеции]]
[[fi:Piratpartiet]]
[[sv:Piratpartiet]]
[[uk:Партія Піратів]]

July 9

2006-07-09T20:48:41Z

Python187: /* Events */

{| style="float:right;"
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|{{ThisDateInRecentYears|Month=July|Day=9}}
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[[{{PAGENAME}}]] is the 190th day of the year (191st in [[leap year]]s) in the [[Gregorian Calendar]], with 175 days remaining.

==Events==
* [[455]] - [[Roman]] military commander [[Avitus]] is proclaimed [[emperor]] of the [[Western Roman Empire]].
*[[1357]] - [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] assists laying the foundation stone of [[Charles Bridge]] in [[Prague]].
*[[1540]] - [[Henry VIII of England]] annulls his marriage to his fourth wife, [[Anne of Cleves]].
*[[1541]] - [[Estevão da Gama]] departs [[Massawa]], leaving behind 400 [[matchlock]] men and 150 slaves under his brother [[Christovão da Gama]], with orders to assist the [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] defeat [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi]] who has invaded his [[Empire]].
*[[1755]] - [[French and Indian War]]: [[Braddock Expedition]] - [[British]] troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat by [[France|French]] and [[Native American (U.S.)|Native American]] forces.
*[[1789]] - In [[Versailles]], the [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] reconstitutes itself as the [[National Constituent Assembly]] and begins preparations for a [[French constitution]].
*[[1790]] - [[Russo-Swedish War]]: [[Second Battle of Svensksund]] -In the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[Swedish Navy]] captures one third of the [[Russian Navy|Russian fleet]].
*[[1793]] - [[Act Against Slavery]] passed in [[Upper Canada]] and importation of slaves into [[Lower Canada]] is prohibited.
*[[1810]] - [[Napoleon]] officially makes [[Holland]] part of his [[empire]].
*[[1815]] - [[Talleyrand|Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Prince de Benevente]] becomes [[Prime Minister of France]].
*[[1816]] - [[Argentina]] [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|declares independence]] from [[Spain]].
*[[1846]] - By an [[Act of Congress]], the [[Washington, DC]] area south of the [[Potomac River]] (39 mi² or about 100 km²) is returned to [[Virginia]].
*[[1850]] - [[President]] [[Zachary Taylor]] dies and [[Millard Fillmore]] becomes the 13th [[President of the United States]].
*[[1863]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Siege of Port Hudson]] ends.
*[[1867]] - An unsuccessful expedition led by [[E.D Young]] set out to search for [[Dr]] [[David Livingstone]] ([[English]] [[Missionary]] and [[explorer]]).
*[[1887]] - Reportedly paper napkins were used for the first time by [[John Dickinson]] (stationery manufacturers) at the company's annual dinner.
*[[1900]] - [[Queen]] [[Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom|Victoria]] gives [[royal assent]] to an act creating the [[Commonwealth of Australia]] thus uniting separate colonies on the continent under one [[Government of Australia|federal government]].
*[[1918]] - [[Great train wreck of 1918]]: In [[Nashville, Tennessee]], an inbound local train collides with an outbound express killing 101 and injuring 171 people, making it the deadliest [[List of rail accidents|rail accident]] in [[United States]] history.
*[[1921]] - [[Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar]] delivered his famous speech at [[Khilafat|Khilafat Conference]], [[Karachi]].
*[[1922]] - [[Johnny Weissmuller]] swims the [[freestyle swimming|100 meters freestyle]] in 58.6 seconds breaking a world [[swimming]] record and the 'minute barrier'.
*[[1943]] - [[World War II]]: [[Operation Husky]] - [[Allies|Allied]] forces perform an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious invasion]] of [[Sicily]].
*[[1944]] - [[World War II]]: [[Battle of Normandy]] - [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] forces capture [[Caen]], [[France]].
*1944 - [[World War II]]: [[Battle of Saipan]] - [[United States|Americans]] take [[Saipan]].
*[[1948]] - [[Pakistan]] issued first set of [[Postage stamp]], having image of [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|Constituent Assembly]], [[Quaid-e-Azam International Airport|Karachi Airport]], [[Lahore_Fort|Shahi Fort]].
*[[1955]] - The [[Russell-Einstein Manifesto]] was released by [[Bertrand Russell]] in [[London]].
*[[1975]] - The [[National Assembly]] of [[Senegal]] passes a law that will pave way for a (albeit highly restricted) [[multi-party system]].
*[[1979]] - A car bomb destroys a [[Renault]] owned by famed "[[Nazi hunters]]" [[Serge and Beate Klarsfeld]] at their home in [[France]]. A note purportedly from [[ODESSA]] claims responsibility.
*[[1981]] - [[Senegal]]ese [[political party|political parties]] [[Party of Independence and Work]] ([[PIT]]) and [[Democratic League - Movement for the Labour Party]] ([[LD-MPT]]) legally recognized.
*[[1982]] - A [[Boeing 727]] carrying [[Pan Am Flight 759]] crashes in [[Kenner, Louisiana]] killing all 146 people on board and eight others on the ground.
*[[1984]] - [[York Minster]] was struck by a lightning bolt, the resulting fire rampaged through most of the building. However the cathedral valuables were rescued by [[clergymen]] and the "[[Rose Window]]" was not affected.
*[[1986]] - the [[New Zealand Parliament]] passes the [[Homosexual Law Reform Act]] [[Gay rights in New Zealand|legalising homosexuality in New Zealand]].
*[[1989]] - Two bombs explode in [[Mecca]], killing one [[pilgrim]] and wounding 16 others.
*[[1991]] - [[International Human Rights Federation]] cites [[human rights violation]]s committed by police and military personnel during [[Oka crisis]] in [[Quebec]], [[Canada]].
*1991 - [[South Africa]] is reintroduced into the [[Olympic Games|Olympic movement]] after 30 years of exclusion.
*[[1995]] - Musical group The [[Grateful Dead]] perform the last concert of their 30-year career at [[Soldier Field]], [[Chicago, Illinois]].
*[[1999]] - [[Iran student protests, July 1999|Days of student protests]] begins after [[Iran|Iranian]] police and hardliners attack a student dormitory of [[University of Tehran]].
*[[2002]] - The [[African Union]] was established in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]]. The first [[chairman]] was [[Thabo Mbeki]], [[President of South Africa]].
*[[2004]] - After [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]]'s appointment to the [[European Commission]], [[President of Portugal|Portuguese President]] [[Jorge Sampaio]] announces that he will invite the second-in-line leader of [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|PSD]], [[Pedro Santana Lopes]] to form government.
*[[2006]] - At least 122 people are dead after a [[Sibir Airlines]] passenger jet [[Airbus A-310]] with 200 people on board veered off the runway while landing at [[Irkutsk]] [[Airport]] in [[Siberia]] in wet conditions.
*[[2006]] - Italy Wins the [[FIFA World Cup]] for teh 4th time, defeating France 5-3 on Penilties in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] final.


==Births==
*[[1249]] - [[Emperor Kameyama]] of Japan (d. [[1305]])
*[[1577]] - [[Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr]], English Jamestown colonist (d. [[1618]])
*[[1578]] - [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor]] (d. [[1637]])
*[[1654]] - [[Emperor Reigen of Japan]] (d. [[1732]])
*[[1686]] - [[Philip Livingston (1686-1749)|Philip Livingston]], American politician (d. [[1749]])
*[[1689]] - [[Alexis Piron]], French writer (d. [[1773]])
*[[1721]] - [[Johann Nikolaus Götz]], German poet (d. [[1781]])
*[[1753]] - [[William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock]], Governor of Newfoundland (d. [[1825]])
*[[1764]] - [[Ann Radcliffe]], English writer (d. [[1823]])
*[[1775]] - [[Matthew Gregory Lewis|Matthew Lewis]], English novelist (d. [[1818]])
*[[1800]] - [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle]], German physician (d. [[1885]])
*[[1808]] - [[Alexander William Doniphan]], American lawyer and soldier (d. [[1887]])
*[[1819]] - [[Elias Howe]], American inventor (d. [[1867]])
*[[1836]] - [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1908]])
*[[1848]] - [[Robert I, Duke of Parma]], last ruling Duke of Parma (d. [[1907]])
*[[1858]] - [[Franz Boas]], German anthropologist (d. [[1942]])
*[[1879]] - [[Ottorino Respighi]], Italian composer (d. [[1936]])
* 1879 - [[Carlos Chagas]], Brazilian physician (d. [[1934]])
*[[1893]] - [[George Geary]], English cricketer (d. [[1981]])
*[[1894]] - [[Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1984]])
*[[1901]] - Dame [[Barbara Cartland]], English novelist (d. [[2000]])
*[[1908]] - [[Paul Brown]], American football coach (d. [[1991]])
*[[1911]] - [[Mervyn Peake]], British writer and illustrator (d. [[1968]])
*[[1915]] - [[David Diamond]], American composer (d. [[2005]])
*[[1916]] - [[Sir Dean Goffin]], New Zealand composer (d. [[1984]])
* 1916 - [[Sir Edward Heath]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[2005]])
*[[1918]] - [[Jarl Wahlström]], the 12th General of [[The Salvation Army]] (d. [[1999]])
*[[1926]] - [[Ben Roy Mottelson]], American-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate
*[[1927]] - [[Ed Ames]], American singer and actor
* 1927 - [[Susan Cabot]], American actress (d. [[1986]])
*[[1929]] - King [[Hassan II of Morocco]], (d. [[1999]])
* 1929 - [[Jesse McReynolds]], American singer and mandolinist
*[[1932]] - [[Donald Rumsfeld]], 12th & 20th [[United States Secretary of Defense]]
*[[1935]] - [[Wim Duisenberg]], Dutch economist and politician (d. [[2005]])
*[[1936]] - [[June Jordan]], American writer and teacher (d. [[2002]])
*[[1937]] - [[David Hockney]], English artist
*[[1938]] - [[Brian Dennehy]], American actor
*[[1942]] - [[Richard Roundtree]], American actor
* 1942 - [[Edy Williams]], American actress
*[[1943]] - [[John Casper]], astronaut
*[[1945]] - [[Dean R. Koontz]], American author
*[[1946]] - [[Bon Scott]], Australian singer ([[AC/DC]]) (d. [[1980]])
*[[1947]] - [[Mitch Mitchell]], drummer in [[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]]
* 1947 - [[O. J. Simpson]], American football player and actor
*[[1950]] - [[Viktor Yanukovych]], [[Prime Minister of Ukraine]]
*[[1952]] - [[John Tesh]], American composer
*[[1955]] - [[Fred Norris]], American radio personality
* 1955 - [[Jimmy Smits]], American actor
* 1955 - [[Willie Wilson (baseball player)|Willie Wilson]], American baseball player, 1982 AL Batting Champ
*[[1956]] - [[Marc Almond]], British singer
* 1956 - [[Tom Hanks]], American actor
*[[1957]] - [[Kelly McGillis]], American actress
*[[1959]] - [[Kevin Nash]], American professional wrestler
*[[1964]] - [[Courtney Love]], American musician
*[[1965]] - [[Frank Bello]], American musician ([[Anthrax rock band|Anthrax]])
* 1965 - [[David O'Hara]] [[Scotland|Scottish]]/[[Ireland|Irish]] actor
* 1965 - [[Marc Mero]], American professional wrestler
*[[1968]] - [[Paolo Di Canio]], Italian football (soccer) player
*[[1970]] - [[Trent Green]], American football player
*[[1971]] - [[Marc Andreessen]], American software developer
*[[1973]] - [[Kelly Holcomb]], American football player
*[[1974]] - [[Nikola Sarcevic]], Swedish bassist and singer ([[Millencolin]])
*[[1975]] - [[Jack White (musician)|Jack White]], American musician ([[The White Stripes]])
*[[1976]] - [[Shelton Benjamin]], American professional wrestler
* 1976 - [[Fred Savage]], American actor
* 1976 - [[Jochem Uytdehaage]], Dutch speed skater
*[[1978]] - [[Linda Park]], Korean-born actress
*[[1979]] - [[Ella Koon]], [[Hong Kong]] singer-actress
*[[1991]] - [[Mitchel Musso]], American actor
*[[2005]] - [[Tai Shan (panda)|Tai Shan]], [[giant panda]] born at the [[National Zoo]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]


==Deaths==
* [[518]] - [[Anastasius I (emperor)|Anastasius I]], [[Byzantine Emperor]]
*[[1228]] - [[Stephen Langton]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
*[[1386]] - Duke [[Leopold III, Duke of Austria|Leopold III of Austria]] (killed in battle) (b. [[1351]])
*[[1553]] - [[Maurice, Elector of Saxony]] (b. [[1521]])
*[[1654]] - [[Ferdinand IV of Germany]] (b. [[1633]])
*[[1737]] - [[Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] (b. [[1671]])
*[[1742]] - [[John Oldmixon]], English historian (b. [[1673]])
*[[1746]] - King [[Philip V of Spain]] (b. [[1683]])
*[[1747]] - [[Giovanni Bononcini]], Italian composer (b. [[1670]])
*[[1766]] - [[Jonathan Mayhew]], American minister and patriot (b. [[1720]])
*[[1795]] - [[Henry Seymour Conway]], British general and statesman (b. [[1721]])
*[[1797]] - [[Edmund Burke]], British philosopher and statesman (b. [[1729]])
*[[1850]] - [[Báb]], Persian founder of the Bábi Faith (b. [[1819]])
* 1850 - [[Zachary Taylor]], 12th [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1784]])
*[[1856]] - [[Amedeo Avogadro]], Italian chemist (b. [[1776]])
* 1856 - [[James Strang]], Mormon splinter group leader (assassinated) (b. [[1813]])
*[[1880]] - [[Paul Broca]], French physician and anatomist (b. [[1824]])
*[[1903]] - [[Alphonse Francois Renard|Alphonse François Renard]], Belgian geologist (b. [[1842]])
*[[1932]] - [[King C. Gillette]], American inventor (b. [[1885]])
*[[1937]] - [[Oliver Law]], first African-American commander of U.S. troops, (killed in battle) (b. [[1899]])
*[[1938]] - [[Benjamin Cardozo]], American jurist (b. [[1870]])
*[[1947]] - [[Lucjan Żeligowski]], Polish general (b. [[1865]])
*[[1949]] - [[Fritz Bennicke Hart]], English-born Australian composer (b. [[1874]])
*[[1951]] - [[Harry Heilmann]], baseball player (b. [[1894]])
*[[1967]] - [[Fatima Jinnah]], Prominent leader of [[Pakistan Movement]] and sister of [[Jinnah]] (b. [[1893]])
*[[1974]] - [[Earl Warren]], 14th [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (b. [[1891]])
*[[1979]] - [[Cornelia Otis Skinner]], American actress and author (b. [[1899]])
*[[1980]] - [[Vinicius de Moraes]], Brazilian poet and lyricist (b. [[1913]])
*[[1985]] - [[Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg]] (b. [[1896]])
* 1985 - [[Jimmy Kinnon]], Scottish founder of Narcotics Anonymous (b. [[1911]])
*[[1992]] - [[Eric Sevareid]], American reporter (b. [[1912]])
*[[1994]] - [[Bill Mosienko]], professional ice hockey player (b. [[1921]])
*[[1996]] - [[Melvin Belli]], American attorney (b. [[1907]])
*[[1999]] - [[Robert de Cotret]], Canadian politician (b. [[1944]])
*[[2002]] - [[Laurence Janifer]], American writer (b. [[1933]])
* 2002 - [[Rod Steiger]], American actor (b. [[1925]])
*[[2004]] - [[Chuck Cadman]], Canadian politician (b. [[1948]])
* 2004 - [[Paul Klebnikov]], American journalist (b. [[1963]])
* 2004 - [[Isabel Sanford]], American actress (b. [[1917]])
*[[2005]] - [[Yevgenij Grishin]], Russian speed skater (b. [[1931]])
* 2005 - [[Huang Kun]], Chinese physicist (b. [[1919]])


==Holidays and observances==
*[[Roman festival]] - ''[[Caprotinia]]'', or feasts of [[Juno Caprotina]].
*[[Argentina]] - [[Independence Day]].
*[[Palau]] - [[Constitution Day]].
*[[Bahá'í Faith]] - [[Holy Day]]: [[Martyrdom]] of the [[Báb]].
*[[Roman Catholic Church]] - [[Calendar of saints|Feast]] of [[Our Lady of Peace]].

==External links==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/9 BBC: On This Day]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050709.html ''The New York Times'': On This Day]
* [http://www1.sympatico.ca/cgi-bin/on_this_day?mth=Jul&day=09 On This Day in Canada]
* [http://www.epicidiot.com/thisday/td_07_09.htm Epic Idiot: On This Day]
* [http://www.indianenglishliterature.com/ash/wimbledon/wimbledon-2006-history.asp Wimbledon 2006]

----

[[July 8]] - [[July 10]] - [[June 9]] - [[August 9]] -- [[historical anniversaries|listing of all days]]

{{months}}

[[af:9 Julie]]
[[ar:9 يوليو]]
[[an:9 de chulio]]
[[frp:9 j·ulyèt]]
[[ast:9 de xunetu]]
[[be:9 ліпеня]]
[[bs:9. juli]]
[[bg:9 юли]]
[[ca:9 de juliol]]
[[cv:Утă, 9]]
[[ceb:Hulyo 9]]
[[cs:9. červenec]]
[[co:9 di lugliu]]
[[cy:9 Gorffennaf]]
[[da:9. juli]]
[[de:9. Juli]]
[[et:9. juuli]]
[[el:9 Ιουλίου]]
[[es:9 de julio]]
[[eo:9-a de julio]]
[[eu:Uztailaren 9]]
[[fo:9. juli]]
[[fr:9 juillet]]
[[fy:9 july]]
[[fur:9 di Lui]]
[[ga:9 Iúil]]
[[gl:9 de xullo]]
[[ko:7월 9일]]
[[hr:9. srpnja]]
[[io:9 di julio]]
[[ilo:Julio 9]]
[[id:9 Juli]]
[[ia:9 de julio]]
[[is:9. júlí]]
[[it:9 luglio]]
[[he:9 ביולי]]
[[jv:9 Juli]]
[[ka:9 ივლისი]]
[[csb:9 lëpinca]]
[[ku:9'ê tîrmehê]]
[[la:9 Iulii]]
[[lb:9. Juli]]
[[lt:Liepos 9]]
[[li:9 juli]]
[[hu:Július 9]]
[[mk:9 јули]]
[[ms:9 Julai]]
[[nl:9 juli]]
[[ja:7月9日]]
[[nap:9 'e luglio]]
[[no:9. juli]]
[[nn:9. juli]]
[[oc:9 de julhet]]
[[pam:Juliu 9]]
[[pl:9 lipca]]
[[pt:9 de Julho]]
[[ro:9 iulie]]
[[ru:9 июля]]
[[war:Hulyo 9]]
[[sq:9 Korrik]]
[[scn:9 di giugnettu]]
[[simple:July 9]]
[[sk:9. júl]]
[[sl:9. julij]]
[[sr:9. јул]]
[[fi:9. heinäkuuta]]
[[sv:9 juli]]
[[tl:Hulyo 9]]
[[tt:9. Yül]]
[[te:జూలై 9]]
[[th:9 กรกฎาคม]]
[[vi:9 tháng 7]]
[[tr:9 Temmuz]]
[[uk:9 липня]]
[[wa:9 di djulete]]
[[zh:7月9日]]

Uddingston railway station

2006-07-03T12:22:43Z

Python187:

'''Uddingston railway station''' serves the town of [[Uddingston]], [[South Lanarkshire]]. The station is located on the [[Argyle Line]] and the [[Shotts Line]]. Passenger services are provided by First ScotRail on behalf of Strathclyde Passenger Transport.

The station is also on the [[West Coast Main Line]], although no services are provided : passengers can travel to Motherwell station or Cambuslang station to board Plymouth, King's Cross, Penzance Town & York (cambuslang only) and Newcastle Central services by GNER or Virgin Rail.

Uddingston station comprises 2 platforms, linked by a footbridge, with a small ticket office upstairs. Park and Ride have recently been extended. Additionally a small cafe named the the "Coffe Stop" has been opened, accessible from platform 1.

{{rail start}}
{{rail line|next=[[Cambuslang railway station|Cambuslang]]|previous=[[Bellshill railway station|Bellshill]] or [[Motherwell railway station|Motherwell]]|route=[[First ScotRail]] '''[[Argyle Line]]'''|col=ff0000}}
{{rail line|next=[[Cambuslang railway station|Cambuslang]]|previous=[[Bellshill railway station|Bellshill]]|route=[[First ScotRail]] '''[[Shotts Line]]'''|col=ff0000}}
{{end box}}

{{UKrailwaystations}}

[[Category:Railway stations in South Lanarkshire]]

{{Scotland-railstation-stub}}