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Sustainable Development Goals

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{{Short description|United Nations goals for people for 2030}}
{{Redirect|SDG}}
{{About|the 2023 goals|the 2015 goals|Millennium Development Goals}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}{{Infobox project
| name = Sustainable Development Goals
| logo = Sustainable Development Goals logo.svg
| mission_statement = "A shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future"
| location = Global
| owner =
| founder = [[United Nations]]
| established = 2015
| website = {{URL|https://sdgs.un.org/}}
|abbreviation=SDGs}}
The ''2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development'', adopted by all [[United Nations]] members in 2015, created 17 world '''Sustainable Development Goals''' ('''SDGs'''). They were created with the aim of "[[peace]] and [[prosperity]] for people and the planet..."<ref name="the17SDGs">{{Cite web |title=The 17 Goals |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals | publisher = UN |access-date=2022-08-10 |website= Sustainable Development Goals}}</ref><ref name="UN-2017b">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201128194012/https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 |date=28 November 2020 }})</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Isnaeni |first1=Nur Meily |last2=Dulkiah |first2=Moh |last3=Wildan |first3=Asep Dadan |date=2022-11-18 |title=Patterns of Middle-Class Communities Adaptation to the Village SDGS Program in Bogor Regency |url=https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/temali/article/view/20466 |journal=Temali: Jurnal Pembangunan Sosial |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages= 173–82 |doi=10.15575/jt.v5i2.20466 |issn= 2615-5028|doi-access=free }}</ref> – while tackling [[climate change]] and working to preserve oceans and forests. The SDGs highlight the connections between the environmental, social and economic aspects of [[sustainable development]]. [[Sustainability]] is at the center of the SDGs.<ref name="Schleicher-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Schleicher |first1=Judith |last2=Schaafsma |first2=Marije |last3=Vira |first3=Bhaskar |date=2018 |title=Will the Sustainable Development Goals address the links between poverty and the natural environment? |journal=Current Opinion in L̾o̾l̾o̾l̾o̾47 |volume=34 |pages=43–47 |bibcode=2018COES...34...43S |doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2018.09.004 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bali Swain |first1=R. |last2=Yang-Wallentin |first2=F. |date=2020 |title=Achieving sustainable development goals: predicaments and strategies |journal=International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=96–106 |doi=10.1080/13504509.2019.1692316 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020IJSDW..27...96B }}</ref>

The short titles of the 17 SDGs are: No poverty ([[Sustainable Development Goal 1|SDG 1]]), Zero hunger ([[Sustainable Development Goal 2|SDG 2]]), Good health and well-being ([[Sustainable Development Goal 3|SDG 3]]), Quality education ([[SDG 4]]), Gender equality ([[Sustainable Development Goal 5|SDG 5]]), Clean water and sanitation ([[Sustainable Development Goal 6|SDG 6]]), Affordable and clean energy ([[Sustainable Development Goal 7|SDG 7]]), Decent work and economic growth ([[Sustainable Development Goal 8|SDG 8]]), Industry, innovation and infrastructure ([[Sustainable Development Goal 9|SDG 9]]), Reduced inequalities ([[Sustainable Development Goal 10|SDG 10]]), Sustainable cities and communities ([[Sustainable Development Goal 11|SDG 11]]), Responsible consumption and production ([[Sustainable Development Goal 12|SDG 12]]), [[Climate action]] ([[Sustainable Development Goal 13|SDG 13]]), Life below water ([[Sustainable Development Goal 14|SDG 14]]), Life on land ([[Sustainable Development Goal 15|SDG 15]]), Peace, justice, and strong institutions ([[Sustainable Development Goal 16|SDG 16]]), and Partnerships for the goals ([[SDG 17]]).

These goals are ambitious, and the reports and outcomes to date indicate a challenging path. Most, if not all, of the goals are unlikely to be met by 2030. Rising inequalities, climate change, and [[biodiversity loss]] are topics of concerns threatening progress.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paravano |first=Alessandro |last2=Patrizi |first2=Matteo |last3=Razzano |first3=Elena |last4=Locatelli |first4=Giorgio |last5=Feliciani |first5=Francesco |last6=Trucco |first6=Paolo |date=2024-09-01 |title=The impact of the new space economy on sustainability: an overview |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009457652400300X |journal=Acta Astronautica |volume=222 |pages=162–173 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.05.046 |issn=0094-5765|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020 to 2023 made these challenges worse. The pandemic impacted all 17 goals and emphasized the interconnectedness of global health, economic, social, and environmental challenges.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> Some regions, such as Asia, have experienced significant setbacks during that time. The global effort for the SDGs calls for prioritizing environmental sustainability, understanding the indivisible nature of the goals, and seeking synergies across sectors.

With regards to the political impact of the SDGs, it has been observed that they have mainly influenced global and national debates. By doing so, they have led to discursive effects for global and national debates. However, they have struggled to achieve transformative changes in policy and institutional structures.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> The uneven prioritization of goals reflects longstanding national development policies. This complicates the global endeavor towards sustainable development. For example, there has long been a tendency to favor socio-economic objectives over environmental ones.<ref name="Biermann-2022" />

Funding remains a critical issue for achieving the SDGs. Significant financial resources would be required worldwide. The UN, other international organizations, and national governments are trying to assist with funding efforts. Furthermore, the role of private investment and a shift towards sustainable financing are also essential for realizing the SDGs. Examples of progress from some countries demonstrate that achieving sustainable development through concerted global action is possible.

==The 17 Sustainable Development goals ==

=== Structure of goals, targets and indicators ===

The lists of targets and indicators for each of the 17 SDGs was published in a UN resolution in July 2017.<ref name="UN-2017a">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128194012/https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313|date=28 November 2020}})</ref> Each goal typically has 8{{ndash}}12 targets, and each target has between one and four indicators used to measure progress toward reaching the targets, with the average of 1.5 indicators per target.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Rakhyun E. |date=2023-04-01 |title=Augment the SDG indicator framework |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |language=en |volume=142 |pages=62–67 |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2023.02.004 |s2cid=256758145 |issn=1462-9011|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ESPol.142...62K }}</ref> The targets are either ''outcome targets'' (circumstances to be attained) or ''means of implementation'' targets.<ref name="Bartram-2018">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |journal=npj Clean Water |date=December 2018 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> The latter targets were introduced late in the process of negotiating the SDGs to address the concern of some Member States about how the SDGs were to be achieved. Goal 17 is wholly about how the SDGs will be achieved.<ref name="Bartram-2018" />

The numbering system of targets is as follows: Outcome targets use numbers, whereas means of implementation targets use lower case letters.<ref name="Bartram-2018" /> For example, SDG 6 has a total of 8 targets. The first six are outcome targets and are labeled Targets 6.1 to 6.6. The final two targets are means of implementation targets and are labeled as Targets 6.a and 6.b.

The [[United Nations Statistics Division]] (UNSD) website provides a current official indicator list which includes all updates until the 51st session Statistical Commission in March 2020.<ref name="UN Stats-2017">{{Cite web |title=SDG Indicators – Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |website=United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)}}</ref>

The indicators for the targets have varying levels of methodological development and availability of data at the global level.<ref name="UN Stats-2020c">{{Cite web |title=IAEG-SDGs – Tier Classification for Global SDG Indicators |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/tier-classification/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063855/https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/tier-classification/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division}}</ref> Initially, some indicators (called Tier 3 indicators) had no internationally established methodology or standards. Later, the global indicator framework was adjusted so that Tier 3 indicators were either abandoned, replaced or refined.<ref name="UN Stats-2020c" /> As of 17 July 2020, there were 231 unique indicators.<ref name="UN Stats-2020c" />

Data or information must address all vulnerable groups such as children, elderly people, [[Disability|persons with disabilities]], [[refugee]]s, [[indigenous peoples]], [[Migrant worker|migrants]], and [[Internally displaced person|internally-displaced persons]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaving no one behind — SDG Indicators |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/leaving-no-one-behind |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064017/https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/leaving-no-one-behind |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2019-02-04 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref>

==== Reviews of indicators ====
The indicator framework was comprehensively reviewed at the 51st session of the [[United Nations Statistical Commission]] in 2020. It will be reviewed again in 2025.<ref name="UN Stats-2020b">{{Cite web|title=IAEG-SDGs 2020 Comprehensive Review Proposals Submitted to the 51st session of the United Nations Statistical Commission for its consideration|url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/2020-comprev/UNSC-proposal/|access-date=1 September 2020|website=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063956/https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/2020-comprev/UNSC-proposal/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 51st session of the Statistical Commission (held in [[New York City]] from 3–6 March 2020) a total of 36 changes to the global indicator framework were proposed for the commission's consideration. Some indicators were replaced, revised or deleted.<ref name="UN Stats-2020b" /> Between 15 October 2018 and 17 April 2020, other changes were made to the indicators.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2020|title=SDG Indicator changes (15 October 2018 and onward) – current to 17 April 2020|url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/List_of_changes_since_15_Oct_2018.pdf|access-date=10 September 2020|website=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division}}</ref> Yet their measurement continues to be fraught with difficulties.<ref>{{cite book |last=Winfried |first=Huck |title=Measuring Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Indicators: Is Legitimacy Lacking? |date=2019 |editor-first1=Massimo |editor-last1=Iovane |editor-first2=Fulvio |editor-last2=Palombino |editor-first3=Daniele |editor-last3=Amoroso |editor-first4=Giovanni |editor-last4=Zarra |work=The Protection of General Interests in Contemporary International Law: A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3360935|s2cid=203377817 }}</ref>

{{Further|List of Sustainable Development Goal targets and indicators}}

=== Goal 1: No Poverty ===

[[File:Sustainable_Development_Goal_01NoPoverty.svg|220x124px|thumb|right|alt=Sustainable Development Goal 1|SDG 1]]

SDG 1 is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere."<ref name="UNDP-2020b">{{Cite web|title=Goal 1: No poverty|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-1-no-poverty.html|access-date=2020-12-30|website=UNDP|language=en}}</ref> Achieving SDG 1 would end [[extreme poverty]] globally by 2030. One of its indicators is the proportion of population living below the [[poverty line]].<ref name="UNDP-2020b" /> The data gets analyzed by sex, age, employment status, and geographical location (urban/rural). {{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 1|paragraphs=2|file=0}} End poverty in all its forms everywhere, by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $2.15 a day. Reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimension according to national definition. By 2030, all men and women in particular the poor and the vulnerable have equal right to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resource, appropriate new technology and financial services including microfinance. High fertility rates can trap countries in poverty large family size and poverty often go hand in hand. People living in deprived areas are usually not empowered to choose the number of children they have and in some cases feel the need to have many so they can be provided for in their old age, when people are poor and have many children which leads to kids not being able to attend school and girls getting married off as child bride.

Poverty eradication is addressed in chapter II of the Johannesburg plan of implementation (2002), which stressed that eradicating poverty is the greatest global challenges facing the world today and indispensable requirement for sustainable development, particular for developing countries. Priority actions on poverty eradication include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poverty eradication .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/povertyeradication |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref>

* Improving access to sustainable live hoods entrepreneurial opportunities and productive resources
* Providing universal access to basic social services
* progressively developing social protection systems to support those who cannot support themselves.
* Empowering people living in poverty and their organizations
*Addressing the disproportionate impact of poverty on women
*Working with interested donors and recipients to allocate increased shares of ODA to poverty eradication and
*intensifying international cooperation for poverty eradication
The General Assembly, in its 1997 Programme for further implementation of agenda 21( paragraphy27) decided that poverty eradication should be an overriding theme of sustainable development for the coming years

=== Goal 2: Zero hunger (No hunger) ===
[[File:Tasty Food Abundance in Healthy Europe.png|Sufficient and healthy foods should be made available to everyone|thumb|left]]

SDG 2
is to: "End hunger, achieve [[food security]] and improved nutrition, and promote [[sustainable agriculture]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-2-zero-hunger.html|title=Goal 2: Zero hunger|website=UNDP|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063934/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-2-zero-hunger.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indicators for this goal are for example the prevalence of diet, prevalence of severe food insecurity, and prevalence of [[Stunted growth|stunting]] among children under five years of age.
{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 2|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 3: Good health and well-being ===
SDG 3 is to: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages."<ref name="UNDP-2020c">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being.html|title=Goal 3: Good health and well-being|website=UNDP|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063900/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-3-good-health-and-well-being.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Important indicators here are [[life expectancy]] as well as child and maternal mortality. Further indicators are for example deaths from road traffic injuries, prevalence of current tobacco use, and suicide mortality rate.<ref name="UNDP-2020c" />

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 3|paragraphs=2|file=0|tables=2021}} 

=== Goal 4: Quality education ===
[[File:(2011 Education for All Global Monitoring Report) -School children in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya 1.jpg|thumb|240x240px|School children in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya]]

SDG 4 is to: "Ensure inclusive<ref name="the17SDGs" /> and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all."<ref name="UNDP-2018d">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-4-quality-education.html|title=Goal 4: Quality education|website=UNDP|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002735/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-4-quality-education.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The indicators for this goal are, for example, attendance rates at primary schools, completion rates of primary school education, participation in tertiary education, and so forth. In each case, parity indices are looked at to ensure that disadvantaged students do not miss out (data is collected on "female/male, rural/urban, bottom/towealth quintile and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples") . There is also an indicator around the facilities that the school buildings have (access to electricity, the internet, computers, drinking water, toilets etc.).<ref name="UNDP-2018d" />

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 4|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 5: Gender equality ===

SDG 5 is to: "Achieve [[gender equality]] and empower all women and girls."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-5-gender-equality.html|title=Goal 5: Gender equality|website=UNDP|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227135817/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-5-gender-equality.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indicators include, for example, having suitable legal frameworks and the representation by women in [[Parliament|national parliament]] or in local deliberative bodies.<ref name="UNESC2020">United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) [https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063859/https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57|date=30 December 2020}}, High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020</ref> Numbers on [[forced marriage]] and [[Female genital mutilation|female genital mutilation/cutting]] (FGM/C) are also included in another indicator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Female genital mutilation |url=https://www.unicef.org/protection/female-genital-mutilation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063938/https://www.unicef.org/protection/female-genital-mutilation |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="UNESC2020" />

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 5|paragraphs=3|file=0}} 

=== Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation ===

[[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Example of sanitation for all: School toilet (IPH school and college, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]]
SDG 6 is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web|title=Goal 6 Targets|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/|access-date=16 November 2017|website=United Nations Development Programme|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219061511/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Joint Monitoring Programme ([[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|JMP]]) of [[World Health Organization|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] is responsible for monitoring progress to achieve the first two targets of this goal. Important indicators for this goal are the percentages of the population that uses safely managed drinking water, and has access to safely managed sanitation. The JMP reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion people do not have [[Improved sanitation|safely managed sanitation]].<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports|date=25 July 2019}}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> Another indicator looks at the proportion of [[Sewage|domestic]] and [[Industrial wastewater treatment|industrial wastewater]] that is safely treated. {{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 6|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy ===
SDG 7 is to "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all."<ref name="UNDP-2018b">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy.html|title=Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy|website=UNDP|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907180441/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the indicators for this goal is the percentage of population with access to electricity (progress in expanding access to electricity has been made in several countries, notably [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Kenya]]<ref name="Energyreport2019">IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB, WHO (2019), [https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/2019-Tracking%20SDG7-Full%20Report.pdf Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063844/https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/2019-Tracking%20SDG7-Full%20Report.pdf|date=30 December 2020}}, Washington DC (on [https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/ Tracking SDG 7 website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064018/https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/|date=30 December 2020}})</ref>). Other indicators look at the renewable energy share and energy efficiency.

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 7|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth ===

SDG 8 is to: "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all."<ref name="UNDP-2018a">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth.html|title=Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth|website=UNDP|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225022602/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Important indicators for this goal include economic growth in least developed countries and the rate of real [[Lists of countries by GDP per capita|GDP per capita]]. Further examples are rates of youth unemployment and [[occupational injuries]] or the number of women engaged in the labor force compared to men.<ref name="UNDP-2018a" />

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 8|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure ===

SDG 9 is to: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation."<ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 9: Industry, innovation, infrastructure|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure.html|website=UNDP|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301060431/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indicators in this goal include for example, the proportion of people who are employed in [[manufacturing]] activities, are living in areas covered by a [[mobile network]], or who have access to the internet.<ref name="UNESC2020" /> An indicator that is connected to climate change is "CO2 emissions per unit of value added."

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 9|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 10: Reduced inequality ===

SDG 10 is to: "Reduce inequality within and among countries."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities.html|title=Goal 10: Reduced inequalities|website=UNDP|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063954/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Important indicators for this SDG are: income disparities, aspects of gender and disability, as well as policies for migration and mobility of people.<ref name="UN Stats-2020a">United Nations (2020) [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf Sustainable development goals report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064006/https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf|date=30 December 2020}}, New York</ref>

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 10|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities ===

SDG 11 is to: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html|title=Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities|website=UNDP|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911192025/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Important indicators for this goal are the number of people living in urban slums, the proportion of the urban population who has convenient access to public transport, and the extent of built-up area per person.<ref name="UNESC2020" />

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 11|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production ===

SDG 12 is to: "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production.html|title=Goal 12: Responsible consumption, production|website=UNDP|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813113459/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production.html|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the indicators is the number of national policy instruments to promote [[sustainable consumption]] and production patterns.<ref name="UNESC2020" />{{rp|14}} Another one is global fossil fuel subsidies.<ref name="UNESC2020" />{{rp|14}} An increase in domestic recycling and a reduced reliance on the global plastic [[waste trade]] are other actions that might help meet the goal.<ref name="Walker">{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Tony R. |date=August 2021 |title=(Micro)plastics and the UN Sustainable Development Goals |journal=Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry |volume=30 |pages=100497 |doi=10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100497 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021COGSC..3000497W }}</ref>

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 12|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 13: Climate action ===

SDG 13 is to: "Take urgent action to combat [[climate change]] and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-13-climate-action.html|title=Goal 13: Climate action|website=UNDP|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813130618/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-13-climate-action.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021 to early 2023, the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) published its [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] which assesses scientific, technical, and socio-economic information concerning climate change.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023 — IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/ |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref>

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 13|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 14: Life below water ===

SDG 14 is to: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and [[marine resources]] for sustainable development."<ref name="UNDP-2018c">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water.html|title=Goal 14: Life below water|website=UNDP|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201503/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The current efforts to protect oceans, marine environments and small-scale fishers are not meeting the need to protect the resources.<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Increased [[ocean temperature]]s and [[Ocean deoxygenation|oxygen loss]] act concurrently with ocean acidification to constitute the ''deadly trio'' of climate change pressures on the marine environment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2017 |title=Ocean acidification (Issues Brief) |url=https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/ocean_acidification_issues_brief.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063843/https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/ocean_acidification_issues_brief.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)}}</ref>[[File:Nusa Lembongan Reef.jpg|thumb|Nusa Lembongan Reef]]

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 14|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 15: Life on land ===

SDG 15 is to: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat [[desertification]], and halt and reverse land [[Environmental degradation|degradation]] and halt [[biodiversity loss]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land.html|title=Goal 15: Life on land|website=UNDP|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064011/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The proportion of remaining forest area, desertification and [[Extinction|species extinction]] risk are example indicators of this goal.<ref name="UNESC2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Desertification, land degradation and drought .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/desertificationlanddegradationanddrought |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063959/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/desertificationlanddegradationanddrought |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2020-09-05 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref>

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 15|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions ===

SDG 16 is to: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions.html|title=Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions|website=UNDP|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063908/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rates of birth registration and prevalence of bribery are two examples of indicators included in this goal.<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715000653/https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref><ref name="UNESC2020" />

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 16|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

=== Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals ===

SDG 17 is to: "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals.html|title=Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals|website=UNDP|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064022/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-17-partnerships-for-the-goals.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Increasing [[Multilateralism|international cooperation]] is seen as vital to achieving each of the 16 previous goals.<ref name="Alan2">{{Cite web|last=Pierce|first=Alan|date=26 November 2018|title=SDG Indicators: why SDG 17 is the most important UN SDG|url=https://www.sopact.com/perspectives/sdg17-most-important-sdg|access-date=24 September 2020|website=Sopact|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064014/https://www.sopact.com/perspectives/sdg17-most-important-sdg|url-status=live}}</ref> Developing multi-stakeholder partnerships to facilitate knowledge exchange, expertise, technology, and financial resources is recognized as critical to overall success of the SDGs. The goal includes improving north–south and [[South–South cooperation|South–South]] cooperation. [[Public–private partnership|Public-private partnerships]] which involve civil societies are specifically mentioned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg17|title=Sustainable Development Goal 17|date=16 November 2017|website=Sustainable Development Goals|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905221234/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Peccia, T., R. Kelej, A. Hamdy, A. Fahmi (2017), "A reflection on Public-Private
Partnerships' contribution to the attainment of Sustainable Development
Goals", Scienza e Pace, VIII, 1, pp. 81–103.</ref>

{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goal 17|paragraphs=2|file=0}} 

== Public relations ==
[[File:Flash Mop at Mirpur 14.webm|thumb|left|SDG materials are being painted in the form of graffiti to raise public awareness by independent volunteers in Dhaka, Bangladesh in collaboration with UNDP, Bangladesh]]
[[File:Katherine Maher. Wikimania 2019.jpg|thumb|[[Katherine Maher]], then-Executive Director of the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], talks about "The role of free knowledge in advancing the SDGs" in Stockholm, 2019]]
[[File:SDG-pyramid.jpg|thumb|A proposal to visualize the 17 SDGs in a thematic pyramid]]

The 2030 Agenda did not create specific authority for communicating the SDGs; however, both international and local advocacy organizations have pursued significant non-state resources to communicate the SDGS.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mulholland |first=Eric |url=https://www.esdn.eu/fileadmin/ESDN_Reports/ESDN_Quarterly_Report_51_Final.pdf |title=Communicating Sustainable Development and the SDGs in Europe: Good practice examples from policy,academia, NGOs, and media |date=January 2019 |publisher=European Sustainable Development Network |series=ESDN Quarterly Report 51 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230608062925/https://www.esdn.eu/fileadmin/ESDN_Reports/ESDN_Quarterly_Report_51_Final.pdf |archive-date= Jun 8, 2023 }}</ref> UN agencies which are part of the [[United Nations Development Group]] decided to support an independent campaign to communicate the new SDGs to a wider audience. This campaign, Project Everyone, had the support of corporate institutions and other international organizations.<ref name="Everyone-2018">{{cite web |title=Project Everyone |url=http://www.project-everyone.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917101256/https://www.project-everyone.org/ |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=11 October 2016 |website=Project-everyone.org}}</ref>

Using the text drafted by diplomats at the UN level, a team of communication specialists developed icons for every goal.<ref name="Hub-2020">{{cite web |date=16 December 2014 |title=Guest Article: Making the SDGs Famous and Popular |url=http://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/guest-articles/making-the-sdgs-famous-and-popular/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063939/http://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/guest-articles/making-the-sdgs-famous-and-popular/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=14 November 2018 |website=IISD's SDG Knowledge Hub}}</ref> They also shortened the title ''The 17 Sustainable Development Goals'' to ''Global Goals'', then ran workshops and conferences to communicate the Global Goals to a global audience.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Wudel |first1=Katie |date=2015-09-24 |title=How This Great Design Is Bringing World Change to the Masses |url=https://www.good.is/slideshows/designing-the-global-goals-for-everyone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010211100/https://www.good.is/slideshows/designing-the-global-goals-for-everyone |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=2017-11-11 |work=GOOD Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Festival of Action |url=http://globalfestivalofideas.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024035632/http://globalfestivalofideas.org/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=2017-11-11 |website=globalfestivalofideas.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Aarhus Convention]] is a United Nations convention passed in 2001, explicitly to encourage and promote effective public engagement in environmental decision making. Information transparency related to social media and the engagement of youth are two issues related to the Sustainable Development Goals that the convention has addressed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aarhus Convention safeguards transparency and supports disaster risk reduction and measurement of Sustainable Development Goals |url=http://www.unece.org/info/media/news/environment/2019/the-aarhus-convention-safeguards-transparency-and-supports-disaster-risk-reduction-and-measurement-of-sustainable-development-goals/doc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063946/https://unece.org/environment/news/aarhus-convention-safeguards-transparency-and-supports-disaster-risk-reduction-and |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=United Nations Economic Commission for Europe}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mamadov |first=Ikrom |date=2018 |title=Youth, Aarhus and the Sustainable Development Goals |url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/pp/wgp/WGP-22/Special_sessions/Anniversary_segment/WGP-22_Special_Segment_Aarhus_Centre_Ikfrom_Mamadov.pdf |publisher=Youth Group on the Protection of the Environment |location=Geneva}}</ref>

=== Advocates ===
In 2019 and then in 2021, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres appointed 17 ''SDG advocates''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2019 |title=United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres has Appointed 17 Sustainable Development Goals Advocates |url=https://www.globalgoals.org/news/secretary-general-antonio-guterres-has-appointed-new |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064017/https://www.globalgoals.org/news/secretary-general-antonio-guterres-has-appointed-new |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=The Global Goals}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2022 |title=UN Secretary-General António Guterres announces Founder and CEO of Chobani, Mr. Hamdi Ulukaya as SDG Advocate |url=https://www.unsdgadvocates.org/news/un-secretary-general-antonio-guterres-announces-founder-and-ceo-of-chobani-mr-hamdi-ulukaya-as-sdg-advocate |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=SDG Advocates |language=en-US}}</ref> The role of the public figures is to raise awareness, inspire greater ambition, and push for faster action on the SDGs. The co-chairs are: [[Mia Mottley]], Prime Minister of [[Barbados]] and [[Justin Trudeau]], Prime Minister of [[Canada]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

=== Global events ===
[[File:Global Goals Week Logo.png|thumb|right|Global Goals Week logo]]
[[Global Goals Week]] is an annual week-long event in September for action, awareness, and accountability for the Sustainable Development Goals.<ref name="GGW">{{Cite web |title=Global Goals Week – About |url=https://globalgoalsweek.org/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063942/https://globalgoalsweek.org/about/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |publisher=United Nations Foundation}}</ref> It is a shared commitment for over 100 partners to ensure quick action on the SDGs by sharing ideas and transformative solutions to global problems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=global goals week |url=https://globalgoalsweek.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064024/https://globalgoalsweek.org/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> It first took place in 2016. It is often held concurrently with [[Climate Week NYC]].<ref name="IISD2019">{{Cite web |title=Global Goals Week 2019 |url=http://sdg.iisd.org/events/global-goals-week-2019/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064012/http://sdg.iisd.org/events/global-goals-week-2019/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |publisher=IISD SDG Knowledge Hub}}</ref>

The [[Arctic Film Festival]] is an annual film festival organized by [[HF Productions]] and supported by the SDGs' Partnership Platform. Held for the first time in 2019, the festival is expected to take place every year in September in [[Longyearbyen]], [[Svalbard]], Norway.<ref name="FilmFreeway">{{cite web |title=Arctic Film Festival |url=https://filmfreeway.com/ArcticFilmFestival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064030/https://filmfreeway.com/ArcticFilmFestival |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=14 October 2019 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Arctic Film Festival – United Nations Partnerships for SDGs platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=32901 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063950/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=32901 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=14 October 2019 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:SustainableDevelopmentGoalsLogo.svg|thumb|The sustainable development goals are a UN initiative]]
[[File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|thumb|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development containing the targets and indicators, July 2017 (UN resolution A/RES/71/313)]]
{{Main|Post-2015 Development Agenda}}

[[File:UN SDGs consulltations in Mariupol (29274119644).jpg|thumb|UN SDG consultations in Mariupol, Ukraine]]

The Post-2015 Development Agenda was a process from 2012 to 2015 led by the United Nations to define the future global development framework that would succeed the Millennium Development Goals. The SDGs were developed to succeed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which ended in 2015.

In 1983, the United Nations created the [[Brundtland Commission|World Commission on Environment and Development]] (later known as the Brundtland Commission), which defined sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm|title=Our Common Future, Chapter 2: Towards Sustainable Development – A/42/427 Annex, Chapter 2 – UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements|last=Development|first=World Commission on Environment and|website=www.un-documents.net|access-date=2017-11-17|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517002735/http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1992, the first [[United Nations Conference on Environment and Development]] (UNCED) or Earth Summit was held in [[Rio de Janeiro]], where the first agenda for Environment and Development, also known as [[Agenda 21]], was developed and adopted.

In 2012, the [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development]] (UNCSD), also known as Rio+20, was held as a 20-year follow up to UNCED.<ref>{{cite web|title=Major Agreements & Conventions .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=122|publisher=United Nations|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063946/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=122|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Resources .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/resourcelibrary|publisher=United Nations|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064120/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/resourcelibrary|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Colombia]] proposed the idea of the SDGs at a preparation event for Rio+20 held in Indonesia in July 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://deliver2030.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/A-short-history-of-the-SDGs-Paula-Caballero.pdf|title=A Short History of the SDGs|last=Caballero|first=Paula|date=29 April 2016|website=Deliver 2030|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118221940/http://deliver2030.org/wp%2Dcontent/uploads/2016/04/A%2Dshort%2Dhistory%2Dof%2Dthe%2DSDGs%2DPaula%2DCaballero.pdf|archive-date=2017-11-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2011, this idea was picked up by the [[United Nations Department of Public Information]] 64th NGO Conference in Bonn, Germany. The outcome document proposed 17 sustainable development goals and associated targets. In the run-up to Rio+20 there was much discussion about the idea of the SDGs. At the Rio+20 Conference, a resolution known as "The Future We Want" was reached by member states.<ref name="SustDev-2012">{{cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html|title=Future We Want – Outcome document |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063948/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the key themes agreed on were poverty eradication, energy, water and sanitation, health, and human settlement.

In January 2013, the 30-member UN General Assembly Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals was established to identify specific goals for the SDGs. The OWG submitted their proposal of 8 SDGs and 169 targets to the 68th session of the General Assembly in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgsproposal|title=Open Working Group proposal for Sustainable Development Goals |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006035004/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgsproposal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 5 December 2014, the UN General Assembly accepted the Secretary General's Synthesis Report, which stated that the agenda for the post-2015 SDG process would be based on the OWG proposals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/69/700&Lang=E|title=The road to dignity by 2030: ending poverty, transforming all lives and protecting the planet |date=4 December 2014 |website=United Nations|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064030/https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2F69%2F700&Lang=E|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Background ===
In 2015, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] (UNGA) created the SDGs as part of the [[Post-2015 Development Agenda]]. This agenda sought to design a new global development framework, replacing the [[Millennium Development Goals]], which were completed that same year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biermann |first1=Frank |last2=Kanie |first2=Norichika |last3=Kim |first3=Rakhyun E |date=2017-06-01 |title=Global governance by goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343517300209 |journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability |series=Open issue, part II |language=en |volume=26–27 |pages=26–31 |bibcode=2017COES...26...26B |doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010 |hdl=1874/358246 |issn=1877-3435|hdl-access=free }}</ref> These goals were formally articulated and adopted in a [[United Nations General Assembly resolution|UNGA resolution]] known as the ''2030 Agenda''.<ref>United Nations (2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, [[:File:N1529189.pdf|Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ A/RES/70/1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128002202/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/|date=28 November 2020}})</ref> On 6 July 2017, the SDGs were made more actionable by a UNGA resolution that identifies [[List of Sustainable Development Goal targets and indicators|specific targets]] for each goal and provides indicators to measure progress.<ref name="UN-2017a" /> Most targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some have no end date.<ref name="UN Stats-2017" />

There are cross-cutting issues and synergies between the different goals; for example, for SDG 13 on climate action, the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] sees robust synergies with SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean energy), 11 (cities and communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14 (oceans).<ref name="IPCC-2018">IPCC, 2018: [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf Global Warming of 1.5°C.An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press</ref><ref name="Berg-2020" />{{rp|70}} On the other hand, critics and observers have also identified [[trade-off]]s between the goals,<ref name="Berg-2020" />{{rp|67}}such as between ending hunger and promoting environmental sustainability.<ref name="Machingura-2017" />{{rp|26}} Furthermore, concerns have arisen over the high number of goals (compared to the eight Millennium Development Goals), leading to compounded trade-offs, a weak emphasis on [[Sustainability#Environmental sustainability|environmental sustainability]], and difficulties tracking qualitative indicators.

The SDGs are monitored by the [[United Nations|UN]] (United Nations) [[High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development|High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development]] (HLPF), an annual forum held under the auspices of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]. However, the HLPF comes with its own set of problems due to a lack of political leadership and divergent [[national interest]]s.<ref name="BiermannCh8" />{{rp|206}} To facilitate monitoring of progress on SDG implementation, the online SDG Tracker was launched in June 2018 to present all available data across all indicators.<ref name="SDGtracker" /> The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] had serious negative impacts on all 17 SDGs in 2020.<ref name="UNESC2020" /> A scientific assessment of the political impacts of the SDGs found in 2022 that the SDGs have only had limited ''transformative political impact'' thus far.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> At the very least, they have affected the way actors understand and communicate about sustainable development.<ref name="Biermann-2022" />

=== Adoption ===
[[File:N1529189.pdf|thumb|Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN Resolution A/RES/70/1), containing the goals (October 2015)]]
[[File:Sustainable Development Goals.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|A diagram listing the 17 Sustainable Development Goals]]
On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030 Development Agenda titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development."<ref name="UN SustDev-2017">{{cite web |title=Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205210925/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld |archive-date=5 December 2017 |access-date=23 August 2015 |website=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Sustainable Development}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2015 |title=Breakdown of U.N. Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/26/world/breakdown-of-un-sustainable-development-goals.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709115207/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/26/world/breakdown-of-un-sustainable-development-goals.html?_r=0 |archive-date=9 July 2017 |access-date=26 September 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=Sep 25, 2015 |title=World leaders adopt Sustainable Development Goals |url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2015/09/24/undp-welcomes-adoption-of-sustainable-development-goals-by-world-leaders.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064011/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2015/09/24/undp-welcomes-adoption-of-sustainable-development-goals-by-world-leaders.html |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=25 September 2015 |website=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> This agenda has 92 paragraphs. Paragraph 59 outlines the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and the associated 169 targets and 232 indicators.

The UN-led process involved its 193 [[Member states of the United Nations|Member States]] and global [[civil society]]. The resolution is a broad intergovernmental agreement that acts as the Post-2015 Development Agenda. The SDGs build on the principles agreed upon in Resolution A/RES/66/288, entitled "The Future We Want".<ref name="United Nations Official Document">{{cite web |date=June 2012 |title=The Future We Want |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423213340/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/733FutureWeWant.pdf/ |archive-date=Apr 23, 2018 |access-date=2016-10-18 |website=United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development}}</ref> This was a non-binding document released as a result of [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development|Rio+20 Conference]] held in 2012.<ref name="United Nations Official Document" />

== Implementation ==
[[File:Finanzierung der Ziele für Nachhaltige Entwicklung.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cost comparison for UN Goals]]Implementation of the SDGs started worldwide in 2016. This process can also be called ''Localizing the SDGs''. In 2019 [[António Guterres]] (secretary-general of the United Nations) issued a global call for a ''Decade of Action'' to deliver the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decade of Action |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-action/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}</ref> This decade will last from 2020 to 2030. The plan is that the secretary general of the UN will convene an annual platform for driving the Decade of Action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital generation |url=https://www.undp.org/digital-generation |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref><ref name="UN-2022">{{Cite web |last1=Guterres |first1=António |date=24 September 2019 |title=Remarks to High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development |url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2019-09-24/remarks-high-level-political-sustainable-development-forum |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=United Nations Secretary-General}}</ref>

There are two main types of actors for implementation of the SDGs: state and non-state actors.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> State actors include national governments and sub-national authorities, whereas non-state actors are corporations and civil society.<ref name="Llanos-2022">{{Citation |last1=Llanos |first1=Andrea Ordóñez |title=Chapter 3: Implementation at Multiple Levels |date=2022-07-31 |work=The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals |pages=59–91 |editor-last=Biermann |editor-first=Frank |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EE1BEAD7D6D3F216EB2016FDCCC3936C/9781316514290c3_59-91.pdf/implementation-at-multiple-levels.pdf |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781009082945.004 |isbn=978-1-009-08294-5 |last2=Raven |first2=Rob |last3=Bexell |first3=Magdalena |last4=Botchwey |first4=Brianna |last5=Bornemann |first5=Basil |last6=Censoro |first6=Jecel |last7=Christen |first7=Marius |last8=Díaz |first8=Liliana |last9=Hickmann |first9=Thomas |editor2-last=Hickmann |editor2-first=Thomas |editor3-last=Sénit |editor3-first=Carole-Anne |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|80}} Civil society participation and empowerment is important but there are also diverse interests in this group.<ref name="Llanos-2022" />{{rp|80}}

Building new partnerships is useful.<ref name="Llanos-2022" /> However, the SDGs are not legally binding and purposefully designed to provide much leeway for actors. Therefore, they can interpret the goals differently and often according to their interests.<ref name="Biermann-2022" />[[File:Sustainable Development Goals (Lima, Peru) 1.jpg|thumb|240px|Young people holding SDG banners in Lima, Peru]]

=== Cross-cutting issues ===
The widespread consensus is that progress on all of the SDGs will be stalled if women's empowerment and gender equality are not prioritized, and treated holistically. The SDGs look to policy makers as well as private sector executives and board members to work toward gender equality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Firzli |first1=Nicolas |date=5 April 2017 |title=6th World Pensions Forum held at the Queen's House: ESG and Asset Ownership |url=https://amnt.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/6th-World-Pensions-Forum2017.pdf |access-date=28 April 2017 |work=Revue Analyse Financière |publisher=Revue Analyse Financière}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |last1=Firzli |first1=Nicolas |date=3 April 2018 |title=Greening, Governance and Growth in the Age of Popular Empowerment |url=http://www.pensions-expert.com/Special-Features/The-Cut/Greening-governance-and-growth-in-the-age-of-popular-empowerment |access-date=27 April 2018 |work=FT Pensions Experts |publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> Statements from diverse sources such as the [[OECD|Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development]] (OECD), [[UN Women]] and the [[World Pensions & Investments Forum|World Pensions Forum]], have noted that investments in women and girls have positive impacts on economies. National and global development investments in women and girls often exceed their initial scope.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gender equality and women's rights in the post-2015 agenda: A foundation for sustainable development |url=https://www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/POST-2015%20Gender.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063852/https://www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/POST-2015%20Gender.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2016-10-18 |website=Oecd.org}}</ref>

Gender equality is mainstreamed throughout the SDG framework by ensuring that as much sex-disaggregated data as possible are collected.<ref name="UNESCO-2019">UNESCO (2019) [http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/publication_culture_2020_indicators_en.pdf Culture | 2030 Indicators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063854/http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/publication_culture_2020_indicators_en.pdf|date=30 December 2020}}, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France, {{ISBN|978-92-3-100355-4}}, CC-BY-ND 3.0 IGO</ref>{{rp|11}}

[[Education for sustainable development]] (ESD) is explicitly recognized in the SDGs as part of Target 4.7 of the SDG on education. [[UNESCO]] promotes the [[Global citizenship education|Global Citizenship Education]] (GCED) as a complementary approach.<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002329/232993e.pdf Global Citizenship Education: Topics and learning objectives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712215733/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002329/232993e.pdf|date=12 July 2018}}, UNESCO, 2015.</ref> Education for sustainable development is important for all the other 16 SDGs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=UNESCO |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002474/247444e.pdf |title=Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Objectives |publisher=Paris, UNESCO |year=2017 |isbn=978-92-3-100209-0 |pages=7 |access-date=13 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063855/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247444_eng |archive-date=30 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Culture is explicitly referenced in SDG 11 Target 4 ("Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world's cultural and natural heritage"). However, culture is seen as a cross-cutting theme because it impacts several SDGs.<ref name="UNESCO-2019" /> For example, culture plays a role in SDG targets where they relate to environment and resilience (within SDGs 11, 12 and 16), prosperity and livelihoods (within SDG 8), inclusion and participation (within SDG 11 and 16).<ref name="UNESCO-2019" />{{rp|2}}

SDGs 1 to 6 directly address [[health disparities]], primarily in developing countries.<ref name="UN2015">{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development goals – United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development}}</ref> These six goals address key issues in Global Public Health, Poverty, Hunger and Food security, Health, Education, Gender equality and women's empowerment, as well as water and sanitation.<ref name="UN2015" /> Public health officials can use these goals to set their own agenda and plan for smaller scale initiatives for their organizations.

The links between the various sustainable development goals and [[public health]] are numerous and well established:

* SDG 1: Living below the poverty line is attributed to poorer health outcomes and can be even worse for persons living in developing countries where extreme poverty is more common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child Poverty |url=http://www.nccp.org/topics/childpoverty.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624190322/http://www.nccp.org/topics/childpoverty.html |archive-date=24 June 2018 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=www.nccp.org}}</ref> A child born into poverty is twice as likely to die before the age of five compared to a child from a wealthier family.<ref name="UNhealth2015">{{Cite web |title=Health – United Nations Sustainable Development |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/ |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development}}</ref>
* SDG 2: The detrimental effects of hunger and malnutrition that can arise from systemic challenges with food security are enormous. The World Health Organization estimates that 12.9 percent of the population in developing countries is undernourished.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunger and food security – United Nations Sustainable Development |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/ |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development}}</ref>
* SDG 4 and 5: Educational equity has yet to be reached in the world. Public health efforts are impeded by this, as a lack of education can lead to poorer health outcomes. This is shown by children of mothers who have no education having a lower survival rate compared to children born to mothers with primary or greater levels of education.<ref name="UNhealth2015" />

=== Synergies ===
Synergies amongst the SDGs are "the good antagonists of trade-offs."<ref name="Berg-2020" />{{rp|67}}With regards to SDG 13 on climate action, the IPCC sees robust synergies particularly for the SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean energy), 11 (cities and communities), 12 (responsible consumption and production) and 14 (oceans).<ref name="IPCC-2018" /><ref name="Berg-2020" />{{rp|70}}

To meet SDG 13 and other SDGs, sustained long-term investment in green innovation is required to: [[Decarbonization|decarbonize]] the physical capital stock – energy, industry, and transportation infrastructure – and ensure its resilience to a changing future climate; to preserve and enhance [[natural capital]] – forests, oceans, and wetlands; and to train people to work in a climate-neutral economy.<ref name="EIB-2020">{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-eib-group-climate-bank-roadmap |title=The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021–2025 |date=2020-12-14 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-4908-5 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Amar |last2=Ivanyna |first2=Maksym |last3=Oman |first3=William |last4=Stern |first4=Nicholas |date=2021-05-26 |title=Climate Action to Unlock the Inclusive Growth Story of the 21st Century |url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2021/147/article-A001-en.xml |journal=IMF Working Papers |language=en |volume=2021 |issue=147 |page=1 |doi=10.5089/9781513573366.001 |s2cid=242841434 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand Duchy of Luxembourg International Climate Finance Strategy |url=https://gouvernement.lu/dam-assets/documents/actualites/2021/07-juillet/26-fci-dieschbourg/Strategie-FCI.pdf}}</ref>

== Results and outcomes ==
Most or all of the goals and targets are unlikely to be achieved by 2030.<ref name="CEEW-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=SEI |last2=CEEW |date=2022-05-18 |title=Stockholm+50: Unlocking a Better Future |url=https://www.sei.org/publications/stockholm50-unlocking-better-future |journal=SEI Reports |doi=10.51414/sei2022.011 |s2cid=248881465 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|41}}

Of particular concern - which cut across many of the SDGs – are rising inequalities, ongoing climate change and increasing biodiversity loss.<ref name="CEEW-2022" />{{rp|41}} In addition, there is a [[trade-off]] between the planetary boundaries of Earth and the aspirations for wealth and well-being. This has been described as follows: "the world's social and natural biophysical systems cannot support the aspirations for universal human well-being embedded in the SDGs."<ref name="CEEW-2022" />{{rp|41}}

An independent group of scientists appointed by the Secretary General, found that: "the world is far off track".<ref name=":0">Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General, ''Global Sustainable Development Report 2023: Times of crisis, times of change: Science for accelerating transformations to sustainable development'', (United Nations, New York, 2023).</ref> This report urges "urgent course correction" to help achieve the SDGs.<ref name=":0" /> This report blames the lingering drag of the COVID-19 pandemic, a rise in conflicts and, inflation for the lagging progress of the SDGs.<ref name=":0" />

Due to various economic and social issues, many countries are seeing a major decline in the progress made. In Asia for example, data shows a loss of progress on goals 2, 8,10,11, and 15.<ref name="SEI-2020">{{cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=Let's get the SDGs back on track |url=https://www.sei.org/perspectives/lets-get-the-sdgs-back-on-track/ |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=Stockholm Environment Institute}}</ref> Recommended approaches to still achieve the SDGs are: "Set priorities, focus on harnessing the environmental dimension of the SDGs, understand how the SDGs work as an indivisible system, and look for synergies."<ref name="SEI-2020" />

=== Assessing the political impact of the SDGs ===
In 2022, the last book in series of books analysed the political impacts of the SDGs.<ref name="BiermannCh8">{{Citation |last1=Biermann |first1=Frank |title=The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals |date=2022-07-31 |pages=204–26 |editor-last=Biermann |editor-first=Frank |contribution=Chapter 8: The Sustainable Development Goals as a Transformative Force?: Key Insights |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781009082945.009 |isbn=978-1-009-08294-5 |last2=Hickmann |first2=Thomas |last3=Sénit |first3=Carole-Anne |last4=Grob |first4=Leonie |editor2-last=Hickmann |editor2-first=Thomas |editor3-last=Sénit |editor3-first=Carole-Anne |doi-access=free}}</ref> It reviewed over 3,000 scientific articles, mainly from the social sciences, and looked at possible discursive, normative and institutional effects. The presence of all three types of effects throughout a political system is defined as ''transformative impact'', which is the eventual goal of the 2030 Agenda.<ref name="Biermann-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Biermann |first1=Frank |last2=Hickmann |first2=Thomas |last3=Sénit |first3=Carole-Anne |last4=Beisheim |first4=Marianne |last5=Bernstein |first5=Steven |last6=Chasek |first6=Pamela |last7=Grob |first7=Leonie |last8=Kim |first8=Rakhyun E. |last9=Kotzé |first9=Louis J. |last10=Nilsson |first10=Måns |last11=Ordóñez Llanos |first11=Andrea |last12=Okereke |first12=Chukwumerije |last13=Pradhan |first13=Prajal |last14=Raven |first14=Rob |last15=Sun |first15=Yixian |date=2022-06-20 |title=Scientific evidence on the political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals |journal=Nature Sustainability |language=en |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=795–800 |doi=10.1038/s41893-022-00909-5 |issn=2398-9629 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022NatSu...5..795B |hdl-access=free |hdl=2066/253734}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref>

''Discursive effects'' relate to changes in global and national debates that make them more aligned with the SDGs.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> ''Normative effects'' would be adjustments in legislative and regulatory frameworks and policies in line with, and because of, the SDGs. ''Institutional effects'' would be the creation of new departments, committees, offices or programs linked to the achievement of the SDGs or the realignment of existing institutions.<ref name="Biermann-2022" />

The review found that the SDGs are too nonspecific to be quantified or measured. Subjective assessments are often paradoxical due to the nature of wealth and prosperity. An individual with good health, supportive family and social well-being could be considered a form of wealth not enjoyed by individuals who are isolated, in poor health and employed in labor which exacts an extreme physical toll and frequent injuries or toxin-related illness.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> They have had mainly discursive effects only.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> For example, the broad uptake of the principle of ''leaving no one behind'' in pronouncements by policymakers and civil society activists is a discursive effect. The SDGs have also led to some isolated normative and institutional reforms.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> However, there is widespread doubt that the SDGs can steer societies towards more ecological integrity at the planetary scale.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> This is because countries generally prioritize the more socioeconomic SDGs (e.g. SDGs 8 to 12) over the environmentally oriented ones (e.g. SDGs 13 to 15), which is in alignment with their long-standing national development policies.<ref name="Biermann-2022" />

=== Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic ===
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] has had a profound impact on the mental and physical wellbeing of communities around the world.<ref name=":0" /> The pandemic slowed progress towards achieving the SDGs. It has "exacerbated existing fault lines of inequality".<ref name=":0" /> The brunt of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic were felt by poorer segments of the population.<ref name=":0" />

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 had impacts on all 17 goals. It has become "the worst human and economic crisis in a lifetime."<ref name="UNESC2020" />{{rp|2}} The pandemic threatened progress made in particular for SDG 3 (health), SDG 4 (education), SDG 6 (water and sanitation for all), SDG 10 (reduce inequality) and SDG 17 (partnerships).<ref name="UNESC2020" />

At the UN [[High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development]] in July 2023, speakers remarked that the pandemic, and multiple worldwide crises such as climate change, threatened decades of progress on the SDGs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact of Pandemic, Worldwide Crises Must Be Overcome to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals, Speakers Stress, as High-Level Political Forum Opens {{!}} UN Press |url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/ecosoc7134.doc.htm |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=press.un.org}}</ref>

=== Uneven priorities of goals ===
In 2019 five progress reports on the 17 SDGs were published. Three came from the [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] (UNDESA),<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sustainable Development Goals report 2019 |date=2019 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-101403-7 |oclc=1117643666}}{{page needed|date=June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Publications |first1=United Nations |title=Report of the inter-agency task force on financing for development 2019: financing for sustainable development report 2019 |date=2019 |isbn=978-92-1-101404-4 |oclc=1098817400}}{{page needed|date=June 2021}}</ref> one from the [[Bertelsmann Foundation]] and one from the [[European Union]].<ref>Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General, Global Sustainable Development Report 2019: [https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/24797GSDR_report_2019.pdf The Future is Now – Science for Achieving Sustainable Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063857/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/24797GSDR_report_2019.pdf|date=30 December 2020}}, (United Nations, New York, 2019)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sustainable development in the European Union |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/9940483/KS-02-19-165-EN-N.pdf/1965d8f5-4532-49f9-98ca-5334b0652820 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> A review of the five reports analyzed which of the 17 Goals were addressed in priority and which ones were left behind.<ref name="BICE-2020">{{cite web |title=Leaving Biodiversity, Peace and Social Inclusion behind |url=http://commons.ch/wp-content/uploads/Synopsis_SDG_Reports_Goals_Allocation_2019.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063855/http://commons.ch/wp-content/uploads/Synopsis_SDG_Reports_Goals_Allocation_2019.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Basel Institute of Commons and Economics |language=en}}</ref> In explanation of the findings, the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics said [[Biodiversity]], Peace and Social Inclusion were "left behind" by quoting the official SDGs motto "Leaving no one behind."<ref name="BICE-2020" />

It has been argued that governments and businesses actively prioritize the social and economic goals over the environmental goals (such as Goal 14 and 15) in both rhetoric and practice.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Forestier |first1=Oana |last2=Kim |first2=Rakhyun E. |date=September 2020 |title=Cherry-picking the Sustainable Development Goals: Goal prioritization by national governments and implications for global governance |journal=Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1269–1278 |doi=10.1002/sd.2082 |issn=0968-0802 |s2cid=225737527 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+SDG preferences in the World's five major SDG reports in 2019<ref name="BICE-2020" />
!SDG Topic  
!Rank   
!Average Rank
!Mentions
|-
|Health
|1
|3.2
|1814
|-
|Energy Climate Water
|2
|4.0
|1328 1328 1784
|-
|Education
|3
|4.6
|1351
|-
|Poverty
|4
|6.2
|1095
|-
|Food
|5
|7.6
|693
|-
|Economic Growth
|6
|8.6
|387
|-
|Technology
|7
|8.8
|855
|-
|Inequality
|8
|9.2
|296
|-
|Gender Equality
|9
|10.0
|338
|-
|Hunger
|10
|10.6
|670
|-
|Justice
|11
|10.8
|328
|-
|Governance
|12
|11.6
|232
|-
|Decent Work
|13
|12.2
|277
|-
|Peace
|14
|12.4
|282
|-
|Clean Energy
|15
|12.6
|272
|-
|Life on Land
|16
|14.4
|250
|-
|Life below Water
|17
|15.0
|248
|-
|Social Inclusion
|18
|16.4
|22
|}

== Funding ==

=== Cost estimates ===
The United Nations estimates that for Africa, considering the continent's population growth, yearly funding of $1.3 trillion would be needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa. [[International Monetary Fund|The International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) also estimates that $50 billion may be needed only to cover the expenses of [[Climate change adaptation|climate adaptation]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times |title=Finance in Africa – Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times |date=2022-10-19 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5382-2 |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2021 |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2021-Report.pdf |website=UN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nations |first=United |title=Population growth, environmental degradation and climate change |url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/population-growth-environmental-degradation-and-climate-change |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> The IMF has also taken the initiative to achieve the SDGs by offering their support to developing countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMF and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2023/IMF-Sustainable-development-goals-SDGs |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref>

Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion.<ref name="Hutton-2017">{{Cite web |last=Hutton |first=Guy |date=15 November 2017 |title=The Costs of Meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/847191468000296045/pdf/103172-PUB-Box394556B-PUBLIC-EPI-K8632-ADD-SERIES.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063857/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/847191468000296045/pdf/103172-PUB-Box394556B-PUBLIC-EPI-K8632-ADD-SERIES.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=15 November 2017 |website=Documents/World Bank}}</ref> The [[World Bank]] says that estimates need to be made country by country, and reevaluated frequently over time.<ref name="Hutton-2017" />

In 2014, [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development|UNCTAD]] estimated the annual costs to achieving the UN Goals at US$2.5 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2014 |title=UNCTAD {{!}} Press Release |url=https://unctad.org/en/pages/PressRelease.aspx?OriginalVersionID=194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063956/https://unctad.org/press-material/developing-countries-face-25-trillion-annual-investment-gap-key-sustainable |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=unctad.org}}</ref> Another estimate from 2018 (by the Basel Institute of Commons and Economics, that conducts the [[World Social Capital Monitor]]) found that to reach all of the SDGs this would require between US$2.5 and $5.0 trillion per year.<ref name="Dill-2018">Alexander Dill (2018) [https://developmentfinance.un.org/sites/developmentfinance.un.org/files/The_SDGs_are_public_goods_IATF_2019.pdf The SDGs are public goods – Costs, Sources and Measures of Financing for Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063900/https://developmentfinance.un.org/sites/developmentfinance.un.org/files/The_SDGs_are_public_goods_IATF_2019.pdf|date=30 December 2020}} – Policy paper to the UN Inter-Agency Taskforce on Financing for Development, Basel Institute of Commons and Economics</ref>

=== Allocation of funds ===
In 2017 the UN launched the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development (UN IATF on FfD) that invited to a public dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the IATF {{!}} United Nations |url=https://developmentfinance.un.org/about-iatf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063959/https://developmentfinance.un.org/about-iatf |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=developmentfinance.un.org}}</ref> The top-5 sources of financing for development were estimated in 2018 to be: Real new [[Government debt|sovereign debt]] OECD countries, [[Military budget|military expenditures]], official increase sovereign debt OECD countries, [[remittance]]s from expats to developing countries, [[official development assistance]] (ODA).<ref name="Dill-2018" />

The [[Rockefeller Foundation]] asserted in 2017 that "The key to financing and achieving the SDGs lies in mobilizing a greater share of the $200+ trillion in annual private capital investment flows toward development efforts, and philanthropy has a critical role to play in catalyzing this shift."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madsbjerg |first=Saadia |date=19 September 2017 |title=A New Role for Foundations in Financing the Global Goals |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/new-role-foundations-financing-global-goals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823162537/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/blog/new-role-foundations-financing-global-goals/ |archive-date=23 August 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> Large-scale funders participating in a Rockefeller Foundation-hosted design thinking workshop concluded that "while there is a moral imperative to achieve the SDGs, failure is inevitable if there aren't drastic changes to how we go about financing large scale change."<ref name="Burgess-2018">{{Cite web |last=Burgess |first=Cameron |date=March 2018 |title=From Billions to Trillions: Mobilising the Missing Trillions to Solve the Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://sphaera.world/billions-to-trillions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215312/https://sphaera.world/billions-to-trillions/ |archive-date=17 September 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=sphaera.world}}</ref>

A meta-analysis published in 2022 found that there was scant evidence that governments have substantially reallocated funding to implement the SDGs, either for national implementation or for international cooperation. The SDGs do not seem to have changed public budgets and financial allocation mechanisms in any important way, except for some local governance contexts.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> National budgets cannot easily be reallocated.<ref name="Llanos-2022" />{{rp|81}}

=== SDG-driven investment ===
[[Stewardship|Capital stewardship]] is expected to play a crucial part in the progressive advancement of the SDG agenda to "shift the economic system towards sustainable investment by using the SDG framework across all [[asset class]]es."<ref name="auto2" /><ref name="Revue Analyse Financiere">{{cite news |last1=Firzli |first1=M. Nicolas J. |date=October 2016 |title=Beyond SDGs: Can Fiduciary Capitalism and Bolder, Better Boards Jumpstart Economic Growth? |url=https://www.academia.edu/28982570 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063938/https://www.academia.edu/28982570/Beyond_SDGs_Can_Fiduciary_Capitalism_and_Bolder_Better_Boards_Jumpstart_Economic_Growth |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=1 November 2016 |work=Analyse Financiere}}</ref> The notion of ''SDG Driven Investment'' gained further ground amongst institutional investors in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Firzli |first1=Nicolas |date=10 February 2020 |title=G7 Pensions Roundtable: Les ODD ('SDGs') Désormais Incontournables |work=Cahiers du Centre des Professions Financières |publisher=CPF |ssrn=3545217}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McGregor |first1=Jena |date=20 August 2019 |title=Group of top CEOs says maximizing shareholder profits no longer can be the primary goal of corporations |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/08/19/lobbying-group-powerful-ceos-is-rethinking-how-it-defines-corporations-purpose |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/08/19/lobbying-group-powerful-ceos-is-rethinking-how-it-defines-corporations-purpose/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=17 March 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=WP}}</ref>

In 2017, 2018 and early 2019, the [[World Pensions & Investments Forum|World Pensions Council (WPC)]] held a series of ESG-focused (Environmental, Social and Governance) discussions with pension board members (trustees) and senior investment executives from across [[G20]] nations. Many pension investment executives and board members confirmed they were in the process of adopting or developing SDG-informed investment processes, with more ambitious investment governance requirements – notably when it comes to climate action, gender equality and social fairness.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Firzli |first1=Nicolas |date=7 December 2018 |title=An Examination of Pensions Trends. On Balance, How Do Things Look? |url=https://securities.bnpparibas.pl/insights/examination-pensions-trends.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063939/https://securities.bnpparibas.pl/insights/examination-pensions-trends.html |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=3 January 2019 |work=BNPSS Newsletter |publisher=BNP Paribas Securities Services}}</ref><ref name="auto2" />

Some studies, however, warn of selective implementation of SDGs and political risks linked to private investments in the context of continued shortage of [[public funding]].<ref name="Biermann-2022" />

== Measuring progress ==
[[File:Map Sustainable Development Goals 2019.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=2|Countries that are closest to meeting the SDGs (in dark blue) and those with the greatest remaining challenges (in the lightest shade of blue) in 2018<ref>Sachs, J., Schmidt-Traub, G., Kroll, C., Lafortune, G., Fuller, G. (2019): [https://www.sustainabledevelopment.report/ Sustainable Development Report 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922112837/https://www.sustainabledevelopment.report/|date=22 September 2019}}. New York: Bertelsmann Stiftung and Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)</ref> ]]

=== Monitoring tools and websites ===
The online publication SDG-Tracker was launched in June 2018 and presents data across all available indicators.<ref name="SDGtracker">{{Cite web |title=SDG Tracker |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |publisher=Our World in Data}}</ref> It relies on the [[Our World In Data|Our World in Data]] database and is also based at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="Ritchie-2020">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. "[https://sdg-tracker.org/ Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals]". SDG-Tracker.org, 2018. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063910/https://sdg-tracker.org/|date=30 December 2020}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SDG-Tracker.org Releases New Resources |url=http://sdg.iisd.org/news/sdg-tracker-org-releases-new-resources/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063949/http://sdg.iisd.org/news/sdg-tracker-org-releases-new-resources/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2019-03-10 |website=IISD's SDG Knowledge Hub |language=en-US}}</ref> The publication has global coverage and tracks whether the world is making progress towards the SDGs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eerste 'tracker' die progressie op SDG's per land volgt {{!}} Fondsnieuws |url=https://www.fondsnieuws.nl/nieuws/eerste-tracker-die-progressie-op-sdgs-land-volgt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063913/https://www.fondsnieuws.nl/nieuws/eerste-tracker-die-progressie-op-sdgs-land-volgt |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2019-03-10 |website=www.fondsnieuws.nl}}</ref> It aims to make the data on the 17 goals available and understandable to a wide audience.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=SDG Gracker |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063944/https://sdg-tracker.org/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> The SDG-Tracker highlights that the world is currently (early 2019) very far away from achieving the goals.

The ''Global SDG Index and Dashboards Report'' is the first publication to track countries' performance on all 17 Sustainable Development Goals.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=SDSN |last2=Bertelsmann Stiftung |title=SDG Index |url=https://sdgindex.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064016/https://sdgindex.org/ |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2019-05-24 |website=SDG Index and Dashboards Report |language=en-US}}</ref> The annual publication, co-produced by [[Bertelsmann Stiftung]] and [[Sustainable Development Solutions Network|SDSN]], includes a ranking and dashboards that show key challenges for each country in terms of implementing the SDGs. The publication also shows an analysis of government efforts to implement the SDGs.

=== UN High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) ===
{{Main|High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development}}This subdivision should be a "regular meeting place for governments and non-state representatives to assess global progress towards sustainable development."<ref name="BiermannCh8"/>{{rp|206}} The meetings take place under the auspices of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|United Nations economic and Social Council]]. In July 2020 the meeting took place online for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The theme was "Accelerated action and transformative pathways: realizing the decade of action and delivery for sustainable development" and a ministerial declaration was adopted.<ref name="UNESC2020" />

High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]]. The most recent one is from April 2020.<ref name="UNESC2020" />

However, the HLPF has a range of problems.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> It has not been able to promote system-wide coherence. The reasons for this include its broad and unclear mandate combined with a lack of resources and divergent national interests.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> Therefore, this reporting system is mainly just a platform for voluntary reporting and [[peer learning]] among governments.<ref name="Biermann-2022" />

The [[High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development]] (HLPF) replaced the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development in 2012.<ref name="BiermannCh8" />{{rp|206}}

== Challenges ==
=== Too many goals and overall problems ===

Scholars have pointed out flaws in the design of the SDGs for the following aspects: "the number of goals, the structure of the goal framework (for example, the non-hierarchical structure), the coherence between the goals, the specificity or measurability of the targets, the language used in the text, and their reliance on [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] economic development-oriented sustainable development as their core orientation."<ref name="Kotzé-2022">{{Cite journal |last=van Norren |first=Dorine E. |date=2020-09-01 |title=The Sustainable Development Goals viewed through Gross National Happiness, Ubuntu, and Buen Vivir |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10784-020-09487-3 |journal=International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=431–458 |doi=10.1007/s10784-020-09487-3 |issn=1573-1553|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|161}}

The SDGs may simply maintain the ''status quo'' and fall short of delivering an ambitious development agenda. The current status quo has been described as "separating human wellbeing and [[environmental sustainability]], failing to change governance and to pay attention to trade-offs, root causes of poverty and environmental degradation, and social justice issues."<ref name="Schleicher-2018" />

A commentary in ''[[The Economist]]'' in 2015 argued that 169 targets for the SDGs is too many, describing them as sprawling, misconceived and a mess compared to the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).<ref name="The Economist-2017">{{Cite news |title=The 169 commandments |url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21647286-proposed-sustainable-development-goals-would-be-worse-useless-169-commandments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018114345/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21647286-proposed-sustainable-development-goals-would-be-worse-useless-169-commandments |archive-date=18 October 2017 |access-date=2016-02-19 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>

=== Weak on environmental sustainability ===
[[File:SDG wedding cake.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|SDG wedding cake model: A way of viewing the economic, social and ecological aspects of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).<ref name="Resilience-2016">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2016 |title=The SDGs wedding cake |url=https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2016-06-14-the-sdgs-wedding-cake.html |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.stockholmresilience.org |language=en}}</ref>]]
{{Further|Sustainability}}

Scholars have criticized that the SDGs "fail to recognize that planetary, people and prosperity concerns are all part of one earth system, and that the protection of planetary integrity should not be a means to an end, but an end in itself."<ref name="Kotzé-2022" />{{rp|147}} The SDGs "remain fixated on the idea that economic growth is foundational to achieve all pillars of sustainable development."<ref name="Kotzé-2022" />{{rp|147}} They do not prioritize [[environmental protection]].<ref name="Kotzé-2022" />{{rp|144}}

The SDGs include three environment-focused SDGs, which are Goal 13, 14 and 15 (climate, land and oceans), but there is no overarching environmental or planetary goal.<ref name="Kotzé-2022" />{{rp|144}} The SDGs do not pursue planetary integrity as such.<ref name="Kotzé-2022" />{{rp|144}}Other SDGs, which as Goal 7, 12 and 13 ignore the planetary limits and encourage consumption <ref name=":1">{{Citation |last1=Robra |first1=Ben |title=Degrowth and the Sustainable Development Goals |date=2021 |work=Decent Work and Economic Growth |pages=253–262 |editor-last=Leal Filho |editor-first=Walter |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95867-5_37 |access-date=2023-12-27 |series=Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-95867-5_37 |isbn=978-3-319-95867-5 |last2=Heikkurinen |first2=Pasi |editor2-last=Azul |editor2-first=Anabela Marisa |editor3-last=Brandli |editor3-first=Luciana |editor4-last=Lange Salvia |editor4-first=Amanda}}</ref>

Environmental constraints and [[planetary boundaries]] are underrepresented within the SDGs. For instance, the way the current SDGs are structured leads to a negative correlation between environmental sustainability and SDGs, with most indicators within even the sustainability-focused goals focusing on social or economic outcomes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wackernagel |first1=Mathis |last2=Hanscom |first2=Laurel |last3=Lin |first3=David |date=11 July 2017 |title=Making the Sustainable Development Goals Consistent with Sustainability |journal=Frontiers in Energy Research |volume=5 |pages=18 |doi=10.3389/fenrg.2017.00018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This helps further the denial that there are absolute limits to economic growth.<ref name=":1" /> They could unintentionally promote [[Environmental degradation|environmental destruction]] in the name of sustainable development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=The University of Queensland |date=6 July 2020 |title=Latest U.N. sustainability goals pose more harm than good for environment, scientists warn |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-latest-sustainability-goals-pose-good.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706163936/https://phys.org/news/2020-07-latest-sustainability-goals-pose-good.html |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=27 August 2020 |website=phys.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Yiwen |last2=Maxwell |first2=Sean |last3=Runting |first3=Rebecca K. |last4=Venter |first4=Oscar |last5=Watson |first5=James E. M. |last6=Carrasco |first6=L. Roman |date=October 2020 |title=Environmental destruction not avoided with the Sustainable Development Goals |journal=Nature Sustainability |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=795–798 |doi=10.1038/s41893-020-0555-0 |bibcode=2020NatSu...3..795Z |s2cid=220260626}}</ref>

Certain studies also argue that the focus of the SDGs on [[neoliberal]] sustainable development is detrimental to planetary integrity and justice.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> Both of these ambitions (planetary integrity and justice) would require limits to economic growth.<ref name="Kotzé-2022" />{{rp|145}}This helps further the denial that there are absolute limits to economic growth. These studies question whether economic growth and ecological sustainability go hand in hand.

Scientists have proposed several ways to address the weaknesses regarding environmental sustainability in the SDGs:

* The monitoring of essential variables to better capture the essence of coupled environmental and social systems that underpin sustainable development, helping to guide coordination and systems transformation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyers |first1=Belinda |last2=Stafford-Smith |first2=Mark |last3=Erb |first3=Karl-Heinz |last4=Scholes |first4=Robert J |last5=Selomane |first5=Odirilwe |date=June 2017 |title=Essential Variables help to focus Sustainable Development Goals monitoring |journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability |volume=26–27 |pages=97–105 |bibcode=2017COES...26...97R |doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2017.05.003 |s2cid=113715479 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002E-1851-0}}</ref>
* More attention to the context of the biophysical systems in different places (e.g., coastal [[river delta]]s, mountain areas)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scown |first1=Murray W. |date=November 2020 |title=The Sustainable Development Goals need geoscience |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=714–715 |bibcode=2020NatGe..13..714S |doi=10.1038/s41561-020-00652-6 |hdl=1874/410039 |s2cid=225071652|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kulonen |first1=Aino |last2=Adler |first2=Carolina |last3=Bracher |first3=Christoph |last4=Dach |first4=Susanne Wymann von |date=2019 |title=Spatial context matters in monitoring and reporting on Sustainable Development Goals: Reflections based on research in mountain regions |journal=GAIA – Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=90–94 |doi=10.14512/gaia.28.2.5 |s2cid=197775743 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/350274}}</ref>
* Better understanding of feedbacks across scales in space (e.g., through [[globalization]]) and time (e.g., affecting future generations) that could ultimately determine the success or failure of the SDGs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyers |first1=Belinda |last2=Selig |first2=Elizabeth R. |date=August 2020 |title=Global targets that reveal the social–ecological interdependencies of sustainable development |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1011–1019 |doi=10.1038/s41559-020-1230-6 |pmid=32690904 |bibcode=2020NatEE...4.1011R |s2cid=220656353 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2263/78221}}</ref>
* Reframing the message of the SDGs to help advocate to limits to growth rather than the empirically unfounded idea that economic growth can continue in a limited world.<ref name=":1" />
* Reformulating specific goals that emphasis reduced consumption instead of the business as usual model.<ref name=":1" />

=== Ethical aspects ===
There are concerns about the ethical orientation of the SDGs: they remain "underpinned by strong (Western) modernist notions of development: sovereignty of humans over their environment (anthropocentricism), [[individualism]], competition, freedom (rights rather than duties), self-interest, belief in the market leading to collective welfare, [[private property]] (protected by legal systems), rewards based on merit, [[materialism]], quantification of value, and instrumentalization of labor."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van Norren |first=Dorine E. |date=2020-09-01 |title=The Sustainable Development Goals viewed through Gross National Happiness, Ubuntu, and Buen Vivir |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10784-020-09487-3 |journal=International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=431–458 |doi=10.1007/s10784-020-09487-3 |issn=1573-1553|doi-access=free }}</ref>:453{{rp|}}

The SDGs have been criticized for furthering a neoliberal agenda that extends to promote neoliberal and business interests.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Arora-Jonsson |first=Seema |date=2023-02-01 |title=The sustainable development goals: A universalist promise for the future |journal=Futures |volume=146 |pages=103087 |doi=10.1016/j.futures.2022.103087 |issn=0016-3287 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Furthermore, the framework represents a universal template grounded in Western ideology. This framework is then used to reproduce a flawed Western paradigm.<ref name=":2" /> Some scientists worry that the SDGs could be used against legitimate protests about development initiatives.<ref name=":2" />

Some studies warn that the SDGs could be used to camouflage business-as-usual by disguising it using SDG-related sustainability rhetoric.<ref name="Biermann-2022" /> A meta-analysis review study in 2022 found that: "There is even emerging evidence that the SDGs might have even adverse effects, by providing a "smokescreen of hectic political activity" that blurs a reality of stagnation, dead ends and business-as-usual."<ref name="BiermannCh8" />{{rp|220}}

=== Difficulties with tracking qualitative indicators ===
Regarding the targets of the SDGs, there is generally weak evidence linking the means of implementation to outcomes.<ref name="Bartram-2018" /> The targets about means of implementation (those denoted with a letter, for example, Target 6.a) are imperfectly conceptualized and inconsistently formulated, and tracking their largely qualitative indicators will be difficult.<ref name="Bartram-2018" />

=== Trade-offs not explicitly addressed ===
The trade-offs among the 17 SDGs might prevent their realization.<ref name="Berg-2020">{{Cite book |last=Berg |first=Christian |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124780147 |title=Sustainable action: overcoming the barriers |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-57873-1 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |oclc=1124780147}}</ref>{{rp|66}} For example, these are three difficult trade-offs to consider: "How can ending hunger be reconciled with environmental sustainability? (SDG targets 2.3 and 15.2) How can economic growth be reconciled with environmental sustainability? (SDG targets 9.2 and 9.4) How can income inequality be reconciled with economic growth? (SDG targets 10.1 and 8.1)."<ref name="Machingura-2017">{{Cite web |last=Machingura |first=Fortunate |date=2017-02-27 |title=The Sustainable Development Goals and their trade-offs |url=https://odi.org/en/publications/the-sustainable-development-goals-and-their-trade-offs/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=ODI: Think change |language=en-gb}}</ref>

The SDGs do not specifically address the tensions between economic growth and environmental sustainability. Instead, they emphasize "longstanding but dubious claims about decoupling and resource efficiency as technological solutions to the environmental crisis."<ref name="Kotzé-2022" />{{rp|145}} For example, continued global economic growth of 3 percent (SDG 8) may not be reconcilable with ecological sustainability goals, because the required rate of absolute global [[eco-economic decoupling]] is far higher than any country has achieved in the past.<ref name="Hickel-2019">{{cite journal |last1=Hickel |first1=Jason |date=September 2019 |title=The contradiction of the sustainable development goals: Growth versus ecology on a finite planet |journal=Sustainable Development |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=873–884 |doi=10.1002/sd.1947 |s2cid=159060032}}</ref>

== Examples of progress ==
A study in 2024 predicted SDG scores of regions until 2030 using [[Machine learning model|machine learning models]].<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Chenary |first1=Kimia |last2=Pirian Kalat |first2=Omid |last3=Sharifi |first3=Ayyoob |date=2024 |title=Forecasting sustainable development goals scores by 2030 using machine learning models |journal=Sustainable Development |doi=10.1002/sd.3037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The forecast results for 2030 show that “OECD countries” (80) (with a 2.8% change) and “Eastern Europe and Central Asia” (74) (with a 2.37% change) are expected to achieve the highest SDG scores. “Latin America and the Caribbean” (73) (with a 4.17% change), “East and South Asia” (69) (with a 2.64% change), “Middle East and North Africa” (68) (with a 2.32% change), and “Sub-Saharan Africa” (56) (with a 7.2% change) will display lower levels of SDG achievement, respectively.<ref name=":3" />

===Asia and Pacific===

==== Australia ====
{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goals and Australia|paragraphs=2-3}}

==== China ====
UN Secretary General Guterres has praised China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]] for its capacity to advance the sustainable development goals.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024 |doi=10.2307/jj.11589102 |jstor=jj.11589102}}</ref>{{Rp|page=164}} Institutional connections between the BRI and multiple UN bodies have also been established.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=164}}

=== Africa ===
{{See also|Sustainable Development Goals and Ghana}}

The [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) has collected information to show how awareness about the SDGs among government officers, civil society and others has been created in many African countries.<ref name="UNDP-2020a">{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064154/https://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=UNDP in Ghana |language=en}}</ref>

==== Nigeria ====
{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria|paragraphs=2|file=no}}

===Europe and Middle East===
{{See also|Sustainable Development Goals and Iran}}

Baltic nations, via the [[Council of the Baltic Sea States]], have created the [[Baltic 21|Baltic 2030 Action Plan]].<ref name="cbss.org-2030">{{Cite news |title=Sustainable Development – Baltic 2030 |url=http://www.cbss.org/sustainable-prosperous-region/egsd-baltic-2030-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115220914/http://www.cbss.org/sustainable-prosperous-region/egsd-baltic-2030-2/ |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=2017-11-11 |work=cbss.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Lebanon ====
{{excerpt|Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon|paragraphs=2|file=no}}

==== Syria ====
Higher education in Syria began with sustainable development steps through Damascus University.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al-Raeei |first=Marwan |date=2023-05-22 |title=Analysing of the sustainable development goals in Damascus University during Syrian crisis using the strategy in the university and the bibliometrics data from SciVal |journal=Discover Sustainability |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=24 |bibcode=2023DiSus...4...24A |doi=10.1007/s43621-023-00140-y |issn=2662-9984 |pmc=10201509 |pmid=37251498}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
The UK's approach to delivering the Global SDGs is outlined in Agenda 2030: Delivering the Global Goals, developed by the [[Department for International Development]].<ref>Department for International Development (2017) [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/603500/Agenda-2030-Report4.pdf Agenda 2030 The UK Government's approach to delivering the Global Goals for Sustainable Development – at home and around the world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064022/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/603500/Agenda-2030-Report4.pdf|date=30 December 2020}}</ref> In 2019, the Bond network analyzed the UK's global progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2019 |title=The UK's global contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals – Progress, gaps and recommendations |url=https://www.bond.org.uk/resources/the-uks-global-contribution-to-the-sustainable-development-goals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064057/https://www.bond.org.uk/resources/the-uks-global-contribution-to-the-sustainable-development-goals |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=30 October 2019 |website=Bond}}</ref> The Bond report highlights crucial gaps where attention and investment are most needed. The report was compiled by 49 organizations and 14 networks and working groups.

== See also ==
{{portal|Politics|Environment|World}}

* {{annotated link|SDG Publishers Compact}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource}}
{{offline|med}}
*[http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform – The SDGs]
*[http://www.globalgoals.org "Global Goals" Campaign] Campaign on the SDGs published by Project Everyone
*[https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/ Global SDG Indicators Database of the United Nations]
*[https://sdg-tracker.org/ SDG-Tracker.org] – Visualized tracking of progress towards the SDGs
*[https://sdg-pathfinder.org/ SDG Pathfinder] – Explore content on SDGs from six international organizations (powered by the [[OECD]])

{{United Nations}}
{{Sustainable Development Goals}}
{{Sustainability}}
{{Poverty}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:International sustainable development]]
[[Category:United Nations documents]]
[[Category:Global policy organizations]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Sustainable Development Goals| ]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:United Nations Common Agenda]]

Sustainable Development Goal 6

2024-08-25T09:52:07Z

RandomPattern: changed sdg image to svg version

{{short description|Global goal to achieve clean water and sanitation for all people by 2030}}
{{Infobox project
| name = Sustainable Development Goal 6
| logo = Sustainable Development Goal 06CleanWaterSanitation.svg
| mission_statement = "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all"
| commercial = No
| type =[[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]]
| location = international
| founder = [[United Nations]]
| established = 2015
| website = {{URL|https://sdgs.un.org/ }}
}}
'''Sustainable Development Goal 6''' ('''SDG 6''' or '''Global Goal 6''') declares the importance of achieving "clean water and [[sanitation]] for all". It is one of the 17 [[Sustainable Development Goals]] established by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] to succeed the former [[Millennium Development Goals]] (MDGs). According to the United Nations, the overall goal is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all."<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html|title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation|website=UNDP|access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> The goal has eight targets to be achieved by 2030 covering the main areas of water supply and sanitation and sustainable water resource management. Progress toward the targets will be measured by using eleven indicators.<ref name=":17" />


The six key ''outcome targets'' to be achieved by 2030 include:

# Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable [[drinking water|drinking]] water for all,
# Achieve access to adequate and equitable [[WASH|sanitation and hygiene]] for all and end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
# Improve [[water quality]], by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater [[wastewater treatment|(wastewater treatment)]] and substantially increasing recycling and [[Reclaimed water|safe reuse]] globally
# Substantially increase [[water-use efficiency]] across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater [[Fresh water|freshwater]] to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
# Implement integrated water resources management ([[Integrated water resources management|IWRM]]), at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
# protect and restore water-related [[ecosystem]]s including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

The two ''means of implementing targets<ref name=":22">{{cite journal |last1=Bartram |first1=Jamie |last2=Brocklehurst |first2=Clarissa |last3=Bradley |first3=David |last4=Muller |first4=Mike |last5=Evans |first5=Barbara |date=December 2018 |title=Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation |journal=npj Clean Water |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0 |s2cid=169226066 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018npjCW...1....3B |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/128504/9/s41545-018-0003-0.pdf }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref>'' are to expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries, and to support local engagement in sustainable and participatory water and sanitation management.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book|last=United Nations|url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637|title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation|publisher=United Nations, New York|year=2018|isbn=9789211013702|oclc=1107804829}}</ref>

Despite [[Official development assistance]] (ODA) [[disbursement]]s to the water sector increasing to $9 billion in 2018.<ref name=":2" /> the Joint Monitoring Programme ([[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|JMP]]) of [[World Health Organization|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion people still did not have [[Improved sanitation|safely managed sanitation]].<ref name="JMP20172">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://washdata.org/reports Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports|date=25 July 2019}}. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> In 2017 only 71 per cent of the global population used safely managed drinking water, and 2.2 billion persons were still without safely managed drinking water. Other water-related hazards related to flooding and drought also remain significant threats to human development and wellbeing.

Like the others, this Sustainable Development Goal is closely interwoven with the other SDGs. For example, access to clean water will improve health and wellbeing, leading to a progress in [[Sustainable Development Goal 3|SDG3]]; and, better health leads to a higher school attendance, progressing [[Sustainable Development Goal 4|SDG 4]], improving quality education. Achieving SDG6 can only happen if other SDGs are also achieved.

== Background ==
[[File:Niger, Margou (13), water well with tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Families collecting water from a water well in Niger]]
The [[United Nations]] (UN) has determined that access to clean water and sanitation facilities is a [[Human rights|fundamental human right]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019|title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind|date=2019-02-11|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> However, only a few countries have written the human right to water into enforceable legislation creating serious problems for people wishing to use legal means to promote better access.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Appleby |first2=T |last3=Grant |first3=E. |date=2011 |editor-last=Sultana |editor-first=F. |editor2-last=Loftus |editor2-first=A. |title=A right to water? Geographico-legal perspectives |journal=The Right to Water: Politics, Governance and Social Struggles |publisher=Routledge |pages=61–77 |isbn=9781849713597}}</ref> Even in those countries, such as South Africa, with a clear constitutional commitment to the [[human right to water and sanitation]] it has proven difficult to obtain legal redress.

A review of the progress by the UN in 2020 found that "increasing donor commitments to the water sector will remain crucial to make progress towards Goal 6".<ref name="UNESC2020" />

In 2022, the [[OECD]] estimated that to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OECD policy highlights: financing a water secure future. |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/policy-highlights-financing-a-water-secure-future.pdf}}</ref>

==Targets, indicators and progress==
{{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}}
[[File:Share of the population using safely managed drinking water, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.1.1 in 2015: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services<ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>|300x300px]]

[[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1a in 2015: Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities<ref name=":3" />|300x300px]]

[[File:Proportion of population with basic handwashing facilities on premises, OWID.svg|thumb|World map for Indicator 6.2.1b in 2017: "Share of the population with basic handwashing facilities on premises"<ref name=":3"/>|300x300px]]

SDG 6 has eight targets including two so-called "implementing targets". Six of them are to be achieved by the year 2030, one by the year 2020, and one has no target year.<ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/|title=Goal 6 Targets|website=United Nations Development Programme|access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> Each of the targets also has one or two indicators which will be used to measure progress. In total there are 11 indicators to monitor progress for SDG6.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6|title=SDGs|website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> The main data sources for the SDG 6 targets and indicators come from the Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 coordinated by [[UN-Water]].<ref name=":110" />

The six "outcome-oriented targets" include: Safe and affordable [[drinking water]]; end [[open defecation]] and provide access to [[WASH|sanitation, and hygiene]], improve [[water quality]], [[wastewater treatment]] and [[Reclaimed water|safe reuse]], increase [[water-use efficiency]] and ensure [[Fresh water|freshwater]] supplies, implement [[Integrated water resources management|IWRM]], protect and restore water-related [[ecosystem]]s. The two "means of achieving" targets are to expand water and sanitation support to developing countries, and to support local engagement in water and sanitation management.<ref name=":110" />

The first three targets relate to drinking [[water supply]], [[sanitation]] services, and wastewater treatment and reuse.<ref name="SDG6_targets" />

An SDG 6 Baseline Report in 2018 found that "less than 50 percent of countries have comparable baseline estimates for most SDG 6 global indicators".<ref name=":110" />{{rp|31}}

=== Target 6.1: Safe and affordable drinking water ===
The full title of Target 6.1 is: "By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable [[drinking water]] for all".<ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref>

This target has one indicator: Indicator 6.1.1 is the "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services".<ref name=":3" />

The definition of "[[Improved water source|safely managed drinking water service]]" is: "Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from fecal and priority [[Water pollution|chemical contamination]]."<ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref>{{rp|8}}

=== Target 6.2: End open defecation and provide access to sanitation and hygiene ===
The full title of Target 6.2 is: "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable [[sanitation]] and [[hygiene]] for all and end [[open defecation]], paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations."<ref name=":17" />

Attending school and work without disruption supports education and employment. Therefore, toilets at school and the workplace are included in the second target ("achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all").

Equitable sanitation and hygiene solutions address the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations, such as the elderly or people with disabilities.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

This target has one indicator: Indicator 6.2.1 is the "Proportion of population using (a) [[safely managed sanitation]] services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water".<ref name="UN2017" />

The definition of "safely managed sanitation" service is: "Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite."<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|8}} Improved sanitation facilities are those designed to hygienically separate excreta from human contact.<ref name="JMP2017" />{{rp|6}}

Ending [[open defecation]] will require the provision of toilets and sanitation for 2.6 billion people as well as [[Behavior change (public health)|behavior change]] of the population.<ref name="JMP2017" /> To meet SDG targets for sanitation by 2030, nearly "a third of countries will need to accelerate progress to end open defecation, including [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Pakistan]]".<ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{cite web |title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era |url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} This will require cooperation between [[government]]s, [[civil society]] and the [[private sector]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Diane M. |title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice |publisher=Greenleaf Publishing |others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M. |year=2017 |isbn=9781783533275 |location=Saltaire, UK |chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business |oclc=982187046}}</ref>

==== Report from 2019 for Target 6.1 and 6.2 ====
Targets 6.1 and 6.2 are usually reported on together because they are both part of the [[WASH]] sector and have the same custodian agency, the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation]] (JMP).<ref name="JMP2017" />

In June 2019, the JMP released their 138-page report "Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene 2000-2017: special focus on inequalities."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906">{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2019-full-report.pdf |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities |date=June 2019 |location=New York |pages=138 |isbn=978-92-415-1623-5 |access-date=30 March 2021 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]]}}</ref>

===== Drinking water (Target 6.1) =====
The report said that in 2017, 5.3 billion people—representing 71% of the population of the world—used a "safely managed drinking-water service—one that is "located on premises, available when needed, and free from contamination".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" />

By 2017, 6.8 billion people—representing 90% of the world's population—used "at least a basic service", which included "an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30 minutes to collect water".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> However, in 2017, there were still 785 million people who lacked "even a basic drinking-water service, including 144 million people who [were] dependent on surface water."<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" />

The report said that approximately 2 billion people used a "drinking water source contaminated with feces".<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> The report warned that diseases, including "diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio" are transmitted by contaminated water, which cause about 485, 000 diarrhoeal deaths each year.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> It cautioned that 50% of the global population will be "living in water-stressed areas" by 2025.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" />

By 2017, eighty countries provided access to clean water for more than 99% of their population.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_2014">{{Cite book |title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 update |date=28 July 2014 |work=[[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) and [[World Health Organization]] |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=9789240692817 |oclc=889699199}}</ref> From 2000 to 2017, the global population that lacked access to clean water decreased from nearly 20% to roughly 10%.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" />

===== Sanitation and hygiene (Target 6.2) =====
As of 2017, 22% of health care facilities in the [[least developed countries]] had no water service, with similar numbers lacking sanitation and waste management services.<ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" />

The statistic in the 2017 baseline estimate by the JMP is that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation.<ref name="JMP2017" />[[File:Pit latrines in Zambia (3233256285).jpg|thumb|Unimproved sanitation example: [[pit latrine]] without slab in [[Lusaka]], Zambia|300x300px]]

Globally, the proportion of the population using safely managed sanitation services increased from 28 percent in 2000 to 45 percent in 2017. [[Latin America]] and [[the Caribbean]], [[sub-Saharan Africa]], and [[Asia|East and Southeast Asia]] recorded the largest increase. In total, there are still 701 million people around the world who still had to practice open defecation in 2017.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. Report of the Secretary-General. |url=https://undocs.org/E/2019/68 |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=undocs.org}}</ref> This number had reduced in 2020 to 673 million persons who practised open defecation.<ref name="UNESC2020" />

=== Target 6.3: Improve water quality, wastewater treatment, and safe reuse ===
Target 6.3 is formulated as "By 2030, improve [[water quality]] by reducing [[Water pollution|pollution]], eliminating dumping and minimizing release of [[Dangerous goods|hazardous chemicals]] and materials, halving the proportion of [[Wastewater treatment|untreated wastewater]] and substantially increasing recycling and [[Reclaimed water|safe reuse]] globally".<ref name=":17" /> This is also a sanitation-related target, as wastewater treatment is part of sanitation.

The target has two indicators:<ref name="UN2017">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)]]</ref>
* Indicator 6.3.1: Proportion of [[Sewage|domestic]] and [[Industrial wastewater treatment|industrial wastewater]] flows safely treated
* Indicator 6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality

The current status for Indicator 6.3.2 is that: "Preliminary estimates from 79 mostly high- and higher-middle income countries in 2019 suggest that, in about one quarter of the countries, less than half of all household wastewater flows were treated safely."<ref name="UNESC2020" />

Preserving natural sources of water is very important to achieve universal access to safe and affordable[[drinking water]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
[[File:A man selling drinking water.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A man selling drinking water]]

=== Target 6.4: Increase water-use efficiency and ensure freshwater supplies ===
Target 6.4 is formulated as "By 2030, substantially increase [[water-use efficiency]] across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and [[Water supply|supply of freshwater]] to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from [[water scarcity]]."<ref name=":17" />

This target has two indicators:<ref name="UN2017" />
* Indicator 6.4.1: Change in water-use efficiency over time
*Indicator 6.4.2: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

Water Stress Indicator:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rahaman |first1=Muhammad Mizanur |last2=Galib |first2=Ahmed Imtiaz |last3=Azmi |first3=Farhana |date=2021-03-27 |title=Achieving drinking water and sanitation related targets of SDG 6 at Shahidbug slum, Dhaka |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2021.1901189 |journal=Water International |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=462–476 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2021.1901189 |bibcode=2021WatIn..46..462R |s2cid=233686576 |issn=0250-8060|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
<math>Water Stress (%)=\left ( \frac{TFWW}{TRWR-EFR} \right )</math>
Where:

TFWW = Total freshwater withdrawn, where year to which it refers will be provided

TRWR = Total renewable freshwater resources

EFR = Environmental flows requirements<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wattage |first1=Premachandra |last2=Soussan |first2=John |date=December 2003 |title=Incorporating Environmental Value and Externality in Project Evaluation as a Sustainability Indicator to evaluate Bangladesh Water Development |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:warm.0000004957.49020.c3 |journal=Water Resources Management |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=429–446 |doi=10.1023/b:warm.0000004957.49020.c3 |bibcode=2003WatRM..17..429W |s2cid=154182180 |issn=0920-4741|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The current situation regarding water stress was summarized as follows: "In 2017, [[Asia|Central and Southern Asia]] and [[North Africa|Northern Africa]] registered very high water stress – defined as the ratio of freshwater withdrawn to total renewable freshwater resources – of more than 70 percent". This is followed by [[Western Asia]] and [[East Asia|Eastern Asia]], with high water stress of 54 percent and 46 percent, respectively.<ref name="UNESC2020" />

=== Target 6.5: Implement IWRM ===
Target 6.5 is formulated as: "By 2030, implement [[integrated water resources management]] at all levels, including through [[International waters|transboundary]] cooperation as appropriate."<ref name=":17" />

The two indicators include:<ref name="UN2017" />
* Indicator 6.5.1 Degree of integrated water resources management
* Indicator 6.5.2 Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation

A review in 2020 stated that: "In 2018, 60 percent of 172 countries reported very low, low and medium-low levels of implementation of integrated water resources management and were unlikely to meet the implementation target by 2030."<ref name="UNESC2020" />

=== Target 6.6: Protect and restore water-related ecosystems ===
Target 6.6 is: "By 2020, protect and restore water-related [[ecosystem]]s, including [[mountain]]s, [[forest]]s, [[wetland]]s, [[river]]s, [[aquifer]]s and [[lake]]s."<ref name=":17" />

It has one indicator: Indicator 6.6.1 is the "Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time".<ref name="UN2017" /> This indicator monitoring methodology is framed around five sub-indicators:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cummins |first1=K.W. |last2=Klug |first2=M.J. |date=1975-01-01 |title=Thermal regulation of functional groups in running water ecosystems. Progress report, 1974--1975 |doi=10.2172/4193114 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc881147/m2/1/high_res_d/4193114.pdf}}</ref>

# spatial extent of water-related ecosystems (from satellite data)
# water quality of lakes and artificial water bodies (from satellite data)
# quantity of water (discharge) in rivers and estuaries (in situ data)
# water quality imported from SDG Indicator 6.3.2 (in situ data)
# quantity of groundwater within aquifers (in situ data)

=== Target 6.a: Expand water and sanitation support to developing countries ===
Target 6.a is: "By 2030, expand international cooperation and [[Capacity building|capacity-building]] support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including [[Rainwater harvesting|water harvesting]], [[desalination]], [[water efficiency]], wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies."<ref name=":17" />

It has one indicator: Indicator 6.a.1 is the "Amount of water- and sanitation-related [[official development assistance]] that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan".<ref name="UN2017" />

In April 2020 the UN progress report stated that "ODA disbursements to the water sector increased to $9 billion, or 6 per cent, in 2018, following a decrease in such disbursements in 2017".<ref name="UNESC2020">United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) [https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General], High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020</ref>

=== Target 6.b: Support local engagement in water and sanitation management ===
Target 6.b is: "Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management."<ref name=":17" />

It has one indicator: Indicator 6.b.1 is the "Proportion of [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|local administrative units]] with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management".<ref name="UN2017" />

== Custodian agencies ==
Custodian agencies are in charge of reporting on the following indicators:<ref name="JMP2017" /><ref name=":110" />
* Indicator 6.1.1 and 6.2.1: [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] (JMP). The JMP is a joint program of [[UNICEF]] and [[World Health Organization|WHO]] and compiles data to monitor the progress of Target 6.1 and Target 6.2.
* Indicator 6.3.1: [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|UN-Habitat]] and [[World Health Organization|WHO]]
* Indicator 6.3.2: Global Environment Monitoring System for Freshwater (GEMS/Water), International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change ([[UNESCO]]-IHP); Federal Institute of Hydrology, [[Germany]]; [[University College Cork]], [[Ireland]]
* Indicators 6.4.1 and 6.4.2: [[Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database|FAOSTAT]] - AQUASTAT
* Indicator 6.5.1: [[United Nations Environment Programme]]-DHI Centre
* Indicator 6.5.2: [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|UNECE]] and UNESCO-IHP
* Indicator 6.6.1: [[United Nations Environment Programme]], [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]], [[International Water Management Institute]] (IWMI)
* Indicators 6.a.1 and 6.b.1: [[UN-Water]] Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)

== Challenges ==
{{Further|Water security|WASH#Challenges}}
{{Main|Sustainable Development Goals#Challenges}}

=== Climate change ===
{{Further|WASH#Climate change|Water security#Climate change}}
Climate change makes it harder to achieve SDG 6 Target 1 (universal access to safe drinking water).<ref name="Katrina2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Charles |first1=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |pages=151876 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.813o1876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free|hdl=1983/92cc5791-168b-457a-93c7-458890f1bf26 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> This is because climate change can increase ''weather-related shocks,'' namely droughts, heavy rain and temperature extremes. This, in turn can cause damage to water infrastructure and water scarcity.<ref name="Katrina2022" />

=== Impact of COVID-19 pandemic ===
The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] significantly affected the ability of water utilities to meet SDG 6 by increasing losses on revenues that would otherwise be used to make investments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The impact of covid 19 on water and sanitation |url=https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/industry_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/infrastructure/resources/the+impact+of+covid-19+on+water+and+sanitation}}</ref>

The COVID-19 pandemic has also greatly affected the urban poor living in the slums with little or no access to clean water.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heidari|first1=Hadi|last2=Grigg|first2=Neil|date=2021|title=Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Urban Water Cycle|url=http://www.lidsen.com/journals/aeer/aeer-02-03-021|journal=Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=1|doi=10.21926/aeer.2103021|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Staddon |first1=C. |last2=Everard |first2=M. |last3=Mytton |first3=J. |last4=Octavianti |first4=T. |last5=Powell |first5=W. |last6=Quinn |first6=N. |last7=Uddin |first7=S. M. N. |last8=Young |first8=S. L. |last9=Miller |first9=J. D. |last10=Budds |first10=J. |last11=Geere |first11=J. |last12=Meehan |first12=K. |last13=Charles |first13=K. |last14=Stevenson |first14=E. G. J. |last15=Vonk |first15=J. |last16=Mizniak |first16=J. |title=Water insecurity compounds the global coronavirus crisis |journal=Water International |date=3 July 2020 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=416–422 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2020.1769345|bibcode=2020WatIn..45..416S |s2cid=221106003 |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/31165/1/31165.pdf }}</ref> The pandemic has shown the importance of sanitation, hygiene and adequate access to clean water to prevent diseases. According to the World Health Organization, handwashing is one of the most effective actions one can take to reduce the spread of pathogens and prevent infections, including the COVID-19 virus.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Martin|title=Water and Sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=United Nations Sustainable Development|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Monitoring progress ==
Implementation of the SDGs implies continuous monitoring and periodic evaluation to check whether the direction and pace of development are right.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhaduri|first1=Anik|last2=Bogardi|first2=Janos|last3=Siddiqi|first3=Afreen|last4=Voigt|first4=Holm|last5=Vörösmarty|first5=Charles|last6=Pahl-Wostl|first6=Claudia|last7=Bunn|first7=Stuart E.|last8=Shrivastava|first8=Paul|last9=Lawford|first9=Richard|last10=Foster|first10=Stephen|last11=Kremer|first11=Hartwig|date=2016|title=Achieving Sustainable Development Goals from a Water Perspective|journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science|volume=4|pages=64|doi=10.3389/fenvs.2016.00064|issn=2296-665X|doi-access=free|hdl=10072/142938|hdl-access=free}}</ref> High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary General]].<ref name="UNESC2020" /> Additionally, updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website which is managed by the United Nations.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref>

In April 2020, [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary-General]] [[António Guterres]] said: “Today, Sustainable Development Goal 6 is badly off track" and it “is hindering progress on the [[2030 Agenda]], the realization of human rights and the achievement of peace and security around the world".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blazhevska |first=Vesna |date=11 July 2020 |title=United Nations launches framework to speed up progress on water and sanitation goal |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2020/07/united-nations-launches-framework-to-speed-up-progress-on-water-and-sanitation-goal/ |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}</ref>

Academics and practitioners continue to debate exactly how best to assess progress towards SDG6, with some continuing to champion resource-based approaches whilst others prefer to emphasise experience-based metrics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Octavianti |first1=Thanti |last2=Staddon |first2=Chad |date=2021 |title=A review of 80 assessment tools measuring water security |journal=WIREs Water |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1516 |bibcode=2021WIRWa...8E1516O |issn=2049-1948|doi-access=free }}</ref> Experience-based metrics such as the "Household Water Insecurity Experiences" (HWISE) scale have proven a useful complement to resource-based approaches for assessing SDG progress, applied research of water insecurity dynamics, and monitoring and evaluation of development programmes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Young |first1=Sera L. |last2=Collins |first2=Shalean M. |last3=Boateng |first3=Godfred O. |last4=Neilands |first4=Torsten B. |last5=Jamaluddine |first5=Zeina |last6=Miller |first6=Joshua D. |last7=Brewis |first7=Alexandra A. |last8=Frongillo |first8=Edward A. |last9=Jepson |first9=Wendy E. |last10=Melgar-Quiñonez |first10=Hugo |last11=Schuster |first11=Roseanne C. |last12=Stoler |first12=Justin B. |last13=Wutich |first13=Amber |date=2019-01-01 |title=Development and validation protocol for an instrument to measure household water insecurity across cultures and ecologies: the Household Water InSecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale |url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/1/e023558 |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=e023558 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023558 |issn=2044-6055 |pmc=6340431 |pmid=30782708}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Young |first1=Sera L. |last2=Boateng |first2=Godfred O. |last3=Jamaluddine |first3=Zeina |last4=Miller |first4=Joshua D. |last5=Frongillo |first5=Edward A. |last6=Neilands |first6=Torsten B. |last7=Collins |first7=Shalean M. |last8=Wutich |first8=Amber |last9=Jepson |first9=Wendy E. |last10=Stoler |first10=Justin |date=2019-09-01 |title=The Household Water InSecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale: development and validation of a household water insecurity measure for low-income and middle-income countries |url=https://gh.bmj.com/content/4/5/e001750 |journal=BMJ Global Health |language=en |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e001750 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001750 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=6768340 |pmid=31637027}}</ref>

==Links with other SDGs==
[[File:Sustainable Development Goals.png|thumb|right|Sustainable Development Goals]]
The SDGs are highly interdependent. Therefore, the provision of clean water and sanitation for all is a precursor to achieving many of the other SDGs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 November 2017|title=Sustainable sanitation and the SDGs: interlinkages and opportunities|url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/susana-publications/details/2859|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117064658/http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/susana-publications/details/2859|archive-date=2017-11-17|access-date=16 November 2017|website=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Knowledge Hub}}</ref> [[WASH]] experts have stated that without progress on Goal 6, the other goals and targets cannot be achieved.<ref name="IPSnews">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/10/opinion-sanitation-water-hygiene-for-all-cannot-wait-for-2030/|title=Opinion: "Sanitation, Water & Hygiene For All" Cannot Wait for 2030|last1=Rao Gupta|first1=Geeta|date=October 2015|website=Inter Press|access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="batty">{{cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/news/beyond-the-sdgs-how-to-deliver-water-and-sanitation-to-everyone-everywhere-86975|title=Beyond the SDGs: How to deliver water and sanitation to everyone, everywhere|last1=Batty|first1=Margaret|date=25 September 2015|access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref>

For example, sanitation improvements can lead to more jobs ([[Sustainable Development Goal 8|SDG 8]]) which would also lead to economic growth.<ref name=":10" /> SDG 6 progress improves [[health]] ([[Sustainable Development Goal 3|SDG 3]]) and [[social justice]] ([[Sustainable Development Goal 16|SDG 16]]).<ref>{{cite web|date=19 July 2014|title=Press release – UN General Assembly's Open Working Group proposes sustainable development goals|url=http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4538pressowg13.pdf|access-date=2016-10-18|website=Sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref> Recovering the resources embedded in excreta and wastewater (like nutrients, water, and energy) contributes to achieving [[Sustainable Development Goal 12|SDG 12]] ([[sustainable consumption]] and [[sustainable production|production]]) and [[Sustainable Development Goal 2|SDG 2]] (end hunger). Ensuring adequate sanitation and wastewater management along the entire value chain in cities contributes to [[Sustainable Development Goal 11|SDG 11]] ([[sustainable cities]] and communities) and [[Sustainable Development Goal 1|SDG 1]] (no poverty).<ref name=":10" />

Sanitation systems with a [[Reuse of excreta|resource recovery]] and reuse focus are getting increased attention.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Paranipe|first=Nitin|date=14 November 2017|title=The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7|access-date=14 November 2017|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation News}}</ref> They can contribute to achieving at least fourteen of the SDGs, especially in an urban context.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Andersson|first1=Kim|last2=Dickin|first2=Sarah|last3=Rosemarin|first3=Arno|date=2016-12-08|title=Towards "Sustainable" Sanitation: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Areas|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=8|issue=12|pages=1289|doi=10.3390/su8121289|doi-access=free|s2cid=15551449 }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref>

==Organizations==
The [[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance]] (SuSanA) has made it its mission to help achieve Targets 6.2 and 6.3.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vision|url=http://www.susana.org/en/about/vision-mission|access-date=16 November 2017|website=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2715|title=Contribution of sustainable sanitation to the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development - SuSanA Vision Document 2017|year=2017|publisher=SuSanA, Eschborn, Germany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116185906/http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2715|archive-date=2017-11-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> Global organizations such as [[Oxfam]], [[UNICEF]], [[WaterAid]] and many small [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] as well as universities, research centers, private enterprises, government-owned entities etc. are all part of SuSanA and are dedicated to achieving SDG 6.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2017|title=Contribution of sustainable sanitation to the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development - SuSanA Vision Document 2017|url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2715|publisher=SuSanA, Eschborn, Germany}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Human right to water and sanitation]]
* [[Water security]]
* [[Water scarcity]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{offline|med}}
* [https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform]
* [https://www.watersecurityhub.org/ Water Security and Sustainable Development Hub]
* [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6 UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform – SDG 6]
* [https://www.globalgoals.org/6-clean-water-and-sanitation “Global Goals” Campaign - SDG 6]
* [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation SDG-Track.org - SDG 6]

{{Sustainable Development Goals}}

[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:United Nations documents]]
[[Category:Global policy organizations]]
[[Category:Sustainable Development Goals]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Projects established in 2015]]
[[Category:Water management]]

Ascomycota

2024-05-08T15:36:32Z

RandomPattern: changed conidia formation image to svg version

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Short description|Division or phylum of fungi}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Scarlet elf cap cadnant dingle.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Sarcoscypha coccinea]]''
| taxon = Ascomycota
| authority = ([[Berk.]]) [[Caval.-Sm.]] (1998)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cavalier-Smith, T.|year=1998 |title=A revised six-kingdom system of Life |journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=203–266 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=BRE&volumeId=73&issueId=03#|doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x|pmid=9809012|s2cid=6557779 }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Subdivisions/Classes
| subdivision =
:[[Pezizomycotina]]
::[[Arthoniomycetes]]
::[[Coniocybomycetes]]
::[[Dothideomycetes]]
::[[Eurotiomycetes]]
::[[Geoglossomycetes]]
::[[Laboulbeniomycetes]]
::[[Lecanoromycetes]]
::[[Leotiomycetes]]
::[[Lichinomycetes]]
::[[Omnivoromycetes]]
::[[Orbiliomycetes]]
::[[Pezizomycetes]]
::[[Sordariomycetes]]
::[[Xylonomycetes]]
::"Unplaced orders"
::::[[Lahmiales]]
::::[[Itchiclahmadion]]
::::[[Triblidiales]]
:[[Saccharomycotina]]
::[[Saccharomycetes]]
:[[Taphrinomycotina]]
::[[Archaeorhizomyces]]
::[[Neolectomycetes]]
::[[Pneumocystis|Pneumocystidomycetes]]
::[[Schizosaccharomycetes]]
::[[Taphrinomycetes]]
}}

'''Ascomycota''' is a [[phylum]] of the kingdom [[Fungi]] that, together with the [[Basidiomycota]], forms the subkingdom [[Dikarya]]. Its members are commonly known as the '''sac fungi''' or '''ascomycetes'''. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 [[species]].<ref>Kirk ''et al''., p. 55.</ref> The defining feature of this fungal group is the "[[ascus]]" ({{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἀσκός}}'' ({{grc-transl|ἀσκός}})|sac, wineskin}}), a microscopic [[sexual reproduction|sexual structure]] in which nonmotile [[spore]]s, called [[ascospore]]s, are formed. However, some species of Ascomycota are [[Asexual reproduction|asexual]] and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include [[morels]], [[truffle]]s, [[yeast#Beer|brewers']] and [[bakers' yeast]], [[Xylaria|dead man's fingers]], and [[cup fungi]]. The fungal [[symbionts]] in the majority of [[lichen]]s (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as ''[[Cladonia]]'' belong to the Ascomycota.

Ascomycota is a [[monophyletic]] group (containing all of the descendants of a common ancestor). Previously placed in the [[Basidiomycota]] along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or [[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|anamorph]]ic) ascomycetes are now identified and classified based on [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] or [[physiological]] similarities to ascus-bearing [[Taxon|taxa]], and by [[phylogenetic]] analyses of [[DNA]] sequences.<ref name=Lutzoni_2004>{{cite journal|author=Lutzoni F|title= Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits|journal=American Journal of Botany|year=2004|pages=1446–80|volume=91|doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446|issue=10|pmid=21652303|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=James_2006>{{cite journal|author=James TY|s2cid=4302864|title=Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny|journal=Nature|year=2006|pages=818–22|volume=443|pmid=17051209|doi=10.1038/nature05110|issue=7113|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2006Natur.443..818J}}</ref>

Ascomycetes are of particular use to humans as sources of medicinally important compounds such as [[antibacterial|antibiotics]], as well as for [[fermenting]] bread, alcoholic beverages, and cheese. Examples of ascomycetes include ''[[Penicillium]]'' species on cheeses and those producing antibiotics for treating bacterial [[infectious disease]]s.

Many ascomycetes are [[pathogen]]s, both of animals, including humans, and of plants. Examples of ascomycetes that can cause infections in humans include ''[[Candida albicans]]'', ''[[Aspergillus niger]]'' and several tens of species that cause [[Dermatophytosis|skin infections]]. The many [[plant pathology|plant-pathogenic]] ascomycetes include [[apple scab]], [[rice blast]], the [[ergot]] fungi, [[black knot]], and the [[powdery mildew]]s. The members of the genus ''[[Cordyceps]]'' are [[Entomopathogenic fungus|entomopathogenic fungi]], meaning that they parasitise and kill insects. Other entomopathogenic ascomycetes have been used successfully in [[biological pest control]], such as ''[[Beauveria]]''.

Several species of ascomycetes are biological [[model organism]]s in laboratory research. Most famously, ''[[Neurospora crassa]]'', several species of [[yeast]]s, and ''[[Aspergillus]]'' species are used in many [[genetics]] and [[cell biology]] studies.

== Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes ==

Ascomycetes are 'spore shooters'. They are fungi which produce microscopic spores inside special, elongated cells or sacs, known as 'asci', which give the group its name.

Asexual reproduction is the dominant form of propagation in the Ascomycota, and is responsible for the rapid spread of these fungi into new areas. Asexual reproduction of ascomycetes is very diverse from both structural and functional points of view. The most important and general is production of conidia, but chlamydospores are also frequently produced. Furthermore, Ascomycota also reproduce asexually through budding.

=== Conidia formation ===
Asexual reproduction may occur through vegetative reproductive spores, the [[conidia]]. The asexual, non-motile haploid spores of a fungus, which are named after the Greek word for dust (conia), are hence also known as {{Em|conidiospores}}. The conidiospores commonly contain one nucleus and are products of mitotic cell divisions and thus are sometimes call {{Em|mitospores}}, which are genetically identical to the mycelium from which they originate. They are typically formed at the ends of specialized hyphae, the conidiophores. Depending on the species they may be dispersed by wind or water, or by animals. Conidiophores may simply branch off from the mycelia or they may be formed in fruiting bodies.
[[File:Conidia Formation Redraw.svg|thumb|424x424px]]
The hypha that creates the sporing (conidiating) tip can be very similar to the normal hyphal tip, or it can be differentiated. The most common differentiation is the formation of a bottle shaped cell called a {{Em|[[phialide]]}}, from which the spores are produced. Not all of these asexual structures are a single hypha. In some groups, the conidiophores (the structures that bear the conidia) are aggregated to form a thick structure.

E.g. In the order ''Moniliales,'' all of them are single hyphae with the exception of the aggregations, termed as coremia or synnema. These produce structures rather like corn-stokes, with many conidia being produced in a mass from the aggregated conidiophores.

The diverse conidia and conidiophores sometimes develop in asexual sporocarps with different characteristics (e.g. acervulus, pycnidium, sporodochium). Some species of ascomycetes form their structures within plant tissue, either as parasite or saprophytes. These fungi have evolved more complex asexual sporing structures, probably influenced by the cultural conditions of plant tissue as a substrate. These structures are called the {{Em|[[sporodochium]]}}. This is a cushion of conidiophores created from a pseudoparenchymatous [[stroma (mycology)|stroma]] in plant tissue. The {{Em|[[pycnidium]]}} is a globose to flask-shaped parenchymatous structure, lined on its inner wall with conidiophores. The {{Em|[[acervulus]]}} is a flat saucer shaped bed of conidiophores produced under a plant cuticle, which eventually erupt through the cuticle for dispersal.
[[File:Conidia Formation Image.png|thumb|333x333px]]

=== Budding ===
Asexual reproduction process in ascomycetes also involves the budding which we clearly observe in yeast. This is termed a "blastic process". It involves the blowing out or blebbing of the hyphal tip wall. The blastic process can involve all wall layers, or there can be a new cell wall synthesized which is extruded from within the old wall.
[[File:Budding.png|centre|thumb|337x337px]]
The initial events of budding can be seen as the development of a ring of chitin around the point where the bud is about to appear. This reinforces and stabilizes the cell wall. Enzymatic activity and turgor pressure act to weaken and extrude the cell wall. New cell wall material is incorporated during this phase. Cell contents are forced into the progeny cell, and as the final phase of mitosis ends a cell plate, the point at which a new cell wall will grow inwards from, forms.

==Characteristics of ascomycetes==

* Ascomycota are morphologically diverse. The group includes organisms from unicellular yeasts to complex cup fungi.
* 98% of [[lichens]] have an Ascomycota as the fungal part of the lichen.<ref>{{cite book | last = McCoy | first = Peter | title = Radical Mycology | year = 2016 | publisher = Chthaeus Press | language = en | url = https://archive.org/details/radicalmicologytexts | isbn =9780986399602 }}</ref>
* There are 2000 identified genera and 30,000 species of Ascomycota.
* The unifying characteristic among these diverse groups is the presence of a reproductive structure known as the {{Em|ascus}}, though in some cases it has a reduced role in the life cycle.
* Many ascomycetes are of commercial importance. Some play a beneficial role, such as the yeasts used in baking, brewing, and wine fermentation, plus truffles and morels, which are held as gourmet delicacies.
* Many of them cause tree diseases, such as Dutch elm disease and apple blights.
* Some of the plant pathogenic ascomycetes are apple scab, rice blast, the ergot fungi, black knot, and the powdery mildews.
* The yeasts are used to produce alcoholic beverages and breads. The mold ''Penicillium'' is used to produce the antibiotic penicillin.
* Almost half of all members of the phylum Ascomycota form {{Em|symbiotic}} associations with algae to form lichens.
* Others, such as morels (a highly prized edible fungi), form important {{Em|mycorrhizal}} relationships with plants, thereby providing enhanced water and nutrient uptake and, in some cases, protection from insects.
* Most ascomycetes are terrestrial or parasitic. However, some have adapted to marine or freshwater environments. As of 2015, there were 805 [[marine fungi]] in the Ascomycota, distributed among 352 genera.<ref name="Jones et al. 2015"/>
* The cell walls of the hyphae are variably composed of [[chitin]] and [[Beta-glucan|β-glucans]], just as in Basidiomycota. However, these fibers are set in a matrix of glycoprotein containing the sugars galactose and mannose.
* The mycelium of ascomycetes is usually made up of [[Hypha#Classification based on cell division|septate hyphae]]. However, there is not necessarily any fixed number of nuclei in each of the divisions.
* The septal walls have septal pores which provide cytoplasmic continuity throughout the individual hyphae. Under appropriate conditions, nuclei may also migrate between septal compartments through the septal pores.
* A unique character of the Ascomycota (but not present in all ascomycetes) is the presence of [[Woronin bodies]] on each side of the septa separating the hyphal segments which control the septal pores. If an adjoining hypha is ruptured, the Woronin bodies block the pores to prevent loss of cytoplasm into the ruptured compartment. The Woronin bodies are spherical, hexagonal, or rectangular membrane bound structures with a crystalline protein matrix.

== Modern classification ==
There are three [[subphylum|subphyla]] that are described and accepted:
* The ''[[Pezizomycotina]]'' are the largest subphylum and contains all ascomycetes that produce [[ascocarp]]s (fruiting bodies), except for one genus, ''[[Neolecta]]'', in the [[Taphrinomycotina]]. It is roughly equivalent to the previous taxon, ''Euascomycetes''. The Pezizomycotina includes most macroscopic "ascos" such as [[truffle]]s, [[ergot]], ascolichens, [[Pezizaceae|cup fungi]] ([[discomycetes]]), [[Sordariomycetes|pyrenomycetes]], [[Gyromitra esculenta|lorchels]], and [[Ophiocordyceps sinensis|caterpillar fungus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/FunFacts/Caterpillar.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312153703/http://www.herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/FunFacts/Caterpillar.htm|title=Caterpillar Fungus|archive-date=12 March 2007}}</ref> It also contains microscopic fungi such as [[powdery mildew]]s, [[Trichophyton|dermatophytic]] fungi, and [[Laboulbeniales]].
* The ''[[Saccharomycotina]]'' comprise most of the "true" yeasts, such as [[baker's yeast]] and ''[[Candida (genus)|Candida]]'', which are single-celled (unicellular) fungi, which reproduce vegetatively by budding. Most of these species were previously classified in a taxon called ''Hemiascomycetes''.
* The ''[[Taphrinomycotina]]'' include a disparate and [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] group within the Ascomycota that was recognized following molecular ([[DNA]]) analyses. The taxon was originally named ''[[Archiascomycetes]]'' (or ''[[Archaeascomycetes]]''). It includes hyphal fungi (''[[Neolecta]]'', ''[[Taphrina]]'', ''[[Archaeorhizomyces]]''), fission yeasts (''[[Schizosaccharomyces]]''), and the mammalian lung parasite ''[[Pneumocystis]]''.

== Outdated taxon names ==
Several outdated taxon names—based on morphological features—are still occasionally used for species of the Ascomycota. These include the following sexual ([[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|teleomorph]]ic) groups, defined by the structures of their sexual [[Sporocarp (fungi)|fruiting bodies]]: the [[Discomycetes]], which included all species forming [[ascocarp|apothecia]]; the [[Pyrenomycetes]], which included all sac fungi that formed [[ascocarp|perithecia]] or [[ascocarp|pseudothecia]], or any structure resembling these morphological structures; and the Plectomycetes, which included those species that form [[ascocarp|cleistothecia]]. [[Hemiascomycetes]] included the yeasts and yeast-like fungi that have now been placed into the [[Saccharomycotina]] or [[Taphrinomycotina]], while the [[Euascomycetes]] included the remaining species of the Ascomycota, which are now in the [[Pezizomycotina]], and the [[Neolecta]], which are in the Taphrinomycotina.

Some ascomycetes do not reproduce sexually or are not known to produce [[ascus|asci]] and are therefore [[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|anamorph]]ic species. Those anamorphs that produce [[Conidium|conidia]] (mitospores) were previously described as [[mitosporic Ascomycota]]. Some taxonomists placed this group into a separate [[form classification|artificial phylum]], the [[Deuteromycota]] (or "Fungi Imperfecti"). Where recent [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular analyses]] have identified close relationships with ascus-bearing taxa, anamorphic species have been grouped into the Ascomycota, despite the absence of the defining ascus. Sexual and asexual isolates of the same species commonly carry different [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial]] species names, as, for example, ''[[Aspergillus nidulans]]'' and ''Emericella nidulans'', for asexual and sexual isolates, respectively, of the same species.

Species of the Deuteromycota were classified as Coelomycetes if they produced their conidia in minute flask- or saucer-shaped conidiomata, known technically as ''pycnidia'' and ''acervuli''.<ref>{{harvnb|Alexopoulos|Mims|Blackwell|1996|p=233}}</ref> The [[Hyphomycetes]] were those species where the [[conidiophore]]s (''i.e.'', the hyphal structures that carry conidia-forming cells at the end) are free or loosely organized. They are mostly isolated but sometimes also appear as bundles of cells aligned in parallel (described as ''synnematal'') or as cushion-shaped masses (described as ''sporodochial'').<ref>{{harvnb|Alexopoulos|Mims|Blackwell|1996|pp=218–222}}</ref>

== Morphology ==
[[File:Ophiocordyceps caloceroides.jpg|thumb|right| A member of the genus ''[[Ophiocordyceps]]'' which is parasitic on arthropods. Note the elongated stromata. Species unknown, perhaps ''Ophiocordyceps caloceroides''.]]
[[File:04 01 02 life cycle Ascomycota, ascus (M. Piepenbring).svg|thumb|Ascomycete life cycle]]
Most species grow as filamentous, microscopic structures called [[hypha]]e or as budding single cells (yeasts). Many [[Anastomosis|interconnected]] hyphae form a [[thallus]] usually referred to as the [[mycelium]], which—when visible to the naked eye (macroscopic)—is commonly called [[Mold (fungus)|mold]]. During sexual reproduction, many Ascomycota typically produce large numbers of [[ascus|asci]]. The ascus is often contained in a multicellular, occasionally readily visible fruiting structure, the [[ascocarp]] (also called an ''ascoma''). Ascocarps come in a very large variety of shapes: cup-shaped, club-shaped, potato-like, spongy, seed-like, oozing and pimple-like, coral-like, nit-like, golf-ball-shaped, perforated tennis ball-like, cushion-shaped, plated and feathered in miniature ([[Laboulbeniales]]), microscopic classic Greek shield-shaped, stalked or sessile. They can appear solitary or clustered. Their texture can likewise be very variable, including fleshy, like charcoal (carbonaceous), leathery, rubbery, gelatinous, slimy, powdery, or cob-web-like. Ascocarps come in multiple colors such as red, orange, yellow, brown, black, or, more rarely, green or blue. Some ascomyceous fungi, such as ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', grow as single-celled yeasts, which—during sexual reproduction—develop into an ascus, and do not form fruiting bodies.
[[File:Xylaria hypoxylon.jpg|thumb|left|The "candlesnuff fungus" in its asexual state, ''[[Xylaria hypoxylon]]'']]

In [[lichen]]ized species, the thallus of the fungus defines the shape of the [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] colony. Some [[Phenotypic switching|dimorphic]] species, such as ''[[Candida albicans]]'', can switch between growth as single cells and as filamentous, multicellular hyphae. Other species are [[pleomorphism (microbiology)|pleomorphic]], exhibiting asexual (anamorphic) as well as a sexual (teleomorphic) growth forms.

Except for lichens, the non-reproductive (vegetative) mycelium of most ascomycetes is usually inconspicuous because it is commonly embedded in the substrate, such as soil, or grows on or inside a living host, and only the ascoma may be seen when fruiting. [[Pigment]]ation, such as [[melanin]] in hyphal walls, along with prolific growth on surfaces can result in visible mold colonies; examples include ''[[Cladosporium]]'' species, which form black spots on bathroom caulking and other moist areas. Many ascomycetes cause food spoilage, and, therefore, the pellicles or moldy layers that develop on jams, juices, and other foods are the mycelia of these species or occasionally [[Mucoromycotina]] and almost never [[Basidiomycota]]. [[Sooty mold]]s that develop on plants, especially in the tropics are the thalli of many species.{{Clarify|many ascomycetous species?|date=September 2009}}
[[File:Smardz-Morchella-Ejdzej-2006.jpg|thumb|right|179px|The ascocarp of a [[Morchella|morel]] contains numerous apothecia.]]

Large masses of yeast cells, asci or ascus-like cells, or conidia can also form macroscopic structures. For example. ''[[Pneumocystis]]'' species can colonize lung cavities (visible in x-rays), causing a form of [[pneumonia]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Krajicek BJ, Thomas CF Jr, Limper AH |year=2009 |title=''Pneumocystis'' pneumonia: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment |journal=Clinics in Chest Medicine |volume=30|issue=2|pages=265–89|pmid=19375633 |doi= 10.1016/j.ccm.2009.02.005 }}</ref> Asci of ''[[Ascosphaera]]'' fill [[honey bee]] [[larva]]e and [[pupa]]e causing mummification with a chalk-like appearance, hence the name "chalkbrood".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= James RR, Skinner JS |year=2005|title=PCR diagnostic methods for Ascosphaera infections in bees |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology|volume=90|issue=2|pages=98–103|pmid=16214164 |doi= 10.1016/j.jip.2005.08.004 |url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=6101&content=PDF}}</ref> Yeasts for small colonies [[in vitro]] and [[in vivo]], and excessive growth of ''[[Candida (genus)|Candida]]'' species in the mouth or vagina causes "thrush", a form of [[candidiasis]].

The cell walls of the ascomycetes almost always contain [[chitin]] and [[Beta-glucan|β-glucans]], and divisions within the hyphae, called "[[septum#In mycology|septa]]", are the internal boundaries of individual cells (or compartments). The cell wall and septa give stability and rigidity to the hyphae and may prevent loss of [[cytoplasm]] in case of local damage to cell wall and [[cell membrane]]. The septa commonly have a small opening in the center, which functions as a [[cytoplasm]]ic connection between adjacent cells, also sometimes allowing cell-to-cell movement of [[Cell nucleus|nuclei]] within a hypha. Vegetative hyphae of most ascomycetes contain only one nucleus per cell (''[[uninucleate]]'' hyphae), but [[multinucleate]] cells—especially in the apical regions of growing hyphae—can also be present.

== Metabolism ==
In common with other fungal phyla, the Ascomycota are [[Heterotrophy|heterotrophic]] organisms that require [[organic compound]]s as energy sources. These are obtained by feeding on a variety of organic substrates including dead matter, foodstuffs, or as [[symbiosis|symbiont]]s in or on other living organisms. To obtain these nutrients from their surroundings, ascomycetous fungi secrete powerful [[digestive enzyme]]s that break down organic substances into smaller molecules, which are then taken up into the cell. Many species live on dead plant material such as leaves, twigs, or logs. Several species colonize plants, animals, or other fungi as [[parasite]]s or [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualistic symbionts]] and derive all their metabolic energy in form of nutrients from the tissues of their hosts.

Owing to their long evolutionary history, the Ascomycota have evolved the capacity to break down almost every organic substance. Unlike most organisms, they are able to use their own [[enzyme]]s to digest plant [[biopolymer]]s such as [[cellulose]] or [[lignin]]. [[Collagen]], an abundant structural protein in animals, and [[keratin]]—a protein that forms hair and nails—, can also serve as food sources. Unusual examples include ''[[Aureobasidium pullulans]]'', which feeds on wall paint, and the kerosene fungus ''[[Amorphotheca resinae]]'', which feeds on aircraft fuel (causing occasional problems for the airline industry), and may sometimes block fuel pipes.<ref name=Hendey>{{cite journal | last1 = Hendey | first1 = N. I. | year = 1964 | title = Some observations on Cladosporium resinae as a fuel contaminant and its possible role in the corrosion of aluminium alloy fuel tanks | journal = Transactions of the British Mycological Society | volume = 47 | issue = 7| pages = 467–475 | doi=10.1016/s0007-1536(64)80024-3}}</ref> Other species can resist high [[osmotic pressure|osmotic stress]] and grow, for example, on salted fish, and a few ascomycetes are aquatic.

The Ascomycota is characterized by a high degree of specialization; for instance, certain species of [[Laboulbeniales]] attack only one particular leg of one particular insect species. Many Ascomycota engage in symbiotic relationships such as in lichens—symbiotic associations with green [[algae]] or [[cyanobacteria]]—in which the fungal symbiont directly obtains products of [[photosynthesis]]. In common with many basidiomycetes and [[Glomeromycota]], some ascomycetes form symbioses with plants by colonizing the roots to form [[mycorrhiza]]l associations. The Ascomycota also represents several [[carnivorous fungus|carnivorous fungi]], which have developed hyphal traps to capture small [[protist]]s such as [[amoeba]]e, as well as [[roundworm]]s (''Nematoda''), [[rotifer]]s, [[tardigrade]]s, and small arthropods such as [[springtail]]s (''Collembola'').

[[File:Hypomyces completus.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''Hypomyces completus'' on culture medium]]

== Distribution and living environment ==
The Ascomycota are represented in all land ecosystems worldwide, occurring on all continents including [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Laybourn-Parry J.|year=2009 |title=Microbiology. No place too cold |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5934 |pages=1521–22 |pmid=19541982 |doi= 10.1126/science.1173645 |first1= J|bibcode=2009Sci...324.1521L |s2cid=33598792 }}</ref> Spores and hyphal fragments are [[Fungus#Spore dispersal|dispersed]] through the atmosphere and freshwater environments, as well as ocean beaches and tidal zones. The distribution of species is variable; while some are found on all continents, others, as for example the white [[truffle]] ''Tuber magnatum'', only occur in isolated locations in Italy and Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mello A, Murat, Bonfante P |year=2006 |title=Truffles: much more than a prized and local fungal delicacy |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|volume=260|issue=1|pages=1–8|pmid=16790011|doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00252.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> The distribution of plant-parasitic species is often restricted by host distributions; for example, ''[[Cyttaria]]'' is only found on ''[[Nothofagus]]'' (Southern Beech) in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].

== Reproduction ==

=== Asexual reproduction ===
Asexual reproduction is the dominant form of propagation in the Ascomycota, and is responsible for the rapid spread of these fungi into new areas. It occurs through vegetative reproductive spores, the [[conidium|conidia]]. The conidiospores commonly contain one nucleus and are products of [[mitosis|mitotic]] cell divisions and thus are sometimes called mitospores, which are genetically identical to the mycelium from which they originate. They are typically formed at the ends of specialized [[hypha]]e, the ''conidiophores''. Depending on the species they may be [[Seed dispersal|dispersed]] by wind or water, or by animals.

==== Asexual spores ====
Different types of asexual spores can be identified by colour, shape, and how they are released as individual spores. Spore types can be used as taxonomic characters in the classification within the Ascomycota. The most frequent types are the single-celled spores, which are designated ''amerospores''. If the spore is divided into two by a cross-wall ([[septum#In mycology|septum]]), it is called a ''didymospore''.
{| align="right" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|[[File:Trichoderma aggressivum.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Conidiospores of ''Trichoderma aggressivum'', Diameter approx. 3μm]]
|-
|[[File:Aspergillus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Conidiophores of molds of the genus ''Aspergillus'', conidiogenesis is blastic-phialidic]]
|-
|[[File:Trichoderma harzianum.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Conidiophores of ''[[Trichoderma harzianum]]'', conidiogenesis is blastic-phialidic]]
|-
|[[File:Trichoderma fertile.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Conidiophores of ''Trichoderma fertile'' with vase-shaped phialides and newly formed conidia on their ends (bright points)]]
|}

When there are two or more cross-walls, the classification depends on spore shape. If the septae are ''transversal'', like the rungs of a ladder, it is a ''phragmospore'', and if they possess a net-like structure it is a ''dictyospore''. In ''staurospores'' ray-like arms radiate from a central body; in others (''helicospores'') the entire spore is wound up in a spiral like a spring. Very long worm-like spores with a length-to-diameter ratio of more than 15:1, are called ''scolecospores''.

==== Conidiogenesis and dehiscence ====
Important characteristics of the anamorphs of the Ascomycota are ''conidiogenesis'', which includes spore formation and dehiscence (separation from the parent structure). Conidiogenesis corresponds to [[Embryology]] in animals and plants and can be divided into two fundamental forms of development: ''blastic'' conidiogenesis, where the spore is already evident before it separates from the conidiogenic hypha, and ''thallic'' conidiogenesis, during which a cross-wall forms and the newly created cell develops into a spore. The spores may or may not be generated in a large-scale specialized structure that helps to spread them.

These two basic types can be further classified as follows:
* ''blastic-acropetal'' (repeated budding at the tip of the conidiogenic hypha, so that a chain of spores is formed with the youngest spores at the tip),
* ''blastic-synchronous'' (simultaneous spore formation from a central cell, sometimes with secondary acropetal chains forming from the initial spores),
* ''blastic-sympodial'' (repeated sideways spore formation from behind the leading spore, so that the oldest spore is at the main tip),
* ''blastic-annellidic'' (each spore separates and leaves a ring-shaped scar inside the scar left by the previous spore),
* ''blastic-phialidic'' (the spores arise and are ejected from the open ends of special conidiogenic cells called [[phialide]]s, which remain constant in length),
* ''basauxic'' (where a chain of conidia, in successively younger stages of development, is emitted from the mother cell),
* ''blastic-retrogressive'' (spores separate by formation of crosswalls near the tip of the conidiogenic hypha, which thus becomes progressively shorter),
* ''thallic-arthric'' (double cell walls split the conidiogenic hypha into cells that develop into short, cylindrical spores called ''arthroconidia''; sometimes every second cell dies off, leaving the arthroconidia free),
* ''thallic-solitary'' (a large bulging cell separates from the conidiogenic hypha, forms internal walls, and develops to a ''phragmospore'').

Sometimes the conidia are produced in structures visible to the naked eye, which help to distribute the spores. These structures are called "conidiomata" (singular: [[Conidium|conidioma]]), and may take the form of ''[[Pycnidium|pycnidia]]'' (which are flask-shaped and arise in the fungal tissue) or ''acervuli'' (which are cushion-shaped and arise in host tissue).

Dehiscence happens in two ways. In ''schizolytic'' dehiscence, a double-dividing wall with a central lamella (layer) forms between the cells; the central layer then breaks down thereby releasing the spores. In ''rhexolytic'' dehiscence, the cell wall that joins the spores on the outside degenerates and releases the conidia.

=== Heterokaryosis and parasexuality ===
Several Ascomycota species are not known to have a sexual cycle. Such asexual species may be able to undergo genetic recombination between individuals by processes involving ''heterokaryosis'' and ''parasexual'' events.

[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mmed&part=A3958&rendertype=figure&id=A3958 Parasexuality] refers to the process of heterokaryosis, caused by merging of two hyphae belonging to different individuals, by a process called ''[[anastomosis]]'', followed by a series of events resulting in genetically different [[Cell nucleus|cell nuclei]] in the [[mycelium]].<ref>{{harvnb|Deacon|2005|pp=164–6}}</ref>
The merging of nuclei is not followed by [[meiosis|meiotic events]], such as [[gamete]] formation and results in an increased number of [[chromosome]]s per nuclei. ''[[Mitotic crossover]]'' may enable [[genetic recombination|recombination]], i.e., an exchange of genetic material between [[homologous chromosome]]s. The chromosome number may then be restored to its [[ploidy#Haploid and monoploid|haploid]] state by [[Telophase|nuclear division]], with each daughter nuclei being genetically different from the original parent nuclei.<ref>{{harvnb|Deacon|2005|pp=167–8}}</ref> Alternatively, nuclei may lose some chromosomes, resulting in [[aneuploid]] cells. ''Candida albicans'' (class Saccharomycetes) is an example of a fungus that has a parasexual cycle (see [[Candida albicans]] and [[Parasexual cycle]]).

=== Sexual reproduction ===
[[File:Hypocrea virens.jpg|thumb|right|115px|Ascus of ''Hypocrea virens'' with eight two-celled Ascospores]]
Sexual reproduction in the Ascomycota leads to the formation of the ''ascus'', the structure that defines this fungal group and distinguishes it from other fungal phyla. The ascus is a tube-shaped vessel, a ''meiosporangium'', which contains the sexual spores produced by [[meiosis]] and which are called ''ascospores''.

Apart from a few exceptions, such as ''[[Candida albicans]]'', most ascomycetes are [[ploidy#Haploid and monoploid|haploid]], i.e., they contain one set of [[chromosome]]s per nucleus. During sexual reproduction there is a [[ploidy#Diploid|diploid]] phase, which commonly is very short, and meiosis restores the haploid state. The sexual cycle of one well-studied representative species of Ascomycota is described in greater detail in ''[[Neurospora crassa]]''. Also, the adaptive basis for the maintenance of sexual reproduction in the Ascomycota [[fungus|fungi]] was reviewed by Wallen and Perlin.<ref name="pmid29619017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wallen RM, Perlin MH |title=An Overview of the Function and Maintenance of Sexual Reproduction in Dikaryotic Fungi |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=9 |pages=503 |date=2018 |pmid=29619017 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.00503 |pmc=5871698 |doi-access=free }}</ref> They concluded that the most plausible reason for the maintenance of this capability is the benefit of [[DNA repair|repairing DNA damage]] by using [[homologous recombination|recombination]] that occurs during [[meiosis]].<ref name="pmid29619017" /> DNA damage can be caused by a variety of stresses such as nutrient limitation.

==== Formation of sexual spores ====
The sexual part of the life cycle commences when two hyphal structures [[Mating|mate]]. In the case of ''[[homothallic]]'' species, mating is enabled between hyphae of the same fungal [[cloning|clone]], whereas in ''[[heterothallic]]'' species, the two hyphae must originate from fungal clones that differ genetically, i.e., those that are of a different [[mating type]]. Mating types are typical of the fungi and correspond roughly to the sexes in plants and animals; however one species may have more than two mating types, resulting in sometimes complex [[Allorecognition#Allorecognition phenomena|vegetative incompatibility]] systems. The [[adaptive function of mating type]] is discussed in ''[[Neurospora crassa]]''.

[[Gametangia]] are sexual structures formed from hyphae, and are the generative cells. A very fine hypha, called [[:wikt:trichogyne|trichogyne]] emerges from one gametangium, the ''[[ascogonium]]'', and merges with a gametangium (the ''antheridium'') of the other fungal isolate. The nuclei in the antheridium then migrate into the ascogonium, and [[plasmogamy]]—the mixing of the [[cytoplasm]]—occurs. Unlike in animals and plants, plasmogamy is not immediately followed by the merging of the nuclei (called ''[[karyogamy]]''). Instead, the nuclei from the two hyphae form pairs, initiating the ''dikaryophase'' of the sexual cycle, during which time the pairs of nuclei synchronously divide. Fusion of the paired nuclei leads to mixing of the genetic material and [[genetic recombination|recombination]] and is followed by [[meiosis]]. A similar sexual cycle is present in the [[red algae]] (Rhodophyta). A discarded hypothesis held that a second karyogamy event occurred in the ascogonium prior to ascogeny, resulting in a tetraploid nucleus which divided into four diploid nuclei by meiosis and then into eight haploid nuclei by a supposed process called [[brachymeiosis]], but this hypothesis was disproven in the 1950s.<ref name="Carlile">{{cite journal | last=Carlile | first=Michael J. | title=Two influential mycologists: Helen Gwynne-Vaughan (1879–1967) and Lilian Hawker (1908–1991) | journal=Mycologist | volume=19 | issue=3 | year=2005 | pages=129–131 | doi=10.1017/s0269915x05003058}}</ref>

[[File:Hypomyces chrysospermus.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Unitunicate-inoperculate Asci of ''Hypomyces chrysospermus'']]
From the fertilized ascogonium, ''dinucleate'' hyphae emerge in which each cell contains two nuclei. These hyphae are called ''ascogenous'' or fertile hyphae. They are supported by the vegetative mycelium containing uni– (or mono–) nucleate hyphae, which are sterile. The mycelium containing both sterile and fertile hyphae may grow into fruiting body, the ''[[ascocarp]]'', which may contain millions of fertile hyphae.

An ascocarp is the fruiting body of the sexual phase in Ascomycota. There are five morphologically different types of ascocarp, namely:

* Naked asci: these occur in simple ascomycetes; asci are produced on the organism's surface.
* [[Ascocarp#Perithecium|Perithecia]]: Asci are in flask-shaped ascoma (perithecium) with a pore (ostiole) at the top.
* [[Ascocarp#Cleistothecium|Cleistothecia]]: The ascocarp (a cleistothecium) is spherical and closed.
* [[Ascocarp#Apothecium|Apothecia]]: The asci are in a bowl shaped ascoma (apothecium). These are sometimes called the "cup fungi".
* [[Ascocarp#Pseudothecium|Pseudothecia]]: Asci with two layers, produced in pseudothecia that look like perithecia. The ascospores are arranged irregularly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microscopemaster.com/ascomycota.html|title=Ascomycota – Characteristics, Nutrition and Significance|website=MicroscopeMaster|language=en|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

The sexual structures are formed in the fruiting layer of the ascocarp, the [[hymenium]]. At one end of ascogenous hyphae, characteristic U-shaped hooks develop, which curve back opposite to the growth direction of the hyphae. The two nuclei contained in the apical part of each hypha divide in such a way that the threads of their [[mitotic spindle]]s run parallel, creating two pairs of genetically different nuclei. One daughter nucleus migrates close to the hook, while the other daughter nucleus locates to the basal part of the hypha. The formation of two parallel cross-walls then divides the hypha into three sections: one at the hook with one nucleus, one at the basal of the original hypha that contains one nucleus, and one that separates the U-shaped part, which contains the other two nuclei.
[[File:Ascocarp2.png|thumb|right|alt=Cross-section of a cup-shaped structure showing locations of developing meiotic asci (upper edge of cup, left side, arrows pointing to two gray-colored cells containing four and two small circles), sterile hyphae (upper edge of cup, right side, arrows pointing to white-colored cells with a single small circle in them), and mature asci (upper edge of cup, pointing to two gray-colored cells with eight small circles in them)|Diagram of an [[apothecium]] (the typical cup-like reproductive structure of ascomycetes) showing sterile tissues as well as developing and mature asci.]]

Fusion of the nuclei (karyogamy) takes place in the U-shaped cells in the hymenium, and results in the formation of a diploid [[zygote]]. The zygote grows into the [[ascus]], an elongated tube-shaped or cylinder-shaped capsule. Meiosis then gives rise to four [[ploidy#Haploid and monoploid|haploid]] nuclei, usually followed by a further mitotic division that results in eight nuclei in each ascus. The nuclei along with some cytoplasma become enclosed within membranes and a cell wall to give rise to ascospores that are aligned inside the ascus like peas in a pod.

Upon opening of the ascus, ascospores may be dispersed by the wind, while in some cases the spores are forcibly ejected form the ascus; certain species have evolved spore cannons, which can eject ascospores up to 30 cm. away. When the spores reach a suitable substrate, they germinate, form new hyphae, which restarts the fungal life cycle.

The form of the ascus is important for classification and is divided into four basic types: unitunicate-operculate, unitunicate-inoperculate, bitunicate, or prototunicate. See the article on [[Ascus|asci]] for further details.

== Ecology ==
The Ascomycota fulfil a central role in most land-based [[ecosystem]]s. They are important [[decomposer]]s, breaking down organic materials, such as dead leaves and animals, and helping the [[detritivore]]s (animals that feed on decomposing material) to obtain their nutrients. Ascomycetes, along with other fungi, can break down large [[Biopolymer|molecules]] such as [[cellulose]] or [[lignin]], and thus have important roles in nutrient cycling such as the [[carbon cycle]].

The fruiting bodies of the Ascomycota provide food for many animals ranging from [[insect]]s and slugs and snails (''[[Gastropoda]]'') to [[rodent]]s and larger mammals such as [[deer]] and [[wild boar]]s.

Many ascomycetes also form [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] relationships with other organisms, including plants and animals.

=== Lichens ===
{{main|Lichen}}
Probably since early in their evolutionary history, the Ascomycota have formed symbiotic associations with [[green algae]] (''Chlorophyta''), and other types of [[algae]] and [[cyanobacteria]]. These mutualistic associations are commonly known as [[lichen]]s, and can grow and persist in terrestrial regions of the earth that are inhospitable to other organisms and characterized by extremes in temperature and humidity, including the [[Arctic]], the [[Antarctic]], [[desert]]s, and mountaintops. While the [[photoautotroph]]ic algal partner generates metabolic energy through photosynthesis, the fungus offers a stable, supportive matrix and protects cells from radiation and dehydration. Around 42% of the Ascomycota (about 18,000 species) form lichens, and almost all the fungal partners of lichens belong to the Ascomycota.

=== Mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes ===
Members of the Ascomycota form two important types of relationship with plants: as [[mycorrhiza]]l fungi and as [[endophyte]]s. Mycorrhiza are [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] associations of fungi with the root systems of the plants, which can be of vital importance for growth and persistence for the plant. The fine mycelial network of the fungus enables the increased uptake of mineral salts that occur at low levels in the soil. In return, the plant provides the fungus with metabolic energy in the form of [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] products.

Endophytic fungi live inside plants, and those that form mutualistic or [[commensalism|commensal]] associations with their host, do not damage their hosts. The exact nature of the relationship between endophytic fungus and host depends on the species involved, and in some cases fungal colonization of plants can bestow a higher resistance against insects, [[roundworm]]s (nematodes), and [[bacteria]]; in the case of [[Neotyphodium|grass endophytes]] the fungal symbiont produces poisonous [[alkaloid]]s, which can affect the health of plant-eating (herbivorous) [[mammal]]s and deter or kill insect herbivores.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Schulz B, Boyle C.|year=2005 |title=The endophytic continuum |journal=Mycological Research |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=661–86 |pmid=16080390 |doi= 10.1017/S095375620500273X |first1= B |last2= Boyle |first2= C}}</ref>

=== Symbiotic relationships with animals ===
Several ascomycetes of the genus ''[[Xylaria]]'' colonize the nests of [[leafcutter ant]]s and other [[fungus-growing ants]] of the tribe [[Attini]], and the fungal gardens of [[termite]]s (Isoptera). Since they do not generate fruiting bodies until the insects have left the nests, it is suspected that, as confirmed in several cases of [[Basidiomycota]] species, they may be cultivated.{{Clarify|this sentence is very confusing|date=September 2009}}

[[Bark beetle]]s (family Scolytidae) are important symbiotic partners of ascomycetes. The female beetles transport fungal spores to new hosts in characteristic tucks in their skin, the ''[[mycetangia]]''. The beetle tunnels into the wood and into large chambers in which they lay their eggs. Spores released from the mycetangia germinate into hyphae, which can break down the wood. The beetle larvae then feed on the fungal mycelium, and, on reaching maturity, carry new spores with them to renew the cycle of infection. A well-known example of this is [[Dutch elm disease]], caused by ''[[Ophiostoma ulmi]]'', which is carried by the European elm bark beetle, ''[[Scolytus multistriatus]]''.<ref name="Moser 2010">{{cite journal |author1=Moser, J.C. |author2=Konrad, H. |author3=Blomquist, S.R. |author4=Kirisits, T. |year=2010 |title=Do mites phoretic on elm bark beetles contribute to the transmission of Dutch elm disease? |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=219–227 |doi=10.1007/s00114-009-0630-x |pmid=19967528|bibcode=2010NW.....97..219M |s2cid=15554606 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232603 }}</ref>

=== Plant disease interactions ===
One of their most harmful roles is as the agent of many plant diseases. For instance:

* [[Dutch elm disease]], caused by the closely related species ''Ophiostoma ulmi'' and ''Ophiostoma novo-ulmi'', has led to the death of many elms in Europe and North America.
* The originally Asian [[Chestnut blight|''Cryphonectria parasitica'']] is responsible for attacking Sweet Chestnuts (''[[Castanea sativa]]''), and virtually eliminated the once-widespread [[American Chestnut]] (''Castanea dentata''),
* A disease of [[maize]] (''Zea mays''), which is especially prevalent in North America, is brought about by ''[[Cochliobolus heterostrophus]]''.
* ''[[Taphrina deformans]]'' causes [[leaf curl]] of peach.
* ''[[Uncinula necator]]'' is responsible for the disease [[powdery mildew]], which attacks grapevines.
* Species of ''[[Monilinia]]'' cause brown rot of stone fruit such as peaches (''Prunus persica'') and sour cherries (''Prunus ceranus'').
* Members of the Ascomycota such as ''[[Stachybotrys chartarum]]'' are responsible for fading of woolen textiles, which is a common problem especially in the tropics.
* Blue-green, red and brown [[Mold (fungus)|mold]]s attack and spoil foodstuffs – for instance ''[[Penicillium italicum]]'' rots oranges.
* Cereals infected with ''[[Fusarium graminearum]]'' contain [[mycotoxin]]s like [[deoxynivalenol]] (DON), which causes [[Fusarium ear blight]] and skin and mucous membrane lesions when eaten by pigs.

=== Human disease interactions ===

* ''[[Aspergillus fumigatus]]'', the most common cause of fungal infection in the lungs of immune compromised patients often resulting in death. Also the most frequent cause of [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]], which often occurs in patients with [[Cystic fibrosis]] as well as [[Asthma]].
* ''[[Candida albicans]]'', a yeast that attacks the mucous membranes, can cause an infection of the mouth or vagina called thrush or [[candidiasis]], and is also blamed for "yeast allergies".
* Fungi like ''[[Epidermophyton]]'' cause skin infections but are not very dangerous for people with healthy immune systems. However, if the immune system is damaged they can be life-threatening; for instance, ''[[Pneumocystis jirovecii]]'' is responsible for severe lung infections that occur in [[AIDS]] patients.
* [[Ergot]] (''Claviceps purpurea'') is a direct menace to humans when it attacks wheat or rye and produces highly poisonous [[alkaloid]]s, causing [[ergotism]] if consumed. Symptoms include hallucinations, stomach cramps, and a burning sensation in the limbs ("[[Ergotism|Saint Anthony's Fire]]").
* ''[[Aspergillus flavus]]'', which grows on peanuts and other hosts, generates [[aflatoxin]], which damages the liver and is highly carcinogenic.
* ''[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]'' causes histoplasmosis, which affects immunocompromised patients.
* ''[[Blastomyces dermatitidis]]'' is the causal agent of blastomycosis, an invasive and often serious fungal infection found occasionally in humans and other animals in regions where the fungus is endemic.
* ''[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis]]'' and ''[[Paracoccidioides lutzii]]'' are the causal agents of [[paracoccidioidomycosis]].
* ''[[Coccidioides immitis]]'' and ''[[Coccidioides posadasii]]'' are the causative agent of [[coccidioidomycosis]] (valley fever).
* ''[[Talaromyces marneffei]]'', formerly called ''Penicillium marneffei'' causes [[talaromycosis]]

=== Beneficial effects for humans ===
On the other hand, ascus fungi have brought some important benefits to humanity.
* The most famous case may be that of the mould ''[[Penicillium chrysogenum]]'' (formerly ''Penicillium notatum''), which, probably to attack competing bacteria, produces an antibiotic that, under the name of [[penicillin]], triggered a revolution in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases in the 20th century.
* The medical importance of ''[[Tolypocladium niveum]]'' as an [[immunosuppression|immunosuppressor]] can hardly be exaggerated. It excretes [[Ciclosporin]], which, as well as being given during [[Organ transplantation]] to prevent rejection, is also prescribed for auto-immune diseases such as [[multiple sclerosis]], although there is some doubt over the long-term side-effects of the treatment.
[[File:Blue Stilton Quarter Front.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Stilton cheese veined with ''Penicillium roqueforti'']]
* Some ascomycete fungi can be altered relatively easily through [[genetic engineering]] procedures. They can then produce useful proteins such as [[insulin]], [[human growth hormone]], or TPa, which is employed to dissolve blood clots.
* Several species are common [[model organism]]s in biology, including ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'', ''[[Schizosaccharomyces pombe]]'', and ''[[Neurospora crassa]]''. The [[genome]]s of a number of ascomycete fungi have been fully sequenced.
* Baker's Yeast (''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'') is used to make [[bread]], [[beer]] and [[wine]], during which process sugars such as [[glucose]] or [[sucrose]] are fermented to make [[ethanol]] and [[carbon dioxide]]. Bakers use the yeast for carbon dioxide production, causing the bread to rise, with the ethanol boiling off during cooking. Most vintners use it for ethanol production, with the carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere during fermentation. Brewers and traditional producers of [[sparkling wine]] use both, with a primary fermentation for the alcohol and a secondary one to produce the carbon dioxide bubbles that provide the drinks with "sparkling" texture in the case of wine and the desirable foam in the case of beer.
* Enzymes of ''[[Penicillium camemberti]]'' play a role in the manufacture of the cheeses [[Camembert]] and [[Brie]], while those of ''[[Penicillium roqueforti]]'' do the same for [[Gorgonzola (cheese)|Gorgonzola]], [[Roquefort]] and [[Stilton cheese|Stilton]].
* In Asia, ''[[Aspergillus oryzae]]'' is added to a pulp of soaked soya beans to make [[soy sauce]], and is used to break down starch in rice and other grains into simple sugars for fermentation into East Asian alcoholic beverages such as [[huangjiu]] and [[sake]].
* Finally, some members of the Ascomycota are choice edibles; [[Morchella|morel]]s (''Morchella spp.''), [[truffle]]s (''Tuber spp.''), and [[Hypomyces lactifluorum|lobster mushroom]] (''Hypomyces lactifluorum'') are some of the most sought-after fungal delicacies.

==See also==
* [[List of Ascomycota families incertae sedis|List of Ascomycota families ''incertae sedis'']]
* [[List of Ascomycota genera incertae sedis|List of Ascomycota genera ''incertae sedis'']]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Jones et al. 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=E.B. Gareth |last2=Suetrong |first2=Satinee |last3=Sakayaroj |first3=Jariya |last4=Bahkali |first4=Ali H. |last5=Abdel-Wahab |first5=Mohamed A. |last6=Boekhout |first6=Teun |last7=Pang |first7=Ka-Lai |title=Classification of marine Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=73 |issue=1 |year=2015 |doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0339-4 |pages=1–72|s2cid=38469033 }}</ref>

}}

== Cited texts ==
{{Wikispecies|Ascomycota}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alexopoulos |first1=C.J. |last2=Mims |first2=C.W. |last3=Blackwell |first3=M. | title=Introductory Mycology | year=1996 | publisher=Wiley | isbn=0-471-52229-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Deacon |first=J. |title=Fungal Biology |publisher=Blackwell |year=2005 |isbn=1-4051-3066-0 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Jennings DH, Lysek G |title=Fungal Biology: Understanding the Fungal Lifestyle|year=1996 |publisher=Bios Scientific |location=Guildford, UK |isbn=978-1-85996-150-6}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=2008|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Taylor EL, Taylor TN |title=The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1993 |isbn=0-13-651589-4}}
{{Refend}}

{{Eukaryota classification}}
{{Fungi classification}}
{{Life on Earth}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q174726}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ascomycota| ]]
[[Category:Mycology]]
[[Category:Fungus phyla]]

User:RandomPattern

2024-05-04T08:23:01Z

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Bass (voice type)

2024-04-26T12:23:13Z

RandomPattern: changed staff notation to be outside and separate from image

{{Short description|Type of classical male singing voice}}
{{About|the male voice type||Bass (disambiguation){{!}}Bass}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Voice type}}
A '''bass''' is a type of [[Classical music|classical]] male [[singing]] [[Human voice|voice]] and has the lowest [[vocal range]] of all [[voice type]]s. According to ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera]]'', a bass is typically classified as having a vocal range extending from around the second E below [[C (musical note)#Middle C|middle C]] to the E above middle C (i.e., [[Scientific pitch notation|E2–E4]]).<ref name=Grove1>{{cite Grove|title=Bass (Fr. ''basse''; Ger. ''Bass''; It. ''basso'')|date=2002|id=O900455|author1=Owen Jander|author2=Lionel Sawkins|author3=J. B. Steane|author3-link=J. B. Steane|author4=Elizabeth Forbes|author4-link=Elizabeth Forbes (musicologist)|quote=E2–E4/F4}}</ref><ref name=BBC /> Its [[tessitura]], or comfortable range, is normally defined by the outermost lines of the [[Clef#Bass clef|bass clef]]. Categories of bass voices vary according to national style and classification system.

Italians favour subdividing basses into the ''basso cantante'' (singing bass), ''basso buffo'' (comical bass), or the dramatic ''basso profondo'' (deep bass). The American system<ref>Boldrey, Richard (1994) Guide to Operatic Roles & Arias, Redmond: PST... Inc.</ref> identifies the bass-baritone, comic bass, lyric bass, and dramatic bass.

The German ''[[Fach]]'' system<ref>Kloiber, Rudolf et al., (2007) Handbuch der Oper, 12th edition, Munich: Bärenreiter</ref> offers further distinctions: Spielbass (Bassbuffo), Schwerer Spielbass (Schwerer Bassbuffo), Charakterbass (Bassbariton), and Seriöser Bass. These classification systems can overlap. Rare is the performer who embodies a single ''Fach'' without also touching repertoire from another category.

== History ==
Cultural influence and individual variation create a wide variation in range and quality of bass singers. Parts for basses have included notes as low as the [[B♭ (musical note)|B-flat]] two octaves and a tone below middle C (B{{Music|b}}1), for example in [[Gustav Mahler]]'s [[Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 2]] and the [[Rachmaninov]]'s [[All-Night Vigil (Rachmaninoff)|All-Night Vigil]], [[A (musical note)|A]] below that in [[Frederik Magle]]'s [[Cantabile (symphonic suite)|symphonic suite ''Cantabile'']], [[G (musical note)|G]] below that (e.g. Measure 76 of ''Ne otverzhi mene'' by [[Pavel Chesnokov]]) or [[F (musical note)|F]] below those in ''Kheruvimskaya pesn (Song of Cherubim)'' by [[Krzysztof Penderecki]]. Many [[basso profondo]]s have trouble reaching those notes, and the use of them in works by Slavic composers has led to the colloquial term "Russian bass" for an exceptionally deep-ranged basso profondo who can easily sing these notes. Some traditional Russian religious music calls for A2 (110 [[Hertz|Hz]]) drone singing, which is doubled by A1 (55 Hz) in the rare occasion that a choir includes singers who can produce this very low human voice pitch.

Many British composers such as [[Benjamin Britten]] have written parts for bass (such as the first movement of his choral work ''[[Rejoice in the Lamb]]'') that center far higher than the bass [[tessitura]] as implied by the clef.<ref name=Grove1 /> The ''[[Harvard Dictionary of Music]]'' defines the range as being from the E below low C to middle C (i.e. E2–C4).<ref>[http://www.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/vocalrg.htm Ranges Guide], Yale University Music Library, taken from the ''Harvard Dictionary of Music'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827072425/http://www.library.yale.edu/cataloging/music/vocalrg.htm |date=27 August 2013}}</ref>

== In choral music ==
In [[SATB|SATB four-part mixed]] chorus, the bass is the lowest vocal range, below the [[tenor]], [[alto]], and [[soprano]]. Voices are subdivided into first bass and second bass with no distinction being made between bass and [[baritone]] voices, in contrast to the three-fold (tenor–baritone–bass) categorization of solo voices. The exception is in arrangements for male choir (TTBB) and [[barbershop quartet]]s (TLBB), which sometimes label the lowest two parts baritone and bass.

== Range and subtypes ==
[[File:Bass voice range on keyboard.svg|thumb|400px|Bass vocal range (E2–E4) notated on the [[bass clef|bass]] [[staff (music)|staff]] (left) and on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C4)]]
{| align=right
|<score>{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef bass e,4 e'4 }</score>
|}
Bass has the lowest [[vocal range]] of all [[voice type]]s, with the lowest [[tessitura]]. The low extreme for basses is generally C2 (two Cs below middle C). Some extreme bass singers, referred to as [[basso profondo]]s and [[oktavist]]s, are able to reach much lower than this. Within [[opera]], the lowest note in the standard bass repertoire is D2, sung by the character Osmin in Mozart's ''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]'', but few roles fall below F2.

Although Osmin's note is the lowest 'demanded' in the operatic repertoire, lower notes are heard, both written and unwritten: for example, it is traditional for basses to interpolate a low C in the duet "Ich gehe doch rathe ich dir" in the same opera; in Richard Strauss' ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]'', Baron Ochs has an optional C2 ("Mein lieber Hippolyte"). The high extreme: a few bass roles in the standard repertoire call for a high F{{Music|#}} or G (F{{Music|#}}4 and G4, the one above middle C), but few roles go over F4. In the operatic bass repertoire, the highest notes are a G{{Music|#}}4 (The Barber in ''[[The Nose (opera)|The Nose]]'' by Shostakovich) and, in the aria "Fra l'ombre e gl'orrori" in Handel's [[serenata]] ''[[Aci, Galatea e Polifemo]]'', Polifemo reaches an A4.

Within the bass voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories: ''basso cantante'' (singing bass), ''hoher'' bass (high bass), ''jugendlicher'' bass (juvenile bass), ''basso buffo'' ("funny" bass), ''Schwerer Spielbass'' (dramatic bass), lyric bass, and dramatic ''basso profondo'' (low bass).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bass {{!}} Music Appreciation|url=https://www.collegesidekick.com/study-guides/musicappreciation_with_theory/bass|website=collegesidekick.com}}</ref>

=== Basso cantante/lyric high bass/lyric bass-baritone ===
{{main article|Bass-baritone}}
''Basso cantante'' means "singing bass".<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/cardiffsinger/sites/guides/pages/bass.shtml|publisher=[[BBC Cymru Wales]]|title=BBC Cardiff Singer of the World – Guides – Baritone and bass}}</ref> ''Basso cantante'' is a higher, more lyrical voice. It is produced using a more Italianate vocal production, and possesses a faster vibrato, than its closest Germanic/Anglo-Saxon equivalent, the [[bass-baritone]].
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* Max, ''[[Le chalet]]'' by [[Adolphe Adam]]
* Duke Bluebeard ''[[Bluebeard's Castle]]'' by [[Béla Bartók]]
* Don Pizarro, ''[[Fidelio]]'' by [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
* Count Rodolfo, ''[[La sonnambula]]'' by [[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]]
* Blitch, ''[[Susannah]]'' by [[Carlisle Floyd]]
* Méphistophélès, ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' by [[Charles Gounod]]
* The King of Scotland, ''[[Ariodante]]'' by [[George Frideric Handel]]
* Don Alfonso, ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
* Don Giovanni, ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
* Figaro, ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
* The Voice of the Oracle, ''[[Idomeneo]]'' by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
* Silva, ''[[Ernani]]'' by [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
* Philip II, ''[[Don Carlos]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* Count Walter, ''[[Luisa Miller]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* Ferrando, ''[[Il trovatore]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
{{Div col end}}

=== Hoher Bass/dramatic high bass/dramatic bass-baritone ===
''{{Lang|de|Hoher Bass}}'' or "high bass" or often a dramatic [[bass-baritone]].
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* Igor, ''[[Prince Igor]]'' by [[Alexander Borodin]]
* Boris, ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'' by [[Modest Mussorgsky]]
* Klingsor, ''[[Parsifal]]'' by [[Richard Wagner]]
* Wotan, ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' by Richard Wagner
* Caspar, ''[[Der Freischütz]]'' by [[Carl Maria von Weber]]
* [[Banquo]], ''[[Macbeth (Verdi)|Macbeth]]'' by [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
* Zaccaria, ''[[Nabucco]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
* Fiesco, ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]'' by Giuseppe Verdi
{{Div col end}}

=== Jugendlicher Bass ===
''{{lang|de|Jugendlicher Bass}}'' (juvenile bass) denotes the role of a young man sung by a bass, regardless of the age of the singer.
* Masetto, ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
* Colline, ''[[La bohème]]'' by [[Giacomo Puccini]]

=== Basso buffo/lyric buffo ===
{{anchor|Basso buffo}}''Buffo'', literally "funny", basses are lyrical roles that demand from their practitioners a solid coloratura technique, a capacity for [[Patter song|patter singing]] and ripe tonal qualities if they are to be brought off to maximum effect. They are usually the blustering antagonist of the hero/heroine or the comic-relief fool in [[bel canto]] operas.
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* Don Pasquale, ''[[Don Pasquale]]'' by [[Gaetano Donizetti]]
* Dottor Dulcamara, ''[[L'elisir d'amore]]'' by Gaetano Donizetti
* Doctor Bartolo, ''[[The Barber of Seville]]'' by [[Gioachino Rossini]]
* Don Magnifico, ''[[La Cenerentola]]'' by Gioachino Rossini
* Don Alfonso, ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
* Leporello, ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
* Papageno, ''[[Die Zauberflöte]]'' by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
* The Doctor, ''[[Wozzeck]]'' by [[Alban Berg]]
{{Div col end}}

=== {{Lang|de|Schwerer Spielbass}}/dramatic buffo ===
English equivalent: dramatic bass
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* Khan Konchak, ''[[Prince Igor]]'' by [[Alexander Borodin]]
* Baculus, ''[[Der Wildschütz]]'' by [[Albert Lortzing]]
* Ferrando, ''[[Il trovatore]]'' by [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
* Daland, ''[[Der fliegende Holländer]]'' by [[Richard Wagner]]
* Varlaam, ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'' by [[Modest Mussorgsky]]
{{Div col end}}

=== Lyric basso profondo ===
{{main article|Basso profondo}}
[[Basso profondo]] (lyric low bass) is the lowest bass voice type. According to [[J. B. Steane]] in ''Voices, Singers & Critics'', the basso profondo voice "derives from a method of tone-production that eliminates the more Italian quick vibrato. In its place is a kind of tonal solidity, a wall-like front, which may nevertheless prove susceptible to the other kind of vibrato, the slow beat or dreaded wobble."
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* Rocco, ''[[Fidelio]]'' by [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]
* Osmin, ''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]'' by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
* Sarastro, ''[[The Magic Flute|Die Zauberflöte]]'' by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
* Pimen, ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'' by [[Modest Mussorgsky]]
* Baron Ochs, ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]'' by [[Richard Strauss]]
* Baldassarre, ''[[La favorite]]'' by [[Gaetano Donizetti]]
{{Div col end}}

=== Dramatic basso profondo ===
English equivalent: dramatic low bass. Dramatic basso profondo is a powerful basso profondo voice.
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* Il Commendatore, ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
* Hagen, ''[[Götterdämmerung]]'' by [[Richard Wagner]]
* Heinrich, ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'' by Richard Wagner
* Gurnemanz, ''[[Parsifal]]'' by Richard Wagner
* Fafner, ''[[Das Rheingold]]'' and ''[[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]]'' by Richard Wagner
* Marke, ''[[Tristan und Isolde]]'' by Richard Wagner
* Hunding, ''[[Die Walküre]]'' by Richard Wagner
* The Varangian (Viking) Guest, ''[[Sadko (opera)|Sadko]]'' by [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]
* The Grand Inquisitor, ''[[Don Carlos|Don Carlo]]'' by [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
* Claggart, ''[[Billy Budd (opera)|Billy Budd]]'' by [[Benjamin Britten]]
{{Div col end}}

=== In Gilbert and Sullivan ===
All of the [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] [[Savoy opera]]s, except ''[[Patience (opera)|Patience]]'' and ''[[The Yeomen of the Guard]]'', have at least one lead bass. Notable roles include:

{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* Adam Goodheart, ''[[Ruddigore]]''
* Arac, ''[[Princess Ida]]''
* Bob Becket (Carpenter's mate), ''[[H.M.S. Pinafore]]''
* Don Alhambra del Bolero, ''[[The Gondoliers]]''
* The Mikado of Japan, ''[[The Mikado]]''
* The Notary, ''[[The Sorcerer]]''
* Private Willis, ''[[Iolanthe]]''
* Sergeant of Police, ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]''
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Basses|Category of basses]]
* ''[[Fach]]'', the German system for classifying voices
* [[Voice classification in non-classical music]]
* [[List of basses in non-classical music]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/cardiffsinger/sites/guides/pages/voice.shtml Guide to the singing voice], [[BBC Wales]]
* [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Topics/Basses.htm Basses in Bach’s vocal works]
* {{Commons category-inline|Bass vocalists}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Bass}}

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[[Category:Musical terminology]]
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Baritone

2024-04-26T12:15:37Z

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{{Short description|Type of classical male vocal range}}
{{About|the male voice type}}
{{wikt | baritone}}
{{Voice type}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
A '''baritone'''<ref>Or '''barytone''', although this spelling is essentially archaic and little-used since the 1920s.</ref> is a type of [[classical music|classical]]<ref>Compare [[voice classification in non-classical music]].</ref> male [[singing]] [[human voice|voice]] whose [[vocal range]] lies between the [[bass (voice type)|bass]] and the [[tenor]] [[voice type|voice-type]]s.<ref>''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=V2d12iZkgOwC&pg=PA142 "Baritone"]. [[Merriam-Webster]] (2000) p. 142. {{ISBN| 0-87779-017-5}}</ref><ref>Knapp, Raymond; Morris, Mitchell; Wolf. Stacy (eds.) (2011)[https://books.google.com/books?id=Do1pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA322 ''The Oxford Handbook of The American Musical''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412050317/https://books.google.com/books?id=Do1pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA322#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=12 April 2024 }}, p. 322. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199874727}}</ref> The term originates from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|βαρύτονος}} ({{lang|el|barýtonos}}), meaning "heavy sounding". Composers typically write music for this voice in the range from the second F below [[C (musical note)|middle C]] to the F above middle C (i.e. [[Scientific pitch notation|F2]]–F4) in choral music, and from the second G below middle C to the G above middle C (G2 to G4) in operatic music, but the range can extend at either end. Subtypes of baritone include the baryton-Martin baritone (light baritone), lyric baritone, ''Kavalierbariton'', Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, ''baryton-noble'' baritone, and the bass-baritone.

== History ==
The first use of the term "baritone" emerged as ''baritonans'', late in the 15th century,<ref>[[Franchinus Gaffurius|Franchino Gaffurio]], [http://www.music.indiana.edu/tml/15th/GAFPM3_TEXT.html Practica musicae, liber tertius] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060609125758/http://www.music.indiana.edu/tml/15th/GAFPM3_TEXT.html |date=2006-06-09 }}, 1496</ref> usually in French [[Religious music|sacred]] [[Polyphony|polyphonic]] music. At this early stage it was frequently used as the lowest of the voices (including the bass), but in 17th-century Italy the term was all-encompassing and used to describe the average male choral voice.

Baritones took roughly the range as it is known today at the beginning of the 18th century, but they were still lumped in with their bass colleagues until well into the 19th century. Many operatic works of the 18th century have roles marked as bass that in reality are low baritone roles (or [[bass-baritone]] parts in modern parlance). Examples of this are to be found, for instance, in the operas and oratorios of [[George Frideric Handel]]. The greatest and most enduring parts for baritones in 18th-century operatic music were composed by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]. They include Count Almaviva in ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'', Guglielmo in ''[[Così fan tutte]]'', Papageno in ''[[The Magic Flute]]'' and the lead in ''[[Don Giovanni]]''.<ref name=NGD>{{cite book | first1=Owen | last1=Jander | first2=J. B. | last2=Steane | author-link2=J. B. Steane | first3=Elizabeth | last3=Forbes | author-link3=Elizabeth Forbes (musicologist) | first4=Ellen T. | last4=Harris | first5=Gerald | last5=Waldman | chapter=Baritone (i) | editor1-first=Stanley | editor1-last=Sadie | editor1-link=Stanley Sadie | editor2-link=John Tyrrell (musicologist) | editor2-first=John | editor2-last=Tyrrell | title=[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] | edition=2nd | publisher=Macmillan | year=2001 | isbn=0-333-60800-3}}. This work is the main reference for the history section of this article.</ref>

=== 19th century ===
In theatrical documents, cast lists, and journalistic dispatches that from the beginning of the 19th century till the mid 1820s, the terms ''primo basso'', ''basse chantante'', and ''basse-taille'' were often used for men who would later be called baritones. These included the likes of [[Filippo Galli (bass)|Filippo Galli]], [[Giovanni Inchindi]], and [[Henri-Bernard Dabadie]]. The basse-taille and the proper bass were commonly confused because their roles were sometimes sung by singers of either actual voice part.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle: Français, historique, géographique, mythologique, bibliographique, littéraire, artistique, scientifique, etc., etc.|last = Larousse|first = Pierre|publisher = Larousse & Boyer|year = 1865|location = Bavarian State Library|pages = 289}}</ref>

The [[bel canto]] style of vocalism which arose in Italy in the early 19th century supplanted the [[castrato]]-dominated ''[[opera seria]]'' of the previous century. It led to the baritone being viewed as a separate voice category from the bass. Traditionally, basses in operas had been cast as authority figures such as a king or high priest; but with the advent of the more fluid baritone voice, the roles allotted by composers to lower male voices expanded in the direction of trusted companions or even romantic leads—normally the province of tenors. More often than not, however, baritones found themselves portraying villains.

The principal composers of bel canto opera are considered to be:
*[[Gioachino Rossini]] (''[[The Barber of Seville]]'', ''[[William Tell (opera)|William Tell]]'');
* [[Gaetano Donizetti]] (''[[Don Pasquale]]'', ''[[L'elisir d'amore]]'', ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]'', ''[[Lucrezia Borgia (opera)|Lucrezia Borgia]]'', ''[[La favorite]]'');
*[[Vincenzo Bellini]] (''[[I puritani]]'', ''[[Norma (opera)|Norma]]'');
*[[Giacomo Meyerbeer]] (''[[Les Huguenots]]''); and
* the young [[Giuseppe Verdi]] (''[[Nabucco]]'', ''[[Ernani]]'', ''[[Macbeth (Verdi)|Macbeth]]'', ''[[Rigoletto]]'', ''[[La traviata]]'', ''[[Il trovatore]]'').
The prolific operas of these composers, plus the works of Verdi's maturity, such as ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]'', ''[[La forza del destino]]'', ''[[Don Carlos]]''/''Don Carlo'', the revised ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]'', ''[[Aida]]'', ''[[Otello]]'' and ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]'', blazed many new and rewarding performance pathways for baritones.
Figaro in ''Il barbiere'' is often called the first true baritone role. However, Donizetti and Verdi in their vocal writing went on to emphasize the top fifth of the baritone voice, rather than its lower notes—thus generating a more brilliant sound. Further pathways opened up when the musically complex and physically demanding operas of [[Richard Wagner]] began to enter the mainstream repertory of the world's opera houses during the second half of the 19th century.

The major international baritone of the first half of the 19th century was the Italian [[Antonio Tamburini]] (1800–1876). He was a famous Don Giovanni in Mozart's eponymous opera as well as being a Bellini and Donizetti specialist. Commentators praised his voice for its beauty, flexibility and smooth tonal emission, which are the hallmarks of a bel canto singer. Tamburini's range, however, was probably closer to that of a bass-baritone than to that of a modern "Verdi baritone". His French equivalent was Henri-Bernard Dabadie, who was a mainstay of the [[Paris Opera]] between 1819 and 1836 and the creator of several major Rossinian baritone roles, including [[William Tell (opera)|Guillaume Tell]]. Dabadie sang in Italy, too, where he originated the role of Belcore in ''[[L'elisir d'amore]]'' in 1832.

The most important of Tamburini's Italianate successors were all Verdians. They included:
*[[Giorgio Ronconi]], who created the title role in Verdi's ''Nabucco''
*[[Felice Varesi]], who created the title roles in ''[[Macbeth (Verdi)|Macbeth]]'' and ''[[Rigoletto]]'' as well as Germont in ''[[La traviata]]''
*[[Antonio Superchi]], the originator of Don Carlo in ''[[Ernani]]''
*[[Francesco Graziani (baritone)|Francesco Graziani]], who was the original Don Carlo di Vargas in ''[[La forza del destino]]''
*[[Leone Giraldoni]], the creator of Renato in ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]'' and the first Simon Boccanegra
*[[Enrico Delle Sedie]], who was London's first Renato
*{{ill|Francesco Pandolfini|ca}}, whose singing at La Scala during the 1870s was praised by Verdi
*[[Antonio Cotogni]], a much lauded singer in Milan, London and Saint Petersburg, the first Italian Posa in ''Don Carlos'' and later a great vocal pedagogue, too
*[[Filippo Coletti]], creator of Verdi's Gusmano in ''[[Alzira (opera)|Alzira]]'', Francesco in ''[[I masnadieri]]'', Germont in the second version of ''La traviata'' and for whom Verdi considered writing the (unrealized) opera ''Lear''<ref>Laura Macy, ed. ''The Grove Book of Opera Singers'', [[Harold Rosenthal]]/[[Julian Budden]], entry "Coletti, Filippo"</ref>
*[[Giuseppe Del Puente]], who sang Verdi to acclaim in the United States

Among the non-Italian born baritones that were active in the third quarter of the 19th century, Tamburini's mantle as an outstanding exponent of Mozart and Donizetti's music was probably taken up most faithfully by a Belgian, [[Camille Everardi]], who later settled in Russia and taught voice. In France, [[Paul Barroilhet]] succeeded Dabadie as the Paris opera's best known baritone. Like Dabadie, he also sang in Italy and created an important Donizetti role: in his case, Alphonse in ''[[La favorite]]'' (in 1840).

Luckily, the [[Phonograph|gramophone]] was invented early enough to capture on disc the voices of the top Italian Verdi and Donizetti baritones of the last two decades of the 19th century, whose operatic performances were characterized by considerable re-creative freedom and a high degree of technical finish. They included [[Mattia Battistini]] (known as the "King of Baritones"), Giuseppe Kaschmann (born [[Josip Kašman]]) who, atypically, sang Wagner's Telramund and Amfortas not in Italian but in German, at the [[Bayreuth Festival]] in the 1890s; [[Giuseppe Campanari]]; [[Antonio Magini-Coletti]]; [[Mario Ancona]] (chosen to be the first Silvio in ''[[Pagliacci]]''); and [[Antonio Scotti]], who came to [[Metropolitan Opera|the Met]] from Europe in 1899 and remained on the roster of singers until 1933. [[Antonio Pini-Corsi]] was the standout Italian ''[[wikt:buffo|buffo]]'' baritone in the period between about 1880 and [[World War I]], reveling in comic opera roles by Rossini, Donizetti and [[Ferdinando Paer|Paer]], among others. In 1893, he created the part of Ford in Verdi's last opera, ''Falstaff''.

Notable among their contemporaries were the cultured and technically adroit French baritones [[Jean Lassalle (baritone)|Jean Lassalle]] (hailed as the most accomplished baritone of his generation), [[Victor Maurel]] (the creator of Verdi's Iago, Falstaff and Tonio in [[Ruggero Leoncavallo|Leoncavallo]]'s ''Pagliacci''), [[Paul Lhérie]] (the first Posa in the revised, Italian-language version of ''Don Carlos''), and [[Maurice Renaud]] (a singing actor of the first magnitude). Lassalle, Maurel and Renaud enjoyed superlative careers on either side of the Atlantic and left a valuable legacy of recordings. Five other significant Francophone baritones who recorded, too, during the early days of the gramophone/phonograph were [[Léon Melchissédec]] and [[Jean Noté]] of the Paris Opera and [[Gabriel Soulacroix]], [[Henry Albers]] and [[Charles Gilibert]] of the Opéra-Comique. The Quaker baritone [[David Bispham]], who sang in London and New York between 1891 and 1903, was the leading American male singer of this generation. He also recorded for the gramophone.

The oldest-born star baritone known for sure to have made solo gramophone discs was the Englishman Sir [[Charles Santley]] (1834–1922). Santley made his operatic debut in Italy in 1858 and became one of Covent Garden's leading singers. He was still giving critically acclaimed concerts in London in the 1890s. The composer of ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'', [[Charles Gounod]], wrote Valentine's aria "Even bravest heart" for him at his request for the London production in 1864 so that the leading baritone would have an aria. A couple of primitive cylinder recordings dating from about 1900 have been attributed by collectors to the dominant French baritone of the 1860s and 1870s, [[Jean-Baptiste Faure]] (1830–1914), the creator of Posa in Verdi's original French-language version of ''Don Carlos''. It is doubtful, however, that Faure (who retired in 1886) made the cylinders. However, a contemporary of Faure's, Antonio Cotogni, (1831–1918)—probably the foremost Italian baritone of his generation—can be heard, briefly and dimly, at the age of 77, on a duet recording with the tenor [[Francesco Marconi]]. (Cotogni and Marconi had sung together in the first London performance of [[Amilcare Ponchielli]]'s ''[[La Gioconda (opera)|La Gioconda]]'' in 1883, performing the roles of Barnaba and Enzo respectively.)

== Subtypes ==
There are 19th-century references in the musical literature to certain baritone subtypes. These include the light and tenorish baryton-Martin, named after French singer [[Jean-Blaise Martin]] (1768/69–1837),<ref>Dolmetsch Online, [http://www.dolmetsch.com/defsv2.htm Music Dictionary Vm-Vz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614140837/http://www.dolmetsch.com/defsv2.htm |date=14 June 2006 }}, accessed 28 May 2006</ref> and the deeper, more powerful Heldenbariton (today's bass-baritone) of Wagnerian opera.

Perhaps the most accomplished ''Heldenbaritons'' of Wagner's day were [[August Kindermann]], [[Franz Betz]] and [[Theodor Reichmann]]. Betz created [[Hans Sachs]] in ''[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg|Die Meistersinger]] ''and undertook Wotan in the first ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' cycle at [[Bayreuth]], while Reichmann created Amfortas in ''[[Parsifal]]'', also at Bayreuth. Lyric German baritones sang lighter Wagnerian roles such as Wolfram in ''[[Tannhäuser (opera)|Tannhäuser]]'', Kurwenal in ''[[Tristan und Isolde]] ''or Telramund in ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]''. They made large strides, too, in the performance of art song and oratorio, with [[Franz Schubert]] favouring several baritones for his vocal music, in particular [[Johann Michael Vogl]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Charles K|last=Moss|url=http://www.carolinaclassical.com/articles/schubert.html|title=Franz Peter Schubert: Master of Song|access-date=13 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208161913/http://www.carolinaclassical.com/articles/schubert.html|archive-date=8 February 2008}}</ref>

Nineteenth-century [[operetta]]s became the preserve of lightweight baritone voices. They were given comic parts in the tradition of the previous century's comic bass by [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] in many of their productions. This did not prevent the French master of operetta, [[Jacques Offenbach]], from assigning the villain's role in ''[[The Tales of Hoffmann]] ''to a big-voiced baritone for the sake of dramatic effect. Other 19th-century French composers like Meyerbeer, [[Hector Berlioz]], [[Camille Saint-Saëns]], [[Georges Bizet]] and [[Jules Massenet]] wrote attractive parts for baritones, too. These included Nelusko in ''[[L'Africaine]]'' (Meyerbeer's last opera), Mephistopheles in ''[[La damnation de Faust]] ''(a role also sung by basses), the Priest of Dagon in ''[[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]]'', Escamillo in ''[[Carmen]]'', Zurga in ''[[Les pêcheurs de perles]]'', Lescaut in ''[[Manon]]'', Athanael in ''[[Thaïs (opera)|Thaïs]] ''and Herod in ''[[Hérodiade]]''. Russian composers included substantial baritone parts in their operas. Witness the title roles in [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Peter Tchaikovsky]]'s ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]] ''(which received its first production in 1879) and [[Alexander Borodin]]'s ''[[Prince Igor]] ''(1890).

Mozart continued to be sung throughout the 19th century although, generally speaking, his operas were not revered to the same extent that they are today by music critics and audiences. Back then, baritones rather than high basses normally sang Don Giovanni – arguably Mozart's greatest male operatic creation. Famous Dons of the late 19th and early 20th centuries included Scotti and Maurel, as well as Portugal's [[Francisco D'Andrade]] and Sweden's [[John Forsell]].

The verismo baritone, Verdi baritone, and other subtypes are mentioned below, though not necessarily in 19th-century context.

=== 20th century ===
The dawn of the 20th century opened up more opportunities for baritones than ever before as a taste for strenuously exciting vocalism and lurid, "slice-of-life" operatic plots took hold in Italy and spread elsewhere. The most prominent [[verismo]] baritones included such major singers in Europe and America as the polished [[Giuseppe De Luca]] (the first Sharpless in ''[[Madama Butterfly]]''), [[Mario Sammarco]] (the first Gerard in ''[[Andrea Chénier]]''), [[Eugenio Giraldoni]] (the first Scarpia in ''[[Tosca]]''), [[Pasquale Amato]] (the first Rance in ''[[La fanciulla del West]]''), [[Riccardo Stracciari]] (noted for his richly attractive [[timbre]]) and [[Domenico Viglione Borghese]], whose voice was exceeded in size only by that of the lion-voiced [[Titta Ruffo]]. Ruffo was the most commanding Italian baritone of his era or, arguably, any other era. He was at his prime from the early 1900s to the early 1920s and enjoyed success in Italy, England and America (in Chicago and later at the Met).

The chief verismo composers were [[Giacomo Puccini]], Ruggero Leoncavallo, [[Pietro Mascagni]], [[Alberto Franchetti]], [[Umberto Giordano]] and [[Francesco Cilea]]. Verdi's works continued to remain popular, however, with audiences in Italy, the Spanish-speaking countries, the United States and the United Kingdom, and in Germany, where there was a major Verdi revival in Berlin between the wars.

Outside the field of Italian opera, an important addition to the Austro-German repertory occurred in 1905. This was the premiere of [[Richard Strauss]]'s ''[[Salome (opera)|Salome]]'', with the pivotal part of John the Baptist assigned to a baritone. (The enormous-voiced Dutch baritone [[Anton van Rooy]], a Wagner specialist, sang John when the opera reached the Met in 1907). Then, in 1925, Germany's [[Leo Schützendorf]] created the title baritone role in [[Alban Berg]]'s harrowing ''[[Wozzeck]]''.<ref>[http://www.staatsoper-berlin.org/staatsoper/geschichte.php?id_language=2 History of the Staatsoper Unter den Linden] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212100612/http://www.staatsoper-berlin.org/staatsoper/geschichte.php?id_language=2 |date=2007-12-12 }}. Retrieved 4 March 2008</ref> In a separate development, the French composer [[Claude Debussy]]'s post-Wagnerian masterpiece ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]'' featured not one but two lead baritones at its 1902 premiere. These two baritones, [[Jean Périer]] and [[Hector Dufranne]], possessed contrasting voices. (Dufranne – sometimes classed as a bass-baritone – had a darker, more powerful instrument than did Périer, who was a true baryton-Martin.)

Characteristic of the Wagnerian baritones of the 20th century was a general progression of individual singers from higher-lying baritone parts to lower-pitched ones. This was the case with Germany's [[Hans Hotter]]. Hotter made his debut in 1929. As a young singer he appeared in Verdi and created the Commandant in Richard Strauss's ''[[Friedenstag]] ''and Olivier in ''[[Capriccio (opera)|Capriccio]]''. By the 1950s, however, he was being hailed as the top Wagnerian bass-baritone in the world. His Wotan was especially praised by critics for its musicianship. Other major Wagnerian baritones have included Hotter's predecessors [[Leopold Demuth]], Anton van Rooy, [[Hermann Weil]], [[Clarence Whitehill]], [[Friedrich Schorr]], [[Rudolf Bockelmann]] and [[Hans-Hermann Nissen]]. Demuth, van Rooy, Weil and Whitehill were at their peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries while Schorr, Bockelmann and Nissen were stars of the 1920s and 1930s.

In addition to their heavyweight Wagnerian cousins, there was a plethora of baritones with more lyrical voices active in Germany and Austria during the period between the outbreak of WW1 in 1914 and the end of WW2 in 1945. Among them were {{Interlanguage link|Joseph Schwarz (baritone){{!}}Joseph Schwarz|de|3=Joseph Schwarz}}, [[Heinrich Schlusnus]], [[Herbert Janssen]], [[Willi Domgraf-Fassbaender]], [[Karl Schmitt-Walter]] and [[Gerhard Hüsch]]. Their abundant inter-war Italian counterparts included, among others, [[Carlo Galeffi]], [[Giuseppe Danise]], [[Enrico Molinari]], [[Umberto Urbano]], [[Cesare Formichi]], [[Luigi Montesanto]], [[Apollo Granforte]], [[Benvenuto Franci]], [[Renato Zanelli]] (who switched to tenor roles in 1924), [[Mario Basiola]], [[Giovanni Inghilleri]], [[Carlo Morelli]] (the Chilean-born younger brother of Renato Zanelli) and [[Carlo Tagliabue]], who retired as late as 1958.

One of the best known Italian Verdi baritones of the 1920s and 1930s, [[Mariano Stabile]], sang Iago and Rigoletto and Falstaff (at [[La Scala]]) under the baton of [[Arturo Toscanini]]. Stabile also appeared in London, Chicago and Salzburg. He was noted more for his histrionic skills than for his voice, however. Stabile was followed by [[Tito Gobbi]], a versatile singing actor capable of vivid comic and tragic performances during the years of his prime in the 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. He learned more than 100 roles in his lifetime and was mostly known for his roles in Verdi and Puccini operas, including appearances as Scarpia opposite soprano [[Maria Callas]] as Tosca at [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]].

Gobbi's competitors included [[Gino Bechi]], [[Giuseppe Valdengo]], [[Paolo Silveri]], [[Giuseppe Taddei]], [[Ettore Bastianini]], Cesare Bardelli and [[Giangiacomo Guelfi]]. Another of Gobbi's contemporaries was the Welshman [[Geraint Evans]], who famously sang Falstaff at [[Glyndebourne Festival Opera|Glyndebourne]] and created the roles of [[Billy Budd (opera)|Mr. Flint]] and [[Gloriana|Mountjoy]] in works by [[Benjamin Britten]]. Some considered his best role to have been Wozzeck. The next significant Welsh baritone was [[Bryn Terfel]]. He made his premiere at Glyndebourne in 1990 and went on to build an international career as Falstaff and, more generally, in the operas of Mozart and Wagner.<ref>Deutsche Grammophon, [http://www.deutschegrammophon.com/artistmicrosite/biography.htms?ART_ID=TERBR Bryn Terfel's Biographical Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918085211/http://www.deutschegrammophon.com/artistmicrosite/biography.htms?ART_ID=TERBR |date=18 September 2006 }}, accessed 28 May 2006</ref>

Perhaps the first famous American baritone appeared in the 1900s. It was the American-born but Paris-based [[Charles W. Clark]] who sang Italian, French and German composers. An outstanding group of virile-voiced American baritones appeared then in the 1920s. The younger members of this group were still active as recently as the late 1970s. Outstanding among its members were the Met-based Verdians [[Lawrence Tibbett]] (a compelling, rich-voiced singing actor), [[Richard Bonelli]], [[John Charles Thomas]], [[Robert Weede]], [[Leonard Warren]] and [[Robert Merrill]]. They sang French opera, too, as did the American-born but also Paris-based baritone of the 1920s, and 1930s [[Arthur Endreze]].

Also to be found singing Verdi roles at the Met, Covent Garden and the Vienna Opera during the late 1930s and the 1940s was the big-voiced Hungarian baritone, [[Sandor (Alexander) Sved]].

The leading Verdi baritones of the 1970s and 1980s were probably Italy's [[Renato Bruson]] and [[Piero Cappuccilli]], America's [[Sherrill Milnes]], Sweden's [[Ingvar Wixell]] and the Romanian baritone [[Nicolae Herlea]]. At the same time, Britain's Sir [[Thomas Allen (baritone)|Thomas Allen]] was considered to be the most versatile baritone of his generation in regards to repertoire, which ranged from Mozart to Verdi and lighter Wagner roles, through French and Russian opera, to modern English music. Another British baritone, [[Norman Bailey (bass-baritone)|Norman Bailey]], established himself internationally as a memorable Wotan and Hans Sachs. However, he had a distinguished, brighter-voiced Wagnerian rival during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s in the person of [[Thomas Stewart (bass-baritone)|Thomas Stewart]] of America. Other notable post-War Wagnerian baritones have been Canada's [[George London (bass-baritone)|George London]], Germany's [[Hermann Uhde]] and, more recently, America's [[James Morris (bass-baritone)|James Morris]].

Among the late-20th-century baritones noted throughout the opera world for their Verdi performances was [[Vladimir Chernov]], who emerged from the former [[Soviet Union|USSR]] to sing at the Met. Chernov followed in the footsteps of such richly endowed East European baritones as [[Ippolit Pryanishnikov]] (a favorite of Tchaikovski's), [[Joachim Tartakov]] (an Everardi pupil), [[Oskar Kamionsky]] (an exceptional ''bel canto'' singer nicknamed the "Russian Battistini"), [[Waclaw Brzezinski]] (known as the "Polish Battistini"), [[Georges Baklanoff]] (a powerful singing actor), and, during a career lasting from 1935 to 1966, the [[Bolshoi Theatre|Bolshoi]]'s [[Pavel Lisitsian]]. [[Dmitri Hvorostovsky]] and [[Sergei Leiferkus]] are two Russian baritones of the modern era who appear regularly in the West. Like Lisitsian, they sing Verdi and the works of their native composers, including Tchaikovsky's ''Eugene Onegin'' and ''[[The Queen of Spades (opera)|The Queen of Spades]]''.

In the realm of French song, the bass-baritone [[José van Dam]] and the lighter-voiced [[Gérard Souzay]] have been notable. Souzay's repertoire extended from the Baroque works of [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] to 20th-century composers such as [[Francis Poulenc]]. [[Pierre Bernac]], Souzay's teacher, was an interpreter of Poulenc's songs in the previous generation. Older baritones identified with this style include France's [[Dinh Gilly]] and [[Charles Panzéra]] and Australia's [[John Brownlee (baritone)|John Brownlee]]. Another Australian, [[Peter Dawson (bass-baritone)|Peter Dawson]], made a small but precious legacy of benchmark Handel recordings during the 1920s and 1930s. (Dawson, incidentally, acquired his outstanding Handelian technique from Sir Charles Santley.) Yet another Australian baritone of distinction between the wars was [[Harold Williams (baritone)|Harold Williams]], who was based in the United Kingdom. Important British-born baritones of the 1930s and 1940s were [[Dennis Noble]], who sang Italian and English operatic roles, and the Mozartian [[Roy Henderson (baritone)|Roy Henderson]]. Both appeared often at Covent Garden.

Prior to World War II, Germany's Heinrich Schlusnus, Gerhard Hüsch and Herbert Janssen were celebrated for their beautifully sung lieder recitals as well as for their mellifluous operatic performances in Verdi, Mozart, and Wagner respectively. After the war's conclusion, [[Hermann Prey]] and [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]] appeared on the scene to take their place. In addition to his interpretations of lieder and the works of Mozart, Prey sang in Strauss operas and tackled lighter Wagner roles such as Wolfram or Beckmesser. Fischer-Dieskau sang parts in 'fringe' operas by the likes of [[Ferruccio Busoni]] and [[Paul Hindemith]] as well as appearing in standard works by Verdi and Wagner. He earned his principal renown, however, as a lieder singer. Talented German and Austrian lieder singers of a younger generation include [[Olaf Bär]], [[Matthias Goerne]], [[Wolfgang Holzmair]] and [[Johannes Sterkel]] (which are also performing or have performed regularly in opera), [[Thomas Quasthoff]], {{ill|Stephan Genz|de}} and [[Christian Gerhaher]]. Well-known non-Germanic baritones of recent times have included the Italians [[Giorgio Zancanaro]] and [[Leo Nucci]], the Frenchman [[François le Roux]], the Canadians [[Gerald Finley]] and [[James Westman]] and the versatile American [[Thomas Hampson]], his compatriot [[Nathan Gunn]] and the Englishman [[Simon Keenlyside]].

== Vocal range ==
[[File:Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Baritone vocal range (G2–G4) notated on the [[bass clef|bass]] [[staff (music)|staff]] (left) and on the piano keyboard in green with middle C (C4) shown in yellow]]
{| align=right
|<score>{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } \clef bass g,4 g'4 }</score>
|}
The [[vocal range]] of the baritone lies between the [[bass (voice type)|bass]] and the [[tenor]] [[voice type]]s. The baritone vocal range is usually between the second G below middle C (G{{sub|2}}) and the G above middle C (G{{sub|4}}).{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} Composers typically write music for this voice in the range from the second F below [[C (musical note)|middle C]] to the F above middle C (i.e. [[Scientific pitch notation|F2]]–F4) in choral music,{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} and from the second A below middle C to the A above middle C (A2 to A4) in operatic music.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

== Subtypes and roles in opera ==
Within the baritone voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories: baryton-Martin baritone (light baritone), lyric baritone, ''Kavalierbariton'', Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, ''baryton-noble'' baritone, and the bass-baritone.

=== Baryton-Martin ===
The baryton-Martin baritone (sometimes referred to as light baritone)<ref>Tom Huizenga, [https://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2011/12/14/143706798/talk-like-an-opera-geek-breaking-down-baritones "Talk Like An Opera Geek: Breaking Down Baritones"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507110610/http://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2011/12/14/143706798/talk-like-an-opera-geek-breaking-down-baritones |date=7 May 2015 }}, [[NPR]], 14 December 2011</ref> lacks the lower G2–B2 range a heavier baritone is capable of, and has a lighter, almost tenor-like quality. Its common range is from C3 to the B above middle C (C3 to B4).<ref>[[John Warrack]] and Ewan West, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Opera'', 2nd edition, 1992. {{ISBN|0-19-869164-5}}</ref> Generally seen only in French repertoire, this ''[[Fach]]'' was named after the French singer [[Jean-Blaise Martin]]. Associated with the rise of the baritone in the 19th century, Martin was well known for his fondness for [[falsetto]] singing, and the designation 'baryton Martin' has been used (Faure, 1886) to separate his voice from the 'Verdi Baritone', which carried the chest register further into the upper range.<ref name=NGD /> It is important to note that this voice type shares the ''primo [[passaggio]]'' and ''secondo passaggio'' with the Dramatic Tenor and Heldentenor (C4 and F4 respectively), and hence could be trained as a tenor.

Baryton-Martin roles in opera:
*Aeneas, ''[[Dido and Aeneas]]'' ([[Henry Purcell|Purcell]])
*Dancaїre, ''[[Carmen]]'' ([[Georges Bizet|Bizet]])
*L'horloge comtoise, ''[[L'enfant et les sortilèges]]'' ([[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]])
*Orfeo, ''[[L'Orfeo]]'' ([[Claudio Monteverdi|Monteverdi]])
*Pelléas, ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]'' ([[Claude Debussy|Debussy]])
*Ramiro, ''[[L'heure espagnole]]'' (Ravel)

=== {{anchor|Lyric baritone}} Lyric ===
The lyric baritone is a sweeter, milder sounding baritone voice, lacking in harshness; lighter and perhaps mellower than the dramatic baritone with a higher [[tessitura]]. Its common range is from the A below C3 to the G above middle C (A2 to G4).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rebecca Armstrong|date=2021-07-14|title=Understanding Voice Types: Baritone|website=Opera For All|url=https://www.operaforall.co.uk/understanding-voice-types-baritone/|access-date=2024-01-28|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526073620/https://www.operaforall.co.uk/understanding-voice-types-baritone/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is typically assigned to comic roles.

Lyric baritone roles in opera:
{{Div col|colwidth=25em|rules=yes}}
*Count Almaviva, ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]])
*Guglielmo, ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' (Mozart)
*Don Giovanni, ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' (Mozart)
*Papageno, ''[[The Magic Flute]]'' (Mozart)
*Dr Malatesta ''[[Don Pasquale]]'' ([[Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti]])
*Prospero, ''[[The Tempest (opera)|The Tempest]]'' ([[Thomas Adès|Adès]])
*Marcello, ''[[La bohème]]'' ([[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]])
*Figaro, ''[[The Barber of Seville]]'' ([[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]])
*Morales, ''[[Carmen]]'' ([[Georges Bizet|Bizet]])
*Top, ''[[The Tender Land]]'' ([[Aaron Copland|Copland]])<ref>[http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl%3Fopera%3DThe%2BTender%2BLand%26a ''The Tender Land''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173525/http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl%3Fopera%3DThe%2BTender%2BLand%26a |date=23 September 2015 }}, aria-database.com</ref>
{{Div col end}}

=== ''Kavalierbariton'' ===
[[File:ICBSA Verdi - La traviata, Di Provenza.ogg|thumb|[[Riccardo Stracciari]] singing Giorgio Germont's aria ''Di provenza il mar il suol'' from ''[[La traviata]]'']]

The ''Kavalierbariton'' baritone is a metallic voice that can sing both lyric and dramatic phrases, a manly, noble baritonal color. Its common range is from the A below low C to the G above middle C (A2 to G4).{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} Not quite as powerful as the Verdi baritone who is expected to have a powerful appearance on stage, perhaps muscular or physically large.

''Kavalierbariton'' roles in opera:
*Don Giovanni, ''[[Don Giovanni]] ''([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]])
*Count, ''[[Capriccio (opera)|Capriccio]]'' ([[Richard Strauss|R. Strauss]])
*Giorgio Germont, ''[[La traviata]] ''([[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]])
*Zurga, ''[[Les pêcheurs de perles]]'' ([[Georges Bizet|Bizet]])

=== Verdi ===
The Verdi baritone is a more specialized voice category and a subset of the Dramatic Baritone. Its common range is from the G below low C to the B{{Music|b}} above middle C (G2 to B{{Music|b}}4).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seesholtz |first=John Clayton |date=2012-05-01 |title=The origin of the Verdi baritone |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=10867732&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA301776471&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Journal of Singing |language=English |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=521–526 |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412050350/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=10867732&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA301776471&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs&userGroupName=anon%7Ea78ed1f2&aty=open-web-entry |url-status=live }}</ref> A Verdi baritone refers to a voice capable of singing consistently and with ease in the highest part of the baritone range. It will generally have a lot of [[squillo]].
Verdi baritone roles in opera:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|rules=yes}}
* Amonasro, ''[[Aida]]''
* Conte di Luna, ''[[Il trovatore]]''
* Don Carlo, ''[[Ernani]]''
* Don Carlo di Vargas, ''[[La forza del destino]]''
* Falstaff, ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]''
* Ford, ''Falstaff''
* Germont, ''[[La traviata]]''
* Iago, ''[[Otello]]''
* Macbeth, ''[[Macbeth (Verdi)|Macbeth]]''
* Nabucco, ''[[Nabucco]]''
* Renato, ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]''
* Rigoletto, ''[[Rigoletto]]''
* Rodrigo, ''[[Don Carlos]]''
* Simon Boccanegra, ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]''
{{Div col end}}

=== Dramatic ===
The dramatic baritone is a voice that is richer, fuller, and sometimes harsher than a lyric baritone and with a darker quality. Its common range is from the G half an octave below low C to the G above middle C (G2 to G4). The dramatic baritone category corresponds roughly to the Heldenbariton in the German ''Fach'' system except that some Verdi baritone roles are not included. The primo passaggio and secondo passaggio of both the Verdi and dramatic baritone are at B{{music|b}} and E{{music|b}} respectively, hence the differentiation is based more heavily on timbre and tessitura. Accordingly, roles that fall into this category tend to have a slightly lower tessitura than typical Verdi baritone roles, only rising above an F at the moments of greatest intensity. Many of the [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]] roles fall into this category. However, it is important to note that, for all intents and purposes, a Verdi Baritone is simply a Dramatic Baritone with greater ease in the upper tessitura (Verdi Baritone roles center approximately a minor third higher). Because the Verdi Baritone is sometimes seen as a subset of the Dramatic Baritone, some singers perform roles from both sets of repertoire. Similarly, the lower tessitura of these roles allows them frequently to be sung by bass-baritones.

Dramatic baritone roles in opera:
*Jack Rance, ''[[La fanciulla del West]]'' (Puccini)
*Scarpia, ''[[Tosca]]'' (Puccini)
*Iago, ''[[Otello]] ''(Verdi)
*Escamillo, ''[[Carmen]]'' (Bizet)

=== ''Baryton-noble'' ===
The ''baryton-noble'' baritone is French for "noble baritone" and describes a part that requires a noble bearing, smooth vocalisation and forceful declamation, all in perfect balance. This category originated in the [[Paris Opera]], but it greatly influenced [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]] (Don Carlo in ''[[Ernani]] ''and ''[[La forza del destino]]''; Count Luna in ''[[Il trovatore]]''; ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]'') and Wagner as well (''Wotan''; ''Amfortas''). Similar to the Kavalierbariton.

''Baryton-noble'' roles in opera are:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|rules=yes}}
* Aleko, ''[[Aleko (Rachmaninoff)|Aleko]]''
* Alberich, ''[[Siegfried (opera)|Siegfried]]''
* Albert, ''[[Werther]]''
* Alfio, ''[[Cavalleria rusticana]]''
* Amfortas, ''[[Parsifal]]''
* Amonasro, ''[[Aida]]''
* Ascanio Petrucci, ''[[Lucrezia Borgia (opera)|Lucrezia Borgia]]''
* Athanaël, ''[[Thaïs (opera)|Thaïs]]''
* Barnaba, ''[[La Gioconda (opera)|La Gioconda]]''
* Baron Mirko Zeta, ''[[The Merry Widow]]''
* Belcore, ''[[L'elisir d'amore]]''
* Boris Godunov, ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]''
* Chou En-lai, ''[[Nixon in China]]''
* Chorèbe, ''[[Les Troyens]]''
* Count di Luna, ''[[Il trovatore]]''
* Count Monterone, ''[[Rigoletto]]''
* Count Tomsky, ''[[The Queen of Spades (opera)|The Queen of Spades]]''
* Count von Eberbach, ''[[Der Wildschütz]]''
* Dandini, ''[[La Cenerentola]]''
* Don Carlo, ''[[Ernani]]''
* Don Carlo di Vargas, ''[[La forza del destino]]''
* Don Giovanni, ''[[Don Giovanni]]''
* Dr. Malatesta, ''[[Don Pasquale]]''
* Dr. P., ''[[The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat (opera)|The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat]]''
* Duke of Nottingham, ''[[Roberto Devereux]]''
* Dunois, ''[[The Maid of Orleans (opera)|The Maid of Orleans]]''
* Eddie Carbone, ''[[A View from the Bridge#Opera|A View from the Bridge]]''
* Eochaidh, ''[[The Immortal Hour]]''
* Enrico Ashton, ''[[Lucia di Lammermoor]]''
* Ernesto, ''[[Il pirata]]''
* Escamillo, ''[[Carmen]]''
* Eugene Onegin, ''[[Eugene Onegin (opera)|Eugene Onegin]]''
* Falstaff, ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]''
* Figaro, ''[[The Barber of Seville]]''
* Ford, ''Falstaff''
* Ford, ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor (opera)|The Merry Wives of Windsor]]''
* Francisco Goya, ''[[Facing Goya]]''
* Friedrich of Telramund, ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]''
* Fyodor Poyarok, ''[[The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya]]''
* Gérard, ''[[Andrea Chénier]]''
* Giorgio Germont, ''[[La traviata]]''
* Golaud, ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]''
* Guglielmo, ''[[Così fan tutte]]''
* Guglielmo Tell, ''[[William Tell (opera)|William Tell]]''
* Hamlet, ''[[Hamlet (opera)|Hamlet]]''
* Hans Heiling, ''[[Hans Heiling]]''
* Herr von Faninal, ''[[Der Rosenkavalier]]''
* High Priest of Dagon, ''[[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]]''
* Horace Tabor, ''[[The Ballad of Baby Doe]]''
* Iago, ''[[Otello]]''
* Igor Svyatoslavich, ''[[Prince Igor]]''
* Ivan Mazepa, ''[[Mazeppa (opera)|Mazeppa]]''
* Jack Rance, ''[[La fanciulla del West]]''
* Jochanaan, ''[[Salome (opera)|Salome]]''
* John Styx, ''[[Orpheus in the Underworld]]''
* Jupiter, ''[[Orpheus in the Underworld]]''
* Kilian, ''[[Der Freischütz]]''
* Kochubey, ''[[Mazeppa (opera)|Mazeppa]]''
* Krušina, ''[[The Bartered Bride]]''
* Kurwenal, ''[[Tristan und Isolde]]''
* Le Comte de Nevers, ''[[Les Huguenots]]''
* Le Comte de Saint-Bris, ''[[Les Huguenots]]''
* Lescaut, ''[[Manon Lescaut (Puccini)|Manon Lescaut]]''
* Lescaut, ''[[Manon]]''
* Lionel, ''[[The Maid of Orleans (opera)|The Maid of Orleans]]''
* Lord Cockburn, ''[[Fra Diavolo (opera)|Fra Diavolo]]''
* Lord Guglielmo Cecil, ''[[Maria Stuarda]]''
* Marcello, ''[[La bohème]]''
* Marullo, ''[[Rigoletto]]''
* Mercutio, ''[[Roméo et Juliette]]''
* Nabucco, ''[[Nabucco]]''
* Ottokar, ''[[Der Freischütz]]''
* Paolo Albiani, ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]''
* Papageno, ''[[The Magic Flute]]''
* Peter, ''[[Hänsel und Gretel (opera)|Hänsel und Gretel]]''
* Prince Afron, ''[[The Golden Cockerel]]''
* Prince Vyazminsky, ''[[The Oprichnik]]''
* Prince Yeletsky, ''[[The Queen of Spades (opera)|The Queen of Spades]]''
* Prince Nikita Kurlyatev, ''[[The Enchantress (opera)|The Enchantress]]''
* Prosdocimo, ''[[Il turco in Italia]]''
* Raimbaud, ''[[Le comte Ory]]''
* Richard Nixon, ''[[Nixon in China]]''
* Ruggiero, ''[[La Juive]]''
* Rigoletto, ''[[Rigoletto]]''
* Rodrigue, ''[[Don Carlos]]''
* Scarpia, ''[[Tosca]]''
* Schaunard, ''[[La bohème]]''
* Sharpless, ''[[Madama Butterfly]]''
* Sherasmin, ''[[Oberon (Weber)|Oberon]]''
* Simon, ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]''
* Sir Riccardo Forth, ''[[I puritani]]''
* Tonio, ''[[Pagliacci]]''
* Tutor, ''[[Le comte Ory]]''
* Valentin, ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]''
* Wolfram von Eschenbach, ''[[Tannhäuser (opera)|Tannhäuser]]''
* Wozzeck, ''[[Wozzeck]]''
* Zurga, ''[[Les pêcheurs de perles]]''
{{Div col end}}

=== Bass-baritone ===
[[File:Mozart - Le Nozze di Figaro (Fricsay) - Act 1 - 20. Non più andrai.ogg|thumb|[[Renato Capecchi]] singing ''[[Non più andrai]]'' from ''[[Le nozze di Figaro]]'']]

{{Main|Bass-baritone}}
The bass-baritone range extends from the F below low C to the F or F{{music|sharp}} above middle C (F2 to F4 or F{{music|#}}4).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&pg=PA148|title=The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge|edition=Second|author=The New York Times|author-link=The New York Times|year=2007|publisher=St Martin's Press|page=148|isbn=9780312376598|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=12 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412050312/https://books.google.com/books?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Bass-baritones are typically divided into two separate categories: lyric bass-baritone and dramatic bass-baritone.<ref name=McKinney>{{cite book
|title= The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults
|last= McKinney
|first= James
|year= 1994
|publisher= Genovex Music Group
|isbn= 978-1-56593-940-0}}</ref>

Lyric bass-baritone roles in opera include:
* Don Pizarro, ''[[Fidelio]]'' ([[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]])
* Golaud, ''[[Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)|Pelléas et Mélisande]]'' ([[Claude Debussy|Debussy]])
* Méphistophélès, ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' ([[Charles Gounod|Gounod]])
* Don Alfonso, ''[[Così fan tutte]]'' ([[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]])
* Figaro, ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'' (Mozart)
* Leporello, ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' (Mozart)
Dramatic bass-baritone roles in opera include:
* Aleko, ''[[Aleko (Rachmaninoff)|Aleko]]'' ([[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninoff]])
* Igor, ''[[Prince Igor]]'' ([[Alexander Borodin|Borodin]])
* Dutchman, ''[[The Flying Dutchman (opera)|The Flying Dutchman]]'' ([[Richard Wagner|Wagner]])
* Hans Sachs, ''[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]]'' (Wagner)
* Wotan, ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' (Wagner)
* Amfortas, ''[[Parsifal]]'' (Wagner)

=== Gilbert and Sullivan ===
All of [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]'s [[Savoy opera]]s have at least one lead baritone character (frequently the comic principal). Notable [[operetta]] roles are:

{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
* Archibald Grosvenor, ''[[Patience (opera)|Patience]]''
* Bill Bobstay ([[Boatswain]]'s Mate), ''[[H.M.S. Pinafore]]''
* Captain Corcoran, ''H.M.S. Pinafore''
* Dr. Daly, ''[[The Sorcerer]]''
* The Duke of Plaza-Toro, ''[[The Gondoliers]]''
* Florian, ''[[Princess Ida]]''
* Giuseppe Palmieri, ''The Gondoliers''
* Jack Point, ''[[The Yeomen of the Guard]]''
* John Wellington Wells, ''The Sorcerer''
* King Gama, ''Princess Ida''
* Ko-Ko, ''[[The Mikado]]''
* Lord Mountararat, ''[[Iolanthe]]''
* The Lord Chancellor, ''Iolanthe''
* Luiz, ''The Gondoliers''
* Major-General Stanley, ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]''
* Major Murgatroyd, ''Patience''
* The Pirate King, ''The Pirates of Penzance''
* Pish-Tush, ''The Mikado''
* Pooh-Bah, ''The Mikado''
* Reginald Bunthorne, ''Patience''
* Sir Despard Murgatroyd, ''[[Ruddigore]]''
* Sir Joseph Porter, ''H.M.S. Pinafore''
* Sir [[Richard Cholmondeley]] (Lieutenant of the Tower), ''The Yeomen of the Guard''
* Sir Ruthven Murgatroyd (as Robin Oakapple), ''Ruddigore''
* Strephon, ''Iolanthe''
* Samuel, ''The Pirates of Penzance''
* Wilfred Shadbolt. ''The Yeomen of the Guard''

{{Div col end}}

=== Baritone in popular music ===
{{main|List of baritones in non-classical music}}

In [[barbershop music]], the baritone part sings in a similar range to the lead (singing the melody) however usually singing lower than the lead. A barbershop baritone has a specific and specialized role in the formation of the four-part harmony that characterizes the style.

The baritone singer is often the one required to support or "fill" the bass sound (typically by singing the [[perfect fifth|fifth]] above the bass root) and to complete a chord. On the other hand, the baritone will occasionally find himself harmonizing above the melody, which calls for a tenor-like quality. Because the baritone fills the chord, the part is often not very melodic.

In [[bluegrass music]], the melody line is called the lead. Tenor is sung an interval of a third above the lead. Baritone is the fifth of the scale that has the lead as a tonic, and may be sung below the lead, or even above the lead (and the tenor), in which case it is called "high baritone". Conversely, the more "[[soul music|soul]]" baritones have the more traditional timbre, but sing in a vocal range that is closer to the tenor vocal range. Some of these singers include [[David Ruffin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classic.motown.com/artist/david-ruffin/|title=David Ruffin | Classic Motown|website=classic.motown.com|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807204406/https://classic.motown.com/artist/david-ruffin/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wilson Pickett]], [[Otis Redding]], [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]],<ref>{{AllMusic|author=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|class=artist|id=mn0000609396|tab=biography|title=Tom Jones – Biography}}</ref> [[Michael McDonald (singer)|Michael McDonald]],<ref>{{AllMusic|author=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|class=artist|id=mn0000459616|tab=biography|title=Michael McDonald – Biography}}</ref> and [[Levi Stubbs]] of the [[Four Tops]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7693758.stm Stars mourn Four Tops star Stubbs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218092519/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7693758.stm |date=18 February 2009 }}, BBC News, 28 October 2008.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Opera}}
* [[:Category:Baritones|Category of baritones]]
* ''[[Fach]]'', the German system for classifying voices
* [[Voice classification in non-classical music]]
* [[List of baritones in non-classical music]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Faure, Jean-Baptiste (1886) ''La voix et le chant: traité pratique'', Heugel, published in English translation as ''The Voice and Singing'' (Francis Keeping and Roberta Prada, translators), Vox Mentor, 2005.
* Matheopoulos, H. (1989) ''Bravo – The World's Great Male Singers Discuss Their Roles'', Victor Gollancz Ltd.
* Bruder, Harold, liner notes, ''Maurice Renaud: The Complete Gramophone Recordings 1901–1908'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20080107182839/http://www.marstonrecords.com/renaud/renaud_liner.htm Marston Records], 1997. (Discusses Renaud and many of his baritone contemporaries as well as the stylistic change in operatic singing at the turn of the 20th century.) Retrieved 4 March 2008.

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Barytone}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Baritone vocalists}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Baritone}}

{{Range (music)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Voice types]]
[[Category:Pitch (music)]]
[[Category:Musical terminology]]
[[Category:Opera terminology]]
[[Category:Italian opera terminology]]
[[Category:Baritones| ]]

User:RandomPattern/vector-2022.css

2024-01-05T11:22:40Z

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figure[typeof~="mw:File/Thumb"],
figure[typeof~="mw:File/Frame"] {
background-color: transparent !important;
}
tr > td[bgcolor] {
color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
.color_swatch div[style*="background"] {
color: var(--white_25) !important;
}
.mw-body,
.parsoid-body {
background-color: transparent !important;
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.mw-mmv-download-pane .mw-mmv-download-attribution {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.mw-mmv-download-pane .mw-mmv-download-attribution:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mw-mmv-permission-box,
.mw-mmv-info-box {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
background-color: transparent !important;
}
div.vectorTabs li.selected,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-header-container .mw-header,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-header-container,
.mw-mmv-image-metadata,
.navbox,
.navbox-subgroup,
.mwe-pt-article-row-odd,
.mwe-pt-article-row-even,
.ve-ui-mwSaveDialog-options,
.mw-parser-output #siteContainer div:first-child,
#mw-page-base {
background-color: transparent;
}
.lang-list-button {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
outline-color: transparent !important;
}
.lang-list-border {
background-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.lang-list-button:focus {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color);
}
.lang-list-active .lang-list-button {
outline: 1px solid var(--base-color);
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
/*** Overall ***/
td,
li,
th:not([style*="background"]):not([dir]),
caption,
p code,
label code,
dl code,
select#searchLanguage option,
dt,
.oo-ui-widget:not([placeholder]) div,
.oo-ui-widget label,
.oo-ui-textInputWidget .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,
.oo-ui-messageDialog-title,
.oo-ui-messageDialog-message,
.mw-echo-ui-menuItemWidget > .oo-ui-labelElement-label,
.mw-mmv-image-desc,
.oo-ui-tabSelectWidget-framed .oo-ui-tabOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected,
.guider_content h1,
.guider_content p,
.tfa-recent,
.central-featured-lang .link-box small,
.other-project-tagline,
.mw-number-text,
.tux-editor-header,
.tux-breadcrumb,
.mw-mmv-title,
.ext-translate-language-selector-label,
.mw-parser-output > div > blockquote > p,
.mw-parser-output,
.mw-echo-ui-menuItemWidget > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button > .oo-ui-labelElement-label,
.vector-user-menu-anon-editor,
#pagehistory li.selected,
#mwe-popups-settings main form label,
#pt-anonuserpage,
#mw-mwoauth-authorize-form,
#contentSub,
#contentSub2 {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.cdx-text-input__input:enabled ~ .cdx-text-input__icon,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-sticky-header.vector-header-search-toggled .vector-search-box-show-thumbnail .cdx-text-input__start-icon,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-sticky-header.vector-header-search-toggled .vector-search-box-show-thumbnail .cdx-text-input__start-icon,
.oo-ui-listToolGroup.oo-ui-widget-disabled,
.oo-ui-listToolGroup-tools .oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-disabled .oo-ui-tool-title,
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup-tools .oo-ui-tool-link .oo-ui-tool-accel {
color: var(--gray-7);
}
/* text color fix to black for https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet,
if this breaks something we need to differenciate specificity */
.color-chart-x11-table tr[style*="color: black"] > td {
color: var(--gray-1);
}
.wikitable[style*="color:white"] tr[style="color: black;"] td {
color: var(--gray-1);
}
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
h5,
h6,
span[style*="color:#555555"],
td[style^="background: #FFFFFF" i],
td[style^="background:#FFFFFF" i],
div[style*="color"]:not([style*="black;"]):not([style*="back"]):not([style*="966"]):not([style*="red"]),
div.flaggedrevs_preview,
div.plainlinks,
input[type="number"],
select,
input,
input[type="search"],
input[type="submit"],
span[style*="white-space:nowrap; line-height:120%; font-size:155%; color:#333;"],
tr[style^="color:black"],
span[title="To be announced"],
div[style*="color: black;"],
td[style*="color: #000000;"]:not([style^="background"]),
td[style*="color:#000"]:not([style*="background"]),
div[style*="color:black"],
td[style*="color:darkslategray;"],
a[href*="Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost"] span,
.infobox th[style*="background"]:not([style*="#eaecf0"]):not([style*="background-color:#b0c4de;"]):not([style*="background-color: #f9f"]):not([style*="background-color:#b0c4de"]):not([style*="background-color:#FFD"]):not([style*="background-color: #91FAFA"]):not([style="background-color: #b0c4de"]):not([style*="background-color: antiquewhite"]),
.oo-ui-buttonElement-button,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover,
.suggestions-result,
.central-featured-lang .link-box em,
.table-partial[style*="background: #FFFFBB; color:black;"],
.vertical-navbox th span,
.mw-mmv-post-image,
.mw-mmv-permission-box .mw-mmv-permission-text,
#footer li,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-main-menu-landmark div > div,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled #vector-page-tools > div div,
.frb-inline-main .cta,
.cx-uls-entrypoint.cx-uls-entrypoint,
.mw-electronpdfservice-selection-form label,
.vector-menu-heading {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
a,
a span[style="color:darkblue;"],
a:hover span[style="color:#002bb8"],
a.wbc-editpage:hover,
body .ui-button,
span[style="color: #002BB8;"],
span[style="color:#002bb8"],
.CategoryTreeToggle,
.toctogglelabel,
.other-project-title,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button,
.ui-dialog a,
.langlist a:hover,
#firstHeading div.fastcci-buttonset > .ui-button,
#toc a,
#toc a span,
#content a:not(.new):not([role="button"]):not(.mw-charinsert-item):not([title="Help:Template"]),
#mw-navigation li:not(.new) a:not(.new),
#mw-panel li:not(.new) a:not(.new),
#column-one li:not(.new) a:not(.new),
#footer a:not(.new) {
color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
font[color="#006699"],
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterWrapperWidget-showNewChanges .oo-ui-labelElement-label,
.oo-ui-listToolGroup-tools .oo-ui-tool-active.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-tool-link .oo-ui-tool-title,
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup-tools .oo-ui-tool-active.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-tool-link .oo-ui-tool-title,
.fancycaptcha-reload,
.tux-breadcrumb__item--aggregate,
.ext-translate-language-selector .uls,
#firstHeading a > span {
color: var(--base-color);
}
.mw-parser-output > div::before,
.uls-icon-close,
.tool-button[style*="Button_underline"],
.tool-button[style*="Vector_strikeout"] {
filter: invert(1);
}
.wb-langlinks-link > a:link::before,
.wb-langlinks-link > a:visited::before,
.search-container .sprite.svg-arrow-down {
filter: grayscale(1) brightness(230%);
opacity: .8;
}
.wb-langlinks-link > a:hover::before {
filter: grayscale(1) brightness(280%);
opacity: 1 !important;
}
.wikitable > tr > th[scope="col"][style*=":#fed1a0;"],
.wikitable > * > tr > th[scope="col"][style*=":#fed1a0;"] {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
a:visited,
.vectorTabs li.new:not(.selected) a:visited,
#content a:not(.new):not([role="button"]):not(.mw-charinsert-item):not([title="Help:Template"]):visited,
#mw-panel li:not(.new) a:not(.new):visited,
#p-navigation li:not(.new) a:not(.new):visited,
#p-tb li:not(.new) a:not(.new):visited,
#toc a:visited,
#toc a:visited span {
color: var(--visited-color) !important;
}
legend .oo-ui-labelElement-label,
font[color="black"],
.cnotice-message p,
.mwe-popups-settings-help p,
#mwe-popups-settings header h1,
#mwe-popups-settings main form label > span,
#content td[style*="background: #f9f9e9;" i] a {
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
a:hover,
a:not(.mw-redirect):not(.link-box):hover span:not([style*="002"]):not(.oo-ui-tool-title):not(.oo-ui-labelElement-label):not([class*="other-project-"]):not([class*="help"]):not([style*="8DB"]):not(.frb-inline-container *),
.suggestions-result .highlight,
.suggestions-special .special-query,
#toc a:hover {
color: var(--white) !important;
}
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-tool-link {
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
background-color: var(--base-color);
}
.ve-ce-branchNode-blockSlug,
.ve-ce-branchNode-newSlug {
outline: 1px dashed var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.central-featured-lang a:focus,
.other-project a:focus,
#p-lang .uls-settings-trigger:focus {
outline: 1px solid var(--base-color);
}
.oo-ui-messageDialog-content > .oo-ui-window-foot,
.oo-ui-processDialog-content .oo-ui-window-head,
.oo-ui-processDialog-content .oo-ui-window-foot {
outline: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
.ve-ce-focusableNode-highlight {
background: var(--base-color-rgba-3);
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color-rgba-3);
}
.ve-ce-linkAnnotation.ve-ce-annotation-active {
box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-1);
}
.ve-ui-desktopContext .ve-ui-linkContextItem .ve-ui-linkContextItem-label {
border-top-color: var(--gray-4);
}
.ve-ce-attachedRootNode::selection,
.ve-ce-attachedRootNode ::selection {
background: var(--base-color);
}
.oo-ui-tabSelectWidget-frameless .oo-ui-tabOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected {
color: var(--base-color);
box-shadow: inset 0 -2px 0 0 var(--base-color);
}
tt[style*="background: white"] {
background: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
div.mw-echo-ui-toggleReadCircleButtonWidget-circle {
background-color: var(--gray-7) !important;
}
.mw-echo-ui-toggleReadCircleButtonWidget-circle.mw-echo-ui-toggleReadCircleButtonWidget-circle-unread {
background-color: transparent !important;
border: 1px solid var(--gray-7);
}
.mw-echo-ui-toggleReadCircleButtonWidget:hover .mw-echo-ui-toggleReadCircleButtonWidget-circle {
background-color: var(--gray-69) !important;
}
.mw-echo-ui-toggleReadCircleButtonWidget:hover .mw-echo-ui-toggleReadCircleButtonWidget-circle-unread {
background-color: var(--gray-2f) !important;
}
.mw-collapsible:not([class*="navbox-"]):not([class*="wpb"]) th:not(.wikidatainfobox-lcell):not([style*="cfe3ff;"]):not([style*="text"]):not([style*="#fff1d2;"]):not([style*="transparent"]):not([colspan="3"]):not(.mbox-text),
.infobox th.infobox-above.fn[style*="background-color"],
.cx-uls-entrypoint__panel-container,
.infobox-subheader,
table.toccolours > caption[style*="background-color:lavender"],
.navbox .navbox-navbox td.navbox-group,
.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group,
.mw-parser-output .navbox2[role="navigation"] {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.cx-uls-relevant-languages-banner {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
color: var(--gray) !important;
}
.cx-uls-relevant-languages-banner__icon {
filter: invert(.8) !important;
}
.oo-ui-toolbar-bar,
.oo-ui-window-head,
.oo-ui-window-foot,
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup-tools,
#language-settings-dialog {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
table.diff,
td.diff-otitle,
td.diff-ntitle,
.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-highlighted,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-tool-link:hover,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-tool-link:active,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-tool-link:active:focus,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-tool-active > .oo-ui-tool-link,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-popupToolGroup-active > .oo-ui-tool-link,
.oo-ui-listToolGroup-tools .oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled:hover,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-dropdown > .vector-menu-content {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249)"] {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
border-top-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.oo-ui-checkboxInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled [type="checkbox"]:checked + span,
.oo-ui-checkboxInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled [type="checkbox"]:indeterminate + span {
background-color: var(--base-color) !important;
filter: none !important;
}
.oo-ui-checkboxInputWidget [type="checkbox"]:hover + span {
border: 1px solid var(--base-color) !important;
}
input[type="checkbox"] {
background-color: var(--base-color);
}
#mw-content-text .errorbox {
background-color: var(--pink-0);
}
.aiv-header table[style*="background-color: #dfd;"] tbody,
.aiv-header table[style*="background-color: #dfd;"] {
background: var(--green-a3) !important;
}
th[style*="background-color: DarkSeaGreen;"] {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
}
th.sidebar-title,
th.sidebar-heading {
background-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
input#searchButton[type="submit"] {
border-left-color: var(--gray-a) !important;
filter: invert(1) !important;
background-color: var(--cm-10) !important;
}
tr[style^="border-top:2px solid #aaaaaa"],
div[style^="z-index"][style*="background:transparent;"][style*="1px solid #CCC"],
tr[style*="border:1px solid #aaa;"],
table[style*="border:1px solid #CCCCCC;"],
th[style*="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"],
td[style*="border-bottom:1px #aaa"],
.mw-parser-output > #Vorlage_Alternative,
.infobox td[style*="border:1px #aaa solid;"],
.infobox th[style*="background:#d0d0d0;"],
.mw-parser-output > table.vertical-navbox,
.tux-message-item-compact,
.nomobile.plainlist,
.infobox td[style^="background-color:#cfea9e;"],
.infobox[style*="border: solid 1px silver"],
table.toccolours tr > th[style*="border-bottom:1px solid black"],
table.toccolours tr > th[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"],
table.toccolours tr > td[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"],
table.toccolours > caption[style*="background-color:lavender"],
.infobox-header[style^="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"],
.infobox-below[style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"],
.mw-ui-icon-small.vector-toc-toggle,
figure[typeof~="mw:File/Thumb"],
figure[typeof~="mw:File/Frame"],
figure[typeof~="mw:File/Thumb"] > :not(figcaption) .mw-file-element {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
table[style*="border:1px solid #CCCCCC;"],
.frb-inline-main,
.mw-parser-output .wwikipedii td,
.mw-parser-output .wwikipedii th,
.infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,
.infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th,
.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,
.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below,
.tux-editor-insert-buttons button,
.infobox > tbody > tr:not([style]) > th[style*="background: #ccf"],
.ve-ui-cxDesktopContext .ve-ui-cxLinkContextItem-sourceBody,
.sidebar.WSerieV,
.ve-ui-mwTransclusionDialog-addParameterFieldset .ve-ui-mwParameterSearchWidget,
.mw-parser-output .portalborder,
.mw-collapsible-toggle-default,
.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,
.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,
.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,
.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,
.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,
.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,
.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,
.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,
div.flaggedrevs_notice,
.ui-closeable,
.cx-uls-entrypoint__header,
.cx-uls-entrypoint,
.mw-electronpdfservice-selection-form label,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-pinned-container,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-pinnable-header,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-pinnable-element .vector-menu-heading,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-page-titlebar,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-page-toolbar,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-body,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-header-container,
.labelced-page-type-content.ambox-content,
.mw-parser-output .navbox2[role="navigation"],
.mw-parser-output .navbox2-list,
.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.uls-settings-trigger {
border-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.vector-search-box-collapses #searchButton,
.vector-search-box-collapses #mw-searchButton,
.wikibase-toolbar-container.wikibase-toolbar-container,
.thumbinner > .tsingle > .thumbimage,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-pinned-container::after,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-dropdown .vector-dropdown-content::after,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-sticky-pinned-container::after {
background: transparent !important;
}
.wb-preferred .wikibase-statementview-mainsnak {
background-color: var(--green-a0) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .maf-info,
.mw-parser-output .wwikipedii tr {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
table td > :not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #F0EEFF;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.tux-message-proofread,
.tux-message-item-compact,
.nomobile.plainlist,
.mw-parser-output td[style*="background-color:#f9f9f9;"]:not(.infobox-subheader),
.mw-parser-output td[style*="background-color:#FFFFFF;"]:not(.infobox-subheader),
.mw-parser-output td[style*="background-color:#fbfbfb;"]:not(.infobox-subheader),
.RMinline[style*="background:#F9F9F9;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.vector-dropdown > .vector-menu-content,
.frb-inline-message,
.frb-inline-main .cta-container {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
table[class="toccolours;"] tr[style*="background:#EEEEEE"],
td[bgcolor="#eeeeee"],
tr[bgcolor="#eeeeee"] > td,
tr[style="background: #DDD;"],
.infobox-above[style*="background-color: #D3D3D3"],
.sidebar-heading,
.sidebar-list-title[style*="background-color: #def"],
.cx-widget-translationtool,
.ve-ui-cxDesktopContext .ve-ui-contextItem,
.ve-ui-cxDesktopContext .ve-ui-cxDesktopContext-inspectors,
.oo-ui-panelLayout.cx-card,
.oo-ui-toolbar-tools > .ve-ui-toolbar-group-cx-mt.oo-ui-menuToolGroup,
.cx-tools-editing-toolbar-container .ve-ui-positionedTargetToolbar > .oo-ui-toolbar-bar,
.sidebar.WSerieV,
.infobox-above[style*="background:#ccc"],
.infobox-above[style*="background: #DEDEE2;"],
.infobox-above[style*="background-color: #E7DCC3;"],
.infobox-above[style="background:Silver"],
.wikitable[style*="background-color:#f7f8ff"] tbody,
input:hover + .cdx-button.cdx-button--action-progressive {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.ve-ui-mwParameterResultWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-highlighted,
.infobox-above[style=""],
.infobox-header[style=""] {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
table[class="toccolours;"] tr[style*="background:#FAFAFA"],
th.sidebar-title,
th.sidebar-heading,
tr .table-cast[style*="background: #CCC"],
.ve-ui-cxDesktopContext .ve-ui-cxLinkContextItem-sourceBody {
background-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.infobox[style^="background:#F5F5F5;"],
.mw-parser-output > table.vertical-navbox,
.mw-parser-output td[style*="background-color:#efefef;"],
.mw-cx-ui-CategoryTagItemWidget.oo-ui-flaggedElement-highlight,
#uls-settings-block {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
input.languagefilter {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
tr td[style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;"],
.cx-category-listing.oo-ui-icon-tag {
color: var(--black) !important;
}
table[style*="background-color:transparent; "] span[style*="background-color:#FEFEE9;"],
td[style^="background: #FFFF"],
td[style^="background: #DFDFDF;"],
td[style*="background: #CFCFFF;"],
td[style*="background: #EFCFFF;"],
td[style*="background: #DFFFDF;"],
td[style*="background: #FFDF9F;"],
td[style*="background:#AED0F0"],
tr > td[style="background: #FFFFFF;"],
tr > td[style="background: #CFE8FF;"],
tr > td[style="background: #EED8AE;"],
tr > td[style="background: #FFF8DC;"],
tr > td[style="background: #B9D3FF;"],
tr > td[style="background: #6495ED;"],
tr > td[style="background: #607CD2;"],
tr > td[style="background: #828BD9;"],
tr > td[style="background: #F0F8FF;"],
tr > td[style="background: #FFA500;"],
tr > td[style="background: #FF6347;"],
tr > td[style="background: #FF8C00;"],
.userbox tbody tr td,
[class*="map"] [style*="font-size"][style*="left"],
.frb-headline > span,
.infobox td.infobox-full-data th.infobox-above,
.infobox-above[style*="background-color:#b0c4de"],
.infobox-above[style*="background-color:#FFD"],
.infobox-above[style*="background-color: #91FAFA"],
.infobox-above[style="background-color: #b0c4de"],
.infobox [style*="position"][style*="width"][style*="top"][style*="font-size"],
.toccolours [style*="position"][style*="width"][style*="top"][style*="font-size"],
.thumbimage [style*="position"][style*="width"] [style*="font-size"],
.oo-ui-icon-tag,
.cx-message-widget-message,
.infobox tr[style*="background:#F6E5A8;"] td,
.infobox tr[style*="background:#F6E5A8;"] th,
#mw-content-text .infobox-above[style*="background-color: lightblue"],
#mwAg .infobox-above[style*="background-color: lightblue"],
/*
#mw-content-text .infobox-above[style*="background: #CCCCFF;"],
*/
#mwAg .infobox-above[style*="background: #CCCCFF;"],
#mwAg .infobox-above[style*="background-color: lightblue"],
#mw-content-text .infobox-above[style*="background-color: #e7dcc3;"],
#mwAg .infobox-above[style*="background-color: #e7dcc3;"],
#mw-content-text .infobox-above[style*="background-color: #c9ffd9;"],
#mw-content-text .infobox-above[style*="background:#F6DA9F"],
#mw-content-text .infobox tr[style*="background:#F8C9B0;"] td {
color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
tr[style*="background:#B9C5FF;"] > td,
td[style*="background: #FFCC66;"],
td [style="background: #FFFF99;"],
td[style="background: #4169E1;"],
td[style="background: #8AB0FF;"],
tr[style*="background:#E5D8C0;"] > td {
color: var(--gray-1);
}
.reference-text span[style^="color:#555"] {
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
.userbox tr td,
.frb-headline > span,
.frb-inline-message,
.tux-pagemode-translation,
.cx-translator__total-translations,
.cx-translator__header,
.tux-editor-insert-buttons button,
.tux-proofread-translation,
.tux-proofread-source,
.cx-tlitem__details .target-title,
.ve-ui-cxLinkContextItem-language,
.cx-header-draft-status,
.oo-ui-labelElement-label,
.ve-cx-toolbar-mt-title,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.vector-feature-page-tools-enabled .vector-pinnable-element .vector-menu-heading,
.cx-tlitem .cx-tlitem__details .last-updated,
.cx-tlitem__languages__language,
.cx-slitem__languages__language,
.cx-selected-source-page__license,
.mw-cx-tools-IssueTracking > .mw-cx-tools-IssueTracking-head .oo-ui-labelWidget,
.cx-column--language-label,
.cx-column-language-label {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mw-notification,
.cx-header__trademark-text,
.cx-translationlist__header {
color: var(--white);
}
.cx-translationlist,
.cx-dashboard-sidebar__help,
.cx-translator {
box-shadow: 0 1px 1px var(--gray-5);
}
.tux-message-editor .messagekey .caret {
border-top-color: var(--gray-c);
}
.tux-message-editor .editor-expand {
filter: invert(.35);
}
#uls-settings-block > button {
filter: invert(.5);
}
.oo-ui-icon-check,
.mw-ui-icon-check::before {
filter: invert(.75);
}
.redirectText > li:first-child,
.redirectText > li:first-child > a,
.uls-languagefilter-clear {
filter: invert(1) !important;
}
figure[typeof*="mw"] > figcaption {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.cdx-menu-item--enabled .cdx-menu-item__text__supporting-text,
.cdx-menu-item--enabled .cdx-menu-item__text__description,
.cdx-button:enabled,
.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-optionWidget,
.footer-sidebar-text,
.site-license {
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-optionWidget:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected.oo-ui-optionWidget-highlighted:hover {
color: var(--base-color);
}
.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-c);
}
/* text selection */
::selection,
::-moz-selection {
background-color: var(--base-color) !important;
color: var(--white) !important;
}
/*** Background ***/
.mw-prefs-buttons {
background-image: var(--bg-selected);
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
button[type="submit"],
.pure-button-primary-progressive,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button {
background-color: var(--base-color) !important;
border-color: transparent !important;
color: var(--white) !important;
}
#languagesettings-panels .mw-ui-pressed {
background-color: var(--base-color) !important;
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
color: var(--white) !important;
}
.mw-ui-button {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-d);
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.mw-ui-button:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-destructive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button {
background-color: var(--red-2) !important;
border-color: transparent !important;
color: var(--white) !important;
}
.oo-ui-barToolGroup-tools.oo-ui-toolGroup-enabled-tools .oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-disabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary > .oo-ui-tool-link {
background-color: var(--gray-7);
}
.oo-ui-barToolGroup-tools.oo-ui-toolGroup-disabled-tools .oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary > .oo-ui-tool-link {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
}
.pure-button-primary-progressive:hover,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover {
background-image: linear-gradient(var(--white_1), var(--white_1)) !important;
}
.oo-ui-outlineOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected,
.oo-ui-outlineOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-highlighted {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
}
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive {
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
background-color: var(--base-color) !important;
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:hover {
background-color: var(--base-color);
border-color: var(--base-color);
opacity: .9;
}
button.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:active,
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-5) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
opacity: .9;
}
.suggestions-dropdown,
.wikibase-sitelinklistview .wikibase-sitelinkview .wikibase-sitelinkview-siteid-container {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border-color: var(--gray-4);
}
a.suggestion-link {
border-color: var(--gray-4);
}
.suggestion-title {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.suggestion-description,
.mw-mmv-credit,
.mw-collapsible-toggle-default::before,
.mw-collapsible-toggle-default::after {
color: var(--gray-b9);
}
.suggestion-link.active {
background-color: var(--blue-4);
}
.suggestions-results .suggestions-result:hover,
.suggestions-result-current:hover,
.mw-pulsating-dot::before,
.mw-pulsating-dot::after {
background: var(--base-color);
}
div.vectorTabs,
div.vectorTabs *,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar,
.client-js #preftoc,
.client-js #preftoc li,
.client-js #preftoc li.selected a,
.ui-widget-content,
.ext-cards-card-list h3::after,
.mw-advancedSearch-fieldContainer,
#simpleSearch,
#mw-page-base,
#p-cactions-label {
background-image: none !important;
}
/* hack around sidebar bottom border brightness */
.portal h3,
.vector-menu-portal h3 {
background-image: linear-gradient(to top, transparent, var(--gray-c));
background-size: auto 1px;
}
.vector-menu-portal .vector-menu-heading {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, var(--black_17) 0, var(--gray-5) 33%, var(--gray-5) 66%, var(--black_17) 100%);
}
.vector-menu-content-list li[id*="ca-"] {
border-top: 0 !important;
border-left: 0 !important;
border-right: 0 !important;
background-color: var(--bg-selected);
background-image: none;
}
.vector-menu-tabs,
.vector-menu-tabs a,
.vector-menu-tabs li,
#mw-head .vector-menu-dropdown h3 {
background-image: none;
}
.vector-menu-dropdown .vector-menu-content-list,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-dropdown .vector-dropdown-content {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.wpb .portal ul,
.boilerplate .pullquote,
.module-shortcutboxplain,
.mw-trackedTemplate,
.todo-box,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationItemWidget-unread {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
div.resolved span,
div.unresolved span,
div.unsure span,
div.stale span,
div.being_worked_on span,
div.stuck span,
div.disregard span,
div.FYI span,
.mw-body-content .portal,
.sistersitebox,
.boilerplate:not([style*="background-color: #edeaff"]),
.NavFrame,
.divbox,
.vertical-navbox:not(.nowraplinks),
.mw-advancedSearch-fieldContainer .oo-ui-labelElement > .oo-ui-fieldsetLayout-header > .oo-ui-labelElement-label,
.mw-parser-output > div[dir="ltr"][style^="background: #ffffee;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
table[style*="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
input[type="search"]#searchInput:focus,
#simpleSearch:hover #searchInput:focus {
-webkit-box-shadow: none;
box-shadow: none;
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.oo-ui-inputWidget-input,
.oo-ui-checkboxInputWidget-checkIcon {
background-color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
.help-intro-sidetab.help-intro-sidetab-active[style*="border-left: 1em solid #36c;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-left: 1em solid var(--blue-4) !important;
}
input:not(.languagefilter),
input.mw-ui-input {
background-color: var(--gray-1) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
input.mw-ui-input:focus {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color) !important;
}
#vector-toc-pinned-container .vector-toc::after,
#vector-toc-pinned-container .sidebar-toc::after,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-sticky-pinned-container::after {
background: linear-gradient(transparent, var(--gray-1));
}
#vector-page-tools-pinned-container .vector-page-tools {
margin-left: 0;
padding-left: 14px;
padding-right: 14px;
}
.mw-ui-checkbox:not(#noop) [type="checkbox"] + label:hover::before {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
border: 1px solid var(--base-color) !important;
}
.mw-ui-checkbox:not(#noop) [type="checkbox"] + label::before {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
border-color: var(--gray-4);
}
.mw-ui-checkbox:not(#noop) [type="checkbox"]:enabled:checked + label::before {
background-color: var(--base-color);
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.mw-ui-checkbox:not(#noop) [type="checkbox"]:enabled:checked:hover + label::before {
background-color: var(--base-color);
border-color: var(--base-color);
opacity: .9;
}
.mw-ui-checkbox:not(#noop) [type="checkbox"]:enabled:checked:not(:active) + label::before {
background-color: var(--base-color);
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.vector-feature-page-tools-enabled .vector-pinnable-element > :not(:last-child),
.vector-dropdown-content > :not(:last-child) {
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--gray-7);
}
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled #vector-main-menu-pinned-container .vector-main-menu,
.vector-feature-page-tools-enabled #vector-main-menu-pinned-container .vector-main-menu,
.vector-feature-page-tools-disabled .vector-main-menu,
.vector-pinnable-element,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-toc,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-pinned-container:not(#vector-main-menu-pinned-container):not(#vector-toc-pinned-container),
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-pinned-container,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled #vector-toc-pinned-container,
.labelced-page-type-content.ambox-content {
background-color: var(--black_17);
}
div:not(.vector-unpinned-container) > .vector-pinnable-element {
padding-bottom: 1em;
}
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-sticky-pinned-container::after,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-sticky-pinned-container::after {
background: transparent;
}
.vector-feature-page-tools-enabled .vector-pinnable-element > :not(:last-child),
.vector-feature-page-tools-disabled .vector-main-menu-group .vector-menu-heading,
.vector-feature-page-tools-disabled .vector-main-menu-action-item .vector-menu-heading {
color: var(--gray-9a);
border-color: var(--gray-69);
}
.vector-search-box-input {
padding: 5px 3.64615385em 5px .4em;
}
.vector-search-box-collapses #searchButton {
background: no-repeat center / 20px auto url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='20' height='20' viewBox='0 0 20 20'%3E%3Cpath d='M12.2 13.6a7 7 0 1 1 1.4-1.4l5.4 5.4-1.4 1.4zM3 8a5 5 0 1 0 10 0A5 5 0 0 0 3 8z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E") !important;
}
.cdx-search-input .cdx-text-input__icon.cdx-text-input__start-icon {
filter: invert(75%) !important;
border-left-color: var(--gray-a) !important;
background-color: transparent !important;
}
.vector-sticky-header-context-bar {
border-left: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
input:hover + .vector-menu-heading.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--action-progressive),
.cdx-button--weight-quiet:enabled:hover,
.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
input:active + .cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--action-progressive) {
background-color: var(--gray-3_5);
color: var(--gray-d);
}
.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):enabled,
.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet).cdx-button--fake-button--enabled {
background-color: var(--gray-a);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.cx-source-title,
.mw-logo-page-title {
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
.cx-target-title,
.cx-last-updated {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.cx-translation-filter {
box-shadow: 0 4px 4px -4px var(--gray-5);
}
.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):enabled:hover,
.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet).cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-a);
color: var(--gray-d);
}
.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet).cdx-button--fake-button--enabled {
background-color: var(--black_8);
}
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-dropdown .vector-dropdown-content,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-dropdown-content,
.cdx-menu {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
}
.cdx-menu-item--enabled:hover,
.cdx-menu-item--enabled.cdx-menu-item--highlighted {
background-color: var(--gray-5_25);
}
.cdx-thumbnail__placeholder,
.cdx-thumbnail__image {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-3);
}
.cdx-menu--has-footer .cdx-menu-item:last-of-type:not(:first-of-type) {
border-top: 1px solid var(--gray-3);
}
.vector-menu-heading-label,
.cdx-button .vector-icon:not(.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive),
.cdx-button:not([for="p-lang-btn-checkbox"])::after,
.vector-menu-content .vector-icon {
filter: invert(75%);
}
input:hover + .vector-menu-heading.cdx-button.cdx-button--action-progressive,
.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:enabled:hover,
.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:hover {
background-color: var(--black_2);
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.mw-parser-output .pathnavbox,
div.quotebox.pullquote,
.mw-parser-output .side-box,
.mw-message-box {
color: var(--gray-c);
background-color: var(--black_5);
border-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.cdx-menu-item--enabled.cdx-menu-item--active,
.cdx-menu-item--enabled.cdx-menu-item--active:hover {
background-color: var(--black_25);
}
.vector-page-titlebar {
box-shadow: 0 1px var(--gray-5);
}
.vector-page-toolbar-container {
box-shadow: 0 1px var(--gray-6_5);
}
input#searchButton {
border-left: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
border-top: 0 !important;
border-bottom: 0 !important;
}
#searchButton,
#mw-searchButton {
font-size: .75em;
}
textarea {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
textarea:not(input):focus,
.wikiEditor-ui-text textarea#wpTextbox1:focus {
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.wikiEditor-ui-text textarea#wpTextbox1:not(input):focus {
outline: 1px inset var(--base-color) !important;
}
.tool.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-iconElement:hover {
outline: 1px solid var(--base-color);
background-color: inherit !important;
}
/* fix clipping to right default is margin: 0; */
.tool.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-iconElement {
margin: 0 1px;
}
.mw-advancedSearch-namespace-selection {
background: linear-gradient(var(--gray-1), var(--gray-2) .5em);
}
legend,
span.mw-redirectedfrom,
span.subpages,
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled,
.search-container .js-langpicker-label,
.uls-input-settings-disable-info,
.uls-input-settings-no-inputmethods,
.languagesettings-menu .menu-section,
.vertical-navbox th,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group .label,
.flow-topic-meta,
.mw-parser-output .chatheader-description,
.ui-widget-content,
.mw-parser-output > p,
.hatnote.navigation-not-searchable,
.thumbcaption,
.oo-ui-fieldLayout-disabled > .oo-ui-fieldLayout-body > .oo-ui-fieldLayout-header > .oo-ui-labelElement-label,
.cdx-text-input__input:enabled:focus ~ .cdx-text-input__icon-vue,
.cdx-text-input__input:enabled.cdx-text-input__input--has-value ~ .cdx-text-input__icon-vue,
.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled,
#languagesettings-settings-panel {
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled:not(.oo-ui-tagItemWidget-fixed),
.mw-revslider-container .mw-revslider-toggle-button.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-labelElement {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-invalid {
border-color: var(--red-2);
}
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-invalid:hover {
border-color: var(--red-2);
}
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-invalid:focus {
border-color: var(--red-2);
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--red-2);
}
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled:focus,
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-inlined.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-focus .oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-handle {
border-color: var(--base-color);
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color);
}
.languagesettings-menu .menu-section.active,
.ui-widget-header,
.rt-tooltip,
.mw-body-content p {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.languagesettings-menu .menu-section.active,
.languagesettings-menu .menu-section:focus {
border-color: var(--base-color);
background-color: var(--gray-28);
}
.settings-title,
.checkbox strong,
label.uls-font-label strong {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.languagesettings-menu .menu-section .settings-text,
.uls-ui-languages p,
.checkbox,
label.uls-font-label {
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.uls-font-item {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.uls-search-label {
filter: invert(1);
}
/* this is a hack for the display/keybord svg cause both use same selectors,
* it causes a slight shift in text when active/inactive toggle.
* using filters ddoesnt work on specific svg only, so hack! */
.languagesettings-menu #display-panel-trigger {
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill="%23ccc" d="M.002 2.275V15.22h8.405c.535 1.624-.975 1.786-1.902 2.505 0 0 2.293-.024 3.439-.024 1.144 0 3.432.024 3.432.024-.905-.688-2.355-.868-1.902-2.505h8.527V2.275h-20zm6.81 1.84h.797l3.313 8.466H9.879L8.836 9.943H5.462l-1.043 2.638h-.982zm.368 1.104c-.084.369-.211.785-.368 1.227L5.83 9.023h2.699l-.982-2.577c-.128-.33-.234-.747-.368-1.227zm7.117.982c.753 0 1.295.157 1.656.491.365.334.552.858.552 1.595v4.294h-.675l-.184-.859h-.062c-.315.396-.605.655-.92.798-.311.138-.758.184-1.227.184-.626 0-1.115-.168-1.472-.491-.353-.323-.491-.754-.491-1.35 0-1.275 1.028-1.963 3.068-2.025h1.043v-.429c0-.495-.091-.87-.307-1.104-.211-.238-.574-.307-1.043-.307-.526 0-1.115.107-1.779.429l-.307-.675a4.748 4.748 0 0 1 1.043-.429 4.334 4.334 0 0 1 1.104-.123zm.307 3.313c-.761.027-1.318.157-1.656.368-.334.207-.491.54-.491.982 0 .346.1.617.307.798.211.181.544.245.92.245.595 0 1.012-.164 1.35-.491.342-.326.552-.762.552-1.35v-.552z"/></svg>');
}
.languagesettings-menu #input-panel-trigger {
background: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill="%23ccc" d="M9 1.281c-.124.259-.185.599-.5.688-.55.081-1.133.018-1.688 0-.866-.032-1.733-.148-2.594 0-.588.157-.953.727-1.188 1.25-.178.416-.271.836-.344 1.281H-.002V16h20V4.5H3.654c.109-.52.203-1.057.563-1.469.222-.231.587-.17.875-.188 1.212.003 2.415.179 3.625.063.463-.058.812-.455.969-.875l.188-.438-.875-.313zM1.875 7.125h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531a.201.201 0 0 1-.188.188H1.875c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188V7.313c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188H4.719c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188V7.313c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188H7.563a.201.201 0 0 1-.188-.188V7.313c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.813 0h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531a.201.201 0 0 1-.188.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188V7.313c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188H13.22c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188V7.313c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.531c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531a.201.201 0 0 1-.188.188h-1.531a.201.201 0 0 1-.188-.188V7.313c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm-12.844 3h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156H3.22c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.563c0 .094-.093.156-.188.156H6.126c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.938 0h1.531c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.563c0 .094-.093.156-.188.156H9.064c-.094 0-.188-.062-.188-.156v-1.563c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156H11.97c-.094 0-.188-.062-.188-.156v-1.563c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zM4.001 13.688h12c.088 0 .156.068.156.156v.844a.154.154 0 0 1-.156.156h-12a.154.154 0 0 1-.156-.156v-.844c0-.088.068-.156.156-.156z"/></svg>') no-repeat 16px 8px;
}
/* fading linear gradient */
.mwe-popups-extract::after {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, transparent, var(--gray-2) 50%) !important;
}
.mw-mmv-ttf-ellipsis::before {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, transparent, var(--gray-2)) !important;
}
.mwe-popups-extract .mwe-popups-fade,
.mw-mmv-permission-box .mw-mmv-permission-text .mw-mmv-permission-text-fader {
background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, transparent, var(--gray-2)) !important;
}
.ui-widget-overlay {
background: var(--black_8) !important;
}
.oo-ui-windowManager-modal > .oo-ui-dialog {
background-color: var(--gray-3_5);
}
td[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #eee; background-color:#ffffff"],
.mw-body-content pre,
.mw-body-content code {
background-color: var(--gray-1) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
color: var(--gray-b9) !important;
}
td[style*="background:#FFFFFF" i],
p[style*="background-color: #EEE;"],
.jfk-bubble,
.navpopup,
.popup_drop:hover .popup_menu,
.popup_drop .popup_menu:hover,
.example-select,
.mw-parser-output a > span[style*="background"]:not([style*="cedff2"]):not([style*="6c71c4"]):not([style*="color:black"]) {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
.mw-widget-dateInputWidget-handle,
.mwe-pt-control-gradient,
/*
.mw-parser-output .quotebox,
*/
.uls-language-settings-close-block,
.uls-input-settings .uls-input-settings-inputmethods-list,
.imeselector-menu,
.uls-ime-menu-settings-item,
.ip-label-container,
.cbnnr-main,
.mw_metadata td,
.kephir-sagittarius-invite,
.infobox,
.lang-list-container,
.mw-parser-output #bottombox-d,
.uls-lcd,
.uls-search,
.ns-0 #mw-content-text h1,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar,
.mw-ext-score-popup,
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-disabled .oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-handle,
.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title,
.mw-parser-output .portal > ul,
.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view .uls-no-found-more,
.mainpage-box-content,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationItemWidget,
#languagesettings-settings-panel {
background-color: var(--gray-2); /* non-important */
}
div.mw-pt-languages,
div.thumbinner,
.mw-notification,
.mw-pt-languages {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
table[style*="background:#f9f9f9;"],
table[style*="background:#F7F8FF" i],
table[style*="background-color: white; font-size:100%; border:1px solid #CCC" i] th,
table.flextable th,
table:not(.mainpage-maintable):not(.floatright):not([style="width:100%; border:0px; border-collapse:collapse"]):not([style*="#f1f5"]):not([style*="#CED"]):not([style*="background:none;"]):not([style*="background:none;"]):not([cellspacing="0"]):not([style="text-align:center; width:100%"]):not([style*="E6F"]):not([style*="ffff"]):not([style*="E9F"]):not([style*="fff5"]):not([style*="E9E"]):not(.authortemplate):not(.fmbox-editnotice):not([style*="Alice"]):not([style*="efe"]):not([style*="transparent"]):not(.tmbox):not(.standard-talk):not(.cmbox-notice):not([style*="e4f2e4"]):not([style*="feeeee"]):not([style*="dfd"]):not(.processheadertemplate):not(.statstable):not([style*="eeeeff"]):not([style*="yellow"]):not([style*="#f7f8ff"]):not(.mw-alerte):not(.mp_header):not([style*="#FFDBDB"]):not([style*="#F0F8FF"]):not([style*="background: transparent"]):not([style*="background-color:transparent"]):not([style*="rgba(0,0,255,0.1)"]):not(.vertical-navbox):not([style*="#F5FAFF"]):not([style*="background color:transparent"]):not(#cite-err-report):not(.tmbox-notice):not([style*="background:transparent"]):not([style*="f5faff"]):not(.messagebox):not(#sisterwikis):not([class*="Caution"]):not(.tmbox-style):not(.ibox2),
th[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #eee; background-color:#ffffff;"],
td[style*="background-color"]:not([style*="F9"]):not([style*="FD"]):not([style*="FF"]):not([style*="CF"]):not([style*="fed"]):not([style*="F0F"]):not([style*="F9F"]):not([style*="D4F"]):not([style*="FDB"]):not([style*="FFF"]):not([style*="f4e"]):not([style*="faf"]):not([style*="f1f"]):not([style*="B0C4DE"]):not([style*="cdde"]):not([style*="8"]):not([style*="00"]):not([style*="FF6"]):not([style*="f2f2f4"]):not([style*="fc3"]):not([style*="E6F2FF"]):not([style*="ccccff"]):not([style*="f89b8f"]):not([style*="fba89d"]):not([style*="fecec8"]):not([style*="f68d81"]):not([style*="c1ccf2"]):not([style*="b8c4ef"]):not([style*="fcb5ab"]):not([style*="d33"]):not([style*="fec1b9"]):not([style*="fedbd7"]):not([style*="f0f0ff"]):not([style*="a8b4ea"]):not([style*="b1bced"]):not([style*="c9d4f5"]):not([style*="d2dbf7"]):not([style*="9fade8"]):not([style*="eaf3ff"]):not([style*="e2ebfc"]):not([style*="f8f8ff"]):not([style*="f8fff8"]):not([style*="ddddff"]):not([style*="eeeeff"]),
tr[style*="background: antiquewhite" i]:not([style*="color: black" i]),
td[style*="background:#fff2e6" i],
td[style*="background:#F9F9F0"],
td[style*="background:#F4F9F0"],
td[style*="background:#F9F0F0"],
td[style*="background:#f0f0f0"],
td[style*="background:#F5F5F5"],
tr[style*="background:#f2f2f2" i],
th[style*="background:#EDF1F1" i],
td[style*="background:#EDF1F1" i],
tr[style*="background-color:white" i],
tr[style*="background:#f9f9f9" i],
td[bgcolor="#FFFFFF" i],
tr[style*="background:#ddd" i],
td[style*="background: #F2F2F2" i],
tr[style*="background-color:#F2F2F2" i],
tr[style*="background-color:#FFF5EE" i],
tr[bgcolor="FFF5EE" i],
td[bgcolor="FFF5EE" i],
tr[style*="background-color:#f0f0f0" i],
tr[style*="background-color:#FFF" i],
td[style*="background:#eee" i],
td[bgcolor="f5f5f5"],
td > span[style*="background-color:#eee" i],
button:not([type="submit"]):not(.tux-editor-save-button):not(.save):not([class*="-settings-block"]):not([class*="mw-mmv-"]):not(.pure-button):not(.wikidialog-button):not(.uls-input-toggle-button):not(.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand):not(.vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button):not(.vector-sticky-header-search-toggle):not(.uls-add-languages-button):not(.uls-language-settings-button):not(.mw-interlanguage-selector):not(.uls-language-actions-close):not(.mw-collapsible-toggle):not(.vector-toc-toggle):not(.vjs-button),
select,
div.arcProg,
textarea:not([class*="mw-editfont"]),
table.navbox.collapsible tr:nth-child(2) > td,
div.menu,
ul.menu,
.table-na[style*="background:#ececec;"],
.vevent td:not(.fileinfo-paramfield),
.referencetooltip li,
.suggestions,
.mw-ui-button[style*="background"]:not([style*="d33682"]):not([style*="6c71c4"]):not([style*="268bd2"]),
.mw-ui-button[style*="background"] *,
.wikiEditor-ui,
.mw-search-results li,
.oo-ui-popupWidget-popup,
.mwe-popups,
.mwe-popups-is-not-tall,
.mwe-popups-is-tall,
.ui-widget-content,
.oo-ui-window-body,
.tracklist tr,
.mw-searchresults-has-iw .iw-resultset,
.cx-callout-content,
.oo-ui-widget:not([id*="advancedSearchField-"]):not(.wbmi-link-notice):not([aria-disabled]):not(.oo-ui-tabOptionWidget):not(.flow-ui-boardDescriptionWidget):not(.oo-ui-buttonWidget):not(.oo-ui-tabSelectWidget-framed):not(.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected):not(span):not(.ve-ui-cxTargetSurface):not(.ve-ui-cxSourceSurface):not(.mw-list-item),
.wikitable.charts-zebragrey > tbody > tr:nth-of-type(odd),
.mw-advancedSearch-namespace-selection,
.infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th,
.infoboks tr.rad td,
.infoboks tr.bilde td,
.infoboks tr.overskrift td,
.uls-language-actions-title,
.uls-language-action-items,
.vector-unpinned-container .vector-toc,
#mw-content-text :not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:"]:not([style*="BF4"]):not([style*="000"]):not([style*="468"]):not([style*="CED"]):not([style*="008"]):not([style*="ffe"]):not([style*="ffdb"]):not([style*="fafc"]):not([style*="ffe4"]):not([style*="3ff"]):not([style*="ffee"]):not([style*="bce1"]):not([style*="ebb"]):not([style*="EDD"]):not([style*="bff"]):not([style*="f7f7"]):not([style*="444"]):not([style*="fdf6e3"]):not([style*="CCF"]):not([style*="F9FCFF"]):not([style*="2a4b8d"]):not([style*="E0EEE0"]):not([style*="E8F1FF"]):not([style*="EEF"]):not([style*="7DC2F5"]):not([style*="CCC"]):not([style*="F16633"]):not([style*="F0F0FF"]):not([style*="336"]):not([style*="D33"]):not([style*="F0F8FF"]):not([style*="00AF89"]):not([style*="36C"]):not([style*="006699"]):not([style*="990000"]):not([style*="#e7eff5;"]):not([style*="#90EE90;"]):not([class*="-active"]):not([style*="#339966"]):not([style*="FFF"]):not([style*="2E0"]):not([style*="14866d"]):not([style*="transparent"]):not([style*="F5FAFF"]):not([style*="A3B1BF"]):not([style*="fff5fa"]):not([style*="faf5ff"]):not([style^="overflow:hidden;background:#e44"]):not([style*="width"]):not([style*="height"]):not([style*="bottom"]):not([style*="opacity"]),
#toc,
#mwe-popups-settings,
#mw-searchoptions,
#pagehistory li.selected,
#js-lang-lists .text,
.tooltipContent > div {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
#advancedSearchField-plain,
#advancedSearchField-not,
#advancedSearchField-or,
#advancedSearchField-deepcategory,
#advancedSearchField-hastemplate {
background-color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output table.floatright[width="35%"] {
background: none;
}
#vector-toc-pinned-container .vector-toc:after,
.vector-page-tools::after {
background: transparent !important;
}
table[style*="background: transparent"],
table[style*="background-color:transparent"],
table.navbox-inner[style*="background:transparent"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #f0f0f0" i],
.mw-advancedSearch-fieldContainer .oo-ui-labelElement > .oo-ui-fieldsetLayout-header > .oo-ui-labelElement-label {
background: transparent !important;
background-color: transparent !important;
}
body .ui-button,
caption[style*="background-color:#f2f2f2"],
table[style*="background:#f8f9fa"] {
background: var(--gray-28) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
td[style*="background: White;"] {
background: var(--gray-18) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
span[style*="background-color:white; color:black;"],
span[style="background-color:white; color:#808080;"] {
background: transparent !important;
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
table:not(.wikitable) td[bgcolor]:not([bgcolor="fcf"]),
table:not(.wikitable) tr[bgcolor]:not([bgcolor="D0D8DD"]),
.app-badges .footer-sidebar-content,
.languagesettings-menu .menu-section:hover,
.mw-parser-output .portalborder > ul {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
}
#mw-sidebar-button:focus {
border-color: var(--base-color);
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color);
}
table.ambox,
table.infobox.hproduct > tbody > tr[style*="background: #F0F0F0;" i],
table[style*="background-color:#fff;" i],
table.flextable td,
table.nmbox td:not(.mbox-text),
tr[style*="background-color: #fff;" i],
tr[style*="background-color: #f5faff;" i],
tr[style*="background:#E9E9E9" i],
th[style*="background:#E9E9E9" i],
tr[style*="background:#f0f0f0;" i],
tr[style*="background-color:#f7f7f7"],
td[style*="background:lightyellow" i],
td[style*="background:#eeeeff" i],
tr[style*="background:#fbf8d6" i],
td[style*="background:#ddddff" i],
td[style*="background:#F9F9F9" i],
th[style*="background:gainsboro" i],
td[style*="background:gainsboro" i],
tr[bgcolor*="#eee" i],
tr[style*="background-color:#eee" i],
h2[style*="background:#eeeeee" i],
h2[style*="background:#efefef" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #fff"]:not([style*="ff3"]):not([style*="fff5"]):not([style*="fffd"]),
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#eee" i]:not([style*="8aa"]),
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#FFF;"],
.search-form fieldset,
.mw-ui-button[style*="background-color:#008B6D" i],
.mw-ui-icon-element:not(.disabled):hover,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-button:not(.flow-ui-boardDescriptionWidget-editButton):hover,
.tracklist tr[style*="background-color:#f7f7f7" i],
.wikitable.charts-zebragrey > tbody > tr:nth-of-type(even),
.mw-changeslist-line tr.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)) {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
.oo-ui-tabSelectWidget-framed,
.flaggedrevs-color-1 {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.oo-ui-tabSelectWidget-framed .oo-ui-tabOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected,
.oo-ui-tabSelectWidget-framed .oo-ui-tabOptionWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.oo-ui-tabSelectWidget-framed .oo-ui-tabOptionWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.oo-ui-tabSelectWidget-framed .oo-ui-tabOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected .oo-ui-labelElement-label {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-2);
}
div.flaggedrevs_notice,
div.barbox > table > tbody > tr > th,
th[bgcolor],
.cx-campaign-contributionsmenu li:hover,
.suggestions-results,
.suggestions-special,
.fr-watchlist-pending-notice,
.imeselector-menu .selectable-row:hover,
.guider,
.mw-pt-languages-label,
.mw_metadata th,
.uls-language-block > ul > li:hover,
.wikEdDiffBlock,
.installerMessage,
.styled-select:hover,
.rt-settingsLink:hover,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationItemWidget:hover,
#mwe-pt-list-more {
background-color: var(--gray-3); /* don't include !important flag */
}
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-sticky-header-container,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-header-container .vector-sticky-header,
.imeselector,
.imeselector:not(.imeselector-open):hover {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
}
.uls-ime-more-settings-link:hover {
filter: brightness(130%);
}
body .ui-dialog .ui-icon-closethick,
.vectorMenu h3::after,
.oo-ui-icon-add,
.mw-ui-icon-add::before {
filter: invert(1) brightness(80%);
}
.oo-ui-icon-highlight {
filter: grayscale(1) brightness(250%);
}
.ui-state-hover,
.ui-widget-content .ui-state-hover,
.ui-widget-header .ui-state-hover,
.ui-state-focus,
.ui-widget-content .ui-state-focus,
.ui-widget-header .ui-state-focus {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4) !important;
background: var(--gray-5);
}
.ui-state-default,
.ui-widget-content .ui-state-default,
.ui-widget-header .ui-state-default {
border: 1px solid var(--blue-3);
background: var(--blue-3);
color: var(--base-color);
}
.client-js .mw-ui-radio:not(#noop) [type="radio"]:enabled:checked + label::before {
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.cdx-search-input--has-end-button,
.client-js .mw-ui-radio:not(#noop) [type="radio"] + label::before {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
}
.uls-no-found-more {
border-top: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
table.wikitable > tr > th,
table.nmbox th:not([style*="#EEF"]),
table.wikitable > * > tr > th:not([style*="#ABC;"]):not([style*="#fdb"]):not([style*="#fed"]):not([style*="#fef"]):not([style*="#d4f"]):not([style*="0; color:#000000"]):not([style*="FF; color:#000000"]):not([style*="color:#000"]),
table.wikitable > tbody > tr[style*="background-color:#F6F6F6" i],
table:not([style*="background:#E5E5E5"]) > tbody >tr > td[style*="background"]:not([style*="D8B"]):not([style*="000"]):not([style*="cdde"]):not([style*="e8dbae"]):not([style*="FE4"]):not([style*="301"]):not([style*="722"]):not([style*="781"]):not([style*="702"]):not([style*="6C3"]):not([style*="880"]):not([style*="866"]):not([style*="512"]):not([style*="DE6"]):not([style*="C54"]):not([style*="B76"]):not([style*="9A4"]):not([style*="4E2"]):not([style*="DF0"]):not([style*="DA7"]):not([style*="DF7"]):not([style*="9F00"]):not([style*="FAE6"]):not([style*="E0B0"]):not([style*="800080"]):not([style*="66023C"]):not([style*="7851A9"]):not([style*="C71585"]):not([style*="BF00FF"]):not([style*="A020F0"]):not([style*="9370DB"]):not([style*="663399"]):not(.notheme),
td[style*="background:#F2F2F2" i],
td[style*="background: #ececec;" i],
th[style*="background:#eee" i],
th[style*="background-color: #eee" i],
tr[style*="background: #dddddd" i],
tr[style*="background-color: #f7f7f7;" i],
th[style*="background:#F2F2F2" i],
th[style*="background:#F9F9F9" i],
th[style*="background-color: lightgrey" i],
th[style*="background:#ddd" i],
th[style*="background:whitesmoke" i],
td[style*="background:whitesmoke" i],
th[style*="#FFEBAD" i],
tr[style*="#eaecf0" i],
td[style*="#eaecf0" i],
th[style="background:lightgrey"],
p[style*="background-color:#F7FAFC" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #dddddd" i],
.infobox.standard-talk tr[style*="#e8dbae"],
.infobox th[style*="background"]:not([style*="green"]):not([style*="background:#dfc;"]):not([style*="lavender"]):not([style*="cfe3ff"]):not([style*="rgb(235,235,210)"]):not([style*="antiquewhite"]),
.infobox tr[style*="background-color"]:not([style*="cedff2"]),
.infobox,
.tlheader,
#filetoc,
.t-geoinfobox th[class*="infobox"],
.mw-tmh-player.audio .mw-tmh-play .mw-tmh-play-icon,
.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.infobox-above[style="background-color:whitesmokemorph"],
.infobox-above[style="background-color:lemonchiffon"],
.infobox-above[style="background-color:thistle"],
.infobox-above[style="background-color:#E0E0E0"],
.infobox-above[style="background-color:beige"],
.infobox-above[style="background-color:lightgreen"],
.infobox-above[style="background-color:pink"],
.infobox-above[style="background-color:antiquewhite"],
.infobox-above[style="background-color:lightblue"] {
background-color: var(--gray-69) !important;
}
.plainlinks.mw-trackedTemplate {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.licensetpl.fileinfotpl tbody th {
background-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.navbox-abovebelow,
.navbox-group,
.navbox-subgroup .navbox-title,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-page-titlebar::after,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.navbox-title > div {
color: var(--black) !important;
}
.mw-revslider-revision,
.cbnnr-close {
background-color: var(--gray-7);
}
.mw-revslider-revision-wrapper:hover,
.mw-revslider-revision-wrapper-hovered {
background-color: var(--black_5);
}
/* remove background image/gradient */
kbd,
div#editpage-specialchars a,
body div.ui-dialog .ui-widget-header,
.keyboard-key {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.catlinks {
background: var(--gray-28);
}
body .ui-button:hover {
background: var(--gray-4) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
/* white background to wikEd - see #24 */
.wikEdFrameBodySyntax,
#wpTextbox1 {
background: var(--gray-18);
}
#wmhu-tax-banner-text {
color: var(--base-color);
}
#wmhu-tax-banner {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border: 0;
}
img[src*="Check_mark_23x20_02.svg"],
img[resource*="OOjs_UI_icon_userTalk-ltr.svg"] {
filter: invert(100%) brightness(80%);
}
img[src*="76px-Wikimedia_Research_Newsletter_Logo.png"],
img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_download-ltr-progressive.svg.png"],
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterWrapperWidget-showNewChanges .oo-ui-iconElement-icon {
filter: invert(100%) hue-rotate(180deg);
}
div[style="float:right; border:1px solid #CCC"] {
border-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.mw-logo-container > img,
a img[src*="WRN_header.png"],
.mw-logo-wordmark {
filter: invert(88%);
}
kbd,
.client-js .vector-below-page-title .vector-page-titlebar-toc,
.keyboard-key {
box-shadow: .1em .2em .2em var(--gray-4) !important;
}
input + span,
.mw-mmv-ttf-ellipsis,
.navpopup,
.oo-ui-popupWidget-popup,
.pure-form input[type="search"],
.searchbox .mw-ui-input {
box-shadow: none !important;
}
.cdx-menu,
.skin-vector .uls-menu,
.vector-dropdown .vector-dropdown-content,
.vector-dropdown > .vector-menu-content,
.vector-sticky-header-container {
box-shadow: 0 0 .5em var(--black);
}
.mw-ui-input {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 .1em var(--gray-5);
}
.pure-button-primary-progressive:focus,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:focus:not(:active),
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:focus:not(:active) {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color), inset 0 0 0 2px var(--gray-a) !important;
}
input[type="checkbox"]:focus + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet,
input[type="checkbox"]:focus + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive,
input[type="checkbox"]:focus + .mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive,
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus,
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive:focus,
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive:focus {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px #36c, inset 0 0 0 2px var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup-tools .oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-tool-link:focus {
outline: 0;
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px var(--base-color);
}
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-popupToolGroup-handle:focus,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-tool-link:focus {
outline: 1px solid var(--base-color);
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color);
}
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup.oo-ui-popupToolGroup-active > .oo-ui-popupToolGroup-handle:hover {
background-color: rgba(41, 98, 204, .1);
color: var(--base-color);
}
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup.oo-ui-popupToolGroup-active > .oo-ui-popupToolGroup-handle {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
color: var(--base-color);
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:focus {
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.oo-ui-textInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-inputWidget-input:focus {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color);
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.oo-ui-textInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled textarea.oo-ui-inputWidget-input:focus {
outline: 1px solid var(--base-color);
}
strong,
em {
text-shadow: none !important;
}
hr {
background-color: transparent !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mw-editfont-monospace {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
color: var(--gray-b9);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-changeslist-legend {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
span[style="white-space:nowrap;"],
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-welcome-slogan,
.flow-topic-summary-container .flow-topic-summary .flow-topic-summary-author,
.flow-topic-summary-container .flow-ui-editTopicSummaryWidget .flow-topic-summary-author,
.mw-mmv-options-text-header,
.imeselector a,
.languagesettings-menu .menu-section:hover .settings-text,
.ime-disable-link,
.mw-history-legend,
.mw-mmv-options-text-body,
#mw-content-text {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mw-body pre,
.mw-body code,
.mw-body .mw-code {
background-color: var(--gray-1) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
color: var(--gray-b9) !important;
}
.messagebox,
.errorbox,
.warningbox,
.successbox,
.suggestions-special .special-label,
.reference-text,
.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container,
#viewsourcetext {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container .mwe-popups-thumbnail {
background-color: var(--white) !important;
}
span[style*="color: black"],
span[style*="color:black"],
td[style*="color: black"],
td[style*="color: #2C2C2C"],
.mwe-popups-container a {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
span[style*="color: #000"],
sup[style*="color:#000"],
div[style*="color:#000"],
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .page-table td,
.editOptions {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.flow-component.flow-board-page.flow-full-height-side-rail .flow-board-header::before {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #FFF;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:gainsboro;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#eee"] {
background: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
img[src*="9px-AnonEditWarning"],
a img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon"],
.mw-parser-output .helpContents-icon {
filter: invert(80%);
}
.k-player .control-bar {
filter: invert(1) brightness(80%) contrast(135%);
background: var(--gray-b9);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-7);
}
.k-player .credits_box,
.lButton:hover,
.rButton:not(.k-options):hover,
.ui-icon-comment:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border: 0 !important;
}
.k-player .lButton,
.k-player .rButton {
border: medium none;
}
.k-player .volume-slider a.ui-slider-handle.ui-state-hover,
.k-player .volume-slider a.ui-slider-handle.ui-state-focus {
border: 0 !important;
}
.k-player .k-options:hover {
border-bottom: 1px solid transparent !important;
}
.k-player .ui-widget-content {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
div > .flow-menu li a,
.mw-mmv-post-image,
.mw-mmv-permission-box .mw-mmv-permission-text .mw-mmv-permission-text-fader a {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.mw-mmv-download-button,
.mw-mmv-reuse-button,
.mw-mmv-options-button,
.mw-mmv-close,
.mw-mmv-fullscreen,
.mw-mmv-next-image,
.mw-mmv-prev-image,
#mw-panel,
.cx-translation-filter {
background-color: transparent !important;
border: none !important;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuHeaderWidget-header,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-menuSelectWidget-footer,
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-handle,
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-outlined .oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-handle,
.flaggedrevs_reviewform,
.mw-specialCiteThisPage-bibliographic {
background-color: transparent;
}
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-focus {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color) !important;
}
.mw-enhanced-rc.mw-changeslist-line,
.mw-collapsible.mw-enhanced-rc.mw-changeslist-line,
.mw-collapsible.mw-enhanced-rc.mw-changeslist-line td,
.oo-ui-widget-enabled.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget,
.oo-ui-widget-enabled.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterWrapperWidget,
.oo-ui-widget-enabled.mw-rcfilters-ui-rcTopSectionWidget,
.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget,
.oo-ui-widget-enabled.mw-rcfilters-ui-watchlistTopSectionWidget {
background-color: transparent !important;
}
tr[style*="background"]:not([style*="ABCDEF"]):not([style*="cedff2"]):not([style*="E4F2E4"]):not([style*="ccccff"]):not([style*="white"]) {
background-color: transparent;
}
#mw-fr-watchlist-pending-notice {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
border-color: var(--red-0) !important;
}
table[style*="border:1px solid #a2a9b1"] {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4) !important;
}
table[style*="border:1px solid #a2a9b1"] td,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-changeslist-legend {
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .page-table td {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.uls-settings-block--with-add-languages,
.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-actions-title,
.vector-sticky-header-container,
.vector-user-menu-logout,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationBadgeButtonPopupWidget-popup > .oo-ui-popupWidget-popup > .oo-ui-popupWidget-footer,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationBadgeButtonPopupWidget-popup > .oo-ui-popupWidget-popup > .oo-ui-popupWidget-footer .mw-echo-ui-notificationBadgeButtonPopupWidget-footer-buttons .oo-ui-buttonElement:last-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterTagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-handle,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterTagMultiselectWidget-views-select-widget.oo-ui-widget,
.ui-dialog,
.mw-parser-output table.dmbox {
border-color: var(--gray-4);
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-disabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
/*** Background Color Styles ***/
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:white; border"] {
background-color: transparent !important;
border: 1px solid var(--green-3) !important;
}
/* ORES highlight colors */
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-none {
background-color: var(--gray-7);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-c1,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-highlight[data-color="c1"]::before {
background-color: var(--blue-2);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget li.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c1,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c1 tr:first-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c1.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c1.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+4)) {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-c2,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-highlight[data-color="c2"]::before {
background-color: var(--cyan-1) !important;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget li.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c2,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c2 tr:first-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c2.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c2.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+4)) {
background-color: var(--cyan-1);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-c3,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-highlight[data-color="c3"]::before {
background-color: var(--ores-1);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget li.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3 tr:first-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+4)) {
background-color: var(--ores-1) !important;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-c4,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-highlight[data-color="c4"]::before {
background-color: var(--ores-2);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget li.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4 tr:first-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+4)) {
background-color: var(--ores-2) !important;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-c5,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-highlight[data-color="c5"]::before {
background-color: var(--ores-3);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget li.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c5,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c5 tr:first-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c5.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c5.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+4)) {
background-color: var(--ores-3) !important;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuOptionWidget.oo-ui-flaggedElement-muted .mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget-label-title,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuOptionWidget.oo-ui-flaggedElement-muted .mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget-label-desc,
.ve-ui-mwHelpPopupTool-version-label,
.ve-ui-mwHelpPopupTool-version-link,
.ve-ui-mwHelpPopupTool-version-date {
color: var(--gray-7);
}
/* Red
** Red links (non-existant pages) */
div.vectorTabs li.new:not(.selected) a,
span[style="color:darkred"],
.mw-plusminus-neg {
color: var(--red-1) !important;
}
table.xambox.xambox-type-serious {
border-left: 1em solid var(--red-2);
}
.mw-translate-fuzzy {
background-color: var(--red-3);
}
td[style*="background:#ff9292;"] {
background-color: var(--red-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-e);
filter: contrast(130%);
}
td[style="background-color: #FDB3AB;"],
th[style*="background:#fdb3ab;"][colspan="3"],
th[style*="background:#fdb3ab;"][colspan="4"] {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-c);
}
span[style*="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#fdb3ab;"] {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--red-3) !important;
}
span[style*="border-left: 1.2em solid #FDB3AB;"] {
border-left: 1.2em solid var(--red-3) !important;
}
.wikitable td[style*="background:#ffdbdb;"] {
background-color: var(--red-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-e);
filter: contrast(120%);
}
td[style*="background:#fff;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#ffdbdb"] {
background-color: var(--red-0) !important;
}
span[style*="color:black;background:white;border:3px solid red;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--red-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt,
div.mw-lag-warn-high,
div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning,
div#mw-protect-cascadeon,
div.titleblacklist-warning,
div.locked-warning {
background-color: var(--red-0);
border-color: var(--red-1);
}
div[style*="border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF; padding:0.1em; background-color:#FFFAF5"] {
background: var(--red-0) !important;
border-color: var(--red-0) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:2px solid #FFFFFF; padding:0.1em; background-color:#FFF2E6;"] {
background: var(--red-3) !important;
border-color: var(--red-3) !important;
}
th[style="color:white;background:red"],
caption[style="color:white;background:red"] {
background: var(--red-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#fdb3ab;"] {
background: var(--red-2) !important;
}
td[style*="background: #FDD;" i],
td[style*="background:#fdd" i],
td[style*="background: #ffdddd" i],
tr[style*="background:#FFDDDD" i],
tr[style*="background:#fbb" i],
.table-no {
background: var(--red-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
td.projects[style*="border:1px solid #C66; background: #FCC;"],
table[style="background-color: #FFDBDB; border-color: #BB7070"],
div[style*="border:solid 1px #282; background:#ebb;"] {
background: var(--red-0) !important;
border-color: var(--red-3) !important;
}
td[style="background-color: #d33"] {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-a);
}
td[style="background-color: #fedbd7"] {
background-color: var(--red-0) !important;
color: var(--gray-a);
}
td[style="background-color: #f68d81"],
td[style="background-color: #fecec8"],
td[style="background-color: #fba89d"],
td[style="background-color: #f89b8f"] {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-a);
}
td[style="background-color: #fec1b9"],
td[style="background-color: #fcb5ab"],
td[style*="background:#fcc"],
td[style="background:#F6E4E7"] {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
}
table[style="background-color: #fee;"] {
background-color: var(--red-0) !important;
}
tbody td[style*="border:1px solid #6BB; background-color: #CFF;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--blue-3) !important;
}
.plainlinks span[style*="background-color: #36c;"],
.plainlinks span[style*="border: 1px solid #36c;"] {
background-color: var(--base-color) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--base-color) !important;
}
body .ui-button.ui-button-blue {
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
background: var(--base-color) !important;
background: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--base-color) 0%, var(--base-color) 90%) !important;
}
body .ui-button.ui-button-blue:hover {
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
background: var(--base-color) !important;
background: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--base-color) 0%, var(--base-color) 90%) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
opacity: .9;
}
body a span .ui-button-text b,
div[style*="background-color:#f8f9fa;"] b,
span[style="color:#4F4F4F;"],
.plainlinks span[style="color:white;"] {
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
td[style*="border:1px solid #BF4D40; padding:5px; background:#D9948C; color:#FFFFFF" i] {
border: 1px solid var(--red-3) !important;
background: var(--red-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #BF4D40; background:#BF4D40"] {
border: 1px solid var(--red-3) !important;
background: var(--red-3) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#F2DBD9"] {
background: var(--red-rgb) !important;
}
td[style*="border:1px solid #BF4D40"],
div[style*="border: 1px solid #BF4D40"] {
border: 1px solid var(--red-3) !important;
}
.no.table-no2 {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
}
/* Green */
.mw-parser-output .MainPage__column--left {
border: 1px solid var(--green-1);
color: var(--gray-e);
background-color: var(--green-4);
}
div[style*="border-color: #50C878"],
.resolved span[style*="border:1px solid #aaa" i] {
border-color: var(--green-2) !important;
}
.resolved span[style*="background:#f9fcf9" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #ECFCF4"] {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
}
span[style*="color: darkgreen" i],
.mw-plusminus-pos {
color: var(--green-1) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .documentation,
.mw-parser-output .documentation-metadata,
.template-documentation {
background-color: var(--green-4);
border-color: var(--green-2);
}
.footertemplate,
#navigationHeader div[style*="background-color:#E6F2E6" i] {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--green-2) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#EEF3E2" i] {
background-color: var(--green-3) !important;
}
td[style="background-color: #D4F4B4;"],
th[style*="background:#d4f4b4;"],
td[style="background:#E6E6B7"] {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
}
span[style*="border-left: 1.2em solid #D4F4B4" i] {
border-left: 1.2em solid var(--green-2) !important;
}
span[style*="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#d4f4b4" i] {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--green-2) !important;
}
th[style*="background:palegreen;"] {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
td.mbox-text[style*="border: 1px solid #AAA;"],
tr[style*="background-color: #E4F2E4;"],
td[style="background:#D4F7D4"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#00af89;"] {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#98FB98" i],
td[style*="background-color: #98FB98" i] {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#CFC" i],
td[style*="background-color: #CFC" i] {
background-color: var(--green-3) !important;
}
u[style*="color:#087643;"] {
color: var(--green-1) !important;
text-shadow: none !important;
}
div[style*="background-color: #E5FFE5; border: 0.2em light green;"] {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
border: .1em solid var(--green-1) !important;
}
td[style="border:1px solid #9f8f9f; padding: .5em 1em 1em; color: #000; background-color: #f8fff8"],
table[style*="border: #9BF solid 1px; background: #F1F8F1;"],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #060; background: #dfd;"],
table[style*="background-color: #e4f2e4; border: 1px solid #ada;"] {
border-color: var(--green-2) !important;
background: var(--green-4) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#CEF2E0"] {
border-color: var(--green-1) !important;
background: var(--green-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#cef2e0"],
th[style*="background: #CFC;"] {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#E6FFF2"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*=";background:#14866d"] {
background: var(--green-3) !important;
}
th.navbox-title[style="background:lightgreen;"],
th.navbox-title[style="background:lightgreen;"] *,
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#E0EEE0"] {
background: var(--green-3) !important;
}
th.navbox-title[style="background:#3EB489;"],
th.navbox-title[style="background:#3EB489;"] * {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#F5FFFA"] {
background: var(--green-4) !important;
border-color: var(--green-1) !important;
color: var(--gray-9a) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #A3BFB1"] {
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--green-1) !important;
border: 0 solid var(--green-1) !important;
}
div[style*="background:#F5FFFA; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color: #A3BFB1"],
div[style*="border: 1px solid #ffc9c9; background-color: #fffff3;"] {
background: var(--green-4) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--green-1) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #A3BFB1; background-color:#E6FFF2;"] {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
border-color: var(--green-1) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:2px solid #FFFFFF; padding:0.1em; background-color:#E0F2CE;"] {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
border-color: var(--green-2) !important;
}
div[style="float:left; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0.2em 0; width:50%; border-left:1px solid #FFFFFF; border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF; padding:0.1em; background-color:#F2FFE6"] {
background: var(--green-4) !important;
border-color: var(--green-4) !important;
}
th[style="color:white;background:green"],
caption[style="color:white;background:green"] {
background-color: var(--green-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
td[style*="background:#f5fffa; border:1px solid #ccc;"],
tbody td[style*="border:1px solid #6B6; background: #CFC;"] {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
border-color: var(--green-2) !important;
}
.userSummaryButtons a,
#userSummaryButtons a {
background-color: var(--green-4);
border-color: var(--green-3);
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
.userSummaryButtons a:hover,
#userSummaryButtons a:hover {
background-color: var(--green-4);
border-color: var(--green-3);
filter: brightness(120%);
}
table.ext-status-stable > tbody > tr.tpl-infobox-header,
td[style*="background: #99FF99;" i],
td[style*="background:#dfd" i],
td[style*="background:#bfd" i],
tr[style*="background:#DDFFDD" i],
tr[style*="background:#bfb" i],
tr[style*="background-color:#CCFFCC" i],
.table-yes {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
table[style*="border: 1px solid #AAA; background: ivory;"],
div[style="background-color: #e3f9df; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"] {
background: var(--green-4) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
div[style="background-color: #f5fff5; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"] {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
#localNotice table[style="border: 1px solid #009966;"] {
border: 1px solid var(--green-1) !important;
}
table[style*="box-shadow: 2px 2px 2px #CCC;"] {
box-shadow: 0 0 1px var(--gray-5) !important;
}
html table th[style*="background:#dfc;"] {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
}
.mw-tag-marker {
background: var(--green-4);
}
span[style="background-color:#EFF; color:#000"] {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
span[style="background-color:#EFF"] {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
}
span[style="background-color:#EFE; color:#000"] {
background-color: var(--green-a0) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
span[style="background-color:#DFD; color:#000"] {
background-color: var(--green-a1) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
.yes.table-yes2 {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
/* Yellow */
table.ext-status-beta > tbody > tr.tpl-infobox-header,
td[style*="background: #f9f9e9;" i],
span[style*="background: #f9f9e9;" i] {
background: var(--yellow-1) !important;
color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
th[style="color:black;background:gold"],
caption[style="color:black;background:gold"] {
background: var(--yellow-1) !important;
color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
th[style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65"] {
border-top-color: var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color: #FF6"] {
background: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
.usermessage {
background: var(--brown-4);
border-color: var(--yellow-1);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
span[style="background-color:#FFC; color:#000"] {
background-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
span[style="background-color:#FFC"] {
background-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
}
span[style="background-color:#FC6; color:#000"] {
background-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
/* Orange */
th[style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;"] {
border-top-color: var(--orange-2) !important;
}
table.ext-status-experimental > tbody > tr.tpl-infobox-header {
background: var(--orange-1) !important;
}
.wikipediauserbox table[style*="background:yellow"] {
background: var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
div.wikipediauserbox[style*="border:1px solid orange"] {
border-color: var(--orange-2) !important;
}
span[style*="border-left: 1.2em solid #FED1A0;"] {
border-left: 1.2em solid var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
span[style*="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#fed1a0;"] {
border: 1px solid var(--yellow-1) !important;
background-color: var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#fed1a0;"][colspan="3"],
td[style*="background:#ffc"] {
background-color: var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
/* Gray */
h2[style*="color:white;"],
th a span[style*="color:#FFFFFF"],
b[style="color:black" i] {
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
.vector-feature-page-tools-enabled .vector-pinnable-element .vector-menu-heading,
.vector-dropdown-content .vector-menu-heading,
.uls-ui-languages p,
.checkbox {
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.mw-parser-output .MainPage__banner {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
background-color: var(--gray-28);
color: var(--gray-e);
}
.navbox-even,
.mw-line-even {
background: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
.mw-line-odd,
.navbox-odd {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
div[id^="AjaxQuestionParse"],
#AjaxQuestionParse,
#AjaxQuestionParse0 {
color: var(--gray-c);
background: var(--gray-1);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
}
table:not([style*="efe"]):not([style*="background-color:transparent;"]).wikitable td:not([bgcolor]),
table.prettytable td,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.statstable > * > tr.tux-statstable-even > td {
background: var(--gray-2);
}
tr[style*="background: #DEDEDE"] {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
th[style*="background: #EFEFEF"] {
background: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color: #FFF"],
.mw-parser-output .current-events {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
table[style*="background: #f9f9f9"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#FFFFFF"],
.mw-parser-output .commonscat {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
table[style*="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa"] {
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
td[style*="border-top: 1px solid white; border-left: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white"],
td[style*="border-top: 1px solid white; border-right: 1px solid white; border-bottom: 1px solid white"] {
border-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
span[style*="border:1px solid #aaa; background:#fcf9f9;"] {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
span[style="background-color:#EEE; color:#000"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
span[style="background-color:#FFF; color:#000"] {
background-color: var(--gray-1) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #f5f3ef;"] {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mw-mmv-dialog {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
box-shadow: 0 2px 2px 0 var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-mmv-dialog .mw-mmv-dialog-down-arrow,
.oo-ui-panelLayout-framed {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.flow-topic-titlebar,
.fieldsetlike .legendtextlike,
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-outlined .oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled {
background: var(--gray-2);
}
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-outlined .mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-selected.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
div[style*="background:#f7f7f7; border:solid 1px #CCC;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
table[style*="background-color:#efefff; border: 1px solid #1e90ff;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: white;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 1px solid #CCC; border-top-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;background: white;"],
div[style*="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 0.2em; background-color: white;"],
td[style*="background: #ffffff"],
td[style*="background-color: #FFFFFF"],
.mw-parser-output .p-current-events-calendar,
.mw-parser-output .current-events-sidebar,
.mw-parser-output .p-current-events-headlines,
.mw-parser-output .current-events-main,
.mw-parser-output .contents-pages-footer {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mw-widgets-datetime-dateTimeInputWidget-handle,
.fancycaptcha-captcha-and-reload {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.tux-workflow-status-triangle::after {
border-top: 6px solid var(--gray-a);
}
.wikidialog-button.wikidialog-delegable,
.tux-workflow-status,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.statstable > * > tr > th,
.fancycaptcha-captcha-container,
.mw-parser-output .p-current-events-calendar div {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
.statstable > * > tr > td {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border-left: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
border-right: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
div[style*="box-shadow: 0 0 0.3rem #999;"] {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
box-shadow: 0 0 .1rem var(--gray-7) !important;
}
div.noarticletext,
div.fmbox-system {
background: var(--gray-18);
border-color: var(--gray-4);
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: rgb(51, 102, 204)"] {
background-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
span[style*="border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9fcf9;"],
span[style*="border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #f9fcf9;"],
span[style*="border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #fcf9f9;"],
span[style*="border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #fcfcf9;"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#FFFFFF;"],
div[style*="background-color:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #CCCCCC;"],
div[style*="background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"],
div[style*="background-color: #f3f9ff; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #CCC; background-color: #FCFCFC;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.oo-ui-menuSelectWidget {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
table.ext-status-unknown > tbody > tr.tpl-infobox-header {
background: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
tr[style*="background:#F3F3F3" i] {
background: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
tr[style*="background-color: white;"],
th[style*="background: #ccc;"],
span[style*="background-color: #e8e8e8;"],
th[style="background:#efefef;"],
th[style*="background-color:#ddd"],
tr[bgcolor="D0D8DD"] td,
tr[bgcolor="E5E4E2"] *,
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#cccccc;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:rgb(200,200,200);"],
.collection-warning-box {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-popupToolGroup-handle:hover,
.mw-parser-output .current-events-calendar caption {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #F9F9F9;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.tux-message-editor {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.ext-translate-container .tux-messagelist .tux-message-pagemode:first-child .tux-message-item-compact,
.tux-message-editor .editcolumn,
.ext-translate-container .tux-messagelist .tux-message-pagemode:last-child .tux-message-item-compact {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
table.fmbox,
.ext-translate-container .tux-messagelist .tux-message-pagemode .tux-message-item-compact,
.tux-message-item,
.tux-message-selector .more ul {
background: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.tux-dropdown-menu {
background: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-3) var(--gray-7) var(--gray-7) var(--gray-7) !important;
}
.tux-message-editor__caret::before,
.tux-message-editor__caret::after {
border-top: 20px solid transparent;
border-right: 20px solid var(--gray-5);
border-bottom: 20px solid transparent;
}
.tux-message-editor__caret::after {
border-right: 20px solid var(--gray-28);
}
.tux-messagelist,
.tux-message-editor .editcolumn,
.grid .tux-message-editor .infocolumn-block {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
.tux-pagemode-status.fuzzy {
background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2233.389%22 height=%2222.857%22 viewBox=%220 0 33.389 22.857%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%234b380d%22 d=%22M0 0h25.922l7.467 11.43-7.468 11.428H0V0z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23999%22 d=%22M17.98 4.357c-4.06 0-7.374 3.316-7.374 7.375 0 4.06 3.315 7.375 7.375 7.375 4.06 0 7.376-3.316 7.376-7.375 0-4.06-3.316-7.375-7.375-7.375zm0 1.768c3.105 0 5.608 2.504 5.608 5.607s-2.504 5.607-5.607 5.607c-3.102 0-5.606-2.505-5.606-5.608 0-3.103 2.504-5.607 5.607-5.607z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23999%22 d=%22M17.19 7.223v5.761h3.427v-1.21H18.4V7.223h-1.21z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");
}
.tux-workflow-status-selector li.selected {
background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2215%22 viewBox=%220 0 15 15%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23999%22 d=%22M10.765 1.078l-5.188 8.938-2.03-1.5L1.95 10.64l3.25 2.407 1.188.875.75-1.28 5.906-10.25-2.28-1.314z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
.grid .tux-message-editor .close {
filter: invert(1) brightness(80%);
}
.tux-grouplist__item__icon {
filter: invert(1) brightness(180%);
}
.tux-groupselector {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-28);
box-shadow: 0 5px 10px rgba(200, 200, 200, .2);
}
.tux-grouplist {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
}
.tux-grouplist__item {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.tux-grouplist__item:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-2_75);
}
.tux-grouptab--selected {
border-bottom: 2px solid var(--base-color);
}
.ext-translate-language-selector .uls::after {
border-top: 4px solid var(--base-color);
}
.tux-groupselector::after {
border-bottom: 6px solid var(--gray-28);
}
.tux-groupselector::before {
border-bottom: 7px solid var(--gray-5);
}
.tux-action-bar .translate-mode-button::before {
background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='25' height='15' viewBox='0 0 25 15'><path fill='%23eee' d='M5.954 1.63h13.092V4.3H5.954zM5.954 6.166h13.092v2.668H5.954zM5.954 10.7h13.092v2.67H5.954z'/></svg>");
}
.tux-action-bar .page-mode-button::before {
background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='25' height='15' viewBox='0 0 25 15'><g fill='%23eee'><path d='M5.97 1.625v2.688h5.655V1.624H5.97zm7.405 0v2.688h5.656V1.624h-5.655zM5.97 6.156v2.688h5.655V6.156H5.97zm7.405 0v2.688h5.656V6.156h-5.655zM5.97 10.688v2.687h5.655v-2.688H5.97zm7.405 0v2.687h5.656v-2.688h-5.655z'/></g></svg>");
}
.tux-list-edit a,
.message-desc-edit {
background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='15' height='15' viewBox='0 0 15 15'><path d='M9.825 1.975l-6.218 8.888h-.015l-.19 2.164 1.977-.92 6.217-8.89-1.772-1.244z' fill='rgb(/*[[base-color-rgb]]*/)'/></svg>");
}
.tux-status-fuzzy {
background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2215%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2015%2015%22%3E%3Cpath%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20fill%3D%22%23999%22%20d%3D%22M7.5.125C3.44.125.125%203.44.125%207.5c0%204.06%203.316%207.375%207.375%207.375%204.06%200%207.375-3.316%207.375-7.375C14.875%203.44%2011.56.125%207.5.125zm0%201.768c3.104%200%205.607%202.504%205.607%205.607s-2.504%205.607-5.607%205.607S1.893%2010.604%201.893%207.5%204.396%201.893%207.5%201.893z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20fill%3D%22%23999%22%20d%3D%22M6.708%202.99v5.763h3.428v-1.21H7.918V2.99h-1.21z%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");
}
.tux-loading-indicator {
background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,<?xml version='1.0' standalone='no'?><svg version='1.0' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='34px' height='34px' viewBox='0 0 34.000000 34.000000' preserveAspectRatio='xMidYMid meet'><g transform='translate(0.000000,34.000000) scale(0.100000,-0.100000)' fill='rgb(/*[[base-color-rgb]]*/)' stroke='none'><path d='M285 103 c-16 -29 -32 -43 -75 -60 -48 -19 -51 -22 -25 -23 39 0 90 32 115 72 21 35 25 48 13 48 -5 0 -17 -17 -28 -37z'/></g></svg>");
}
.tux-dropdown-menu .unchangeable,
.tux-message-editor .shortcutinfo,
.grid .tux-message-editor .messagekey,
.tux-message-selector label {
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.tm-suggestion,
.in-other-language {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
border-left: 2px solid var(--base-color);
background-color: var(--gray-28);
}
.ext-translate-container .tux-messagelist .tux-message-pagemode .tux-message-item-compact:hover,
.ext-translate-container .tux-messagelist .tux-message-pagemode,
.tux-message-item:hover,
.tux-messagetable-header.floating {
background: var(--gray-28);
}
.tux-textarea-translation,
.tux-messagelist .tux-message-pagemode .tux-pagemode-source,
.tux-list-translation,
.infocolumn .loading {
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.tux-action-bar,
.tux-message-item.translated,
.tux-message-item.translated:hover,
.tux-message-item.proofread,
.tux-message-item.proofread:hover {
background: var(--gray-18);
}
.tux-messagetable-loader {
background: var(--gray-18);
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.tux-action-bar button {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
background-image: linear-gradient(var(--gray-3), var(--gray-4));
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.tux-action-bar button:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
background-image: linear-gradient(var(--gray-4), var(--gray-5));
}
.tux-notice,
.group-warning {
background-color: var(--brown-3);
}
.tux-statsbar {
background-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.tux-statsbar .tux-translated {
background-color: var(--base-color);
}
.tux-message-selector li.selected,
.ve-ui-specialCharacterPage-character:hover {
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.tux-action-bar.floating {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.tux-messagetable-header {
border-color: var(--gray-3);
}
th[style*="background:#fff; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding:6px; color:#244C85;"] {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
h2[style*="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#F0F0F0;"],
div[style*="background-color:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%; padding: 0.5em; border-bottom-style: solid;"],
div[style*="border: solid #CCC; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #CCC; color: black;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#444444;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #f7f7f7;"] {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; border-top:0px solid #FFFFFF; background-color:#FFFFFF;"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; border-top:0; background-color:#FFFFFF;"],
div[style*="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-color: #e9e9e9;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:white;"] {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div[style*="border:0 solid #CCC; background:#FFF;"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #AAA;background:#FFF"],
span[style*="color:#0C9;background-color:#FFF"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#ffffff;"] {
background: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
div[style*="background:#FFFFFF; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#000000;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#FCFBFF;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#ccc;"] {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #FFF"] {
background: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
th[style*="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#eaecf0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#eaecf0 50.5%)"] {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.messagebox {
background: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.infobox.scotus .infobox-above.fn {
background-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
/* Blue */
.mw-parser-output .MainPage__column--right {
border: 1px solid var(--blue-4);
background: var(--blue-2);
}
th[style*="background: #E0FFFF"],
.mw-parser-output .current-events-heading {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #BBDDFF; border: #4169E1 1px solid"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
border: var(--blue-4) 1px solid !important;
}
.lang-quote {
border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--gray-c);
color: var(--base-color);
}
span[style*="color: #0000CD"] {
color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.mp_header {
background-color: var(--blue-2);
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
table[style="width:100%; clear:both; background-color:#F0F8FF; border:1px solid #ccc;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#F0F8FF;"],
.mw-parser-output .p-current-events-news-browser {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div[style*="border-left: 1em solid #3366bb;"] {
border-left: 1em solid var(--blue-4) !important;
}
table.xambox-type-notice {
border-left: 1em solid var(--blue-1) !important;
}
.rt-target {
background-color: var(--blue-2);
}
div[style*="background"]:not([style*="order"]):not(.boilerplate):not([style*="#FFE"]):not([style*="#fff"]) h2:not([style]):not(#Before_you_post):not(#Post_a_new_question),
div[style*="background"]:not([style*="order"]):not(.boilerplate):not([style*="#FFE"]):not([style*="#fff"]) h2:not([style]):not(#Before_you_post):not(#Post_a_new_question) *,
div[style*="background: #444444"] *,
ol.references li:target,
sup.reference:target,
span.citation:target,
ol.references li:target *,
sup.reference:target *,
span.citation:target *,
div[role="region"] h2,
table[style*="background-color:#cef2e0" i] *,
table[style*="background:#f5faff"],
table[style*="background-color:rgba(0,0,255,0.1)"],
td[style*="background:#CEDFF2" i],
tr[bgcolor="#CEDFF2" i],
tr[style*="background-color: #cedff2" i],
td[bgcolor*="#f0f0ff" i],
td[style*="background:SkyBlue"],
tr[style*="background-color:tan" i],
tr[style*="background-color:#E1E9F3" i],
th[style*="background:#d1dbdf" i],
td[style="background-color: #eaf3ff"],
td[style*="background:#e6f2ff" i],
td[style*="background:#F5FAFF" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #eaf3ff"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #444444"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#DDE"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#fafcfe" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #cee0f2" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #cedff2" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #c6dbf7"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color: #CFF"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#7fbfff"] {
background: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
h2[style*="background-color: #d1e4ff;"],
td[style*="background: #3366FF;"],
td[style="background-color: #e2ebfc"],
th[style*="background: #cfe3ff;"],
td[style*="background-color:#cddeff;"],
td[style*="background-color:#B0C4DE;"],
td[style="background: #ABCDEF;"],
th[style="background: #ABCDEF;"],
td[style*="background:#ccf"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #bce1ff;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #adf"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#c8d8FF;"],
.vertical-navbox th[style*="background:#cee0f2;"],
.vertical-navbox th[style*="background:#e5eef8;"] {
background: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
div[style="background:#bff9fc; margin:0 auto; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;"] {
background: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.cdx-menu-item--enabled.cdx-menu-item--selected,
.mw-parser-output .taxontree-lcell,
.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfobox-lcell,
.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header {
background-color: var(--blue-3);
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #a7d7f9;"],
div[style*="border:navy solid"],
table[style*="border: #3366FF solid 1px"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #36A;"],
span[style*="border-bottom:0.3em solid #2a4b8d;"],
div[style*="border: solid medium #ADD8E6"],
table.messagebox[style*="border: 2px solid blue"] {
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div[style*="border: solid #7DC2F5; border-width: 1px 1px 0; background: #7DC2F5;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
td[style*="color: #000000; background-color: #f8f8ff"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #ADF;background:#EEF;"],
th[style*="border: 1px dashed blue; background: #eef;"],
div[style="background-color: #EDEAFF; padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#cee0f2" i] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
table[style*="border:2px solid #48d;background:#fbfcff;color:#222;"] {
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
div[style*="background-color: #F0F8FF; color: #000; padding: 0.3em 0; border: 2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc;"],
div[style*="border:2px solid #90C0FF; background:#F0F0FF"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#d0e5f5;"] {
background: var(--blue-4) !important;
border-bottom-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #abd5f5;"] {
border-bottom-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:2px solid #FFFFFF; padding:0.1em; background-color:#E6FFF2;"],
div[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #abd5f5; background-color: #d0e5f5;"] {
background: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-bottom-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
div[style*="border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF; padding:0.1em; background-color:#F5FFFA"],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #abd5f5; background-color: #f1f5fc;"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
td[style*="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background-color:#f1f5fc;"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
td[style*="border:1px solid #A3B1BF; background-color:#eaf3ff;"],
td[style*="border:1px solid #A3B1BF; background-color:#E6F2FF"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#f5faff;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #3366FF"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#2a4b8d;"] {
background: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #cedff2;"],
div.plainlinks[style*="background-color:#cedff2;"],
.infobox tr[style="background-color:#cedff2"] {
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
th[style="color:white;background:blue"],
caption[style="color:white;background:blue"] {
background: var(--blue-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
a > b > span[style*="background:#00CCFF"] {
background: var(--blue-4) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
table[style*="background:#F5FAFF"],
table[style*="background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #cedff2"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #cedff2; padding:0.7em 0.5em; background-color: #f8f9fa"],
div[style*="border:2px solid #cedff2; background-color:#f5faff"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #A3B1BF; padding:5px; background-color:#F5FAFF"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#f8f9fa"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #f5faff"],
.infobox[style*="background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #cedff2"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #A3B1BF;"] {
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--blue-1) !important;
background: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#CEE0F2"] {
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--blue-4) !important;
}
table tr[style*="background-color:#cedff2"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#cedff2;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:0px solid #A3B1BF"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
color: var(--gray-9a) !important;
}
div[style*="background: #e7eff5; border: 1px solid #a1cef5;"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #C8D0DC;background:#E8F1FF"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
.sharedUploadNotice {
background-color: var(--blue-2);
border-color: var(--blue-4);
}
div.mw-collapsible-content[style*="background-color: #f5faff;"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #cedff2;"] div[style*="background-color: #f5faff;"],
td[style="background:#d7e8f9;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
td[style="background-color: #c1ccf2"],
td[style="background-color: #b8c4ef"] {
background: var(--blue-4) !important;
color: var(--gray-a);
}
tr[bgcolor*="#E1E9F3" i],
.infobox th[style*="background-color:#C3D6EF;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 1px dashed blue;"] {
border-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
td[style*="border-bottom:1px #B8C7D9 solid;"] {
background: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--blue-1) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #B8C7D9; background-color:#E6F2FF;"] {
background: var(--blue-3) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--blue-1) !important;
}
table[style*="border:1px solid #B8C7D9;"] {
border: 1px solid var(--blue-1) !important;
}
table[style*="border-color: lightblue;"] {
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered,
.mw-parser-output .sister-bar {
background-color: var(--blue-3);
border-color: var(--blue-2);
}
table.prettytable > tr > th,
table.prettytable > * > tr > th {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border: 1px solid var(--blue-4);
}
table.prettytable > tr > td:nth-child(1),
table.prettytable > * > tr > td:nth-child(1),
table.prettytable > tr > td,
table.prettytable > * > tr > td {
border-color: var(--blue-4);
}
#mw-content-text .infobox-above.summary[style*="background: #CCCCFF"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-b) !important;
}
div.quotebox.pullquote {
background-color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
.infobox.scotus .infobox-above.fn {
background-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
/* Purple */
table[style*="background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
th.navbox-title[style*="background:#3C3B6E"] {
background: var(--purple-0) !important;
}
th.navbox-title[style*="border:1px double #8C959A;"] {
border-color: var(--purple-0) !important;
}
div[style*="border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF; padding:0.1em; background-color:#FAF5FF"],
div[style*="border: 1px #AAA solid; background: #BBF"] {
background: var(--purple-d) !important;
border-color: var(--purple-d) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#ccccff;"],
li[style*="border:1px solid #CCF; background-color:#F0EEFF"],
.navbox-subgroup .navbox-title,
.navbox-subgroup .navbox-title * {
background: var(--purple-1) !important;
border-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
table.navbox th,
.navbox-title,
.navbox-title *,
.navbox th {
background: var(--purple-0) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard > tbody > tr > th + td,
.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard > tbody > tr + tr > th,
.mw-parser-output .navbox .inner-standard > tbody > tr + tr > td {
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .navbox,
.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup,
.mw-parser-output .navbox > .caption,
.mw-parser-output .fileinfo-paramfield,
.mw-parser-output .navbox > .mw-collapsible-content > .above,
.mw-parser-output .navbox > .mw-collapsible-content > .below {
background-color: var(--purple-1);
}
.mw-parser-output .navbox,
.mw-parser-output tr + tr > .navbox-abovebelow,
.mw-parser-output tr + tr > .navbox-group,
.mw-parser-output tr + tr > .navbox-image,
.mw-parser-output tr + tr > .navbox-list {
border-color: var(--purple-0);
}
div[style="background-color: #E3D2FB; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"],
td[style*="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background-color:#eeeeff;"] {
background: var(--purple-0) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
td[style*="background: #DDF;"],
td[style*="background-color:#eeeeff;"] {
background: var(--purple-0) !important;
}
tr[style="background-color: #ccccff;"] {
background: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
.fileinfo-paramfield {
background: var(--purple-1);
}
th.navbox-group,
th.navbox-group * {
background: var(--purple-d) !important;
}
td[style="background-color: #c9d4f5"],
td[style="background-color: #d2dbf7"],
td[style="background-color: #b1bced"],
td[style*="background: #ccf"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#ddddff" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#ddf"],
.navbox-abovebelow:not([style*="background:white"]),
.navbox-abovebelow:not([style*="background:white"]) * {
background: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
td[style="background-color: #a8b4ea"] {
background: var(--purple-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-c);
}
tr[style="background-color: #ccccff;"] th {
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
table[style*="border:2px solid #93c;color:#222;"] {
border-color: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
td[style*="border-bottom:2px solid gray; background-color:#ddddff;"] {
background: var(--purple-1) !important;
border-bottom: 2px solid var(--gray-4) !important;
}
figure[typeof~="mw:Image/Thumb"],
figure[typeof~="mw:Video/Thumb"],
figure[typeof~="mw:Audio/Thumb"],
figure[typeof~="mw:Image/Frame"],
figure[typeof~="mw:Video/Frame"],
figure[typeof~="mw:Audio/Frame"] {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-8);
}
figure[typeof~="mw:Image/Thumb"] > :first-child > img,
figure[typeof~="mw:Video/Thumb"] > :first-child > img,
figure[typeof~="mw:Audio/Thumb"] > :first-child > img,
figure[typeof~="mw:Image/Frame"] > :first-child > img,
figure[typeof~="mw:Video/Frame"] > :first-child > img,
figure[typeof~="mw:Audio/Frame"] > :first-child > img,
figure[typeof~="mw:Image/Thumb"] > :first-child > video,
figure[typeof~="mw:Video/Thumb"] > :first-child > video,
figure[typeof~="mw:Audio/Thumb"] > :first-child > video,
figure[typeof~="mw:Image/Frame"] > :first-child > video,
figure[typeof~="mw:Video/Frame"] > :first-child > video,
figure[typeof~="mw:Audio/Frame"] > :first-child > video,
.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .gallerybox,
.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
table[style*="background:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #88A;"],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #cfcfbf; background-color: #f0f0ff;"] {
background: var(--purple-d) !important;
border-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
td[style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background-color:#eeeeff;"],
table[style*="background:#f7f8ff;text-align:left;border:solid 1px #aaaaaa"] {
background: var(--purple-d) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:2px solid #FFFFFF; padding:0.1em; background-color:#F2E6FF;"] {
background: var(--purple-1) !important;
border-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
div[style="background-color: #edeaff; padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;"],
div[style*="border: solid 2px #A0A0FF; background-color: #E0E0FF;"] {
background: var(--purple-d) !important;
border-color: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
div[style*="background-color:#E2E7FF; border:1px solid blue; text-align:left; color:#082840"] {
background: var(--purple-d) !important;
border-color: var(--purple-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-9a) !important;
}
body #mw-content-text div.boilerplate[style*="background-color: #edeaff"] h2,
div.boilerplate[style*="background-color: #edeaff"] h2 *,
td[style="background-color:#eeeeff"],
td[style="background-color: #9fade8"] {
background-color: var(--purple-d) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #ADF;background:#FFF;"] {
background: var(--gray-18) !important;
border-color: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
th[style*="background:lavender" i],
td[style*="background:lavender" i],
th[style*="background:#edf" i],
td.import-high[style*="background: #ffacff"],
div[style*="background:#CCF;padding"],
td[style*="background:#fcf"],
:not(.color_swatch) > :not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: lavender"] {
background-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#faf5ff;"] {
background-color: var(--purple-d) !important;
}
span[style*="color: purple"] {
color: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
span[style="background-color:#EEF; color:#000"] {
background-color: var(--purple-d) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
span[style="background-color:#FEF; color:#000"] {
background-color: var(--purple-0) !important;
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
/* Brown */
.mw-notification.mw-notification-type-warn {
border-color: var(--brown-2);
background-color: var(--brown-3);
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#ffe496" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#ffffec"] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#F5F5DC" i] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
}
span[style*="background:moccasin" i] {
background-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #FFE" i] div h2 span#Add_your_project {
background-color: var(--brown-3);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-banner {
background-color: var(--brown-1);
border-color: var(--brown-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .nmbox-header,
.mw-parser-output .nmbox {
background-color: var(--brown-3);
border-color: var(--brown-2);
}
tr[style="background: #EEF3E2"],
td[style="background: #EFE"] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
}
.flaggedrevs-pending {
background-color: var(--brown-2);
}
.flaggedrevs-unreviewed {
background-color: var(--brown-1);
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-disabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
color: var(--gray-c);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
tr[style="background-color:#FFFFAA" i],
div[style*="background:#FFF4B8;border:1px solid #AAA" i],
table[style*="border:1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color:#FFEFD5;" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #FFE" i],
.messagebox.standard-talk,
#btn_opisy_zm_waxon_off {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
p[style*="background-color: yellow; border: .3em dashed black;"] {
background: var(--brown-4) !important;
border: .3em dashed var(--gray-1) !important;
}
td[style="background-color: #FEF8C6" i] {
background: var(--brown-4) !important;
color: var(--gray-c);
}
span[style*="border-left: 1.2em solid #FEF8C6" i] {
border-left: 1.2em solid var(--brown-4) !important;
}
span[style*="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; padding:1px .6em; background-color:#fef8c6" i] {
background-color: var(--brown-4) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--brown-4) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#fef8c6;"][colspan="4"] {
background: var(--brown-4) !important;
}
td[style*="background: #e8dbae" i],
span[style*="font-size:115%;background:#FFA" i] {
background: var(--brown-1) !important;
}
td[style="background-color: #fc3"] {
background-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.authortemplate {
background-color: var(--brown-4);
border-color: var(--brown-4);
}
.processheadertemplate {
background-color: var(--brown-4);
border: 1px solid var(--brown-4);
}
div[style*="background-color: #FFFFCC; border: 1px solid #FFCC00;"] {
background-color: var(--brown-4) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-4) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#FFFDDF;"] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
th[style="background:#ffdead;"] {
background: var(--brown-1) !important;
}
.warningbox,
.infobox.standard-talk {
background-color: var(--brown-3);
border-color: var(--brown-2);
}
td[style*="background:#fffaef; border:1px dotted gray;"],
table[style="background-color: #F8EABA; border-color: #C0C090"] {
background-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
html table.tmbox,
td[style*="border: 1px solid #fad67d; background-color: #faf6ed;"],
.tmbox.tmbox-notice table[style*="background:transparent;"] {
background: var(--brown-3) !important;
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
.infobox.standard-talk {
border: 1px solid var(--brown-2) !important;
}
tr[style="background: #e8dbae"] th,
table.infobox.standard-talk td,
table.tmbox-protection,
html table.tmbox-notice:not(#TMPedn),
div[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #c0c090;"] {
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
div[style*="border-top: 1px solid #c0c090" i],
td[style*="border-top: 1px solid #c0c090" i] {
border-top-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
div[style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;"] {
background-color: var(--brown-4) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
div[style*="background: #ffeecc; border: 1px solid #333333;"] {
background-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
table#archivebox.tmbox.tmbox-notice[style*="background-color: transparent;"] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
}
td.assess-start[style*="background: #FFAA66;"],
a > b[style="background:#FAFAD2;color:#C08000"],
th[style*="background: #fff1d2;"],
th[style*="background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"] {
background: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
.oo-ui-messageWidget.oo-ui-messageWidget-block.oo-ui-flaggedElement-warning {
background-color: var(--brown-3);
border-color: var(--yellow-1);
}
tr[style*="background:orange" i],
.table-partial {
background-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #fad67d; background-color: #faecc8;"] {
background-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #fad67d; background-color:#faecc8;"] {
background-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
td[style*="border:1px solid #fad67d; background-color:#faf6ed;"] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
border-color: var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
th[style*="background-color: #e7c6a5"] {
background-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
/* pink */
th[style*="background:#FFABD5"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#fff5fa;"] {
background-color: var(--pink-0) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color: #FDD"] {
background-color: var(--pink-1) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color: #F9D"] {
background-color: var(--pink-2) !important;
}
div[style="background-color: #fff5f5; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"] {
background: var(--pink-0) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
td[style*="box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc;"] {
box-shadow: 0 5px 5px -6px var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .page-characters div span:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.vector-pinnable-header-label,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .page-characters div span {
color: var(--gray-d);
}
.mw-widget-dateInputWidget-calendar:focus {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color), 0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .25);
}
.mw-widget-calendarWidget-item-selected {
background-color: var(--base-color);
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
.mw-widget-calendarWidget-item:hover {
background-color: var(--base-color);
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
.mw-widgets-datetime-calendarWidget,
.mw-widget-dateInputWidget-calendar {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border-color: var(--gray-4);
}
.mw-widget-calendarWidget-day-today {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color);
}
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet,
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-progressive,
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-destructive {
background-color: transparent !important;
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
border-color: transparent !important;
}
/*** Border ***/
/* default in some pages is different like 0, but transparent covers more than one case */
.vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-iconElement > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-labelElement > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button,
.navbox-list {
border-color: transparent !important;
}
.video-js button {
border-color: transparent;
}
table.wikitable,
button.formBtn {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
}
fieldset,
button[type="submit"]:not(.pure-button-primary-progressive):not(.formBtn),
.oo-ui-buttonElement-button:focus:not(:active) {
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.mw-widget-calendarWidget:focus {
border-color: var(--base-color);
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color);
}
.uls-ime-menu-settings-item {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
/* TODO: Sigh! remove these :nots and the div/span etc from here and def not !imporant */
h2:not([class*="MainPage__heading-"]):not([style*="#cef2e0;"]):not([style*="#cedff2;"]):not([style*="#afa3bf;"]):not([style*="#F0F0F0"]),
tr:not([style*="border-bottom"]):not(:hover):not([style*="background: #eaecf0;"]):not([style*="#ccccff"]):not([style*="#cedff2"]),
table:not(.authortemplate):not(.standard-talk):not([style*="#F6F9ED"]):not([style*="#feeeee"]):not(.hp-portalen):not([style*="background"]):not(.plainlinks):not([style*="#99b2cc"]):not(.processheadertemplate),
table.fmbox,
table.cmbox,
table.ombox-protection,
table.ombox-notice,
th,
td:not(:hover),
h1,
h3,
h4,
h5,
h6,
ul,
li,
select,
img.thumbborder,
div.thumbinner,
div.flaggedrevs_short,
div.flaggedrevs_short_details,
div.navbox-container,
div[style*="border:1px solid #A3BFB1 solid;"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color"]:not([style*="#88A"]):not([style*="#36A"]):not([style*="#ACA"]):not([style*="#edeaff"]):not([style*="border:1px solid ;"]):not([style*="#99b2cc"]),
.mw-body,
.toc,
.mw-gallery-traditional li.gallerybox div.thumb,
.mw-parser-output .portal,
.mw-warning,
.navbox,
.catlinks,
.catlinks li,
.wikiEditor-ui .wikiEditor-ui-view,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .sections .section,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group-search,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group .tool-select,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group .tool-select .options,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .page-characters div span,
.oo-ui-panelLayout-framed,
.mw-prefs-tabs-wrapper.oo-ui-panelLayout-framed,
.mw-prefs-buttons,
.mw-ui-feature-header,
.mw-ui-feature-discussion-link,
.mw-ui-feature-info-link,
.mw-widget-dateInputWidget-handle,
.mw-widget-calendarWidget,
.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain,
.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist,
.flow-ui-navigationWidget,
.wikitable [data-parsoid],
.mw-parser-output .wiki-template-infocard,
.ui-widget-content,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-datePopupWidget,
.mw-parser-output .community-tabs td,
.mw-parser-output .community-page-wrapper,
.wikitable > tr > th,
.wikitable > tr > td,
.wikitable > * > tr > th,
.wikitable > * > tr > td,
.bookshelf,
.suggestions-special,
.wikibase-statementgrouplistview .wikibase-statementlistview,
.wikibase-statementgroupview .wikibase-statementgroupview-property,
.wikibase-sitelinkgroupview,
.wikibase-sitelinklistview .wikibase-sitelinkview .wikibase-sitelinkview-siteid-container,
.wikibase-entitytermsforlanguagelistview .wikibase-entitytermsforlanguagelistview-header .wikibase-entitytermsforlanguagelistview-header-row .wikibase-entitytermsforlanguagelistview-cell,
.fieldsetlike,
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuHeaderWidget-header,
.oo-ui-menuSelectWidget,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget:not(:last-child):not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget-identifier-talk),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-menuSelectWidget-footer,
.collection-maintenance-box,
.collection-maintenance-box,
.lead_normal,
.recent_interviews,
.main_write,
.mw-toolbox,
.oo-ui-toolbar-narrow.oo-ui-toolbar-position-top .oo-ui-toolbar-bar::after,
.oo-ui-toolbar-position-top > .oo-ui-toolbar-bar,
.oo-ui-toolGroup,
.oo-ui-toolbar-actions .oo-ui-toolGroup,
.oo-ui-toolbar-actions .oo-ui-popupToolGroup.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-popupToolGroup-handle:hover,
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup-tools,
.oo-ui-toolbar-actions .oo-ui-toolGroup,
.flow-topic-summary-container .flow-topic-summary,
.flow-topic-summary-container .flow-ui-editTopicSummaryWidget,
.mw-content-ltr .flow-post .flow-replies,
.wbmi-entityview-captionsPanel,
.wbmi-tabs-container .oo-ui-panelLayout-framed,
.mw-mmv-image-metadata,
.mw_metadata td,
.mw_metadata th,
.vectorMenu .menu,
.oo-ui-messageDialog-actions-horizontal .oo-ui-actionWidget,
.infobox:not(.standard-talk),
.k-player .control-bar,
.mw-parser-output div.NavFrame,
.infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,
.infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th,
.infobox.geography td,
.infobox.geography th,
.mw-advancedSearch-fieldContainer,
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-handle,
.imeselector-menu,
.language-settings-buttons,
.uls-icon-back,
.mw-advancedSearch-namespace-selection,
.mw-advancedSearch-namespace-border,
.wikibase-statementview,
.mw-parser-output .quotebox,
.ext-uls-sub-panel,
.rt-tooltip,
.uls-ime-more-settings-link,
.oo-ui-windowManager-modal.oo-ui-windowManager-floating > .oo-ui-dialog > .oo-ui-window-frame,
.client-js .mw-recentchanges-toplinks:not(.mw-recentchanges-toplinks-collapsed),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-watchlistTopSectionWidget-separator,
.mw-revslider-slider-wrapper,
.mw-revslider-container,
.otherprojects,
.infobox.bordered td,
.infobox.bordered th,
.mw-parser-output .covid-sticky th::before,
.mw-parser-output .covid-sticky th::after,
.mw-mmv-permission-box.full-size .mw-mmv-permission-html,
.oo-ui-bookletLayout > .oo-ui-menuLayout-menu,
.oo-ui-toolbar-position-top .ve-ui-toolbarDialog-position-above,
.ve-ui-specialCharacterPage-character,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationItemWidget,
.mw-parser-output .commonscat,
.infobox_v2,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationBadgeButtonPopupWidget-popup > .oo-ui-popupWidget-popup > .oo-ui-popupWidget-head,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationItemWidget:last-child,
.vector-menu-content,
#specialchars,
#content,
#filetoc,
#toc,
#uls-settings-block,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-pinnable-element > :not(:last-child),
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-dropdown-content > :not(:last-child),
.mw-footer,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-sticky-header-container,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-enabled .vector-header-container .vector-sticky-header,
.vector-feature-zebra-design-disabled .vector-sticky-header-context-bar,
.ve-ui-mwLanguagesPage-languages-table th,
.ve-ui-mwLanguagesPage-languages-table td,
.mw-guidedtour-tour-WlFiltersIntro,
.mw-parser-output .infobox td,
.mw-parser-output .infobox th,
#preferences .mw-htmlform-submit-buttons,
.mw-parser-output .side-box {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
body[class*="skin-"] .mw-parser-output table.ambox {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
body[class*="skin-"] .mw-parser-output table.ambox {
border-left: 10px solid var(--orange-2);
}
table.ambox-protection {
border-left: 10px solid var(--gray-7) !important;
}
table.sidebar.vertical-navbox.nomobile {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
/* these are OK to be !important soon as a not is needed remove the offending one instead and fix fallback */
div[style*="border: 1px solid #ccc" i],
div[style*="border: 2px solid #ccc" i],
div[style*="border:solid #aaa 1px" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #e2e2e2;" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #aaa;" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #CCC;" i],
div[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #CCC" i],
div#editpage-specialchars,
div[style*="border-top:3px double #CCC;" i],
div[style*="border: 1px solid #aaa;" i],
div[style*="border-bottom: #AAAAAA 1px solid;" i],
div[style*="border: #AAAAAA 1px solid;" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #e9e9e9;" i],
div[style*="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);" i],
div[style*="border-color:#aaaaaa" i],
div[style*="; border:1px solid ;" i],
div[style*="border:solid #aaaaaa 1px;" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #AAA;" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #BDBDBD;" i],
div[style*="border:2px solid #ddd;" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #aaaaaa;" i],
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #A0A0A0;" i],
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #88A;" i],
div[style*="border: 1px solid #999;" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #a2a9b1;" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid gray;" i],
div[style*="border-top:1px solid #AAA;" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #ccc;" i],
div[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" i],
div[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA;" i],
div[style*="border:solid #aaa 1px" i],
div[style*="border-top:1px solid #DDD;" i],
div[style*="border-top:1px solid #CCC;" i],
div[style*="border-top: 1px solid #bebebe;" i],
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa" i],
div[style*="border:2px #cccccc solid;" i],
div[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #bebebe;" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #999;" i],
div[style*="border:solid #aaaaaa" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #a3b0bf" i],
table[style*="border:1px solid lightgrey" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #aaa" i],
table[style*="border:1px solid #aaa;" i],
table[style*="border:1px solid #AAA;" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid Silver;" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #ccc;" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #cccccc;" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #808080;" i],
table[style*="border: 1px groove gray;" i],
table[style*="border:1px solid #999999" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #AAA;" i],
table[style*="border-top:5px #ccc solid; border-bottom:5px #ccc solid;" i],
table[style*="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" i],
table[style*="border-color:#aaaaaa;" i],
table[style*="border:1px solid grey;" i],
table[style*="border:1px solid #bbb;" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid gray;" i],
table[style*="border:solid 1px #A8A8A8" i],
table[style*="border:solid #AAA 1px;" i],
table[style*="border: 2px solid black;" i],
table[style*="border:1px solid #ccc;" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #CCC;" i],
table[style*="border:2px solid #e0e0e0" i],
table[style*="border:1px solid #ddd;" i],
td[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;" i],
td[style*="border-right: 1px solid #aaa;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"],
td[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa" i],
td[style*="border-left:solid 2px #AAA;border-right:solid 1px #AAA"],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #aaa;" i],
td[style*="border-right: 1px solid #c9c9c9;" i],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #cfcfbf" i],
td[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc" i],
th[style*="border:1px double #8C959A;" i],
td[style*="border-left:1px solid #aaa;" i],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #AAA;" i],
th[style*="border:1px solid #aaa;" i],
td[style*="border-top:1px solid #AAA;" i],
th[style*="border: 1px solid #aaa;" i],
td[style*="border:1px solid #ccc;" i],
td[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa;" i],
th[style*="border-top: 1pt lightgrey solid;" i],
td[style="border-top: 1pt lightgrey solid" i],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #FFFFFF" i],
th[style="border-right: 1px solid #ccccff;" i],
th[style*="border-top: 1px solid #BBB" i],
th[style*="border:1px solid #AAA;" i],
td[style*="border:1px dashed #DDD" i],
td[style*="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" i],
td[style*="border-top:1px solid grey;" i],
tr.expand-child .description,
html .thumbimage,
h2[style*="border:1px solid #ddd;" i],
ul[style*="border:1px solid #AAA;" i],
span[style*="border-bottom:0.3em solid #c8ccd1;" i],
caption[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #AAA" i],
span[style*="border-top: 1px solid #C0C0C0; border-bottom: 1px solid #C0C0C0;" i],
ul[style*="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170)" i],
.vertical-navbox td[style*="border-bottom:1px solid;" i],
.search-form fieldset,
.infobox tr[style*="background-color"]:not([style*="#cedff2"]),
.mw-body-content code,
.lang-list-button:hover,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-button,
.wikiEditor-ui .wikiEditor-ui-top,
.mw-advancedSearch-fieldContainer fieldset,
.editOptions,
.nmbox[style*="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;" i],
.uls-search,
.uls-menu,
.mw-datatable td,
.mw-datatable th,
.tux-action-bar button,
.vector-unpinned-container > #vector-toc,
.vector-menu-content,
#talkheader td,
#mwe-popups-settings,
#mwe-popups-settings header,
.infobox-below[style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;"],
.mw-parser-output table[style*="border:solid 1px silver"],
.thumbcaption > span,
.tooltipContent > div {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px #FFFFFF" i],
td[style*="border-right:solid 2px #AAA" i],
td[style*="border-right:solid 1px #AAA" i] {
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
th[style*="border-right:solid 2px #AAA" i] {
border-right-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.rootpage-Wikipedia_Community_portal div[style*="border:1px #FFFFFF solid" i] {
border-color: transparent !important;
}
/* stop hovering effects on tr/td borders
https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies:Templates#Link_Templates */
table:not(.inner-standard) > tbody > tr:hover,
table:not(.inner-standard) > tbody > tr > td:not(.mid-table):not([style*="border:1px solid transparent"]):not(.navbox-abovebelow):not(.navbox-list):not([style]):not(.MainPageBG):not(.infobox-image):not(.navbox-even):not(.navbox-odd):hover,
.ibox-inner > tbody > tr > th[colspan] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.tux-workflow-status:hover {
border-color: var(--gray-7);
}
td.navbox-abovebelow[style*="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd"]:not([style*="border-bottom"]),
th[style*="border-right:1px solid #AAA" i] {
border-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
td[style*="border-left:2px solid #b32424;" i],
td[style*="border-bottom:2px solid #b32424" i] {
border-color: var(--red-2) !important;
}
table[style*="border:1px solid black;" i],
div[style="width: 80%; border: 1px solid; padding: 10px; margin:0 auto 8px;" i] {
border-color: var(--gray-7) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 1px solid #bebebe; background-color: white;" i] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mw-gallery-traditional li.gallerybox div.thumb {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
th[style^="padding:2px; font-size:90%; background-color:#efefef;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
.infobox > tbody > tr[style*="background:#eee;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
tr.quality0 td {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
tr.quality1 td {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
}
tr.quality2 td {
background-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
tr.quality3 td {
background-color: var(--brown-4) !important;
}
tr.quality4 td {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
}
td[style="border-right:solid black 1px;" i] {
border-color: var(--gray-7) !important;
}
.bookshelf {
border-top-color: var(--gray-3);
}
hr,
.lang-list-button,
.the_table {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
}
hr {
border: 1px inset var(--gray-4) !important;
color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
table.xambox {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
.toccolours {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.toc,
.mw-warning {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
#specialchars button {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
color: var(--gray-9a) !important;
}
#specialchars button:hover {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled:hover {
border-color: var(--gray-69) !important;
color: var(--gray-e);
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #ddd;" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #aaa;" i] {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
}
td[style*="box-shadow: 0px 5px 5px -6px #ccc;" i],
td[style*="#ccc;" i] {
box-shadow: 0 5px 5px -7px var(--gray-5) !important;
}
td[style*="box-shadow: 0px 0px 5px #ccc;" i] {
box-shadow: 0 0 5px var(--gray-5) !important;
}
table[style*="box-shadow:0 0 .5em #999" i] {
box-shadow: 0 0 .5em var(--gray-18) !important;
}
#bodyContent .mw-pt-translate-header {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
#mw-editform-cancel > a {
border: 0;
}
.imeselector-menu::before {
border-bottom: 7px solid var(--gray-5);
border-left: 7px solid transparent;
border-right: 7px solid transparent;
}
.imeselector-menu::after {
border-bottom: 6px solid var(--gray-);
border-left: 6px solid transparent;
border-right: 6px solid transparent;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #AAA" i],
tr[style*="border-bottom" i] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-items > div:not(:first-child),
.ve-ui-mwHelpPopupTool-item:not(:first-child),
.oo-ui-popupWidget-popup,
.ve-ui-citeSourceSelectWidget-separator,
.oo-ui-searchWidget-query,
.ve-ui-mwReferenceResultWidget {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget-bar {
background-color: var(--base-color);
}
.cx-callout,
.mwe-popups::before,
.cx-callout-1::before {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-7);
}
.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer::after {
border-bottom: 12px solid var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer::before {
border-bottom: 9px solid var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer.flipped-x::before {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer.flipped-x::after {
border-bottom: 12px solid var(--gray-28) !important;
}
.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::before,
.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::after {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::after {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.mwe-popups.flipped_y::before,
.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y::before,
.wikiEditor-toolbar-dialog .ui-dialog-buttonpane,
.mwe-popups.flipped-y::before,
.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y::before {
border-top-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mwe-popups::after,
.cx-callout-1::after {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.oo-ui-popupWidget-anchored .oo-ui-popupWidget-anchor::after {
border-bottom-color: currentcolor !important;
}
.oo-ui-popupWidget-anchored .oo-ui-popupWidget-anchor::before {
border-top-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.oo-ui-popupWidget-anchored-top .oo-ui-popupWidget-anchor::after {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.oo-ui-popupWidget-anchored-top .oo-ui-popupWidget-anchor::before {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
border-width: 10px !important;
}
.oo-ui-popupWidget {
filter: none !important;
}
.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-alert,
.mw-ui-icon-alert-progressive::before,
.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-menu,
.mw-ui-icon-menu-progressive::before,
.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-wikiText,
.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-eye,
.mw-ui-icon-eye-progressive::before,
.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-specialCharacter,
.mw-ui-icon-specialCharacter-progressive::before,
.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-help,
.mw-ui-icon-help-progressive::before {
filter: grayscale(1) brightness(230%);
}
.ve-ui-mwLanguagesPage-languages-table tr:nth-child(2n) td {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.ve-ui-mwLanguagesPage-languages-table tr:nth-child(2n+1) td {
background-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.mwe-popups.flipped_y::after,
.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y::after,
.mwe-popups.flipped-y::after,
.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y::after,
.oo-ui-popupWidget-anchored-bottom .oo-ui-popupWidget-anchor::after {
border-top-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.oo-ui-popupWidget-anchored-bottom .oo-ui-popupWidget-anchor::before {
border-top-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.mwe-popups,
.mwe-popups-is-not-tall,
.mwe-popups-is-tall {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mwe-popups-settings-icon:hover,
.mwe-popups-settings-icon:active {
background-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
div.vectorTabs li:not(.selected),
.oo-ui-popupWidget-anchor::after {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.referencetooltip > li {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
}
button {
border-style: solid !important;
border-width: 1px !important;
}
/* arrow down */
.referencetooltip > li + li,
.referencetooltip > li + li::after {
border-top-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-right-color: transparent !important;
border-left-color: transparent !important;
}
/* arrow left */
.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::before,
.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::after,
.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left::before,
.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left::after {
border-right-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::after,
.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left::after {
border-right: 10px solid var(--gray-2);
}
.mw-interlanguage-selector:active,
.mw-interlanguage-selector.selector-open {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.uls-menu {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.referencetooltip > li + li {
border-top: 12px var(--gray-5) solid !important;
}
.referencetooltip.RTflipped > li + li {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.referencetooltip.RTflipped > li + li::after {
border-bottom-color: transparent !important;
}
/* User Icon */
#pt-anonuserpage,
#pt-userpage a {
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><g fill="%23aaa"><path d="M10 11c-5.92 0-8 3-8 5v3h16v-3c0-2-2.08-5-8-5z"/><circle cx="10" cy="5.5" r="4.5"/></g></svg>');
}
/* Bookmark Icon */
#ca-watch.icon a {
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf-8,%3Csvg width="16" height="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"%3E%3Cpath d="M8.103 1.146l2.175 4.408 4.864.707-3.52 3.431.831 4.845-4.351-2.287-4.351 2.287.831-4.845-3.52-3.431 4.864-.707z" fill="transparent" stroke="%237cb5d1"/%3E%3C/svg%3E') !important;
}
#ca-unwatch.icon a {
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf-8,%3Csvg width="16" height="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3ClinearGradient id="a" x1="13.47" x2="4.596" y1="14.363" y2="3.397" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"%3E%3Cstop stop-color="%23c2edff" offset="0"/%3E%3Cstop stop-color="%2368bdff" offset=".5"/%3E%3Cstop stop-color="%23fff" offset="1"/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cpath d="M8.103 1.146l2.175 4.408 4.864.707-3.52 3.431.831 4.845-4.351-2.287-4.351 2.287.831-4.845-3.52-3.431 4.864-.707z" fill="url(%23a)" stroke="%237cb5d1"/%3E%3C/svg%3E') !important;
}
/* Orange */
#centralNotice > div {
border-color: var(--orange-2) !important;
}
table.ambox-content:not(td),
table.ambox-style {
border-left: 10px solid var(--orange-2);
}
table.box-No_footnotes.ambox-style {
border-left: 10px solid var(--yellow-2) !important;
}
table.ambox {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
/* add border */
.vector-menu-tabs li,
.client-js #preftoc li {
border-right: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.vector-menu-tabs .selected,
.client-js #preftoc li.selected {
border-bottom: 2px solid var(--tab-color);
box-shadow: none !important;
}
.oo-ui-window-content.oo-ui-messageDialog-content {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4) !important;
margin: -1px !important;
}
tr + tr > .navbox-abovebelow,
tr + tr > .navbox-group,
tr + tr > .navbox-image,
tr + tr > .navbox-list {
border-top: 2px solid var(--gray-2);
}
table.navbox {
-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 6px var(--gray-28);
-moz-box-shadow: 3px 3px 6px var(--gray-28);
box-shadow: 3px 3px 6px var(--gray-28);
}
/*** Text ***/
table.wikitable > tbody > tr[style*="background-color:#F6F6F6" i] > td > *,
tr.ext-infobox-header th,
tr.ext-infobox-header span,
.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive,
.wikitable tr:not([style*="color:black" i]) th:not([style*="color: black" i]):not([style*="FF"]):not([style*="77"]) {
color: var(--white) !important;
}
.wikitable th[style*="color: black"],
.wikitable th[style*="color: black"] {
color: var(--white) !important;
}
kbd,
.CategoryTreeEmptyBullet,
.table-na,
.infobox,
.hp-portalen a span {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-destructive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-destructive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover {
color: var(--gray-bc) !important;
}
.ve-ui-mwTemplatePage-description {
color: var(--gray-a);
}
a.new,
#p-personal a.new {
color: var(--red-4) !important;
}
#mw-editform-cancel > a > span.oo-ui-labelElement-label {
color: var(--red-4);
}
/*** Quotes ***/
blockquote {
background-color: transparent !important;
border: none !important;
}
/*** Misc ***/
.bookshelf {
box-shadow: 0 -1px 0 var(--gray-5);
}
ul,
.portlet li {
list-style-image: none;
}
.vectorMenu li {
list-style: none none;
}
table[style*="border:4px ridge" i],
.jfk-bubble-closebtn,
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-handle input {
border: none !important;
}
.popup_history_row_even,
.flow-topic-moderatestate-lock .flow-topic-titlebar {
background: var(--gray-3);
}
.editOptions,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .booklet .pages,
#proveit-body {
background-color: transparent;
}
td[style="background:#efefef;" i] {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
#proveit-header,
#proveit-footer {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
}
.wikEdFrameBodyPlain {
background-color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
.wikEdConsoleWrapper,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group .tool-select,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group .tool-select .menu .options .option:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
ul[style*="background:#f9f9f9" i],
#proveit {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.wikEdButtonBarButtonsWrapperVisible,
.wikEdButtonBarButtonsWrapperHidden,
.wikEdButtonBarGrip,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .sections .section,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group .tool-select .options,
.wikEdButtonsPreview {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .group .tool-select .options .option:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
}
a.link-box strong:hover,
a.link-box:hover strong,
.vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button,
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .booklet .index div,
.site-license a:hover,
.lang-list-button,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button {
color: var(--base-color);
}
a.link-box:hover small bdi,
a.link-box:hover small span {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.site-license a:hover,
.flow-ui-boardDescriptionWidget-editButton .oo-ui-labelElement-label,
.ui-toggler.ui-state-default {
color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.ui-toggler.ui-state-default {
border: 0 !important;
color: var(--base-color);
}
#proveit-header button,
#proveit-footer button {
color: var(--gray-5);
}
.wikiEditor-ui-toolbar .booklet .index .current {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.imeselector-menu .ime-checked {
background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%229%22%3E%3Cpath d=%22M11.226.257l-6.718 6.453-2.699-2.575-1.292 1.302c1.33 1.273 2.65 2.557 3.99 3.821 2.654-2.591 5.337-5.153 8.01-7.726z%22 fill=%22%23ccc%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
}
.wikEdButton,
.wikEdButtonDummy,
.wikEdButtonChecked,
.wikEdButtonUnchecked {
background-color: transparent;
filter: invert(100%) hue-rotate(180deg);
}
.oo-ui-iconElement-icon.oo-ui-icon-edit {
filter: grayscale(1) brightness(180%);
}
.mw-graph-img,
.mw-graph .vega canvas {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) contrast(60%);
}
.client-js .mw-graph-interactable:hover .mw-graph-layover,
.client-js .mw-graph-hover-title {
background-color: var(--gray-2_75);
}
.client-js .mw-graph-interactable:hover .mw-graph-switch:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
}
.client-js .mw-graph-switch:hover,
.client-js .mw-graph-switch {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border-color: var(--base-color);
color: var(--base-color);
}
.wikEdButtonChecked {
border-color: var(--gray-e) var(--gray-1) var(--gray-1) var(--gray-e) !important;
}
.wikEdButtonUnchecked {
border-color: var(--gray-1) var(--gray-e) var(--gray-e) var(--gray-1) !important;
}
.mw-datatable td {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.mw-datatable th,
.mw-datatable tr:hover td {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.mw-spinner-container > div::after {
background-color: var(--gray-9a);
}
div.flaggedrevs_diffnotice,
div.flaggedrevs_preview,
div.mw-search-profile-tabs {
background-color: var(--blue-2);
border-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
div.flaggedrevs_short,
div.flaggedrevs_short_details,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuSectionOptionWidget,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuOptionWidget.oo-ui-flaggedElement-muted:not(.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected) {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#f9f9f9" i] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
table.fmbox-warning {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
border-color: var(--red-0) !important;
}
.mw-ext-score img {
background-color: var(--gray-c);
}
.installerTitle {
background-color: var(--blue-2);
}
.scriptInstaller {
box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.cnotice {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border-color: var(--brown-2);
}
.wikipediauserbox td {
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
.wikipediauserbox td a,
.wikipediauserbox td a span {
color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
table[style*="background:#DDD" i],
.wikipediauserbox table[style*="background" i] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
table[style*="border:1px solid #BBB" i],
.wikipediauserbox,
.wikipediauserbox td * {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.boilerplate.archived[style="background-color: #edeaff" i] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
.boilerplate.archived[style*="background-color: #eaffea" i] {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
border-color: var(--green-2) !important;
}
.boilerplate.archived[style*="background-color: #ffeaea" i] {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
border-color: var(--red-2) !important;
}
.boilerplate.archived[style*="background-color: #ffffd1" i] {
background-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
.boilerplate.xfd-closed[style*="background-color: #f3f9ff" i] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
.boilerplate[style*="background-color: #efe" i] {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
border-color: var(--green-1) !important;
}
.mw-collapsible.mw-made-collapsible td[style*="background-color: #fcf4ef" i] {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mw-collapsible.mw-made-collapsible[style*="border"],
.skin-vector-max-width .mw-footer {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
/*** main page ***/
.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner,
.mw-parser-output .mp-h2,
.mw-parser-output #mp-left {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-right {
border-color: var(--blue-1);
background: var(--blue-2);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-right .mp-h2 {
border-color: var(--blue-1);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-left {
border-color: var(--green-1);
background: var(--green-4);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-left .mp-h2 {
border-color: var(--green-1);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-middle {
border-color: var(--pink-2);
background: var(--pink-0);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-tfl-h2 {
border-color: var(--pink-2);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-lower {
border-color: var(--purple-2);
background: var(--purple-d);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-tfp-h2 {
border-color: var(--purple-2);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-other-lower {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-other-lower .mp-h2 {
background: var(--gray-28);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-parser-output .itn-special {
background-color: var(--blue-3);
border-color: var(--blue-4);
}
.oo-ui-toolbar-bar,
#mp-middle p,
#mp-other-lower p {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
#mp-left h2,
#mp-left h2 span {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
#mp-right h2,
#mp-right h2 span {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
#mp-center #mp-tfl-h2,
#mp-center #mp-tfl-h2 span {
background-color: var(--pink-1) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-middle .mp-h2 {
background-color: var(--pink-1);
border-color: var(--pink-2);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-lower .mp-h2 {
background-color: var(--purple-1);
border-color: var(--purple-2);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-bottom .mp-h2 {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-bottom {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-prettybars {
background-color: var(--gray-5);
}
/*** diff pages ***/
table.diff,
td.diff-otitle,
td.diff-ntitle,
td.diff-addedline,
td.diff-deletedline,
td.diff-context {
background-color: transparent !important;
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.wikEdDiffButtonUnchecked {
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
td.diff-deletedline .diffchange,
.wikEdDiffDelete,
.wikEdDiffFragment:hover .wikEdDiffDelete {
background-color: var(--diff-del) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
.mw-revslider-revision-tooltip .mw-revslider-change-negative {
color: var(--diff-del);
}
td.diff-addedline .diffchange,
.wikEdDiffInsert,
.wikEdDiffFragment:hover .wikEdDiffInsert {
background-color: var(--diff-add) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
td.diff-deletedline {
border-color: var(--diff-del) !important;
}
td.diff-addedline {
border-color: var(--diff-add) !important;
}
del.popupDiff {
background-color: var(--diff-del);
}
ins.popupDiff {
background-color: var(--diff-add);
}
.mw-revslider-pointer-line .mw-revslider-upper-color,
.mw-revslider-pointer-container-newer .mw-revslider-slider-line {
border-color: var(--revs-new) !important;
}
.mw-revslider-pointer-line .mw-revslider-lower-color,
.mw-revslider-pointer-container-older .mw-revslider-slider-line {
border-color: var(--revs-old) !important;
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-button:active,
.pure-button-primary-progressive:active,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:active,
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:active,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-destructive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:active,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-destructive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:active {
filter: brightness(72.5%) !important;
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:focus:not(:active),
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-iconElement > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:focus:not(:active),
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-labelElement > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:focus:not(:active) {
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color) !important;
}
.oo-ui-textInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-inputWidget-input::placeholder {
color: var(--gray-7) !important;
}
.mw-mmv-title-para .mw-mmv-ttf-ellipsis {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.oo-ui-dropdownInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled,
.oo-ui-dropdownInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled:hover {
background-color: transparent !important;
}
.oo-ui-labelWidget.oo-ui-inline-help {
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle,
.mw-mmv-label,
.mw-mmv-ttf-ellipsis-container:hover .mw-mmv-ttf-container .mw-mmv-ttf-ellipsis,
.wbmi-item .wbmi-item-container .wbmi-entity-header,
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle:active {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
color: var(--gray-b);
}
.mw-mmv-label:hover,
.mw-mmv-ttf-container .mw-mmv-ttf-ellipsis:hover,
.mw-mmv-ttf-ellipsis-container .mw-mmv-ttf-container .mw-mmv-ttf-ellipsis:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
color: var(--gray-9a);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
input.too-ui-inputWidget-input,
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle:focus {
border-color: var(--base-color);
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color) !important;
}
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-dropdownWidget-open .oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget.oo-ui-widget-disabled .oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle {
text-shadow: none;
border-color: var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.mw-htmlform-ooui .mw-htmlform-matrix tbody tr:nth-child(2n) td {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.mw-htmlform-ooui .mw-htmlform-matrix tbody tr:hover td {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-buttonElement-active > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button {
background-color: var(--base-color) !important;
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-buttonElement-active > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover {
background-color: var(--base-color) !important;
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-buttonElement-active > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button .oo-ui-labelElement-label {
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
/*** translation pages ***/
body.mw-special-ContentTranslation,
body.mw-special-ContentTranslationStats {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
background-image: var(--bg-selected);
}
.cx-dashboard,
.cx-slitem__details .cx-slitem__translation-link .source-title,
.cx-tlitem .cx-tlitem__details .translation-link .source-title,
.cx-ui-translationIssue.oo-ui-tabPanelLayout > .cx-ui-translationIssue-message,
.cx-pagetitle.oo-ui-textInputWidget textarea,
.cx-translation-view-header .cx-header__translation-center .oo-ui-buttonElement-button .oo-ui-labelElement-label {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.cx-translationlist-container,
.cx-translation-view,
.cx-column,
.cx-column.cx-column-tools,
.card-instructions-count-one,
.card-instructions-count-two,
.card-instructions-count-three {
background-color: transparent;
}
.cx-dashboard-sidebar__help,
.cx-translator,
.cx-suggestionlist__header,
.cx-translationlist__header,
.cx-card:not(:empty) {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.translation-filter,
.cx-selected-source-page__actions,
.cx-selected-source-page__container,
.cx-selected-source-page__license,
.cx-translationlist-empty,
.cx-suggestionlist-empty,
.cx-translation-view .cx-translation-view-container {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
}
.cx-translatorstats,
.cx-tlitem:hover,
.cx-slitem:hover,
.cx-suggestionlist__collapse:hover,
.cx-suggestionlist__expand:hover,
.cx-suggestionlist__refresh:hover,
.ve-ce-cxPendingNode-pending .ve-ce-cxPendingNode-indicator {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.cx-tlitem:last-child,
.cx-slitem:last-child,
.mw-cx-tools-IssueTracking > .mw-cx-tools-IssueTracking-body,
.cx-ui-translationIssue.oo-ui-tabPanelLayout > .cx-ui-translationIssue-foot:not(:empty) {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.cx-language-filter .cx-language-filter-arrow::before,
.cx-language-filter .cx-language-filter-arrow::after {
border-left-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.ve-cx-toolbar-mt .ve-cx-toolbar-mt-title {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.ve-ce-cxLintableNode.mw-cx-current-issue-warning {
box-shadow: -16px 0 0 -4px var(--gray-4), -20px 0 0 -4px var(--yellow-1);
}
.ve-ce-cxLintableNode.mw-cx-lintIssue-warning {
box-shadow: -17px 0 0 -4px var(--gray-3), -20px 0 0 -4px var(--yellow-1);
}
.cx-header__trademark img {
filter: invert(100%) brightness(60%);
}
.cx-tlitem,
.cx-slitem,
.cx-suggestionlist__collapse,
.cx-suggestionlist__expand,
.cx-suggestionlist__refresh,
.cx-translation-view-header,
.card-instructions-section {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-disabled {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
text-shadow: none;
}
.cx-language-filter,
.cx-dashboardlist__loading-indicator {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.ve-ce-cxPlaceholderNode {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px var(--gray-3);
}
.cx-highlight,
.cx-sentence-highlight,
.cx-section-highlight {
background-color: var(--brown-3);
box-shadow: 0 0 0 4px var(--brown-3);
}
.ve-cx-toolbar-mt .ve-cx-toolbar-mt-noservices {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
/*** invert images ***/
img[title="Wikipedia"],
img.mwe-math-fallback-image-display,
img[src*="Speaker_Icon"],
/*
img[src*=".svg"][height="16"]:not([alt*="lag"]),
img[src*=".svg"][height="17"]:not([alt*="lag"]),
img[src*=".svg"]:not([src*="check"])[height="18"]:not([src*="oyal"]):not([alt*="lag"]),
*/
.infobox img[alt*="structure"][src*=".svg"]:not([alt*="lag"]),
.jfk-bubble-closebtn,
.RTsettings,
#pt-notifications-notice .mw-echo-notifications-badge,
#pt-notifications-alert .mw-echo-notifications-badge,
#gtx-host,
#mw-wsmfinal-close,
#cnotice-toggle-icon {
-webkit-filter: invert(100%) !important;
filter: invert(100%) !important;
background-color: transparent !important;
}
img.mwe-math-fallback-image-inline,
.oo-ui-indicator-required {
filter: invert(1) brightness(90%);
}
div.equation-box[style*="background-color: #F5FFFA"] {
background-color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
div.equation-box[style*="border-color: #0073CF"] {
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
img[src*="Portal.svg"],
img[src*="Information.svg"],
img[src*="Global_thinking.svg"],
img[src*="Clipboard.svg"],
img[src*="Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg"],
img[src*="Stock_post_message.svg"],
img[src*="Featured_article_star_-_cross.svg"],
img[src*="C%C3%ADrculos_Conc%C3%A9ntricos.svg"],
img[src*="Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice"],
img[src*="_scales"],
img[src*="/Status_iucn3."],
a.image img[src*="Cross_country_skiing_pictogram"],
.ve-ui-educationPopup-header {
filter: invert(100%) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(120%) contrast(102%);
}
a.image img[src*="Newspaper_Cover.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Question_book-4.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Disambig_bordered_fade.svg"],
a.image img[src*="P_computing.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Community.png"],
a.image img[src*="C_Puzzle.png"],
a.image img[src*="Wikimedia_Community_Logo"],
a.image img[src*="Commons-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikibooks-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikiquote-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikipedia-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikisource-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikisource-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikinews-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikiversity-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikidata-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikivoyage-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikivoyage-Logo-v3"],
a.image img[src*="MediaWiki-notext"],
a.image img[src*="Ambox_warning"],
a.image img[src*="important"],
a.image img[src*="Disambig"],
a.image img[src*="Vista-trashcan"],
a.image img[src*="Vista-trashcan"],
a.image img[src*="Vista-trashcan"],
a.image img[src*="Merge-arrows.gif"],
a.image img[src*="Cscr-featured"],
a.image img[src*="Nuvola_apps_"],
a.image img[src*="Otszogletu_zold_tabla"],
a.image img[src*="Wiki_letter_w_cropped"],
a.image img[src*="Coat_of_arms"],
a.image img[src*="COA"],
a.image img[src*="Gtk"],
a.image img[src*="Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Emblem-important.svg"],
a.image img[src*="E-Guitare-horiz"],
a.image img[src*="Exquisite"],
a.image img[src*="orthographic"],
a.image img[src*="Padlock"],
a.image img[src*="User-info.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Symbol_"],
a.image img[src*="commentary"],
a.image img[src*="Art"],
a.image img[src*="Copyright_maybe"],
a.image img[src*="Crystal"],
a.image img[src*="Pillar"],
a.image img[src*="map_"],
a.image img[src*="box_"],
a.image img[src*="Globe"],
a.image img[src*="Paper"],
a.image img[src*="Contact"],
a.image img[src*="WP"],
a.image img[src*="Sport3_icone"],
a.image img[src*="Twemoji"],
a.image img[src*="Information_icon"],
a.image img[src*="_check"],
a.image img[src*="Gnome-dialog-"],
a.image [src*="Writing_Magnifying"],
a.image [src*="Postscript"],
a.image [src*="People_"],
a.image [src*="Fairytale_"],
a.image [src*="Pod_l"],
a.image [src*="-file-manager"],
a.image [src*="Chilli"],
a.image [src*="Vista_"],
a.image [src*="Trivialpursuit"],
a.image [src*="Fisher"],
a.image img[src*="Icon_tools"],
a.image img[src*="Puzzle_stub"],
a.image img[src*="Gnome-"],
a.image img[src*="copyright_icon"],
a.image img[src*="Arrows"],
a.image img[src*="Squola"],
a.image img[src*="scales"],
a.image img[src*="DeadEnd"],
a.image img[src*="Local"],
a.image img[src*="Merge-"],
a.image img[src*="delete"],
a.image img[src*="Filing_"],
a.image img[src*="Lens_"],
a.image img[src*="Wikimedia_logo_family_complete"],
a.image img[src*="Propan"],
a.image img[src*="pictogram"],
a img[src*="Commons-logo"],
.filehistory a img,
img[src*="Nuvola_apps_date.svg"],
img[src*="Ambox_warning"],
img[src*="Cscr-former.svg"],
img[src*="Splitsection.svg"],
.flow-ui-boardDescriptionWidget-editButton a.oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover,
#file img:hover {
background: inherit !important;
}
div[class*="mw-echo-ui"],
span[class*="mw-echo-ui"],
.vertical-navbox th:not([style*="6a5"]):not([style*="3C3"]):not([style*="B22"]) {
background-color: inherit !important;
}
img[src*="P_literature.svg"],
img[src*="Portal-puzzle.svg"],
img[src*="Wikipedia%27s_W.svg"],
img[src*="Simple_light_bulb"],
img[src*="Wikimedia-logo_black"],
img[src*="Banner_Aboriginal"],
img[src*="Etiquettes_Wikipetcia_Atikamekw"],
img[src*="Psi2"],
img[src*="Draig"],
img[src*="UserAvatar"],
img[src*="external-link"],
img[src*="_Silhouette"],
img[src*="ship_side_view"],
img[src*="Subm"],
img[src*="Frigate"],
img[src*="Wikitext"],
a img[src*="Wikimedia_A"],
a img[src*="Wikimedia_%C3%96sterreich_logo_black"],
a img[src*="Wikimedia_C"]:not([src*="2016"]),
a img[src*="Wikimedia_De"],
a img[src*="Wikimedia_Es"],
a img[src*="Wikimedia_S"],
a img[src*="Wikimedia_K"],
a img[src*="Wikimedia_N"],
a img[src*="Wikimedia_RU"],
a img[src*="Wikimedia_T"],
a img[src*="Wikimedistas_de_Bolivia"],
a img[src*="Affiliations_Committee_logo_black"],
a img[src*="question"],
a.image img[src*="Semi-protection-shackle"],
a.image [src*="Poster_Creative_Commons"],
a.image [src*="Etiquettes_Wikipetcia_Atikamekw"],
a.image [src*="Psi2"],
a.image [src*="Draig"],
a.image [src*="Social_sciences"],
a.image img[src*="Propanol"] {
background: transparent !important;
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) contrast(84%);
}
a img[src*="E60-HUN"][height="18"],
span img[alt="flag"][src*="svg"] {
background: transparent !important;
filter: none !important;
}
a img[src*="Audio_a.svg"],
a img[src*="Quill_and_ink.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Daggers.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Acap.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Dagger-and-double-dagger-in-times-new-roman"],
a.image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en"],
a.image img[src*="Wikitext"],
a.image img[src*="ock_font"],
img[src*="Kreuz_als_Fu%C3%9Fnotenzeichen_in_Henderson"] {
background: inherit !important;
filter: invert(90%) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(140%) contrast(200%);
}
img[src*="Black_W_for_promotion"] {
filter: invert(1) brightness(80%) contrast(90%);
background-color: #bbb !important;
}
.mbox-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Esca"],
a img[src*="Esca"] {
filter: invert(90%) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(120%);
}
/* fix border due to image inversion in above rule */
div.thumbinner a.image img[src*="Daggers.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Dagger-and-double-dagger-in-times-new-roman"] {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.oo-ui-pendingElement-pending {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(135deg, var(--black) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, var(--black) 50%, var(--black) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(135deg, var(--black) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, var(--black) 50%, var(--black) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--black) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, var(--black) 50%, var(--black) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
}
.central-textlogo__image,
.unicode.haudio a img {
filter: invert(60.5%) !important;
}
.mw-ui-icon-popups-close::before,
.mw-ui-icon-footer::before,
.oo-ui-iconElement-icon:not(.oo-ui-image-invert):not(.oo-ui-image-progressive):not(.oo-ui-icon-stop):not(.oo-ui-icon-add):not(.oo-ui-icon-check):not(.oo-ui-iconElement-noIcon) {
filter: invert(86.5%) !important;
}
.central-featured-logo {
filter: brightness(90%) !important;
}
.oo-ui-icon-bell,
.mw-widget-calendarWidget-day-additional {
opacity: .7 !important;
}
#footer-icons img {
filter: brightness(70%);
}
img[alt="The Signpost"],
.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis,
.vector-icon.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-fullScreen {
filter: invert(60%);
}
.sprite.svg-translate-icon,
.sprite.svg-arrow-down-blue {
filter: grayscale(100%) brightness(200%);
}
.svg-language-icon {
background-position: 0 -617px;
filter: grayscale(1) brightness(2);
}
.bookshelf-container .bookend {
filter: invert(1) grayscale(1) brightness(120%);
}
#mw-indicator-mw-helplink a {
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf-8,%3Csvg viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"%3E%3Cpath d="m12.001 2.085c-5.478 0-9.916 4.438-9.916 9.916 0 5.476 4.438 9.914 9.916 9.914 5.476 0 9.914-4.438 9.914-9.914 0-5.478-4.438-9.916-9.914-9.916zm0.001 18c-4.465 0-8.084-3.619-8.084-8.083 0-4.465 3.619-8.084 8.084-8.084 4.464 0 8.083 3.619 8.083 8.084 0 4.464-3.619 8.083-8.083 8.083z" fill="%23888"/%3E%3Cpath d="m11.766 6.688c-2.5 0-3.219 2.188-3.219 2.188l1.411 0.854s0.298-0.791 0.901-1.229c0.516-0.375 1.625-0.625 2.219 0.125 0.701 0.885-0.17 1.587-1.078 2.719-0.953 1.186-1 3.655-1 3.655h1.969s0.135-2.318 1.041-3.381c0.604-0.707 1.443-1.338 1.443-2.494s-1.187-2.437-3.687-2.437zm-0.766 9.312h2v2h-2v-2z" fill="%23888"/%3E%3C/svg%3E');
}
.cx-campaign-contributionsmenu li.cx-campaign-contributions a {
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf-8,%3Csvg viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"%3E%3Cpath d="m10 11c-5.92 0-8 3-8 5v3h16v-3c0-2-2.08-5-8-5z" fill="%23888"/%3E%3Ccircle cx="10" cy="5.5" r="4.5" fill="%23888"/%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A');
}
.cx-campaign-contributionsmenu li.cx-campaign-translations a {
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf-8,%3Csvg viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"%3E%3Cpath d="M20 18h-1.44a.61.61 0 0 1-.4-.12.81.81 0 0 1-.23-.31L17 15h-5l-1 2.54a.77.77 0 0 1-.22.3.159.59 0 0 1-.4.14H9l4.55-11.47h1.89zm-3.53-4.31L14.89 9.5a11.62 11.62 0 0 1-.39-1.24q-.09.37-.19.69l-.19.56-1.58 4.19zm-6.3-1.58a13.43 13.43 0 0 1-2.91-1.41 11.46 11.46 0 0 0 2.81-5.37H12V4H7.31a4 4 0 0 0-.2-.56C6.87 2.79 6.6 2 6.6 2l-1.47.5s.4.89.6 1.5H0v1.33h2.15A11.23 11.23 0 0 0 5 10.7a17.19 17.19 0 0 1-5 2.1q.56.82.87 1.38a23.28 23.28 0 0 0 5.22-2.51 15.64 15.64 0 0 0 3.56 1.77zM3.63 5.33h4.91a8.11 8.11 0 0 1-2.45 4.45 9.11 9.11 0 0 1-2.46-4.45z" fill="%23888"/%3E%3C/svg%3E');
}
.cx-campaign-contributionsmenu li.cx-campaign-uploads a {
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf-8,%3Csvg viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"%3E%3Cpath d="M13.09 6.18a3.68 3.68 0 0 1-2.18-2.55c.09.09 1.82.91 1.82.91L10 0 7.27 4.55l1.82-.91a5.08 5.08 0 0 0 .55 1.91 5.13 5.13 0 0 0 2 2 8.86 8.86 0 0 1 2 1.18l-.64.63-.45-.45-.26 1.54 1.54-.26-.45-.45.62-.65a5.69 5.69 0 0 1 1.45 3.45h-.91v-.73l-1.26.91 1.26.91v-.73h.91A5.21 5.21 0 0 1 14 16.36l-.64-.64.45-.45-1.53-.27.26 1.54.45-.45.64.64a5.69 5.69 0 0 1-3.45 1.45v-.91h.73L10 16l-.91 1.27h.73v.91a5.21 5.21 0 0 1-3.45-1.45l.63-.64.45.45.27-1.54-1.54.26.45.45-.63.65a5.69 5.69 0 0 1-1.45-3.45h.91v.73l1.26-.91-1.26-.91v.73h-.91A5.21 5.21 0 0 1 6 9.09l.64.64-.45.45 1.54.26-.28-1.53-.45.45-.64-.64L5 7.45a7.29 7.29 0 1 0 8.09-1.27z" fill="%23888"/%3E%3Ccircle cx="10" cy="12.7" r="2.5" fill="%23888"/%3E%3C/svg%3E');
}
table.jquery-tablesorter th.headerSort {
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml;utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="9"%3E%3Cpath d="M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z" fill="%23ccc"/%3E%3C/svg%3E');
}
img[src*="Sort_both_small.svg"] {
filter: invert(.8);
}
.oo-ui-indicator-down,
.oo-ui-indicator-clear {
filter: invert(100%);
}
.sprite.svg-Wikimedia-logo_black,
#pt-uls a.uls-trigger {
filter: invert(100%) hue-rotate(180deg);
}
.cx-header__personal a.uls-trigger:hover {
color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
div#mw-panel div.portal .body {
background-image: none !important;
}
div#mw-panel div.portal h3 {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, var(--gray-5) 0%, var(--gray-5) 100%);
}
/*** Reference tooltips ***/
.rt-tooltip,
.rt-tooltipTail::after {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.rt-tooltipTail {
background: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
/*** Page preview settings ***/
.mwe-popups-overlay {
background-color: var(--gray-2_75) !important;
}
#mwe-popups-settings {
box-shadow: 0 2px 2px 0 var(--gray-5_25) !important;
}
a.image img[src*="Stop_hand.svg"],
img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg"],
img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr"],
img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_academic.svg"],
img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg"],
img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_advanced.svg"],
img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_desktop.svg"],
img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_chem.svg"],
img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_ongoingConversation-rtl.svg"],
img[src*="Echo_%28Notifications%29_megaphone.svg"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(90%);
}
}
@-moz-document regexp("https?:\/\/([\w\-]{2,}\.m\.(wiki(pedia|books|news|quote|source|versity|voyage)|wiktionary)|m\.(mediawiki|wiki(data|dot))|(meta|commons|otrs-wiki|species|wikitech)\.m\.wikimedia)\.org\/.+") {
body {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
background-image: var(--bg-selected);
background-clip: border-box;
background-origin: padding-box;
background-attachment: var(--bg-attachment);
/*[[bg-options]]*/
color: var(--gray-c);
}
/*** main page ***/
#mw-mf-page-left ul li a:hover {
box-shadow: inset 4px 0 0 0 var(--base-color);
}
#mw-mf-page-left ul.hlist li a {
color: var(--base-color);
}
footer > .post-content > h2 > img[src*="wikipedia-wordmark"],
.header .branding-box a img[src*="wikipedia-wordmark"],
.branding-box img[src*="wikipedia-wordmark"] {
filter: invert(1) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner,
.mw-parser-output .mp-h2,
.mw-parser-output #mp-left {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-right {
border-color: var(--blue-1);
background: var(--blue-2);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-right .mp-h2 {
border-color: var(--blue-1);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-left {
border-color: var(--green-1);
background: var(--green-4);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-left .mp-h2 {
border-color: var(--green-1);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-middle {
border-color: var(--pink-2);
background: var(--pink-0);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-tfl-h2 {
border-color: var(--pink-2);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-lower {
border-color: var(--purple-2);
background: var(--purple-d);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-tfp-h2 {
border-color: var(--purple-2);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-other-lower {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-parser-output #mp-other-lower .mp-h2 {
background: var(--gray-28);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-parser-output .quotebox {
background: var(--gray-2);
}
#mp-middle p,
#mp-other-lower p {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
#mp-left h2,
#mp-left h2 span {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
#mp-right h2,
#mp-right h2 span {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
#mp-center #mp-tfl-h2,
#mp-center #mp-tfl-h2 span {
background-color: var(--pink-1) !important;
color: var(--gray-d) !important;
}
#mp-lower #mp-bottom h2,
#mp-bottom h2 span {
background-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .itn-special {
background-color: var(--blue-3);
border-color: var(--blue-4);
}
.lazy-image-placeholder {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
}
/* Search */
.client-nojs .search-box .search:focus,
.search-overlay .search-box .search:focus {
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.page-list li > a:active,
.topic-title-list li > a:active,
.site-link-list li > a:active,
.page-list li > a:hover,
.topic-title-list li > a:hover,
.site-link-list li > a:hover {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.page-list li > a:visited,
.topic-title-list li > a:visited,
.site-link-list li > a:visited {
color: var(--visited-color);
}
.overlay.search-overlay .results,
.overlay.search-overlay .search-feedback {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
/* Login */
.warningbox,
.mw-revision {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
}
.errorbox,
.warningbox,
.successbox,
.mw-revision {
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.mw-ui-checkbox:not(#noop) [type="checkbox"]:enabled:checked + label::before,
.mw-ui-checkbox:not(#noop) [type="checkbox"]:hover:enabled:checked + label::before {
background-color: var(--base-color);
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.mw-ui-checkbox:not(#noop) [type="checkbox"]:hover:enabled + label::before {
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive {
background-color: var(--base-color);
color: var(--gray-e);
border: 1px solid var(--base-color);
}
.mw-ui-checkbox:not(#noop) [type="checkbox"] + label::before {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:hover {
background-color: var(--base-color-rgba-8);
border-color: var(--base-color-rgba-8);
}
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:active,
.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.is-on {
background-color: var(--base-color-rgba-8);
border-color: var(--base-color-rgba-8);
color: var(--gray-e);
}
.mw-ui-button:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-e);
}
.mw-ui-input:focus {
border-color: var(--base-color);
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color);
}
/* footer */
footer > .post-content > h2,
.mw-footer > .post-content > h2 {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
/* Icon fixes */
footer > .post-content > h2 > img,
.header-container button.mw-ui-icon,
.header-container label.mw-ui-icon,
.mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-bellOutline-base20,
.mw-ui-icon-minerva-mainmenu,
.mw-ui-icon-before::before {
filter: brightness(200%);
}
.mw-editsection a.mw-ui-icon::before,
.page-actions-menu__list-item .mw-ui-icon-element,
.minerva-user-menu ul li a.mw-ui-icon::before,
.header .branding-box h1 img,
.header .branding-box a img,
#mw-mf-page-left ul li a.mw-ui-icon::before,
#page-actions-overflow ul li a.mw-ui-icon::before {
filter: brightness(150%);
}
#page-actions .mw-show-on-map {
filter: invert(100%);
}
.mw-ui-icon-mf-user::before {
filter: invert(100%) brightness(300%);
}
.oo-ui-icon-funnel,
.mw-ui-icon-funnel::before,
.oo-ui-icon-wikiText,
.mw-ui-icon-wikiText::before,
.oo-ui-icon-close,
.mw-ui-icon-close::before,
.oo-ui-icon-edit,
.mw-ui-icon-edit::before,
.oo-ui-icon-eye,
.mw-ui-icon-eye::before,
.mw-ui-icon-mf-arrow:before,
.oo-ui-icon-settings,
.mw-ui-icon-settings::before,
.oo-ui-indicator-down,
.oo-ui-decoratedOptionWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-iconElement-icon,
.oo-ui-decoratedOptionWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator,
.oo-ui-buttonElement.oo-ui-iconElement .oo-ui-iconElement-icon,
.oo-ui-buttonElement.oo-ui-indicatorElement .oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator,
.client-js .mw-echo-special-nojs,
.mwe-math-fallback-image-inline,
.oo-ui-icon-check,
.mw-ui-icon-check:before,
.uls-search-label,
.central-textlogo a > img {
filter: invert(80%);
}
img[src*="61px-Gnome-dialog-question.svg"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) contrast(111%) brightness(150%);
}
#helpdeskheader[style*="border: 1px solid #ccc; background-color: #f9f9f9;"],
#villagepumpheader[style*="border:1px solid #AAA;background:#F9F9F9"] {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
background: none !important;
}
.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-eye,
.mw-ui-icon-eye-progressive::before,
.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-edit,
.mw-ui-icon-edit-progressive::before {
filter: invert(0);
}
/* Background fixes */
/* survey */
.ext-quick-survey-panel,
.ext-qs-loader-bar {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.minerva--amc-enabled.action-history .mw-history-compareselectedversions,
.ns-special .pre-content,
.ns-special #content form {
background-color: transparent;
}
.client-js .ambox .ambox-learn-more::before,
.ext-related-articles-card-list h3::after,
.overlay-enabled,
#mw-mf-page-center,
#content {
background: none;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterTagMultiselectWidget-mobile .oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-input.oo-ui-textInputWidget input[readonly] {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
}
table.wikitable tr,
.overlay,
.overlay.search-overlay,
.language-overlay .overlay-content,
.language-searcher .site-link-list li,
.language-searcher .panel,
.mw-rollback-link,
.mw-tag-marker,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuSectionOptionWidget,
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-outlined .oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-handle,
.ext-related-articles-card-list .ext-related-articles-card-thumb,
.ext-related-articles-card-list .ext-related-articles-card,
.image-details,
.oo-ui-dropdownInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled:hover,
.oo-ui-dropdownInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled,
.mw-widgets-datetime-dateTimeInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .mw-widgets-datetime-dateTimeInputWidget-editField:hover,
.navigation-enabled #mw-mf-page-center,
.action-history .mw-history-compareselectedversions,
.catlinks,
#mw-mf-page-left,
#mw-mf-diffview #mw-mf-userinfo {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.content table.infobox *[style*="background"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
tr[bgcolor],
td[bgcolor] {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
}
html .thumbimage {
background-color: var(--white);
}
/* popups fixes */
.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container .mwe-popups-thumbnail {
background-color: var(--white);
}
.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container a {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mwe-popups-extract::after {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, transparent, var(--gray-2) 50%);
}
.mw-mmv-ttf-ellipsis::before {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, transparent, var(--gray-2));
}
.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir="ltr"]::after {
background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, transparent, var(--gray-2));
}
/* these general selectorss have to go when adding not remove all */
td[style*="background"] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid; border-bottom-color:#8B0000; background:transparent;"] {
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--red-2) !important;
background: transparent;
}
th[bgcolor],
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuOptionWidget.oo-ui-flaggedElement-muted.oo-ui-optionWidget-highlighted,
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-outlined .mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-selected.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled,
.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-outlined .oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled,
.oo-ui-windowManager-modal > .oo-ui-dialog > .oo-ui-window-frame,
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-popupToolGroup-handle,
.wikitable > tr > th,
.wikitable > * > tr > th,
.overlay-header-container,
.overlay-footer-container,
.overlay.search-overlay .results,
.overlay.search-overlay .search-feedback,
.header-container.header-chrome,
.mw-widgets-datetime-calendarWidget,
.mw-widget-dateInputWidget-calendar,
.minoredit,
.list-header,
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationsInboxWidget-toolbarWrapper,
.mw-echo-ui-pageNotificationsOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected,
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-dropdownWidget-open .oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle,
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle,
.oo-ui-menuSelectWidget {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
th[style*="background"],
.ombox-notice[style*="background"] {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
td[style="background:#d7e8f9;"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output a.external {
color: var(--base-color);
}
/* plainlinks a.external is default style and needed */
.plainlinks a.external {
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuOptionWidget.oo-ui-flaggedElement-muted:not(.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget:hover,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget-highlighted,
.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-highlighted,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected,
.oo-ui-listToolGroup-tools .oo-ui-tool-active.oo-ui-widget-enabled,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-tool-link:active,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-tool-link:active:focus,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-tool-active > .oo-ui-tool-link,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-popupToolGroup-active > .oo-ui-tool-link,
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-popupToolGroup-handle:active,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationItemWidget:hover,
.list-thumb.list-thumb-none,
.toggle-list-item__anchor--menu:hover,
.toggle-list-item:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
}
form.mw-mf-settings #beta-field::before,
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-tool-link:hover,
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-popupToolGroup-handle:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.editor-overlay-ve.loading,
.overlay.overlay-loading,
.oo-ui-windowManager-modal > .oo-ui-dialog {
background-color: var(--gray-3_5);
}
/* ORES highlight fixes */
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-none {
background-color: var(--gray-7);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-c1,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-highlight[data-color="c1"]::before,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget li.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c1,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c1 tr:first-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c1.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c1.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+4)) {
background-color: var(--blue-2);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-c2,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-highlight[data-color="c2"]::before,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget li.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c2,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c2 tr:first-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c2.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c2.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+4)) {
background-color: var(--cyan-1);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-c3,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-highlight[data-color="c3"]::before,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget li.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3 tr:first-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+4)) {
background-color: var(--ores-1);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-c4,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-highlight[data-color="c4"]::before,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget li.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4 tr:first-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+4)) {
background-color: var(--ores-2);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-color-c5,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-highlight[data-color="c5"]::before,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget li.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c5,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget .mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c5 tr:first-child,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c5.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+2)),
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget tr.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c3.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c4.mw-rcfilters-highlight-color-c5.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested:not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-enhanced-grey) td:not(:nth-child(-n+4)) {
background-color: var(--ores-3);
}
/* Foreground fixes */
a,
a:not([href]),
.last-modified-bar a,
.page-summary a h2,
.page-summary a h3 {
color: var(--base-color);
}
.last-modified-bar a:visited {
color: var(--visited-color);
}
th[style*="color:#244C85;"] {
color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.messagebox.standard-talk {
border: 1px solid var(--brown-1) !important;
background: var(--brown-1) !important;
}
a.new,
a.new:visited,
a.new:hover,
a.new > *,
a.new:visited > *,
a.new:hover > * {
color: var(--red-1);
}
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled:hover {
color: var(--gray-7);
}
.page-list.side-list .list-thumb,
.topic-title-list.side-list .list-thumb,
.site-link-list.side-list .list-thumb,
.content figcaption,
.content .thumbcaption,
.toggle-list-item__anchor--menu:visited,
.toggle-list-item__anchor--menu:active,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget-popup-content,
.mw-widget-calendarWidget-day,
#mw-mf-page-left ul li a:active:not(.secondary-action) {
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.language-searcher .site-link-list a .autonym,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuOptionWidget.oo-ui-flaggedElement-muted .mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget-label-title,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterMenuOptionWidget.oo-ui-flaggedElement-muted .mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget-label-desc,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget-label-desc,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget-label-title,
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-flaggedElement-muted.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-labelElement-label,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-savedLinksListWidget-placeholder.oo-ui-optionWidget .oo-ui-labelElement-label,
.ext-related-articles-card-list h3 a,
.category-header li a,
.oo-ui-messageDialog-message,
.oo-ui-messageDialog-title,
.page-summary h2,
.page-summary h3,
.page-list li > a,
.topic-title-list li > a,
.site-link-list li > a,
.mw-echo-ui-menuItemWidget > .oo-ui-labelElement-label,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationItemWidget-content-actions-timestamp,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationItemWidget-content-message-header,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationsListWidget:not(:hover) a,
.oo-ui-dropdownInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled select,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button,
.oo-ui-listToolGroup-tools .oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled:hover,
.toggle-list-item__anchor--menu,
.toggle-list-item__label,
.notifications-filter-overlay .overlay-content .mw-echo-ui-crossWikiUnreadFilterWidget-subtitle,
.oo-ui-tabSelectWidget-framed .oo-ui-tabOptionWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled:hover,
#mw-mf-page-left ul li a,
#p-personal .mw-echo-ui-notificationsListWidget:not(:hover) a.new {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
td[class*="table-"] {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
/* Border fixes */
footer > .post-content > h2,
ul.mw-contributions-list li,
ul.special li,
form.mw-mf-settings .oo-ui-fieldLayout,
form.mw-mf-settings .oo-ui-fieldLayout:first-child,
.oo-ui-tagItemWidget,
.oo-ui-toolGroup,
.page-actions-menu,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-flaggedElement-muted.oo-ui-tagItemWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-filterTagMultiselectWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-tagMultiselectWidget-handle,
.client-js .mw-recentchanges-toplinks:not(.mw-recentchanges-toplinks-collapsed),
.oo-ui-windowManager-modal.oo-ui-windowManager-floating > .oo-ui-dialog > .oo-ui-window-frame,
.editor-overlay-ve .overlay-header-container .ve-init-mw-mobileArticleTarget-toolbar,
.notifications-overlay-overlay .mw-echo-ui-actionMenuPopupWidget-menu,
.oo-ui-dropdownInputWidget select,
.oo-ui-panelLayout-framed,
.mw-rollback-link,
.mw-widget-calendarWidget,
.content kbd,
.content samp,
.content code,
.content pre,
.category-header li,
.mw-tag-marker,
.ns-special .content-header,
.mw-mf-watchlist-selector li,
.header,
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle,
.oo-ui-menuSelectWidget,
.notifications-filter-overlay .overlay-content .mw-echo-ui-pageNotificationsOptionWidget,
.notifications-filter-overlay .overlay-content .mw-echo-ui-crossWikiUnreadFilterWidget,
.overlay.search-overlay .search-content,
.catlinks,
.catlinks li {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.language-searcher .site-link-list a,
.minerva-footer,
.mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget-view-namespaces,
.overlay-footer-container {
border-top-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget:not(:last-child):not(.mw-rcfilters-ui-itemMenuOptionWidget-identifier-talk),
.mw-changeslist-line,
.overlay .panel,
.content .mw-parser-output > h2,
.content .section-heading,
.content table.infobox th,
.content table.infobox td,
.action-history #pagehistory li,
.header-container,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationItemWidget:last-child {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-5);
}
blockquote,
.oo-ui-popupWidget-anchored-end .oo-ui-popupWidget-anchor::after {
border-left-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.oo-ui-popupWidget-anchored-start .oo-ui-popupWidget-anchor::after {
border-right-color: var(--gray-5);
}
/* Diff fixes */
.diff-context {
background-color: transparent;
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.diff-addedline {
border-color: var(--diff-add);
}
.diff-addedline .diffchange {
background: var(--diff-add);
}
.diff-deletedline {
border-color: var(--diff-del);
}
.diff-deletedline .diffchange {
background: var(--diff-del);
}
/* RecentChanges layout fixes (see #78) */
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget {
padding-left: .5em;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-highlighted ul li {
padding-right: .5em;
padding-left: .5em;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-highlighted .mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights {
display: block;
}
.mw-rcfilters-ui-changesListWrapperWidget-highlighted .mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights > div {
margin-right: 10px;
}
.mw-rollback-link {
margin-left: .5em;
float: right;
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
/* Other UI fixes */
.ns-special #content {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
background-image: var(--bg-selected);
}
.mw-ui-input {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
color: var(--gray-c);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 .1em var(--gray-5);
}
.search-box .search {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.toggle-list__list {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
box-shadow: 0 5px 17px 0 var(--black_25), 0 0 1px var(--gray-5);
}
.minerva--amc-enabled.action-history #pagehistory .mw-changeslist-links:not(.mw-usertoollinks):not(.mw-history-histlinks) .mw-history-undo a:hover,
.minerva--amc-enabled.action-history #pagehistory .mw-changeslist-links:not(.mw-usertoollinks):not(.mw-history-histlinks) .mw-rollback-link a:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-5);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mw-widget-dateInputWidget-handle,
.oo-ui-textInputWidget .oo-ui-inputWidget-input {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mw-widgets-datetime-dateTimeInputWidget-handle {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:active,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:active:focus,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-buttonElement-pressed > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:active {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.oo-ui-dropdownInputWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled select:hover,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-buttonElement-pressed > input.oo-ui-buttonElement-button,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:active {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
#mw-mf-page-left ul li,
#mw-mf-page-left ul .toggle-list-item,
#mw-mf-page-left .secondary-action {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
#mw-mf-page-left ul .toggle-list-item {
background-color: var(--black_2);
}
.page-list li,
.topic-title-list li,
.site-link-list li {
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.backtotop {
box-shadow: .1em .2em .3em var(--gray-5);
}
.mbox-small.plainlinks.sistersitebox,
.mbox-small.wikipedia-books {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.overlay textarea {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.oo-ui-barToolGroup-tools.oo-ui-toolGroup-enabled-tools .oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-disabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary > .oo-ui-tool-link,
.oo-ui-barToolGroup-tools.oo-ui-toolGroup-disabled-tools .oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary > .oo-ui-tool-link,
.overlay-header .header-action .continue[disabled],
.overlay-header .header-action .submit[disabled],
.overlay-header .header-action .progressive[disabled],
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-disabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button {
background-color: var(--gray-5);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.minerva--amc-enabled.action-history #pagehistory .mw-changeslist-links:not(.mw-usertoollinks):not(.mw-history-histlinks) .mw-history-undo a,
.minerva--amc-enabled.action-history #pagehistory .mw-changeslist-links:not(.mw-usertoollinks):not(.mw-history-histlinks) .mw-rollback-link a,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover,
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle:hover,
.mw-ui-button:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
footer .last-modified-bar,
.overlay .content-header {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border-bottom-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.last-modified-bar.active,
.oo-ui-toolbar-bar,
.hatnote,
.dablink,
.rellink,
.client-js .ambox {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.action-history #pagehistory .mw-changeslist-links:not(.mw-usertoollinks):not(.mw-history-histlinks) .mw-history-undo a,
.action-history #pagehistory .mw-changeslist-links:not(.mw-usertoollinks):not(.mw-history-histlinks) .mw-rollback-link a,
.oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button,
.previewnote p,
.mw-revision,
.mw-ui-button {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mw-parser-output .divbox-gray,
.mw-parser-output .divbox-grey {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.oo-ui-popupWidget-popup,
.oo-ui-popupToolGroup-tools,
.content table.infobox,
.ve-mobile-fakeToolbar-container {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.ip-label-container,
.client-js .toc-mobile,
.mw-echo-ui-notificationItemWidget,
.mw-ext-score-popup::after,
#toc {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.client-js body.mw-rcfilters-ui-loading .mw-changeslist {
opacity: .7;
}
kbd.keyboard-key {
background: var(--gray-18) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
color: var(--gray-9a) !important;
}
div#editpage-specialchars a,
body div.ui-dialog .ui-widget-header {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
/* Animation fixes */
.oo-ui-tool.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-tool-link {
-webkit-transition: none;
-moz-transition: none;
transition: none;
}
.oo-ui-pendingElement-pending {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(135deg, var(--black) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, var(--black) 50%, var(--black) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(135deg, var(--black) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, var(--black) 50%, var(--black) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--black) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, var(--black) 50%, var(--black) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
}
@-webkit-keyframes unseen-fadeout-to-unread {
from {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
}
to {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
}
@keyframes unseen-fadeout-to-unread {
from {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
}
to {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
}
@-webkit-keyframes unseen-fadeout-to-read {
from {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
}
to {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
}
@keyframes unseen-fadeout-to-read {
from {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
}
to {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
}
#mw-panel .portal:not(#p-navigation) .body {
background-image: linear-gradient(to top, transparent, var(--gray-c));
background-size: auto 1px;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("wikipedia.org") {
/*** Navigation menu logo ***/
#p-logo a {
background-position: center -155px !important;
display: table-cell !important;
vertical-align: middle !important;
}
#p-logo a::before,
#p-logo a::after {
display: block !important;
background: inherit !important;
content: "" !important;
}
#p-logo a::before {
background-position: center 0 !important;
filter: brightness(90.5%) !important;
height: 108px !important;
}
#p-logo a::after {
background-position: center -108px !important;
filter: invert(90.5%) !important;
height: 47px !important;
}
a.image img[src*="Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg"] {
background-color: inherit !important;
}
a.image img[src*="Wikipedia_wordmark.svg"] {
filter: invert(1) brightness(90%);
}
/* Article assessment colors */
.assess-fa-text,
.assess-fl-text {
color: var(--assess-1) !important;
}
.assess-a-text,
.assess-al-text {
color: var(--assess-2) !important;
}
.assess-ga-text {
color: var(--assess-3) !important;
}
.assess-b-text,
.assess-bl-text {
color: var(--assess-4) !important;
}
.assess-c-text,
.assess-cl-text {
color: var(--assess-5) !important;
}
.assess-start-text {
color: var(--assess-6) !important;
}
.assess-stub-text,
.assess-sl-text {
color: var(--assess-7) !important;
}
.assess-list-text {
color: var(--assess-8) !important;
}
.assess-bplus-text {
color: var(--assess-9) !important;
}
.assess-dab-text,
.assess-setindex-text {
color: var(--assess-10) !important;
}
.assess-cur-text {
color: var(--assess-11) !important;
}
.assess-future-text {
color: var(--assess-12) !important;
}
/* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML fixes */
td[style*="background: #FFFF66;"] {
background: var(--yellow-2) !important;
}
td[style*="background: #ffd6ff;"] {
background: var(--pink-3) !important;
}
a.image img[src*="System-installer.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Graduation_cap"],
a.image img[src*="Crystal_kcontrol"],
a.image img[src*="Wikipedia_New_page_reviewer.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Scale_of_justice_2.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Crystal_kthememgr.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Question_book-new.svg"] {
background: inherit !important;
}
/* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML syntax fixes */
.mw-highlight {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
}
.mw-highlight .c1 {
color: var(--cm-8);
}
.mw-highlight .nv,
.mw-highlight .nn {
color: var(--cm-5);
}
.mw-highlight .no {
color: var(--cm-13);
}
.mw-highlight .nc {
color: var(--cm-6);
}
.mw-highlight .k,
.mw-highlight .nt {
color: var(--cm-8);
}
.mw-highlight .mh,
.mw-highlight .p {
color: var(--cm-14);
}
.mw-highlight .mi {
color: var(--cm-9) !important;
}
.mw-highlight .kd {
color: var(--cm-15);
}
.mw-highlight .gh {
color: var(--cm-5) !important;
}
.mw-highlight .nf {
color: var(--cm-4);
}
.mw-highlight .kt {
color: var(--cm-15);
}
.mw-highlight .na {
color: var(--cm-8);
}
.mw-highlight .s {
color: var(--cm-13);
}
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl {
border: 0;
}
div[style*="border:2px solid #90C0FF; background:#F0F0FF;"] hr {
background-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl {
background: inherit;
}
table.cmbox-notice {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .current-events-sidebar > div:not(.mw-collapsible-content) {
background-color: initial;
}
}
@-moz-document regexp("https?:\/\/([\w\-]{2,}\.)?wikidata\.org\/.*") {
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.mw-parser-output .wd-mp-headerbox,
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.ui-entityselector-list .ui-entityselector-more,
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ul.wikibase-snaktypeselector-menu.ui-menu,
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.wikibase-sitelinkgroupview,
.ui-widget.ui-suggester-list,
.articlepreview.open {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
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.wikibase-statementgrouplistview .wikibase-statementgroupview-property,
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li.wikibase-sitelinkview.listview-item span.wikibase-sitelinkview-siteid-container,
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border-color: var(--purple-2);
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}
table[style="box-shadow: 0 0 .2em #999; background-color:white;"] {
box-shadow: 0 0 .2em var(--gray-4) !important;
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #90EE90"] {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
}
p {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
th.navbox-title[style*="background: #CDDDDD;"],
th.navbox-title div {
background: var(--gray-2f) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-2f) !important;
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th.navbox-group,
th.navbox-title abbr,
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background: var(--gray-2f) !important;
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background: none !important;
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td[style*="background: #EFFFFF;"] {
background: var(--ores-1) !important;
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td[style*="#90EE90"] {
border-color: var(--green-2) !important;
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background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
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background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
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box-shadow: 0 0 .3em var(--gray-7);
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}
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background-color: var(--gray-2);
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color: var(--gray-c);
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color: var(--gray-9a);
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html,
body {
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background-image: var(--bg-selected) !important;
background-clip: border-box !important;
background-origin: padding-box !important;
background-attachment: var(--bg-attachment) !important;
color: var(--gray-9a);
/*[[bg-options]]*/
}
.wikibase-queryservice {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
#query-box .status .list-group-item-success {
background-color: var(--green-2);
color: var(--green-1);
text-decoration-color: var(--green-1);
}
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border-right: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
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color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.navbar-default {
background: var(--gray-18);
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
}
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.navbar-default {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
#execute-button {
background: var(--base-color);
border: 2px solid var(--base-color);
}
#execute-button:hover {
background: var(--base-color);
border-color: var(--base-color);
opacity: .9;
}
#query-box .status .list-group-item-danger {
background-color: var(--red-0);
color: var(--red-1);
text-decoration-color: var(--red-1);
}
#query-box .status .badge {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
}
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background: var(--gray-2);
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
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border-bottom: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
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background: var(--gray-2);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.btn-default:hover {
background: var(--gray-3);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-b9);
}
.nav .open > a,
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.nav .open > a:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
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background: var(--gray-2);
}
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background-color: var(--gray-2);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
box-shadow: 0 6px 12px var(--black_17);
}
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background-color: var(--gray-4);
}
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color: var(--gray-9a);
}
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background: var(--gray-3);
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.btn-default.active,
.btn-default:active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-default {
color: var(--gray-e);
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.btn-default.active.focus,
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color: var(--gray-e);
background-color: var(--gray-3);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
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a,
a:hover,
div.tagCloud span a,
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color: var(--base-color);
}
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text-shadow: 0 1px 0 var(--white_25);
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
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color: var(--gray-9a);
background-color: transparent;
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border: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
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border-color: var(--gray-4);
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color: var(--gray-9a);
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color: var(--gray-9a);
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input.select2-search__field[type="search"] {
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border-color: var(--gray-4);
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opacity: .8;
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color: var(--gray-e);
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border: 1px solid var(--black_2);
box-shadow: 0 3px 9px var(--gray-6_5);
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}
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color: var(--gray-9a);
background-color: var(--gray-2);
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color: var(--gray-9a);
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border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
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.popover {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border-color: var(--gray-4);
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 5px 10px var(--black_2);
box-shadow: 0 5px 10px var(--black_2);
}
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border-color: var(--gray-4);
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border-left-color: var(--gray-18);
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color: inherit;
border-color: var(--gray-4);
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width: 120px !important;
height: 120px !important;
margin-left: 30px !important;
background-size: cover;
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#p-logo:before {
content: "Wiktionary";
margin-left: 40px !important;
font-size: 20px;
color: var(--gray-a);
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content: "The free Dictionary";
margin-left: 26px !important;
font-size: 14px;
color: var(--gray-a);
vertical-align: text-top;
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span a img[src*="Wikinews_commentary"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(150%) !important;
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background-color: transparent !important;
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div.mw-editnotice div,
[id*="Translations-"] .NavContent,
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.mw-htmlform-ooui-wrapper.oo-ui-layout,
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background-color: var(--gray-2);
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background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
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span[style*="background-color: rgb(248, 248, 255)"] {
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table[style*="background-color:#E9E9FF; width: 100%; border: 3px solid #AAAAEE;"] {
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border: 3px solid var(--purple-2) !important;
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table[style*="border:3px solid #AABBDD; background:#E9F3FF;"] {
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border: 3px solid var(--blue-4) !important;
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div[style*="border: 3px solid #AAAAAA;padding:5px;background-color: #F0F0F0"] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
border: 3px solid var(--gray-4) !important;
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td[style*="border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;padding:5px;background-color: #FFFFFF"] {
border-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
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border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead {
color: var(--gray-e);
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead,
details.NavFrame summary.NavHead {
background: var(--gray-4);
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead:hover,
details.NavFrame summary.NavHead:hover {
background: var(--gray-5);
}
.NavContent .translations form span[style*="color"],
.list-switcher-element a[role="button"] {
color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
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background-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
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*[style*="background:#e0e0b0"],
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background-color: var(--pink-1) !important;
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background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
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background-color: var(--orange-3) !important;
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*[style*="background:#ECECEC"],
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*[style*="background: #e2f6e2"],
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background-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
div.CategoryTreeItem,
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#d9ebff"],
:not(.color_swatch) > *[style*="background:#e0e0e0"],
*[style*="background:#DEDEDE"] {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
table.inflection-table[style*="color: rgb(0%,0%,30%)"] {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.HQToggle::before,
.NavToggle::before,
.HQToggle::after,
.NavToggle::after {
color: var(--base-color);
}
td[style*="background-color:#ffffe0"] {
background-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
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.trreq {
background-color: var(--green-4);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("es.wikipedia.org") {
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background-image: linear-gradient(to right, var(--gray-28) 10%, var(--gray-2) 70%, transparent 100%);
}
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background-image: linear-gradient(to left, transparent, var(--gray-2_75) 10% 50%, transparent 70%);
}
.mw-parser-output .main-top,
.mw-parser-output .main-box {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4);
}
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
h5,
h6,
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color: var(--gray-a);
}
a.image img[src*="Science"] {
background: inherit !important;
filter: brightness(280%);
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a.image img[src*="History2"],
a.image img[src*="Vote"],
a.image img[src*="Tecno"] {
background: inherit !important;
}
td[style*="border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#FFFAF0;"] {
background-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
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td[style*="border:1px solid #dfdfdf; background-color:#FFFFFF"] {
background-color: var(--gray-19) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #EEEEEE"] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
.ambox-notice {
border-top: 5px solid var(--blue-1) !important;
}
th[style*="background-color: #F8EABA"],
td[style*="background-color:#F8EABA"] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
}
th[style*="border:1px solid #C0C090"],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #C0C090"] {
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 1px solid #e6e6e6"] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div[style*="border-color:red"] {
border: 4px solid var(--red-1) !important;
}
.not-patrolled {
background-color: var(--brown-4);
}
.mw-tag-marker {
background-color: var(--brown-2);
}
.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-optionWidget,
.footer-sidebar-text,
.site-license,
.oo-ui-dropdownWidget.oo-ui-widget-enabled .oo-ui-dropdownWidget-handle {
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-selected.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-highlighted,
.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-pressed.oo-ui-menuOptionWidget.oo-ui-optionWidget-highlighted {
color: var(--base-color);
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@-moz-document domain("it.wikipedia.org") {
td[style*="background:white"],
td[style*="background:#FDFFFF"],
td[style*="background:#f0eeff"] {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
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.mw-parser-output .navbox_odd {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .navbox_even {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
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.mw-parser-output .nota-disambigua {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
td[style*="border:1px solid #a7d7f9"] {
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
p img[src*="bg_rounded"] {
opacity: 0;
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td[style*="background:#F5FAFF;" i] div,
td[style*="background:#F5FAFF;" i] td {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
td[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #a7d7f9"],
div[style*="border-top: 1px solid #a7d7f9"] {
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
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td[style*="background-color:#F0DFFE"],
table[style*="background:#f5faff"],
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background: var(--purple-0) !important;
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div[style*="border:1px solid #c6c9ff"],
div[style*="border-top:1px solid #c6c9ff"],
div[style*="border-top: 1px solid #D0B0FF"],
td[style*="border:1px solid #D0B0FF"] {
border-color: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
div[style*="background:#ffeedd"] table tr,
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:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#FFFFDD"] {
background: var(--brown-3) !important;
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div[style*="border:3px solid #ffdd44"] {
border-color: var(--yellow-1) !important;
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:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#FFFF66"] {
background: var(--brown-4) !important;
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.sinottico_testata th,
.sinottico th,
.sinottico_piede,
.mw-parser-output .cassetto > div:first-of-type {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
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th[style*="background:#f5f5f5"],
td[style*="background: #EFEFEF" i] {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
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th[style*="background:#FFC0C0" i] {
background-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
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.mw-parser-output .CdA th {
background-color: var(--blue-3);
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th[style*="background:#4d97c6"],
th[style*="background-color:#ccf" i],
th[style*="background:#ddf"],
th[style*="background-color: #6495ED" i],
th[style*="background:#75ACE6" i],
th[style*="background:#90bae6"],
th[style*="background-color: #ABCDEF" i],
th[style*="background: #ABCDEF" i],
td[style*="background:#ABCDEF" i],
th[style*="background:#99b3ff"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
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th[style*="background:#b0c4de"],
th[style*="background: #68BAFD" i],
th[style*="background:lightblue"],
th[style*="background-color:lightblue"],
th[style*="background:#ABCDEF" i],
th[style*="background:#ccccff"],
th[style*="background:#9AA7C6" i],
td[style*="background:#9AA7C6" i],
th[style*="background:#87cefa"],
td[style*="background:#87cefa"],
th[style*="background:#DDEEFF" i],
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background-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
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th[style*="background:#CFB53B" i] {
background-color: var(--brown-4) !important;
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th[style*="background-color: #FFFF80" i],
th[style*="background-color:#fafad2"],
th[style*="background:#ffe0a0"],
th[style*="background:#F0DC82" i] {
background-color: var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#90ee90"] {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#9fd391"],
td[style*="background:#9fd391"],
th[style*="background-color:#bcf5bc"] {
background-color: var(--green-3) !important;
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th[style*="background:#E08070" i] {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
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th[style*="background:#f984e5"] {
background-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
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background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
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background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
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@-moz-document domain("de.wiktionary.org") {
div.mw-parser-output h2,
div.mw-parser-output h3 {
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table[style*="background-color:#F5FAFE"],
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a.image img[src*="37_Fides_symbol"],
a.image img[src*="Familiae_Augustae_Franconicae_Genealogia_%28ca._1650%29_tabula_ad_p.10_%28excerpt%29"] {
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filter: invert(90%) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(90%) contrast(100%);
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a.image img[src*="SARS-CoV-2_without_background"] {
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/* fix border due to image inversion in above rule */
a.image img[src*="Familiae_Augustae_Franconicae_Genealogia_%28ca._1650%29_tabula_ad_p.10_%28excerpt%29"],
a.image img[src*="37_Fides_symbol"],
img[src*="Kreuz_als_Fu%C3%9Fnotenzeichen_in_Henderson"] {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-c) !important;
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input::placeholder,
textarea::placeholder {
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font[color="#686868"] {
color: var(--gray-9a) !important;
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table > * > tr.hintergrundfarbe1 > th,
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table.hintergrundfarbe1,
table.hintergrundfarbe2,
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table > * > tr.hintergrundfarbe5 > th,
table > * > tr > th.hintergrundfarbe5,
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.mw-parser-output div.NavHead {
background-color: var(--gray-5);
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td[style*="background:#CEDAF2"],
.headerSort[style="background-color:#B3B7FF"] {
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#Dokumentation\.Info[style*="border: #B3B7FF 3px solid"],
#Vorlagendokumentation[style*="border: #B3B7FF 3px solid"],
#TemplateData[style*="border:2px solid #B3B7FF"] {
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table.rahmenfarbe3 {
border: 1px solid var(--red-2) !important;
border-width: thick !important;
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.editMenus-button {
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border-color: var(--gray-5);
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.editMenus-button:hover {
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border-color: var(--base-color);
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div[style*="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: both; color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"] {
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background: var(--gray-28) !important;
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div[style*="border:1px solid #CCD2D9"] {
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div[style*="border:1px solid #8898bf"] {
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tr[style*="background-color:#ABCDEF"] {
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tr[style*="border:1px solid #ABCDEF"] {
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a.menuSwitcher-help-button[style*="background-color: rgb(0, 128, 0)"] {
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padding: 2px 4px !important;
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div[style*="#DFDFDF; padding:1em; background:white;"],
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td[style*="background:#fffff0"] {
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table[style*="background:#ffffff; border: 1px solid #b5b5b5"] {
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table[style*="border: 5px solid #E5E5E5; font-size:95%; background:#E5E5E5"] {
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background-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
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table[style^="background:#fffff"] td > table[style*="background:#E5E5E5;"] {
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td[style*="background:#fff"] b,
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@-moz-document domain("fa.wikipedia.org") {
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border-bottom-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
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figure[typeof~="mw:Video/Frame"],
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div[style*="border-color: #AAA; background-color: #FFF;"] {
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div.infobox_v3,
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tr.gris-hover:hover {
background: var(--brown-4);
}
[class*="ns-"] #content {
border-left: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
span.accueil_WIKI {
color: var(--gray-d);
}
span.accueil_NEWS {
color: var(--gray-7);
}
div.bord_VOUS {
border-top: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #00AF89;"] {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #36C;"] {
background: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #D33;"] {
background: var(--red-3) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #F16633;"] {
background: var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #FFFFFF;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#a7d7f9;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#D8D8D8;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#a7c6d1;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
.bandeau-niveau-ebauche,
.bandeau-niveau-information {
border-color: var(--blue-4);
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
a img[src*="GClef.svg"],
a img[src*="Black_Ribbon.svg"],
a img[src*="Biohazard_symbol.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Society.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Sports_icon_block_1.png"],
a.image img[src*="Crime.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Factory.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Euro_symbol_black.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Biohazard_symbol.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Do_dans_huit_clefs.svg"] {
filter: invert(1) brightness(70%) contrast(90%);
}
a.image img[src*="Bullseye1.png"],
a.image img[src*="%28orthographic_projection%29.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary"],
a.image img[src*="Nuvola_apps_kchart"],
a.image img[src*="Sciences_exactes"],
a.image img[src*="Gnome-applications-science"],
a.image img[src*="Wiki-black.png"],
a.image img[src*="P_culture"],
a.image img[src*="Sport_balls.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Terra"],
a.image img[src*="View-refresh.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Scale_of_justice_2.svg"],
a.image img[src*="P_parthenon.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Weather-clear.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Weather-heavy-overcast.svg"] {
background: inherit !important;
}
a.image img[src*="Wikinews_Africa"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(150%) contrast(69%);
}
div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt {
background-color: var(--brown-3);
border-color: var(--brown-2);
}
div[style*="background-color:#e5edff;color:#000;padding: .3em .5em;border:2px solid #5f90fd;border-bottom:2px solid #5f90fd;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
td[style*="background:#e1edff; border: 1px solid #bfd7ff;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
td[style="border-left: 1px solid #bfd7ff;border-right: 1px solid #bfd7ff;border-bottom: 1px solid #bfd7ff;"],
td[style*="border:1px solid #0B0B61;"] {
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div.image_une {
border-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
font[color="#000080"] {
color: var(--blue-1);
}
span[style="color:#005500"] {
color: var(--green-1) !important;
}
#content a:hover span[style="color:#005500"] {
color: var(--green-1) !important;
}
td[style="border: 1px solid #9f8f9f; padding: .5em 1em 1em; color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff"] {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div[style="border: 1px solid #cfcfbf;padding: .5em 1em 1em; color: #000000; background-color: #ffffff"] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
td[style*="color: #000000; background-color: #f8f8ff"] {
color: var(--gray-9a) !important;
}
table[style*="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:#eeeeff;"] {
background-color: var(--purple-0) !important;
border-color: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #999; border-right: 2px solid #999; border-bottom: 2px solid #999; background:#fff;"] {
border-color: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
table[style*="border-top: 1px solid #99b2cc; border-right: 2px solid #99b2cc; border-bottom: 2px solid #99b2cc; border-left: 1px solid #99b2cc"],
.mw-parser-output table.entete_cafe {
border: 2px solid var(--blue-3) !important;
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
.deroule_cafe div[style*="background-color"],
.deroule_cafe div[style*="background: #ffffff"] {
border-right: 1px solid var(--gray-4) !important;
border-left-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
border-top-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--gray-4) !important;
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
mark {
background-color: var(--brown-2);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
div[style*="background-color:#f9f9f9; color:black;"] {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
table.entete_cafe td {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.mw-electronpdfservice-selection-form label {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-a);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("no.wikipedia.org") {
.infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th,
.infoboks tr.rad td,
.infoboks tr.bilde td,
.infoboks tr.overskrift td {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("pl.wikipedia.org") {
[id*="main-page-column"],
#main-page-sister-projects,
#main-page-wikimedia {
background: var(--gray-18);
}
#mw-content-text .cytat,
.mw-parser-output .naglowek,
tr[style$="background:#fff;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.infobox .grafika {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
#main-page-welcome strong {
color: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .naglowek {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
#main-page #main-page-content h2 {
background: linear-gradient(to right, var(--blue-1) 0%, transparent 90%);
background-image: none;
border-radius: 18px;
}
#main-page #main-page-column1,
#main-page #main-page-column2,
#main-page #main-page-footer .section.blue {
border-color: var(--blue-1);
}
#main-page #main-page-footer h2 {
background: linear-gradient(to right, var(--green-3) 0%, transparent 90%);
background-image: none;
border-radius: 18px;
}
#main-page #main-page-footer .section {
border-color: var(--green-3);
}
#main-page #main-page-header,
#main-page #main-page-wiki-events,
.infobox > caption {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.tool-button {
filter: invert(60%) brightness(140%);
}
tr[style*="background:white"],
td[style*="background-color:white"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: white"] {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#f8f8f8"] {
background: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
tr[style*="border-top:1px solid #aaa"],
td[style*="border:1px solid #aaa"] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output table.duchowny-kardynal td.naglowek,
.mw-parser-output table.duchowny-kardynal tr.naglowek {
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
background: var(--red-3) !important;
}
.global-nav td:hover,
.global-nav td:focus {
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
td[style*="border: #0645AD solid"] {
border-color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.cytat.box {
background-color: var(--gray-1) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.portal-naglowek {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.portal-sekcja {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.takson-rosliny .naglowek td > span {
color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
.infobox.jezyk .naglowek,
.infobox > tbody > tr:not([style]) > th:not([colspan]):not([style]):not(.infobox-label) {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.infobox.jezyk .naglowek,
.mw-parser-output div.cytat,
.navbox-abovebelow.hlist {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
table.navbox.v2 tr + tr > .navbox-grafika {
border-color: var(--gray-2);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("pt.wikipedia.org") {
table[style*="background: #f5faff"] td[style*="color: #000"],
span[style*="color:#595959"],
div[style*="color: #00002d"] {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
div[style*="color: #000000"] {
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
.infobox_v2 .topo,
.infobox_v2 {
color: var(--gray-d);
}
.wb-langlinks-link > a:link,
.wb-langlinks-link > a:visited {
color: var(--visited-color) !important;
}
td[style*="background: #f5faff"],
table[style*="background: #f5faff"],
th[style*="background-color: #eee" i],
td[style*="background: #e6e6e6"],
ul[style*="background-color: #F9F9F9" i],
td[style*="background-color: white" i],
td[style*="background: #fff" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#FFFFFF"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
table[style*="background: #FFFFFF" i],
td[style*="background: #F5F5F5" i] {
background: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
table[style*="background: transparent" i],
td[style*="background: #fff" i] {
background: transparent !important;
}
tr[style*="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)" i],
th[style*="background-color:#E8E8E8" i],
td[style*="background-color: #E8E8E8" i],
td[style*="background:white" i] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
tr[style*="background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247)" i] {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
ul[style*="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #ccd2d9" i],
table[style*="border: 0.6px solid #a2a9b1" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #A3B1BF" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #b5cde3" i],
table[style*="border: 1px solid #ccd2d9" i],
table[style*="border: 1px #ccd2d9 solid" i],
td[style*="border-top: 1px solid #ccd2d9" i],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #6688AA" i],
td[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #EBEBEB" i],
td[style*="border-top: 1px solid #ccd2d9" i],
td[style*="border-top: 1px solid #b5cde3" i],
td[style*="border:1px solid gray" i],
td[style*="border-left:1px solid #cccccc" i],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #A3B1BF" i],
td[style*="border-left: 1px solid #ccc" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #a3b0bf" i],
div[style*="border: solid #aaa 1px" i],
div[style*="border:solid #F0F0F0" i],
div[style*="border: #aaa 1px solid" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #cccccc" i],
div[style*="border-top: 1px solid #ccd2d9; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccd2d9" i] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
td[style*="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd" i] {
border-left-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
th[style*="border-bottom: 1px solid #c0c090" i],
#talkheader > tbody > tr > td[style*="border-top: 1px solid #c0c090" i] {
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
td[style*="border: 1px solid #cedff2" i],
div[style*="border: 2px solid #A3BFB1" i],
div[style*="border: 1.5px solid #A3BFB1" i],
div[style*="border: 1.5px solid #CEDFF2" i] {
border-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 2px solid #CEDFF2" i] {
border-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
h2[style*="border: 1px solid #A3B1BF" i],
div[style*="border:2px solid #B8C7D9" i],
div[style*="border: 1px solid #c0c0c0" i],
div[style*="border: 1px solid #A3BFB1 solid" i],
table[style*="border:2px #A3B1BF solid" i],
div[style*="border:2px solid #A3B1BF" i],
td[style*="border-bottom:1px #A3B1BF solid" i],
th[style*="border: 1px solid #B1CDEB" i],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #cedff2" i],
table[style*="border:2px solid #9ebadf" i],
td[style*="border:2px solid #9EBADF" i],
div[style*="border:1px solid #808080" i] {
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div.mw-inputbox-centered[style*="background-color: #f8f8ff"] {
background-color: transparent !important;
}
h2[style*="background: #C6DEFE" i],
th[style*="background-color:#B0C4DE" i],
table[style*="background:#E6F2FF" i],
td[style*="background:#F5FAFF" i] table#toc tbody,
th[style*="background: #cedff2" i],
table[style*="background:#CEDFF2" i],
table[style*="background:#f1f5fc" i],
td[style*="background-color:#f1f5fc" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #F5FAFF" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#E6F2FF" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#99CCFF" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#E8F1FF" i] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
/* also fix padding within #atalho a bit */
#atalho {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
padding: 0 10px;
}
.mw-parser-output .main-page-block-heading {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.mw-parser-output .main-page-block-contents {
border-top: 3px solid var(--gray-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .main-page-first-row > div {
background-color: var(--brown-3);
}
.mw-parser-output .main-page-second-row > div {
background-color: var(--green-4);
}
td[style*="background:#408040" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#B5DFD3" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #008000" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#80C080" i] {
background-color: var(--green-3) !important;
}
td[style*="border:2px solid #B7D7C7" i] {
border-color: var(--green-3) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F5FFFA" i] {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 2px solid #000000" i],
div[style*="border: 1.5px solid #000000" i] {
border-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#E6FFF2" i] {
background: var(--green-3) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#F2E6FF" i] {
background: var(--red-3) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#FFF2E6" i],
th[style*="background-color:khaki" i],
th[style*="background: khaki" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#eee8aa" i] {
background: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#FFE6F2"] {
background: var(--pink-1) !important;
}
td[style*="background:#F5FFFA" i],
td[style*="background:#F0FFF0" i] {
background: var(--green-4) !important;
}
td[style*="background:#FAF5FF" i] {
background: var(--red-0) !important;
}
td[style*="background:#FFFAF5" i],
td[style*="background-color: #EEE8AA" i] {
background: var(--brown-1) !important;
}
td[style*="background:#E6E3CF" i],
td[style*="background:#fafad2" i] {
background: var(--brown-3) !important;
}
td[style*="background:#FFF5FA" i],
th[style*="background-color: #E6E6FA" i] {
background: var(--pink-0) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F9F9F0" i] {
background-color: var(--green-a5) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F4F9F0" i] {
background-color: var(--green-a3) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F4F9F0" i] {
background-color: var(--green-a3) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F0F9F0" i] {
background-color: var(--green-a2) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F0F9F9" i] {
background-color: var(--bluei-a1) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F0F4F9" i],
th[style*="background-color: lightblue" i],
td[style*="background:#76adb7" i],
th[style*="background:#76adb7" i],
td[style*="background:#CEE0F2" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#CEDFF2" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#4682B4" i] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
tr[style*="background:#9ebadf" i],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #CEDFF2" i] {
background: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F0F0F9" i] {
background-color: var(--purple-d) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F9F0F9"] {
background-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F9F0F4"] {
background-color: var(--pink-0) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F9F0F0"] {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .main-page-third-row > div {
background-color: var(--red-0);
}
a.image img[src*="_star"],
a.image img[src*="Sciences_"],
a.image img[src*="Noia"],
a.image img[src*="icon"],
a.image img[src*="BOIN"],
a.image img[src*="Books"],
a.image img[src*="Wikibar"] {
background-color: inherit !important;
}
div img[src*="Fleche"],
a.image img[src*="Hitler_Signature2"],
a.image img[src*="Rel"] {
background-color: inherit !important;
filter: invert(1);
}
a.image img[src*="Sep"],
a.image img[src*="Das"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) contrast(85%) brightness(200%);
background-color: inherit !important;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("ru.wiktionary.org") {
.mw-wiki-logo {
filter: invert(80%);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("ru.wikipedia.org"),
domain("ru.wiktionary.org") {
.mw-parser-output .main-top,
.mw-parser-output .main-box,
#mw-page-base {
background-color: transparent;
}
.mw-parser-output .main-top-left {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, var(--gray-2) 75%, transparent);
}
.ns-0 #mw-content-text h1 {
background: transparent;
}
.mw-parser-output .main-top-right {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, transparent 30%, var(--black_5) 95%, transparent);
}
.mw-customtoggle,
.tool-button,
.mbox-image img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_info"] {
filter: invert(80%);
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#ddd"] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
div[style*="color:#111"] {
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
}
.mw-collapsible-toggle,
.mw-parser-output .shortcutbox td a img {
filter: grayscale(1) brightness(200%);
}
.mw-parser-output .main-top {
filter: brightness(80%);
}
.mw-parser-output .main-top,
.mw-parser-output .main-box {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
div#mw-panel div.portal .body {
background-image: none !important;
}
div#mw-panel div.portal h3 {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, var(--gray-5) 0%, var(--gray-5) 100%);
}
th.infobox-header[style*="background:#b0c4de;"],
th[style*="color:#fff; background:#69c;"],
tr[bgcolor="#cedff2"],
td[style*="background:#cfe3ff;"],
td[style*="background:#eaf3ff;"],
.standard > tr > th,
.standard > * > tr > th,
.wide > tr > th,
.wide > * > tr > th,
.infobox td[style*="background-color:#cedff2;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
th.infobox-above[style*="background:#cedff2;"] {
background: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
td[style*="background:#eef9ff;"],
td[style*="background: #f0faff;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
td[style*="background: #a0e0ff;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .shortcutbox td {
background-color: var(--blue-3);
}
div[style*="border: solid #a0e0ff 1px;"] {
border-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
input.mw-ui-button {
color: var(--white) !important;
}
input.mw-ui-button:hover {
opacity: .8;
}
th[style*="background:#ffd399;"] {
background: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
td[style="background:#ffffec"] {
background: var(--brown-3) !important;
}
th[style*="background:#eaecf0;"] {
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.messagebox.standard-talk,
.mw-parser-output .t-Перенесено-movedBox {
background: var(--brown-1);
border: 1px solid var(--brown-2) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output table tr td[style*="background: #edf3fe;"],
.mw-parser-output .ts-Родственные_проекты {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
td[style*="background: #f9f9f9;"],
.mw-parser-output table tr td[style*="background: #ffffff;"] {
background: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead {
background: var(--gray-18);
}
.mw-parser-output .shortcutbox-shortcutsCell.shortcutbox-shortcutsCell {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
}
.mw-parser-output table tbody tr th[style*="background:#ccccff;"] {
background: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice {
border-left-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
.standard > tr > th,
.standard > tr > td,
.standard > * > tr > th,
.standard > * > tr > td,
.wide > tr > th,
.wide > tr > td,
.wide > * > tr > th,
.wide > * > tr > td {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
div[style*="border: solid #aaa 1px;"] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
a span[style*="color"] {
color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.ns-0 .mw-disambig {
background-color: var(--red-3);
}
#ca-nstab-портал {
border-right: 0 !important;
}
.ruwiki-addSectionBottom {
color: var(--base-color);
background: var(--blue-3);
border: 1px solid var(--blue-2);
}
div[style="border-bottom: solid 2px #479429;"],
div[style*="border:1px solid #479429;"],
div[style="border-bottom: solid 2px #479429;"] {
border-color: var(--green-1) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .ts-editnotice-error {
background: var(--red-0);
border: 1px solid var(--red-1);
}
.mw-parser-output .ts-editnotice-neutral {
background: var(--gray-28);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("ru.m.wikipedia.org") {
kbd {
background: var(--gray-18) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
color: var(--gray-9a) !important;
box-shadow: .1em .2em .2em var(--gray-4) !important;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("sl.wikipedia.org") {
th[style*="color:black"],
td[style*="color:black;background:Gainsboro"] {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
background: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
td[style*="color:black;background:Gainsboro"] {
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
td[style="background:SkyBlue; color:black"] {
background: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("zh.wikipedia.org") {
mark {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.template-facttext {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("wikiversity.org") {
tr + tr > .navbox-abovebelow,
tr + tr > .navbox-group,
tr + tr > .navbox-image,
tr + tr > .navbox-list {
border-top: 2px solid var(--gray-5);
}
#wmhu-tax-banner-text {
color: var(--base-color);
}
#wmhu-tax-banner {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border: 0;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #fcfcfc"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
table[style*="border:solid #aaaaaa 1px"],
div[style*="border-color: #cccccc"],
div[style*="border: 1px solid #DEDED3"] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #E9E9E9"] {
border-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#F5F5FF"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#ffFcF1"] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
}
.navbox-even {
background: var(--gray-18);
}
td[style*="background-color: Azure; border: 1px solid RoyalBlue;"] {
background: var(--green-4) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--green-2) !important;
}
div[style*="background-color:#375acf; width: 20em; border:1px solid #999999;"] {
background-color: var(--base-color) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #f6f6f6"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #fffcf1" i],
.messagebox.standard-talk td[style*="background"],
.navbox-list.navbox-even,
.navbox-list.navbox-odd {
background-color: transparent !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#ced1fa" i] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#e6c6e6" i] {
background-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:wheat" i] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#c0eaa6"] {
background-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
div[style*="color:black"],
span[style*="color: black"],
th[style*="color:#000000"] {
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
td[style*="background-color:#FFF8FF"] {
background-color: var(--pink-0) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#E6C6E6"] {
background-color: var(--pink-1) !important;
}
select {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4);
color: var(--gray-e);
}
.search-form button[type="submit"] {
height: 22px;
}
.search-form button img {
filter: invert(1) brightness(150%);
}
div#mw-panel div.portal .body {
background-image: none !important;
}
div#mw-panel div.portal h3 {
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, var(--gray-5) 0%, var(--gray-5) 100%);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("beta.wikiversity.org") {
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:#f7f8ff"] {
background-color: var(--purple-0) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #8888aa"] {
border-color: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
table[style*="background-color:#ffffcc"] {
background-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
}
table[style*="border:1px solid #ffff77"] {
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("wikinews.org") {
h1.central-textlogo {
text-shadow: none !important;
}
span[style="color: #595959;"] {
color: var(--gray-7) !important;
}
table.xambox-type-content {
border-left: 15px solid var(--orange-1);
}
span[style="color: #8c8c8c;"] {
color: var(--gray-9a) !important;
}
span[style*="color: #000"],
span[style*="color:#000"] {
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl {
background: inherit;
border: inherit;
}
span[style*="color: #000; box-shadow: 0 0 7px #5de;"] {
color: var(--gray-e) !important;
box-shadow: 0 1px 3px var(--base-color) !important;
}
body .ui-button {
color: var(--base-color);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
background: var(--gray-28) !important;
background: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--gray-4) 0%, var(--gray-3) 90%) !important;
}
body .ui-button .ui-button-text {
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.lqt_header_content,
.lqt-thread-topmost > .lqt-post-wrapper {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.lqt-post-wrapper {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
background: var(--gray-3);
}
.thread-collapse-control a {
filter: invert(1) contrast(70%);
}
.lqt-thread-toolbar-menu ul {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
background: var(--gray-2);
}
select:not(#searchLanguage) {
background-color: var(--gray-1);
}
.search-form button[type="submit"] {
height: 22px;
}
.search-form button img {
filter: invert(1) brightness(150%);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("wikisource.org") {
.mw-wiki-logo {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(80%) contrast(140%);
}
div#editpage-specialchars a {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
img[src*="QA_icon_clr.svg"][height="18"] {
filter: none !important;
}
img[src*="Aiga_mail.svg"],
img[src*="Leaves_of_Grass_%281860%29_p4.png"] {
filter: invert(1) contrast(70%) !important;
}
a.image img[src*="Featured_article_star_-_check.svg"] {
background: inherit !important;
}
.rootpage-Wikisource_talk_Community_portal .warningbox div[style*="color:red;"] p,
.rootpage-Wikisource_talk_Community_portal .warningbox div[style*="color:red;"] p b {
color: var(--red-4) !important;
}
#navigationNotes div {
background-color: transparent !important;
}
span[style="background:#FFFFFF"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#FFFFFF"],
#mf-explore-wikisource :not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background"],
#plainSister {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color:whitesmoke"] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid lightgrey"] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.footertemplate {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
#navigationHeader > div {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
#navigationHeader {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.licFrame-top > div[style*="background"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
.licFrame-top {
border-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
.quality0 {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
border-color: var(--gray-4);
}
.quality1 {
background-color: var(--red-3);
color: var(--gray-c);
text-shadow: none;
}
.quality2 {
background: var(--purple-1);
}
.quality3 {
background: var(--yellow-1);
}
.quality4 {
background: var(--green-3);
}
#ca-proofreadPagePrevLink.icon a {
background-image: url("https://wikisource.org/w/extensions/ProofreadPage/modules/page/images/next-rtl.svg?ab6ad") !important;
}
#ca-proofreadPageNextLink.icon a {
background-image: url("https://wikisource.org/w/extensions/ProofreadPage/modules/page/images/next-ltr.svg?1aefc") !important;
}
#ca-proofreadPageIndexLink.icon a {
background-image: url("https://wikisource.org/w/extensions/ProofreadPage/modules/page/images/collapse.svg?aa8bb") !important;
}
#ca-proofreadPagePrevLink.icon a,
#ca-proofreadPageNextLink.icon a,
#ca-proofreadPageIndexLink.icon a {
filter: invert(1) brightness(80%);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("wikivoyage.org") {
.mw-parser-output .community-container {
background-color: transparent;
}
.mw-parser-output .community-container h4 span {
color: var(--white) !important;
}
.metadata.plainlinks.ombox {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
#shortcut {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.ext-related-articles-card-list .ext-related-articles-card {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.ext-related-articles-card-list h3::after {
background: none;
}
#www-wikivoyage-org .search-form fieldset {
background: none !important;
}
select#searchLanguage {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border-color: var(--gray-4);
color: var(--gray-e);
}
select#searchLanguage option[selected],
select#searchLanguage option[selected]:hover {
background-color: var(--base-color);
border-color: var(--base-color);
color: var(--gray-e);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("wikiquote.org") {
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #f8f8ff"],
#mf-qotd > div:not([style*="#fff5"]) {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 2px solid #faf9b2"],
.MainPageLetterHead {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #e2e2ff"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #e2e2ff"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #faf9b2"] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 2px solid #ffe2e2"] {
border-color: var(--pink-0) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #ffe2e2"] {
background: var(--pink-1) !important;
}
table[style="background: #fff5f5"],
div[style*="background-color: #fff5f5"] {
background: var(--pink-0) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 2px solid #e2e2ff"] {
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #f8f8ff"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #ffffec"] {
background: var(--brown-1) !important;
}
select {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-4);
color: var(--gray-e);
}
.search-form button[type="submit"] {
height: 22px;
}
.search-form button img {
filter: invert(1) brightness(150%);
}
div[style*="border: 1px solid black; background-color: #FCFCCC"] {
background-color: var(--brown-3) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-4) !important;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("wikibooks.org") {
.central-textlogo span[style*="color: #15304f"] {
color: #2a62a1 !important;
}
.central-textlogo span[style*="color: #2a62a1"] {
color: #4186d4 !important;
}
span[style*="color: #2020C0;"] {
color: var(--cm-5) !important;
}
/* define white https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Colors#The_68_standard_colors_known_to_dvips */
td[bgcolor=""] {
background-color: var(--white);
}
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl {
background: inherit;
border: inherit;
}
table.ambox-protection {
border-left: 10px solid var(--gray-7);
}
.flaggedrevs-color-1 {
background-color: var(--blue-2);
}
.PrettyTextBox {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
td[style*="border:1px solid #2a62a1; background-color:#f4eed7;"] {
background-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
table[style*="SteelBlue;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
#mp-content td {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border: thin solid var(--blue-4);
}
th[style="background: #dfefff; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccf;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
table[style*="background-color: #efe"] td {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
table[style*="border: 2px solid #ccccff" i] {
border-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
div[style*="border-top:1px solid rgb(167, 215, 249);"] {
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid #2a62a1; background-color:#9eb8d6;"],
div[style*="border-bottom:1px solid SteelBlue; background-color:LightSteelBlue;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
td[style="width:33%; padding:10px; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ddddff;"] {
background-color: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
td[style*="background:#ccccee" i],
th[style*="background-color: #dfefff" i] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
table[style*="border:solid #bbbbbb 1px" i],
table[style*="border: 2px solid #CCCCFF;"],
td[style*="border-right: 1px solid #CCCCCC"],
div[style*="border-top: 2px solid #ddd; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;"],
#mw-content-text table[style*="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170)" i] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
table[style*="background:#eeeeee" i],
table[style*="background-color: #F7F7FF" i],
#mw-content-text table[style*="background-color:#fff !important" i] * {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.collapsible[style*="background"]:not(td) {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.collapsible .title,
.collapsible tr:first-child th,
.collapsible tr:first-child td {
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
a.image img[src*="sssss"] {
background: inherit !important;
}
a.image img[src*="LaTeX_logo.svg"],
img[src*="Phacility"] {
background: inherit !important;
filter: invert(1) brightness(90%) !important;
}
img[src*="ssd"] {
background: inherit !important;
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) !important;
}
.search-form button[type="submit"] {
height: 22px;
}
.search-form button img {
filter: invert(1) brightness(150%);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("mediawiki.org") {
.mw-parser-output .tech-header {
background-color: var(--gray-28);
}
.oo-ui-icon-eye,
.oo-ui-icon-wikiText,
.oo-ui-image-progressive.oo-ui-icon-textStyle,
.mw-ui-icon-textStyle-progressive::before {
filter: grayscale(1) brightness(250%);
}
.oo-ui-indicator-up {
filter: invert(1);
}
.flow-component .flow-list li:hover {
background: var(--gray-3);
}
/* fix overflow https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User_talk:Remember_the_dot/Syntax_highlighter */
.mw-highlight-lang-javascript[style="overflow:scroll"] {
overflow: auto !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-intro {
background: var(--gray-2);
}
td[style="background: #f8f9fa"] {
background: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-forum .tech-header-tab-forum,
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-news .tech-header-tab-news,
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-ambassadors .tech-header-tab-ambassadors,
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-wikimedia-tech .tech-header-tab-wikimedia-tech,
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-wikimedia-prod .tech-header-tab-wikimedia-prod,
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-mediawiki .tech-header-tab-mediawiki {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
}
.mw-parser-output .note-info {
background-color: var(--brown-3);
border-color: var(--brown-2) !important;
}
.navbox.mw-collapsible th[style*="color:"] {
color: var(--gray-9a) !important; /* make global? */
}
.flow-post {
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-labelElement-label {
color: var(--gray-e);
}
a img[src*="Community_Noun_project"],
a img[src*="Octicons-terminal"],
a img[src*="Source_code_project"],
a img[src*="Plug-in_Noun_project"],
a img[src*="Hammer_-_Noun_project"],
a img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_message-ltr"],
a img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_book-ltr"],
a img[src*="Vitruvian_Man_Noun_project"],
.mw-hiero-table img,
.mbox-image img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_book"] {
background: inherit !important;
filter: invert(1) brightness(80%) !important;
}
table.ambox-protection {
border-left: 10px solid var(--brown-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .ts-doc-header {
background-color: var(--blue-4);
color: var(--gray-a);
}
.mw-parser-output .ts-doc-doc,
.mw-parser-output .ts-doc-footer {
background-color: var(--blue-3);
border: 1px solid var(--blue-4);
}
.mw-charinsert-buttons {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
div > .flow-menu ul,
.mw-parser-output .hubs li,
.flow-ui-navigationWidget-affixed {
background: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.flow-ui-anonWarningWidget-active {
background-color: var(--base-color);
}
.flow-ui-editorWidget-focused .flow-ui-editorWidget-editor {
border-color: var(--base-color);
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px var(--base-color);
}
.oo-ui-toolbar-position-bottom > .oo-ui-toolbar-bar {
border-top-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.flow-ui-editorWidget > .flow-ui-editorWidget-editor:not(.oo-ui-pendingElement-pending) {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("commons.wikimedia.org") {
.mw-parser-output #wdinfoboxcaption,
#mw-page-base {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .on-wikipedia {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-parser-output .discussion-menu-title {
color: var(--base-color);
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.mw-parser-output .discussion-menu {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
table[style*="border:1px solid #cccccc; background-color:#f9f9f9;"] {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4) !important;
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
.gallery .gallerybox,
#firstHeading div.fastcci-buttonset > .ui-button {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
.ui-state-active,
.ui-widget-content .ui-state-active,
.ui-widget-header .ui-state-active,
.ui-state-hover,
.ui-widget-content .ui-state-hover,
.ui-widget-header .ui-state-hover,
.ui-state-focus,
.ui-widget-content .ui-state-focus,
.ui-widget-header .ui-state-focus,
#cat_a_lot {
background: var(--gray-3);
}
.gallerytext .jFileTitle,
#firstHeading div.fastcci-buttonset > .ui-button:hover,
#Centralized_discussion tr th,
#villagepumpheader table tr th {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-welcome-sitename {
color: var(--gray-91);
}
/* this isnt actually orange in default */
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-box-orange .mainpage-box-title {
background-color: var(--brown-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-box-orange,
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-box-orange .mainpage-box-seealso {
border-color: var(--brown-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-box-green .mainpage-box-title {
background-color: var(--green-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-box-green,
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-box-green .mainpage-box-seealso {
border-color: var(--green-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-box-blue,
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-box-blue .mainpage-box-seealso {
border-color: var(--blue-3);
}
.mw-parser-output .mainpage-box-blue .mainpage-box-title,
.mw-parser-output .community-tabs td.active {
background-color: var(--blue-3);
}
.mw-parser-output .community-tabs td {
background-color: var(--blue-2);
}
body .ui-button.ui-button-green,
body .ui-button.ui-button-green:hover {
border-color: var(--green-4) !important;
background: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--green-3) 0%, var(--green-2) 90%) !important;
}
.com-mg-pagination {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.tipsy-inner {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-9a);
}
#gp_head {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
#gallerypreview > div {
background-color: var(--green-4) !important;
color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
.licensetpl_wrapper {
background-color: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
.type.fileinfo-paramfield {
background-color: var(--blue-3);
}
.layouttemplate.licensetpl,
.layouttemplate.partnershiptemplate,
#gallerypreview_container {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
/* Hack to fix Wikimedia logo on MP */
.mainpage .center > .floatnone {
background-image: url("/media/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/45px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png");
}
.mainpage .center > .floatnone > img {
opacity: 0;
}
div[style*="background:#F8F8FF; margin:0px 0px 0.5em 0px; border:1px solid #CCCCFF;"] {
background: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div[style*="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-color: #e9e9e9;"] {
background: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mw-tag-markers {
background-color: var(--brown-4);
}
a.image img[src*="Semi-protection-shackle.svg"] {
background: inherit !important;
}
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl {
background: inherit;
border: inherit;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("meta.wikimedia.org") {
.mw-wiki-logo {
filter: brightness(135%);
}
#otherlangs {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
background: var(--gray-28);
}
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-intro {
background: var(--gray-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-news .tech-header-intro {
border-color: var(--purple-2);
}
.mw-parser-output .tech-header,
.mw-parser-output .MainPage__block_heading {
background: var(--gray-28);
}
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-forum .tech-header-tab-forum,
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-news .tech-header-tab-news,
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-ambassadors .tech-header-tab-ambassadors,
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-wikimedia-tech .tech-header-tab-wikimedia-tech,
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-wikimedia-prod .tech-header-tab-wikimedia-prod,
.mw-parser-output .tech-header-currentpage-mediawiki .tech-header-tab-mediawiki {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
}
.mw-parser-output .MainPageSisterProjects__wrapper,
.mw-parser-output .MainPageSisterProjects__group {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
table .navbox-title,
.navbox th {
background: var(--purple-1) !important;
}
span.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-big[style*="background: #d33682;"] span[style*="color:#FAFAFA"],
span.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-big[style="background: #d33682;"] {
background: var(--pink-2) !important;
}
span.mw-ui-button[style*="background: #d33682;"] span[style*="color:#FAFAFA"] {
background: var(--pink-2) !important;
}
.tech-header-intro span[style*="background: #6c71c4;"] {
background: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
span.mw-ui-button[style*="background: #6c71c4;"] span[style*="color:#FAFAFA"] {
background: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
.tech-header-intro span[style*="background: #268bd2;"] {
background: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
span.mw-ui-button[style*="background: #268bd2;"] span[style*="color:#FAFAFA"] {
background: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
td[style*="border: 1px solid gray"] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.vector-menu-tabs .selected {
border-bottom: 3px solid var(--tab-color);
box-shadow: none !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .community-wishlist-header {
background: var(--blue-2);
}
.infobox[style="background: #feeeee;"] {
border-color: var(--red-3);
}
h2[style*="color:#C66; border:none;text-shadow: 1px 1px 0px #FFF;"] {
text-shadow: none !important;
color: var(--red-4) !important;
}
h2[style*="color:#6B6; border:none;text-shadow: 1px 1px 0px #FFF;"] {
text-shadow: none !important;
color: var(--green-1) !important;
}
h2[style*="color:#6BB; border:none;text-shadow: 1px 1px 0px #FFF;"],
h3[style*="color:#6BB; border:none;text-shadow: 1px 1px 0px #FFF;"] {
text-shadow: none !important;
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #eee8d5"] {
background: var(--brown-3) !important;
border-color: var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
.rootpage-Tech div[style*="background:#fdf6e3"] tbody tr td {
background: var(--brown-3) !important;
border-color: var(--brown-1) !important;
}
table[style="background: #feeeee;"] {
background-color: var(--red-0) !important;
}
tr[style="background-color:#AAFFD5"] {
background-color: var(--bluei-a0) !important;
}
tr[style="background-color:#AAFFFF"] {
background-color: var(--bluei-a1) !important;
}
tr[style="background-color:#BBFFF1"] {
background-color: var(--bluei-a2) !important;
}
tr[style="background-color:#CCFFE4"] {
background-color: var(--bluei-a3) !important;
}
tr[style*="background-color:#E3FFAA"] {
background-color: var(--green-a0) !important;
}
tr[style="background-color:#C6FFAA"] {
background-color: var(--green-a1) !important;
}
tr[style="background-color:#AAFFAA"] {
background-color: var(--green-a2) !important;
}
tr[style="background-color:#DDFFD6"] {
background-color: var(--green-a3) !important;
}
tr[style="background-color:#EEFFC9"] {
background-color: var(--green-a4) !important;
}
tr[style="background-color:#FFFFBB"] {
background-color: var(--green-a5) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#FFFFFF"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
}
td[style="border-bottom:2px solid; background:#6EB4EB;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
border-color: var(--green-3) !important;
}
td[style="border-bottom:2px solid; background:#cfefcf;"] {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
border-color: var(--green-3) !important;
}
td[bgcolor="#cfefcf"] {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
}
th[bgcolor="#FFC1C1"] {
background-color: var(--red-3) !important;
}
th[bgcolor="#B4EEB4"] {
background-color: var(--green-2) !important;
}
th[bgcolor="#C6E2FF"] {
background-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 2px solid red; background-color: #F1F1DE;"] {
background-color: var(--red-0) !important;
border-color: var(--red-1) !important;
}
.mw-editTools > .mw-charinsert-buttons a {
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
border: thin solid var(--blue-4);
}
div[style*="background:#F5FAFF;border:1px solid #AAA"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div[style*="background:#F9FCFF;border:1px solid #8EB4E6;"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div[style*="background-color:#8EB4E6;"] {
background-color: var(--blue-4) !important;
}
div[style*="background:#F9FCFF;border:3px solid #8EB4E6"] {
background-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-color: var(--blue-3) !important;
}
span[style*="background:#cedff2;color:#11e"] {
background: var(--blue-3) !important;
color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
div[style*="border:1px solid #ADF;background:#EEF;"] {
background-color: var(--purple-0) !important;
border-color: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
div[style*="background:#FFF;border:1px solid #AAA"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
div[style*="border-bottom: 3px solid; color:#FFCBA4;"],
div[style="border-bottom: 3px solid; color: #FF0000;"] {
border-bottom-color: var(--red-3) !important;
}
div[style="border-bottom: 3px solid; color:#9370DB;"],
div[style="border-bottom: 3px solid; color: #9932CC;"] {
border-bottom-color: var(--purple-2) !important;
}
div[style="border-bottom: 3px solid; color:#FFD700;"],
div[style="border-bottom: 3px solid; color: #FFA500;"] {
border-bottom-color: var(--yellow-1) !important;
}
table[style*="border-color:#EFEFEF;"] {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5) !important;
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background:#CFC;"] {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
border-color: var(--green-3) !important;
color: var(--gray-a);
}
td[style*="background:#CCC;"],
td[style*="background:#AAA;"] {
background: var(--gray-4) !important;
}
.mw-parser-output .privacy-policy-navigation-2 {
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
background-color: var(--gray-28);
}
span[style="color:#252525;border-bottom:1px dotted #C9C9C9"] {
color: var(--gray-a) !important;
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
.mw-charinsert-buttons {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
a.image img[src*="Globe_of_letters.png"],
a.image img[src*="QA_icon_clr.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg"],
a.image img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_alert-warning.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Nuvola_apps_important.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Wikispecies-logo"],
a.image img[src*="Wikimedia_movement_affiliates"],
a.image img[src*="Wikibooks-logo.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Wikimedia_chapters_existing_and_regional"],
a.image img[src*="Wikinews-logo-en.png"],
a.image img[src*="Wikipedia-logo.png"],
a.image img[src*="Wikiquote-logo.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Wikisource-logo.png"],
a.image img[src*="Commons-logo.svg"],
a.image img[src*="WMF_open_door.png"],
a.image img[src*="WMF_chart.png"],
a.image img[src*="WMF_share.png"],
a.image img[src*="WMF_safe.png"],
a.image img[src*="WMF_sign.png"] {
background: inherit !important;
}
a img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_help.svg"],
a.image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en.png"],
span img[src*="TriangleArrow-Left.svg"],
span img[src*="TriangleArrow-Right.svg"] {
filter: invert(1) brightness(70%) !important;
}
/* fix button cut on left */
.oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless.oo-ui-iconElement:first-child {
margin-left: .1em;
}
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl,
.ns-talk .mw-body-content dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl dl {
background: inherit;
border: inherit;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("incubator.wikimedia.org") {
td[style*="background-color: #F9F9F9"],
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: #f9f9f9"] {
background-color: var(--gray-18) !important;
}
div[style*="border: 2px solid #025E8D"],
td[style*="border: 1px solid #025E8D"] {
border-color: var(--blue-2) !important;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("outreach.wikimedia.org") {
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background-color: whiteSmoke;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
p span[style*="font-weight: bold; color: #404040;"] {
color: var(--gray-9a) !important;
}
.mw-babel-box th[dir],
.mw-babel-box th[dir] span {
color: var(--gray-1) !important;
}
img[src*="431px-Wikimedia_Education_horizontal.svg.png"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(80%) contrast(110%);
}
.mw-wiki-logo {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(90%) contrast(110%);
}
img[src*="20px-Home"],
img[src*="20px-About"],
img[src*="19px-List"],
img[src*="21px-Community"],
img[src*="20px-Emojione"],
img[src*="20px-Greenhouse"],
img[src*="22px-Community"],
img[src*="30px-Icon_Facebook"],
img[src*="30px-Icon_Twitter"],
img[src*="30px-YouTube"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(80%) contrast(110%);
}
div[style*="border-top:0.35em solid #FDFEFE; border-bottom:0.35em solid#FDFEFE;"] {
border-top: .35em solid var(--base-color) !important;
border-bottom: .35em solid var(--base-color) !important;
}
span[style*="border-bottom:0.3em solid #FDFEFE;"] {
border-bottom: .35em solid var(--base-color) !important;
}
span[style*="border-bottom:0.3em solid #c8ccd1;"] {
border-bottom: .3em solid var(--gray-69) !important;
}
td[bgcolor="#F0F0F0"] p span {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
span[style="color:#3498DB"],
span[style="color:#3498DB"]:hover {
color: var(--base-color) !important;
}
table[style*="background-color:#EEEEEE; border:1px solid #EEEEEE;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2) !important;
border: 1px solid var(--gray-4) !important;
}
div[style*="background: #339966; border-radius: .2em; color: #FFFFFF;"] {
background: var(--green-2) !important;
color: var(--gray-c) !important;
}
table[style*="border: 1px silver solid; background: whitesmoke;"] {
border: 1px var(--gray-69) solid !important;
background: var(--gray-3) !important;
}
}
@-moz-document domain("wikimania.wikimedia.org") {
span[style*="border-bottom:0.3em solid #235D2E;"] {
border-bottom: .3em solid var(--green-1) !important;
}
.mw-pt-languages-label {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
div[style*="border-color: #aaaaaa;"] {
border-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
}
body,
.mw-parser-output .contentframe-2019,
.plainlinks[style*="background: #FFFFFF;"] {
background-color: var(--gray-2);
background-image: var(--bg-selected);
background-clip: border-box;
background-origin: padding-box;
background-attachment: var(--bg-attachment);
/*[[bg-options]]*/
color: var(--gray-c);
}
img[src$="1280px-Wikimania2019_meta_banner.svg.png"],
img[src$="500px-Wikimania2019_logo.svg.png"],
#p-logo .mw-wiki-logo {
filter: invert(90%) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(90%);
}
img[src*="19px-Wikimania2019_person_icon.svg.png"],
img[src*="20px-Wikimania2019_dove_icon.svg.png"],
img[src*="20px"][width="20"],
img[src*="22px"][width="22"] {
filter: invert(90%) hue-rotate(180deg);
}
img[src*="20px-Wikimania2019_moose_icon.svg.png"][height="18"],
img[src$="180px-NMS_partnerlockup_grey_green_CMYK_%281%29.svg.png"],
img[src$="320px-Terrapass_logo.png"],
img[src$="230px-Eliza_communication.png"] {
filter: brightness(130%) !important;
}
img[alt*="Wikimedia"],
img[src$="160px-SIMPLY_LOGO_HDV1080_black.png"] {
filter: invert(90%) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(80%);
}
img[src$="220px-RAA_logo.jpg"],
img[src$="180px-UEklundCiS.jpg"] {
filter: invert(90%) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(120%);
}
img[src$="250px-Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs.png"],
img[src$="120px-KB-logo_svart.png"],
img[src$="160px-StockholmsStad_logotypeStandardA5_300ppi_svart.png"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(90%);
}
img[src$="140px-Musikverket_logo_liggande_sRGB.png"],
img[src$="190px-Riksarkivet_2013_rgb.png"] {
filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg) brightness(120%);
}
.mw-parser-output .schedule .break {
background: var(--brown-2);
}
#toc {
background-color: var(--gray-28) !important;
}
div[style*="background"] h2 b,
div[style*="background"] h2 a,
div[style*="background"] h2 center {
background-color: inherit !important;
}
textarea:not(input):focus {
outline: 1px inset var(--base-color) !important;
border-top: 1px inset var(--base-color);
}
.image[href*="Wikimania2019_leaves_icon.svg"] {
opacity: .5;
}
.image[href*="Wikimania2019_leaves_icon.svg"] {
opacity: 1;
}
.mw-parser-output .card {
color: var(--gray-e);
}
a.image img {
background: inherit !important;
}
}
@-moz-document regexp("^https://(foundation|donate)\.wikimedia\.org.*$") {
.mw-wiki-logo {
filter: invert(1) brightness(80%);
}
img[src*="OOjs_UI_icon_info"] {
filter: invert(1) brightness(75%);
}
:not(.color_swatch) > div[style*="background: #eaf3ff;"] {
background: var(--blue-2) !important;
border-top-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
div[style*="background-color: none; border:6px solid #36c;"] {
background: none !important;
border-color: var(--blue-1) !important;
}
#form-wrapper {
background-color: var(--gray-18);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
input[type="radio"]:checked + .frb-btn {
background-color: var(--base-color);
color: var(--gray-e);
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
.frb-btn,
.payment-method-button {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
color: var(--gray-c);
border: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
.frb-btn:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-4);
color: var(--gray-c);
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.frb-btn:active {
background-color: var(--gray-3);
color: var(--gray-c);
border-color: var(--gray-3);
}
.payment-method-button:hover {
background-color: var(--gray-5) !important;
border-color: var(--base-color);
}
#appeal h2,
#appeal-head {
border-bottom: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
#infobox-wrapper {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
}
@-moz-document domain("wikimediafoundation.org") {
body {
background: var(--gray-18);
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.top-nav,
.header-home,
.focus-block,
.card-vertical.card-person,
.card-vertical.card-person .card-content {
background: var(--gray-18);
}
img[src*="Wikimedia-Foundation-trademarked-logo"],
img[src*="Wikipedia_wordmark"],
.logo-container a,
.language-dropdown button img[src*="down"],
.connect-container .icon {
filter: invert(1) brightness(80%);
}
.language-list,
.home-project-list-item--gray {
background: var(--gray-28);
}
.language-dropdown button {
color: var(--blue-1);
background: var(--pink-0);
border: 1px solid var(--pink-1);
}
.language-dropdown button:hover {
border: 1px solid var(--pink-3);
}
.donate-btn {
background: var(--pink-1);
border: 1px solid var(--pink-2);
color: var(--pink-3);
}
.donate-btn:hover {
border: 1px solid var(--pink-3);
}
.shadow,
.pagination-container,
.header-home.featured-photo--content-left .page-intro-text .w-32p {
border-color: var(--gray-5);
}
.language-list ul li a.selected {
border-color: var(--blue-1);
}
button img[src*="language"] {
filter: grayscale(1) brightness(325%);
}
.donate-btn img[src*="lock-pink"] {
filter: brightness(800%);
}
.main-nav {
border-top: 1px solid var(--gray-5);
}
.main-nav a {
background-image: linear-gradient(to top, var(--gray-18), var(--gray-1));
}
.header-default .post-meta a {
background-image: linear-gradient(to top, var(--gray-18), var(--gray-1));
color: var(--gray-a);
border-color: var(--blue-1);
}
.toc-link.-active,
.people .person-name {
color: var(--gray-e);
}
.header-default ul li a,
.header-home ul li a,
.bg-ltgray .color-gray,
.language-list ul li a {
color: var(--gray-c);
}
.module-mu .email-signup,
.bg-ltgray .related-news .card .date,
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Chord (music)

2023-04-30T08:00:18Z

RandomPattern: /* Roman numerals */ Fixed typo

{{Short description|Harmonic set of three or more notes}}
{{about|pitch simultaneity and harmony in music|other uses|Chord (disambiguation)}}

[[File:Frets, guitar neck, C-major chord.jpg|thumb|[[Guitarist]] performing a C chord with G bass]]

A '''chord''', in [[music]], is any [[harmony|harmonic]] set of pitches/frequencies consisting of multiple [[Musical note|notes]] (also called "pitches") that are heard as if sounding [[Simultaneity (music)|simultaneously]].{{efn|name=chord}} For many practical and theoretical purposes, [[arpeggio]]s and other types of broken chords (in which the [[Factor (chord)|chord tones]] are not sounded simultaneously), may also be considered as chords in the right musical context.

In [[tonality|tonal]] Western classical music (music with a [[tonic key]] or "home key"), the most frequently encountered chords are [[Triad (music)|triad]]s, so called because they consist of three distinct notes: the [[Root (chord)|root]] note, and [[Interval (music)|intervals]] of a [[Third (chord)|third]] and a [[Fifth (chord)|fifth]] above the root note. Chords with more than three notes include [[added tone chord]]s, [[extended chord]]s and [[tone cluster]]s, which are used in [[contemporary classical music]], [[jazz]] and almost any other genre.

A series of chords is called a [[chord progression]].{{sfn|Moylan|2014|p=39}} One example of a widely used chord progression in Western [[traditional music]] and [[blues]] is the [[12-bar blues|12 bar blues progression]]. Although any chord may in principle be followed by any other chord, certain patterns of chords are more common in Western music, and some patterns have been accepted as establishing the [[Key (music)|key]] ([[tonic note]]) in [[Common practice harmony|common-practice harmony]]—notably the [[Resolution (music)|resolution]] of a [[dominant chord]] to a [[tonic chord]]. To describe this, Western [[music theory]] has developed the practice of numbering chords using [[Roman numeral analysis|Roman numerals]]{{sfn|Schoenberg|1983|pp=1-2}} to represent the number of [[diatonic]] steps up from the tonic note of the [[Scale (music)|scale]].

Common ways of notating or representing chords{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=77}} in Western music (other than conventional [[staff notation]]) include [[Roman numeral analysis|Roman numerals]], the [[Nashville Number System]], [[figured bass]], [[chord letters]] (sometimes used in modern [[musicology]]), and [[chord chart]]s.

==Definition==
{{Main|Harmony}}

The English word ''chord'' derives from Middle English ''cord'', a [[back-formation]] of ''accord''<ref name=MWDict /> in the original sense of ''agreement'' and later, ''harmonious sound''.<ref name=OxfordDict /> A sequence of chords is known as a chord progression or harmonic progression. These are frequently used in Western music.{{sfn|Malm|1996|p=15|ps=, "Indeed, this harmonic orientation is one of the major differences between Western and much non-Western music."}} A chord progression "aims for a definite goal" of establishing (or contradicting) a tonality founded on a key, root or [[Tonic (music)|tonic]] chord.{{sfn|Schoenberg|1983|pp=1-2}} The study of harmony involves chords and chord progressions and the principles of connection that govern them.{{sfn|Dahlhaus|2001}}
{{Image frame|content=<score sound="1">
{ #(set-global-staff-size 18)
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff <<
\new voice \relative c'' {
\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 112
\clef treble \key bes \major
\time 5/4
<bes, d g>4 <a c f> <bes d bes'> \stemDown <c a'> \stemNeutral <f a d>
\time 6/4
\stemDown <c a'> \stemNeutral <f bes d> <d g bes> <e g c> <g, c g'> <a c f>
}
\new Voice \relative c'' {
\time 5/4
s2. \stemUp c8^( f d4)
\time 6/4
\stemUp c8^( f d4) s1
}
>>
\new Staff <<
\clef bass \key bes \major
\relative c {
\time 5/4
<g g'>4 <a f'> <g g'> <f f'> <d d'>
\time 6/4
<f f'> <bes bes'> <g g'> <c, c'> <e e'> <f f'>
}
>>
>> }
</score>|width=440|caption=[[Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' "Promenade", is a piece showing an explicit chord progression.{{sfn|Nattiez|1990|p=218}}}}
[[Ottó Károlyi]]{{sfn|Károlyi|1965|p=63}} writes that, "Two or more notes sounded simultaneously are known as a chord," though, since instances of any given note in different [[octave]]s may be taken as the same note, it is more precise for the purposes of analysis to speak of distinct ''[[pitch class]]es''. Furthermore, as three notes are needed to define any [[Common chord (music)|common chord]], three is often taken as the minimum number of notes that form a definite chord.{{sfn | Schoenberg | 2010 | p=26|ps=, "It is required of a chord that it consist of three different tones."}} Hence, [[Andrew Surmani]], for example, states, "When three or more notes are sounded together, the combination is called a chord."{{sfn|Surmani|2004|p=72}} George T. Jones agrees: "Two tones sounding together are usually termed an ''interval'', while three or more tones are called a ''chord''."{{sfn|Jones|1994|p=43}} According to Monath, "a chord is a combination of three or more tones sounded simultaneously", and the distances between the tones are called intervals.{{sfn|Monath|1984|p=37}} However, sonorities of two pitches, or even single-note melodies, are commonly heard as ''implying'' chords.{{sfn|Schellenberg|Bigand|Poulin-Charronnat|Garnier|2005|pp=551-566}} A simple example of two notes being interpreted as a chord is when the root and third are played but the fifth is omitted. In the key of C major, if the music stops on the two notes G and B, most listeners hear this as a G major chord.

{{Image frame|content=<score override_ogg="Claude_Debussy_-_Première_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg">
{
#(set-global-staff-size 16)
<<
\new Staff <<
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 4/4 \key e \major
\tuplet 3/2 { cis8 e a } \tuplet 3/2 { cis e fis } \tuplet 3/2 {gis dis b } \tuplet 3/2 { gis dis b } \tuplet 3/2 { a cis fis } \tuplet 3/2 { a cis dis } \tuplet 3/2 { e b gis } \tuplet 3/2 { e b gis }
}
>>
\new Staff <<
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 4/4 \key e \major
\tempo "Andantino con moto"
<cis e a>2 <a cis fis> <gis b e>
}
>>
>> }
</score>|width=530|align=left|caption=[[Claude Debussy]]'s ''[[Deux arabesques|Première arabesque]]''. The chords on the lower stave are constructed from the notes in the actual piece, shown in the upper stave.}}

Since a chord may be understood as such even when all its notes are not simultaneously audible, there has been some academic discussion regarding the point at which a group of notes may be called a ''chord''. [[Jean-Jacques Nattiez]] explains that, "We can encounter 'pure chords' in a musical work", such as in the "Promenade" of [[Modest Mussorgsky]]'s ''[[Pictures at an Exhibition]]'' but, "often, we must go from a textual given to a more ''abstract'' representation of the chords being used", as in [[Claude Debussy]]'s ''[[Arabesques (Debussy)|Première arabesque]]''.{{sfn|Nattiez|1990|p=218}}
{{Clear}}

== History ==
In the [[medieval music|medieval]] era, early Christian [[hymn]]s featured [[organum]] (which used the simultaneous perfect intervals of a fourth, a fifth, and an octave{{sfn|Duarter|2008|p=49}}), with chord progressions and harmony - an incidental result of the emphasis on melodic lines during the medieval and then [[Renaissance]] (15th to 17th centuries).{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=185}}{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=70}}

The [[Baroque]] period, the 17th and 18th centuries, began to feature the major and minor scale based tonal system and harmony, including chord progressions and [[circle progression]]s.{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=77}} It was in the Baroque period that the [[accompaniment]] of melodies with chords was developed, as in [[figured bass]],{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=70}} and the familiar [[cadence]]s (perfect authentic, etc.).{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=100}} In the Renaissance, certain dissonant sonorities that suggest the [[Dominant seventh chord|dominant seventh]] occurred with frequency.{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=201}} In the Baroque period, the dominant seventh proper was introduced and was in constant use in the [[Classical period (music)|Classical]] and [[Romantic music|Romantic periods]].{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=201}} The [[leading-tone seventh chord|leading-tone seventh]] appeared in the Baroque period and remains in use.{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=220}} Composers began to use [[nondominant seventh chord]]s in the Baroque period. They became frequent in the Classical period, gave way to [[Altered chord|altered dominants]] in the Romantic period, and underwent a resurgence in the [[Post-romanticism|Post-Romantic]] and [[Impressionist music|Impressionistic]] period.{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=231}}

The [[Romantic period]], the 19th century, featured increased [[chromaticism]].{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=77}} Composers began to use [[Secondary chord|secondary dominants]] in the Baroque, and they became common in the Romantic period.{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=274}} Many contemporary popular Western genres continue to rely on simple diatonic harmony, though far from universally:{{sfn|Harrison|2005|p=33}} notable exceptions include the music of [[film score]]s, which often use chromatic, [[Atonality|atonal]] or [[Post tonal|post-tonal]] harmony, and modern jazz (especially circa 1960), in which chords may include up to seven notes (and occasionally more).{{sfn|Pachet|1999|pp=187-206}} When referring to chords that do not function as harmony, such as in atonal music, the term "sonority" is often used specifically to avoid any tonal implications of the word "chord"{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}}.

Chords are also used for timbre effects. In organ registers, certain chords are activated by a single key so that playing a melody results in parallel voice leading. These voices, losing independence, are fused into one with a new timbre. The same effect is also used in synthesizers and orchestral arrangements; for instance, in [[Ravel]]’s ''Bolero'' #5 the parallel parts of flutes, horn and celesta, being tuned as a chord, resemble the sound of an electric organ.{{sfn|Tanguiane|1993}}{{sfn|Tanguiane|1994}}

==Notation==
{{Redirect|Chord symbol||Chord names and symbols (popular music)}}{{Image frame|content=<score>
{
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble
\time 4/4
<c e g>1
} }
</score>|width=100|caption=A C major triad in staff notation}}Chords can be represented in various ways. The most common notation systems are:{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=77}}

# Plain staff notation, used in classical music
#[[Roman numeral analysis|Roman numerals]], commonly used in [[harmonic analysis (music)|harmonic analysis]] to denote the [[Scale (music)|scale step]] on which the chord is built.{{sfn|Schoenberg|1983|pp=1-2}}
#[[Figured bass]], much used in the Baroque era, uses numbers added to a bass line written on a [[staff (music)|staff]], to enable keyboard players to [[Improvised music|improvise]] chords with the right hand while playing the bass with their left.
#[[Chord letters]], sometimes used in modern musicology, to denote chord [[Root (chord)|root]] and [[Chord quality|quality]].
# Various [[Chord names and symbols (popular music)|chord names and symbols]] used in popular music lead sheets, [[fake book]]s, and chord charts, to quickly lay out the harmonic ground plan of a piece so that the musician may [[musical improvisation|improvise]], [[Jam (music)|jam]], or [[Vamp (music)|vamp]] on it.

===Roman numerals===
{{Main|Roman numeral analysis}}{{Image frame|content=<score sound="1">
{
\relative c' {
\clef treble
\time 4/4
<c e a>1_\markup { \concat { \translate #'(-4 . 0) { "C: vi" \raise #1 \small "6" \hspace #5.5 "ii" \hspace #6.5 "V" \raise #1 \small "6" \hspace #6.2 "I" } } }
<d f a>

<c e g> \bar "||"
} }
</score>|width=300|caption=The chord progression vi–ii–V–I in the key of C major. Using lead sheet chord names, these chords could be referred to as A minor, D minor, G major and C major.{{sfn|Andrews|Sclater|2000|p=227}} }}

While [[scale degree]]s are typically represented in musical analysis or musicology articles with [[Arabic numeral]]s (e.g., 1, 2, 3, ..., sometimes with a [[circumflex]] above the numeral: {{music|scale|1}}, {{music|scale|2}}, {{music|scale|3}}, ...), the triads (three-note chords) that have these degrees as their roots are often identified by Roman numerals (e.g., I, IV, V, which in the key of C major would be the triads C major, F major, G major).

In some conventions (as in this and related articles) upper-case [[Roman numeral]]s indicate major triads (e.g., I, IV, V) while lower-case Roman numerals indicate minor triads (e.g., I for a major chord and i for a minor chord, or using the major key, ii, iii and vi representing typical diatonic minor triads); other writers (e.g., [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]]) use upper case Roman numerals for both major and minor triads. Some writers use upper-case Roman numerals to indicate the chord is diatonic in the major scale, and lower-case Roman numerals to indicate that the chord is diatonic in the minor scale. Diminished triads may be represented by lower-case Roman numerals with a [[degree symbol]] (e.g., vii{{music|dim}}7 indicates a diminished seventh chord built on the seventh scale degree; in the key of C major, this chord would be B diminished seventh, which consists of the notes B, D, F and A{{music|♭}}).

Roman numerals can also be used in stringed instrument notation to indicate the [[Violin#Positions|position]] or string to play. In some string music, the string on which it is suggested that the performer play the note is indicated with a Roman numeral (e.g., on a four-string [[string orchestra|orchestral string]] instrument, I indicates the highest-pitched, thinnest string and IV indicates the lowest-pitched, thickest bass string). In some orchestral parts, chamber music and solo works for string instruments, the composer tells the performer which string to use with the Roman numeral. Alternately, the composer starts the note name with the string to use—e.g., "sul G" means "play on the G string".

===Figured bass notation===
{{Main|Figured bass}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Common conventional symbols for figured bass
! colspan="4" style="background: Silver" |Triads
|-
! align="center" |[[Inverted chord|Inversion]]
! align="center" |Intervals above bass
! align="center" |Symbol
! align="center" |Example
|-
|[[Root position]]
| align="center" |{{su|p=5|b=3}}
| align="center" |None
| rowspan="3" align="center" |<score>
{
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff <<
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 3/4
<e g c>4 <c g' c> <c e g>
}
>>
\new Staff <<
\relative c {
\clef bass \time 3/4
c4 e g
}
\figures {
< _ >4 <6> <6 4>
}
>>
>> }
</score>
|-
|[[First inversion|1st inversion]]
| align="center" |{{su|p=6|b=3}}
| align="center" |{{music|6 chord}}
|-
|[[Second inversion|2nd inversion]]
| align="center" |{{su|p=6|b=4}}
| align="center" |{{music|64 chord}}
|-
! colspan="4" style="background: Silver" |Seventh chords
|-
! align="center" |Inversion
! align="center" |Intervals above bass
! align="center" |Symbol
! align="center" |Example
|-
|Root position
| align="center" |{{overset|7|{{SubSup||3|5}}}}
| align="center" |{{music|7 chord}}
| rowspan="4" align="center" |<score>
{
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff <<
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 4/4
4 <g d' f> 
}
>>
\new Staff <<
\relative c {
\clef bass \time 4/4
g4 b d f
}
\figures {
<7>4 <6 5> <4 3> <4 2>
}
>>
>> }
</score>
|-
|1st inversion
| align="center" |{{overset|6|{{SubSup||3|5}}}}
| align="center" |{{music|65 chord}}
|-
|2nd inversion
| align="center" |{{overset|6|{{SubSup||3|4}}}}
| align="center" |{{music|43 chord}}
|-
|[[Third inversion|3rd inversion]]
| align="center" |{{overset|6|{{SubSup||2|4}}}}
| align="center" |{{music|42 chord}} or {{music|2 chord}}
|}
Figured bass or thoroughbass is a kind of [[musical notation]] used in almost all Baroque music ({{circa}} 1600–1750), though rarely in music from later than 1750, to indicate harmonies in relation to a conventionally written [[bass line]]. Figured bass is closely associated with chord-playing [[Figured bass#Basso continuo|basso continuo]] [[accompaniment]] instruments, which include [[harpsichord]], [[pipe organ]] and [[lute]]. Added numbers, symbols, and [[Accidental (music)|accidentals]] beneath the staff indicate the intervals above the bass note to play; that is, the numbers stand for the number of scale steps above the written note to play the figured notes.

For example, in the figured bass below, the [[bass note]] is a C, and the numbers 4 and 6 indicate that notes a fourth and a sixth above (F and A) should be played, giving the [[second inversion]] of the F [[Major chord|major triad]].

{{Block indent|<score>
{
\clef bass
\time 4/4
<<
\override Score.TimeSignature
#'stencil = ##f
\relative c {
<c>1
}
\figures {
<6 4>
}
>>
}
</score> can be realized as <score>
{
\clef bass
\time 4/4
<<
\override Score.TimeSignature
#'stencil = ##f
\relative c {
<c f a>1
}
>>
}
</score>}}

If no numbers are written beneath a bass note, the figure is assumed to be {{su|p=5|b=3}}, which calls for a third and a fifth above the bass note (i.e., a [[root position]] triad).

In the 2010s, some classical musicians who specialize in music from the Baroque era can still perform chords using figured bass notation; in many cases, however, the chord-playing performers read a fully notated accompaniment that has been prepared for the piece by the music publisher. Such a part, with fully written-out chords, is called a "realization" of the figured bass part.
{{Clear}}

===Chord letters===
{{Main|Chord letters}}{{Image frame|content=<score>
{
\relative c' {
\clef treble
\time 4/4
<c e g>1^\markup { "C" }
<c es g>1^\markup { "c" }
<c e gis>1^\markup { "C+" }
<c es ges>1^\markup { \concat { "c" \raise #1 \small "o" } }
} }
</score>|width=300|caption=Chord letters for triads on C}}

Chord letters are used by [[musicologist]]s, music theorists and advanced university music students to analyze songs and pieces. Chord letters use upper-case and lower-case letters to indicate the roots of chords, followed by symbols that specify the chord quality.{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|pp=74–75}}

===Notation in popular music===
{{Main|Chord names and symbols (popular music)}}
In most [[List of popular music genres|genres]] of popular music, including [[jazz]], [[pop music|pop]], and [[Rock music|rock]], a chord name and the corresponding symbol are typically composed of one or more parts. In these genres, chord-playing musicians in the [[rhythm section]] (e.g., [[electric guitar]], [[acoustic guitar]], [[piano]], [[Hammond organ]], etc.) typically [[improvisation (music)|improvise]] the specific "[[Voicing (music)|voicing]]" of each chord from a song's chord progression by interpreting the written chord symbols appearing in the lead sheet or [[fake book]]. Normally, these chord symbols include:
* A (big) letter indicating the [[root (chord)|root note]] (e.g., C).
* A symbol or abbreviation indicating the [[Chord names and symbols (popular music)#Chord quality|chord quality]] (e.g., minor, aug or {{music|dim}} ). If no chord quality is specified, the chord is assumed to be a major triad by default.
* Number(s) indicating the stacked [[Interval (music)#Number|intervals]] above the root note (e.g., 7 or 13).
* Additional musical symbols or abbreviations for special alterations (e.g., {{music|b}}5, {{music|#}}5 or add13).
* An added slash "/" and an upper case letter indicates that a [[bass note]] other than the root should be played. These are called ''[[slash chord]]s''. For instance, C/F indicates that a C major triad should be played with an added F in the bass. In some genres of modern jazz, two chords with a slash between them may indicate an advanced chord type called a [[polychord]], which is the playing of two chords simultaneously. The correct notation of this should be {{sfrac|F|C}}, which sometimes get mixed up with slash chords.

Chord qualities are related with the [[Interval (music)#Quality|qualities]] of the component intervals that define the chord. The main chord qualities are:
* Major and minor (a chord is "Major" by default and altered with added info: "C" = C major, "Cm" = c minor).
* [[Augmented chord|augmented]], [[diminished triad|diminished]], and [[half-diminished seventh chord|half-diminished]],
* [[dominant chord|dominant seventh]].

====Symbols====
The symbols used for notating chords are:
* '''m''', '''min''', or '''−''' indicates a minor chord. The "m" must be lowercase to distinguish it from the "M" for major.
* '''M''', '''Ma''', '''Maj''', '''{{music|major}}''', or '''(no symbol)''' indicates a major chord. In a jazz context, this typically indicates that the player should use any suitable chord of a major quality, for example a [[major seventh chord]] or a [[6/9 chord]]. In a lot of jazz styles, an unembellished major triad is rarely if ever played, but in a lead sheet the choice of which major quality chord to use is left to the performer.
* '''+''' or '''aug''' indicates an [[augmented chord]] (A or a is not used).
* '''{{music|dim}}''' or '''dim''' indicates a diminished chord, either a [[diminished triad]] or a [[diminished seventh chord]] (d is not used).
* '''{{music|halfdim}}''' indicates a [[half-diminished seventh chord]]. In some [[fake book]]s, the abbreviation m7({{music|b}}5) is used as an equivalent symbol.
* '''2''' is mostly used as an extra note in a chord (e.g., add2, sus2).
* '''3''' is the minor or major quality of the chord and is rarely written as a number.
* '''4''' is mostly used as an extra note in a chord (e.g., add4, sus4).
* '''5''' is the (perfect) fifth of the chord and is only written as a number when [[Chord names and symbols (popular music)#Altered fifths|altered]] (e.g., F7({{music|b}}5)). In guitar music, like rock, a "5" indicates a [[power chord]], which consists of only the root and fifth, possibly with the root doubled an octave higher.
* '''6''' indicates a [[sixth chord]]. There are no rules if the 6 ''replaces'' the 5th or not.
* '''7''' indicates a [[dominant seventh chord]]. However, if Maj7, M7 or {{music|major}}7 is indicated, this is a [[major seventh|major 7th chord]] (e.g., GM7 or FΔ7). Very rarely, also '''dom''' is used for dominant 7th.
* '''9''' indicates a [[ninth chord]], which in jazz usually includes the dominant seventh as well, if it is a dominant chord.
* '''11''' indicates an [[eleventh chord]], which in jazz usually includes the dominant seventh and ninth as well, if it is a dominant chord.
* '''13''' indicates a [[thirteenth chord]], which in jazz usually includes the dominant seventh, ninth and eleventh as well.
* '''6/9''' indicates a triad with the addition of the sixth and ninth.
* '''sus4''' (or simply '''4''') indicates a [[sus chord]] with the third omitted and the fourth used instead. Other notes may be added to a sus4 chord, indicated with the word "add" and the scale degree (e.g., Asus4(add9) or Asus4(add7)).
* '''sus2''' (or simply '''2''') indicates a sus chord with the third omitted and the second (which may also be called the ninth) used instead. As with "sus4", a "sus2" chord can have other scale degrees added (e.g., Asus2(add{{music|b}}7) or Asus2(add4)).
* '''({{music|b}}9)''' (parenthesis) is used to indicate explicit chord alterations (e.g., A7({{music|b}}9)). The parenthesis is probably left from older days when jazz musicians weren't used to "altered chords". Albeit important, the parenthesis can be left unplayed (with no "musical harm").
* '''add''' indicates that an additional interval number should be added to the chord. (e.g., C7add13 is a C 7th chord plus an added 13th).
* '''alt''' or '''alt dom''' indicates an [[altered dominant]] seventh chord (e.g., G7{{music|#}}11).
* '''omit5''' (or simply '''no5''') indicates that the (indicated) note should be omitted.

==== Examples ====
The table below lists common chord types, their symbols, and their components.

:{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" style="background: Silver" |Chord
! colspan="13" style="background: Silver" |Components
|-
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |Symbol (on C)
!Interval
![[Unison|P1]]||[[Minor Second|m2]]||[[Major second|M2]]||[[Minor third|m3]]!![[Major third|M3]]!![[Perfect fourth|P4]]!![[Diminished fifth|d5]]||[[Perfect fifth|P5]]!![[Augmented fifth|A5]]||[[Major sixth|M6]]/[[Diminished seventh|d7]]||[[Minor seventh|m7]]||[[Major seventh|M7]]
|-
!Short
!Long
!Semitones
! 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 11
|- bgcolor="White"
|[[Major triad]]
|C CΔ
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || || style="text-align: center;" | M3 || || || style="text-align: center;" | P5 || || || ||
|-
|[[Major sixth chord]]
|C6 CM6
|Cmaj6
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || || style="text-align: center;" | M3 || || || style="text-align: center;" | P5 || || style="text-align: center;" | M6 || ||
|- bgcolor="White"
|[[Dominant seventh chord]]
|C7
|Cdom7
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || || style="text-align: center;" | M3 || || || style="text-align: center;" | P5 || || || style="text-align: center;" | m7||
|-
|[[Major seventh chord]]
|CM7 C∆7
|Cmaj7
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || || style="text-align: center;" | M3 || || || style="text-align: center;" | P5 || || || || style="text-align: center;" | M7
|- bgcolor="White"
|[[Augmented triad]]
|C+
|Caug
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || || style="text-align: center;" | M3 || || || || style="text-align: center;" | A5|| || ||
|-
|[[Augmented seventh chord]]
|C+7
|Caug7
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || || style="text-align: center;" | M3 || || || || style="text-align: center;" | A5|| ||m7
|
|- bgcolor="White"
|[[Minor triad]]
|Cm
|Cmin
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || style="text-align: center;" | m3|| || || || style="text-align: center;" | P5 || || || ||
|-
|[[Minor sixth chord]]
|Cm6
|Cmin6
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || style="text-align: center;" | m3|| || || || style="text-align: center;" | P5 || || style="text-align: center;" | M6 || ||
|- bgcolor="White"
|[[Minor seventh chord]]
|Cm7
|Cmin7
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || style="text-align: center;" | m3|| || || || style="text-align: center;" | P5 || || || style="text-align: center;" | m7||
|-
|[[Minor-major seventh chord]]
|CmM7 Cm/M7 Cm(M7)
|Cminmaj7 Cmin/maj7 Cmin(maj7)
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || style="text-align: center;" | m3|| || || || style="text-align: center;" | P5 || || || || style="text-align: center;" | M7
|- bgcolor="White"
|[[Diminished triad]]
|C{{music|dim}}
|Cdim
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || style="text-align: center;" | m3|| || || style="text-align: center;" | d5|| || || || ||
|-
|[[Diminished seventh chord]]
|C{{music|dim}}7
|Cdim7
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || style="text-align: center;" | m3|| || || style="text-align: center;" | d5|| || || style="text-align: center;" | d7|| ||
|- bgcolor="White"
|[[Half-diminished seventh chord]]
|C{{music|halfdim}} C{{music|halfdim}}7
|
|
| style="text-align: center;" | P1 || || || style="text-align: center;" | m3|| || || style="text-align: center;" | d5|| || || || style="text-align: center;" | m7||
|}

====Use====
The basic function of chord symbols is to eliminate the need to write out sheet music. The modern jazz player has extensive knowledge of the chordal functions and can mostly play music by reading the chord symbols only. Advanced chords are common especially in modern jazz. Altered 9ths, 11ths and 5ths are not common in pop music. In jazz, a chord chart is used by [[Comping (jazz)|comping]] musicians ([[jazz guitar]], [[jazz piano]], [[Hammond organ]]) to improvise a chordal accompaniment and to play improvised solos. [[Jazz bass]] players improvise a [[bassline]] from a chord chart. Chord charts are used by horn players and other solo instruments to guide their solo improvisations.

Interpretation of chord symbols depends on the genre of music being played. In jazz from the [[bebop]] era or later, major and minor chords are typically realized as seventh chords even if only "C" or "Cm" appear in the chart. In jazz charts, seventh chords are often realized with upper [[Extended chord|extensions]], such as the ninth, sharp eleventh, and thirteenth, even if the chart only indicates "A7". In jazz, the root and fifth are often omitted from chord [[voicing (music)|voicings]], except when there is a diminished fifth or an augmented fifth.

In a pop or rock context, however, "C" and "Cm" would almost always be played as triads, with no sevenths. In pop and rock, in the relatively less common cases where songwriters wish a dominant seventh, major seventh, or minor seventh chord, they indicate this explicitly with the indications "C7", "Cmaj7" or "Cm7".

==Characteristics==
Within the [[diatonic scale]], every chord has certain characteristics, which include:
* the number of [[pitch class]]es (distinct notes without respect to octave) in the chord,
* the [[Degree (music)|scale degree]] of the [[Root (chord)|root note]],
*the [[Inverted chord|position or inversion]] of the chord,
* the general type of [[Interval (music)|intervals]] it is constructed from—for example, seconds, thirds, or fourths, and
* counts of each pitch class as occur between all [[combination]]s of notes the chord contains.

===Number of notes===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number of notes}}
! Name
! Alternate name
|-
| 1 || [[Monad (music)|Monad]] || [[Monad (music)|Monochord]]
|-
| 2 || [[Dyad (music)|Dyad]] || [[Dyad (music)|Dichord]]
|-
| 3 || [[Triad (music)|Triad]] || [[Trichord]]
|-
| 4 || [[Tetrad (music)|Tetrad]] || [[Tetrachord]]
|-
| 5 || [[Pentad (music)|Pentad]] || [[Pentachord]]
|-
| 6 || [[Hexad (music)|Hexad]] || [[Hexachord]]
|-
| 7 || [[Heptad (music)|Heptad]] || [[Heptachord]]
|-
| 8 || [[Octad (music)|Octad]] || [[Octachord]]
|-
| 9 || [[Ennead (music)|Ennead]] || [[Nonachord]]
|-
| 10 || [[Decad (music)|Decad]] || [[Decachord]]
|}

Two-note combinations, whether referred to as chords or intervals, are called ''dyads''. In the context of a specific section in a piece of music, dyads can be heard as chords if they contain the most important notes of a certain chord. For example, in a piece in C Major, after a section of tonic C Major chords, a dyad containing the notes B and D sounds to most listeners as a first inversion G Major chord. Other dyads are more ambiguous, an aspect that composers can use creatively. For example, a dyad with a perfect fifth has no third, so it does not sound major or minor; a composer who ends a section on a perfect fifth could subsequently add the missing third. Another example is a dyad outlining the [[tritone]], such as the notes C and F# in C Major. This dyad could be heard as implying a D7 chord (resolving to G Major) or as implying a C diminished chord (resolving to Db Major). In unaccompanied duos for two instruments, such as flute duos, the only combinations of notes that are possible are dyads, which means that all of the chord progressions must be implied through dyads, as well as with arpeggios.

Chords constructed of three notes of some underlying [[musical scale|scale]] are described as ''triads''. Chords of four notes are known as ''tetrads'', those containing five are called ''pentads'' and those using six are ''hexads''. Sometimes the terms ''trichord'', ''tetrachord'', ''pentachord'', and ''hexachord'' are used—though these more usually refer to the pitch classes of any scale, not generally played simultaneously. Chords that may contain more than three notes include [[pedal point]] chords, dominant seventh chords, extended chords, added tone chords, [[tone cluster|clusters]], and polychords.

[[Polychord]]s are formed by two or more chords superimposed.{{sfn|Haerle|1982|p=30}} Often these may be analysed as extended chords; examples include [[tertian]], [[altered chord]], [[secundal|secundal chord]], [[quartal and quintal harmony]] and [[Tristan chord]]. Another example is when G7({{music|#}}11{{music|b}}9) (G–B–D–F–A{{music|b}}–C{{music|#}}) is formed from G major (G–B–D) and D{{music|b}} major (D{{music|b}}–F–A{{music|b}}).{{sfn|Policastro|1999|p=168}} A [[nonchord tone]] is a [[Consonance and dissonance|dissonant]] or unstable tone that lies outside the chord currently heard, though often [[resolution (music)|resolving]] to a chord tone.{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=92}}

{{Clear}}

===Scale degree===
{{Main|Degree (music)}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Roman Numerals and Scale Degrees for Major Keys
|-
! Roman Numeral
! Scale Degree
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | I || [[Tonic note|tonic]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | ii || [[supertonic]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | iii || [[mediant]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | IV || [[subdominant]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | V || [[dominant (music)|dominant]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | vi || [[submediant]]
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | vii{{music|dim}} / {{music|b}}VII || [[leading tone]] / [[subtonic]]
|}

In the key of [[C major]], the first degree of the scale, called the ''[[tonic (music)|tonic]]'', is the note C itself. A C major chord, the [[major triad]] built on the note C (C–E–G), is referred to as the ''one chord'' of that key and notated in Roman numerals as I. The same C major chord can be found in other scales: it forms chord III in the key of A minor (A→B→C) and chord IV in the key of G major (G→A→B→C). This numbering indicates the chords's [[Function (music)|function]].

Many analysts use lower-case Roman numerals to indicate minor triads and upper-case numerals for major triads, and ''degree'' and ''plus'' signs ( {{music|dim}} and {{music|aug}} ) to indicate [[diminished triad|diminished]] and [[augmented triad]]s respectively. Otherwise, all the numerals may be upper-case and the qualities of the chords inferred from the scale degree. Chords outside the scale can be indicated by placing a flat/sharp sign before the chord—for example, the chord E{{music|b}} major in the key of C major is represented by {{music|b}}III. The tonic of the scale may be indicated to the left (e.g., "F{{music|#}}:") or may be understood from a [[key signature]] or other contextual clues. Indications of [[Inverted chord|inversions]] or [[Added tone chord|added tones]] may be omitted if they are not relevant to the analysis. Roman numeral analysis indicates the root of the chord as a scale degree within a particular major key as follows.

{{Clear}}

===Inversion===
{{Main|Inverted chord}}

In the harmony of Western art music, a chord is in ''[[root position]]'' when the tonic note is the lowest in the chord (the [[bass note]]), and the other notes are above it. When the lowest note is not the tonic, the chord is ''inverted''. Chords that have many constituent notes can have many different inverted positions as shown below for the C major chord:

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Bass note || Position || Order of notes (starting from the bass)
! Notation
|-
| C
|[[root position]]|| C–E–G or C–G–E ||{{su|p=5|b=3}} as G is a fifth above C and E is a third above C
|-
| E
|[[first inversion]]|| E–G–C or E–C–G ||{{su|p=6|b=3}} as C is a sixth above E and G is a third above E
|-
| G
|[[second inversion]]|| G–C–E or G–E–C||{{su|p=6|b=4}} as E is a sixth above G and C is a fourth above G
|}

Further, a four-note chord can be inverted to four different positions by the same method as triadic inversion. For example, a G7 chord can be in root position (G as bass note); first inversion (B as bass note); second inversion (D as bass note); or [[third inversion]] (F as bass note).
{{Block indent|<score>
{
\override Score.TimeSignature
#'stencil = ##f
\override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t
\set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/4)
\time 4/4
\relative c' {
<g b d f>1^\markup { \column { "Root" "position" } }
1^\markup { \column { "First" "inversion" } }
<d f g b>1^\markup { \column { "Second" "inversion" } }
<f g b d>1^\markup { \column { "Third" "inversion" } }
}
}
</score>}}

Where [[guitar chord]]s are concerned, the term "inversion" is used slightly differently; to refer to stock fingering "shapes".{{sfn|Weedon|2007|p=}}
{{Clear}}

===Secundal, tertian, and quartal chords===

{{See also|Secundal|Tertian|Quartal and quintal harmony|Mixed-interval chord}}

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! Type
! Component intervals
|-
| [[Secundal]] || Seconds: [[major second]], [[minor second]]
|-
| [[Tertian]] || Thirds: [[major third]], [[minor third]]
|-
| [[Quartal and quintal harmony|Quartal]] || Fourth: [[perfect fourth]], [[augmented fourth]]
|-
| [[Quartal and quintal harmony|Quintal]] || Fifths: [[diminished fifth]], [[perfect fifth]]
|}

Many chords are a sequence of notes separated by intervals of roughly the same size. Chords can be classified into different categories by this size:
* [[Tertian|Tertian chords]] can be decomposed into a series of (major or minor) thirds. For example, the C [[major triad]] (C–E–G) is defined by a sequence of two intervals, the first (C–E) being a [[major third]] and the second (E–G) being a [[minor third]]. Most common chords are tertian.
* [[Secundal|Secundal chords]] can be decomposed into a series of (major or minor) seconds. For example, the chord C–D–E{{music|b}} is a series of seconds, containing a [[major second]] (C–D) and a [[minor second]] (D–E{{music|b}}).
*[[Quartal and quintal harmony|Quartal chords]] can be decomposed into a series of (perfect or augmented) fourths. Quartal harmony normally works with a combination of perfect and augmented fourths. Diminished fourths are enharmonically equivalent to major thirds, so they are uncommon.{{sfn|Mayfield|2012|p=523}} For example, the chord C–F–B is a series of fourths, containing a [[perfect fourth]] (C–F) and an [[augmented fourth]]/[[tritone]] (F–B).

These terms can become ambiguous when dealing with non-[[diatonic scale]]s, such as the [[Pentatonic scale|pentatonic]] or [[chromatic scale]]s. The use of accidentals can also complicate the terminology. For example, the chord B{{music|#}}–E–A{{music|b}} appears to be quartal, as a series of diminished fourths (B{{music|#}}–E and E–A{{music|b}}), but it is [[enharmonic equivalence|enharmonically equivalent]] to (and sonically indistinguishable from) the tertian chord C–E–G{{music|#}}, which is a series of major thirds (C–E and E–G{{music|#}}).

===Harmonic content===
The notes of a chord form intervals with each of the other notes of the chord in combination. A 3-note chord has 3 of these harmonic intervals, a 4-note chord has 6, a 5-note chord has 10, a 6-note chord has 15.{{sfn|Hanson|1960|p=7}} The absence, presence, and placement of certain key intervals plays a large part in the sound of the chord, and sometimes of the selection of the chord that follows.

A chord containing [[tritone]]s is called [[Anhemitonic scale|''tritonic'']]; one without tritones is ''atritonic''. Harmonic tritones are an important part of [[dominant seventh chord]]s, giving their sound a characteristic tension, and making the tritone interval likely to move in certain stereotypical ways to the following chord.{{sfn | Benjamin | Horvit | Nelson | Koozin | 2014 | pp=46-47}} Tritones are also present in [[Diminished seventh chord|diminished seventh]] and [[Half-diminished seventh chord|half-diminished chords]].

A chord containing [[semitone]]s, whether appearing as [[minor second]]s or [[major seventh]]s, is called ''hemitonic''; one without semitones is ''anhemitonic''. Harmonic semitones are an important part of [[major seventh chord]]s, giving their sound a characteristic high tension, and making the harmonic semitone likely to move in certain stereotypical ways to the following chord.{{sfn | Benjamin | Horvit | Nelson | Koozin | 2014 | pp=48-49}} A chord containing major sevenths but no minor seconds is much less harsh in sound than one containing minor seconds as well.

Other chords of interest might include the
*[[Diminished triad]], which has many [[minor third]]s and no [[major third]]s, many tritones but no [[perfect fifth]]s
*[[Augmented triad]], which has many major thirds and no minor thirds or perfect fifths
*[[Dominant seventh flat five chord]], which has many major thirds and tritones and no minor thirds or perfect fifths

==Common types of chords==
{{More citations needed|date=April 2019}}

===Triads===
{{Main|Triad (music)}}
{{See also|Chord names and symbols (jazz and pop music)#Triads|l1=Jazz and pop notation for triads}}

Triads, also called ''triadic chords'', are tertian chords with three notes. The four basic triads are described below.

:{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|-
! rowspan=2 |Type
! colspan=2 | Component [[Interval (music)|intervals]]
! rowspan=2 | [[#Notation|Chord symbol]]
! rowspan=2 | Notes
! rowspan=2 | Audio
|-
! Third || Fifth
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Major triad]]
| [[major third|major]] || [[perfect fifth|perfect]] || C, CM, Cmaj, C{{music|major}}, Cma || C E G || {{Audio|Major triad on C.mid|play}}
|-
| [[Minor triad]]
| [[minor third|minor]] || perfect || Cm, Cmin, C−, Cmi || C E{{music|b}} G || {{Audio|Minor triad on C.mid|play}}
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Augmented triad]]
| major || [[augmented fifth|augmented]] || Caug, C{{music|aug}}, C+ || C E G{{music|#}} || {{Audio|Augmented triad on C.mid|play}}
|-
| [[Diminished triad]]
| minor || [[diminished fifth|diminished]] || Cdim, C{{music|dim}}, Cm({{music|b}}5) || {{nowrap|C E{{music|b}} G{{music|b}}}} || {{Audio|Diminished triad on C.mid|play}}
|}

===Seventh chords===
{{Main|Seventh chord}}
{{See also|Chord names and symbols (jazz and pop music)#Seventh chords|l1=Jazz and pop notation for seventh chords}}
Seventh chords are tertian chords, constructed by adding a fourth note to a triad, at the interval of a third above the fifth of the chord. This creates the interval of a [[Seventh (interval)|seventh]] above the root of the chord, the next natural step in composing tertian chords. The seventh chord built on the fifth step of the scale (the dominant seventh) is the only dominant seventh chord available in the major scale: it contains all three notes of the diminished triad of the seventh and is frequently used as a stronger substitute for it.

There are various [[Seventh chord#Types of seventh chords|types of seventh chords]] depending on the quality of both the chord and the seventh added. In chord notation the chord type is sometimes superscripted and sometimes not (e.g., Dm7, Dm7, and Dm7 are all identical).

:{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|-
! rowspan=2 |Type
! colspan=3 | Component intervals
! rowspan=2 | [[#Notation|Chord symbol]]
! rowspan=2 | Notes
! rowspan=2 | Audio
|-
! Third || Fifth || Seventh
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Diminished seventh chord|Diminished seventh]]
| minor || diminished || [[diminished seventh|diminished]] || C{{music|dim}}7, Cdim7|| C E{{music|b}} G{{music|b}} B{{music|bb}} || {{Audio|Diminished seventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
| [[Half-diminished seventh chord|Half-diminished seventh]]
| minor || diminished || [[minor seventh|minor]] || C{{music|halfdim}}7, Cm7{{music|b}}5, {{nowrap|C−({{music|b}}5)}} || C E{{music|b}} G{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} || {{Audio|Half-diminished seventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Minor seventh chord|Minor seventh]]
| minor || perfect || minor || Cm7, Cmin7, {{nowrap|C−7}}, || C E{{music|b}} G B{{music|b}} || {{Audio|Minor seventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
| [[Minor major seventh chord|Minor major seventh]]
| minor || perfect || [[major seventh|major]] || CmM7, {{nowrap|Cmmaj7}}, {{nowrap|C−(j7)}}, {{nowrap|C−{{music|major}}7}}, {{nowrap|C−M7}} || C E{{music|b}} G B || {{Audio|Minor major seventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Dominant seventh chord|Dominant seventh]]
| major || perfect || minor || C7, Cdom7 || C E G B{{music|b}} || {{Audio|Dominant seventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
| [[Major seventh chord|Major seventh]]
| major || perfect || major || CM7, CM7, Cmaj7, C{{music|major}}7, Cj7 || C E G B || {{Audio|Major seventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Augmented seventh chord|Augmented seventh]]
| major || augmented || minor || C+7, Caug7, C7+, C7+5, C7{{music|#}}5 || C E G{{music|#}} B{{music|b}} || {{Audio|Augmented seventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
| [[Augmented major seventh chord|Augmented major seventh]]
| major || augmented || major || C+M7, CM7+5, CM7{{music|#}}5, C+j7, C+{{music|major}}7 || C E G{{music|#}} B || {{Audio|Augmented major seventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|}

===Extended chords===
{{Main|Extended chord}}
{{see also|Chord names and symbols (jazz and pop music)#Extended tertian chords|l1=Jazz and pop notation for extended chords}}

Extended chords are triads with further tertian notes added beyond the seventh: the [[ninth]], [[eleventh]], and [[thirteenth]] chords. For example, a dominant thirteenth chord consists of the notes C–E–G–B{{music|b}}–D–F–A:
{{Block indent|<score sound="1">
{
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\new Staff <<
\new Voice \relative c' {
\clef treble
\time 4/4
\key c \major
\voiceOne
<c e g bes>1
}
\new Voice \relative c'' {
\clef treble
\time 4/4
\key c \major
\voiceOne
\override NoteHead.color = #red
<d f a>1
}
>>
}
</score>}}

The [[upper structure]] or extensions, i.e., notes beyond the seventh, are shown here in red. This chord is just a theoretical illustration of this chord. In practice, a jazz pianist or jazz guitarist would not normally play the chord all in thirds as illustrated. Jazz [[Voicing (music)|voicings]] typically use the third, seventh, and then the extensions such as the ninth and thirteenth, and in some cases the eleventh. The root is often omitted from chord voicings, as the bass player will play the root. The fifth is often omitted if it is a perfect fifth. Augmented and diminished fifths are normally included in voicings.
After the thirteenth, any notes added in thirds duplicate notes elsewhere in the chord; all seven notes of the scale are present in the chord, so adding more notes does not add new pitch classes. Such chords may be constructed only by using notes that lie outside the diatonic seven-note scale.

:{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Type
! colspan="4" | Components
! rowspan="2" |[[#Notation|Chord symbol]]
! rowspan="2" | Notes
! rowspan="2" | Audio
|-
! colspan="1" | Chord
! colspan="3" | Extensions
|- bgcolor="White"
|[[Ninth chord#Dominant ninth|Dominant ninth]]
| dominant seventh ||[[major ninth]]|| style="text-align: center;" | — || style="text-align: center;" | — || C9|| C E G B{{music|b}} D ||{{Audio|Dominant ninth chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
|[[Eleventh chord|Dominant eleventh]]
| dominant seventh (the third is usually omitted)|| major ninth || perfect [[eleventh]]|| style="text-align: center;" | — || C11|| C E G B{{music|b}} D F ||{{Audio|Dominant eleventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|- bgcolor="White"
|[[Thirteenth#Dominant thirteenth|Dominant thirteenth]]
| dominant seventh || major ninth || perfect eleventh (usually omitted)||[[thirteenth|major thirteenth]]|| C13|| C E G B{{music|b}} D F A ||{{Audio|Dominant thirteenth chord on C.mid|Play}}
|}

Other extended chords follow similar rules, so that for example maj9, maj11, and maj13 contain major seventh chords rather than dominant seventh chords, while m9, m11, and m13 contain minor seventh chords.

===Altered chords===
{{Main|Altered chord}}{{Image frame|content=<score sound="1">
{
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble
\time 4/4
<c e ges bes des>1
} }
</score>|width=300|caption=An altered chord on C with a diminished fifth and a minor seventh and ninth.}}The third and seventh of the chord are always determined by the symbols shown above. The root cannot be so altered without changing the name of the chord, while the third cannot be altered without altering the chord's quality. Nevertheless, the fifth, ninth, eleventh and thirteenth may all be chromatically altered by accidentals.

These are noted alongside the altered element. Accidentals are most often used with dominant seventh chords. [[Altered dominant seventh chord]]s (C7alt) may have a minor ninth, a sharp ninth, a diminished fifth, or an augmented fifth. Some write this as C7+9, which assumes also the minor ninth, diminished fifth and augmented fifth. The augmented ninth is often referred to in blues and jazz as a [[blue note]], being enharmonically equivalent to the minor third or tenth. When superscripted numerals are used the different numbers may be listed horizontally or vertically.

:{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|-
! rowspan=2 |Type
! colspan=2 | Components
! rowspan=2 | [[#Notation|Chord symbol]]
! rowspan=2 | Notes
! rowspan=2 | Audio
|-
! colspan=1 | Chord
! colspan=1 | Alteration
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Augmented seventh chord|Seventh augmented fifth]]
| [[dominant seventh]] || augmented fifth || C7+5, C7{{music|#}}5 ||C E G{{music|sharp}} B{{music|flat}}
|{{Audio|Seventh augmented fifth chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
| [[Altered chord|Seventh minor ninth]]
| dominant seventh || minor ninth || C7−9, C7{{music|b}}9 ||C E G B{{music|flat}} D{{music|flat}}
|{{Audio|Seventh flat nine chord on C.mid|Play}}
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Dominant seventh sharp ninth chord|Seventh sharp ninth]]
| dominant seventh || augmented ninth || C7+9, C7{{music|#}}9 ||C E G B{{music|flat}} D{{music|sharp}}
|{{Audio|Seventh sharp nine chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
| Seventh augmented eleventh
| dominant seventh || augmented eleventh || C7+11, C7{{music|#}}11 ||C E G B{{music|flat}} D F{{music|sharp}}
|{{Audio|Seventh augmented eleventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|- bgcolor="White"
| Seventh diminished thirteenth
| dominant seventh || minor thirteenth || C7−13, C7{{music|b}}13 ||C E G B{{music|flat}} D F A{{music|flat}}
|{{Audio|Seventh flat thirteenth chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
| Half-diminished seventh
| minor seventh || diminished fifth || C{{music|halfdim}}, C{{music|halfdim}}7, Cm7{{music|b}}5 ||C E{{music|flat}} G{{music|flat}} B{{music|flat}}
|{{Audio|Half-diminished seventh chord on C.mid|Play}}
|}

===Added tone chords===
{{Main|Added tone chord}}{{Image frame|content=<score sound="1">
{
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble
\time 4/4
\textLengthOn
<c d g>1^\markup { \concat { "Cm" \raise #1 \small "sus2" } }
<c d es g>^\markup { \concat { "Cm" \raise #1 \small "add9" } }
} }
</score>|width=300|caption=A [[suspended chord]] (sus2) and added tone chord ([[ninth|add9]]) both with D ([[octave equivalency|ninth = second]]), distinguished by the absence or presence of the third (E{{music|b}}).{{sfn|Hawkins|1992|pp=325-335}}}}An added tone chord is a triad with an added, non-tertian note, such as an added sixth or a chord with an added second (ninth) or fourth (eleventh) or a combination of the three. These chords do not include "intervening" thirds as in an extended chord. Added chords can also have variations. Thus, madd9, m4 and m6 are minor triads with extended notes.

[[Sixth chord]]s can belong to either of two groups. One is [[first inversion]] chords and added sixth chords that contain a sixth from the root.{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=119}} The other group is inverted chords in which the interval of a sixth appears above a bass note that is not the root.{{sfn|Piston|1987|p=66}}

The major sixth chord (also called, sixth or added sixth with the chord notation 6, e.g., C6) is by far the most common type of sixth chord of the first group. It comprises a major triad with the added [[major sixth]] above the root, common in popular music.{{sfn|Benward|Saker|2003|p=77}} For example, the chord C6 contains the notes C–E–G–A. The minor sixth chord (min6 or m6, e.g., Cm6) is a minor triad, still with a major 6. For example, the chord Cm6 contains the notes C–E{{music|b}}–G–A.

The [[augmented sixth chord]] usually appears in chord notation as its enharmonic equivalent, the seventh chord. This chord contains two notes separated by the interval of an [[augmented sixth]] (or, by inversion, a [[diminished third]], though this inversion is rare). The augmented sixth is generally used as a dissonant interval most commonly used in motion towards a [[Dominant function|dominant]] chord in [[root position]] (with the root doubled to create the octave the augmented sixth chord resolves to) or to a tonic chord in [[second inversion]] (a tonic triad with the fifth doubled for the same purpose). In this case, the tonic note of the key is included in the chord, sometimes along with an optional fourth note, to create one of the following (illustrated here in the key of C major):
*[[Italian sixth chord]]: A{{music|b}}, C, F{{music|#}}
*[[French sixth chord]]: A{{music|b}}, C, D, F{{music|#}}
*[[German sixth chord]]: A{{music|b}}, C, E{{music|b}}, F{{music|#}}

The augmented sixth family of chords exhibits certain peculiarities. Since they are not based on triads, as are seventh chords and other sixth chords, they are not generally regarded as having roots (nor, therefore, inversions), although one [[chord voicing|re-voicing]] of the notes is common (with the namesake interval inverted to create a diminished third).{{sfn|Bartlette|Laitz|2010|p=}}

The second group of sixth chords includes [[Inverted chord|inverted]] major and minor chords, which may be called sixth chords in that the six-three ({{su|p=6|b=3}}) and six-four ({{su|p=6|b=4}}) chords contain intervals of a sixth with the [[bass note]], though this is not the root. Nowadays, this is mostly for academic study or analysis (see [[figured bass]]) but the [[Neapolitan sixth|Neapolitan sixth chord]] is an important example; a major triad with a flat [[supertonic]] scale degree as its root that is called a "sixth" because it is almost always found in first inversion. Though a technically accurate Roman numeral analysis would be {{flat}}II, it is generally labelled N6. In C major, the chord is notated (from root position) D{{music|b}}, F, A{{music|b}}. Because it uses chromatically [[altered tone]]s, this chord is often grouped with the [[borrowed chord]]s but the chord is not borrowed from the relative major or minor and it may appear in both major and minor keys.

:{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|-
! rowspan=2 |Type
! colspan=3 | Components
! rowspan=2 | [[#Notation|Chord symbol]]
! rowspan=2 | Notes
! rowspan=2 | Audio
|-
! colspan=1 | Chord
! colspan=2 | Interval(s)
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Added tone chord|Add nine]]
| major triad || major ninth || style="text-align: center;" | — || C2, Cadd9 || C E G D || {{Audio|Add9 chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
| Add fourth
| major triad || [[perfect fourth]] || style="text-align: center;" | — ||C4, Cadd11 || C E G F || {{Audio|Add11 chord on C.mid|Play}}
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Sixth chord|Add sixth]]
| major triad || major sixth || style="text-align: center;" | — || C6 || C E G A || {{Audio|Add6 chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
| [[Ninth chord#6/9 chord|Six-nine]]
| major triad || major sixth || major ninth || C6/9 || C E G A D || style="text-align: center;" | —
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Seven six chord|Seven-six]]
| major triad || major sixth || minor seventh || C7/6 || C E G A B{{music|b}} || style="text-align: center;" | —
|-
| Mixed-third
| major triad || minor third || style="text-align: center;" | — || — || C E{{music|b}} E G || {{Audio|Two added chords with mixed thirds, thirds separated by octave right.mid|Play}}
|}

===Suspended chords===
{{Main|Suspended chord}}{{Image frame|content=<score sound="1">
{
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble
\time 4/4
\textLengthOn
<c f g>1
} }
</score>|width=300|caption=A Csus4 chord}}A suspended chord, or "sus chord", is a chord in which the third is replaced by either the second or the fourth. This produces two main chord types: the suspended second (sus2) and the suspended fourth (sus4). The chords, Csus2 and Csus4, for example, consist of the notes C–D–G and C–F–G, respectively. There is also a third type of suspended chord, in which both the second and fourth are present, for example the chord with the notes C–D–F–G.

The name ''[[suspension (music)|suspended]]'' derives from an early [[polyphonic]] technique developed during the [[common practice period]], in which a [[Stepwise motion|stepwise]] melodic progress to a harmonically stable note in any particular part was often momentarily delayed, or [[Suspension (music)|suspended]], by extending the duration of the previous note. The resulting unexpected [[Consonance and dissonance|dissonance]] could then be all the more satisfyingly [[Resolution (music)|resolved]] by the eventual appearance of the displaced note. In traditional music theory, the inclusion of the third in either chord would negate the suspension, so such chords would be called added ninth and added eleventh chords instead.

In modern lay usage, the term is restricted to the displacement of the third only, and the dissonant second or fourth no longer must be held over (prepared) from the previous chord. Neither is it now obligatory for the displaced note to make an appearance at all, though in the majority of cases the conventional stepwise resolution to the third is still observed. In [[post-bop]] and [[modal jazz]] compositions and improvisations, suspended seventh chords are often used in nontraditional ways: these often do not function as V chords and do not resolve from the fourth to the third. The lack of resolution gives the chord an ambiguous, static quality. Indeed, the third is often played on top of a sus4 chord. A good example is the jazz standard, "[[Maiden Voyage (composition)|Maiden Voyage]]".

Extended versions are also possible, such as the seventh suspended fourth, which, with root C, contains the notes C–F–G–B{{music|b}} and is notated as C7sus4. Csus4 is sometimes written Csus since the sus4 is more common than the sus2.

:{| class="wikitable" style="margin:left"
|-
! rowspan=2 |Type
! colspan=4 | Components
! rowspan=2 | [[#Notation|Chord symbol]]
! rowspan=2 | Notes
! rowspan=2 | Audio
|-
! colspan=1 | Chord
! colspan=3 | Interval(s)
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Suspended chord|Suspended second]]
| open fifth || major second || style="text-align: center;" | — || style="text-align: center;" | — || Csus2 || C D G || {{Audio|Sus2 chord on C.mid|Play}}
|-
| [[Suspended chord|Suspended fourth]]
| open fifth || perfect fourth || style="text-align: center;" | — || style="text-align: center;" | — || Csus4 || C F G || {{Audio|Sus4 chord on C.mid|Play}}
|- bgcolor="White"
| [[Suspended chord#Jazz sus chord|Jazz sus]]
| open fifth || perfect fourth || minor seventh || major ninth || C9sus4 || C F G B{{music|b}} D || {{Audio|Jazz sus chord.mid|Play}}
|}

===Borrowed chords===
{{Main|Borrowed chord}}{{Image frame|content=<score>
{
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble
\time 4/4
<d f aes>1_\markup { \translate #'(-7.5 . 0) { \concat { \small "C Maj.:" \hspace #1 \normalsize "ii" \raise #1 \small "o" \hspace #6 "ii" \raise #1 \small "ø7" \hspace #4 "♭III" \hspace #5.8 "iv" \hspace #5.5 "♭VI" \hspace #5.5 "vii" \raise #1 \small "o7" } } }
<d f aes c> <es g bes> <f aes c> <aes c es> \bar "||"
} }
</score>|width=400|caption=Borrowed chords from the [[parallel minor]] key are commonly found in the [[Baroque music|Baroque]], [[Classical period (music)|Classical]] and [[Romantic music|Romantic]] eras.}}A borrowed chord is one from a different key than the home key, the key of the piece it is used in. The most common occurrence of this is where a chord from the [[Parallel key|parallel major or minor]] key is used. Particularly good examples can be found throughout the works of composers such as [[Schubert]]. For instance, for a composer working in the C major key, a major {{music|b}}III chord (e.g., an E{{music|b}} major chord) would be borrowed, as this chord appears only in the key of C minor. Although borrowed chords could theoretically include chords taken from any key other than the home key, this is not how the term is used when a chord is described in formal [[musical analysis]].

When a chord is analysed as "borrowed" from another key it may be shown by the Roman numeral corresponding with that key after a slash. For example, V/V (pronounced "five of five") indicates the dominant chord of the dominant key of the present home-key. The dominant key of C major is G major so this [[secondary dominant]] is the chord of the fifth degree of the G major scale, which is D major (which can also be described as II relative to the key of C major, not to be confused with the [[supertonic]] ii namely D minor.). If used for a significant duration, the use of the D major chord may cause a [[Modulation (music)|modulation]] to a new key (in this case to G major).

Borrowed chords are widely used in Western popular music and rock music. For example, there are a number of songs in E major which use the {{music|b}}III chord (e.g., a G major chord used in an E major song), the {{music|b}}VII chord (e.g., a D major chord used in an E major song) and the {{music|b}}VI chord (e.g., a C major chord used in an E major song). All of these chords are "borrowed" from the key of E minor.

==Bell chord==

{{redirect|Bell effect|the effect of the bell on instruments|brass instrument#Bore taper and diameter|and|bell (wind)|the chromatic chord|All-interval twelve-tone row#Mother chord}}
[[File:Bell chord.png|thumb|Barbershop bell chord[[File:Bell chord.mid]]]]

A '''bell chord''', also known colloquially as "bells", is a [[arrangement|musical arrangement]] technique in which a composition has separate instruments (or multiples of the same instrument) play single [[Musical note|note]]s of a [[chord (music)|chord]] in sequence, [[sustain|sustaining]] individual notes to form the chord.<ref>Averill, Gage (2003). ''Four Parts, No Waiting:A Social History of American Barbershop Quartet'', p. 205. {{ISBN|9780195116724}}.</ref> It is, in effect, an arpeggio played by several instruments sequentially. This is also known as a ''pyramid'' or ''cascade''. It is common in [[barbershop music]].

The technique originated with [[jazz]] big bands and is a staple of [[trad jazz]]. A good example can be heard in the introduction to "[[Charleston (1923 song)|The Charleston]]" by [[The Temperance Seven]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]" by the [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Queen (band)|Queen]] contains two occurrences of this "bell effect" in the middle section,<ref>{{YouTube|Z85YsUAU6pA|Queen – The Making of "Bohemian Rhapsody" ''Greatest Video Hits 1''}}</ref> as does the solo in [[Killer Queen]] starting at 1:48.

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=chord|{{harvnb|Benward|Saker|2003|p=67}} note that "A ''chord'' is a harmonic unit with at least three different tones sounding simultaneously." And {{harvnb|Benward|Saker|2003|p=359}} "A combination of three or more pitches sounding at the same time." {{harvnb|Károlyi|1965|p=63}} notes "Two or more notes sounding simultaneously are known as a ''chord''".}}

}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=MWDict>{{cite book|publisher=Merriam-Webster|date=1995|chapter=Chord|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chord |title=Merriam-Webster's dictionary of English usage|page=243|isbn=978-0-87779-132-4}}</ref>

<ref name=OxfordDict>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/chord?rskey=UjcqH7&result=1#m_en_gb0146870 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828151955/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/chord?rskey=UjcqH7&result=1#m_en_gb0146870 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 28, 2011 |title=Chord|website= Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref>

}}

===Sources===
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFDahlhaus2001}}
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book|first1=William G |last1=Andrews |first2=Molly |last2=Sclater |date=2000|title=Materials of Western Music Part 1|isbn=1-55122-034-2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bartlette|first1= Christopher|first2= Steven G. |last2=Laitz |date=2010|title= Graduate Review of Tonal Theory|location= New York|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537698-2}}
*{{cite book | last1=Benjamin | first1=T. | last2=Horvit | first2=M. | last3=Nelson | first3=R. | last4=Koozin | first4=T. | title=Techniques and Materials of Music: From the Common Practice Period Through the Twentieth Century|edition= Enhanced | publisher=Cengage Learning | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-285-96580-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFM8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46}}
* {{cite book|last1=Benward|first1= Bruce |last2= Saker|first2= Marilyn |date=2003|title=Music in Theory and Practice|volume=I |edition=' (7th |location= New York|publisher= McGraw Hill|oclc=61691613|isbn=9780072942620|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkYJAQAAMAAJ}}
*{{Cite Grove |last=Dahlhaus |first=Carl |title=Harmony}}
*{{cite book|last=Duarter|first= John |date=2008|title=Melody & Harmony for Guitarists|isbn=978-0-7866-7688-0}}
*{{cite book|first=Winston |last=Harrison|title=The Rockmaster System: Relating Ongoing Chords to the Keyboard – Rock, Book 1|publisher= Dellwin |date=2005|isbn=9780976526704|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0Vx5VB96FQC&pg=PA33}}
*{{cite book|last=Haerle|first= Dan |date=1982|title=The Jazz Language: A Theory Text for Jazz Composition and Improvisation|isbn=978-0-7604-0014-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Hanson|first= Howard|date=1960|title=Harmonic Materials of Modern Music|location= New York|publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts|id= LOC 58-8138}}
*{{cite journal|last=Hawkins|first= Stan|title=Prince- Harmonic Analysis of 'Anna Stesia'|pages= 329, 334n7|journal=Popular Music|volume= 11|issue= 3 |date=October 1992|doi= 10.1017/S0261143000005171|s2cid= 161354788}}
* {{cite book|last=Jones|first=George T.|year=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|title=College Outline Music Theory|isbn=0-06-467168-2}}
*{{cite book |title=Introducing Music |last=Károlyi |first=Otto |year=1965 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780140206593 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6nnQEACAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Malm|first= William P. |date=1996|title=Music Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East, and Asia|isbn=0-13-182387-6|edition=3rd}}
*{{cite book|first=Connie E. |last=Mayfield |date=2012|title=Theory Essentials|isbn=978-1-133-30818-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Miller|first= Michael |date=2005|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory|isbn=978-1-59257-437-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Monath|first=Norman|year=1984|title=How to Play Popular Piano in 10 Easy Lessons|publisher=Fireside Books|isbn=0-671-53067-4}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96DcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|title=Understanding and Crafting the Mix: The Art of Recording|last=Moylan|first=William|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781136117589}}
* {{cite book|last=Nattiez|first=Jean-Jacques|author-link=Jean-Jacques Nattiez|year=1990|title=Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music|orig-year=1987 as ''Musicologie générale et sémiologue''|translator=[[Carolyn Abbate]]|isbn=0-691-02714-5}}
*{{cite journal|last=Pachet|first= François|title=Surprising Harmonies|journal= International Journal on Computing Anticipatory Systems|date= 1999|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03112196}}
*{{cite book|last=Piston|first= Walter |date=1987|title=Harmony|edition=5th|location= New York|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-95480-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Policastro|first= Michael A. |date=1999|title=Understanding How to Build Guitar Chords and Arpeggios|isbn=978-0-7866-4443-8}}
*{{Cite journal| last1 = Schellenberg | first1 = E. Glenn | last2 = Bigand | first2 = Emmanuel | last3 = Poulin-Charronnat | first3 = Benedicte | last4 = Garnier | first4 = Cecilia | last5 = Stevens | first5 = Catherine | title = Children's implicit knowledge of harmony in Western music |journal=[[Developmental Science]]| volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 551–566 | date = Nov 2005 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00447.x | pmid = 16246247}}
*{{cite book|author-link=Arnold Schoenberg|first=Arnold |last=Schoenberg|title=Structural Functions of Harmony|publisher= Faber and Faber|date= 1983}}
*{{cite book | last=Schoenberg | first=Arnold | title=Theory of harmony | publisher=University of California | publication-place=Berkeley, Calif | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-520-26608-7 | oclc=669843249}}
* {{cite book|last=Surmani|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Surmani|year=2004|title=Essentials of Music Theory: A Complete Self-Study Course for All Musicians|isbn=0-7390-3635-1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Tanguiane |first=Andranick |date=1993|title= Artificial Perception and Music Recognition|series= Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence|volume=746|publisher=Springer |location=Berlin-Heidelberg|isbn=978-3-540-57394-4}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Tanguiane |first=Andranick |year=1994|title= A principle of correlativity of perception and its application to music recognition|journal= Music Perception|volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=465–502|doi= 10.2307/40285634 |jstor=40285634 }}
*{{cite book|author-link=Bert Weedon|first=Bert |last=Weedon|title=Play in a Day|publisher= Faber Music |isbn=978-0-571-52965-0|date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AriGPAAACAAJ}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* [[Carl Dahlhaus|Dahlhaus, Carl]]. Gjerdingen, Robert O. trans. (1990). ''Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality'', p. 67. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-09135-8}}.
* [[Donald Jay Grout|Grout, Donald Jay]] (1960). ''A History Of Western Music''. Norton Publishing.
* {{Cite book |last=Persichetti |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Persichetti |title=Twentieth-century Harmony: Creative Aspects and Practice |year=1961 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=0-393-09539-8 |oclc=398434 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393095395|ref=none}}
* [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (musicologist)|John Tyrrell]], eds. (2001). ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]''. {{ISBN|1-56159-239-0}}.
* {{Cite book | title = Music Fundamentals | first = Rod | last = Schejtman | publisher = The Piano Encyclopedia | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-987-25216-2-2 | url = http://www.pianoencyclopedia.com | access-date = 2020-07-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180831041144/http://pianoencyclopedia.com/ | archive-date = 2018-08-31 | url-status = dead|ref=none}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Chords}}

{{Consonance and dissonance|state=autocollapse}}
{{Chords|state=expanded}}
{{harmony}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chord (Music)}}
[[Category:Chords|*]]
[[Category:Harmony]]
[[Category:Accompaniment]]
[[Category:Music theory]]

Haloquadratum walsbyi

2022-09-22T21:39:56Z

RandomPattern: /* top */Fixed typo

{{Short description|Species of archaeon}}
{{Expand French|date=April 2018}}
{{Taxobox
| image = Haloquadratum walsbyi00.jpg
| domain = [[Archaea]]
| phylum = [[Euryarchaeota]]
| classis = [[Halobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Haloferacales]]
| familia = [[Haloferacaceae]]
| genus = [[Haloquadratum]]
| species= '''''H. walsbyi'''''
| binomial = ''Haloquadratum walsbyi''
| binomial_authority = Burns ''et al.'' 2007
}}

'''''Haloquadratum walsbyi''''' is of the genus ''Haloquadratum,'' within the [[archaea]] domain. First discovered in a [[brine]] pool in the [[Sinai peninsula]] of [[Egypt]], ''H. walsbyi'' is noted for its flat, square-shaped cells, and its unusual ability to survive in aqueous environments with high concentrations of [[sodium chloride]] and [[magnesium chloride]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Oren |first=A. |author2=Ventosa, A. |author3=Gutierrez, M. C. |author4=Kamekura, M. |date=1 July 1999 |title=''Haloarcula quadrata'' sp. nov., a square, motile archaeon isolated from a brine pool in Sinai (Egypt) |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=1149–1155 |doi=10.1099/00207713-49-3-1149 |pmid=10425773|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bolhuis |first1=Henk |last2=Palm |first2=Peter |last3=Wende |first3=Andy |last4=Falb |first4=Michaela |last5=Rampp |first5=Markus |last6=Rodriguez-Valera |first6=Francisco |last7=Pfeiffer |first7=Friedhelm |last8=Oesterhelt |first8=Dieter |date=2006-07-04 |title=The genome of the square archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi : life at the limits of water activity |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=169 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-7-169 |pmid=16820047 |pmc=1544339 |issn=1471-2164}}</ref> The [[Binomial nomenclature|species' genus]] name ''Haloquadratum'' translates from [[Classical compound|Greek and Latin]] as "salt square". In accordance with its name, ''Haloquadratum walsbyi'' are most abundantly observed in salty environments.

''Haloquadratum walsbyi'' is a [[phototroph]]ic [[halophilic]] archaea. It was the only recognized species of the genus ''Haloquadratum'' until 1999 when [[Haloarcula quadrata]] was reported as recovered from a brine pool.<ref>{{cite journal| pmid=10425773 | doi=10.1099/00207713-49-3-1149 | volume=49 Pt 3 | title=Haloarcula quadrata sp. nov., a square, motile archaeon isolated from a brine pool in Sinai (Egypt) | year=1999 | journal=Int J Syst Bacteriol | pages=1149–55 | last1 = Oren | first1 = A | last2 = Ventosa | first2 = A | last3 = Gutiérrez | first3 = MC | last4 = Kamekura | first4 = M | issue = 3| doi-access = free }}</ref> ''Haloquadratum walsbyi'' is very unusual in that it forms almost-perfectly square, flat-shaped cells.

The genus was first observed in 1980 by a British microbiologist, <abbr>Prof.</abbr> [[A.E. Walsby|Anthony E. Walsby]], from samples taken from the Sabkha Gavish, a brine lake in southern Sinai, Egypt. This discovery is formally described in 2007 by Burns ''<abbr>et al</abbr>''. Attempts to [[Microbiological culture|cultivate]] the archaea were unsuccessful until 2004 and resulted in the identification of ''[[Haloarcula quadrata]]'', another species of square archaea of the genus ''Haloarcula'', distinct from ''H. walsbyi'', less abundant and genetically quite different.{{Cn|date=May 2022}}

== Description ==
''Haloquadratum walsbyi'' cells size at 2 to 5 [[microns]] and 100 to 200 [[nanometers]] thick. The archaea generally contain [[Granule (cell biology)|granules]] of [[polyhydroxyalkanoates]] and hold a number of [[refractive]] [[vacuoles]] [[Gas vesicle|filled with gas]] that ensure [[buoyancy]] in an [[aqueous]] environment, and allow for maximum [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|light absorption]]. They gather in sheets up to 40 μm wide, but the [[Cell adhesion|connections between the cells]] are fragile and can easily be broken.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sublimi Saponetti |first=Matilde |last2=Bobba |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Salerno |first3=Grazia |last4=Scarfato |first4=Alessandro |last5=Corcelli |first5=Angela |last6=Cucolo |first6=Annamaria |date=2011-04-29 |title=Morphological and Structural Aspects of the Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084702/ |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=e18653 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018653 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3084702 |pmid=21559517}}</ref>

These [[organisms]] can be found in any stretch of very salty water. During the [[Salt lake|evaporation of seawater]], [[calcium carbonate]] (CaCO3) and [[calcium sulfate]] (CaSO4) precipitate first, leading to a brine rich in [[sodium chloride]] NaCl. If evaporation continues, NaCl precipitates in the form of [[halite]], leaving a brine rich in [[magnesium chloride]] (MgCl2). ''H. walsbyi'' prospers during the final phase of the precipitation of halite, and can constitute 80% of the [[wikt:biomass|biomass]] of this medium.{{Cn|date=May 2022}}

The [[genome]] of ''H. walsbyi'' has been [[Whole genome sequencing|completely sequenced]], allowing access to a better understanding of the [[phylogenetic]] and [[taxonomic classification]] of this organism and its role in the [[ecosystem]]. A [[Comparative genomics|genomic comparison]] of Spanish and Australian [[Genetic isolate|isolates]] ([[Strain (biology)|strains]] HBSQ001 and C23T) strongly suggests a rapid global dispersion, as they are remarkably similar and have maintained the [[Synteny|order of genes]].{{Cn|date=May 2022}}

Its growth in the laboratory was obtained in a medium with very high chloride concentrations (greater than 2 mol · L−1 of MgCl2 and greater than 3 mol · L −1of NaCl ), making this organism among the most [[Halotolerance|haloresistant]] known. Its [[Bacterial growth|optimum growth]] [[temperature]] is 40 <abbr>°C</abbr>, making this archaea a [[mesophile]] organism.

<gallery mode="packed" style="float:left" heights="240px">
File:Optical phase-contrast microscopy image of a Haloquadratum walsbyi square cell - PLoS ONE.png| Optical phase-contrast microscopy image of a ''Haloquadratum walsbyi'' square cell. The numerous light dots are [[gas vesicle]]s that allow flotation to the surface, most likely to acquire oxygen.<ref>Noor MAF, Parnell RS, Grant BS (2011) [http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018653 "Morphological and Structural Aspects of the Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi"] ''PLoS ONE'', '''6'''(4): e18653. {{doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003142}}</ref> {{center|Scale bar 1 µm}}
File:Microorganisms from the hypersaline Lake Tyrrell.jpg| Microscopic image from the hypersaline [[Lake Tyrrell]], in which orange [[chlorophyte]] ''[[Dunaliella salina]]'' can be tentatively identified, accompanied by a number of smaller ''Haloquadratum walsbyi'', showing their flat square-shaped cells.
</gallery>

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Lobasso |first1=Simona |last2=Lopalco |first2=Patrizia |last3=Vitale |first3=Rita |last4=Saponetti |first4=Matilde Sublimi |last5=Capitanio |first5=Giuseppe |last6=Mangini |first6=Vincenzo |last7=Milano |first7=Francesco |last8=Trotta |first8=Massimo |last9=Corcelli |first9=Angela |title=The Light-Activated Proton Pump Bop I of The Archaeon Haloquadratum walsbyi |journal=Photochemistry and Photobiology |date=9 February 2012 |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=690–700 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01089.x |pmid=22248212|s2cid=41934280 }}

== External links ==
* [http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=5880&submit=Search Type strain of ''Haloquadratum walsbyi'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]
* [https://earthlingnature.wordpress.com/2017/07/28/friday-fellow-walsbys-square-haloarchaeon/ "Friday Fellow: Walsby's Square Holoarcheon"] at Earthling Nature.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3782773}}

[[Category:Halobacteria]]
[[Category:Archaea described in 2007]]

Intercrural sex

2022-09-03T15:21:57Z

RandomPattern: /* History and modern practice */ Fixed typo, Fixed grammar

{{Short description|Non-penetrative sex using thighs}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Intercrural Sex, Vase.jpg|thumb|The earliest example of intercrural sex in an artwork; it, according to the author of ''Greek Erotica'' Martin F. Kilmer, depicts "the position most commonly adopted".<ref name=":0"/>]]

'''Intercrural sex''', which is also known as '''coitus interfemoris''', '''thigh sex''' and '''interfemoral sex''', is a type of [[non-penetrative sex]] in which the penis is placed between the receiving partner's thighs and friction is generated via thrusting. It was a common practice in [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] society prior to the early centuries AD, and was frequently discussed by writers and portrayed in artwork such as vases. It later became subject to [[sodomy law]]s and became increasingly seen as contemptible. In the 17th century, intercrural sex was featured in multiple pieces of literature and it took cultural prominence, being seen as a part of male-on-male sexual habits following the trial of [[Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven|Mervyn Tuchet]].

In modern times, intercrural sex is commonly practiced in relationships of various orientations; adult women are said to use it to stimulate orgasm and in Paris, it was commonly performed as a part of [[prostitution]]. In Africa and parts of Asia, the practice is normalised and is carried out among heterosexual and homosexual males. In South Africa, it was used to combat [[AIDS|acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] (AIDS); this practice was eventually phased out.

Knowledge of intercrural sex that was extracted from studies and its relationship to AIDS and pregnancy is low. It has been reported as a means of [[safe sex]] for [[HIV|human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV) positive patients and has a lower risk of infection than peno-vaginal sex. Studies have found a fluctuating percentage of sexual assault cases have involved intercrural rape, with little to no physical evidence.

== Etymology ==
[[Kenneth Dover]] first introduced the term "intercrural sex" in his 1978 book ''[[Greek Homosexuality (book)|Greek Homosexuality]]''. Dover used the term to refer to sexual activity between an older man and a young boy.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] term for this practice was διαμηρίζειν ''{{transliteration|grc|diamērizein}}'' ("to do [something] between the thighs").<ref>{{cite book|last=Dover|first=K. J.|title=Greek Homosexuality|title-link=Greek Homosexuality (book)|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=1978|isbn=0674362616|location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]|page=98|chapter=The Prosecution of Timarkhus|oclc=3088711|author-link=Kenneth Dover|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fstPVlTPBRQC&pg=PA98}}</ref> [[Webster's Dictionary]] defines intercrural sex as an act in which one partner “plac[es his] penis ... between the other partner's [closed] thighs ... [and thrusts] to create friction".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=Will|date=2015|title="Wantoning with the Thighs": The Socialization of Thigh Sex in England, 1590–1730|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24616467|journal=[[Journal of the History of Sexuality]]|volume=24|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.7560/JHS24101|jstor=24616467|s2cid=141561814|issn=1043-4070}}</ref> Synonyms include coitus interfemoris,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mistry|first1=Hannah|last2=Jha|first2=Swati|date=2015-11-02|title=Pregnancy with a pinhole introitus: A report of two cases and a review of the literature|url=https://doi.org/10.3109/13625187.2015.1044083|journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care|volume=20|issue=6|pages=490–494|doi=10.3109/13625187.2015.1044083|issn=1362-5187|pmid=25960283|s2cid=207523628}}</ref> thigh sex<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Vries|first1=Hein|last2=Eggers|first2=Sander Matthijs|last3=Jinabhai|first3=Champak|last4=Meyer-Weitz|first4=Anna|last5=Sathiparsad|first5=Reshma|last6=Taylor|first6=Myra|date=2014-08-01|title=Adolescents' Beliefs About Forced Sex in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|language=en|volume=43|issue=6|pages=1087–1095|doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0280-8|issn=1573-2800|pmc=4133072|pmid=24729133}}</ref> and interfemoral sex.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Blondell|first1=Ruby|last2=Ormand|first2=Kirk|date=2015|title=Ancient Sex: New Essays|url=https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/70431/1/Blondell_Ormand_Book4CD_W.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220143645/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/70431/1/Blondell_Ormand_Book4CD_W.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2020|publisher=The Ohio State University Press|page=32}}</ref>

Kang Tchou of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] notes Dover's definition is similar to the idea of "heavenly love" articulated by [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] that "encourages a stable life-long relationship between the boy and the man and enhances the intellectual development of the younger boy".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Tchou|first=Kang|date=2008|title=Purificatory Hermeneutics of Desire|url=https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/chr/vol2/iss1/2|journal=Comparative Humanities Review|volume=2|issue=1|access-date=18 December 2020|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133141/https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/chr/vol2/iss1/2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History and modern practice ==
=== Ancient history and the Middle Ages ===
{{see also|Homosexuality in ancient Greece}}
[[File:Hyakinthos.jpg|thumb|Red-figure Greek illustration of intercrural sex between a winged god ([[Eros]] or [[Zephyrus]]) and a youth (perhaps [[Hyacinth (mythology)|Hyacinthus]]) ]]
Intercrural intercourse was a common manifestation of [[pederasty in ancient Greece]]; young men were forbidden from having sex with older men in a manner beyond intercrural.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Black|first=Donald|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737147.001.0001/acprof-9780199737147|title=Moral Time|date=2011-04-14|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-973714-7|pages=27|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737147.001.0001}}</ref> It has been associated with ''[[Eromenos]],'' although its prominence in such a relationship is undetermined and [[anal sex]] may have been more common.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lanni|first=Adriaan|date=2010-04-01|title=The Expressive Effect of the Athenian Prostitution Laws|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/ca/article/29/1/45/25694/The-Expressive-Effect-of-the-Athenian-Prostitution|journal=Classical Antiquity|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=45–67|doi=10.1525/CA.2010.29.1.45|issn=0278-6656}}</ref>{{efn|Dover, alongside other [[Classics|Classical]] scholars, argues that it was solely intercrural.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boyarin|first=Daniel|url=https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.landing.epl?ISBN=9780226069166|title=Socrates and the Fat Rabbis|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-226-06917-3|pages=318|doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226069180.001.0001}}</ref> He identified it as a "standard practice"; this assessment has been challenged due to simply equating artistic depiction with historical documentation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marra|first=Kim|date=2014|title=Queer Aging Bareback: A Ride with the Parthenon Sculptures|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24584991|journal=[[TDR (journal)|TDR]]|volume=58|issue=4|pages=147–157|doi=10.1162/DRAM_a_00407|jstor=24584991|s2cid=57568728|issn=1054-2043}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vorster |first=Johannes N. |date=2006 |title=The making of male same-sex in the Graeco-Roman World and its implications for the interpretation of biblical discourses: perspectives on 'homosexuality and the Bible' |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/EJC100797 |journal=Scriptura: Journal for Contextual Hermeneutics in Southern Africa |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=432–454 |hdl=10520/EJC100797 }}</ref>}} Intercrural sex was not exclusively executed by homosexual men; by the early-AD era, it fell out of practice as sex with women became more encouraged in Greek society.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Gaca|first=Kathy|url=http://california.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1525/california/9780520235991.001.0001/upso-9780520235991|title=The Making of Fornication: Eros, Ethics, and Political Reform in Greek Philosophy and Early Christianity|date=2003-04-08|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-23599-1|pages=76|doi=10.1525/california/9780520235991.001.0001}}</ref>

Intercrural sex has been depicted on artworks such as vases, where they were called "courting scenes", and was much discussed by writers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Percy|first=William A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCvoj1efp8UC&q=Intercrural+sex|title=Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece|date=1996|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-06740-2|pages=116|language=en|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220143646/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TCvoj1efp8UC&dq=Intercrural+sex&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|There exists no examples of male-on-female intercrural sex in either form listed.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Blondell|first1=Ruby|last2=Ormand|first2=Kirk|title=Ancient Sex: New Essays|publisher=The Ohio State University Press|url=https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/70431/1/Blondell_Ormand_Book4CD_W.pdf|date=2015|page=40|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220143646/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/70431/1/Blondell_Ormand_Book4CD_W.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}} After the 5th century BC, visual depictions of it were sparse and almost exclusively found on [[black-figure pottery]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Osborne|first=Robin|title=Imaginary Intercourse|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2018|isbn=9780190649890|pages=313–337}}</ref> [[Zeno of Citium]] and [[Aristophanes]] have been said to reference the act; the latter was the first to document intercrural sex being practiced in a heterosexual capacity.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davidson|first=James|date=2001|title=Dover, Foucault and Greek Homosexuality: Penetration and the Truth of Sex|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600793|journal=Past & Present|issue=170|pages=3–51|doi=10.1093/past/170.1.3|jstor=3600793|issn=0031-2746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Houser|first=J. Samuel|date=1998|title="Eros" and "Aphrodisia" in the Works of Dio Chrysostom|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011084|journal=Classical Antiquity|volume=17|issue=2|pages=235–258|doi=10.2307/25011084|jstor=25011084|issn=0278-6656}}</ref> [[Aeschylus]]’ play ''[[Myrmidons (play)|Myrmidons]]'' features the implication of adult men engaging in the act.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Collard|first1=C.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1155233379|title=Euripides: Cyclops and major fragments of Greek satyric drama|last2=O'Sullivan|first2=Patrick|date=2013|publisher=[[University of Liverpool]]|isbn=978-1-80034-613-0|pages=528|oclc=1155233379}}</ref> [[Joan Roughgarden]] refers to intercrural intercourse as the "gay male missionary position" of Ancient Greece.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roughgarden|first=Joan|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionsrainbo00roug|title=Evolution's Rainbow|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2004|isbn=9780520240735|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|pages=385|author-link=Joan Roughgarden|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Historical [[sodomy law]]s have included intercrural intercourse within their purview.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karras|first=Ruth Mazo|date=1999-06-01|title=Prostitution and the Question of Sexual Identity in Medieval Europe|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17256|journal=Journal of Women's History|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=159–177|doi=10.1353/jowh.1999.0005|s2cid=143952834|issn=1527-2036|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920060554/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/17256|url-status=live}}</ref> In 15th-century Italy, it was a part of sodomy's infamous reputation; in [[Venetian Renaissance|renaissance Venice]], [[capital punishment]] was considered against the partner initiating intercrural sex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=Nick|date=2013|title=Erotic "Charis": What Sorts Of Reciprocity|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44215176|journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement|issue=119|pages=39–66|issn=2398-3264|jstor=44215176}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Levin|first=Eve|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/61734|title=Sex and Society in the World of the Orthodox Slavs 900–1700|date=2018|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=978-1-5017-2762-7|pages=200–202}}</ref> Medieval [[penitential]]s often highlighted intercrural sex as sinful and gave instructions on ways to [[Repentance|repent]]; early Christianity regarded intercrural intercourse as "more respectable" than anal sex.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" />

In the Middle Ages, [[Arab world|Arabic]] views considered intercrural sex "reprehensible" although its lesser status led to practitioners avoiding harsh punishments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amer|first=Sahar|date=2009|title=Medieval Arab Lesbians and Lesbian-Like Women|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40663351|journal=[[Journal of the History of Sexuality]]|volume=18|issue=2|pages=215–236|doi=10.1353/sex.0.0052|jstor=40663351|pmid=19768852|s2cid=26652886|issn=1043-4070}}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
[[File:Nineteenth-century erotic alphabet L cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A 19th-century erotic artwork depicting intercrural sex between a man and a woman.]]

In [[Early Modern English|early modern English]], writers referred to intercrural sex as "rubbing" or "frigging". Literary works and satire depicted intercrural sex, possibly encouraging people to perform the act. Cases of sodomy, such as the trial of [[Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven|Mervyn Tuchet]] in 1631 that resulted in his execution, occasionally mentioned intercrural sex.{{efn|Tuchet engaged in intercrural masturbation to the point of orgasm, which led to him being sentenced for "buggery".<ref name="Sirens">{{Cite book|last=Peraino|first=Judith|url=https://california.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1525/california/9780520215870.001.0001/upso-9780520215870|title=Listening to the Sirens: Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-520-92174-0|pages=252|language=en-US|doi=10.1525/california/9780520215870.001.0001}}</ref>}} Tuchet's case took on significant cultural prominence and informed many people of gay male sexual habits, likely conjuring a cultural perception of intercrural sex as the main method of sex between men.<ref name=":1" />

From 1660, intercrural intercourse was increasingly mentioned in literature.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Traub|first=Valerie|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/41684|title=Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|year=2015|isbn=9780812223897|pages=150}}</ref> [[Richard Ellmann]] believed [[Oscar Wilde]] solely performed intercrural sex in the hope he could consequently declare his innocence against the allegation of "posing as a sodomite".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robson|first=Julie-Ann|date=2004|title="The Time of Opening Manhood": Mahaffy, Wilde, and Pater|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41274283|journal=Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies (HJEAS)|volume=10|issue=1/2|pages=299–310|jstor=41274283|issn=1218-7364}}</ref>{{efn|By 1670, sodomy's legal definition was narrowed and intercrural sex was excluded from its scope.<ref name="Sirens"/>}} In 1885, [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|the UK Parliament]] passed a statute penalizing "gross indecency" between men under the [[Labouchere Amendment]]; intercrural sex was within the law's remit because it fell short of sodomy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=Anne B.|date=1993|title=Reasoning about Homosexuality: A Commentary on Janet Halley's "Reasoning about Sodomy: Act and Identity in and after Bowers v. Hardwick"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073386|journal=Virginia Law Review|volume=79|issue=7|pages=1781–1804|doi=10.2307/1073386|jstor=1073386|issn=0042-6601}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Temkin|first=Jennifer|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198763550.001.0001/acprof-9780198763550|title=Rape and the Legal Process|date=2002-12-05|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-876355-0|pages=148|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198763550.001.0001}}</ref>{{Efn|The [[Sexual Offences Act 1967]] permitted homosexual acts between two consenting adults over the age of 21.<ref>{{Cite web|last=writer|first=Parliament of the United Kingdom|date=n.d.|title=Sexual Offences Act 1967|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/relationships/collections1/sexual-offences-act-1967/sexual-offences-act-1967/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-06|publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]|language=en}}</ref>}}

In both the [[Weimar Republic]] and [[Nazi Germany]], intercrural sex between men was an indictable offense, although [[German South West Africa]]n law did not see it punishable under sodomy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giles|first=Geoffrey J.|date=2002|title=The Denial of Homosexuality: Same-Sex Incidents in Himmler's SS and Police|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704558|journal=[[Journal of the History of Sexuality]]|volume=11|issue=1/2|pages=256–290|doi=10.1353/sex.2002.0003|jstor=3704558|s2cid=142816037|issn=1043-4070}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rober|first=Lorway|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gh72g|title=Namibia's rainbow project: gay rights in an African nation|date=2015|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=9780253015204|pages=23|jstor=j.ctt16gh72g}}</ref> Female prostitutes in 18th-century Paris commonly performed intercrural sex, which was second only to vaginal intercourse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cheek|first=Pamela|date=2016|title=Demi-Monde|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/603442|journal=Eighteenth-Century Life|volume=40|issue=1|pages=119–123|doi=10.1215/00982601-3337983|s2cid=246016529}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kushner|first=Nina|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt5hh29s|title=Erotic Exchanges: The World of Elite Prostitution in Eighteenth-Century Paris|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|year=2013|isbn=978-0-8014-7068-4|pages=142|jstor=10.7591/j.ctt5hh29s}}</ref> [[Malawi]]ans and [[Mozambique]]an men practiced it in mines, as did South African men in "[[Taberer report|mine marriages]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rupp|first=Leila J.|date=2001|title=Toward a Global History of Same-Sex Sexuality|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704817|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=10|issue=2|pages=287–302|doi=10.1353/sex.2001.0039|jstor=3704817|s2cid=142695691|issn=1043-4070}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Msibi|first=Thabo|date=2011|title=The Lies We Have Been Told: On (Homo) Sexuality in Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/africatoday.58.1.55|journal=Africa Today|volume=58|issue=1|pages=55–77|doi=10.2979/africatoday.58.1.55|jstor=10.2979/africatoday.58.1.55|s2cid=144208448}}</ref> Before [[European colonization of Africa|European colonization]], [[Zande people|Azande warriors]] would only have intercrural sex with their young partners; it was a popular form of eroticism in [[Western imperialism in Asia|pre-colonial Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Walter L.|date=1992|title=Review of Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/644923|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=19|issue=4|pages=826–827|doi=10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00130|jstor=644923|issn=0094-0496}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Evans-Pritchard|first=E. E.|author-link=E. E. Evans-Pritchard|date=1970|title=Sexual Inversion among the Azande|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170|journal=[[American Anthropologist]]|language=en|volume=72|issue=6|pages=1428–1434|doi=10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170|s2cid=162319598 |issn=1548-1433}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Awondo|first1=Patrick|last2=Geschiere|first2=Peter|last3=Reid|first3=Graeme|date=2012|title=Homophobic Africa? Toward A More Nuanced View|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43904852|journal=[[African Studies Review]]|volume=55|issue=3|pages=145–168|doi=10.1017/S0002020600007241|jstor=43904852|s2cid=145161021|issn=0002-0206}}</ref>

In [[Zulu language|Zulu]] intercrural sex is referred to as ''okusoma''. It has a long history as an accepted practice for young people in southern Africa and was often practiced to prevent population growth.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kaarsholm|first1=Preben|year=2005|title=Moral Panic and Cultural Mobilization: Responses to Transition, Crime and HIV/AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00405.x|journal=Development and Change|volume=36|pages=133–156|doi=10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00405.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klugman|first=Barbara|date=1991-02-01|title=Population policy in South Africa: A critical perspective|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03768359108439567|journal=Development Southern Africa|volume=8|issue=1|pages=19–34|doi=10.1080/03768359108439567|issn=0376-835X|pmid=12284789}}</ref> Traditional Zulu culture encouraged youth to engage in intercrural sex as a part of sexual socialisation—intercrural sex as practiced by young unmarried couples was also supported.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Varga|first=Christine A.|date=1997|title=Sexual decision-making and negotiation in the midst of AIDS: youth in KwaZulu/Natal, South Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608688|journal=Health Transition Review|volume=7|pages=45–67|jstor=40608688|issn=1036-4005}}</ref> A 1989 report regarding the city of [[Durban]] stated that in South Africa:

{{Blockquote|text=There is some evidence ... to suggest that children from conservative homes are still schooled in the practice of ukusoma, that is intercrural intercourse, but in Christian homes this was stopped long ago in favour of chastity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Preston-Whyte|first1=Eleanor|last2=Zondi|first2=Maria|date=1989|title=To Control Their Own Reproduction: The Agenda of Black Teenage Mothers in Durban|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4547930|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|issue=4|pages=47–68|jstor=4547930|issn=1013-0950}}</ref>}}

== Statistics ==

=== Sexual assault ===

Hickson ''et al.''. (1994) found intercrural sex took place in five of 219 cases of male sexual assault reviewed in England and Wales.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hickson|first1=Ford C. I.|last2=Davies|first2=Peter M.|last3=Hunt|first3=Andrew J.|last4=Weatherburn|first4=Peter|last5=McManus|first5=Thomas J.|last6=Coxon|first6=Anthony P. M.|date=1994-06-01|title=Gay men as victims of nonconsensual sex|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01541564|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=281–294|doi=10.1007/BF01541564|pmid=8024441|s2cid=26991937|issn=1573-2800|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220143649/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01541564|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014 in Sri Lanka, 270 instances of sexual assault were medically examined; 18 occurrences of intercrural intercourse were reported. No physical injuries to the victims occurred. These assaults reportedly occurred when the victim was between the age of 4 and 19 years.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Senanayake|first1=S. M. H. M. K.|last2=Karunathilaka|first2=H. A.|date=2017-06-30|title=Age and injury patterns of female survivors of different alleged sexual assaults examined in the Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka|url=http://sljfmsl.sljol.info/articles/abstract/10.4038/sljfmsl.v8i1.7790/|url-status=live|journal=Sri Lanka Journal of Forensic Medicine, Science & Law|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=23–32|doi=10.4038/sljfmsl.v8i1.7790|issn=2465-6089|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219133120/https://sljfmsl.sljol.info/articles/abstract/10.4038/sljfmsl.v8i1.7790/|archive-date=19 December 2020|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> A more specific earlier study of boys between the ages of 14 and 19 living in [[Colombo District]] found intercrural sex to be the second-most common form of abuse before oral sex, as reported by the victims; 20 of the 52 reported cases consisted of intercrural sex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abeywardene|first1=A S A|last2=Atukorale|first2=S H|last3=Abeynayaka|first3=K K D C C|last4=Athauda|first4=Thamara|date=2004|title=A study on knowledge and prevalence of sexual harassment and abuse among schoolboys in Colombo District|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v33i1.661|journal=Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health|volume=33|issue=1|pages=9|doi=10.4038/sljch.v33i1.661|issn=2386-110X}}</ref>

A 1957 analysis of 148 sexual offenders in the [[United States]] who assaulted children under the age of 14 found that 6 percent committed their offences by means of intercrural intercourse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parr|first=Denis|date=1958|title=Psychiatric Aspects of the Wolfenden Report: II|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23640854|journal=The British Journal of Delinquency|volume=9|issue=1|pages=33–43|jstor=23640854|issn=0524-6369}}</ref> Another study, two decades later, observed "intercrural ejaculation" as a "common way of sexual expression in paedophiles".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaitonde |first=Alison |date=1987 |title=Sexual Abuse in Schools |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-0118.1987.tb00986.x |journal=British Journal of Psychotherapy |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=315–322 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-0118.1987.tb00986.x |issn=0265-9883}}</ref> In cases of [[child sexual abuse]], there are usually no physical signs of intercrural intercourse.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bamford|first1=Frank|last2=Roberts|first2=Raine|date=1989|title=Child Sexual Abuse: II|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=299|issue=6695|pages=377–382|doi=10.1136/bmj.299.6695.377|jstor=29704943|pmid=2506974|pmc=1837205|issn=0959-8138}}</ref>

=== Education ===

Ripley ''et al.''. (1973), demonstrated only 3 out of every 10 boys and 4 of every 10 girls in the 14-year-old age group surveyed thought intercrural intercourse could not result in pregnancy – according to Ripley ''et al.''. (1973), intercrural sex is not a recommended method of contraception.<ref name="ripley">{{Cite journal|last=Ripley|first=G D|date=1973|title=Sex Education – Whose Baby?|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|language=en|volume=66|issue=3|pages=267–269|doi=10.1177/003591577306600332|pmid=4697995|pmc=1644813|issn=0035-9157}}</ref> In [[Nigeria]], 13 of 298 [[HIV|human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV) positive respondents said the disease could be transmitted through intercrural sex while a further 30 said "no" and the remaining 255 responded with uncertainty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ikechebelu|first1=J.|last2=Mbamara|first2=S.|last3=Joe-Ikechebebelu|first3=N.|last4=Ezenwabachili|first4=A.|date=2009|title=Sexual practices of people living with HIV in south eastern Nigeria|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njcp/article/view/54642|journal=Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=416–20|issn=1119-3077|pmid=20329684}}</ref> Intercrural sex has been reported as a safe means of sex that prevents transmission of HIV and is "lower-risk" than peno-vaginal sex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karim|first1=Q A|last2=Karim|first2=S S|last3=Soldan|first3=K|last4=Zondi|first4=M|date=1995|title=Reducing the risk of HIV infection among South African sex workers: socioeconomic and gender barriers.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.85.11.1521|journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]]|volume=85|issue=11|pages=1521–1525|doi=10.2105/ajph.85.11.1521|pmid=7485664|pmc=1615708|issn=0090-0036}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hott|first1=Jaqueline Rose|last2=Bell|first2=Jane L.|last3=Barile|first3=Linda A.|date=1991|title=Speaking of Sex|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3426449|journal=The American Journal of Nursing|volume=91|issue=1|pages=82|doi=10.2307/3426449|jstor=3426449|pmid=1984363|s2cid=208296614|issn=0002-936X}}</ref> Epprecht (2019) said that as mine marriages involved intercrural sex "there was no danger of sexually transmitted infection".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Epprecht|first=Marc|url=https://www.gale.com/intl/ebooks/global-encyclopedia-lgbtq|title=Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|year=2019|isbn=9781787859906|volume=1|pages=384–390}}</ref> Mistry & Jha (2015) wrote in regards to pregnancy; "Because there is no anal or vaginal penetration, [intercrural sex] is regarded as a safe sexual practice".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mistry|first1=Hannah|last2=Jha|first2=Swati|date=2015-11-02|title=Pregnancy with a pinhole introitus: A report of two cases and a review of the literature|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/13625187.2015.1044083|journal=[[The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care]]|language=en|volume=20|issue=6|pages=490–494|doi=10.3109/13625187.2015.1044083|pmid=25960283|s2cid=207523628|issn=1362-5187}}</ref>

In South Africa, intercrural sex has been seen as a method of preventing the transmission of [[AIDS|acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] (AIDS). From a 1997 study, 12.5 percent of girls who were asked how to avoid acquiring AIDS responded by suggesting intercrural sex.<ref name=":3" /> It was once the most common form of contraception for rural adults in South Africa. By 2012, Mary van der Riet of [[University of KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu-Natal University]] noted; "The shift from intercrural sex to the use of the [[Injectable birth control|injectable contraceptive]] set up particular conditions for [[Prevention of HIV/AIDS|condom use in response to HIV and AIDS]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van der Riet|first=Mary|date=2012|title=Working with historicity: tracing shifts in contraceptive use in the activity system of sex over time|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1015-60462012000100002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Psychology in Society|issue=43|pages=23–39|issn=1015-6046}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Macleod|first=Catriona|date=1999|title=The 'Causes' of Teenage Pregnancy: Review of South African Research — Part 2|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/008124639902900102|journal=South African Journal of Psychology|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=8–16|doi=10.1177/008124639902900102|s2cid=144455158|issn=0081-2463}}</ref>

=== Demographics ===
[[Shere Hite]]'s 1976 and 1981 research on female sexuality found some adult women reported being able to achieve [[orgasm]] via intercrural contact to stimulate the [[clitoris]].<ref name="Hite">{{cite book | first = Shere | last = Hite | author-link = Shere Hite | title = The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality | publisher = [[Seven Stories Press]] | year = 2004 | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-1-58322-569-1 | pages = 277–284 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s3OZaVn2wfkC&pg=PA277 | access-date = 8 May 2016 | archive-date = 15 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615004952/http://books.google.com/books?id=s3OZaVn2wfkC&pg=PA277 | url-status = live }}</ref> Intercrural sex is popular in Sri Lanka; in a 2006 study, 4.2 percent of women reported having engaged in it while 20.7 percent of men said they had had homosexual intercrural sex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Perera|first1=B.|last2=Reece|first2=M.|date=2006-07-01|title=Sexual behavior of young adults in Sri Lanka: Implications for HIV prevention|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120500241538|journal=AIDS Care|volume=18|issue=5|pages=497–500|doi=10.1080/09540120500241538|issn=0954-0121|pmid=16777642|s2cid=22962445|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220143648/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09540120500241538|url-status=live}}</ref> A 1997 report on the sexual health needs of males who have sex with males in the [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] suburbs found 73 percent of men they asked engaged in intercrural sex, though the frequency varied based on demographic factors. Only 54 percent of sex workers, 50 percent of lower-income men and 40 percent of Muslims reported having had intercrural sex while 82 percent of Hindus and 88 percent of middle-income men reported engaging in it.<ref>{{cite web|year=1997|title=Needs Assessment of Males who have Sex with Males in Calcutta and its Suburbs|url=http://www.nfi.net/downloads/knowledge_centre/NFI%20publications/Situational%20assessments/1997_Calcutta%20Rpt.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908073722/http://www.nfi.net/downloads/knowledge_centre/NFI%20publications/Situational%20assessments/1997_Calcutta%20Rpt.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2008|access-date=26 October 2009|publisher=Naz Foundation International}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Human sexuality}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Greek love]]
* [[History of erotic depictions]]
* [[History of human sexuality]]
* [[Homosexuality in ancient Greece]]
* [[Homosexuality in ancient Rome]]
* [[Mammary intercourse]]
* [[Pederasty]]
* [[Pederasty in ancient Greece]]
* [[Homosexuality in ancient Greece]]
* [[Sexuality in ancient Rome]]
* [[Sex position]]
{{div col end}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Intercrural sex}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001192135/http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/ZULU.HTM Pre-marital intercrural sex known as soma in Zulu tradition]
* [http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/SavageLove?oid=20380 Dan Savage on Abraham Lincoln and femoral intercourse (third letter)]

{{Sex}}
{{sexpositions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Intercrural Sex}}
[[Category:Male homosexuality]]
[[Category:Non-penetrative sex]]
[[Category:Sexual acts]]

Sundanese language

2022-07-08T04:10:09Z

RandomPattern: /* Register */ Reposition paragraph break to make it more readable

{{short description|Language spoken in Indonesia}}
{{distinguish|Languages of Sudan|Zunda languages|Kusunda language}}
{{Infobox language
| image = Word_Sunda_in_Sundanese_Script_SVG_Version.svg
| imagecaption = Phrase "Basa Sunda" written in [[Sundanese script|Standard Sundanese script]]
| imagealt = Word Sunda in Sundanese script
| name = Sundanese
| nativename = {{lang|su|basa Sunda}} ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ بَاسَا سُوْندَا
| states = [[Java]], [[Indonesia]]
| region = [[West Java]], [[Banten]], [[Jakarta]], parts of western [[Central Java]], southern [[Lampung]], also spoken by the Sundanese diaspora all over [[Indonesia]] and throughout the world.
| ethnicity = {{plainlist|
*[[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]
*• [[Baduy people|Badui]]
*• [[Bantenese people|Bantenese]]
*• [[Cirebonese people|Cirebonese]]
*• [[Parahyangan|Priangan]]}}
| speakers = 42 million
| date = 2016
| ref = <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/surat-pembaca/2016/08/08/mempertahankan-eksistensi-bahasa-sunda-376782 |title=Mempertahankan Eksistensi Bahasa Sunda |last=Muamar |first=Aam |date=2016-08-08 |work=Pikiran Rakyat |access-date=2018-09-27 |language=id |trans-title=Maintaining the existence of Sundanese Language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622045950if_/https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/surat-pembaca/2016/08/08/mempertahankan-eksistensi-bahasa-sunda-376782 |archive-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>
| familycolor = Austronesian
| fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3 = disputed: [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] or [[Greater North Borneo languages|Greater North Borneo]]
| fam4 = [[Sundanese-Baduy languages|Sundanese-Baduy]]
| ancestor = [[Old Sundanese language|Old Sundanese]]
| stand1 = [[Priangan|Priangan Sundanese]]
| dialects = * ''[[Baduy language|Baduy]]'' (considered a separate language)
* [[Bantenese language|Banten]]
* ''[[Banyumas Sundanese language|Banyumas]]'' (extinct)
* [[Bogor Sundanese language|Bogor]]
* [[Brebes Sundanese language|Brebes]]
* [[Ciamis Sundanese language|Ciamis]]
* Northeast
** [[Cirebonese Sundanese language|Cirebon]]
** [[Indramayu Sundanese language|Indramayu]]
** [[Majalengka Sundanese language|Majalengka]]
* [[Priangan Sundanese language|Priangan]]
| script = [[Latin script]] (present) [[Sundanese script]] (present; optional) [[Old Sundanese script]] (14-18th centuries AD, present; optional) [[Cacarakan|Sundanese Cacarakan script]] (17-19th centuries AD, present; certain areas) [[Pegon script|Sundanese Pégon script]] (17-20th centuries AD, present; religious use only) [[Buda Script]] (13-15th centuries AD, present; optional) [[Kawi script]] (historical) [[Pallava Script|Pallava]] (historical) [[Nāgarī script|Pranagari]] (historical) [[Vatteluttu]] (historical)
| nation =
| iso1 = su
| iso2 = sun
| lc1 = sun
| ld1 = Sundanese
| lc2 = bac
| ld2 = [[Baduy language|Baduy Sundanese]]
| lc3 = osn
| ld3 = [[Old Sundanese language|Old Sundanese]]
| glotto = sund1251
| glottorefname = Sundanese–Badui
| lingua = 31-MFN-a
| notice = IPA
| map = Sundanese_language_distribution_map.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#0000FF|Areas where Sundanese is a majority native language}}
{{legend|#0080FF|Areas where Sundanese is a minority language with >100,000 speakers}}
{{legend|#00FFFF|Areas where Sundanese is a minority language with <100,000 speakers}}
| minority =
| agency = ''Lembaga Basa Jeung Sastra Sunda''
| pronunciation = {{IPA-su|basa sʊnda|}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Sundanese}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Yusuf speaking Sundanese.webm|thumb|A Sundanese speaker, recorded in [[Indonesia]].]]

'''Sundanese''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ʌ|n|d|ə|ˈ|n|iː|z}}:<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook |last=Bauer |first=Laurie |date=2007 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> {{Lang|su|basa Sunda}}, {{IPA-su|basa sʊnda}}; [[Sundanese script]]: ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ; [[Pegon script]]: بَاسَا سُوْندَا) is a [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian language]] spoken by the [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]]. It has approximately 40 million native speakers in the western third of [[Java]]; they represent about 15% of [[Indonesia]]'s total population.

==Classification==
According to American linguist [[Robert Blust]], Sundanese is closely related to the [[Malayic languages]], as well as to language groups spoken in Borneo such as the [[Land Dayak languages]] or the [[Kayan–Murik languages]], based on high lexical similarities between these languages.{{sfn|Blust|2010}}{{sfn|Blust|2013}}

== History and Distribution ==
{{See also|Old Sundanese language}}
Sundanese is mainly spoken on the west side of the island of [[Java]], in an area known as Tatar Sunda ([[Parahyangan|Pasundan]]). However, Sundanese is also spoken in the western part of [[Central Java]], especially in [[Brebes Regency|Brebes]] and [[Cilacap Regency]], because these areas were previously under the control of the [[Galuh Kingdom]]. Many place names in [[Cilacap Regency|Cilacap]] are still Sundanese names such as [[Dayeuhluhur]], Cimanggu, Cipari and so on.

Until 1600 AD, Sundanese was the state language in the kingdoms of [[Salakanagara]], [[Tarumanagara]], [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]], [[Galuh Kingdom|Galuh]], and [[Pakuan Pajajaran|Pajajaran]]. During this period, Sundanese was heavily influenced by the [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]] as seen in the ''Batu Tapak Kaki Kiri Nyoreang'' inscription at the time of [[Purnawarman|King Purnawarman]], using the [[Pallava script]]. Sundanese at that time was used in the fields of state, art, and daily life, many religious books were written in Sundanese and used [[Old Sundanese script]] such as the ''Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian'' Manuscript, ''Carita Parahyangan'', ''Amanat Galunggung'', and ''Guru Talapakan''.

In addition, according to some Sundanese language experts until around the [[6th century]], the area of speech reached around the [[Dieng Plateau]] in [[Central Java]], based on the name "Dieng" which is considered the name Sundanese (from the origin of the word dihyang which is an [[Old Sundanese language|Old Sundanese]] word). Along with transmigration and immigration carried out by the Sundanese ethnics, speakers of this language have spread beyond the [[Java|island of Java]]. For example, in [[Lampung]], [[South Sumatra]], [[Jambi]], [[Riau]], [[West Kalimantan]], [[Southeast Sulawesi]] and even outside the country of Indonesia, such as [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]], [[Australia]] and other countries, a significant number of ethnic Sundanese live in areas outside the [[Parahyangan|Pasundan]].

==Dialects==
Sundanese has several dialects, conventionally described according to the locations of the people:

[[File:Linguistic map West Java.png|thumb|right|Linguistic map of [[West Java]], [[Banten]], [[Central Java|Western part of Central Java]] and [[Jakarta]].]]

*[[Bantenese language|Western dialect]], spoken in the provinces of [[Banten]] and some parts of [[Lampung]];
*[[Northern Sundanese|Northern dialect]], spoken in [[Bogor]], and northwestern coastal areas of West Java;
*[[Priangan Sundanese|Southern or Priangan dialect]], spoken in [[Sukabumi]], [[Sumedang]], [[Cianjur Regency|Cianjur]], [[Bandung]], [[Garut Regency|Garut]] and [[Tasikmalaya]]
*[[Cirebonese Sundanese language|Mid-east dialect]], spoken in [[Cirebon]], [[Majalengka]] and [[Indramayu]],
*[[Brebian Sundanese|Northeast dialect]], spoken in [[Kuningan]], and [[Brebes]] (Central Java),
*Southeast dialect, spoken in [[Ciamis]], [[Pangandaran Regency|Pangandaran]], [[Banjar, West Java|Banjar]] and [[Cilacap]] (Central Java).

The Priangan dialect, which covers the largest area where Sundanese people lives (''Parahyangan'' in Sundanese), is the most widely spoken type of Sundanese language, taught in elementary till senior-high schools (equivalent to twelfth-year school grade) in West Java and Banten Province.

==Writing==
{{main|Sundanese script}}
The language has been written in different [[writing system]]s throughout history. The earliest attested documents of the Sundanese language were written in the [[Old Sundanese script]] (''Aksara Sunda Kuno''). After the arrival of Islam, the [[Pegon script]] is also used, usually for religious purposes. The [[Latin script]] then began to be used after the arrival of Europeans. In modern times, most of Sundanese literature is written in Latin. The regional government of [[West Java]] and [[Banten]] are currently promoting the use of Standard [[Sundanese script]] (''Aksara Sunda Baku'') in public places and road signs. The Pegon script is still used mostly by [[pesantren]]s (Islamic boarding school) in West Java and Banten or in Sundanese Islamic literature.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9eou96EnD2gC&q=huruf+pegon+sunda&pg=PA375|title=Mengenang hidup orang lain: sejumlah obituari|last=Rosidi|first=Ajip|date=2010|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|isbn=9789799102225|language=id}}</ref>

==Phonology==
Sundanese orthography is highly phonemic (see also [[Sundanese script]]).

=== Vowels ===
There are seven vowels: a {{IPA|/a/}}, é {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, i {{IPA|/i/}}, o {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, u {{IPA|/u/}}, e {{IPA|/ə/}}, and eu {{IPA|/ɨ/}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Müller-Gotama|first=Franz|title=Sundanese|date=2001|publisher=LINCOM Europa|series=Languages of the World. Materials|volume=369|place=Munich}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
| colspan="2" |
|}

=== Consonants ===
According to Müller-Gotama (2001) there are 18 consonants in the Sundanese phonology: {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA|/h/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}; however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/z/}} (as in ''fonem'', ''qur'an'', ''xerox'', ''zakat''). The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with the letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c (pronounced {{IPA|/tʃ/}}), j {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, h, ng ({{IPA|/ŋ/}}), ny {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, m, n, s {{IPA|/s/}}, w, l, r {{IPA|/r~ɾ/}}, and y {{IPA|/j/}}.
Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f/v {{IPA|/f/}} → p, sy {{IPA|/ʃ/}} → s, z {{IPA|/z/}} → j, and kh {{IPA|/x/}} → h.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
!voiceless
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!voiced
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

Epenthetic semivowels {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} are inserted after a high vowel immediately followed by another vowel, as in the words:
* kuéh - {{IPA|/ku'''w'''ɛh/}}
* muih - {{IPA|/mu'''w'''ih/}}
* béar - {{IPA|/be'''j'''ar/}}
* miang - {{IPA|/mi'''j'''aŋ/}}

==Register==
Sundanese has an elaborate system of [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] distinguishing levels of formality.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=E. A. |title=Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 16 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |year=1997 |editor-last=Clark |editor-first=M. |location=Canberra |pages=1–45 |chapter=The use of speech levels in Sundanese |doi=10.15144/PL-A90.1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> At the beginning of speech level development, it was known 6 levels of Sundanese language: ''basa kasar'' (rough), ''sedeng'' (medium), ''lemes'' (polite), ''lemes pisan'' (very polite), ''kasar pisan'' (very rough), and ''basa panengah'' (intermediate). But since the 1988 Congress of Sundanese Language in Bogor, the speech level has been narrowed to only two parts: ''basa hormat'' (respectful) and ''basa loma'' (fair). Besides that, the term was changed to "''tatakrama basa''" ({{lit|language manners}}), although the substance remained the same. The ''hormat'' variant is a subtle language to respect, while the loma variant is fair, neutral and familiar use. This variety of ''loma'' language is then used as a kind of "standard" variety of written languages in Sundanese society. Sundanese magazines, newspapers, literary books and theses, mostly using the ''loma'' variant.

Apart from the two previous levels, there is actually one more lowest level, namely ''cohag'' (rough). This level is only used when angry or just to show intimacy between speakers. This register can only be found in the [[Priangan|Sundanese Priangan]] dialect, while other dialects such as [[Bantenese language|Bantenese Language]], generally do not recognize this register.

For many words, there are distinct ''loma'' and ''lemes'' forms, e.g. ''arék'' (loma) vs. ''badé'' (lemes) "want", ''maca'' (loma) vs. ''maos'' (lemes) "read". In the ''lemes'' level, some words further distinguish humble and respectful forms, the former being used to refer to oneself, and the latter for the addressee and third persons, e.g. ''rorompok'' "(my own) house" vs. ''bumi'' "(your or someone else's) house" (the ''loma'' form is ''imah'').

Similar systems of speech levels are found in [[Honorific speech in Japanese|Japanese]], [[Korean honorifics|Korean]] and [[Thai language#Register|Thai]].

== Basic vocabulary ==

=== Pronoun ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Glos
!''Lemes''
!''Loma''
!''Cohag''
|-
|{{gcl|1SG}} 'I'
|''abdi'' (informal)
''simkuring'' (formal)
|''urang'' (informal)
''kuring'' (formal)

''kami'' (non-formal,

expressing speaker's superiority)
|''aing''
|-
|{{gcl|2SG}}, {{gcl|2PL}} 'you'
|''anjeun''
''hidep'' (for younger)
|''manéh''
''silaing''
|''sia''
|-
|{{gcl|3SG}}, {{gcl|3PL}} 'he, she'
|''mantenna'' (to be respected)
''anjeunna''
|''manéhna''
|''si éta''
|-
|{{gcl|1PL.EXCL|first person, exclusive plural}} 'we'
|''abdi sadayana'' (informal)
''sim kuring sadayana'' (formal)
|''kuring saréréa''
| ''aing kabéhan''
|-
|{{gcl|1PL.INCL|first person, inclusive plural}} 'we'
|''urang samudayana''
|''arurang''
|''-''
|-
|{{gcl|2PL}} 'you all'
|''aranjeun''
''haridep'' (for younger)
|''maranéh''
|''saria, sararia''
|-
|{{gcl|3PL}} 'they'
|''aranjeunna''
|''maranéhna''
|''-''
|}

== Numeral ==
{{Main|Sundanese numerals}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
![[Sundanese script]]
!Sundanese
|-
|1
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮱}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|hiji
|-
|2
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮲}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|dua
|-
|3
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮳}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|tilu
|-
|4
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮴}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|opat
|-
|5
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮵}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|lima
|-
|6
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮶}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|genep
|-
|7
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮷}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|tujuh
|-
|8
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮸}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|dalapan
|-
|9
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮹}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|salapan
|-
|10
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮱᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|sapuluh
|-
|11
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮱᮱}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|sabelas
|-
|12
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮱᮲}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|dua belas
|-
|20
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮲᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|dua puluh
|-
|21
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮲᮱}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|dua puluh hiji
|-
|30
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮳᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|tilu puluh
|-
|31
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮳᮱}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|tilu puluh hiji
|-
|40
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮴᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|opat puluh
|-
|50
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮵᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|lima puluh
|-
|60
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮶᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|genep puluh
|-
|70
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮷᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|tujuh puluh
|-
|80
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮸᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|dalapan puluh
|-
|90
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮹᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|salapan puluh
|-
|100
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮱᮰᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|saratus
|-
! colspan="2" |hundreds
|ratusan
|-
|1000
|<nowiki>|</nowiki>{{Sund|᮱᮰᮰᮰}}<nowiki>|</nowiki>
|sarébu
|-
! colspan="2" |thousands
|rébu
|}

==Grammar==
{{cleanup rewrite|section=yes|date=February 2020}}

===Root word===

====Root verb====
{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Sundanese (formal) !! Sundanese (polite)
|-
| eat || dahar || tuang (for other) neda (for myself)
|-
| drink || inum || leueut
|-
| write || tulis || serat
|-
| read || maca || maos
|-
| forget || poho || lali (for other)
hilap (for myself)
|-
| remember || inget || émut
|-
| sit || diuk || linggih (for other)
calik (for myself)
|-
| standing || nangtung || ngadeg
|-
| walk || leumpang || nyacat
|}

====Plural form====
Other Austronesian languages commonly use [[reduplication]] to create plural forms. However, Sundanese inserts the ''ar'' infix into the stem word. If the stem word starts with ''l'', or contains ''r'' following the infix, the infix ''ar'' becomes ''al''. Also, as with other Sundanese infixes (such as ''um''), if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes a prefix.
Examples:
#''Mangga A, t'''ar'''ahuna haneut kénéh''. "Please sir, the bean curds are still warm/hot." The plural form of ''tahu'' 'bean curd, tofu' is formed by infixing ''ar'' after the initial consonant.
#''B'''ar'''udak leutik l'''al'''umpatan.'' "Small children running around." ''Barudak'' "children" is formed from ''budak'' (child) with the ''ar'' infix; in ''lumpat'' (run) the ''ar'' infix becomes ''al'' because ''lumpat'' starts with ''l''.
#''Ieu kaén batik '''ar'''alus sadayana''. "All of these batik clothes are beautiful." Formed from ''alus'' (nice, beautiful, good) with the infix ''ar'' that becomes a prefix because ''alus'' starts with a vowel. It denotes the adjective "beautiful" for the plural subject/noun (batik clothes).
#''Siswa sakola éta mah b'''al'''ageur.'' "The students of that school are well-behaved." Formed from ''bageur'' ("good-behaving, nice, polite, helpful") with the infix ''ar'', which becomes ''al'' because of ''r'' in the root, to denote the adjective "well-behaved" for plural students.

However, it is reported that this use of ''al'' instead of ''ar'' (as illustrated in (4) above) does not to occur if the 'r' is in onset of a neighbouring syllable. For example, the plural form of the adjective ''curiga'' (suspicious) is ''caruriga'' and not *''caluriga'', because the 'r' in the root occurs at the start of the following syllable.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Phonology of Consonants: Harmony, Dissimilation, and Correspondence |last=Bennett |first=Wm G. |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=132 |language=en}}</ref>

The prefix can be reduplicated to denote ''very-'', or the plural of groups. For example, "b'''arar'''udak" denotes many, many children or many groups of children (''budak'' is child in Sundanese). Another example, "b'''alal'''ageur" denotes plural adjective of "very well-behaved".

===Active form===
Most active forms of Sundanese verbs are identical to the root, as with ''diuk'' "sit" or ''dahar'' "eat". Some others depend on the initial phoneme in the root:
# Initial {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA|/h/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/z/}} can be put after prefix ''nga'' like in ''ngadahar''.
# Initial {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} can be put after prefix ''ng'' like in ''nginum'' "drink".

===Negation===
{{Expand section|date=August 2015}}
Polite:

* ''Abdi '''teu''' '''acan''' neda''. "I have not eaten yet."
* ''Buku abdi mah '''sanés''' nu ieu''. "My book is not this one."
Formal:

* ''Urang '''acan''' dahar''. "I have not eaten yet."
* ''Buku urang mah '''lain''' nu ieu''. "My book is not this one."

===Question===
{{Expand section|date=August 2015}}

Dupi ''(for polite situation)''/Ari ''(for formal situation)''-(question)

example:

Polite:

* ''Dupi Tuang Rama nyondong di bumi?'' "Is your father at home?"
* ''Dupi bumi di palih mana?'' "Where do you live?"
Formal:

*''Ari Bapa aya di imah?'' "Is your father at home?"
* ''Ari imah di beulah mana?'' "Where do you live?"

===Interrogatives===
{| class="wikitable"
! English
! Sundanese (formal)
! Sundanese (polite) 
! Indonesian
|-
| what
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; " | ''naon''
| ''apa''
|-
| who
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; | ''saha''
| ''siapa''
|-
| whose/whom
| ''nu saha''
| ''kagungan saha''
| ''punya siapa''
|-
| where
| ''(di) mana''
| ''(di) manten''
| ''(di) mana''
|-
| when
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; | ''iraha''
| ''kapan''
|-
| why
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; | ''naha, kunaon''
| ''kenapa''
|-
| how
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; | ''kumaha''
| ''bagaimana''
|-
| how many
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; | ''sabaraha''
| ''berapa''
|}

===Passive form===
{{Expand section|date=August 2015}}

Polite:
*''Buku dibantun ku abdi.'' "The book is brought by me." ''Dibantun'' is the passive form ''ngabantun'' "bring".
*''Pulpén ditambut ku abdi.'' "The pen is borrowed by me."
*''Soal ieu dipidamel ku abdi.'' "This problem is done by me."
*''Kacasoca dianggo ku abdi.'' "Glasses worn by me."
Formal:
*''Buku dibawa ku urang.'' "The book is brought by me." ''Dibawa'' is the passive form ''mawa'' "bring".
*''Pulpén diinjeum ku urang.'' "The pen is borrowed by me."
*''Soal ieu digawékeun ku urang.'' "This problem is done by me."
*''Tasma dipaké ku urang.'' "Glasses worn by me."

===Adjectives===
{{Expand section|date=August 2015}}
Examples:

''teuas'' (hard), ''tiis'' (cool for water and solid objects), ''tiris'' (cool for air), ''hipu'' (soft), ''lada'' (hot/spicy, usually for foods), ''haneut'' (warm), etc.

===Prepositions===

====Place====
Sundanese has three generic prepositions for spatial expressions:{{sfnp|Hardjadibrata|1985|p=30}}
* ''di'': 'in', 'at' etc., indicating position
*''dina/na:'' 'on', 'at' etc., indicating specific position
* ''ka'': 'to', indicating direction
* ''kana'': 'to', indicating specific direction
* ''ti'': 'from', indicating origin
*''tina'': 'from', indicating specific origin

To express more specific spatial relations (like 'inside', 'under' etc.), these prepositions have been combined with locative nouns:{{sfnp|Hardjadibrata|1985|p=72–74}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Formal !! Polite !! Gloss
|-
| ''di jero''|| ''di lebet''|| inside
|-
| ''di luar''|| ''di luar''|| outside
|-
| ''di gigir''|| ''di gédéng''|| beside
|-
| ''di luhur''|| ''di luhur''|| above
|-
| ''di handap''|| ''di handap''|| below
|-
| ''di tukang''|| ''di pengker''|| behind
|-
| ''di hareup''|| ''di payun''|| in front
|}
''Di gigir/luhur/handap/tukang/hareup'' (also ''ka gigir'', ''ti gigir'' etc.) are absolute adverial expressions without a following noun. To express relative position, they have to add the suffix ''-eun'', e.g.:

Polite:
*''di luhur bumi'' – 'on top of the house'
*''dina luhur lomari'' – 'on top of the cupboard'
*''ti pengker bumi'' – 'from behind the house'
*''tina pengker lomari'' – 'from behind the cupboard'
Formal:
*''di luhureun imah'' – 'on top of the house'
*''dina luhureun lomari'' – 'on top of the cupboard'
*''ti tukangeun imah'' – 'from behind the house'
*''tina tukangeun lomari'' – 'from behind the cupboard'
''Di jero,'' ''di luar'' and the polite forms ''luhur'' & ''pengker'' can be used both with and without a following noun.

====Time====
{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Sundanese (formal) !! Sundanese (polite)
|-
| before || ''saacan/saméméh''|| ''sateuacan''
|-
| after || ''sanggeus''|| ''saparantos''
|-
| during || ''basa''|| ''nalika''
|-
| past || ''baheula''|| ''kapungkur''
|}

====Miscellaneous====
{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Sundanese (formal) !! Sundanese (polite)
|-
| from || ''tina/ti''|| ''tina/ti''
|-
| for || ''jang, paragi''|| ''kanggo/kanggé''
|}
{{clear}}

[[Image:Java languages.JPG|framed|center|Languages spoken in Java.]]

==See also==
*[[Sundanese alphabet]]
* [[Sundanese (Unicode block)]]

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Hardjadibrata |first=R.R. |year=1985 |title=Sundanese: A Syntactical Analysis |series=Pacific Linguistics |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National University |doi=10.15144/PL-D65}}
* {{cite news |last=Kurniawan |first=Eri |last2=Davies |first2=William D. |year=2015 |title=Finiteness in Sundanese |pages=1–16 |work=University of Hawai'i Press |publisher=Oceanic Linguistics |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/586707 |doi=10.1353/ol.2015.0010 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Eri Kurniawan |title=Sundanese complementation |degree=Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) |publisher=University of Iowa |url=https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Sundanese-complementation/9983777099002771 |doi=10.17077/etd.09n28b9j |year=2013 |doi-access=free}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Rigg|first=Jonathan|title=A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java|year=1862|publisher=Lange & Co.|location=Batavia}}
* {{cite book|author=S. Coolsma|title=Tata Bahasa Sunda|year=1985|publisher=Djambatan|location=Jakarta|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2645/}}
* {{cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |year=2010 |title=The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=44–118 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0060 |jstor=40783586 |s2cid=145459318 }}
* {{cite book |last=Blust |first=Robert |year=2013 |title=The Austronesian languages |series= Asia-Pacific Linguistics 8 |location=Canberra |publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University |edition=revised |isbn=9781922185075 |hdl=1885/10191 |hdl-access=free }}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=su}}
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:Sundanese Swadesh list}}
{{Wikivoyage|Sundanese phrasebook|Sundanese|a phrasebook}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.kamusbahasasunda.com/ Sundanese-Indonesian and Indonesian-Sundanese Dictionary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100907014837/http://sabilulungan.org/aksara/ Sundanese converter Latin-Sudanese script (Aksara Sunda)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110826135535/http://sabilulungan.org/tarjamah/ Indonesian-Sundanese Translator]
* [http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/sundanese/ Sundanese - Unicode Character Table]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HD7lvNuipQs Sundanese Christian song - an example from Sanggar Mekar Asih]

{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Sundanese language}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundanese Language}}
[[Category:Sundanese language| ]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]
[[Category:Greater North Borneo languages]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]

Comparison of free software for audio

2022-06-21T11:08:40Z

RandomPattern: Fix (Programming languages) table's formatting

{{Short description|none}}
This '''comparison of free software for audio''' lists notable [[free and open source software]] for use by sound engineers, audio producers, and those involved in sound recording and reproduction.

== Players ==
{{See also|Comparison of audio player software}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left"
! Logo !! Component !! GUI !! Programming language !! Database
![[Linux]]?
![[macOS]]?
![[Unix]]?
![[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
!mka
support
! Notes
!License
|-
| [[File:Amarok icon.svg|32px|Amarok]]
| '''[[Amarok (software)|Amarok]]'''
| [[Qt_(software)|Qt]]
| [[C++]]
| [[MySQL]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
||
| Unstable
|
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:Logo aTunes.png|32px|aTunes]]
| '''[[aTunes]]'''
| [[Swing (Java)|Swing]]
| [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:Aqualung logo (drop).svg|32px|Aqualung]]
| '''Aqualung'''
| [[GTK]]
| [[C (programming language)|C]]
| no database
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:Audacious-2.4-logo.svg|32px|Audacious]]
| '''[[Audacious (software)|Audacious]]'''
| [[GTK]] / [[Qt_(software)|Qt]]
| [[C (programming language)|C]]
| no database
| {{yes}}
|
||
| {{yes}}
|yes
|
|[[BSD 2-Clause]]
|-
| [[File:Music-player-banshee.svg|32px|Banshee]]
| '''[[Banshee (media player)|Banshee]] 2.6.2'''
| [[GTK+]]
| [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]
| [[SQLite]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
||
| {{yes}}
|
|
|[[MIT License|MIT]]
|-
| [[File:Clementine logo.svg|32px|Clementine]]
| '''[[Clementine (software)|Clementine]]'''
| [[Qt_(software)|Qt]]
| [[C++]]
| [[SQLite3]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
||
| {{yes}}
|
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:Exailelogo many.svg|32px|Exaile]]
| '''[[Exaile]]'''
| [[GTK]]
| [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| [[Pickle (Python)|Pickle]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
||
| {{yes}}
|
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:Guayadeque logo a.svg|32px|Guayadeque]]
| '''[[Guayadeque Music Player|Guayadeque]]'''
| [[wxWidgets]]
| [[C++]], [[C (programming language)|C]]
| [[SQLite3]]
|
|
|
|
|
|Linux(Gstreamer)
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:Juk-icon.png|32px|Juk]]
| '''[[JuK]]'''
| [[Qt_(software)|Qt]]
| [[C++]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Linux(KDE)
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:Miro icon.png|32px|Miro]]
| '''[[Miro (software)|Miro]]'''
| [[WebKit]] in
GTK/[[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]]
| [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
|
| '''[[Muine]]'''
| [[GTK Sharp|GTK#]]
| [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]
| no database
|
|
|
|
|
| can use [[GStreamer]] and [[xine]]
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:Nightingale-logo.png|32px|Nightingale]]
| '''[[Nightingale (software)|Nightingale]]'''
| [[XULRunner]]
| [[C++]]
| [[SQLite]]?
|
|
|
|
|
| fork of Songbird, with [[Linux]] support
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL v2]], [[Mozilla Public License|MPL]], [[BSD License|BSD]]
|-
| [[File:Quodlibet logo.svg|32px|Quod Libet]]
| '''[[Quod Libet (software)|Quod Libet]] 4.3.0'''
| [[GTK]]
| [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| [[Pickle (Python)|Pickle]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
||
| {{yes}}
|no
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:qmmp logo.svg|32px|qmmp]]
| '''[[qmmp]]'''
| [[Qt_(software)|Qt]]
| [[C++]]
| no database
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:RhythmboxLogo.png|32px|Rhythmbox]]
| '''[[Rhythmbox]]'''
| [[GTK]]
| [[C (programming language)|C]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| not [[GNU Data Access]]
|[[GNU General Public License version 2|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:Songbird Logo 2.0.0.png|32px|Songbird]]
| '''[[Songbird (software)|Songbird]]'''
| [[XULRunner]]
| [[C++]]
| [[SQLite]]?
|
|
|
|
|
| Abandoned
(last release on February 4, 2013)
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL v2]] with exceptions,

Android client closed source
|-
|
| '''[[Tomahawk (software)|Tomahawk]]'''
| [[Qt_(software)|Qt]]
| [[C++]]
| [[SQLite]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-or-later]]
|-
|
| '''[[XMMS]]'''
| [[GTK+]]
| [[C++]]
| no database
|
|
|
|
|
|Discontinued in 2007
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
| [[File:XMMS2-Logo-white-128.png|32x32px]]
| '''[[XMMS2]]'''
|
| [[C (programming language)|C]]
| [[SQLite]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|}

==Audio analysis==
{{See also|Spectrum analyzer}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
! License
|-

! [[BRP-PACU]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
| ''Dual channel FFT tool for [[equalization (audio)|equalization]] of sound systems using the transfer function.''
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[Praat]]
| Paul Boersma and David Weenink of the University of Amsterdam
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| A program for the analysis of speech in phonetics.
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-

! [[Sonic Visualiser]]
| Centre for Digital Music at [[Queen Mary, University of London]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[WaveSurfer]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|[[BSD]]-like
|}

==Converters==
{{See also| List of audio conversion software }}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
! License
|-
! [[FFmpeg]]
|[[Fabrice Bellard]]
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| Audio & video.
| [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]], [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[fre:ac]]
| Robert Kausch
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| formerly BonkEnc
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[Libav]]
|Libav team
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
| Audio & video.
| [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]], [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-

! [[MPlayer]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Audio & video.
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
|}

==DJ software==
{{See also| Category:Audio mixing software }}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
! License
|-

! [[Mixxx]]
| Mixxx Development Team
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-

! [[Xwax]]
| Mark Hills
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-only]]
|-
|}

== Distributions and other platforms ==
Various projects have formed to integrate the existing free software audio packages.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! Description
! Note
! License
|-
! [[AVLinux]]
|
| [[Linux distribution]]
|
| various
|-

! [[dyne:bolic]]
|
| [[Linux distribution]]
|
| various
|-
! [[Musix GNU+Linux]]
|
| [[Linux distribution]]
|
| various
|-
! [[Planet CCRMA]]
|
| set of packages (in [[RPM Package Manager|RPM]] format)
|
|
|-
! [[Ubuntu Studio]]
|
| [[Linux distribution]]
|
| various
|}

==Modular systems==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
! License
|-
! [[Integra Live]]
| [[Birmingham Conservatoire]]
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[Libvisual]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-

! [[VisualAp]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
|-
|}

== Notation ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
!License
|-
! [[LilyPond]]
| Han-Wen Nienhuys and Jan Nieuwenhuizen
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| a [[music engraving]] program
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[MuseScore]]
| Werner Schweer
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} Various BSDs<ref>{{Cite web|title=Download|url=https://musescore.org/en/download|access-date=2021-10-05|website=MuseScore.org|language=en}}</ref>
| {{yes}}
| a [[WYSIWYG]] [[scorewriter]] with midi playback and audio export
| v4: [[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-only]] v0-3: [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-only]] with [[GPL font exception|font exception]], [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] (mobile app and online service)
|-
! [[Impro-Visor]]
| Bob Keller
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[lead sheet]] notation, jazz improvisation, auto-accompaniment
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|}

==Programming languages==

Many [[computer music programming languages]] are implemented in free software. See also the [[comparison of audio synthesis environments]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
! License
|-
! [[Csound]]
| Csound community, [[Barry Vercoe]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}?
| {{yes}}
|
| [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-
! [[ChucK]]
| Ge Wang, Perry Cook
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}?
| {{yes}}
|
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]] (Mac, Linux, Windows versions)
[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] (iOS version)
|-
! [[Nyquist (programming language)|Nyquist]]
| Computer Music Project at Carnegie Mellon University, Roger B. Dannenberg
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
! [[Pure Data]]
| Pd Community, [[Miller Puckette]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| [[BSD licenses|BSD-3-Clause]]
|-
![[Sonic Pi]]
|Sam Aaron
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{dunno}}
| {{yes}}
|
|MIIT
|-
! [[SuperCollider]]
| SuperCollider community, James McCartney
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}?
| {{yes}}
|
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-or-later]]
|-
![[TidalCycles]]
|[[Alex McLean]] et al
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-or-later]]
|}

==Radio broadcasting==

See also [[#Streaming|streaming]] below.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
!License
|-
! [[Airtime (software)]]
| [[Sourcefabric]]
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{dunno}}
| {{no}}
| Successor to Campcaster 
| From 2.5.2: [[GNU Affero General Public License|AGPL-3.0-only]] 1.6 to 2.5.1: [[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-only]]
|-
! [[Campcaster]]
| [[Sourcefabric]]
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{dunno}}
| {{no}}
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[OpenBroadcaster]]
| [[OpenBroadcaster]]
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|[[GNU Affero General Public License|AGPL-3.0-or-later]]
|-
|}

==Recording and editing==

The following packages are [[digital audio editor]]s.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! GUI toolkit
! Note
! License
|-
! [[Ardour (software)|Ardour]]
| [[Paul Davis (programmer)|Paul Davis]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| GTK+
| multi-track audio recorder and editor
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[Audacity (audio editor)|Audacity]]
| Dominic Mazzoni
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| wxWidgets
| multi-track audio recorder and editor
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]], [[Creative Commons license|CC BY 3.0]] (documentation)
|-
![[Ecasound]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} limited support through [[Cygwin]]
| command line
|audio recorder
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
![[Gnome Wave Cleaner]]
|Jeff Welty
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
| {{no}}
| GTK+
|audio editor
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[Jokosher]]
| Jokosher community
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
| {{yes}}
| GTK+
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-only]] with exception
|-
![[LMMS]]
| Tobias Doerffel
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} as of 0.4.0 with Qt4
|
| {{yes}}
| Qt
| multi-track audio editor intended as a replacement for [[Cubase]]-like software ([[Digital audio workstation|DAW]])
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
![[MusE]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
| {{no}}
| Qt
|[[Musical Instrument Digital Interface|MIDI]] sequencer
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
![[Qtractor]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
| {{no}}
| Qt
|A non-destructive multi-track audio and MIDI Workstation ([[Digital audio workstation|DAW]])
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
![[Rosegarden]]
| Chris Cannam
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
| {{no}}
| Qt
|MIDI sequencer and multi-track recorder
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
![[SoX]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| command-line
|multi-track audio editor/processor
|[[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]],
[[GNU General Public License#Version 2|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[Sweep (software)|Sweep]]
| Conrad Parker
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|
|
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[Traverso DAW]]
| Remon Sijrier
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| multi-track audio recorder and editor
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
|-
! [[WaveSurfer]]
| Centre for Speech Technology at [[Royal Institute of Technology|KTH]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Tk
|
|[[BSD]]-like
|-
|}

==Softsynths==
{{see also|Software synthesizer}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
! License
|-

! [[FluidSynth]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[SoundFont]] player/renderer
| [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-

! [[TiMidity++]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-

! [[Yoshimi (Synthesizer)|Yoshimi]]
| Alan Calvert
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}} Various BSDs
| {{no}}
| Forked from ZynAddSubFX in 2009
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-

! [[ZynAddSubFX]]
| Paul Nasca
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-

! [[WildMIDI]]
|
| {{yes}}
| ?
| ?
| ?
| Some alternative to TiMidity
| Player: [[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-or-later]] Library: [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-3.0-or-later]]
|-

|}

==Streaming==
These programs are for use with [[streaming audio]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
!License
|-
![[Firefly Media Server]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|streams music to [[Digital Audio Access Protocol|DAAP]] clients like [[iTunes]] and [[Rhythmbox]]
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[Icecast]]
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|a broadcast server, serves audio signals to clients over the [[HTTP]] protocol
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-only]]
|-
! [[VLC media player]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| media and server programs for video and audio streaming
| VLC: [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]] libVLC: [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-
|}

==Technologies==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
!License
|-
! [[Advanced Linux Sound Architecture]] (ALSA)
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| the [[sound card]] driver and management system in the [[Linux kernel]]
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]] [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-
! [[aRts]]
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| an audio programming API and [[sound server]] for general desktop, no longer in development
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
|-
! [[Disposable Soft Synth Interface|DSSI]]
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| a plugin architecture for [[software synthesizer]]s
|[[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-
! [[GStreamer]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| a graph-based multimedia framework
|[[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-
! [[JACK Audio Connection Kit]] (JACK)
| JACK Team, [[Paul Davis (programmer)|Paul Davis]]
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} (JACK OS X)
|
| {{yes}} (jackdmp)
| a [[sound server]] for integration of general and low-latency pro audio applications, including [[timebase]] transport
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]] [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-
! [[LADSPA|Linux Audio Developers Simple Plugin API]] (LADSPA)
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| a plugin architecture for [[digital signal processor|digital signal processing]]
|[[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-
! [[Open Sound System]]
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| a [[sound card]] management and driver system for [[Unix]] [[operating systems]]
|[[BSD License|BSD-2-Clause]] [[Common Development and Distribution License|CDDL-1.0]] [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-only]] [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] (formerly)
|-
![[PortAudio]] & [[PortMidi]]
|Ross Bencina
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|a cross-platform, open-source C language library for real-time audio & midi I/O
|[[MIT License]]
|-
! [[PulseAudio]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} (Solaris, FreeBSD, NetBSD)
| {{yes}}
| a [[sound server]] for general desktop and multihost LAN applications
|[[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-
! [[sndio]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}} (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD)
| {{no}}
| [[sound server|sound]] and [[MIDI]] server
|[[ISC license|ISC]]
|}

==Trackers==
These music sequencer programs allow users to arrange notes (pitch-shifted sound samples) on a timeline: see [[tracker (music software)]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
!License
|-
! [[MilkyTracker]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Also runs on various other platforms including [[Windows Mobile]], [[PlayStation]] and [[AmigaOS 4]].
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-or-later]] MilkyPlay: [[BSD licenses|BSD-3-Clause]]
|-
! [[OpenMPT]]
| Olivier Lapicque
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| Released as free software in 2004
|[[BSD licenses|BSD-3-Clause]] (since OpenMPT 1.17.02.53) / [[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]], partly [[Public domain software|public domain]]
|-
! [[Psycle]]
|[[Juan Antonio Arguelles Rius]] (Arguru)
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| A tracker combined with modular capabilities
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL]], [[Public domain software|public domain]]
|-
! [[SoundTracker (Unix)|SoundTracker]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| [[Fast Tracker]] clone
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[SunVox]]
| Alexander Zolotov
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Also runs on [[Windows CE]].
|[[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] (Music Creation Studio) [[BSD licenses|BSD-3-Clause]] (Engine)
|}

==Other==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #ececec"
! style="width:12em" | Name
! Creator
! [[Linux]]?
! [[macOS]]?
! [[Unix]]?
! [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]?
! Note
!License
|-
! [[Gnaural]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[Binaural beats|Binaural beat]] and pink noise generator
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[Hydrogen (software)|Hydrogen]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{partial}}
| {{partial}}
| an advanced drum machine
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-2.0-or-later]]
|-
! [[libsndfile]]
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| library for reading and writing many sound formats
|[[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL-2.1-or-later]]
|-
! [[EasyEffects]]
| Wellington Wallace
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| Effects processing for applications using [[PipeWire]] [[sound server]]
|[[GNU General Public License|GPL-3.0-or-later]]
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[ABC notation]]
* [[List of Linux audio software]]
* [https://www.tunefab.com/am-converter/ iTunes Audio Converter]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Media player (application software)|free}}

[[Category:Free software lists and comparisons|Audio software]]
[[Category:Free audio software| ]]

User:RandomPattern

2022-06-21T11:02:59Z

RandomPattern: /* Programming Languages Learned */

Hello.

== About ==
{{#babel:id|en-4|su-2|es-1}}

=== Programming Languages Learned ===
{{User c-2}}
{{User c++-3}}
{{User py-2}}
{{User rust-2}}
{{User js-1}}
{{User java-0}}

User:RandomPattern

2022-06-04T08:59:28Z

RandomPattern: Added some userboxes

Hello.

== About ==
{{#babel:id|en-4|su-2|es-1}}

=== Programming Languages Learned ===
{{User c-3}}
{{User c++-3}}
{{User py-3}}
{{User rust-2}}
{{User js-2}}
{{User java-0}}

Archidendron pauciflorum

2022-03-17T12:41:07Z

RandomPattern: Burma -> Myanmar

{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Pithecellobium_jiringa.JPG
|taxon = Archidendron pauciflorum
|authority = ([[George Bentham|Benth.]]) I.C.Nielsen
|synonyms =
{{Species list
|Archidendron jiringa|(Jack) I.C.Nielsen
|Pithecellobium jiringa|(Jack) Prain
|Pithecellobium lobatum|(Benth.) I.C.Nielsen
}}
}}

'''''Archidendron pauciflorum''''', commonly known as '''djenkol, jengkol''' or '''jering''' is a species of flowering tree in the [[pea]] family, [[Fabaceae]]. It is native to [[Southeast Asia]], where the seeds are a popular dish.<ref name=lim2012>Lim, T. K. "Archidendron jiringa." Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2012. 544-548.</ref> They are mainly consumed in [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Indonesia]] and prepared by frying, boiling, or roasting and are also eaten raw.<ref name="larson2006">Larson, JAMES L., and RICHARD F. Clark. "Plant toxins in the tropics." Tropical Infectious Diseases (Second Edition)(2006): 102-19.</ref> The [[beans]] are mildly toxic due to the presence of [[djenkolic acid]], an amino acid which causes djenkolism (djenkol bean poisoning).<ref>Wong, Jin Shyan, et al. "Acute anuric renal failure following jering bean ingestion." Asian Journal of Surgery 30.1 (2007): 80-81.</ref> The beans and leaves of the djenkol tree are traditionally used for medicinal purposes such as purifying the blood.<ref name=Ong1999>Ong, H. C., and J. Norzalina. "Malay herbal medicine in Gemencheh, Negri Sembilan, Malaysia." Fitoterapia 70.1 (1999): 10-14.</ref> To date, djenkol is traded on local markets only.<ref name=":0">Wiriadinata, H. (1993) Archidendron jiringa (Jack) Nielsen. In: Siemonsma JB, Piluek K (eds.) Plant resources of South-East Asia No 8: Vegetables. Prosea, Bogor, p. 89–90</ref>

== Vernacular names ==
Common English names are blackbead, dog fruit, ''djenkol'' tree, ''luk nieng'' tree and ''ngapi'' nut.<ref name="lim2012" /> As this plant grows in different countries in South-East Asia, it has a variety of vernacular names. The common names in Indonesia is ''djenkol'' tree, ''jinkol'', ''jarung'' (Sumatra) or ''jering'' (Java). It is called ''krakos'' in Cambodia, ''jering'' in Malaysia and in Thailand. Other vernacular names include ''luk nieng'', ''cha niang'', ''khang daeng'' and ''pha niang''. In Myanmar it is called ''da-nyin-thee'' or ''da-nyin-pen''.<ref name="lim2012" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Barceloux2009" />

==Description==
''Archidendron pauciflorum'' is a [[legume]] [[tree]] with a size of 18–25 m, has spreading crown and [[bipinnate]] leaves (up to 25 cm) and greyish smooth bark.<ref name="lim2012" /><ref name="Barceloux2009" /><ref name="sridaran2012" /> The young leaves have a wine-red colour and are edible. Flowering time of the tree is between September and January.<ref>Suharjono, A., and O. E. Sadatun. "Djenkol intoxication in children". ''Paediatr Indones'' 8.1 (1968): 20–29.</ref> The white calyx cup-shaped flowers are bisexual and have various yellowish-white [[stamen]]s.<ref name="lim2012" />

The [[fruit]] ([[legume]]) of the tree is a woody, glabrous and deep purple pod. Each Pod contains around three to nine round-shaped [[seed]]s.<ref name="Barceloux2009" /> The pods are formed falcate or twisted in a wide spiral. The [[seed coat]] of a young seed shows a yellow-green colour and turns into dark brown during ripening. Then the ripe fruit [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehisces]] along the [[Anatomical terms of location|ventral]] suture.<ref name=":0" />

== Habitat and ecology ==
The tree is indigenous to [[Primary forest|primary]] and [[secondary forest]]s in humid, mountainous and undulating areas as well as on [[river banks]] from sea-level up to 1600 m altitude in Southeast Asian countries such as [[Bangladesh]], [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Kalimantan]]), [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Southern Thailand]].<ref name="lim2012" /> Djenkol trees grow best in pervious sandy or [[Lateritic soil|lateritic]] [[soil]]s and they need a high rainfall guaranty.<ref name="lim2012" /><ref name=":0" />

== Uses ==

=== Food ===

==== Nutritional value ====
{{nutritionalvalue
| name= Djenkol Bean
| protein=14.19 g
| fat=1.45 g
| carbs=25.67 g
| fiber=1.76 g
| source=<ref name=sridaran2012 />
}}
The beans of the Djenkol tree have a crude [[carbohydrate]] content of about 26% which is relatively low compared to other common [[legume]]s, such as [[cowpea]], [[kidney bean]] and [[pea]] which all contain about 60 - 70%. The crude [[protein]] content instead is about 14.2%.<ref name="sridaran2012">Sridaran, Ashuwini, Alias A. Karim, and Rajeev Bhat. "Pithecellobium jiringa legume flour for potential food applications: Studies on their physico-chemical and functional properties." Food Chemistry 130.3 (2012): 528-535.</ref> This is higher than that of common [[cereals]], such as [[wheat]] (13%), [[rye]] (11%) or [[rice]] (7%).<ref>Dini, Irene, Gian Carlo Tenore, and Antonio Dini. "Nutritional and antinutritional composition of Kancolla seeds: an interesting and underexploited andine food plant." Food Chemistry 92.1 (2005): 125-132.</ref> The presence of adequate protein and low fat contents might be perceived as desirable by consumers.<ref name="sridaran2012" /> When processed to flour, the presence of high [[moisture]] content (about 59%) suggests that this seed needs to be further processed to improve the shelf life and the overall quality.<ref name="sridaran2012" />

==== Ways of preparation ====
[[File:Nasi Uduk Jengkol Daging Krecek.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Nasi uduk]]'' with ''[[Semur (Indonesian stew)|semur]]'', ''empal'' fried beef and ''krecek'' (cow skin in spicy coconut milk)]]

Djenkol beans are 3.0 to 3.5 cm in diameter and 1.5 to 2.0 cm thick and have a reddish-brown color. These beans are prepared by [[frying]], boiling, or [[roasting]] and are also eaten raw. They are mainly consumed in [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Indonesia]].<ref name="larson2006" /> The seeds of djenkol are mainly used to add flavour to food, although the crushed seeds give off a mild [[sulfur]]ous odor<ref name="Barceloux2009">Barceloux, Donald G. "Djenkol Bean [Archidendron jiringa (Jack) IC Nielsen]". ''Disease-a-Month'' 55.6 (2009): 361–364.</ref> which is perceived as rather offensive by some people.<ref name=Siemonsma1993>Siemonsma, J. S., and Kasem Piluek. Vegetables. Pudoc, 1993.</ref> Young seeds are often eaten raw as so-called [[Ulam (salad)|ulam]].<ref name = Siew2014>Siew, Yin-Yin, et al. "Ethnobotanical survey of usage of fresh medicinal plants in Singapore". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' 155.3 (2014): 1450–1466.</ref> Mature seeds are prepared in different ways:

* '''boiled''' thoroughly until the bad smell has disappeared, then consumed with salt and grated coconut.
* '''steeped''' in salted water for some hours, then fried in oil. This also removes most of the offensive smell.
* processed into '''chips''', also called [[emping]]: The seeds are cooked, then flattened by hammering before they are sundried and then consumed.
* The seeds can be buried for about 14 days until they '''germinate'''. Then they are dug up and eaten after the [[Sprouting|sprout]] has been removed. This way of preparation is said to minimize the danger of intoxication by [[jengkolic acid]].<ref name="Siemonsma1993" />

=== Folk medicine ===
Different parts of the djenkol tree are applied in traditional medicine of [[Southeast Asia|South-East Asia]]. The raw seeds are thought to purify the blood<ref name="Ong1999" /><ref name="sridaran2012" /> or cure [[dysentery]].<ref>Roosita, Katrin, et al. "Medicinal plants used by the villagers of a Sundanese community in West Java, Indonesia." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115.1 (2008): 72-81.</ref> Compresses with young leaves are used for skin problems, and burnt old leaves are believed to relieve itchy feelings. The powder of burnt young leaves are applied to cuts and wounds.<ref name="lim2012" /><ref name=":1">Muslim, Nahdzatul, and Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid. "Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb." (2010).</ref>

=== Other uses ===
''Archidendron pauciflorum'' can also be used for [[dyeing]]. The pods of the seeds dye silk purple and the bark of the tree dyes black. The shell is also being used for hair washing, timber as firewood and for building (e.g. coffins)''.''<ref name="lim2012" /> Due to the content of [[djenkolic acid]]s in the seeds, the raw seed is also being applied to the production of organic [[pesticide]]s in combination with other plants to kill and prevent the growth of pests.<ref name=":1" />

== Cultivation ==

=== Forms of cultivation ===
Djenkol trees have often been spared when [[Primary forest|primary]] or [[Secondary forest|secondary]] [[Rainforest|rain forest]] has been cut down. Otherwise planting distances are 10–15 m.<ref name="Siemonsma1993" /> The plant favours a well-drained sandy, lateritic or sandy clay [[soil]].<ref name="lim2012" /> is propagated by Seed. Methods for clonal distribution are not yet been found. In nature Squirrels ''([[Plantain squirrel|Callosciurus notatus]])'' eat the seeds and facilitate its distribution.<ref name="Siemonsma1993" />

=== Harvest and post-harvest treatment ===
A tree produces between 1000 and 4000 seeds per year.<ref>Charungchitrak, Sarinya, et al. "Antifungal and antibacterial activities of lectin from the seeds of Archidendron jiringa Nielsen". ''Food Chemistry'' 126.3 (2011): 1025–1032.</ref> The main harvesting time in [[Java]] is around July to August, the [[aftercrop]] in December to February. Usually Djenkol is sold in the markets by number of seeds. For transport, seeds, in particular young ones, should not be removed from the pods to avoid [[desiccation]]. One way to store the seeds is by processing it into chips ([[emping]]).<ref name="Siemonsma1993" /> Another possibility however could be its procession to [[flour]]. To date, due to the high moisture content, this is hardly done.<ref name="sridaran2012" />

=== Pests and diseases ===
''Archidendron pauciflorum'' has a number of pests in common with other leguminous trees and [[shrub]]s such as the pod-borers ''[[Mussidia pectinicornella]]'' and ''[[Cryptophlebia ombrodelta]]'' or the [[caterpillar]]s of the leaf-feeder ''[[Eurema blanda]]'', one of the most common butterflies in Java.<ref name="Siemonsma1993" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3503085}}

[[Category:Archidendron|pauciflorum]]
[[Category:Edible legumes]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Plant dyes]]
[[Category:Potentially dangerous food]]

Archidendron pauciflorum

2022-03-17T12:39:04Z

RandomPattern: Fixed Erroneous linking

{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Pithecellobium_jiringa.JPG
|taxon = Archidendron pauciflorum
|authority = ([[George Bentham|Benth.]]) I.C.Nielsen
|synonyms =
{{Species list
|Archidendron jiringa|(Jack) I.C.Nielsen
|Pithecellobium jiringa|(Jack) Prain
|Pithecellobium lobatum|(Benth.) I.C.Nielsen
}}
}}

'''''Archidendron pauciflorum''''', commonly known as '''djenkol, jengkol''' or '''jering''' is a species of flowering tree in the [[pea]] family, [[Fabaceae]]. It is native to [[Southeast Asia]], where the seeds are a popular dish.<ref name=lim2012>Lim, T. K. "Archidendron jiringa." Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2012. 544-548.</ref> They are mainly consumed in [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Indonesia]] and prepared by frying, boiling, or roasting and are also eaten raw.<ref name="larson2006">Larson, JAMES L., and RICHARD F. Clark. "Plant toxins in the tropics." Tropical Infectious Diseases (Second Edition)(2006): 102-19.</ref> The [[beans]] are mildly toxic due to the presence of [[djenkolic acid]], an amino acid which causes djenkolism (djenkol bean poisoning).<ref>Wong, Jin Shyan, et al. "Acute anuric renal failure following jering bean ingestion." Asian Journal of Surgery 30.1 (2007): 80-81.</ref> The beans and leaves of the djenkol tree are traditionally used for medicinal purposes such as purifying the blood.<ref name=Ong1999>Ong, H. C., and J. Norzalina. "Malay herbal medicine in Gemencheh, Negri Sembilan, Malaysia." Fitoterapia 70.1 (1999): 10-14.</ref> To date, djenkol is traded on local markets only.<ref name=":0">Wiriadinata, H. (1993) Archidendron jiringa (Jack) Nielsen. In: Siemonsma JB, Piluek K (eds.) Plant resources of South-East Asia No 8: Vegetables. Prosea, Bogor, p. 89–90</ref>

== Vernacular names ==
Common English names are blackbead, dog fruit, ''djenkol'' tree, ''luk nieng'' tree and ''ngapi'' nut.<ref name="lim2012" /> As this plant grows in different countries in South-East Asia, it has a variety of vernacular names. The common names in Indonesia is ''djenkol'' tree, ''jinkol'', ''jarung'' (Sumatra) or ''jering'' (Java). It is called ''krakos'' in Cambodia, ''jering'' in Malaysia and in Thailand. Other vernacular names include ''luk nieng'', ''cha niang'', ''khang daeng'' and ''pha niang''. In Burma it is called ''da-nyin-thee'' or ''da-nyin-pen''.<ref name="lim2012" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Barceloux2009" />

==Description==
''Archidendron pauciflorum'' is a [[legume]] [[tree]] with a size of 18–25 m, has spreading crown and [[bipinnate]] leaves (up to 25 cm) and greyish smooth bark.<ref name="lim2012" /><ref name="Barceloux2009" /><ref name="sridaran2012" /> The young leaves have a wine-red colour and are edible. Flowering time of the tree is between September and January.<ref>Suharjono, A., and O. E. Sadatun. "Djenkol intoxication in children". ''Paediatr Indones'' 8.1 (1968): 20–29.</ref> The white calyx cup-shaped flowers are bisexual and have various yellowish-white [[stamen]]s.<ref name="lim2012" />

The [[fruit]] ([[legume]]) of the tree is a woody, glabrous and deep purple pod. Each Pod contains around three to nine round-shaped [[seed]]s.<ref name="Barceloux2009" /> The pods are formed falcate or twisted in a wide spiral. The [[seed coat]] of a young seed shows a yellow-green colour and turns into dark brown during ripening. Then the ripe fruit [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehisces]] along the [[Anatomical terms of location|ventral]] suture.<ref name=":0" />

== Habitat and ecology ==
The tree is indigenous to [[Primary forest|primary]] and [[secondary forest]]s in humid, mountainous and undulating areas as well as on [[river banks]] from sea-level up to 1600 m altitude in Southeast Asian countries such as [[Bangladesh]], [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Kalimantan]]), [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Southern Thailand]].<ref name="lim2012" /> Djenkol trees grow best in pervious sandy or [[Lateritic soil|lateritic]] [[soil]]s and they need a high rainfall guaranty.<ref name="lim2012" /><ref name=":0" />

== Uses ==

=== Food ===

==== Nutritional value ====
{{nutritionalvalue
| name= Djenkol Bean
| protein=14.19 g
| fat=1.45 g
| carbs=25.67 g
| fiber=1.76 g
| source=<ref name=sridaran2012 />
}}
The beans of the Djenkol tree have a crude [[carbohydrate]] content of about 26% which is relatively low compared to other common [[legume]]s, such as [[cowpea]], [[kidney bean]] and [[pea]] which all contain about 60 - 70%. The crude [[protein]] content instead is about 14.2%.<ref name="sridaran2012">Sridaran, Ashuwini, Alias A. Karim, and Rajeev Bhat. "Pithecellobium jiringa legume flour for potential food applications: Studies on their physico-chemical and functional properties." Food Chemistry 130.3 (2012): 528-535.</ref> This is higher than that of common [[cereals]], such as [[wheat]] (13%), [[rye]] (11%) or [[rice]] (7%).<ref>Dini, Irene, Gian Carlo Tenore, and Antonio Dini. "Nutritional and antinutritional composition of Kancolla seeds: an interesting and underexploited andine food plant." Food Chemistry 92.1 (2005): 125-132.</ref> The presence of adequate protein and low fat contents might be perceived as desirable by consumers.<ref name="sridaran2012" /> When processed to flour, the presence of high [[moisture]] content (about 59%) suggests that this seed needs to be further processed to improve the shelf life and the overall quality.<ref name="sridaran2012" />

==== Ways of preparation ====
[[File:Nasi Uduk Jengkol Daging Krecek.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Nasi uduk]]'' with ''[[Semur (Indonesian stew)|semur]]'', ''empal'' fried beef and ''krecek'' (cow skin in spicy coconut milk)]]

Djenkol beans are 3.0 to 3.5 cm in diameter and 1.5 to 2.0 cm thick and have a reddish-brown color. These beans are prepared by [[frying]], boiling, or [[roasting]] and are also eaten raw. They are mainly consumed in [[Thailand]], [[Malaysia]], [[Burma]], and [[Indonesia]].<ref name="larson2006" /> The seeds of djenkol are mainly used to add flavour to food, although the crushed seeds give off a mild [[sulfur]]ous odor<ref name="Barceloux2009">Barceloux, Donald G. "Djenkol Bean [Archidendron jiringa (Jack) IC Nielsen]". ''Disease-a-Month'' 55.6 (2009): 361–364.</ref> which is perceived as rather offensive by some people.<ref name=Siemonsma1993>Siemonsma, J. S., and Kasem Piluek. Vegetables. Pudoc, 1993.</ref> Young seeds are often eaten raw as so-called [[Ulam (salad)|ulam]].<ref name = Siew2014>Siew, Yin-Yin, et al. "Ethnobotanical survey of usage of fresh medicinal plants in Singapore". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' 155.3 (2014): 1450–1466.</ref> Mature seeds are prepared in different ways:

* '''boiled''' thoroughly until the bad smell has disappeared, then consumed with salt and grated coconut.
* '''steeped''' in salted water for some hours, then fried in oil. This also removes most of the offensive smell.
* processed into '''chips''', also called [[emping]]: The seeds are cooked, then flattened by hammering before they are sundried and then consumed.
* The seeds can be buried for about 14 days until they '''germinate'''. Then they are dug up and eaten after the [[Sprouting|sprout]] has been removed. This way of preparation is said to minimize the danger of intoxication by [[jengkolic acid]].<ref name="Siemonsma1993" />

=== Folk medicine ===
Different parts of the djenkol tree are applied in traditional medicine of [[Southeast Asia|South-East Asia]]. The raw seeds are thought to purify the blood<ref name="Ong1999" /><ref name="sridaran2012" /> or cure [[dysentery]].<ref>Roosita, Katrin, et al. "Medicinal plants used by the villagers of a Sundanese community in West Java, Indonesia." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115.1 (2008): 72-81.</ref> Compresses with young leaves are used for skin problems, and burnt old leaves are believed to relieve itchy feelings. The powder of burnt young leaves are applied to cuts and wounds.<ref name="lim2012" /><ref name=":1">Muslim, Nahdzatul, and Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid. "Pithecellobium Jiringa: A Traditional Medicinal Herb." (2010).</ref>

=== Other uses ===
''Archidendron pauciflorum'' can also be used for [[dyeing]]. The pods of the seeds dye silk purple and the bark of the tree dyes black. The shell is also being used for hair washing, timber as firewood and for building (e.g. coffins)''.''<ref name="lim2012" /> Due to the content of [[djenkolic acid]]s in the seeds, the raw seed is also being applied to the production of organic [[pesticide]]s in combination with other plants to kill and prevent the growth of pests.<ref name=":1" />

== Cultivation ==

=== Forms of cultivation ===
Djenkol trees have often been spared when [[Primary forest|primary]] or [[Secondary forest|secondary]] [[Rainforest|rain forest]] has been cut down. Otherwise planting distances are 10–15 m.<ref name="Siemonsma1993" /> The plant favours a well-drained sandy, lateritic or sandy clay [[soil]].<ref name="lim2012" /> is propagated by Seed. Methods for clonal distribution are not yet been found. In nature Squirrels ''([[Plantain squirrel|Callosciurus notatus]])'' eat the seeds and facilitate its distribution.<ref name="Siemonsma1993" />

=== Harvest and post-harvest treatment ===
A tree produces between 1000 and 4000 seeds per year.<ref>Charungchitrak, Sarinya, et al. "Antifungal and antibacterial activities of lectin from the seeds of Archidendron jiringa Nielsen". ''Food Chemistry'' 126.3 (2011): 1025–1032.</ref> The main harvesting time in [[Java]] is around July to August, the [[aftercrop]] in December to February. Usually Djenkol is sold in the markets by number of seeds. For transport, seeds, in particular young ones, should not be removed from the pods to avoid [[desiccation]]. One way to store the seeds is by processing it into chips ([[emping]]).<ref name="Siemonsma1993" /> Another possibility however could be its procession to [[flour]]. To date, due to the high moisture content, this is hardly done.<ref name="sridaran2012" />

=== Pests and diseases ===
''Archidendron pauciflorum'' has a number of pests in common with other leguminous trees and [[shrub]]s such as the pod-borers ''[[Mussidia pectinicornella]]'' and ''[[Cryptophlebia ombrodelta]]'' or the [[caterpillar]]s of the leaf-feeder ''[[Eurema blanda]]'', one of the most common butterflies in Java.<ref name="Siemonsma1993" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3503085}}

[[Category:Archidendron|pauciflorum]]
[[Category:Edible legumes]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Plant dyes]]
[[Category:Potentially dangerous food]]