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Abdurrahiman Bafaki Tangal

2018-04-14T11:07:52Z

Soft coder: /* External links */ why there is links to so many youtube videos ? removing them

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biographies|date=December 2016}}
{{no footnotes|date=July 2015}}
{{unreliable sources|date=July 2015}}
}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sayed Abdul Rehman Bafakhy Thangal
| image = Bafaqi Thangal.JPG
| caption = Sayed Abdul Rehman Bafakhy Thangal
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1906|02|19}}
| birth_place = [[Koyilandy]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1973|01|19|1906|02|19}}
| death_place = [[Makkat Al Mukarramah|Makkat al-Mukarramah]], [[Makkah]], [[Saudi Arabia]].
| nationality = Indian
| other names = Qaid al Qawm, Bafakhy Thangal
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Islamic Scholar]], [[Business]]
}}

'''Sayed Abdul Rehman Bafakhy Thangal''' (''popularly known as Bafakhy Thangal or Qaid al Qawm,'' Malayalam: സെയ്ദ് അബ്‌ദുൾ റഹ്‌മാൻ ബാഫഖി തങ്ങൾ (19 February 1906 - 19 January 1973 ) was born at [[Koyilandy]] (now in [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode District]]) Puthiya Maliyekkal house as the son of Sayed Abdul Qadir Bafakhy Thangal and Fathima Mulla Beevi on 19 February 1906. Abdul Qadir Bafakhy was a trader who exchanged goods between different countries. Abdul Qadir had six sons and three daughters.

Bafakhy Thangal was the one of the founder leaders of [[Indian Union Muslim League]] and the Leader of [[Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama|Samastha Kerala Jam'iyyathul Ulama]]. He was one of the main that worked for Indian Muslims.

www.bafakhythangal.org

== Death ==
Bafakhy Thangal died on Friday 19 January 1973 in [[Makkat Al Mukarramah|Makkat al-Mukarramah - مكة ا]]لمكرمة ([[Makkah]] in [[Saudi Arabia]]), His body was buried at [[Jannatul Mualla]] in [[Mecca]]. A large crowd gathered in the [[Makkah|Harem Shareef of Makkah]] to mourn his demise.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thangal, Abdur Rahman Bafaqi}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]

2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

2017-11-02T14:44:39Z

Soft coder: /* Prior leakage of information */ replacing not working link with link from archive.org

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{about-distinguish|the 2016 decision to demonetise 500- and 1000-rupee banknotes|The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Overly detailed|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox News event
|image=Queue at Bank to Exchange INR 500 and 1000 Notes - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-11-10 02103.jpg
|caption=Queues outside a bank to exchange {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes in [[Bidhannagar]], Kolkata
|date=8 November 2016
|time=20:15 IST (14:45 UTC)
|place= [[India]]
|casualties1= Independent stats: 100 dead as of 8 December 2016<ref name=100dead>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/12/08/indias-demonetisation-kills-100-people-apparently-this-is-not-an-important-number/#64eb2dc8237a=|title=India's Demonetisation Kills 100 People Apparently - This Is Not An Important Number}}</ref>
}}
{{Narendra Modi}}

On 8 November 2016, the [[Government of India]] announced the [[demonetisation]], commonly called '''notebandi''', of all {{INRConvert|500}} and {{INRConvert|1000}} banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]].<ref name="withdrawaloflegal">{{cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref> The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism.<ref name="India Today2">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/live-pm-narendra-modi-addresses-nation/1/805755.html|title=Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-500-and-Rs-100-notes-pulled-out-of-circulation-immediately-PM-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/55315473.cms|title=Notes out of circulation|date=8 November 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The sudden nature of the announcement—and the prolonged cash shortages in the weeks that followed—created significant disruption throughout the economy, threatening economic output.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/demonetisation-to-drag-india-behind-china-in-gdp-growth-rob-fastest-growing-economy-tag/articleshow/55492970.cms|title=Demonetisation may drag India behind China in GDP growth, rob fastest-growing economy tag|last=Saikia|first=Bijoy Sankar|date=18 Nov 2016|work=|newspaper=The Economic Times|accessdate=2017-01-05|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21711035-withdrawing-86-value-cash-circulation-india-was-bad-idea-badly|title=The dire consequences of India’s demonetisation initiative|last=|first=|date=3 Dec 2016|website=The Economist|publisher=|accessdate=2017-01-05}}</ref>

[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced the demonetisation in an unscheduled live televised address at 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) on 8 November.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-speaks-to-nation-tonight-at-8-pm-1622948|title=Watch PM Modi's Entire Speech on Discontinuing 500, 1000 Rupee Notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=NDTV India|last1=Bhatt|first1=Abhinav|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-narendra-modis-address-to-nation/article9320548.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes: RBI explains|date=8 November 2016|website=The Hindu|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> In the announcement, Modi declared that use of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] would be invalid past midnight, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

The [[BSE SENSEX]] and [[NIFTY 50]] stock indices fell over 6 percent on the day after the announcement.<ref name="stockcrash9nov" /> In the days following the demonetisation, the country faced severe cash shortages with severe detrimental effects across the economy.<ref name="dryatm" /><ref name="IEchaos" /><ref name=DeMoHardships /> People seeking to exchange their bank notes had to stand in lengthy queues, and several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash.<ref name="Aljazeera-1" /><ref name="death-ref1" />

Initially, the move received support from several bankers as well as from some international commentators. The move has also been criticised as poorly planned and unfair, and was met with protests, litigation, and strikes against the [[Modi ministry|government]] in several places across India. Debates also took place concerning the move in both houses of [[Indian Parliament|parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/parliament-live-congress-pm-modi-raincoat-dr-manmohan-singh-opposition/1/878509.html |title=Demonetisation debate in Parliament: Disaster, says Chidambaram; high cash economy corrupt, counters Jaitley : India, News - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2017-02-09 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-oppostion-parties-countrywide-protest-bandh-call-november-28-4391208/|title=Demonetisation: Opposition calls for countrywide protest on November 28|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/demonetisation-opposition-parties-join-hands-to-hold-protest-day-on-november-28-4391937/|title=Demonetisation: Opposition parties join hands, to hold ‘protest day’ on November 28|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/demonetisation-protest-sure-to-succeed-with-peoples-support/articleshow/55607966.cms|title='Demonetisation protest sure to succeed with people's support'|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> The move reduced the country's [[industrial production]] and its [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] growth rate.

By the end of August 2017, 99% of the banned currency was deposited in banks, leaving only around ₹14,000 crore of the total demonetised currency discarded.<ref name=FTdemonetisationFail /><ref name=BBCdemonetisationFail />

==Background==

The Indian government had demonetised bank notes on two prior occasions—once in 1946 and then in 1978—and in both cases, the goal was to combat tax evasion by "black money" held outside the formal economic system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/the-cycles-of-demonetisation-a-looks-back-at-two-similar-experiments-in-1946-and-1978/|title=The cycles of demonetisation: A looks back at two similar experiments in 1946 and 1978|last=Doctor|first=Vikram|date=12 Nov 2016|work=|newspaper=Economic Times Blog|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-01-23|via=}}</ref> In 1946, the pre-independence government hoped demonetisation would penalise Indian businesses that were concealing the fortunes amassed supplying the Allies in World War II.<ref name=":2" /> In 1978, the [[Janata Party]] coalition government demonetised banknotes of 1000, 5000 and 10,000 rupees, again in the hopes of curbing [[counterfeit money]] and black money.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uzZItqeHdMPHHgFJaq2BnM/A-history-of-demonetization-in-India.html | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes may be back, if history is a guide | work=Live Mint | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] had recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or economy, which is largely held in the form of [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|benami properties]], bullion and jewellery."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-black-money-corruption-banks-atms-modi-finance-ministry4375205/|title=At least 4 months needed to replace demonetised notes, not 50 days: Here's why|date=14 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Measures_Tackle_BlackMoney.pdf|title=Measures to Tackle Black Money in India and Abroad}}</ref> According to data from income tax probes, black money holders kept only 6% or less of their wealth as cash, suggesting that targeting this cash would not be a successful strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-has-only-6-share-in-black-money-seizures-reveals-income-tax-data/story-JfFuTiJYtxKwJQhz2ApxlL.html |title=Why govt's demonetisation move may fail to win the war against black money |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Appu Esthose Suresh}}</ref>

On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India was {{INRConvert|17.77|t}}. In terms of value, the annual report of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) of 31 March 2016 stated that total bank notes in circulation valued to {{INRConvert|16.42|t}} of which nearly 86% (around {{INRConvert|14.18|t}}) were ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 9026.6 crore (90.26 billion) banknotes were in circulation.<ref name="equipped">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-are-banks-equipped-to-replace-1874-crore-pieces-of-notes-4364746/|title=Are banks equipped to replace 2,300 crore pieces of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes?|date=9 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 November 2016|author=Damodaran, Harish}}</ref>

In the past, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) had opposed demonetisation. BJP spokesperson [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] had said in 2014 that "The ''aam aurat''s and the ''aadmi''s (general population), those who are illiterate and have no access to banking facilities, will be the ones to be hit by such diversionary measures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-measure-is-anti-poor-when-bjp-opposed-demonetisation-during-upa-govt/story-1HSYEYCaX3SaIsRS6q2rhJ.html|title=The measure is 'anti-poor': When BJP opposed demonetisation during UPA govt|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Kumar Uttam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/bjp-had-a-very-different-view-on-demonetisation-in-2014/|title=BJP Had A Very Different View on Demonetisation in 2014|date=11 November 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in|author=Betwa Sharma|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-bjp-aap-currency-ban-4370935/|title=Explain opposition to similar move by UPA: AAP to BJP on demonetisation|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjeev-singh-blog/how-bjp-had-termed-demonetisation-as-anti-poor-in-2014/|title=How BJP had termed demonetisation as 'anti-poor' in 2014|work=The Times of India|author=|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

In June, the Government of India had devised the [[Income declaration scheme, 2016|Income Declaration Scheme]], that lasted till 30 September 2016, providing an opportunity to citizens holding [[black money]] and undeclared assets to avoid litigation and come clean by declaring their assets, paying the tax on them and a penalty of 45% thereafter.<ref name="Firstpost 2016">{{cite web | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 banned; Rs 2000 to come: Did we miss these Twitter, RBI hints? | website=Firstpost | date=9 November 2016 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rs-500-rs-1000-banned-rs-2000-to-come-did-we-miss-these-twitter-rbi-hints-3095984.html | accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref>

== Procedure ==
The plan to demonetise the rupee 500 and rupee 1000 bank notes began six to ten months prior, and was kept highly confidential with only about ten people aware of it completely. The logistical processes and preparations for printing the new rupee 500 and rupee 2000 bank notes began in early-May. The [[Union Council of Ministers|cabinet]] was informed about the demonetisation on 8 November 2016 in a meeting called by the [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi]] which was followed by Modi's public announcement about the demonetisation in a televised address.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-in-the-works-for-6-months-10-people-in-the-loop-including-raghuram-rajan-116111000009_1.html|title=Demonetisation: In the works for 6 months, 10 people in the loop, including Raghuram Rajan|last=Roychoudhury|first=Arup|date=2016-11-10|newspaper=Business Standard India|accessdate=2017-01-23}}</ref>

===Televised address===

On 8 November 2016, [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced the demonetisation in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> In the announcement, Modi declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2,000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old notes.

After Modi's announcement, the [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], [[Urjit Patel]], and Economic Affairs secretary, Shaktikanta Das explained in a press conference that one purpose of the action was to fight terrorism funded by counterfeit notes. While the supply of notes of all denominations had increased by 40 percent between 2011 and 2016, the ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes increased by 76 percent and 109 percent, respectively, owing to forgery. They said that forged cash was used to fund terrorist activities against India and that the demonetisation had a counter-terrorism purpose.<ref name="News 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/why-were-the-notes-scrapped-rbi-chief-and-economic-affairs-secretary-explain-1309756.html|title=Why Were the Notes Scrapped? RBI Chief, Economic Affairs Secy Explain|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=News 18}}</ref>

Patel also informed that the decision had been made about six months ago, and the printing of new banknotes of denomination ₹500 and ₹2,000 had already started. However, only the top members of the government, security agencies and the central bank were aware of the move. But media had reported in October 2016 about the introduction of ₹2,000 denomination well before the official announcement by RBI. This statement has led to much debate, because the Reserve Bank governor six months before the announcement was Raghuram Rajan, while the new banknotes have the signature of the newly appointed governor, [[Urjit Patel]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sridhar|first1=G Naga|last2=Vageesh|first2=NS|title=Coming soon to your wallet: ₹2,000 notes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-1000-notes-move-was-in-the-pipeline-for-months/article9321244.ece|title=Move was in the pipeline for months|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

=== Government ordinance ===
The Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Ordinance,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Specified Banknotes Ordinance, 2016|url=http://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ordinance%2010%20of%202016%2030.12.2016.pdf}}</ref> 2016 was issued by the Government of India on 28 December 2016 ceasing the liability of the government for the banned bank notes, and also imposing a fine up to ₹10,000 or five times the amount of the face value of the bank notes, whichever is higher, for people transacting with them after 8 November 2016; or holding more than ten of them after 30 December 2016. The ordinance also provided for the exchange of the bank notes after December 30 for non-resident citizens and others on a case by case basis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cabinet-clears-ordinance-to-punish-people-holding-banned-notes-beyond-deadline/story-QwwN1lGHU9NuhJP2ntalmM.html|title=Cabinet clears ordinance to punish people holding banned notes beyond deadline|date=2016-12-28|newspaper=hindustantimes.com/|accessdate=2017-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/president-approves-specified-bank-notes-cessation-liabilities-ordinance-2016/|title=President Approves Specified Bank Notes (Cessation Of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016 [Read Ordinance] {{!}} Live Law|date=2016-12-30|newspaper=Live Law|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-01-17}}</ref>

However, Petrol, [[CNG]] and gas stations, government hospitals, [[Indian Railways|railway]] and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums were allowed to accept the banned ₹500 and ₹1,000 bank notes until December 2, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/press_note_01122016.pdf|title=With effect from the midnight of 2nd December, 2016, old Rs. 500 bank notes will not be accepted at petrol, diesel and gas outlets of Public Sector Oil and Gas Marketing Companies as well as for purchase of Air Tickets at Airports; However, supply of LPG continues to be in the exempted category for the purpose of payment through old Rs. 500 bank notes.|last=|first=|date=1 December 2016|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|accessdate=11 January 2017}}</ref>

===Exchange of old notes===
[[File:2016 Indian currency note demonetisation.jpg|thumb|People gathered at ATM of [[Axis Bank]] at 16th November 2016 in [[Mehsana]], Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.]]

The Reserve Bank of India stipulated a window of fifty days until 30 December 2016 to deposit the demonetised banknotes as credit in bank accounts. The banknotes could also be exchanged over the counter of bank branches up to a limit that varied over the days:<ref name="withdrawaloflegal"/>
* Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November.
* This limit was increased to ₹4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" />
* The limit was reduced to ₹2,000 per person from 18 November.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/Govt_decisions_on_oldNotes17112016.pdf|title=17 November Government press release|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>
All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-said-exchange-limit-to-be-hiked-after-november-24-exchange-stopped-4393985/|title=All note exchange stopped from today, PM Modi goes back on promise of hike after November 24|date=25 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5,000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/outlets-that-will-accept-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-in-next-72-hours/articleshow/55317768.cms|title=Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours|date=8 November 2016|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

==== Facts and figures ====
Up to 97%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/almost-97-of-demonetised-notes-back-in-banks-report-1331397.html|title=Almost 97% of the Demonetised Notes Back in Banks|publisher=[[News18]]|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indians-said-to-deposit-97-of-notes-banned-to-curb-graft-1645071|title=As Much As 97% Of Banned Notes Are Back In Banks: Report|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-features/business/97-of-scrapped-notes-deposited-with-banks-as-on-dec-30-report/articleshow/56344692.cms|title=97% of scrapped notes deposited with banks as on Dec 30: Report - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref> of the demonetised bank notes have been deposited into banks which have received a total of ₹14.97 trillion ($220 billion) as of December 30 out of the ₹15.4 trillion that was demonetised. This is against the government's initial estimate that ₹3 trillion would not return to the banking system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/demonetisation-black-money-cash-crunch-rs-14-lakh-crore-in-old-notes-are-back-only-rs-75000-crore-out-rbi4465542/|title=Demonetisation: Rs 14 lakh crore in old notes are back, only Rs 75,000 crore out|date=2017-01-09|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|accessdate=2017-01-22}}</ref>

Of the ₹15.4 trillion demonetised in the form of ₹500 and ₹1000 bank notes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series, ₹9.2 trillion in the form of ₹500 and ₹2000 bank notes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series has been recirculated as of 10 January 2017, two months after the demonetisation.<ref name=remonet10Jan>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rbi-replaces-60-of-demonetised-notes-rs-9-2-lakh-cr-new-notes-in-system-117011801335_1.html|title=RBI replaces 60% of banned currency: Rs 9.2 lakh cr remonetised till date|last=Agnihotri|first=Amit|date=2017-01-19|newspaper=Business Standard India|accessdate=2017-01-27}}</ref>
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| width = 700
| group 1 = 15.44 : 1.36 : 2.49 : 4.0 : 5.93 : 9.2 : 11.64 : 14.06
| colors = green
| group names = Amount of currency (in trillion rupees)
| x legends = Currency demonetised on 8 Nov '16
: Currency issued as of 18 Nov '16
<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38643|title=Activity at Banks during November 10 to November 18, 2016|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|date=November 21, 2016}}</ref>
: Currency issued as of 28 Nov
'16<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38727|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender status of banknotes of ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000: Activity at Banks during November 10-27, 2016|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|date=November 28, 2016}}</ref>
: Currency issued as of 7 Dec
'16<ref>{{cite web|author=Rimin Dutt|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/07/about-75-or-11-5-lakh-crores-of-demonetised-money-has-already/|title=Less Than 30% Of Scrapped Currency Value Has Been Replaced In New Notes, According To RBI|work=Huffington Post India|date=December 7, 2016}}</ref>
: Currency issued as of 21 Dec
'16<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-reserve-bank-of-india-new-bank-notes-4438899/|title=Currency worth Rs 5.92 lakh crore issued since demonetisation: RBI|date=21 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
: Currency issued as of 10 Jan '17<ref name=remonet10Jan />
: Currency issued as of 24 Feb '17
<ref>{{cite news|title=12 lakh new notes infused in the market: Arun Jaitley|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/12-lakh-new-notes-infused-in-the-market-arun-jaitley/articleshow/57574858.cms|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>
: Currency issued as of 28 Apr '17<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/six-months-after-demonetisation-currency-in-circulation-may-not-match-pre-811-levels-4646849/</ref>

}}

=== Withdrawal limits ===
Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November.<ref name="withdrawaloflegal"/> This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November 2016.<ref name="revisedguidelines">{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/MoF_reviewed_availability_distribution_Notes.pdf|title=Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes|publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="rbirevision">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10706&Mode=0|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits|publisher=Reserve Bank of India |accessdate=17 March 2017}}</ref>

A daily limit on withdrawals from ATMs was also imposed varying from ₹2,000 per day till 14 November,<ref name="ATMsnotdispensing">{{cite web|title=ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10683&Mode=0|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> and ₹2,500 per day till 31 December.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" /> This limit was increased to ₹4,500 per day from January 1,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10807&Mode=0|last=|first=|date=30 December 2016|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|title=Cash withdrawal from ATMs – Enhancement of daily limits |accessdate=17 March 2017}}</ref> and again to ₹10,000 from January 16, 2017. Limits placed vide the circulars cited above on cash withdrawals from Current accounts/ Cash credit accounts/ Overdraft accounts stand withdrawn with immediate effect. RBI increased the withdrawal limit from Savings Bank account to Rs 50,000 from the earlier Rs 24,000 on February 20, 2017 and then on March 13, 2017, it removed all withdrawal limits from Savings Bank Accounts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rbi-removes-limit-on-cash-withdrawal-banks-go-back-to-pre-demonetisation-era/586375/|title=RBI removes limit on cash withdrawal, banks go back to pre-demonetisation era|date=2017-03-13|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-05-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Exceptions ====
Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families were allowed to withdraw ₹250,000 (₹2.5 lakh) for wedding expenses from one account provided it was [[Know your customer|KYC]] compliant. The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loans.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-weddings-shaktikanta-das-government-economic-affairs-secretary/1/812730.html|title=Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one acount|work=India Today|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

== Prior leakage of information ==

A fortnight before the official announcement, a news report in the Hindi daily ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' quoting RBI sources mentioned about the coming release of new 2000 rupee note alongside withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/27-oct-2016-16-lucknow-archive-edition-ayodhya-Page-18.html%23 |title=ePaper link from Hindi daily Dainik Jagran of 27th October 2016 |work=Dainik Jagran Epaper |accessdate=23 November 2016 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123183146/http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/27-oct-2016-16-lucknow-archive-edition-ayodhya-Page-18.html%23 |archivedate=23 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/journalist-broke-story-about-currency-demonetisation-a-fortnight-back/story-3OpgtR5ehdzkRRrwQITLgK.html |title=Journalist broke story about currency demonetisation a fortnight back |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Similar news came in The Hindu [[Business Line]] on 21 October 2016 which also mentions about coming 2000 rupee note and about possible withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225034010/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece |title=The Hindu business line article about coming 2000 Rupee note and possible withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes}}</ref>

A businessman reportedly admitted in an interview that he had received prior warning of the impending demonetisation from a source in the government, and that he had sufficient time to convert most of his money into smaller denominations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Sethi|url=https://www.thequint.com/business/2016/11/11/before-pms-announcement-rumours-of-demonetisation-abounded |title=Before PM's Announcement, Rumours of Demonetisation Abounded |publisher=The Quint |date=6 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2016}}

The chairman of the [[State Bank of India]] had also openly spoken in April 2016 about the possibility of demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-500-Rs-1000-note-rumours-not-polls-behind-cash-surge-SBI/articleshow/51736091.cms |title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 note rumours, not polls, behind cash surge: SBI |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that '[[Ambani]] and [[Gautam Adani|Adani]]' were informed about the demonetisation, and made arrangements. However, he later said that it was an [[Off the record (journalism)|off-the-record]] conversation, and officially denied the comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-ambani-adani-were-informed-and-thus-made-arrangements-says-bjp-mla/447944/|title=Demonetisation: Ambani, Adani were informed and thus made arrangements, says BJP MLA|date=17 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/17/adanis-ambanis-already-knew-about-currency-ban-bjp-mla-caught-on-camera-1539642.html|title=Adanis, Ambanis already knew about currency ban: BJP MLA caught on camera|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref>

===Allegations and claims===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM) alleged that the BJP unit in [[West Bengal]] had advance knowledge about the impending announcement, and deposited money just before the announcement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pooja Mehta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-knew-of-pm-modi-s-demonetisation-plan-bengal-unit-transferred-rs-1-crore-before-announcement-cpim-2272432 |title=BJP knew of PM Modi's demonetisation plan, Bengal unit transferred Rs 1 crore before announcement: CPI(M) & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/11/west-bengal-bjp-knew-about-demonetisation-deposited-rs-1-crore-hours-before-announcement-cpm-1537470.html |title=West Bengal BJP knew about demonetisation, deposited Rs 1 crore hours before announcement: CPM |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] also claimed that there had been some leakage regarding the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-s-friends-were-given-advance-information-on-demonetization-it-is-a-surgical-strike-on-common-people-says-kejriwal-265342.html |title='PM's Friends' Were Given Advance Information on demonetisation, It Is A Surgical Strike on Common People Says Kejriwal |work=The Times of India |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-and-its-friends-knew-about-demonetization-a-week-before-kejriwal-doubts-modi-s-war-on-black-money-2272145 |title=BJP and its friends knew about demonetization a week before: Kejriwal doubts Modi's war on black money |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal questioned how Sanjeev Kamboj, a BJP leader in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], posted about the ₹2000 notes days before the official announcement, and alleged that a sudden spike in bank deposits between July and September 2016 was also due to information leakage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580660/bjp-informed-friends-beforehand-demonetisation.html|title=BJP informed 'friends' beforehand about demonetisation: Kejriwal|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The Congress party demanded a probe into this huge jump in bank deposits before the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/probe-massive-jump-in-bank-deposits-before-demonetisation-congress/articleshow/55774512.cms|title=Probe massive jump in bank deposits before demonetisation: Congress|publisher=}}</ref> Kamboj rubbished Kejriwal's allegations by saying that he only tweeted that a new ₹2000 note would be issued but nowhere did he mention that old notes would be banned and that there were already some news reports about the introduction of new ₹2000 note. He said Kejriwal is doing dirty politics.<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP leader Sanjeev Kamboj to Firstpost: Only tweeted about new notes, not ban on Rs 500, Rs 1,000|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-leader-sanjeev-kamboj-to-firstpost-only-tweeted-about-new-notes-not-ban-on-rs-500-rs-1000-3102064.html|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref>

Nitish Kumar,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/nitish-kumar-questions-bjp-silence-on-land-purchase-ahead-of-demonetisation-4411915/|title=Nitish Kumar questions BJP silence on land purchase ahead of demonetisation|date=5 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jdu-steps-up-attack-at-bjp-on-land-deal-claims-huge-cash-paid-4415677/|title=JDU steps up attack at BJP on land deal, claims huge cash paid|date=7 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Arvind Kejriwal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-demonetisation-narendra-modi-black-money-4400219/|title=Demonetisation, a flop: Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal|date=28 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> and Rahul Gandhi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jd-u-rjd-demand-probe-into-bjp-s-land-purchase-spree-in-bihar/story-iBMuWygvKWK4qpToPkJfMK.html|title=Bihar land deals before demonetisation put BJP in a spot|date=25 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> alleged that the BJP made large purchases of land in Bihar ahead of the demonetisation because they had prior information. Rejecting all the allegations, Bihar BJP said that all these purchases have been in public domain and that full records of the transactions are available. It also said that payments were made through drafts and RTGS. The BJP claimed that there were thousands of registries in Bihar in the last few months, some of which could have been made in the names of politicians from other parties and asked whether it meant that all of them had prior knowledge of demonetisation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Land purchase by Bihar BJP: No link with notes ban, says BJP as JDU, RJD seek explanation|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/land-purchase-by-bihar-bjp-no-link-with-notes-ban-says-bjp-as-jdu-rjd-seek-explanation-4395726/|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref>

More than 30 politicians belonging to the BJP were arrested and investigated for having unaccounted money in the new 2000 rupee denomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naradanews.com/2016/12/30-bjp-activists-caught-with-black-money-post-demonetisation/|title=Nearly 30 BJP members caught with black money post demonetisation?|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref>

=== April fools joke ===
Seven months before the announcement, the [[Gujarat]]i newspaper ''Akila'' published an article that "announced" the demonetisation of 500 and 1000 rupee notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Local-dailys-April-1-joke-turns-news-break-of-the-year/articleshow/55381283.cms|title=Local daily's April 1 joke turns news break of the year – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasamvad.co.in/investigation/pm-modi-ministers-leaked-info-on-scrapping-rs-1000-in-april-17750|title=Not a secret? Modi's ministers had leaked info about scrapping of Rs 1,000 in April|date=26 October 2016|publisher=Indiasamvad.co.in|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Sanjeev Singh}}</ref> The editor of the newspaper claimed that it was only an [[April fools day]] prank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161111/jsp/frontpage/story_118632.jsp|title=Psst! A prank to save your black buck|location=Kolkota|author=Basant Rawat|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The article contained many details that matched the actual announcement in November, including the creation of new ₹2000 notes. The coincidence received wide coverage, and was called "mystical" and "uncanny."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/demonetisation-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-predicted-by-gujarati-paper-akila-in-april-prank-report-4374749/|title=Did this Gujarati newspaper prank ‘predict’ Modi’s demonetisation move to curb black money — in April?|date=2016-11-14|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=2017-01-15}}</ref>

==Black money==

A Central Bank's report released in August 2017 stated that 99% of the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 notes that were demonetised returned to the banking system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/report/have-all-rs-1000-notes-come-back-to-rbi-post-demo-well-no/20170830.htm|title=99% of scrapped 500, 1,000 notes back in system: RBI - Rediff.com Business|website=www.rediff.com|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/post-demonetisation-99-of-rs-1000-notes-back-with-rbi/articleshow/60239637.cms|title=Post-demonetisation, 99% of Rs 1,000 notes back with RBI? - Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/reuters/article-4836808/India-central-bank-says-got-banned-currency-notes.html|title=India central bank recovers almost all banned currency notes -report|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref> Therefore, the government failed in its aim of purging black money from the economy. India's Prime Minister Modi, had said that due to demonetisation, corrupt officials, businessmen and criminals — popularly believed to hoard large amounts of illicit cash — would be stuck with “worthless pieces of paper”.<ref name=FTdemonetisationFail>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7dbe0e14-8d8a-11e7-a352-e46f43c5825d|title=India demonetisation failed to purge black money|website=Financial Times|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref> The amount of money deposited in the banks was much more than the government had expected at the time of banning the notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-rbi-data-shows-99-of-banned-notes-returned-it-was-indeed-a-failure-3990625.html|title=Demonetisation: RBI data shows 99% of banned notes returned; it was indeed a failure|date=30 August 2017|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref>Prominent economic analyst Vivek Kaul, said in a [[BBC]] article that "demonetisation had been a failure of epic proportions."<ref name=BBCdemonetisationFail>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41100613|title=India rupee: Illegal cash crackdown failed - bank report|date=30 August 2017|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> It was highlighted that there were meagre or no gains as against ill effects such as the cost of printing new notes, loss of livelihoods and deaths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-4838018/Questionable-results-Modi-s-war-black-money.html|title=RBI's annual report shows poor return for Modi's war on 'black money'|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

===Support===

The decision met with mixed initial reactions. Several bankers like [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]] (Chairperson of [[State Bank of India]]) and [[Chanda Kochhar]] (MD & CEO of [[ICICI Bank]]) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money.<ref name="IndiaInc">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/narendra-modi-rs-500-1000-sbi-arundhati-bhattacharya-icici-chanda-kochhar-here-is-how-india-inc-reacted-4364818/ | title=Govt demonitises Rs 500, 1000 notes: Here is how India Inc reacted | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Businessmen [[Anand Mahindra]] ([[Mahindra Group]]), [[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[JSW Group]]), [[Kunal Bahl]] ([[Snapdeal]] and [[FreeCharge]]) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.<ref name="IndiaInc" /> Infosys founder [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] praised the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-we-should-all-be-celebrating-says-narayana-murthy/articleshow/55357977.cms|title=Demonetisation: We should all be celebrating, says Narayana Murthy |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/move-to-withdraw-rs-500-1000-notes-master-stroke-narayana-murthy-4365782/|title=Move to withdraw Rs 500, 1,000 notes masterstroke |author=Narayana Murthy|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] said that demonetisation would clean the complete economic system, increase the size of economy and revenue base. He mentioned the demonetisation along with the upcoming [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] as "an attempt to change the spending habit and lifestyle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-war-on-black-money-scrapping-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-will-expand-economy-increase-revenue-says-jaitley-2271883 |title=War on black money: Scrapping Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes will expand economy, increase revenue, says Jaitley |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson [[Randeep Surjewala]] welcomed the move but remained sceptical on the consequences that would follow.<ref name="Cong">{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/rs-500-1000-currency-notes-banned-congress-raises-questions-against-narendra-modi-govts-shocking-move-1636286/ | title=Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes banned: Congress raises questions against Narendra Modi govt's shocking move | publisher=India.com | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] supported the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-backs-modi-on-demonetisation/article9323442.ece|title=Nitish welcomes demonetisation move|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nitish-Kumar-supports-Modis-demonetisation-move/articleshow/55336788.cms|title=Nitish Kumar supports Modi's demonetisation move |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-cm-nitish-supports-decision-to-withdraw-demonetisation-currency-rs-1000-rs-500-notes-4366034/|title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar supports decision to withdraw Rs 1000, Rs 500 notes|date=9 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-naidu-had-inkling-of-the-ban/article9320914.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 notes: Naidu had inkling of the ban?|first=K.|last=Venkateshwarlu|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/andhra-cm-naidu-asked-for-demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1-000-notes-in-october-116110900626_1.html|title=Andhra CM Naidu asked for demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 notes in October|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=9 November 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/nov/08/chandrababu-naidu-welcomes-demonetisation-move-1536401.html|title=Chandrababu Naidu welcomes demonetisation move}}</ref> Former Chief Election Commissioner of India [[S. Y. Quraishi]] said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/demonetisation-could-lead-to-long-pending-electoral-reforms/story-tXYgT7hw6Q3TQUbPuIUucO.html|title=Demonetisation could lead to long-pending electoral reforms|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Indian social activist [[Anna Hazare]] hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazare-hails-demonetisation-calls-it-revolutionary-step/articleshow/55354898.cms|title=Anna Hazare hails demonetisation, calls it 'revolutionary' step |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonitisation-a-revolutionary-step-to-fight-corruption-anna-hazare-4367070/|title=Demonetisation a revolutionary step to fight corruption: Anna Hazare|date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/notes-ban-anna-hazare-hails-pm-narendra-modis-revolutionary-step-kejriwal-criticizes-it-1623922|title=Notes Ban: Anna Hazare Hails PM Narendra Modi's 'Revolutionary' Step, Kejriwal Criticizes It}}</ref> The [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes_1947632.html|title=President Pranab Mukherjee welcomes demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-bold-step-president-pranab-mukherjee-4364815/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes bold step: President Pranab Mukherjee|date=8 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1-000-rs-500-notes-1623081|title=President Pranab Mukherjee Welcomes Demonetisation of Rs 1,000, Rs 500 Notes|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-a-bold-step-says-pranab-mukherjee/article9320915.ece|title=A bold step, says Pranab Mukherjee|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The opinion of the masses varied both ways on micro-blogs and social media sites like Twitter.<ref name="ToI Twitter reaction">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/everything-social/rs-500-1000-notes-pulled-out-how-twitter-reacted/|title=Rs 500, 1000 notes pulled out: How Twitter reacted|date=8 November 2016|work=Times of India Blogs|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>

By and large, international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.<ref name="IMF-response"/><ref name="Chinese state media"/><ref name="Swedish Minister"/> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) issued a statement supporting Modi's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy.<ref name="IMF-response">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/imf-supports-pm-modi-s-demonetization-move-in-fight-against-corruption-116111100142_1.html|title=Support by IMF|date=11 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Chinese state media ''[[Global Times]]'' praised the move and termed it as "fierce fight against black money and corruption."<ref name="Chinese state media">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-state-media-praises-modi-but-says-he/article9343797.ece|title=State media praises Modi, but says he can learn from China's crusade against corruption|first=Atul|last=Aneja|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and Vice-President of European Commission [[Jyrki Katainen]] welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-to-help-financial-system-eu/articleshow/55399290.cms|title=European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-will-help-financial-system-european-union-1311545.html|title=India's Crackdown on Black Money Will Help Financial System: European Union|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> [[BBC]]'s South Asia Correspondent [[Justin Rowlatt]] in his article praised the move for its secrecy and success and elaborated on reason behind demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37974423|title=Why India wiped out 86% of its cash overnight|first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|date=14 November 2016|work=bbc.com}}</ref> [[Tim Worstall]] termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/11/17/indias-rs-500-and-1000-demonetisation-is-lowering-interest-rates-and-also-inflation/#62464fde2edf|title=India's Rs 500 And 1,000 Demonetization Is Lowering Interest Rates And Also Inflation|first=Tim|last=Worstall|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Swedish Minister of Enterprise [[Mikael Damberg]] supported the move by calling it bold decision.<ref name="Swedish Minister">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-mikael-damberg/article9340999.ece?w=alauto|title=Swedish ICT sector wouldn't have been so successful without Indian help|first=Arun|last=S|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Singapore-based paper ''The Independent'' published a laudatory article on the move titled "Modi does a [[Lee Kuan Yew]] to stamp out corruption in India." Lee Kuan Yew was the Singaporean Prime Minister and is considered the architect of modern Singapore. "From making up his mind to rolling it out, a new Lee Kuan Yew is born in India. It will be reflected in the legacy of this Prime Minister," the article said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theindependent.sg/modi-does-a-lee-kuan-yew-to-stamp-out-corruption-in-india/|title=Modi does a Lee Kuan Yew to stamp out corruption in India|date=10 November 2016|newspaper=The Independent|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

Indian-American economist [[Jagdish Bhagwati]] praised the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/anti-demonetisation-experts-like-amartya-sen-stand-exposed-says-economist-jagdish-bhagwati-4573545/ |title=Anti-demonetisation experts like Amartya Sen stand exposed, says economist Jagdish Bhagwati |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2017-03-17 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref>

===Criticism===

The Indian Supreme Court while hearing one among a slew of cases filed against the sudden demonetisation decision in various courts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-petitions-against-demonetization-centre-files-caveat-in-sc-2272138|title=Petitions against demonetization; Centre files caveat in SC - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=10 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> observed that it "appears to be carpet bombing and not surgical strike" which government repeatedly claims it to be.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/money/sc-currency-ban-affidavit|title=Currency ban no surgical strike, it's carpet bombing: SC to Modi|publisher=}}</ref>

Nobel laureate Indian economist [[Amartya Sen]], severely criticised the demonetisation move calling it a "despotic action" among other things.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/demonetisation-effects-will-last-long/article17370434.ece|title=‘Demonetisation effects will last long’|last=Correspondent|first=Special|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Amartya-Sen-terms-demonetisation-a-despotic-action/article16730675.ece|title=Amartya Sen terms demonetisation a despotic action|first=|last=PTI|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/amartya-sen-criticises-demonetisation-drive-says-narendra-modi-declared-all-indians-crook-1665167/|title=Amartya Sen criticises demonetisation drive, says Narendra Modi declared all Indians ‘crook’|first=India.com News|last=Desk|date=26 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Former [[World Bank Chief Economist|Senior Vice-President and Chief Economist of the World Bank]], [[Kaushik Basu]], called it a 'major mistake' and said that the 'damage' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-damage-greater-than-its-benefits-says-kaushik-basu-116111101733_1.html |title=Demonetisation damage greater than its benefits, says Kaushik Basu |work=Business Standard |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-good-economics-demonetisation-is-not-kaushik-basu/articleshow/55375545.cms |title=GST good economics; demonetisation is not: Kaushik Basu |work=The Economic Times |date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/27/opinion/in-india-black-money-makes-for-bad-policy.html|title=In India, Black Money Makes for Bad Policy|date=27 November 2016|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Pronab Sen, former Chief Statistician and Planning Commission of India member, called it a "hollow move" since it did not really address any of the purported goals of tackling black money or fake currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/uzvIE84KGXy1xvp06pTazM/Demonetization-is-a-hollow-move.html|title=Demonetization is a hollow move|first=Pronab|last=Sen|date=14 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

[[Prabhat Patnaik]], a former professor of economics at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" while "causing much hardship to common people."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Patnaik|first1=Prabhat|title=Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/1/9151/Demonetization-Witless-and-Anti-People|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Citizen|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Noted economist and journalist, T. N. Ninan wrote in the [[Business Standard]] that demonetisation 'looks like a bad idea, badly executed on the basis of some half-baked notions'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/t-n-ninan-four-weeks-later-116120201131_1.html|title=T N Ninan: Four weeks later|first=T. N.|last=Ninan|date=2 December 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Deepak Parekh]] (Chairman of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]]) had initially appreciated the decision to ban the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 notes, but later said that the move had derailed the economy, and expressed skepticism about its outcome.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/hdfc-chairman-deepak-parekh-hits-out-at-demonetisation-drive-says-it-derailed-economy/467791/|title=HDFC Chairman Deepak Parekh hits out at demonetisation drive, says it derailed economy|date=8 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/hdfcs-deepak-parekh-says-economy-has-derailed-in-short-term-due-to-demonetisation-3145486.html|title=HDFC's Deepak Parekh says economy has derailed in short term due to demonetisation|date=8 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Industrialist [[Rajiv Bajaj]] criticised the demonetisation, saying that not just the execution, but the concept of demonetisation was wrong in itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/demonetisation-idea-wrong-dont-blame-its-execution-rajiv-bajaj-4529180/|title=Demonetisation idea wrong, don’t blame its execution: Rajiv Bajaj|date=17 February 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

Chief Ministers of several Indian states like [[Mamata Banerjee]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/one-month-of-pain-and-harrassment-pm-must-clarify-mamata-banerjee-1635504|title=One Month Of Pain And Harrassment, [sic] PM Must Clarify: Mamata Banerjee|publisher=}}</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/demonetization-is-nothing-but-a-big-bjp-scam-kejriwal-116111200849_1.html|title=Demonetization is nothing but a big BJP scam: Kejriwal|first=|last=ANI|date=12 November 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> and [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-ministers-on-dharna-say-demonetisation-destroying-cooperative-sector-2274629|title=Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan, ministers stage dharna outside RBI office - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=18 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> have criticised and led major protests against the decision in their states and in parliament. Initially, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2016/11/11/dear-pm-modi-demonetisation-brahmastra-could-have-spared-the-poor|title=Dear PM Modi, Demonetisation 'Brahmastra' Could Have Spared The Poor|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Bloomberg Quint|author=Raghav Bahl|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> A [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in [[Madras High Court]] by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the [[Indian National League]], to scrap the decision. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55353472.cms |title=Govt's demonetisation move fit for country's security, development: HC |work= The Economic Times |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Similar PILs were also filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pils-supreme-court-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-illegal/1/807124.html |title=PILs in Supreme Court against making Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes illegal |work=India Today |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]] is yet to decide on the matter. It is listed for hearing on 2 December 2016.

Several government ministers had declared before the demonetisation that they were holding large amounts of cash, including Arun Jaitley, who had more than 65 lakh rupees in cash. This led to speculation about whether and when the ministers had deposited the cash they held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-ministers-cash-jaitley-modi/|title=Months before demonetisation, many ministers had large amount of cash in hand: Report|date=2 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thewire.in/83783/ministers-queue-exchange-currency-notes-asks-rti-activist/|title=Did Ministers Queue Up To Exchange Their Currency Notes, Asks RTI Activist|first=Gaurav Vivek|last=Bhatnagar|publisher=}}</ref>

[[Steve Forbes]] described the move as 'Sickening And Immoral'.<ref name=forbes>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2016/12/22/what-india-has-done-to-its-money-is-sickening-and-immoral/|title=What India Has Done To Its Money Is Sickening And Immoral|first=Steve|last=Forbes|publisher=}}</ref> He stated that "What India has done is commit a massive theft of people's property without even the pretense of due process--a shocking move for a democratically elected government."<ref name=forbes /> Nobel laureate [[Paul Krugman]] said that it is difficult to see gains from demonetisation, while there may be significant costs to it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htls-2016-demonetisation-gains-uncertain-says-noble-laureate-paul-krugman/story-dFszJMERsydirqemQXcZ7L.html|title=HTLS 2016: Demonetisation gains uncertain, says Nobel laureate Paul Krugman|date=2 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

The demonetisation also came in for sharp criticism from media outside India,<ref name="Reckless Blunder">{{cite news|title=Modi's demonetisation move a reckless bungle: Foreign media|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modis-demonetisation-move-a-reckless-bungle-foreign-media/articleshow/56210502.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/OldNewsPage/?Id=9260|title=Worst Mistake of PM Modi|first=gayeti|last=singh|publisher=}}</ref> with the ''[[New York Times]]'' saying that the demonetisation was "atrociously planned" and that it did not appear to have combatted black money,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-atrociously-planned-and-executed-nyt/1/854314.html|title=Demonetisation atrociously planned, little evidence it combatted black money: New York Times|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indians-suffering-after-atrociously-planned-note-ban-nyt-4468403/|title=Little evidence that demonetisation has succeeded in combating corruption: New York Times|date=10 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref> while an article in [[The Guardian]] stated that "Modi has brought havoc to India".<ref name="Reckless Blunder" /> The ''[[Harvard Business Review]]'' called it "a case study in poor policy and even poorer execution"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hbr.org/2016/12/indias-botched-war-on-cash|title=India’s Botched War on Cash|publisher=}}</ref> The frequent change in the narrative on objectives of the demonetisation to its visible impact on the poorest of the poor made other critiques calling government's narrative as spins in view of the "pointless suffering on India's poorest."<ref>{{cite web | url =https://theconversation.com/modis-bank-note-ban-has-inflicted-pointless-suffering-on-indias-poorest-69157| title= Modi’s bank note ban has inflicted pointless suffering on India’s poorest| first=Ranjit | last=Goswami | date = 25 November 2016 | accessdate = 25 January 2017|work=The Conversation}}</ref>

A Parliamentary panel report in April 2017 stated that rural households and honest taxpayers were the worst hit by demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/honest-taxpayers-rural-household-hardest-hit-due-to-demonetisation-parliamentary-panel-2256385.html |title=Honest taxpayers, rural household hardest hit due to demonetisation: Parliamentary Panel |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=2017-04-11 |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref> It said that it was not just the poor that suffered, but the manufacturing sector was impacted too.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jjayesh shanrilal |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-rural-household-honest-taxpayers-worst-due-to-the-step-says-parliamentary-committee/623835/ |title=Demonetisation: Rural household, honest taxpayers worst due to the step, says Parliamentary committee |publisher=The Financial Express |date=2017-04-11 |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref> According to the panel, demonetisation created significant disruption throughout economy, because it was carried out without prior study or research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/demonetisation/2017/apr/10/demonetisation-created-significant-disruption-throughout-economy-parliamentary-panel-1592129.html |title=Demonetisation created significant disruption throughout economy: Panel |publisher=The New Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref>

===Opposition===

A Congress led opposition which includes 13 political parties, opposed the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation issue in the Winter Session of the [[Indian Parliament]] on 16 November 2016. The [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] also met the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to oppose the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-debate-likely-to-hot-up-winter-session-didi-to-knock-on-president-s-door-2273770|title= Debate on demonetisation, in winter session|work=DNA India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-People-battle-it-out-at-banks-netas-ready-for-war-in-Parliament/articleshow/55424673.cms|title= Winter Session debate|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/winter-session-oppn-to-target-govt-on-demonetisation-orop-gst-116111401558_1.html|title=Opposition to target government on demonetisation|work=Business Standard|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-november-15-2016-effect-of-demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes/article9348006.ece|title=Government and Opposition prepare for winter session of Parliament, on demonetisation|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-janata-dal-u-gives-suspension-of-business-notice-as-parties-gear-up-for-war-in-parliament_1949763.html|title= Parties gear up for debate on demonetisation|work=zeenews.India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/opposition-parties-agree-to-raise-notes-issue-in-session/articleshow/55424453.cms|title= Parties agree to raise notes issue in session|work=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The debate on demonetisation is known to be initiated by [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-parliament-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-demonetization-congress-bjp-tmc-rahul-mamata-modi-sena-black-money-banks-atms-2273883|title=Congress on demonetisation|work= DNA India|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Anand Sharma]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 16 November 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/url-live-winter-session-of-parliament-begins-today-narendra-modi-speech-rahul-gandhi-arun-jaitley-demonetisation-effects/446936/|title= Anand Sharma speaks on demonetisation|work=The Financial Express|date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/parliament-debate-on-demonetisation-1950128|title= Congress initiates demonetisation debate|work=Zeenews.India.com|date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> while Banerjee is known to be the first to oppose the current government on the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Whys-Didi-against-demonetisation/articleshow/55378644.cms|title=Why's Mamata Banerjee against demonetization?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, Banerjee led a rainbow delegation comprising political parties of [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], BJP ally [[Shiv Sena]], Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (of Hardik Patel) and National Conference to [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] to protest against the decision to withdraw the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes. A memorandum was submitted to the [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] demanding rollback of the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-mamata-banerjee-leads-protest-march-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-4379517/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes: Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> Outside the Parliament in a rally the same day, [[Saugata Roy]], a member of parliament from the opposition [[Trinamool Congress]] Party, commented, "People are in utter distress, especially the informal sector is totally disrupted. Poor people, daily wage earners, they're all facing difficulty."<ref name="Aljazeera-1"/>

In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the winter session of Parliament at the Rajya Sabha, [[Pramod Tiwari]] from the [[Indian National Congress]] compared [[Narendra Modi]] to [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-congress-leader-compares-narendra-modi-with-adolf-hitler-sparks-outrage/447501/|title=Demonetisation row: Congress leader compares Narendra Modi with Adolf Hitler, sparks outrage|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Financial Express|accessdate=2017-01-16}}</ref> [[Prem Chand Gupta]], a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor [[Urjit Patel]] sign on new note?". [[Praful Patel]], a member of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], stated that "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering are unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mayawati|Mayawati Prabhu Das]] stated the situation to "a financial emergency", by saying "It looks as if ''[[India|Bharat]]'' has shut down." Also, [[Sitaram Yechury]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], questioned the government on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-parliament-proceedings-november-16-2016/article9351846.ece|title=As it happened: Parliament proceedings — November 16, 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

On 17 November 2016, in a rally against demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes, led by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his West Bengal counterpart [[Mamata Banerjee]] at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale hub in the [[New Delhi|national capital]]; Kejriwal demanded the withdrawal of demonetisation in 3 days. Banerjee also stated "I give the government 3 day ultimatum, fix things or withdraw the demonetisation scheme".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-kejriwal-mamata-protest-against-demonetisation-at-azadpur-market/story-9s1OoTJ1XgN6fFXSD6x36I.html|title=Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion: Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

In the demonetisation debate on the second and third day of the Winter Session of Parliament, on 17 and 18 November 2016, the opposition and the government clashed over the demonetisation issue, bringing the house to continuous halts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/winter-session-of-parliament-parliament-proceedings-november-18-2016/article9360240.ece|title=As it happened: RS, LS adjourned till Monday|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>

On 24 November 2016, in the demonetisation debate, the former [[prime minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] said "this scheme will hurt small industries, the farming sector. The GDP can decline by about 3 per cent due to this move", while he also questioned "I would like to ask the Prime Minister examples of countries where people have deposited their money in the banks and not allowed to withdraw their own money." and later also said "It is no good that on each day banks bring out new notifications. It doesn't reflect properly on Prime Minister's Office, Finance Minister and the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. Cooperative banking system has been prevented from handling cash".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Both-Houses-adjourned-PM-absent/article16692735.ece|title=Parliament Proceedings - Both Houses adjourned; PM absent|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Singh at last termed the demonetisation move as an "organised loot, legalised plunder of the common people".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/is-modi-proving-manmohan-singh-right-with-slew-of-u-turns-on-cash-ban/articleshow/55632062.cms | title=Is Modi proving Manmohan Singh right with slew of U-turns on cash ban?}}</ref>

==== Strikes ====
As the demonetisation was opposed in both houses of the [[Indian parliament|parliament]], it triggered organised [[Bandh|nationwide strikes]] across India. Opposition parties like [[Indian National Congress]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[Trinamool Congress]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/oppositions-countrywide-protest-over-notes-ban-on-monday-next-1629159?site=full|title=Oppositions will protest|date=23 November 2016|work=ndtv.com}}</ref> DMK, JD(U), AIADMK, [[Nationalist Congress Party]], Left, [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and the [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/demonetisation-drive-opposition-to-observe-aakrosh-diwas-on-nov-28/story-KZ9hMDXjWeXpg3n1z4ZFwN.html|title=Akrosh Diwas|date=23 November 2016|work=Hindustan times}}</ref> decided to observe ‘Akrosh Diwas’ as, a protest campaign day on November 28 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161124/jsp/nation/story_121022.jsp#.WDZbgllutyI|title=Opposition stands together|date=23 November 2016|work=Telegraph India, Calcutta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/demonetisation-cpim-to-observe-november-28-as-akrosh-diwas-4391889/|title=CPI(M), 28 November as Akrosh Diwas|date=23 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> and launch protests in front of banks, demanding that money be returned to people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-attends-lok-sabha-but-no-progress-in-demonetisation-debate-with-oppn/story-kqCXDAyBe30aWZIlYhZOaO.html|title=November 28, Akrosh Diwas by opposition|date=23 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In the state of [[Bihar]], 15 trains were blocked and stranded, while the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] saw protest marches and rallies led by opposition parties.<ref name="bandh1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-opposition-protests-over-demonetisation-today-parties-divided-over-bandh/story-gSNK8OiyW2oy6VMumKOjVN.html|title=As it happened: Bharat Bandh affects some states, business as usual in others|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref> In the state of [[Kerala]], shops and business establishments were shut, with school and colleges closed throughout the state, while movements of private vehicles were also disrupted in Northern Kerala.<ref name="bandh1" />

The [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party has decided to launch a nationwide movement to expose the "biggest scam" of independent India, said spokesperson leader [[Randeep Surjewala]] on 31 December 2016. The first phase would take place from January 1–10, second phase from January 11–20 and third phase from January 20–30.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-to-launch-nation-wide-movement-against-demonetisation-from-january-1-4453386/|title=Congress to launch nation-wide movement against demonetisation from January 1|date=2016-12-31|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=2016-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/congress-to-launch-nation-wide-movement-against-demonetisation-from-jan-1-116123100439_1.html|title=Congress to launch nation-wide movement against demonetisation from Jan 1|last=ANI|date=2016-12-31|newspaper=Business Standard India|accessdate=2016-12-31}}</ref>

==Effects==

===Banking===
[[File:Rush outside SBI night.jpg|thumb|400px|A [[State Bank of India]] branch remained open at night, and a long queue of people waited outside the ATM to withdraw money]]

In the first four days after the announcement of the step, about {{INRConvert|3|t}} in the form of old ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes had been deposited in the banking system and about {{INRConvert|500|b}} had been dispensed via withdrawals from bank accounts, ATMs as well as exchanges over the bank counters. Within these four days, the banking system has handled about 18 crore (180 million) transactions.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /> The [[State Bank of India]] reported to have received more than {{INRConvert|300|b}} in bank deposit in first two days after demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/state-bank-of-india-gets-rs-38677-crore-deposit-in-2-days-4370826/|title=State Bank of India gets Rs 38,677 crore deposit in 2 days|date=12 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/state-bank-of-india-says-it-has-received-deposits-worth-rs-53-000-crore/story-FDoUfqDOmC5ls3OAZSe2jM.html|title=State Bank of India says it has received deposits worth Rs 53,000 crore|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/demonetisation-drive-windfall-for-banks-coffers-richer-by-rs-2-2-lakh-cr-already/444188/|title=Demonetisation drive windfall for banks, coffers richer by Rs 2.2 lakh cr already|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> A spike in the usage of debit card and credit card post demonetisation was also reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/card-usage-surges-microlending-grinds-to-a-halt/article9341086.ece?w=alauto|title=Micro lending badly hit; surge in use of cards|first1=Manojit|last1=Saha|first2=Ashish|last2=Rukhaiyar|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Between November 10 and November 27, banks reported exchange and deposits of demonetised banknotes worth {{INRConvert|8.45|t}} (exchange of {{INRConvert|339.48|b}} and deposits of {{INRConvert|8.11|t}}). During this period, an amount of {{INRConvert|2.16|lc|lk=lc}} had been withdrawn by people from their accounts.<ref name="TIEb2016">{{cite web | title=Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana: Post ‘last chance’ IDS, comes a new declaration scheme | website=The Indian Express | date=29 November 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/pradhan-mantri-garib-kalyan-yojana-ids-scheme-4400491/ | accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref>

In [[Malda district|Malda]], a district believed to be a transit-point for fake Indian currencies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bank-accounts-for-sale-in-malda-west-bengal/1/808124.html|title=Exclusive: Bank accounts for sale in West Bengals Malda!}}</ref> a large sum of cash deposits in dormant accounts were also reported. According to [[The Economic Times]], more than 80 percent of fake currency in India originates from Malda district in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/life-has-come-to-standstill-in-indias-counterfeit-capital/articleshow/55406694.cms|title=Life has come to standstill in India's counterfeit capital |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

===Human trafficking===
Nobel laureate [[Kailash Satyarthi]] and others working to fight human trafficking said that the note ban had led to a huge fall in sex trafficking, but that the trade had already begun rebounding by the following month.<ref>{{cite news|title=India currency note ban sparks ‘dramatic fall’ in sex trafficking|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/dec/22/india-currency-note-ban-sparks-dramatic-fall-sex-trafficking}}</ref> Satyarthi said the demonetisation would be effective in combating exploitation of children as well as corruption and would be a great obstacle to traffickers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 ban: Move to curb black money will break back of traffickers, says Kailash Satyarthi|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-ban-move-to-curb-black-money-will-break-back-of-traffickers-says-kailash-satyarthi-3097858.html}}</ref> However, 2 months later he expressed his disappointment on Rs 2000 notes being pushed into human trafficking in absence of other concrete steps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rs-2000-notes-too-being-pushed-into-human-trafficking-kailash-satyarthi/articleshow/56492015.cms|title=Rs 2,000 notes too being pushed into human trafficking: Kailash Satyarthi|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref>

===Radical groups===
The Demonetisation has badly hit Maoist and Naxalites as well. The surrender rate has reached its highest since the demonetisation is announced. It is said that the money these organisations have collected over the years have left with no value and it has caused them to reach to this decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-leads-to-largest-Maoist-surrenders/articleshow/55675983.cms|title=Demonetisation leads to highest ever surrender of Maoists in a month - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref>

The move also reportedly crippled Communist guerrilla groups ([[Naxalite]]s) financing through money laundering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cops-look-for-Maoists-with-old-currency/articleshow/55377997.cms|title=Cops look for Maoists with old currency – Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Modis-demonetization-set-to-cripple-Naxalites-financially/articleshow/55379177.cms|title=Modi's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 10 November the police arrested a petrol pump owner at Ranchi when he reportedly tried to deposit ₹2.5 billion, belonging to a person affiliated with the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/maoists-depend-on-sympathisers-to-tide-over-cash-crunch/article9340780.ece?homepage=true|title=Maoists depend on sympathisers to tide over cash crunch|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivas|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> According to [[Chhattisgarh Police]] demonetisation has affected the [[Naxalite]] activities. It is reported that insurgents have stashed more than ₹70 billion in the Bastar region.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/this-is-how-big-note-ban-will-affect-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-1624880|title=This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities in Chhattisgarh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-to-hit-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-police-4372900/|title=Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh: Police|date=13 November 2016}}</ref>

While [[Manohar Parrikar]] claimed that the move has also helped in reducing the incidents of stone-pelting in the Kashmir valley,<ref>{{citation |title=No stone pelting on forces in Kashmir after demonetisation move, says Manohar Parrikar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-has-led-to-decline-in-separatist-instigated-violence-in-the-Valley-MHA-sources/articleshow/55419257.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Kashmir sees sharp decline in stone-pelting cases |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/581113/kashmir-sees-sharp-decline-stone.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Demonetization ended terror-funding, stone-pelting in Kashmir: Parrikar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetisation-ended-terror-funding-stone-pelting-parrikar-2273524 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=15 November 2016}}</ref> his claim has been disputed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thewire.in/81378/kashmir-stone-pelting-demonetisation/|title=In Kashmir, Nobody Is Buying Parrikar's Link Between Demonetisation and Fall in Stone Pelting|first=Mudasir|last=Ahmad|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manohar-parrikars-remarks-on-demonetisation-ending-kashmir-protests-a-misconception-farooq-abdullah/articleshow/55456377.cms|title=Manohar Parrikar's remarks on demonetisation ending Kashmir protests a misconception: Farooq Abdullah|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/linking-stone-pelting-with-demonetization-is-misrepresentation-of-facts-omar-abdullah/articleshow/55472589.cms|title=Linking stone-pelting with demonetization is misrepresentation of facts: Omar Abdullah|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/currency-ban/2016/11/17/linking-demonetisation-and-stone-pelting-did-parrikar-jump-the-gun-rs-500-note-rs-1000-note-burhan-wani-omar-kashmir|title=Mr Parrikar, Note Ban Didn’t End Stone-Pelting & You Know That|publisher=}}</ref>

===Hawala===
Mumbai Police reported a setback to [[Hawala|Hawala operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-cripples-hawala-operations-mumbai-police/articleshow/55337722.cms|title=Demonetisation cripples hawala operations: Mumbai Police |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-effect-hawala-operations-stopped-in-mumbai/1/807544.html|title=Demonetisation effect: Hawala operations come to a grinding halt}}</ref> Hawala dealers in Kerala were also affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hawala-dealers-in-kerala-hit-hard-by-demonetisation-kerala-demonetization-unaccounted-money--1.1493198|title=Hawala dealers in Kerala hit hard by demonetisation}}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] reported the effect of demonetisation on hawala transactions of separatists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/nov/12/terror-hawala-in-kashmir-valley-rendered-trash-thanks-to-demonetisation-1537896--1.html|title=Terror hawala in Kashmir valley rendered trash, thanks to demonetisation}}</ref>

===Railways===
As of November 2016, Indian Railways did not have the option to make payment with cards at the counters. After the demonetisation move, the government announced to make card payment options available at railway counters in the country.<ref>{{citation |title=Railways gives green light to go cashless |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/railways-gives-green-light-to-go-cashless/articleshow/55736794.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2 December 2016}}</ref> The railways placed an order for 10,000 card reader machines in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railmin-awards-contract-of-installing-10000-pos-machines-to-sbi/articleshow/56689280.cms|title=Railmin awards contract of installing 10,000 POS machines to SBI|publisher=}}</ref>

===Cash shortage===
[[File:Queue at ATM for INR 100 Notes - Howrah 2016-11-08 1773.JPG|thumb|Queue at an ATM for {{INR}}100 banknotes in [[Howrah]], on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)]]

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless queues outside banks and ATMs across India, which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes since 9 November.<ref name="Aljazeera-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html|title=India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor|date=16 November 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="dryatm">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html|title=India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=IEchaos>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/|title=Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend/article9337803.ece|title=Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=DeMoHardships>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/02/100-days-demonetisation-stories-hardship-170215154335682.html|title=100 days of demonetisation: Stories of hardship|publisher=}}</ref> ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.<ref name=IEchaos /> Sporadic violence was reported in [[New Delhi]], but there were no reports of any grievous injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2016/nov/13/demonetisation-sporadic-violence-in-delhi-cops-receive-45k-calls-1538063.html|title=Demonetisation: Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5K calls|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> people attacked bank premises and ATMs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Unrest-erupts-in-UP-towns-as-cashless-crowds-vent-ire-on-bank-staff/articleshow/55528509.cms|title=Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/In-western-UP-violence-marks-day-13-of-demonetisation/articleshow/55545397.cms|title=In western UP, violence marks day 13 of demonetisation – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-effect-atm-vandalism-on-rise-1652843/|title=Demonetisation effect: ATM vandalism on rise|date=18 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-angry-customers-break-banks-glass-door-in-kollam-4371720/|title=Demonetisation: Angry customers break bank's glass door in Kollam|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/no-cash-frustrated-man-smashes-atm-glass-wall/article9340047.ece|title=No cash: ‘frustrated’ man smashes ATM glass wall|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/11/12/demonetisation-modi-rs-2000-rs-500-bank-officials-black-money-goons-attack-bank-officials-takes-its-toll-violence|title=Hid in Washroom For an Hour: Official After Attack at IDBI Bank}}</ref> and a ration shop was looted in [[Madhya Pradesh]] after the shop owner refused to accept {{INR}}500 banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/villagers-loot-pds-shop-over-invalid-after-dealer-refuses-scrapped-banknotes/story-pHFaVKqlz28OETJfvONS1M.html|title=Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161113/jsp/nation/story_118946.jsp|title=Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Villagers-looted-ration-shops-in-Madhya-Pradeshafter-the-shop-owner-refused-to-accept-old-notes/articleshow/55388557.cms|title=Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/demonetisation-fallout-cashless-villagers-loot-pds-shop-in-mps-chhatarpur-village-1311252.html|title=Demonetisation Fallout: Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP's Chhatarpur Village|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The CMD of [[Punjab National Bank]] said that panic after demonetisation started fading on 19 November 2016.<ref>The Hindu [http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/panic-following-withdrawal-of-notes-has-largely-faded/article9365673.ece Panic following withdrawal of notes has largely faded – PNB CMD] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> As of 18 December 2016, there were still long queues at banks and ATMs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/28-days-of-demonetisation-no-let-up-in-rush-at-banks-atms/articleshow/55838985.cms|title=28 days of demonetisation: No let-up in rush at banks, ATMs - The Economic Times|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-long-queues-banks-atms-mumbai/1/830100.html|title=Demonetisation: Month later, long queues still outside banks and ATMs in Mumbai|publisher=}}</ref> Three months after the withdrawal of banknotes, a quarter of the ATMs were still short of cash.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/demonetisation-pain-returns-one-fourth-atms-across-india-running-dry-again/story-kwOMTU7I3xEVyeIGYsHSLP.html|title=Demonetisation pain returns: One-fourth of ATMs across India running dry again|date=7 February 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

The cash shortage was still ongoing in the month of April 2017, five months after the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/as-atms-dry-up-bankers-say-normalcy-will-return-soon-4609546/ |title=As ATMs dry up, bankers say normalcy will return soon |publisher=The Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/cash-in-short-supply-note-crunch-returns/articleshow/58019763.cms |title=Cash in short supply, note crunch returns - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2017-04-05 |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/atms-run-out-of-cash-in-many-areas/article18129175.ece |title=ATMs run out of cash in many areas |publisher=The Hindu |date=2017-04-19 |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref><ref name="intoday1">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/atm-cash-crunch-hyderabad-pune/1/928016.html |title=No cash in ATMs again? This survey says Hyderabad, Pune worst affected : India, News - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2017-04-13 |accessdate=2017-04-25}}</ref> According to a survey, the situation was as bad as 83% of people being unable to withdraw money in [[Hyderabad]], while in [[Pune]], the figure was 69%.<ref name="intoday1"/>

===Deaths===
In March 2017, the government stated that they received no official report on deaths connected to demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/17/no-official-report-on-deaths-due-to-demonetisation-government-1582474.html |title=No official report on deaths due to demonetisation: Government |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2017-03-17 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref>

Several people were reported to have died from standing in queues for hours to exchange their old banknotes.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-deaths-in-maharashtra-kerala-narendra-modi-4370296/|title=Two dead in Maharashtra, Kerala in country-wide rush to junk banned notes|date=11 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetosation-deaths-congress-modi-government/1/808721.html|title=Demonetisation: Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra; Congress blames Modi government|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/demonetisation-96-year-old-died-while-standing-in-queue/states/news/684631.html|title=Demonetisation: 96 year-old died while standing in queue|agency=United News of India|date=November 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/farmer-standing-in-line-to-exchange-notes-dies-of-heart-attack-116111200942_1.html|title=Farmer standing in line to exchange notes dies of heart attack|agency=Press Trust of India|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/73-year-old-dies-waiting-in-queue-to-exchange-discontinued-curre/|work=Huffington Post India|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 die in queue to exchange banned notes at bank|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-die-in-country-wide-rush-to-junk-banned-notes/articleshow/55374158.cms|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Deaths were also attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of old banknotes by hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/mumbai-baby-dies-waiting-for-medical-help-as-hospital-refuses-rs-500-1000-currency-notes-1642581/|accessdate=13 November 2016|publisher=India.com|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Doc-says-no-to-deposit-in-Rs-500-notes-baby-dies-awaiting-help/articleshow/55380976.cms|title=Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sadaguru Pandit|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baby-dies-after-doctor-refuses-to-take-rs-500-and-rs-1000-notes-for-treatment-in-mumbai/story-xxSBtmK39xdcAx0hfhViEL.html|title=Infant's death: Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> As of 15 November 2016, the attributed death toll was 25.<ref name="death-ref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/|title=Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days|work=huffingtonpost|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-many-lives-lost-for-crores-of-unaccounted-money-in-only-5-days/445560/|title=Demonetisation crisis: 25 people dead in a week already|date=14 November 2016|work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-deaths-in-country/1/811009.html|title=25 deaths in a week: PM Modis demonetisation drive takes a toll on aam aadmi|work=India Today}}</ref> and 33 deaths as of 18 November. In an interview, [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] lashed out at a BBC reporter who asked him to justify his 19 November claim that 55 deaths were linked to demonetisation.<ref>Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Published:November 19, 2016 [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-lashes-out-at-bbc-reporter-questioning-him-on-demonetisation-4384031/?campaign_id=A100 Arvind Kejriwal gets angry at BBC reporter questioning him on demonetisation] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> By the end of the year, opposition leaders claimed that over 100 people had died due to demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-government-not-mourning-over-100-deaths-due-to-cash-crunch-says-opposition-2280902|title=Demonetization: Government not mourning over 100 deaths due to cash-crunch, says Opposition|date=8 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mamata-attacks-modi-over-cash-withdrawal-limit-demonetisation-deaths-116123100489_1.html|title=Mamata attacks Modi over cash withdrawal limit, demonetisation deaths|first=|last=IANS|date=31 December 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/around-105-died-but-twitter-king-modi-didn-t-mention-it-lalu-on-demonetisation/story-XGSe6LlYLiKdTBoBBL4zJL.html|title=Around 105 died, but ‘Twitter king’ Modi didn’t mention it: Lalu on demonetisation|date=22 December 2016|publisher=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>

===Stock market decline===

As a combined effect of demonetisation and [[United States presidential election, 2016|US presidential election]], the stock market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, [[BSE SENSEX]] crashed nearly 1,689 points and [[NIFTY 50]] plunged by over 541 points.<ref name="stockcrash9nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece|title=Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the [[BSE SENSEX]] index was lower by 565 points and the [[NIFTY 50]] index was below 8100 intraday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/local-markets/sensex-sinks-514pts-midcap-down-4demonetisationearnings_7965381.html|title=Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4% on demonetisation & earnings |publisher=[[moneycontrol.com]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

===Transportation disruption===

After the demonetisation was announced, about 800,000 truck drivers were affected with scarcity of cash, with around 400,000 trucks stranded at major highways across India were reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-with-no-cash-on-hand-4-lakh-trucks-stranded-on-highways-2273414|title=Demonetization: With no cash on hand, 4 lakh trucks stranded on highways|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> While major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the old banknotes.

[[Nitin Gadkari]], the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across India until midnight of 11 November, later extended until 14 November and again until midnight of 18 November, and yet again till 2 December.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/toll-collection-suspended-across-the-country-till-nov-11-highways-ministry/story-1bAQIFhgp3R26ja4z9OdDK.html |title=Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-toll-charges-on-national-highways-till-nov-18-midnight-116111400435_1.html|title=No toll charges on National Highways till Nov 18 midnight|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 November 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Transactions in the [[Agriculture in India|Indian agriculture sector]] are heavily dependent on cash and were adversely affected by the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nidhi-nath-srinivas/how-demonetisation-has-affected-indias-agricultural-and-food-ma/|title=How Demonetisation Has Affected India's Agricultural And Food Markets|newspaper=Huffington Post India|accessdate=2016-11-24}}</ref> Due to scarcity of the new banknotes, many farmers have insufficient cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and pesticides needed for the plantation of [[rabi crop]]s usually sown around mid-November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-farmers-fear-loss-of-crops-and-income-after-currency-ban-3111694.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers fear loss of crops and income after currency ban|date=2016-11-18|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-11-24}}</ref> Farmers and their unions conducted protest rallies in [[Gujarat]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]] against the demonetisation as well as against restrictions imposed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] on [[District Cooperative Central Bank|district cooperative central banks]] which were ordered not to accept or exchange the demonetised banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/EgxO4VZMZJKpkiFwEvHEUL/Demonetisation-Farmers-protest-in-Muzaffarnagar-over-cash-s.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers protest in Muzaffarnagar over cash shortage|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=2016-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-at-gujarat-protests-farmers-dump-milk-vegetables-on-road-4385111/|title=Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road|date=2016-11-20|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/farmers-in-amritsar-stage-protest-burn-pm-modi-s-effigy/story-NlBIKQoj479XSv1DfQ5QAJ.html|title=Farmers in Amritsar stage protest against demonetisation, burn PM Modi's effigy|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/demonetisation-gujarat-farmers-warn-of-stopping-milk-supply-demand-note-exchange-at-co-op-banks-3114610.html|title=Demonetisation: Gujarat farmers warn of stopping milk supply; demand note-exchange at co-op banks|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-11-24}}</ref>

The demonetisation led to unavailability of cash to pay for food products. The reduction in demand that arose in turn led to a crash in the prices of crops. Farmers were unable to recover even the costs of transportation from their fields to the market from the low prices offered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/farmers-forced-to-dump-the-produce-as-note-ban-turns-bumper-crop-worthless/story-q79Oaf8eGTLX0yaHXwkJLL.html|title=Farmers forced to dump their produce as note ban turns bumper crop worthless|date=26 December 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=50psOnions>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/onion-prices-crash-india-crop-farmers-dumps-crop-mandi/1/841577.html|title=Oh-nion: Farmers in crisis dump produce in markets instead of selling at 50 paise a kilo|publisher=India Today|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> The prices dropped as low as 50 paise per kilo for tomatoes<ref name=50psTomatoes /> and onions.<ref name=50psOnions /> This forced the farmers across the country to dump their products in desperation.<ref name=50psTomatoes>{{cite web|author=Sanjoy Dey|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/at-50p-a-kg-farmers-in-jharkhand-prefer-dumping-tomatoes-to-selling/story-3qvnmhtEVuxwv70SPpQAWP.html|title=At 50p a kg, farmers in Jharkhand prefer dumping tomatoes to selling|date=13 January 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/mp-after-onions-tomatoes-for-1-kg-farmers-dump-produce-on-streets/story-0sXaTBlsOw4WvOhw92hYuI.html|title=MP: After onions, tomatoes for ₹1/kg, farmers dump produce on streets|date=5 January 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Upset-over-price-slump-farmer-dumps-lorry-load-of-tomatoes/article16922630.ece|title=Upset over price slump, farmer dumps lorry load of tomatoes|first=R. Ravikanth|last=Reddy|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Angry-onion-farmers-dump-produce-on-road/article14594654.ece|title=Angry onion farmers dump produce on road|first=Special|last=Correspondent|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> Some farmers resorted to burying unsold vegetables.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Glut-forces-Deesa-farmers-to-bury-potatoes/articleshow/56072912.cms|title=Glut forces Deesa farmers to bury potatoes}}</ref> Agricultural produce such as vegetables, foodgrains, sugarcane, milk and eggs were dumped on roads.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/Farmers-in-Surat-dump-produce/articleshow/55517803.cms|title=Farmers in Surat dump produce}}</ref><ref name=ludhianaprotest>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-protest-farmers-throw-vegetables-on-road/|title=Demonetisation protest: Farmers throw vegetables on road|date=7 January 2017|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> Some farmers dumped their produce in protest against the government.<ref name=ludhianaprotest /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-at-gujarat-protests-farmers-dump-milk-vegetables-on-road-4385111/|title=Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road|date=20 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref>

===Business===

By the second week after demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1,000 banknotes, cigarette sales across India witnessed a fall of 30–40%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/cigarette-sales-down-30-40/448647/|title=Cigarette sales down 30–40%|accessdate=18 November 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> while E-commerce companies saw up to a 30% decline in [[cash on delivery]] (COD) orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ecommerce-firms-see-30-decline-in-cash-on-delivery-orders-post-demonetisation/article9354147.ece|title=E-commerce firms see 30% decline in cash on delivery orders post demonetisation|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|accessdate=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-demonetisation-e-commerce-cash-on-delivery-4379522/|title=E-commerce cash-on-delivery orders down by up to 30 per cent|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=2016-11-18}}</ref>

===Digital transactions and cashless economy===
The demonetisation was initially seen by some sources as a significant step towards making India a cashless economy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heller|first=Nathan|date=|title=India Takes a Big Step Back from Cash|url=https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/india-takes-a-big-step-back-from-cash|journal=The New Yorker|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Dwivedi|first=Yogesh|date=|title=India taking a step on the road to cashless economy|url=https://theconversation.com/india-taking-a-step-on-the-road-to-cashless-economy-70309|journal=The Conversation|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Wade|first=Shepard|date=|title=A Cashless Future Is The Real Goal Of India's Demonetization Move|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/12/14/inside-indias-cashless-revolution/#5675ea464d12|journal=Forbes|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> Prime Minister Narendra Modi appealed to Indian population in his radio address in Dec 2016 to go cashless with slogan - ‘Less-cash’ first, ‘cashless society’ next. <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/modi-launches-schemes-to-boost-cashless-economy-full-text-of-2016s-final-mann-ki-baat-3173378.html|title=Modi launches schemes to boost cashless economy: Full text of 2016's final Mann Ki Baat|last=|first=|date=|work=First Post|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

More people began using cards<ref name=more_use_cards /> and e-wallets, and the demand for point of sales (POS) or card swipe machines increased.<ref name=et1116>{{citation |title=Demonetisation gets 'acche din' for swipe-machine makers |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55429945.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=To stay afloat, Coimabtore traders seek card swipe machines |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/To-stay-afloat-Coimabtore-traders-seek-card-swipe-machines/articleshow/55519849.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2016}}</ref> This led to the acceleration of installation of POS machines<ref name=more_use_cards>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/demonetisation-effect-more-and-more-people-are-going-for-digital-payment-chanda-kochhar/articleshow/55495397.cms|title=Demonetisation effect: more and more people are going for digital payment|last=|first=|date=|work=Economic Times|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> According to data of Pine Labs, the demand for its POS machines doubled after the decision. The company stated that the debit card transactions rose by 108% and credit card transactions by 60% on 9 November 2016.<ref name=et1116/> However concerns were raised regarding the lack security of mobile apps used for digital transactions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/technology/apps/demonetization-has-spurred-e-wallet-adoption-but-how-secure-are-these-digital-transaction-apps-266638.html|title=demonetization-has-spurred-e-wallet-adoption-but-how-secure-are-these-digital-transaction-apps|last=|first=|date=|work=India Times|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>.

Several e-commerce companies hailed the demonetisation decision as an impetus to an increase in [[E-commerce payment system|digital payments]], hoping that it would lead to a decline in COD returns which could cut down their costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2016/11/17/flipkart-snapdeal-shopclues-say-demonetisation-good-for-e-commerce-industry/|title=Flipkart, Snapdeal, Shopclues say demonetisation good for e-commerce industry|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=Techcircle.in – India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-11-18}}</ref>

In December 2016, the government launched an app called [[BHIM|BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money)]] based on the [[Unified Payments Interface|Unified Payment Interface]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bhim-app-narendra-modi-digi-dhan-mela-demonetisation-4452004/|title=People can now bank with thumb using BHIM app|last=|first=|date=|work=Indian Express|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> In September 2017, Google launched its first India-only banking app using BHIM called [[Google Tez]], that can be used by customers of over 50 banks on the UPI platform, and is available in several Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/google-launches-digital-payment-app-tez-in-india/article9863258.ece|title=With Tez, Google joins post-note ban mobile payments race|last=|first=|date=|work=The Hindu|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/google-s-tez-will-take-india-closer-to-digital-transformation-sundar-pichai/story-PmnGHHYctjGB60W4XKFCzJ.html|title=Google’s Tez will take India closer to digital transformation|last=|first=|date=|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

Both the Immediate Mobile Payments System (IMPS) and the United Payments Interface (UPI), which support instant payments using mobile phones, have grown substantially since demonetization, even as cash has returned to the economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/152625/digital-transactions-demonetisation-detailed-analysis/|title=Unified Payment Interface (UPI) transactions made a giant leapfrog|last=Wilson|first=James|date=|website=|publisher=The Wire|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

After peaking in December 2016, digital transactions declined from January 2017 onwards, thus thwarting the objective of increasing digital payments through demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-digital-payments-online-transactions-cashless-economy-india-decline-in-electronic-transactions-4553410/ |title=After demonetisation: As cash comes in, digital deals show sharp dip |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2017-03-04 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/digital-transactions-go-down-with-more-cash-coming-into-the-system/articleshow/57995019.cms |title=Digital Payment: Digital transactions go down with more cash coming into the system - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2017-04-03 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/trend-tracking/digital-transactions-declining-since-march/articleshow/59682112.cms</ref>

===GDP growth===
====Forecasts====
Global analysts cut their forecasts of India's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] growth rate for the financial year 2016-17 by 0.5 to 3 percent due to demonetisation.<ref name=LivemintGDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/gG3pF45hFU53GyXE1BwIuJ/Cash-crunch-Analysts-cut-India-GDP-growth-forecast.html|title=Cash crunch: Analysts cut India GDP growth forecast|first=|last=Livemint|date=24 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=FinexGDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/economists-bearish-on-the-india-growth-story-predicts-sub-6-per-cent-for-fy-2017/486381/|title=Demonetisation a big blow! GDP growth may dip below 6% in FY17|date=26 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> India's GDP in 2016 is estimated to be US$2.25 trillion, hence, each 1 per cent reduction in growth rate represents a shortfall of US$22.5 billion (₹ 1.54 lakh crore) for the Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=26&pr1.y=13&c=534&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a= | title=World Economic Outlook Database | publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] | date=October 2016}}</ref> According to [[Societe Generale]], India's quarterly GDP growth rates would drop below 7% for an entire year at a stretch for the first time since June 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/17/india-demonetisation-news-india-could-see-four-consecutive-quarters-of-below-7-percent-growth.html|title=India set for slowest growth period as demonetization dents economy|first=Saheli Roy|last=Choudhury|date=17 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 250
| width = 700
| group 1 = 7.9 : 6.8 : 7.4 : 7.9 : 7.4 : 7.7 : 7.1 : 7.6 : 7.4
| group 2 = 6.8 : 3.8 : 6.5 : 7.4 : 6.9 : 7.3 : 6.3 : 7.0 : 7.0
| colors = blue : red
| group names = Before demonetisation : After demonetisation
| units suffix = per cent
| x legends = [[Goldman Sachs]] : Ambit Capital : Emkay Global : [[ICRA Limited|ICRA]] : [[Fitch Ratings]] : [[Morgan Stanley]] : [[HSBC]] : [[World Bank]] : [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]]
}}<ref name=LivemintGDP /><ref name=FinexGDP /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Vz3abbBkVLzpUgZK71FbVM/Demonetisation-fallout-ADB-reduces-Indias-growth-forecast.html|title=Demonetisation fallout: ADB reduces India GDP growth forecast to 7%|first=Asit Ranjan|last=Mishra|date=13 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/fitch-revises-gdp-growth-estimate-for-current-fiscal-to-6-9-117011100456_1.html|title=Fitch revises GDP growth estimate for current fiscal to 6.9%|first=|last=IANS|date=11 January 2017|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/modis-demonetisation-to-hit-gdp-growth-to-fall-to-6-3-from-7-1-in-fy17-says-hsbc/501933/|title=Modi’s demonetisation to hit GDP: Growth to fall to 6.3% from 7.1% in FY17, says HSBC|date=9 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/demonetisation-wb-cuts-indian-gdp-growth-for-fiscal-to-7/articleshow/56477183.cms|title=Demonetisation: WB cuts Indian GDP growth for fiscal to 7% - The Economic Times|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-morgan-stanley-cuts-gdp-growth-forecast-from-77-to-73-over-demonetization-impact-2277951|title=Morgan Stanley cuts GDP growth forecast from 7.7% to 7.3% over demonetization impact - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=29 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

====Results====
India's GDP growth for the quarter Jan-Mar '17 was 6.1% as against a forecast of 7.1% by economists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/demonetisation-hits-growth-gdp-growth-slows-to-6.1-percent-in-march-quarter/story/253394.html |title=Demonetisation effect: GDP growth slows down to 6.1% in March quarter |publisher=Businesstoday.in |date=2017-06-01 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> The GDP growth for the entire fiscal year was 7.1%, a reduction from the 8% of the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-impact-gdp-dips-sharply-in-jan-mar-quarter-to-6-1-manufacturing-mining-disappoints-3502487.html |title=Demonetisation impact: GDP dips sharply in Jan-Mar to 6.1%; lndia loses fastest growing tag |publisher=Firstpost.com |date= |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> This drop in GDP was attributed to demonetisation by economists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/demonetisation-brings-gdp-down-6-060112447.html |title=Demonetisation brings GDP down to 6.1 per cent: Top economists stand vindicated |publisher=In.news.yahoo.com |date=2017-06-01 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref>

The GDP growth rate for the quarter April - June 2017 dropped to 5.7%, in comparison to 7.9% for the same quarter in the previous year.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/economic-growth-slows-to-5-7-in-april-june-as-demonetisation-pain-lingers/story-yzvW9XdOUuzfWoWv5B5QTL.html</ref> This drop in GDP growth was attributed to demonetisation.<ref>http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-paid-hefty-price-for-note-ban-5-7-gdp-growth-worrying-kaushik-basu-117090100584_1.html</ref> This was the lowest growth in GDP since 2014.<ref>http://www.firstpost.com/business/gdp-at-5-7-narendra-modis-demonetisation-hits-economy-hard-manmohan-singh-has-the-last-laugh-in-growth-debate-3996525.html</ref> The drop in GDP growth was exactly as predicted by [[Manmohan Singh]] in November 2016.<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/08/31/it-turns-out-manmohan-singh-was-prophetic-in-his-growth-prediction-after-demonetisation_a_23193098/</ref><ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/economics-of-note-ban-is-former-pm-manmohan-singh-laughing-at-pm-modi/articleshow/60324758.cms</ref>

===Drop in industrial output===
There was a reduction in industrial output as industries were hit by the cash crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Demonetisation-hit-economy-Jamir/article17349806.ece|title=Demonetisation hit economy: Jamir|last=Correspondent|first=Special|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref> The [[Purchasing Managers' Index|Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI)]] fell to 46.7 in November from 54.5 in October, recording its sharpest reduction in three years.<ref name=BS-PMI>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/slowdown-due-to-demonetisation-pmi-services-shrinks-in-november-after-17-months-116120501411_1.html|title=Slowdown due to demonetisation: PMI services shrinks in November after 17 months|first=Dilasha|last=Seth|date=6 December 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> A reading above 50 indicates growth and a reading below shows contraction. This indicates a slowdown in both, manufacturing and services industries.<ref name=WorryingNumbers>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/03/five-worrying-numbers-that-show-demonetisation-impact-on-economy/|title=5 Bleak Numbers That Show Demonetisation Impact On The Economy|publisher=}}</ref> The PMI report showed also showed that the reduction in inflation in November was due to shortage in money supply.<ref name=BS-PMI />

The growth in eight core sectors such as cement, steel and refinery products, which constitute 38% of the [[Index of industrial production|Index of Industrial Production (IIP)]], was only to 4.9 percent in November as compared with 6.6 percent in October.<ref name=WorryingNumbers /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-impact-three-sets-of-numbers-tell-us-how-modis-gamble-has-slowed-the-economy-3185066.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Three sets of numbers tell us how Modi’s gamble has slowed the economy|date=3 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

===Job losses===
There was a loss of jobs due to demonetisation, particularly in the unorganised and informal sector and in small enterprises. Labour union jobs were crashed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/827349/a-woman-construction-worker-in-jharkhand-lost-even-her-meagre-wages-in-10-weeks-since-demonetisation|title=Cashless and demonetised: Meet three Indians who once had jobs|first=Anumeha|last=Yadav|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/BRp44zlczj0jeTFyf8vKeP/Demonetisation-has-negative-impact-on-jobs-SMEs-says-Assoc.html|title=Demonetisation has negative impact on jobs, SMEs, says Assocham survey|first=|last=PTI|date=22 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/jobs/now-demonetisation-set-to-cost-400000-jobs/454305/|title=Now, Demonetisation set to cost 400,000 jobs|date=24 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

===Income tax filing increase===
The number of I-T returns filed for 2016-17 grew by 25 per cent to 2.82 crore, and the advance tax collections during that period rose 41.8% over the 1-year period, as increased number of individuals filed their tax returns post demonetisation. The Indian officials said: "The number of returns filed as on August 5 stands at 2,82,92,955 as against 2,26,97,843 filed during the corresponding period of the fiscal year 2016-2017, registering an increase of 24.7% compared to growth rate of 9.9% in the previous year.” Advance tax collections of personal income tax (i.e. other than corporate tax) as on August 5, 2017, showed a growth of about 41.79% over the corresponding period in FY 2016-2017. Personal income tax under self-assessment tax (SAT) grew at 34.25% over the corresponding period in FY 2016-2017. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/number-of-income-tax-returns-filed-goes-up-247/article19446415.ece?homepage=true/|title=Number of income tax returns filed goes up 24.7%|date=7 Aug 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/demonetisation-impact-nearly-25-per-cent-increase-in-income-tax-returns-filing-in-current-fiscal-year-says-cbdt-4786458/|title=Demonetisation impact: Nearly 25 per cent increase in Income Tax Returns filing in current fiscal year, says CBDT|date=7 Aug 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

===Municipal and local tax payments===

As the use of the demonetised notes had been allowed by the government for the payment of municipal and local body taxes, it led to people using the demonetised ₹500 and ₹1,000 notes to pay large amounts of outstanding and advance taxes. As a result, revenue collections of the local civic bodies jumped. The [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] reported collecting about {{INRConvert|1.6|b}} in cash payments of outstanding and advance taxes, within 4 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/hyderabad/demonetisation-impact-greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-collects-over-rs-160-crore-in-just-four-days_1949989.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days|date=15 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref>

The tax collection by local bodies have surged over 260% <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/demonetization-windfall-civic-agencies-record-268-increase-in-tax-collection/story-O3YsryY0WtdefZy8vdBMFM.html|title=Demonetisation windfall: Civic agencies record 268% increase in tax collection|date=23 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> and more than 15,000 crore more after 14 days of demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.housebolo.com/demonetisation-impact-over-13000-crores-collected-in-november/|title=Demonetisation Impact, Over 13,000 Crores Collected In November|publisher=}}</ref> The total indirect tax collection rose to 14.2% only in the month of December according to Finance Minister Arun Jaitley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/tax-figures-show-demonetization-had-little-impact-on-economy-says-arun-jaitley/story-NxPefmW9mGVeX8uQzuflLI.html|title=Higher tax collection show no impact of note ban: Jaitley|date=9 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

===People left with old notes===
The government had initially announced that any person who is unable to deposit the old notes by 31 December 2016 would be given an opportunity to do so until a later date.<ref name="withdrawaloflegal" /> However, the government allowed only [[Non-Resident Indian|NRI]]s to deposit old notes after 31 December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/rbi-turns-away-people-wanting-to-exchange-old-notes/345392.html |title=RBI turns away people wanting to exchange old notes |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2017-01-03 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> As a result, many people with legitimately earned old notes were left stranded with old currency notes. This included soldiers who were on duty during the demonetisation period,<ref name="Soldier, dead father">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/outside-rbi-soldier-back-from-siachen-to-man-who-found-old-notes-his-father-left-in-locker-4569532/ |title=Outside RBI: Soldier back from Siachen to man who found old notes his father left in locker |publisher=The Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Share on FacebookShare on Twitter |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/rbi-office-refuses-to-exchange-notes/articleshow/56300911.cms |title=demonetisation of currency: Reserve Bank of India office refuses to exchange notes | Ahmedabad News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> people who had suffered a bereavement,<ref name="Soldier, dead father" /> and persons who had old notes received as wedding gifts before the demonetisation.<ref name=SurprisingPlaces /> Many people found small amounts of currency stashed away inside quilts, pillows, cupboards, lockers, behind old photographs and wall hangings, in some cases by family members who had died.<ref name="Soldier, dead father" /><ref name=SurprisingPlaces>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/881857/after-the-demonetisation-deadline-indians-are-still-finding-stacks-of-old-notes-in-the-most-surprising-places/ |title=After the demonetisation deadline, Indians are still finding stacks of old notes in the most surprising places â€” Quartz |publisher=Qz.com |date=2017-01-10 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/people-stuck-with-old-currency-notes-hope-deposit-windows-open-again/story-Y8IyBOPLmmEv2WnDShjLDI.html |title=Demonetisation: People stuck with scrapped notes hope for another deposit window | business-news |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> In one case, two destitute orphans found ₹ 96,000 left by their mother and petitioned the Prime Minister for relief.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-rs-96000-in-old-notes-found-at-locked-home-orphans-kota-child-care-home-write-to-pm-modi-4586993/ |title=Rs 96,000 in old notes found at locked home, orphans write to PM Modi |publisher=The Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/orphaned-siblings-write-to-pm-seeking-help-to-exchange-rs-96-500-in-old-notes/story-ORfFRyO5pBJvOcY68w17aI.html |title=Orphaned siblings write to PM seeking help to exchange Rs 96,500 in old notes | india-news |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> A poor woman who was unable to get her old notes exchanged stripped outside the RBI office in desperation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/woman-strips-after-being-unable-to-exchange-old-notes-at-rbi-117010500028_1.html |title=Woman strips after being unable to exchange old notes at RBI | Business Standard News |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2017-01-05 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/unable-to-exchange-notes-woman-strips-at-rbi/ |title=Unable to exchange notes, woman strips at RBI |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2017-01-05 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/denied-exchange-of-old-notes-woman-strips-near-rbi-s-delhi-office/story-CbncLYDsWLfKduhVXuCRnI.html |title=Denied exchange of old notes, woman strips near RBI’s Delhi office | delhi |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> [[Overseas Citizen of India|OCI]]s and [[Person of Indian Origin|PIO]]s were also not allowed to exchange old notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-nri-protest-rbi-ocis-pios-old-notes/1/864612.html |title=Demonetisation: NRIs protest outside RBI; OCIs, PIOs feel left out : India, News - India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2017-01-23 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> People petitioned the courts to allow deposit of the old banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nanjappa |first=Vicky |url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/unable-deposit-demonetised-currency-in-rbi-1000-approach-supreme-court-2391049.html |title=Unable to deposit demonetised currency in RBI, 1,000s to approach Supreme Court |publisher=Oneindia |date=2017-04-01 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of India]] also questioned the government on this matter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-why-no-category-for-those-who-could-not-exchange-notes-by-dec-30-supreme-court-asks-centre/article17555814.ece |title=Why no category for those who could not exchange banned notes by Dec. 30 was created, SC asks Centre |publisher=The Hindu |date=2017-03-21 |accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-pulls-up-modi-govt-on-demonetisation-why-stop-people-from-depositing-banned-notes-after-dec-31/story-jlSoL1fIbZQmLeKvZfon2L.html|title=SC pulls up Modi govt on demonetisation: Why did you stop deposit after Dec 31?|date=21 March 2017|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref>

===RBI dividend decline===
The dividend paid by the Reserve Bank to the government for the financial year 2016-17 was Rs. 30.7 lakh crore, as against the expectation of Rs. 74.9 lakh crore.<ref name=FirstPostDividend>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/rbi-dividend-halves-to-rs-30659-cr-demonetisation-hero-turns-out-to-be-villain-for-narendra-modi-govt-3918167.html|title=RBI dividend halves to Rs 30,659 cr: Demonetisation hero turns out to be villain for Narendra Modi govt|date=11 August 2017|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref> This was less than half the dividend of Rs 65.9 lakh crore paid by the RBI in 2015-16. This decrease was due to demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/script-gone-wrong-rbi-takes-demonetisation-hit-cuts-dividend-to-govt-by-more-than-half/story-y8lXWKpupQecLnTA9AwSjJ.html|title=Script gone wrong: RBI takes demonetisation hit and government gets a cut|date=11 August 2017|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=FirstPostDividend /> It was estimated that this decrease in income for the government could cause the fiscal deficit for the financial year 2016-17 to increase from the targeted 3.2% to 3.4%.<ref name=YahooDividend>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/half-dividend-full-fallacy-rbi-154100516.html|title=Half dividend, full fallacy: RBI implies Modi & Urjit Patel got demonetisation wrong|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017}}</ref> To avoid increasing the fiscal deficit, the government would have to reduce spending on social schemes, or increase revenue through taxes or other means.<ref name=YahooDividend />

==Evasion attempts==
[[File:Shop accepting 500 1000 rupee notes.jpg|thumb|A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.]]

===Gold purchases===
In [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]] and many other major cities, sales of gold increased on 9 November, with an increased 20 to 30% premium surging the price as much as {{INRConvert|45|k}} from the ruling price of {{INRConvert|31.9|k}} per {{Convert|10|g}}.<ref name="Gold Price">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/nov/10/gold-price-recovers-on-renewed-demand-1536940.html|title=Gold price recovers on renewed demand |date=10 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/scramble-for-gold-in-gujarat-after-demonetisation/article9323127.ece?homepage=true | title=Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Langa, Mahesh}}</ref>

Income Tax officials raided multiple branches of Axis Bank and found bank officials involved in money laundering acts, exchanging old notes for gold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Two-Axis-Bank-managers-held-in-Delhi-for-laundering-Rs.-40-cr./article16763429.ece|title=Two Axis Bank managers held in Delhi for laundering Rs. 40 cr.|first=Devesh|last=Pandey|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-ed-registers-case-against-fake-account-holders-in-axis-bank-s-noida-branch-2283742|title=ED registers case against fake account holders in Axis Bank's Noida branch - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=17 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/axis-bank-raided-again-rs-89-crore-in-19-suspicious-accounts-found-in-ahmedabad-branch/482515|title=Axis Bank raided again, Rs 89 crore in 19 suspicious accounts found in Ahmedabad branch|date=22 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

===Donations in temples===
In India, the cash deposited into ''[[Hundi (cash collection box)|hundis]]'', or cash collection boxes in temples and gurudwaras are exempted from inquiry by the tax department.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rs-500rs-1000-demonetisation-temple-money-hundis-not-come-under-scanner-52701|title=Rs 500/Rs 1000 demonetisation: Temple money from hundis not to come under scanner|date=10 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> This exemption is sometimes misused to launder money.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/13/13-ways-in-which-indians-will-convert-their-black-money-into-whi/|title=13 Ways In Which Indians Will Convert Their Black Money Into White Even After Demonetisation|publisher=}}</ref> After the note ban, there was a spike in donations in the form of the demonetised notes in temples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/demonetisation-temples-across-india-receive-high-currency-notes-as-donations-3112230.html|title=Demonetisation: Temples across India receive high currency notes as donations|date=18 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/religious-places-getting-over-the-demon-of-note-ban/articleshow/56041804.cms|title=Religious places getting over the ‘demon’ of note ban - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Rush-to-offer-Rs-500-Rs-1000-donations-at-Puri-Temple/articleshow/55347249.cms|title=Rush to offer Rs 500, Rs 1000 donations at Puri Temple - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref> Authorities of Sri Jalakanteswarar temple at [[Vellore]] discovered cash worth {{INRConvert|4.4|m}} from the temple hundi in the form of defunct notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bundles-of-cash-found-inside-a-temple-hundi/article9342666.ece?homepage=true|title=Defunct notes worth Rs. 44 lakh found in temple hundi|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Multiple bank transactions===
There have been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions by conducting multiple transactions at different bank branches and also sending hired people, employees and followers in groups to exchange large amounts of banned currency at banks.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parmar|first1=Beena|title=Despite Rs 4000-cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/despite-rs-4000-cap-on-money-exchange-loophole-allows-multiple-transactions/story-lbw8xw5XCHvsS5DOawWB1O.html|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-in-chennai-to-beat-cash-limit-they-send-full-teams-to-bank-4375951/|title=Demonetisation: In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In response, the government announced that it would start marking customers with indelible ink. This was in addition to other measures proposed to ensure that the exchange transactions are carried out only once by each person.<ref name="TOI_ink">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indelible-ink-to-mark-fingers-of-those-who-have-exchanged-cash/articleshow/55431492.cms|title=To reduce crowds at banks, ATMs, indelible ink to mark fingers of those who have exchanged old notes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/demonetisation-banks-to-use-indelible-ink-to-stop-multiple-transactions-curb-crowd-3106274.html|title=Demonetisation: Banks to use indelible ink to stop multiple transactions, curb crowd |date=15 November 2016|publisher=firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/demonetisation-indelible-ink-mark-seems-like-the-govt-is-panicking-4376665/|title=Demonetisation: Indelible ink mark seems like the government is panicking?|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Railway bookings===

As soon as the demonetisation was announced, it was observed by the [[Indian Railways]] authorities that a large number of people started booking tickets particularly in [[Indian Railways coaching stock|classes]] 1A and 2A for the longest distance possible, to get rid of unaccounted cash. A senior official said, "On November 13, 42.7 million passengers were nationally booked across all classes. Of these, only 1,209 were 1A and 16,999 for 2A. It is a sharp dip from the number of passengers booked on November 9, when 27,237 passengers had booked tickets in 1A and 69,950 in 2A."<ref name=":0" />

The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways Ministry]] and the Railway Board responded swiftly and decided that cancellation and refund of tickets of value ₹10,000 and above will not be allowed by any means involving cash. The payment can only be through cheque/electronic payment. Tickets above ₹10,000 can be refunded by filing ticket deposit receipt only on surrendering the original ticket. A copy of the [[PAN card]] must be submitted for any cash transaction above ₹50,000. The railway claimed that since the Railway Board on 10 November imposed a number of restrictions to book and cancel tickets, the number of people booking 1A and 2A tickets came down.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rlys-sets-5000-as-cash-refund-limit-for-tickets/articleshow/55444673.cms|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9-11|url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/railways-say-no-cash-refund-for-tickets-booked-between-nov-9-11_1949831.html|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Backdated accounting===
The [[Enforcement Directorate]] raided several forex establishments making back dated entries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/enforcement-directorate-raids-forex-shops-making-back-date-entries/articleshow/55373554.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Money laundering using backdated accounting was carried out by co-operative banks,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Netas-using-co-op-banks-for-backdated-FDs-DDs/articleshow/55467204.cms|title=Netas using co-op banks for backdated FDs, DDs - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref> jewellers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/jewellers-issue-backdated-invoices-to-clients/articleshow/55349735.cms|title=Jewellers issue backdated invoices to clients - The Economic Times|publisher=}}</ref> sellers of iPhones,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/back-dated-receipts-used-apple-iphone-sales-after-demonetisation-report-706095|title=Back-dated receipts used for Apple iPhone sales after demonetisation: Report|first=Pranshu|last=Rathi|publisher=}}</ref> and several other businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-tiffin-service-to-dental-implants-all-tried-to-beat-system-swap-old-notes-income-tax-department-raids-4410874/|title=Tiffin service to dental implants: All tried to beat system, swap old notes|date=5 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

=== Demonetisation violations ===
In March 2017, it was alleged that more than 1 lakh crore (in high value deposits of more than 2.5 lakh) were deposited without any record of PAN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/demonetisation-in-possible-violation-banks-accepted-over-1-crore-lakh-deposits-without-pan/story-bQbHbFtBgggK7fFh5j0jqI.html|title=Demonetisation violation? Banks accepted over Rs 1 lakh crore without PAN details|date=2017-03-16|work=hindustantimes.com/|accessdate=2017-03-17|language=en}}</ref>

==Income tax raids and cash seizures==

The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry]] instructed all revenue intelligence agencies to join the crackdown on forex traders, hawala operators and jewellers besides tracking movement of demonetised currency notes.<ref name="ED-fema-notices">{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate issues FEMA notices to forex, gold traders|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/enforcement-directorate-issues-fema-notices-to-forex-gold-traders/articleshow/55445560.cms|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> It was reported that the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) and the Prime Minister Modi himself were directly coordinating the raids conducted by the Income Tax, Enforcement Directorate (ED) and other agencies. As of 23 December, PMO received around 700 calls giving information about black money and it directly forwarded the information to various law enforcement agencies for further action.<ref>{{cite news|title=PMO coordinating black money crackdown post note ban, receiving 15-20 calls daily|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-pmo-coordinating-black-money-crackdown-post-note-ban-receiving-15-20-calls-daily-362198|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How PM Narendra Modi is managing fight against black money, corruption from 'secret war room'|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/how-pm-narendra-modi-is-managing-fight-against-black-money-corruption-from-secret-war-room_1962029.html|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref>

Income Tax departments raided various illegal tax-evasive businesses in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and other cities that traded with demonetised currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/income-tax-department-raids-chandni-chowk-shops-shut/1/807996.html |title=Income tax dept conducts raids across India as illegal financial institutions crop up; shops call it a day |work=India Today |date=11 November 2016 |author=Rai, Arpan |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] issued several [[Foreign Exchange Management Act|FEMA]] notices to forex and gold traders.<ref name="ED-fema-notices"/> Large sum of cash in defunct notes were seized in different parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/kolkata-businessman-arrested-converting-rs-25-crore-old-042429487.html|title=Kolkata businessman arrested for converting Rs. 25 crore old currency|date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs-1322-lakh-in-cash-seized/article9331654.ece?css=print|title=Rs. 13.22 lakh in cash seized|date=11 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-1624663|title=Rs 4 Crore-Worth Scrapped Notes Seized From Maharashtra Trader}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/76-lakh-cash-seized-from-vehicle-in-Mandi/articleshow/55379844.cms|title=Rs 76 lakh cash seized from vehicle in Mandi – Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-bank-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-4371753/|title=Madhya Pradesh: Rs 4 crore-worth scrapped bank notes seized from trader|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cash-seized-from-two-cars-near-nashik/article9356909.ece?homepage=true|title=Rs. 73 lakh cash seized from two cars near Nashik|publisher=|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref> In [[Chhattisgarh]] liquid cash worth of {{INRConvert|4.4|m}} was seized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chhattisgarh-cash-worth-rs-44-lakhs-in-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-seized-from-a-man-2272478|title=Chhattisgarh: Cash worth Rs 44 lakhs in Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes seized from a man |work=Daily News & Analysis|date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

As of December 28, official sources said that the Income Tax department detected over {{INRConvert|41.72|b}} of un-disclosed income and seized new notes worth {{INRConvert|1.05|b}} as part of its country-wide operations. The department carried out a total of 983 search, survey and enquiry operations under the provisions of the Income Tax Act and has issued 5,027 notices to various entities on charges of tax evasion and hawala-like dealings. The department also seized cash and jewellery worth over {{INRConvert|5.49|b}} out of which the new currency seized (majority of them ₹2000 notes) is valued at about {{INRConvert|1.05|b}}. The department also referred a total of 477 cases to other agencies like the CBI and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to probe other financial crimes like money laundering, disproportionate assets and corruption.<ref>{{cite news|title=I-T detects Rs 4,172 crore undisclosed income, seizes new note worth Rs 105 crore|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/i-t-detects-rs-4172-crore-undisclosed-income-seizes-new-note-worth-rs-105-crore/articleshow/56242354.cms|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>

In a period of four months from 9 November 2016 to 28 February 2017, [[CBDT]] claims to have detected an undisclosed income of over {{INRConvert|93.34|b}} through more than 2,362 search, seizure and survey actions by Income Tax department.<ref>{{citation |title=Operation Clean Money phase II: 60K individuals including 1,300 ‘high-risk’ cases under I-T lens |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/operation-clean-money-phase-ii-60k-individuals-including-1300-high-risk-cases-under-i-t-lens-4613648/ |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=15 April 2017 }}</ref>

===Seizures of ₹2000 notes===

Huge amounts of cash in the form of new notes were seized all over the country after the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-one-month-of-demonetisation-several-crores-worth-of-cash-seized-long-queues-outside-atms-4420098/|title=Rs 111.3 crore and counting: Here is a conservative list of new cash seizures reported post-demonetisation|date=10 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/i-t-department-seizes-rs-130-crore-cash-jewellery-post-demonetisation-4414001/|title=I-T department seizes Rs 130 crore cash, jewellery post demonetisation|date=6 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As of December 2016, over 4 crore in new banknotes of ₹2000 were seized from four persons in [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Over-Rs-4-crore-in-new-notes-seized-in-IT-raids-in-Bengaluru/articleshow/55728247.cms|title=New notes worth Rs 4.7 crore seized in I-T raids in Bengaluru - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bengaluru-cash-seizure-new-rs-2000-notes-demonetisation-black-money/1/825199.html|title=Bengaluru: In Indias biggest seizure since Nov 8, Rs 5.7 crore found - all in new Rs 2000 notes|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bengaluru-income-tax-raid-rs-4-crore-seized-4405135/|title=Bengaluru: Rs 2000 notes worth over Rs 4 crore seized by Income Tax dept|date=1 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> ₹33 lakh in ₹2000 notes were recovered from Manish Sharma, an expelled BJP leader in [[West Bengal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/after-bjp-leader-manish-kumars-arrest-babul-supriyo-washes-hands-off-all-linkages-calls-it-wasted-time/467387/|title=After BJP leader Manish Kumar’s arrest, Babul Supriyo washes hands off all linkages, calls it ‘wasted time’|date=7 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/several-bjp-men-caught-with-crores-karnataka-biggest-hotspot-for-illegal-cash-transactions-116120700330_1.html|title=Several BJP men caught with crores; Karnataka biggest hotspot for illegal cash transactions|first=BS Web|last=Team|date=7 December 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> and ₹1.5 crore was seized in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/demonetisation-rs-1-5-crore-in-new-rs-2000-notes-seized-in-goa-two-held-459472|title=Demonetisation: Rs 1.5 crore in new Rs 2,000 notes seized in Goa, two held|date=7 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> 900 notes of the new ₹2000 notes were seized from a BJP leader in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/over-900-bills-of-rs-2000-seized-from-tn-bjp-leader-who-backed-demonetisation/story-akRx5YDntU3erDWVE2IxxN.html|title=Over 900 new Rs 2000 notes seized from TN BJP leader who backed demonetisation|date=2 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Around ₹10 crore in new notes were seized in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/585634/biggest-seizure-rs-142-cr.html|title=Biggest seizure of Rs 142 cr cash, gold post demonetisation|publisher=}}</ref>

As of 10 December, ₹242 crore in new notes had been seized.<ref name=242cr>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-crunch-rs-242-crore-in-new-currency-seized-after-demonetisation/story-ZFidspQbfQqcIGbQPcgtPJ.html|title=Cash crunch? Rs 242 crore in new currency seized after demonetisation|date=9 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> It was noted in the media that while people were dying in queues to obtain a few thousand rupees in cash, persons with the right connections were able to amass crores of rupees in new notes, thus rendering the demonetisation exercise futile.<ref name=242cr /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/over-rs-164-crore-black-money-seized-in-new-notes-has-note-ban-failed-1481558486.html|title=Over Rs 164 crore black money seized in new notes. Has note ban failed?|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/police-seize-new-currency-notes-worth-crores-across-several-cities/|title=As India struggles for its next Rs 2,000, new currency seized across country can fill gunny bags|date=9 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

It was announced by the government that the seized notes will be brought into the mainstream as soon as possible to ease out the cash problem. Earlier, agencies kept all seized material, including cash seizures, in their strong rooms as evidence till the case was adjudicated by the courts. The seized money was then deposited into the [[Consolidated Fund of India]]. Sometimes, income tax cases took years to resolve, still all seized material was kept in safe lockers of the tax department.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rs 100 crore seized in new notes to be back in circulation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rs-100-crore-seized-in-new-notes-to-be-back-in-circulation/articleshow/56075149.cms|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian black money]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]]
* [[Income declaration scheme, 2016]]
* [[Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation}}
{{wikinews|India discontinues ₹500, ₹1000 denominations; releases ₹2000 and new ₹500 bills}}
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rupees-500-1000-currency-note-faq-narendra-modi/1/805954.html What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500–1000 notes answered], ''India Today'', 8 November 2016
* [https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119 FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India]
* [http://www.finmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Finance, Government of India]
* Litvack, L., & Vigne, S. (2017). ''Demonetisation in India and Emerging Challenges: A Report Delivered to the Department for the Economy, Northern Ireland and the Government of India by Queen’s University Belfast and O.P. Jindal Global University''. Belfast: Queen's University Belfast. http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/131517443/Final_report.pdf

{{Indian currency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:History of money]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Monetary reform]]

Arabic

2017-07-24T12:59:37Z

Soft coder: Undid revision 790677447 by 49.151.167.142 (talk)

{{About|the general language or language group|the literary standard|Modern Standard Arabic|the various vernaculars|varieties of Arabic|the language family|Arabic languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{EngvarA|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Arabic
| nativename = {{lang|ar|العَرَبِيَّة / عَرَبِيّ}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻarabī / al-ʻarabiyyah}}''
| pronunciation = {{IPA|/ˈʕarabiː/}}, {{IPA|/ʔalʕaraˈbijja/}}
| states = Countries of the [[Arab League]], minorities in neighboring countries and some parts of Asia, Africa, Europe etc.
| speakers = {{sigfig|292|2}} million
| date = 2017
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Arabic - Ethnologue|url=//www.ethnologue.com/language/ara|website=Ethnologue|publisher=Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref>
| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
| fam2 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| fam3 = [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
| fam4 = [[Arabic languages]]
| dia1 = [[Maghrebi Arabic|Western (Maghrebi)]]
| dia2 = [[Varieties of Arabic#Central varieties|Central]] (incl. [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]], [[Sudanese Arabic|Sudanese]])
| dia3 = [[Varieties of Arabic#Northern varieties|Northern]] (incl. [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine]], [[Mesopotamian Arabic|Mesopotamian]])
| dia4 = [[Peninsular Arabic|Peninsular]] ([[Gulf Arabic|Gulf]], [[Hejazi Arabic|Hejazi]], [[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]], [[Yemeni Arabic|Yemeni]])
| stand1 = [[Modern Standard Arabic]]
| script = [[Arabic alphabet]] [[Arabic Braille]] [[Syriac alphabet]] ([[Garshuni]]) [[Hebrew alphabet]] ([[Judeo-Arabic languages]]) [[Greek alphabet]] ([[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]]) [[Latin script]] ([[Romanization of Arabic|Romanized Arabic alphabet]], [[Maltese alphabet]]) ([[Maltese language|Maltese]], [[Lebanese Arabic]], [[Hassaniya Arabic]], [[Moroccan Darija|Moroccan Arabic]], [[Libyan Arabic]], [[Tunisian Arabic]])
| nation = [[Modern Standard Arabic]] is an official language of [[List of countries where Arabic is an official language|28 states]], the third most after English and French<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wright|2001|p=492}}</ref>{{collapsible list
| [[Algeria]] [[Bahrain]] [[Comoros]] [[Chad]] [[Djibouti]] [[Egypt]] [[Eritrea]] [[Iraq]] [[Israel]] [[Jordan]] [[Kuwait]] [[Malta]] ([[Maltese Arabic]]) [[Lebanon]] [[Libya]] [[Mauritania]] [[Morocco]] [[Oman]] [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] [[Qatar]] [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|SADR]] [[Saudi Arabia]] [[Somalia]] [[Sudan]] [[Syria]] [[Tanzania]] (''[[Zanzibar]]'') [[Tunisia]] [[United Arab Emirates]] [[Yemen]] '''Organizations''' [[African Union]] [[Arab League]] [[European Union]] ([[Maltese language|Maltese Arabic]]) [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[United Nations]]}}
| minority = {{collapsible list| [[Cyprus]] [[Iran]] [[Mali]] [[Philippines]] [[Niger]] [[Senegal]] [[South Sudan]]}}
| agency = {{collapsible list
| [[File:Blank.png|26px|link=]] [[Arabic Language International Council]] 
[[Algeria]]: [[Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria]] 
[[Egypt]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo]] 
[[Israel]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel]] 
[[Iraq]]: [[Iraqi Academy of Sciences]] 
[[Jordan]]: [[Jordan Academy of Arabic]] 
[[Libya]]: Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya 
[[Morocco]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat]] 
[[Saudi Arabia]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Riyadh]] 
[[Somalia]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu]] 
[[Sudan]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartoum]] 
[[Syria]]: [[Arab Academy of Damascus]] (the oldest) 
[[Tunisia]]: [[Beit Al-Hikma Foundation]]
}}
| iso1 = ar
| iso2 = ara
| iso3 = ara
| lc1 = arq
|ld1=[[Algerian Arabic]]
| lc2 = aao
|ld2=[[Algerian Saharan Arabic]]
| lc3 = bbz
|ld3=[[Babalia Creole Arabic]]
| lc4 = aby
|ld4=[[Baharna Arabic]]
| lc5 = shu
|ld5=[[Chadian Arabic]]
| lc6 = acy
|ld6=[[Cypriot Arabic]]
| lc7 = adf
|ld7=[[Dhofari Arabic]]
| lc8 = avl
|ld8=[[Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic]]
| lc9 = arz
|ld9=[[Egyptian Arabic]]
| lc10 = afb
|ld10=[[Gulf Arabic]]
| lc11 = ayh
|ld11=[[Hadrami Arabic]]
| lc12 = acw
|ld12=[[Hijazi Arabic]]
| lc13 = ayl
|ld13=[[Libyan Arabic]]
| lc14 = acm
|ld14=[[Mesopotamian Arabic]]
| lc15 = ary
|ld15=[[Moroccan Arabic]]
| lc16 = ars
|ld16=[[Najdi Arabic]]
| lc17 = apc
|ld17=[[North Levantine Arabic]]
| lc18 = ayp
|ld18=[[North Mesopotamian Arabic]]
| lc19 = acx
|ld19=[[Omani Arabic]]
| lc20 = aec
|ld20=[[Saidi Arabic]]
| lc21 = ayn
|ld21=[[Sanaani Arabic]]
| lc22 = ssh
|ld22=[[Shihhi Arabic]]
| lc23 = ajp
|ld23=[[South Levantine Arabic]]
| lc24 = arb
|ld24=[[Standard Arabic]]
| lc25 = apd
|ld25=[[Sudanese Arabic]]
| lc26 = pga
|ld26=[[Sudanese Creole Arabic]]
| lc27 = acq
|ld27=[[Taizzi-Adeni Arabic]]
| lc28 = abh
|ld28=[[Tajiki Arabic]]
| lc29 = aeb
|ld29=[[Tunisian Arabic]]
| lc30 = auz
|ld30=[[Uzbeki Arabic]]
| lingua = 12-AAC
| image = Arabic albayancalligraphy.svg
| imagesize = 150px
| imagecaption = '''{{transl|ar|al-ʿArabiyyah}}''' in written Arabic ([[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script)
| map = Dispersión lengua árabe.png
| mapcaption = Dispersion of native Arabic speakers as the majority (green) or minority (chartreuse) population
| map2 = Arabic speaking world.svg
| mapcaption2 = Use of Arabic as the national language (green), as an official language (dark blue), and as a regional/minority language (light blue)
| notice = IPA
| sign = Signed Arabic (national forms)
| glotto = arab1395
| glottorefname = Arabic
}}

{{Contains Arabic text}}
'''Arabic''' ({{lang-ar|العَرَبِيَّة}}, ''{{transl|ar|al-ʻarabiyyah}}'' {{IPA-ar|ʔalʕaraˈbijja|| Al arabic.ogg}} or {{lang-ar|عَرَبِيّ|}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻarabī}}'' {{IPA-ar|ˈʕarabiː|| Arabi.ogg}} or {{IPA-ar|ʕaraˈbij|}}) is a [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] language complex that first emerged in [[Iron Age]] northwestern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and is now the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.academia.edu/18470301/Al-Jallad._The_earliest_stages_of_Arabic_and_its_linguistic_classification_Routledge_Handbook_of_Arabic_Linguistics_forthcoming_|title=Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)|access-date=2016-10-27}}</ref> It is named after the [[Arabs]], a term initially used to describe peoples living from [[Mesopotamia]] in the east to the [[Anti-Lebanon Mountains|Anti-Lebanon mountains]] in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] peninsula.

The modern written language ([[Modern Standard Arabic]]) is derived from [[Classical Arabic]]. It is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (''fuṣḥā''), which is the official language of 26 states and the [[liturgical language]] of [[Islam]]. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same [[vocabulary]]. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the [[post-classical era]], especially in modern times.

During the [[Middle Ages]], Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also [[loanword|borrowed]] many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in [[European languages]], mainly Portuguese and [[Arabic influence on the Spanish language|Spanish]] owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], referred to in Arabic as [[al-Andalus]]. Balkan languages, including [[Greek language|Greek]], have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish.

Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Maltese language|Maltese]]''',''' [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Maldivian language|Maldivian]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Hausa language|Hausa]] and some languages in parts of Africa. Despite being an influential language, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages including Greek and Persian in [[medieval]] times, and contemporary European languages such as [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]] in modern times.

[[Classical Arabic]] is the [[Sacred language|liturgical language]] of 1.7 billion [[Muslims]] and [[Modern Standard Arabic]] is one of six [[official languages of the United Nations]].<ref name="gordonconwell.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact|date=January 2015|publisher=gordonconwell.edu|accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref><ref name="pewmuslim4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population|title=Executive Summary|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=22 December 2011|work=Future of the Global Muslim Population}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2030|title=Table: Muslim Population by Country | Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=2011-01-27|publisher=Features.pewforum.org|access-date=2014-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/official-languages/|title=UN official languages|date=|publisher=Un.org|access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> It is spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/world-arabic-language-day/ |title= World Arabic Language Day |work= UNESCO |date= 18 December 2014 |access-date= 12 February 2014}}</ref> making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an [[abjad]] script and is written from [[right-to-left]] although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in [[Arabic chat alphabet|ASCII Latin]] from [[left-to-right]] with no standardized orthography.

== Classification ==
Arabic is a [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] language, closely related to the [[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]] languages ([[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Ugaritic language|Ugaritic]] and [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]), the Ancient South Arabian languages, and various other Semitic languages of Arabia such as [[Dadanitic]]. The [[Semitic languages]] changed a great deal between [[Proto-Semitic]] and the establishment of the [[Central Semitic languages]], particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include:
# The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation (''jalas-'') into a past tense.
# The conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation (''yajlis-'') into a present tense.
# The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms (e.g., a present tense formed by doubling the middle root, a perfect formed by infixing a {{IPA|/t/}} after the first root consonant, probably a jussive formed by a stress shift) in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms (e.g., ''-u'' for indicative, ''-a'' for subjunctive, no ending for jussive, ''-an'' or ''-anna'' for energetic).
# The development of an internal passive.
There are several features which Classical Arabic, the modern Arabic varieties, as well as the [[Safaitic]] and [[Hismaic (Old Arabic)|Hismaic]] inscriptions share which are unattested in any other Central Semitic language variety, including the [[Dadanitic]] and [[Taymanitic]] languages of the [[Hijaz|northern Hijaz]]. These features are evidence of common descent from a [[Proto-language|hypothetical ancestor]], [[Proto-Arabic]]. The following features can be reconstructed with confidence for Proto-Arabic:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X29BwAAQBAJ|title=An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|date=2015-03-27|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004289826|language=en}}</ref>
# negative particles ''m'' *''mā''; ''lʾn'' *''lā-ʾan'' > CAr ''lan''
# ''mafʿūl'' G-passive participle
# prepositions and adverbs ''f'', ''ʿn'', ''ʿnd'', ''ḥt'', ''ʿkdy''
# a subjunctive in -''a''
# ''t''-demonstratives
# leveling of the -''at'' allomorph of the feminine ending
# ''ʾn'' complementizer and subordinator
# the use of ''f''- to introduce modal clauses
# independent object pronoun in (''ʾ'')''y''
# vestiges of ''nunation''

==History==

=== Old Arabic ===
{{Main article|Old Arabic}}
[[File:Arabian_Languages.png|thumb|Arabian Languages]]

Arabia boasted a wide variety of Semitic languages in antiquity. In the southwest, various [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] languages both belonging to and outside of the [[Old South Arabian|Ancient South Arabian]] family (e.g. Southern Thamudic) were spoken. It is also believed that the ancestors of the [[Modern South Arabian languages|Modern South Arabian]] languages (non-Central Semitic languages) were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern [[Hejaz|Hijaz]], [[Dadanitic]] and [[Taymanitic]] held some prestige as inscriptional languages. In [[Najd]] and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested. In eastern Arabia, inscriptions in a script derived from ASA attest to a language known as [[Hasaitic dialect|Hasaitic]]. Finally, on the northwestern frontier of Arabia, various languages known to scholars as Thamudic B, Thamudic D, [[Safaitic]], and [[Hismaic]] are attested. The last two share important isoglosses with later forms of Arabic, leading scholars to theorize that Safaitic and Hismaic are in fact early forms of Arabic and that they should be considered [[Old Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/18470301/Al-Jallad._The_earliest_stages_of_Arabic_and_its_linguistic_classification_Routledge_Handbook_of_Arabic_Linguistics_forthcoming_|title=Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1st century CE, fragments of Northern Old Arabic are attested in the [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean script]] across northern Arabia. By the 4th century CE, the Nabataean Aramaic writing system had come to express varieties of Arabic other than that of the Nabataeans.

===Old Higazi and Classical Arabic===
In late pre-Islamic times, a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of Arabic emerged in the [[Hejaz|Hijaz]] which continued living its parallel life after literary Arabic had been institutionally standardized in the 2nd and 3rd century of the [[Islamic calendar|Hijra]], most strongly in Judeo-Christian texts, keeping alive ancient features eliminated from the ‘learned’ tradition (Classical Arabic).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/middle-arabic-EALL_COM_vol3_0213?s.num=0&s.rows=20&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=middle+arabic|title=Middle Arabic - Brill Reference|website=referenceworks.brillonline.com|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> variety and both its classicizing and "lay" iterations have been termed Middle Arabic in the past, but they are thought to continue an [[Old Higazi]] register. It is clear that the orthography of the [[Quran|Qurʾān]] was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to recording an archaic form of [[Old Higazi]].

In the late 6th century AD, a relatively uniform intertribal ‘poetic koine’ distinct from the [[Vernacular|spoken vernaculars]] developed based on the [[Bedouin]] dialects of [[Najd]], probably in connection with the court of [[Al-Hirah|al-Ḥīra]]. During the first Islamic century the majority of Arabic poets and Arabic-writing persons spoke Arabic as their mother tongue. Their texts, although mainly preserved in far later manuscripts, contain traces of non-standardized [[Classical Arabic]] elements in morphology and syntax. The standardization of Classical Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the ''ʿarabiyya'' "Arabic", [[Sibawayh|Sībawayhi's]] ''al''-''Kitāb'', is based first of all upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to Qurʾān usage and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the ''ʿarabiyya''.<ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com" /> By the 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world.

=== Neo-Arabic ===
Charles Ferguson’s [[koiné language|koine]] theory (Ferguson 1959), claims that the modern Arabic dialects collectively descend from a single military koine that sprung up during the Islamic conquests; this view has been challenged in recent times. Ahmad al-Jallad proposes that there were at least two considerably distinct types of Arabic on the eve of the conquests: Northern and Central (Al-Jallad 2009). The modern dialects emerged from a new contact situation produced following the conquests. Instead of the emergence of a single or multiple koines, the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of borrowed and areal features, which they absorbed at different points in their linguistic histories.<ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com">{{Cite web|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects - Brill Reference|website=referenceworks.brillonline.com|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref>
According to Veersteegh and Bickerton colloquial arabic dialects arose from pidginized Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Pidginization and subsequent creolization among Arabs and [[Arabization|arabized]] peoples could explain morphological and phonological simplicity of vernacular Arabic compared to Classical and MSA.<ref>https://books.google.pl/books?id=RiarBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&dq=vernacular+arabic+simplified+creoles+islamic+conquests&source=bl&ots=9fxdM5gYf5&sig=UVYaAC_Tu-GHqwhBkDcrXwokOBc&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjPipK-qPPTAhVKIsAKHZKVCGgQ6AEINjAF#v=onepage&q=vernacular%20arabic%20simplified%20creoles%20islamic%20conquests&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.pl/books?id=VM6M1351GWsC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=theory+creolization+arabic+arab+conquests+inflections&source=bl&ots=sfX8gOVpUR&sig=0HRQ-Jn6JY_rqAUySbWFnq7bpvc&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjyZfghfPTAhXIL8AKHVwYAxQQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=theory%20creolization%20arabic%20arab%20conquests%20inflections&f=false</ref>

== Classical, Modern Standard and spoken Arabic ==
{{See also|List of Arabic dictionaries}}
''Arabic'' usually designates one of three main variants: [[Classical Arabic]], [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and [[Varieties of Arabic|''colloquial'' or ''dialectal'' Arabic]]. Classical Arabic is the language found in the [[Quran]], used from the period of [[Pre-Islamic Arabia]] to that of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. Theoretically, Classical Arabic is considered normative, according to the [[syntactic]] and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as [[Sibawayh]]) and the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the [[Ibn_Manzur#Lis.C4.81n_al-.CA.BFArab|Lisān al-ʻArab]]). In practice, however, modern authors almost never write in pure Classical Arabic, instead using a [[literary language]] with its own grammatical norms and vocabulary, commonly known as Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).

MSA is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by some of the [[Arabic media]] across [[North Africa]], and the [[Middle East]], and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. "Literary Arabic" and "Standard Arabic" ({{lang|ar|فُصْحَى}} ''{{transl|ar|fuṣḥá}}'') are less strictly defined terms that may refer to Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic.

Some of the differences between Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) are as follows:
* Certain grammatical constructions of CA that have no counterpart in any modern dialect (e.g., the [[energetic mood]]) are almost never used in [[Modern Standard Arabic]].
* No modern spoken variety of Arabic has [[Grammatical case|case]] distinctions. As a result, MSA is generally composed without case distinctions in mind, and the proper cases are added after the fact, when necessary. Because most case endings are noted using final short vowels, which are normally left unwritten in the Arabic script, it is unnecessary to determine the proper case of most words. The practical result of this is that MSA, like English and [[Standard Chinese]], is written in a strongly determined word order and alternative orders that were used in CA for emphasis are rare. In addition, because of the lack of case marking in the spoken varieties, most speakers cannot consistently use the correct endings in extemporaneous speech. As a result, spoken MSA tends to drop or regularize the endings except when reading from a prepared text.
* The numeral system in CA is complex and heavily tied in with the case system. This system is never used in MSA, even in the most formal of circumstances; instead, a significantly simplified system is used, approximating the system of the conservative spoken varieties.

MSA uses much Classical vocabulary (e.g., ''{{transl|ar|ALA|dhahaba}}'' 'to go') that is not present in the spoken varieties. In addition, MSA has borrowed or coined a large number of terms for concepts that did not exist in Quranic times, and MSA continues to evolve.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kaye|1991|p=?}}</ref> Some words have been borrowed from other languages—notice that transliteration mainly indicates spelling and not real pronunciation (e.g., {{lang|ar|فِلْم}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|film}}'' 'film' or {{lang|ar|ديمقراطية}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|dīmuqrāṭiyyah}}'' 'democracy').

However, the current preference is to avoid direct borrowings, preferring to either use [[loan translation]]s (e.g., {{lang|ar|فرع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|farʻ}}'' 'branch', also used for the branch of a company or organization; {{lang|ar|جناح}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|janāḥ}}'' 'wing', is also used for the wing of an airplane, building, air force, etc.), or to coin new words using forms within existing [[Semitic root|roots]] ({{lang|ar|استماتة}} ''{{transl|ar|istimātah}}'' '[[apoptosis]]', using the root {{lang|ar|موت}} ''m/w/t'' 'death' put into the [[Arabic verbs#Form X|Xth form]], or {{lang|ar|جامعة}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jāmiʻah}}'' 'university', based on {{lang|ar|جمع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jamaʻa}}'' 'to gather, unite'; {{lang|ar|جمهورية}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jumhūriyyah}}'' 'republic', based on {{lang|ar|جمهور}} ''{{transl|ar|jumhūr}}'' 'multitude'). An earlier tendency was to redefine older word although this has fallen into disuse (e.g., {{lang|ar|هاتف}} ''{{transl|ar|hātif}}'' 'telephone' < 'invisible caller (in Sufism)'; {{lang|ar|جريدة}} ''{{transl|ar|jarīdah}}'' 'newspaper' < 'palm-leaf stalk').

''Colloquial'' or ''dialectal'' Arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties which constitute the everyday spoken language. Colloquial Arabic has many regional variants; geographically distant varieties usually differ enough to be [[mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]], and some linguists consider them distinct languages.<ref>"Arabic Language." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Retrieved on 29 July 2009.</ref> The varieties are typically unwritten. They are often used in informal spoken media, such as [[soap opera]]s and [[talk show]]s,<ref name="Jenkins">{{Citation |last=Jenkins |first=Orville Boyd |url= http://strategyleader.org/articles/arabicpercent.html |title= Population Analysis of the Arabic Languages |date= 18 March 2000}}</ref> as well as occasionally in certain forms of written media such as poetry and printed advertising.

The only variety of modern Arabic to have acquired official language status is [[Maltese language|Maltese]], which is spoken in (predominately [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]) [[Malta]] and written with the [[Maltese alphabet|Latin script]]. It is descended from Classical Arabic through [[Siculo-Arabic]], but is not mutually intelligible with any other variety of Arabic. Most linguists list it as a separate language rather than as a dialect of Arabic.
[[File:Flag of the Arab League.svg|thumb|left|upright|Flag of the [[Arab League]], used in some cases for the Arabic language.]]
[[File:Flag of Hejaz 1917.svg|thumb|left|upright|Flag used in some cases for the Arabic language]]

Even during Muhammad's lifetime, there were dialects of spoken Arabic. Muhammad spoke in the dialect of [[Mecca]], in the western [[Arabian peninsula]], and it was in this dialect that the Quran was written down. However, the dialects of the eastern Arabian peninsula were considered the most prestigious at the time, so the language of the Quran was ultimately converted to follow the eastern [[phonology]]. It is this phonology that underlies the modern pronunciation of Classical Arabic. The phonological differences between these two dialects account for some of the complexities of Arabic writing, most notably the writing of the [[glottal stop]] or ''[[hamzah]]'' (which was preserved in the eastern dialects but lost in western speech) and the use of ''{{transl|ar|ALA|alif maqṣūrah}}'' (representing a sound preserved in the western dialects but merged with ''{{transl|ar|ā}}'' in eastern speech).{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==Language and dialect==
The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of [[diglossia]], which is the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language, usually in different social situations. In the case of Arabic, educated Arabs of any nationality can be assumed to speak both their school-taught Standard Arabic as well as their native, mutually unintelligible "dialects";<ref>Janet C. E. Watson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4RDIoDAF1e8C&pg=PR19 The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic], Introduction, pg. xix. [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]], 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-19-160775-2}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oj5jAMspUfAC&pg=PA10462 Proceedings and Debates of the] [[107th United States Congress]] [[Congressional Record]], pg. 10,462. Washington, D.C.: [[United States Government Printing Office]], 2002.</ref><ref>Shalom Staub, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HPsCHy3nsA8C&pg=PA124 Yemenis in New York City: The Folklore of Ethnicity], pg. 124. [[Philadelphia]]: [[Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies]], 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-944190-05-0}}</ref><ref>[[Daniel Newman (academic)|Daniel Newman]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=DEdXz4OVvqMC&pg=PA1 Arabic-English Thematic Lexicon], pg. 1. London: Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-134-10392-8}}</ref><ref>Rebecca L. Torstrick and Elizabeth Faier, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jwp6D51NB34C&pg=PA41 Culture and Customs of the Arab Gulf States], pg. 41. [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]]: [[ABC-CLIO]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-313-33659-1}}</ref> these dialects linguistically constitute separate languages which may have dialects of their own.<ref>[[Walter J. Ong]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=JXC217u47tEC&pg=PA32 Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture], pg. 32. [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]]: [[Cornell University Press]], 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-6630-4}}</ref> When educated Arabs of different dialects engage in conversation (for example, a Moroccan speaking with a Lebanese), many speakers [[Code-switching|code-switch]] back and forth between the dialectal and standard varieties of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence. Arabic speakers often improve their familiarity with other dialects via music or film.

The issue of whether Arabic is one language or many languages is politically charged, in the same way it is for the [[varieties of Chinese]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Scots language|Scots]] and English, etc. In contrast to speakers of Hindi and Urdu who claim they cannot understand each other even when they can, speakers of the varieties of Arabic will claim they can all understand each other even when they cannot.<ref>Clive Holes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&pg=PA2&dq=arabic+languages+unintelligible&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6AGMU8HGD4ynyATW1YDYCw&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=arabic%20languages%20unintelligible&f=false Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties], pg. 3. [[Washington, D.C.]]: [[Georgetown University Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-58901-022-2}}</ref> The issue of diglossia between spoken and written language is a significant complicating factor: A single written form, significantly different from any of the spoken varieties learned natively, unites a number of sometimes divergent spoken forms. For political reasons, Arabs mostly assert that they all speak a single language, despite significant issues of mutual incomprehensibility among differing spoken versions.<ref>Nizar Y. Habash,[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRIHCnC74BoC&pg=PA1&dq=arabic+languages+dialects+political&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9xGMU-rDBYajyASWhoDgAw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=arabic%20languages%20dialects%20political&f=false Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing], pgs. 1–2. [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]]: Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-59829-795-9}}</ref>

From a linguistic standpoint, it is often said that the various spoken varieties of Arabic differ among each other collectively about as much as the [[Romance languages]].<ref>Bernard Bate, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&pg=PT38&dq=arabic+languages+mutually+unintelligible&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-AWMU_6OC8GjyAS4_oK4Bg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20languages%20mutually%20unintelligible&f=false Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India], pgs. 14–15. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Columbia University Press]], 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-231-51940-3}}</ref> This is an apt comparison in a number of ways. The period of divergence from a single spoken form is similar—perhaps 1500 years for Arabic, 2000 years for the Romance languages. Also, while it is comprehensible to people from the [[Maghreb]], a linguistically innovative variety such as [[Moroccan Arabic]] is essentially incomprehensible to Arabs from the [[Mashriq]], much as French is incomprehensible to Spanish or Italian speakers but relatively easily learned by them. This suggests that the spoken varieties may linguistically be considered separate languages.

== Influence of Arabic on other languages ==
{{See also|List of Arabic loanwords in English}}

The influence of Arabic has been most important in Islamic countries, because it is the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Quran. Arabic is also an important source of vocabulary for languages such as [[Baluchi language|Baluchi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Chechen language|Chechen]], [[Dagestani language|Dagestani]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Kutchi Language|Kutchi]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Urdu]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], and [[Wolof language|Wolof]], as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

In addition, English has many Arabic loanwords, some directly, but most via other Mediterranean languages. Examples of such words include admiral, adobe, alchemy, alcohol, algebra, algorithm, alkaline, almanac, amber, arsenal, assassin, candy, carat, cipher, coffee, cotton, ghoul, hazard, jar, kismet, lemon, loofah, magazine, mattress, sherbet, sofa, sumac, tariff, and many other words.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Other languages such as Maltese<ref>{{cite web |author=EB staff |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050379/Maltese-language |title=Maltese language – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref> and [[Kinubi]] derive ultimately from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary or grammatical rules.

Terms borrowed range from religious terminology (like Berber ''taẓallit'', "prayer", from ''[[salat]]'' ({{lang|ar|صلاة}} ''{{transl|ar|ṣalāh}}'')), academic terms (like [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] ''mentiq'', "logic"), and economic items (like English ''coffee'') to [[placeholder name|placeholders]] (like Spanish ''fulano'', "so-and-so"), everyday terms (like Hindustani ''lekin'', "but", or Spanish ''taza'' and French ''tasse'', meaning "cup"), and expressions (like Catalan ''a betzef'', "galore, in quantity"). Most Berber varieties (such as [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]), along with Swahili, borrow some numbers from Arabic. Most Islamic religious terms are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as {{lang|ar|صلاة}} (''salat''), "prayer", and {{lang|ar|إمام}} (''imam''), "prayer leader."

In languages not directly in contact with the Arab world, Arabic loanwords are often transferred indirectly via other languages rather than being transferred directly from Arabic. For example, most Arabic loanwords in Hindustani and Turkish entered through Persian though Persian is an [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian language]]. Older Arabic loanwords in Hausa were borrowed from [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]].

Some words in English and other European languages are derived from Arabic, often through other European languages, especially Spanish and Italian. Among them are commonly used words like "[[coffee]]" ({{lang|ar|قهوة}} ''qahwah''), "[[cotton]]" ({{lang|ar|قطن}} ''{{transl|ar|quṭn}}''), and "magazine" ({{lang|ar|مخازن}} ''[[makhzen|{{transl|ar|ALA|makhāzin}}]]''). English words more recognizably of Arabic origin include "[[algebra]]", "[[alcohol]]", "[[alchemy]]", "[[alkali]]", "[[zenith]]", and "[[nadir]]".

Arabic words also made their way into several West African languages as Islam spread across the Sahara. Variants of Arabic words such as {{lang|ar|كتاب}} ''kitāb'' ("book") have spread to the languages of African groups who had no direct contact with Arab traders.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gregersen|1977|p=237}}</ref>

Since throughout the Islamic world, Arabic occupied a position similar to that of Latin in Europe, many of the Arabic concepts in the fields of science, philosophy, commerce, etc. were coined from Arabic roots by non-native Arabic speakers, notably by Aramaic and Persian translators, and then found their way into other languages. This process of using Arabic roots, especially in Kurdish and Persian, to translate foreign concepts continued through to the 18th and 19th centuries, when swaths of Arab-inhabited lands were under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule.

==Influence of other languages on Arabic==
The most important sources of borrowings into (pre-Islamic) Arabic are from the related (Semitic) languages [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]],<ref>See the seminal study by Siegmund Fraenkel, ''Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen'', Leiden 1886 (repr. 1962)</ref> which used to be the principal, international language of communication throughout the ancient Near and Middle East, [[Ge'ez language|Ethiopic]], and to a lesser degree Hebrew (mainly religious concepts). In addition, many cultural, religious and political terms have entered Arabic from [[Iranian languages]], notably [[Middle Persian]], [[Parthian language|Parthian]], and (Classical) Persian,<ref>See for instance Wilhelm Eilers, "Iranisches Lehngut im Arabischen", ''Actas IV. Congresso des Estudos Árabes et Islâmicos, Coimbra, Lisboa'', Leiden 1971, with earlier references.</ref> and Hellenistic Greek (''kīmiyāʼ'' has as origin the Greek ''khymia'', meaning in that language the melting of metals; see [[Roger Dachez]], ''Histoire de la Médecine de l'Antiquité au XXe siècle'', Tallandier, 2008, p. 251), ''alembic'' (distiller) from ''ambix'' (cup), ''almanac'' (climate) from ''almenichiakon'' (calendar). (For the origin of the last three borrowed words, see Alfred-Louis de Prémare, ''Foundations of Islam'', Seuil, L'Univers Historique, 2002.) Some Arabic borrowings from Semitic or Persian languages are, as presented in De Prémare's above-cited book:

* ''madīnah''/[[medina]] (مدينة, city or city square), a word of Aramaic or Hebrew origin מדינה (in which it means "a state");
* ''jazīrah'' (جزيرة), as in the well-known form الجزيرة "Al-Jazeera," means "island" and has its origin in the Syriac ܓܙܝܪܗ ''gazīra''.
* ''lāzaward'' (لازورد) is taken from Persian لاژورد ''lājvard'', the name of a blue stone, lapis lazuli. This word was borrowed in several European languages to mean (light) blue - azure in English, ''azur'' in French and ''azul'' in Portuguese and Spanish.

==Arabic alphabet and nationalism==

There have been many instances of national movements to convert Arabic script into Latin script or to Romanize the language. Currently, the only Arabic language to use Latin script is [[Maltese language|Maltese]].

===Lebanon===
The Beirut newspaper ''La Syrie'' pushed for the change from Arabic script to Latin letters in 1922. The major head of this movement was [[Louis Massignon]], a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damacus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at Romanization failed as the Academy and population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. [[Sa'id al-Afghani|Sa'id Afghani]], a member of the Academy, mentioned that the movement to Romanize the script was a [[Zionism|Zionist]] plan to dominate Lebanon.<ref name="shrivtiel179">{{cite book|last=Shrivtiel|first=Shraybom|title=The Question of Romanisation of the Script and The Emergence of Nationalism in the Middle East|date=1998|publisher=Mediterranean Language Review|pages=179–196}}</ref><ref name="shirvtiel188">Shrivtiel, p. 188</ref>

===Egypt===
After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and re-emphasize Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the Arabic language in which the formal Arabic and the colloquial Arabic would be combined into one language and the Latin alphabet would be used.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shirvtiel188" /> There was also the idea of finding a way to use [[Hieroglyphics]] instead of the Latin alphabet, but this was seen as too complicated to use.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shirvtiel188" /> A scholar, [[Salama Musa]] agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed that Latin script was key to the success of Egypt as it would allow for more advances in science and technology. This change in alphabet, he believed, would solve the problems inherent with Arabic, such as a lack of written vowels and difficulties writing foreign words that made it difficult for non-native speakers to learn.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shirvtiel188" /> Ahmad Lutfi As Sayid and Muhammad Azmi, two Egyptian intellectuals, agreed with Musa and supported the push for Romanization.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shrivtiel189">Shrivtiel, p. 189</ref> The idea that Romanization was necessary for modernization and growth in Egypt continued with Abd Al-Aziz Fahmi in 1944. He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee for the Arabic Language Academy of Cairo.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shrivtiel189" /> However, this effort failed as the Egyptian people felt a strong cultural tie to the Arabic alphabet.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shrivtiel189" /> In particular, the older Egyptian generations believed that the Arabic alphabet had strong connections to Arab values and history, which is easy to believe due to the long history of the Arabic alphabet (Shrivtiel, 189) in Muslim societies.

== Arabic and Islam ==
Classical Arabic is the language of poetry and literature (including news); it is also mainly the language of the [[Quran]]. At present, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is also used in modernized versions of literary forms of the Quran. Arabic is closely associated with the religion of [[Islam]] because the Quran was written in Arabic, but it is nevertheless also spoken by other religious groups such as [[Arab Christians and Arabic-speaking Christians|Arab Christians]], [[Mizrahi Jews]], [[Druze]] and Iraqi [[Mandaean]]s. Most of the world's [[Muslims]] do not speak Classical Arabic as their native language, but many can read the Quranic script and recite the Quran. Among non-Arab Muslims, translations of the Quran are most often accompanied by the original text.

Some Muslims present a [[Proto-Human language|monogenesis]] of languages and claim that the Arabic language was the language revealed by God for the benefit of mankind and the original language as a prototype system of symbolic communication, based upon its system of triconsonantal roots, spoken by man from which all other languages were derived, having first been corrupted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/topics/arabic/ |title=Arabic – the mother of all languages – Al Islam Online |publisher=Alislam.org |date= |accessdate=4 May 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100430215148/http://www.alislam.org/topics/arabic/| archivedate= 30 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="meforum">{{cite web |last=Coffman |first=James |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/276|title=Does the Arabic Language Encourage Radical Islam?|accessdate=5 December 2008|publisher=Middle East Quarterly|date=December 1995}}</ref> [[Judaism]] has a similar account with the [[Tower of Babel]].

== Dialects and descendants ==
{{Main article|Varieties of Arabic}}
[[File:Arabic Dialects.svg|thumb|left|300px|Different dialects of Arabic.]]
''Colloquial Arabic'' is a collective term for the spoken dialects of Arabic used throughout the [[Arab world]], which differ radically from the literary language. The main dialectal division is between the varieties within and outside of the Arabian peninsula, followed by that between [[Varieties of Arabic#Sedentary vs. Bedouin|sedentary]] varieties and the much more conservative [[Bedouin]] varieties. All of the varieties outside of the Arabian peninsula (which include the large majority of speakers) have a large number of features in common with each other that are not found in Classical Arabic. This has led researchers to postulate the existence of a prestige koine dialect in the one or two centuries immediately following the Arab conquest, whose features eventually spread to all of the newly conquered areas. (These features are present to varying degrees inside the Arabian peninsula. Generally, the Arabian peninsula varieties have much more diversity than the non-peninsula varieties, but have been understudied.)

Within the non-peninsula varieties, the largest difference is between the non-Egyptian [[Maghrebi Arabic|North African dialects]] (especially Moroccan Arabic) and the others. Moroccan Arabic in particular is hardly comprehensible to Arabic speakers east of [[Libya]] (although the converse is not true, in part due to the popularity of Egyptian films and other media).

One factor in the differentiation of the dialects is influence from the languages previously spoken in the areas, which have typically provided a significant number of new words and have sometimes also influenced pronunciation or word order; however, a much more significant factor for most dialects is, as among Romance languages, retention (or change of meaning) of different classical forms. Thus Iraqi ''aku'', Levantine ''fīh'' and North African ''kayən'' all mean 'there is', and all come from Classical Arabic forms (''yakūn'', ''fīhi'', ''kā'in'' respectively), but now sound very different.

===Examples===
Transcription is a [[broad transcription|broad IPA transcription]], so minor differences were ignored for easier comparison.

{| class="wikitable"
! Variety
! I love reading a lot
! When I went to the library
! I didn't find this old book
! I wanted to read a book about the history of women in France
|-
! Literary Arabic in Arabic script (common spelling)
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|أحب القراءة كثيرا}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|عندما ذهبت إلى المكتبة}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|لم أجد هذا الكتاب القديم}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|كنت أريد أن أقرأ كتابا عن تاريخ المرأة في فرنسا}}
|-
! Literary Arabic in Arabic script (with all vowels)
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|أُحِبُّ ٱلْقِرَاءَةَ كَثِيرًا}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|عِنْدَمَا ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى ٱلْمَكْتَبَةِ}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|لَمْ أَجِدُ هٰذَا ٱلْكِتَابَ ٱلْقَدِيمَ}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|كُنْتُ أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَقْرَأَ كِتَابًا عَنْ تَارِيخِ ٱلْمَرْأَةِ فِي فَرَنْسَا}}
|-
! [[Classical Arabic]] (liturgical or poetic only)
| {{transl|ar|ʔuħibːu‿lqirˤaːʔata kaθiːrˤaː}}
| {{transl|ar|ʕĩndamaː ðahabᵊtu ʔila‿lmaktabah}}
| {{transl|ar|lam ʔad͡ʒidu haːða‿lkitaːba‿lqadiːm}}
| {{transl|ar|kũntu ʔuriːdu ʔan ʔaqᵊrˤaʔa kitaːban ʕan taːriːχi‿lmarˤʔati fiː farˤãnsaː}}
|-
! [[Modern Standard Arabic]]
| {{transl|ar|ʔuħibːu‿lqiraːʔa kaθiːran}}
| {{transl|ar|ʕindamaː ðahabt ʔila‿lmaktaba}}
| {{transl|ar|lam ʔad͡ʒid haːða‿lkitaːba‿lqadiːm}}
| {{transl|ar|kunt ʔuriːd ʔan ʔaqraʔ kitaːban ʕan taːriːχi‿lmarʔa fiː faransaː}}
|-
! [[Yemeni Arabic]] (Sanaa)
| {{transl|ayn|ana bajn aħibː ilgiraːji(h) gawi}}
| {{transl|ayn|law ma sirt saˈla‿lmaktabih}}
| {{transl|ayn|ma lige:tʃ ðajji‿lkitaːb ilgadiːm }}
| {{transl|ayn|kunt aʃti ʔagra kitaːb ʕan taːriːx ilmari(h) wastˤ faraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Kuwaiti Arabic|Gulf Arabic]] (Kuwait)
| {{transl|afb|aːna waːjid aħibː aɡra}}
| {{transl|afb|lamːan riħt ilmaktaba}}
| {{transl|afb|maː liɡeːt halkitaːb ilgadiːm}}
| {{transl|afb|kint abi‿(j)aɡra kitaːb ʕan taːriːx ilħariːm‿(i)bfaransa}}
|-
! [[Mesopotamian Arabic|Gələt Mesopotamian]] (Baghdad)
| {{transl|acm|aːni‿(j)aħub luqraːja kulːiʃ}}
| {{transl|acm|lamːan riħit lilmaktabˤɛː}}
| {{transl|acm|maː liɡeːt haːða liktaːb ilgadiːm}}
| {{transl|acm|ridit aqra ktaːb ʕan taːriːx inːiswaːn‿(u)bfransɛː}}
|-
! [[Hijazi Arabic]] (Medina)
| {{transl|acw|ana marːa ʔaħubː alɡiraːja}}
| {{transl|acw|lamːa ruħt almaktaba}}
| {{transl|acw|ma liɡiːt haːda lkitaːb alɡadiːm}}
| {{transl|acw|kunt abɣa ʔaɡra kitaːb ʕan taːriːx alħariːm fi faransa}}
|-
! Western [[Syrian Arabic]] (Damascus)
| {{transl|apc|ana ktiːr bħəb ləʔraːje}}
| {{transl|apc|lamːa rəħt ʕalmaktabe}}
| {{transl|apc|ma laʔeːt haləktaːb əlʔadiːm }}
| {{transl|apc|kaːn badːi ʔra ktaːb ʕan taːriːx əlmara bfraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Lebanese Arabic]] (Beirut?)
| {{transl|apc|ana ktiːr bħib liʔreːji}}
| {{transl|apc|lamːa riħit ʕalmaktabi}}
| {{transl|apc|ma lʔeːt halikteːb liʔdiːm }}
| {{transl|apc|keːn badːi ʔra kteːb ʕan teːriːx ilmara bfraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Palestinian Arabic|Urban Palestinian]] (Jerusalem)
| {{transl|ajp|ana baħib liʔraːje ktiːr }}
| {{transl|ajp|lamːa ruħt ʕalmaktabe}}
| {{transl|ajp|ma laʔeːtʃ haliktaːb ilʔadiːm }}
| {{transl|ajp|kaːn bidːi ʔaʔra ktaːb ʕan taːriːx ilmara fi faransa}}
|-
! [[Palestinian Arabic|Rural Palestinian]] (West Bank)
| {{transl|ajp|ana baħib likraːje kθiːr }}
| {{transl|ajp|lamːa ruħt ʕalmatʃtabe}}
| {{transl|ajp|ma lakeːtʃ halitʃtaːb ilkadiːm }}
| {{transl|ajp|kaːn bidːi ʔakra tʃtaːb ʕan taːriːx ilmara fi faransa}}
|-
! [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]] (metropolitan)
| {{transl|arz|ana baħebː elʔeraːja ʔawi}}
| {{transl|arz|lamːa roħt elmakˈtaba}}
| {{transl|arz|malʔetʃ elketaːb elʔadim da}}
| {{transl|arz|ana kont(e)‿ʕawz‿aʔra ktab ʕan tariːx esːetˈtat fe faransa}}
|-
! [[Libyan Arabic]] (Tripoli?)

| {{transl|ayl|ana nħəb il-ɡraːja halba}}
| {{transl|ayl|lamma mʃeːt lil-maktba}}
| {{transl|ayl|malɡeːtiʃ ha-li-ktaːb lə-ɡdiːm}}
| {{transl|ayl|kunt nibi naɡra ktaːb ʔleː tariːx ə-nsawiːn fi fraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Tunisian Arabic|Tunisian]] (Tunis)
| {{transl|aeb|nħib liqraːja barʃa}}
| {{transl|aeb|waqtilli mʃiːt lilmaktba }}
| {{transl|aeb|mal-qiːtʃ ha-likteːb liqdiːm}}
| {{transl|aeb|kʊnt nħib naqra kteːb ʕla terix limra fi fraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Algerian Arabic|Algerian]] (Algiers?)
| {{transl|ab|eːna nħebb l-qraːja bezzef}}
| {{transl|ab|ki ruħt l il-maktaba}}
| {{transl|ab|ma-lqiːt-ʃ ha l-kteːb l-qdiːm}}
| {{transl|ab|kunt ħaːb naqra kteːb ʕala tariːx l-mra fi fraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan]] (Rabat?)
| {{transl|apy|ana ʕziz ʕlija bzzaf nqra}}
| {{transl|apy|melli mʃit l-lmaktaba}}
| {{transl|apy|ma-lqiːt-ʃ had l-ktab l-qdim}}
| {{transl|apy|kent baɣi nqra ktab ʕla tarix l-mra f-fransa}}
|-
! [[Maltese language|Maltese]] (Valletta) (in Maltese orthography)
| {{transl|mlt|Inħobb naqra ħafna.}}
| {{transl|mlt|Meta mort il-librerija}}
| {{transl|mlt|Ma sibtx dan il-ktieb qadim.}}
| {{transl|mlt|Ridt naqra ktieb dwar l-istorja tal-mara fi Franza.}}
|}

=== Koine ===
According to [[Charles A. Ferguson]],<ref>{{citation|first=Charles|last=Ferguson|title=The Arabic Koine|journal=Language|volume=35|year=1959|pages=616–630|issue=4|doi=10.2307/410601}}</ref> the following are some of the characteristic features of the [[Koiné language|koine]] that underlies all of the modern dialects outside the Arabian peninsula. Although many other features are common to most or all of these varieties, Ferguson believes that these features in particular are unlikely to have evolved independently more than once or twice and together suggest the existence of the koine:
* Loss of the [[dual (grammatical number)]] except on nouns, with consistent plural agreement (cf. feminine singular agreement in plural inanimates).
* Change of ''a'' to ''i'' in many affixes (e.g., non-past-tense prefixes ''ti- yi- ni-''; ''wi-'' 'and'; ''il-'' 'the'; feminine ''-it'' in the [[construct state]]).
* Loss of third-weak verbs ending in ''w'' (which merge with verbs ending in ''y'').
* Reformation of geminate verbs, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|ḥalaltu}}'' 'I untied' → ''{{transl|ar|ḥalēt(u)}}''.
* Conversion of separate words ''lī'' 'to me', ''laka'' 'to you', etc. into indirect-object [[clitic]] suffixes.
* Certain changes in the [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]] system, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|khamsat ayyām}}'' 'five days' → ''{{transl|ar|kham(a)s tiyyām}}'', where certain words have a special plural with prefixed ''t''.
* Loss of the feminine [[elative (gradation)|elative]] (comparative).
* Adjective plurals of the form ''{{transl|ar|kibār}}'' 'big' → ''{{transl|ar|kubār}}''.
* Change of [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisba]] suffix ''{{transl|ar|-iyy}}'' > ''{{transl|ar|i}}''.
* Certain lexical items, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|jāb}}'' 'bring' < ''{{transl|ar|jāʼa bi-}}'' 'come with'; ''{{transl|ar|shāf}}'' 'see'; ''{{transl|ar|ēsh}}'' 'what' (or similar) < ''{{transl|ar|ayyu shayʼ}}'' 'which thing'; ''{{transl|ar|illi}}'' (relative pronoun).
* Merger of {{IPA|/ɮˤ/}} and {{IPA|/ðˤ/}}.

=== Dialect groups ===
* [[Egyptian Arabic]] is spoken by around 53 million in [[Egypt]] (55 million worldwide).<ref name="EA">{{cite book | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arz | title=Arabic, Egyptian Spoken | publisher=[[Ethnologue]] | year=2006 | edition=18th}}</ref> It is one of the most understood varieties of Arabic, due in large part to the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows throughout the Arabic-speaking world
* [[Levantine Arabic]] includes [[North Levantine Arabic]], [[South Levantine Arabic]] and [[Cypriot Arabic]]. It is spoken by about 21 million people in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Israel]], [[Cyprus]] and [[Turkey]].
** [[Lebanese Arabic]] is a [[Varieties of Arabic|variety]] of [[Levantine Arabic]] spoken primarily in [[Lebanon]].
** [[Jordanian Arabic]] is a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of [[Levantine Arabic]] spoken by the population of the [[Jordan|Kingdom of Jordan]].
** [[Palestinian Arabic]] is a name of several dialects of the subgroup of [[Levantine Arabic]] spoken by the [[Palestinians]] in [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestine]], by [[Arab citizens of Israel]] and in most Palestinian populations around the world.
** [[Samaritan alphabet|Samaritan Arabic]], spoken by only several hundred in the [[Nablus]] region
** [[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]], spoken in [[Cyprus]]
* [[Maghrebi Arabic]], also called "Darija" spoken by about 70 million people in [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], Libya and Malta. It is very hard to understand for Arabic speakers from the Mashriq or Mesopotamia, the easiest being Libyan Arabic and the hardest Moroccan Arabic and Maltese language (which is close to Tunisian Arabic). The others such as Algerian Arabic can be considered "in between".
** [[Libyan Arabic]] spoken in [[Libya]] and neighboring countries.
** [[Tunisian Arabic]] spoken in [[Tunisia]] and North-eastern [[Algeria]]
** [[Algerian Arabic]] spoken in [[Algeria]]
** [[Judeo-Arabic|Judeo-Algerian Arabic]] was spoken by [[History of the Jews in Algeria|Jews]] in [[Algeria]] until 1962
** [[Moroccan Darija|Moroccan Arabic]] spoken in [[Morocco]]
** [[Maltese language|Maltese]], spoken on the island of Malta, is the only dialect to have established itself as a fully separate language,{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} with independent literary norms. [[Sicilian Arabic]], spoken on the island of [[Sicily]] until the 14th century, developed into Maltese in Malta. In the course of its history the language has adopted numerous loanwords, phonetic and phonological features, and even some grammatical patterns, from Italian, Sicilian and English. It is also the only Semitic language written in the [[Latin script]]. Furthermore, Maltese or Sicilian Arabic are closely related to Tunisian Arabic due to the cultural and historical ties between Tunisia and Malta,<ref>Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander ''Maltese'' (1997:xiii) "The immediate source for the Arabic vernacular spoken in Malta was Muslim Sicily, but its ultimate origin appears to have been Tunisia. In fact Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic, although during the past eight hundred years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian Arabic".</ref> and the languages are partially mutually intelligible.<ref>Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander ''Maltese'' (1997:xiii)</ref>
** [[Andalusian Arabic]], spoken in [[Spain]] until the 16th century.
** [[Siculo-Arabic]], was spoken in [[Sicily]] and [[Malta]] between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century.
* [[Mesopotamian Arabic]], spoken by about 32 million people in Iraq (where it is called "Aamiyah"), eastern Syria and southwestern [[Iran]] ([[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]]).
** [[Baghdad Arabic]] is the Arabic dialect spoken in [[Baghdad]], the capital of Iraq. It is a subvariety of [[Mesopotamian Arabic]].
* [[Kuwaiti Arabic]] is a [[Gulf Arabic]] [[dialect]] spoken in [[Kuwait]].
* [[Khuzestani Arabic]] spoken in the [[Iran]]ian province of [[Khuzestan]].
* [[Khorasani Arabic]] spoken in the [[Iran]]ian province of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]].
* [[Sudanese Arabic]] is spoken by 17 million people in [[Sudan]] and some parts of southern Egypt. Sudanese Arabic is quite distinct from the dialect of its neighbor to the north; rather, the Sudanese have a dialect similar to the Hijazi dialect.
* [[Juba Arabic]] spoken in [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]
* [[Gulf Arabic]], spoken by around four million people, predominantly in [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], some parts of [[Oman]], eastern Saudi Arabia coastal areas and some parts of [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and Qatar. Also spoken in Iran's [[Bushehr Province|Bushehr]] and [[Hormozgan Province|Hormozgan]] provinces. Although Gulf Arabic is spoken in Qatar, most Qatari citizens speak Najdi Arabic (Bedawi).
* [[Yemeni Arabic]] spoken in [[Yemen]], [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]] and southern Saudi Arabia by 15 million people. Similar to Gulf Arabic.
* [[Najdi Arabic]], spoken by around 10 million people, mainly spoken in Najd, central and northern Saudi Arabia. Most Qatari citizens speak Najdi Arabic (Bedawi).
* [[Hejazi Arabic]] (6 million speakers), spoken in Hijaz, western Saudi Arabia
* [[Hassaniya Arabic]] (3 million speakers), spoken in [[Mauritania]], [[Western Sahara]], some parts of northern [[Mali]], southern Morocco and south-western Algeria.
* [[Saharan Arabic]] spoken in some parts of [[Algeria]], [[Niger]] and [[Mali]]
* [[Bahrani Arabic]] (600,000 speakers), spoken by [[Bahrani people|Bahrani Shiʻah]] in Bahrain and [[Qatif]], the dialect exhibits many big differences from Gulf Arabic. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in Oman.
* [[Judeo-Arabic languages|Judeo-Arabic]] dialects - these are the dialects spoken by the Jews that had lived or continue to live in the Arab World. As Jewish migration to Israel took hold, the language did not thrive and is now considered endangered.
* [[Chadian Arabic]], spoken in [[Chad]], [[Sudan]], some parts of [[South Sudan]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], [[Cameroon]]
* [[Central Asian Arabic]], spoken in [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], is highly endangered
* [[Shirvani Arabic]], spoken in [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Dagestan]] until the 1930s, now extinct.

== Phonology ==
{{Main article|Arabic phonology}}

=== History ===
Of the 29 Proto-Semitic consonants, only one has been lost: {{IPA|*/ʒ/}},{{clarify|reason=This sound is not given in the article on Proto-Semitic. Is it from an alternative formulation of the PS phonological system?|date=April 2015}} which merged with {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lipinski|1997|p=124}}</ref> But the consonant {{IPA|*/ʒ/}} is still found in many colloquial Arabic dialects. Various other consonants have changed their sound too, but have remained distinct. An original {{IPA|*/p/}} lenited to {{IPA|/f/}}, and {{IPA|*/ɡ/}} - consistently attested in pre-Islamic Greek transcription of Arabic languages<ref>Al-Jallad, 42</ref> - became palatalized to {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}} or {{IPA|/ɟ/}} by the time of the Quran and {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}}, {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|ʒ}} or {{IPA|/ɟ/}} in MSA (see [[Arabic phonology#Local variations]] for more detail).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|pp=5, 15–16}}</ref> An original [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] {{IPA|*/ɬ/}} became {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2}}</ref> Its [[emphatic consonant|emphatic]] counterpart {{IPA|/ɬˠ~ɮˤ/}} was considered by Arabs to be the most unusual sound in Arabic (Hence the Classical Arabic's appellation {{lang|ar|لُغَةُ ٱلضَّادِ}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|lughat al-ḍād}}'' or "language of the ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ḍād}}''"); for most modern dialects, it has become an emphatic stop {{IPA|/dˤ/}} with loss of the laterality<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2" /> or with complete loss of any pharyngealization or velarization, {{IPA|/d/}}. (The classical ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ḍād}}'' pronunciation of [[pharyngealization]] {{IPA|/ɮˤ/}} still occurs in the [[Mehri language]] and the similar sound without velarization, {{IPAslink|ɮ}}, exists in other [[Modern South Arabian languages]].)

Other changes may also have happened. Classical Arabic pronunciation is not thoroughly recorded and different [[comparative method (linguistics)|reconstructions]] of the sound system of Proto-Semitic propose different phonetic values. One example is the emphatic consonants, which are pharyngealized in modern pronunciations but may have been velarized in the eighth century and glottalized in Proto-Semitic.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2" />

Reduction of {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} between vowels occurs in a number of circumstances and is responsible for much of the complexity of third-weak ("defective") verbs. Early Akkadian transcriptions of Arabic names shows that this reduction had not yet occurred as of the early part of the 1st millennium BC.

The Classical Arabic language as recorded was a poetic [[koine]] that reflected a consciously archaizing dialect, chosen based on the tribes of the western part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], who spoke the most conservative variants of Arabic. Even at the time of Muhammed and before, other dialects existed with many more changes, including the loss of most glottal stops, the loss of case endings, the reduction of the diphthongs {{IPA|/aj/}} and {{IPA|/aw/}} into monophthongs {{IPA|/eː, oː/}}, etc. Most of these changes are present in most or all modern varieties of Arabic.

An interesting feature of the writing system of the Quran (and hence of Classical Arabic) is that it contains certain features of Muhammad's native dialect of Mecca, corrected through diacritics into the forms of standard Classical Arabic. Among these features visible under the corrections are the loss of the glottal stop and a differing development of the reduction of certain final sequences containing {{IPA|/j/}}: Evidently, final {{IPA|/-awa/}} became {{IPA|/aː/}} as in the Classical language, but final {{IPA|/-aja/}} became a different sound, possibly {{IPA|/eː/}} (rather than again {{IPA|/aː/}} in the Classical language). This is the apparent source of the ''alif maqṣūrah'' 'restricted alif' where a final {{IPA|/-aja/}} is reconstructed: a letter that would normally indicate {{IPA|/j/}} or some similar high-vowel sound, but is taken in this context to be a logical variant of ''alif'' and represent the sound {{IPA|/aː/}}.

=== Literary Arabic ===
The "colloquial" spoken varieties of Arabic are learned at home and constitute the native languages of Arabic speakers. "Formal" [[Literary Arabic]] (usually specifically Modern Standard Arabic) is learned at school; although many speakers have a native-like command of the language, it is technically not the native language of any speakers. Both varieties can be both written and spoken, although the colloquial varieties are rarely written down and the formal variety is spoken mostly in formal circumstances, e.g., in radio broadcasts, formal lectures, parliamentary discussions and to some extent between speakers of different colloquial varieties. Even when the literary language is spoken, however, it is normally only spoken in its pure form when reading a prepared text out loud. When speaking [[extemporaneous]]ly (i.e. making up the language on the spot, as in a normal discussion among people), speakers tend to deviate somewhat from the strict literary language in the direction of the colloquial varieties. In fact, there is a continuous range of "in-between" spoken varieties: from nearly pure Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), to a form that still uses MSA grammar and vocabulary but with significant colloquial influence, to a form of the colloquial language that imports a number of words and grammatical constructions in MSA, to a form that is close to pure colloquial but with the "rough edges" (the most noticeably "vulgar" or non-Classical aspects) smoothed out, to pure colloquial. The particular variant (or ''[[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]'') used depends on the social class and education level of the speakers involved and the level of formality of the speech situation. Often it will vary within a single encounter, e.g., moving from nearly pure MSA to a more mixed language in the process of a radio interview, as the interviewee becomes more comfortable with the interviewer. This type of variation is characteristic of the [[diglossia]] that exists throughout the Arabic-speaking world.[[File:Poem by Abu 'ala al-Ma'arri ("I no longer steal from nature") read in Arabic.ogg|thumb|right|180x180px|Recording of a poem by [[Al-Maʿarri#Asceticism|Al-Ma'arri titled "I no longer steal from nature"]]]]
Although Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is a unitary language, its pronunciation varies somewhat from country to country and from region to region within a country. The variation in individual "accents" of MSA speakers tends to mirror corresponding variations in the colloquial speech of the speakers in question, but with the distinguishing characteristics moderated somewhat. Note that it is important in descriptions of "Arabic" phonology to distinguish between pronunciation of a given colloquial (spoken) dialect and the pronunciation of MSA by these same speakers. Although they are related, they are not the same. For example, the phoneme that derives from Proto-Semitic {{IPA|/g/}} has many different pronunciations in the modern spoken varieties, e.g., {{IPA|[d͡ʒ ~ ʒ ~ j ~ ɡʲ ~ ɡ]}}. Speakers whose native variety has either {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}} will use the same pronunciation when speaking MSA. Even speakers from [[Cairo]], whose native Egyptian Arabic has {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, normally use {{IPAblink|ɡ}} when speaking MSA. The {{IPAblink|j}} of Persian Gulf speakers is the only variant pronunciation which isn't found in MSA; {{IPA|[d͡ʒ~ʒ]}} is used instead.

Another example: Many colloquial varieties are known for a type of [[vowel harmony]] in which the presence of an "emphatic consonant" triggers backed [[allophone]]s of nearby vowels (especially of the low vowels {{IPA|/aː/}}, which are backed to {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ(ː)}} in these circumstances and very often fronted to {{IPAblink|æ|æ(ː)}} in all other circumstances). In many spoken varieties, the backed or "emphatic" vowel allophones spread a fair distance in both directions from the triggering consonant; in some varieties (most notably Egyptian Arabic), the "emphatic" allophones spread throughout the entire word, usually including prefixes and suffixes, even at a distance of several syllables from the triggering consonant. Speakers of colloquial varieties with this vowel harmony tend to introduce it into their MSA pronunciation as well, but usually with a lesser degree of spreading than in the colloquial varieties. (For example, speakers of colloquial varieties with extremely long-distance harmony may allow a moderate, but not extreme, amount of spreading of the harmonic allophones in their MSA speech, while speakers of colloquial varieties with moderate-distance harmony may only harmonize immediately adjacent vowels in MSA.)

==== Vowels ====
Modern Standard Arabic has six pure [[vowel]]s, with short {{IPA|/a i u/}} and corresponding long vowels {{IPA|/aː iː uː/}}. There are also two [[diphthongs]]: {{IPA|/aj/}} and {{IPA|/aw/}}.

The pronunciation of the vowels differs from speaker to speaker, in a way that tends to reflect the pronunciation of the corresponding colloquial variety. Nonetheless, there are some common trends. Most noticeable is the differing pronunciation of {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}}, which tend towards fronted {{IPAblink|æ|æ(ː)}}, {{IPAblink|a|a(ː)}} or {{IPAblink|ɛ|ɛ(ː)}} in most situations, but a back {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ(ː)}} in the neighborhood of [[emphatic consonant]]s. Some accents and dialects, such as those of the [[Hijaz]], have central {{IPAblink|ä|ä(ː)}} in all situations. The vowel {{IPA|/a/}} varies towards {{IPAblink|ə|ə(ː)}} too. Listen to the final vowel in the recording of ''{{transl|ar|al-ʻarabiyyah}}'' at the beginning of this article, for example. The point is, Arabic has only three short vowel phonemes, so those phonemes can have a very wide range of allophones. The vowels {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} are often affected somewhat in emphatic neighborhoods as well, with generally more back or centralized [[allophone]]s, but the differences are less great than for the low vowels. The pronunciation of short {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/i/}} tends towards {{IPA|[ʊ~o]}} and {{IPA|[i~e~ɨ]}} in many dialects.

The definition of both "emphatic" and "neighborhood" vary in ways that reflect (to some extent) corresponding variations in the spoken dialects. Generally, the consonants triggering "emphatic" allophones are the [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] consonants {{IPA|/tˤ dˤ sˤ ðˤ/}}; {{IPAslink|q}}; and {{IPAslink|r}}, if not followed immediately by {{IPA|/i(ː)/}}. Frequently, the {{lcons|uvular}} [[fricative]]s {{IPA|/x ɣ/}} also trigger emphatic allophones; occasionally also the [[pharyngeal consonant]]s {{IPA|/ʕ ħ/}} (the former more than the latter). Many dialects have multiple emphatic allophones of each vowel, depending on the particular nearby consonants. In most MSA accents, emphatic coloring of vowels is limited to vowels immediately adjacent to a triggering consonant, although in some it spreads a bit farther: e.g., {{lang|ar|وقت}} ''{{transl|ar|waqt}}'' {{IPA|[wɑqt]}} 'time'; {{lang|ar|وطن}} ''{{transl|ar|waṭan}}'' {{IPA|[wɑtˤɑn]}} 'homeland'; {{lang|ar|وسط المدينة}} ''{{transl|ar|wasṭ al-madīnah}}'' {{IPA|[wæstˤɑl-mædiːnɐ]}} 'downtown' (sometimes {{IPA|[wɑstˤɑl-mædiːnæ]}} or similar).

In a non-emphatic environment, the vowel {{IPA|/a/}} in the diphthong {{IPA|/aj/}} tends to be fronted even more than elsewhere, often pronounced {{IPA|[æj]}} or {{IPA|[ɛj]}}: hence {{lang|ar|سيف}} ''{{transl|ar|sayf}}'' {{IPA|[sajf ~ sæjf ~ sɛjf]}} 'sword' but {{lang|ar|صيف}} ''{{transl|ar|ṣayf}}'' {{IPA|[sˤɑjf]}} 'summer'. However, in accents with no emphatic allophones of {{IPA|/a/}} (e.g., in the [[Hijaz]]), the pronunciation {{IPA|[äj]}} occurs in all situations.

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Modern Standard Arabic
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="font-size: 80%;"
! plain
! [[Emphatic consonant|emphatic]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|tˤ}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|q}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
|
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|dˤ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Fricative]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|θ}}
| {{IPA link|s̪|s}}
| {{IPA link|sˤ}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|x}} ~ {{IPA link|χ}}
| {{IPA link|ħ}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
|
| {{IPA link|ð}}
| {{IPA link|z̪|z}}
| {{IPA link|ðˤ}}
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɣ}} ~ {{IPA link|ʁ}}
| {{IPA link|ʕ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Approximant]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| ({{IPA link|ɫ}})
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|
|}

The phoneme {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} is represented by the Arabic letter ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jīm}}'' ({{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}) and has many standard pronunciations. {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} is characteristic of north Algeria, Iraq, also in most of the Arabian peninsula but with an allophonic {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in some positions; {{IPAblink|ʒ}} occurs in most of the [[Levant]] and most North Africa; and {{IPAblink|ɡ}} is used in most of Egypt and some regions in Yemen and Oman. Generally this corresponds with the pronunciation in the colloquial dialects.<ref name="Watson 2002 16">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=16}}</ref> In some regions in Sudan and Yemen, as well as in some Sudanese and Yemeni dialects, it may be either {{IPA|[ɡʲ]}} or {{IPAblink|ɟ}}, representing the original pronunciation of Classical Arabic. Foreign words containing {{IPAslink|ɡ}} may be transcribed with {{rtl-lang|ar|[[ج]]}}, {{rtl-lang|ar|[[غ]]}}, {{rtl-lang|ar|[[ك]]}}, {{rtl-lang|ar|[[ق]]}}, {{rtl-lang|fa|[[گ]]}}, {{script/Arabic|[[ݣ]]}} or {{script/Arabic|ڨ}}, mainly depending on the regional spoken variety of Arabic or the commonly diacriticized Arabic letter. Note also that in northern Egypt, where the Arabic letter ''{{transl|ar|jīm}}'' ({{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}) is normally pronounced {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, a separate phoneme {{IPAslink|ʒ}}, which may be transcribed with {{lang|ar|چ}}, occurs in a small number of mostly non-Arabic loanwords, e.g., {{IPA|/ʒakitta/}} 'jacket'.

{{IPA|/θ/}} ({{lang|ar|ث}}) can be pronounced as {{IPAblink|t}} or even {{IPAblink|s}}. In some places of Maghreb it can be also pronounced as {{IPAblink|t͡s}}.

{{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} ({{lang|ar|خ,&lrm; غ}}) are velar, post-velar, or uvular.<ref name="Watson 2002 18">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=18}}</ref>

In many varieties, {{IPA|/ħ, ʕ/}} ({{lang|ar|ح,&lrm; ع}}) are actually [[epiglottal consonant|epiglottal]] {{IPA|[ʜ, ʢ]}} (despite what is reported in many earlier works).

{{IPA|/l/}} is pronounced as velarized {{IPAblink|ɫ}} in الله {{IPA|/ʔallaːh/}}, the name of God, q.e. [[Allah]], when the word follows ''a'', ''ā'', ''u'' or ''ū'' (after ''i'' or ''ī'' it is unvelarized: {{lang|ar|بسم الله}} ''bismi l–lāh'' {{IPA|/bismillaːh/}}). Some speakers velarize other occurrences of {{IPA|/l/}} in MSA, in imitation of their spoken dialects.

The emphatic consonant {{IPA|/dˤ/}} was actually pronounced {{IPA|[ɮˤ]}}, or possibly {{IPA|[d͡ɮˤ]}}<ref>{{citation|first=Charles|last=Ferguson|title=The Arabic Koine|journal=Language|volume=35|year=1959|page=630|issue=4|doi=10.2307/410601}}</ref>—either way, a highly unusual sound. The medieval Arabs actually termed their language ''{{transl|ar|ALA|lughat al-ḍād}}'' 'the language of the [[Ḍād]]' (the name of the letter used for this sound), since they thought the sound was unique to their language. (In fact, it also exists in a few other minority Semitic languages, e.g., Mehri.)

Arabic has consonants traditionally termed "emphatic" {{IPA|/tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, ðˤ/}} ({{lang|ar|ط,&lrm; ض,&lrm; ص,&lrm; ظ}}), which exhibit simultaneous [[pharyngealization]] {{IPA|[tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, ðˤ]}} as well as varying degrees of [[velarization]] {{IPA|[tˠ, dˠ, sˠ, ðˠ]}}, so they may be written with the "Velarized or pharyngealized" diacritic (<big>{{IPA| ̴ }}</big>) as: {{IPA|/t̴, d̴, s̴, ð̴/}}. This simultaneous articulation is described as "Retracted Tongue Root" by phonologists.<ref>e.g., {{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|2003|p=52}}</ref> In some transcription systems, emphasis is shown by capitalizing the letter, for example, {{IPA|/dˤ/}} is written {{angle bracket|D}}; in others the letter is underlined or has a dot below it, for example, {{angle bracket|{{transl|ar|ḍ}}}}.

Vowels and consonants can be phonologically short or long. Long ([[gemination|geminate]]) consonants are normally written doubled in Latin transcription (i.e. bb, dd, etc.), reflecting the presence of the [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic diacritic]] mark ''{{transl|ar|shaddah}}'', which indicates doubled consonants. In actual pronunciation, doubled consonants are held twice as long as short consonants. This consonant lengthening is phonemically contrastive: {{lang|ar|قبل}} ''{{transl|ar|qabila}}'' 'he accepted' vs. {{lang|ar|قبّل}} ''{{transl|ar|qabbala}}'' 'he kissed'.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" | Proto Semitic
! rowspan="2" | IPA
! colspan="5" | Arabic
|-
! style="font-size:85%" colspan="2" | written
! style="font-size:85%"| [[Modern Standard Arabic|standard]]
! style="font-size:85%"| [[Classical Arabic|Classical]] <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.kamal-osman.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Phonolgy-and-Morphology-of-Arabic-watson.pdf|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic|last=Watson|first=Janet|publisher=New York: Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=13|quote=}}</ref>
! style="font-size:85%"| [[Old Arabic|Old Arabic]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X29BwAAQBAJ|title=An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|publisher=BRILL|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=48|quote=|via=}}</ref>
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Bet (letter)|*b]]}}
! {{IPAblink|b}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ب</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|b}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/b/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Dalet|*d]]}}
! {{IPAblink|d}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>د</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|d}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/d/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Gimel|*g]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ج</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ǧ}}''
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}}
| {{IPA|/g/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Pe (letter)|*p]]}}
! {{IPAblink|p}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ف</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|f}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Taw|*t]]}}
! {{IPAblink|t}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ت</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|t}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Kaph|*k]]}}
! {{IPAblink|k}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ك</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|k}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Teth|*ṭ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|tʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ط</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ṭ}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṭ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Qoph|*q]]}}
! {{IPAblink|kʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ق</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|q}}''
| {{IPA|/q/}}
| {{IPA|/qˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ḳ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ḏāl|*ḏ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ð}} / {{IPAblink|d͡ð}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ذ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḏ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ð/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Zayin|*z]]}}
! {{IPAblink|z}} / {{IPAblink|d͡z}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ز</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|z}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Samekh|*s]]}}
! {{IPAblink|s}} / {{IPAblink|t͡s}}
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>س</big>
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: center;" | ''{{transl|sem|s}}''
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: center;" | {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Shin (letter)|*š]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ʃ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ṯāʾ|*ṯ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|θ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡θ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ث</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ṯ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/θ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Shin (letter)|*ś]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɬ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡ɬ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ش</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|š}}''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɕ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɬ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ẓāʾ|*ṱ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|θʼ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡θʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ظ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ẓ}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ðˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṱ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Tsade|*ṣ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|sʼ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ص</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ṣ}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/sˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṣ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ḍād|*ṣ́]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɬʼ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡ɬʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ض</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḍ}}''
| {{IPA|/dˤ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɮˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṣ́}}
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
| colspan="24" |
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ghayn|*ġ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɣ}}~{{IPAblink|ʁ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>غ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ġ}}''
| {{IPA|/ɣ~ʁ/}}
| {{IPA|/ʁˤ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ayin|*ʻ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ʕ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ع</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ʻ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ʕ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Aleph|*ʼ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ʔ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ء</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ʼ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ḫāʾ|*ḫ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|x}}~{{IPAblink|χ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>خ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḫ}}''
| {{IPA|/x~χ/}}
| {{IPA|/χˤ/}}
| {{IPA|/x/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Heth|*ḥ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ħ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ح</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḥ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ħ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[He (letter)|*h]]}}
! {{IPAblink|h}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ه</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|h}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/h/}}
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
| colspan="24" |
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Mem|*m]]}}
! {{IPAblink|m}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>م</big>
| ''m''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Nun (letter)|*n]]}}
! {{IPAblink|n}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ن</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|n}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/n/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Resh|*r]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɾ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ر</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|r}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/r/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Lamedh|*l]]}}
! {{IPAblink|l}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ل</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|l}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/l/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Yodh|*y]]}}
! {{IPAblink|j}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ي</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|y}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/j/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Waw (letter)|*w]]}}
! {{IPAblink|w}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>و</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|w}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/w/}}
|-
! | Proto Semitic
! | IPA
! colspan="2" | Arabic
! style="font-size:85%"| Standard
! style="font-size:85%"| Classical
! style="font-size:85%"| Old
|}

==== Syllable structure ====
Arabic has two kinds of syllables: open syllables (CV) and (CVV)—and closed syllables (CVC), (CVVC) and (CVCC). The syllable types with two [[morae]] (units of time), i.e. CVC and CVV, are termed ''[[heavy syllable]]s'', while those with three morae, i.e. CVVC and CVCC, are ''[[superheavy syllable]]s''. Superheavy syllables in Classical Arabic occur in only two places: at the end of the sentence (due to [[pausa]]l pronunciation) and in words such as {{lang|ar|حارّ}} ''{{transl|ar|ḥārr}}'' 'hot', {{lang|ar|مادّة}} ''{{transl|ar|māddah}}'' 'stuff, substance', {{lang|ar|تحاجوا}} ''{{transl|ar|taḥājjū}}'' 'they disputed with each other', where a long ''{{transl|ar|ā}}'' occurs before two identical consonants (a former short vowel between the consonants has been lost). (In less formal pronunciations of Modern Standard Arabic, superheavy syllables are common at the end of words or before [[clitic]] suffixes such as ''{{transl|ar|-nā}}'' 'us, our', due to the deletion of final short vowels.)

In surface pronunciation, every vowel must be preceded by a consonant (which may include the [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}}). There are no cases of [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] within a word (where two vowels occur next to each other, without an intervening consonant). Some words do have an underlying vowel at the beginning, such as the definite article ''al-'' or words such as {{lang|ar|اشترا}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ishtarā}}'' 'he bought', {{lang|ar|اجتماع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ijtimāʻ}}'' 'meeting'. When actually pronounced, one of three things happens:
* If the word occurs after another word ending in a consonant, there is a smooth transition from final consonant to initial vowel, e.g., {{lang|ar|اجتماع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|al-ijtimāʻ}}'' 'meeting' {{IPA|/alid͡ʒtimaːʕ/}}.
* If the word occurs after another word ending in a vowel, the initial vowel of the word is [[elision|elided]], e.g., {{lang|ar|بيت المدير}} ''{{transl|ar|baytu (a)l-mudīr}}'' 'house of the director' {{IPA|/bajtulmudiːr/}}.
* If the word occurs at the beginning of an utterance, a glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} is added onto the beginning, e.g., {{lang|ar|البيت هو}} ''{{transl|ar|al-baytu huwa ...}}'' 'The house is ...' {{IPA|/ʔalbajtuhuwa ... /}}.

==== Stress ====
Word stress is not phonemically contrastive in Standard Arabic. It bears a strong relationship to vowel length. The basic rules for Modern Standard Arabic are:
* A final vowel, long or short, may not be stressed.
* Only one of the last three syllables may be stressed.
* Given this restriction, the last [[heavy syllable]] (containing a long vowel or ending in a consonant) is stressed, if it is not the final syllable.
* If the final syllable is super heavy and closed (of the form CVVC or CVCC) it receives stress.
* If no syllable is heavy or super heavy, the first possible syllable (i.e. third from end) is stressed.
* As a special exception, in Form VII and VIII verb forms stress may not be on the first syllable, despite the above rules: Hence ''{{transl|ar|inkatab(a)}}'' 'he subscribed' (whether or not the final short vowel is pronounced), ''{{transl|ar|yankatib(u)}}'' 'he subscribes' (whether or not the final short vowel is pronounced), ''{{transl|ar|yankatib}}'' 'he should subscribe (juss.)'. Likewise Form VIII ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ishtarā}}'' 'he bought', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|yashtarī}}'' 'he buys'.

Examples:''{{transl|ar|kitāb(un)}}'' 'book', ''{{transl|ar|kā-ti-b(un)}}'' 'writer', ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-b(un)}}'' 'desk', ''{{transl|ar|ma-kā-ti-b(u)}}'' 'desks', ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba-tun}}'' 'library' (but ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba(-tun)}}'' 'library' in short pronunciation), ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bū}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they wrote' = ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bu}}'' (dialect), ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bū-h(u)}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they wrote it' = ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bū}}'' (dialect), ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-ba-tā}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they (dual, fem) wrote', ''{{transl|ar|ka-tab-tu}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'I wrote' = ''{{transl|ar|ka-tabt}}'' (short form or dialect). Doubled consonants count as two consonants: ''{{transl|ar|ma-jal-la-(tan)}}'' 'magazine', ''{{transl|ar|ma-ḥall(-un)}}'' "place".

These rules may result in differently stressed syllables when final case endings are pronounced, vs. the normal situation where they are not pronounced, as in the above example of ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba-tun}}'' 'library' in full pronunciation, but ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba(-tun)}}'' 'library' in short pronunciation.

The restriction on final long vowels does not apply to the spoken dialects, where original final long vowels have been shortened and secondary final long vowels have arisen from loss of original final ''-hu/hi''.

Some dialects have different stress rules. In the Cairo (Egyptian Arabic) dialect a heavy syllable may not carry stress more than two syllables from the end of a word, hence ''{{transl|ar|mad-ra-sah}}'' 'school', ''{{transl|ar|qā-hi-rah}}'' 'Cairo'. This also affects the way that Modern Standard Arabic is pronounced in Egypt. In the Arabic of [[Sana'a|Sanaa]], stress is often retracted: ''{{transl|ar|bay-tayn}}'' 'two houses', ''{{transl|ar|mā-sat-hum}}'' 'their table', ''{{transl|ar|ma-kā-tīb}}'' 'desks', ''{{transl|ar|zā-rat-ḥīn}}'' 'sometimes', ''{{transl|ar|mad-ra-sat-hum}}'' 'their school'. (In this dialect, only syllables with long vowels or diphthongs are considered heavy; in a two-syllable word, the final syllable can be stressed only if the preceding syllable is light; and in longer words, the final syllable cannot be stressed.)

==== Levels of pronunciation ====
The final short vowels (e.g., the case endings ''-a -i -u'' and mood endings ''-u -a'') are often not pronounced in this language, despite forming part of the formal paradigm of nouns and verbs. The following levels of pronunciation exist:

===== Full pronunciation with [[pausa]] =====
This is the most formal level actually used in speech. All endings are pronounced as written, except at the end of an utterance, where the following changes occur:
* Final short vowels are not pronounced. (But possibly an exception is made for feminine plural ''-na'' and shortened vowels in the jussive/imperative of defective verbs, e.g., ''irmi!'' 'throw!'".)
* The entire indefinite noun endings ''-in'' and ''-un'' (with [[nunation]]) are left off. The ending ''-an'' is left off of nouns preceded by a ''[[tāʾ marbūṭa]]h'' ة (i.e. the ''-t'' in the ending ''-at-'' that typically marks feminine nouns), but pronounced as ''-ā'' in other nouns (hence its writing in this fashion in the Arabic script).
* The ''tāʼ marbūṭah'' itself (typically of feminine nouns) is pronounced as ''h''. (At least, this is the case in extremely formal pronunciation, e.g., some Quranic recitations. In practice, this ''h'' is usually omitted.)

===== Formal short pronunciation =====
This is a formal level of pronunciation sometimes seen. It is somewhat like pronouncing all words as if they were in pausal position (with influence from the [[varieties of Arabic|colloquial varieties]]). The following changes occur:
* Most final short vowels are not pronounced. However, the following short vowels ''are'' pronounced:
** feminine plural ''-na''
** shortened vowels in the jussive/imperative of defective verbs, e.g., ''irmi!'' 'throw!'
** second-person singular feminine past-tense ''-ti'' and likewise ''anti'' 'you (fem. sg.)'
** sometimes, first-person singular past-tense ''-tu''
** sometimes, second-person masculine past-tense ''-ta'' and likewise ''anta'' 'you (masc. sg.)'
** final ''-a'' in certain short words, e.g., ''laysa'' 'is not', ''sawfa'' (future-tense marker)
* The [[nunation]] endings ''-an -in -un'' are not pronounced. However, they ''are'' pronounced in adverbial accusative formations, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|taqrīban}}'' تَقْرِيبًا 'almost, approximately', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻādatan}}'' عَادَةً 'usually'.
* The ''[[tāʾ marbūṭa]]h'' ending ة is unpronounced, ''except'' in [[construct state]] nouns, where it sounds as ''t'' (and in adverbial accusative constructions, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻādatan}}'' عَادَةً 'usually', where the entire ''-tan'' is pronounced).
* The masculine singular [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisbah]] ending ''{{transl|ar|ALA|-iyy}}'' is actually pronounced ''{{transl|ar|-ī}}'' and is unstressed (but plural and feminine singular forms, i.e. when followed by a suffix, still sound as ''{{transl|ar|ALA|-iyy-}}'').
* ''Full endings'' (including case endings) occur when a [[clitic]] object or [[possessive suffix]] is added (e.g., ''{{transl|ar|-nā}}'' 'us/our').

===== Informal short pronunciation =====
This is the pronunciation used by speakers of Modern Standard Arabic in [[extemporaneous]] speech, i.e. when producing new sentences rather than simply reading a prepared text. It is similar to formal short pronunciation except that the rules for dropping final vowels apply ''even'' when a [[clitic]] suffix is added. Basically, short-vowel case and mood endings are never pronounced and certain other changes occur that echo the corresponding colloquial pronunciations. Specifically:
* All the rules for formal short pronunciation apply, except as follows.
* The past tense singular endings written formally as ''-tu -ta -ti'' are pronounced ''-t -t -ti''. But masculine ''{{transl|ar|ʾanta}}'' is pronounced in full.
* Unlike in formal short pronunciation, the rules for dropping or modifying final endings are also applied when a [[clitic]] object or possessive suffix is added (e.g., ''{{transl|ar|-nā}}'' 'us/our'). If this produces a sequence of three consonants, then one of the following happens, depending on the speaker's native colloquial variety:
** A short vowel (e.g., ''-i-'' or ''-ǝ-'') is consistently added, either between the second and third or the first and second consonants.
** Or, a short vowel is added only if an otherwise unpronounceable sequence occurs, typically due to a violation of the [[sonority hierarchy]] (e.g., ''-rtn-'' is pronounced as a three-consonant cluster, but ''-trn-'' needs to be broken up).
** Or, a short vowel is never added, but consonants like ''r l m n'' occurring between two other consonants will be pronounced as a [[syllabic consonant]] (as in the English words "butter bottle bottom button").
** When a doubled consonant occurs before another consonant (or finally), it is often shortened to a single consonant rather than a vowel added. (But note that Moroccan Arabic never shortens doubled consonants or inserts short vowels to break up clusters, instead tolerating arbitrary-length series of arbitrary consonants and hence Moroccan Arabic speakers are likely to follow the same rules in their pronunciation of Modern Standard Arabic.)
* The clitic suffixes themselves tend also to be changed, in a way that avoids many possible occurrences of three-consonant clusters. In particular, ''-ka -ki -hu'' generally sound as ''-ak -ik -uh''.
* Final long vowels are often shortened, merging with any short vowels that remain.
* Depending on the level of formality, the speaker's education level, etc., various grammatical changes may occur in ways that echo the colloquial variants:
** Any remaining case endings (e.g. masculine plural nominative ''-ūn'' vs. oblique ''-īn'') will be leveled, with the oblique form used everywhere. (However, in words like ''{{transl|ar|ab}}'' 'father' and ''{{transl|ar|ALA|akh}}'' 'brother' with special long-vowel case endings in the [[construct state]], the nominative is used everywhere, hence ''{{transl|ar|ALA|abū}}'' 'father of', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|akhū}}'' 'brother of'.)
** Feminine plural endings in verbs and clitic suffixes will often drop out, with the masculine plural endings used instead. If the speaker's native variety has feminine plural endings, they may be preserved, but will often be modified in the direction of the forms used in the speaker's native variety, e.g. ''-an'' instead of ''-na''.
** Dual endings will often drop out except on nouns and then used only for emphasis (similar to their use in the colloquial varieties); elsewhere, the plural endings are used (or feminine singular, if appropriate).

=== Colloquial varieties ===
{{Further information|Varieties of Arabic}}

====Vowels====
As mentioned above, many spoken dialects have a process of ''emphasis spreading'', where the "emphasis" ([[pharyngealization]]) of [[emphatic consonant]]s spreads forward and back through adjacent syllables, pharyngealizing all nearby consonants and triggering the back allophone {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ(ː)}} in all nearby [[low vowel]]s. The extent of emphasis spreading varies. For example, in Moroccan Arabic, it spreads as far as the first full vowel (i.e. sound derived from a long vowel or diphthong) on either side; in many Levantine dialects, it spreads indefinitely, but is blocked by any {{IPAslink|j}} or {{IPAslink|ʃ}}; while in Egyptian Arabic, it usually spreads throughout the entire word, including prefixes and suffixes. In Moroccan Arabic, {{IPA|/i u/}} also have emphatic allophones {{IPA|[e~ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[o~ɔ]}}, respectively.

Unstressed short vowels, especially {{IPA|/i u/}}, are deleted in many contexts. Many sporadic examples of short vowel change have occurred (especially {{IPA|/a/}}→{{IPA|/i/}} and interchange {{IPA|/i/}}↔{{IPA|/u/}}). Most Levantine dialects merge short /i u/ into {{IPA|/ǝ/}} in most contexts (all except directly before a single final consonant). In Moroccan Arabic, on the other hand, short {{IPA|/u/}} triggers [[labialization]] of nearby consonants (especially [[velar consonant]]s and [[uvular consonant]]s), and then short /a i u/ all merge into {{IPA|/ǝ/}}, which is deleted in many contexts. (The labialization plus {{IPA|/ǝ/}} is sometimes interpreted as an underlying phoneme {{IPA|/ŭ/}}.) This essentially causes the wholesale loss of the short-long vowel distinction, with the original long vowels {{IPA|/aː iː uː/}} remaining as half-long {{IPA|[aˑ iˑ uˑ]}}, phonemically {{IPA|/a i u/}}, which are used to represent ''both'' short and long vowels in borrowings from Literary Arabic.

Most spoken dialects have [[monophthongization|monophthongized]] original {{IPA|/aj aw/}} to {{IPA|/eː oː/}} (in all circumstances, including adjacent to emphatic consonants). In Moroccan Arabic, these have subsequently merged into original {{IPA|/iː uː/}}.

====Consonants====
In some dialects, there may be more or fewer phonemes than those listed in the chart above. For example, non-Arabic {{IPAblink|v}} is used in the Maghrebi dialects as well in the written language mostly for foreign names. Semitic {{IPAblink|p}} became {{IPA|[f]}} extremely early on in Arabic before it was written down; a few modern Arabic dialects, such as Iraqi (influenced by Persian and [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]]) distinguish between {{IPAblink|p}} and {{IPAblink|b}}. The Iraqi Arabic also uses sounds {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} and uses Persian adding letters, e.g.: {{lang|fa|گوجة}} ''{{transl|ar|gawjah}}'' – ''a plum''; {{lang|fa|چمة}} ''{{transl|ar|chimah}} – ''a truffle'' and so on.

Early in the expansion of Arabic, the separate emphatic phonemes {{IPA|[ɮˤ]}} and {{IPA|[ðˤ]}} coalesced into a single phoneme {{IPA|[ðˤ]}}. Many dialects (such as Egyptian, Levantine, and much of the Maghreb) subsequently lost {{lcons|interdental}} [[fricative]]s, converting {{IPA|[θ ð ðˤ]}} into {{IPA|[t d dˤ]}}. Most dialects borrow "learned" words from the Standard language using the same pronunciation as for inherited words, but some dialects without interdental fricatives (particularly in Egypt and the Levant) render original {{IPA|[θ ð ðˤ dˤ]}} in borrowed words as {{IPA|[s z zˤ dˤ]}}.

Another key distinguishing mark of Arabic dialects is how they render the original velar and uvular plosives {{IPAslink|q}}, {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} (Proto-Semitic {{IPAslink|ɡ}}), and {{IPAslink|k}}:
* {{lang|ar|ق}} {{IPAslink|q}} retains its original pronunciation in widely scattered regions such as Yemen, Morocco, and urban areas of the Maghreb. It is pronounced as a [[glottal stop]] {{IPAblink|ʔ}} in several [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige dialects]], such as those spoken in Cairo, Beirut and Damascus. But it is rendered as a voiced velar plosive {{IPAblink|ɡ}} in Persian Gulf, Upper Egypt, parts of the Maghreb, and less urban parts of the Levant (e.g. Jordan). In Iraqi Arabic it sometimes retains its original pronunciation and is sometimes rendered as a voiced velar plosive, depending on the word. Some traditionally Christian villages in rural areas of the Levant render the sound as {{IPAblink|k}}, as do Shiʻi Bahrainis. In some Gulf dialects, it is palatalized to {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}}. It is pronounced as a voiced uvular constrictive {{IPAblink|ʁ}} in Sudanese Arabic. Many dialects with a modified pronunciation for {{IPAslink|q}} maintain the {{IPAblink|q}} pronunciation in certain words (often with religious or educational overtones) borrowed from the Classical language.
* {{lang|ar|ج}} {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} is pronounced as an affricate in Iraq and much of the Arabian Peninsula, but is pronounced {{IPAblink|ɡ}} in most of North Egypt and parts of Yemen and Oman, {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in Morocco, Tunisia and the Levant, and {{IPAblink|j}}, {{IPA|[i̠]}} in most words in much of the Persian Gulf.
* {{lang|ar|ك}} {{IPAslink|k}} usually retains its original pronunciation, but is palatalized to {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} in many words in Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Iraq, and much of the Arabian Peninsula. Often a distinction is made between the suffixes {{IPA|/-ak/}} ('you', masc.) and {{IPA|/-ik/}} ('you', fem.), which become {{IPA|/-ak/}} and {{IPA|/-it͡ʃ/}}, respectively. In Sana'a, Omani, and Bahrani {{IPA|/-ik/}} is pronounced {{IPA|/-iʃ/}}.

Pharyngealization of the emphatic consonants tends to weaken in many of the spoken varieties, and to spread from emphatic consonants to nearby sounds. In addition, the "emphatic" allophone {{IPAblink|ɑ}} automatically triggers pharyngealization of adjacent sounds in many dialects. As a result, it may difficult or impossible to determine whether a given [[coronal consonant]] is phonemically emphatic or not, especially in dialects with long-distance emphasis spreading. (A notable exception is the sounds {{IPAslink|t}} vs. {{IPAslink|tˤ}} in Moroccan Arabic, because the former is pronounced as an [[affricate]] {{IPAblink|t͡s}} but the latter is not.)

== Grammar ==
[[File:Fa33aalah EN.pdf|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Examples of how the Arabic root and form system works.]]
{{Main article|Arabic grammar}}

=== Literary Arabic ===
{{main article|Modern Standard Arabic}}

As in other Semitic languages, Arabic has a complex and unusual [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (i.e. method of constructing words from a basic [[root (linguistics)|root]]). Arabic has a [[nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative]] "root-and-pattern" morphology: A root consists of a set of bare consonants (usually [[triliteral|three]]), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to form words. For example, the word for 'I wrote' is constructed by combining the root '''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}''' 'write' with the pattern '''{{transl|ar|-a-a-tu}}''' 'I Xed' to form ''{{transl|ar|katabtu}}'' 'I wrote'. Other verbs meaning 'I Xed' will typically have the same pattern but with different consonants, e.g. ''{{transl|ar|ALA|qaraʼtu}}'' 'I read', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|akaltu}}'' 'I ate', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|dhahabtu}}'' 'I went', although other patterns are possible (e.g. ''{{transl|ar|ALA|sharibtu}}'' 'I drank', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|qultu}}'' 'I said', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|takallamtu}}'' 'I spoke', where the subpattern used to signal the past tense may change but the suffix ''{{transl|ar|-tu}}'' is always used).

From a single root '''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}''', numerous words can be formed by applying different patterns:
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|katabtu}}'' 'I wrote'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kattabtu}}'' 'I had (something) written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kātabtu}}'' 'I corresponded (with someone)'"
* ''{{transl|ar|AKA|aktabtu}}'' 'I dictated'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|iktatabtu}}'' 'I subscribed'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|takātabnā}}'' 'we corresponded with each other'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|aktubu}}'' 'I write'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ukattibu}}'' 'I have (something) written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ukātibu}}'' 'I correspond (with someone)'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|uktibu}}'' 'I dictate'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|aktatibu}}'' 'I subscribe'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|natakātabu}}'' 'we correspond each other'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kotiba}}'' 'it was written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|uktiba}}'' 'it was dictated'"
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|maktoub}}'' 'written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|muktab}}'' 'dictated'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kitāb}}'' 'book'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kotub}}'' 'books'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kātib}}'' 'writer'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kuttāb}}'' 'writers'
* ''{{transl|ar|maktab}}'' 'desk, office'
* ''{{transl|ar|maktabah}}'' 'library, bookshop'
* etc.

====Nouns and adjectives====
Nouns in Literary Arabic have three grammatical [[noun case|cases]] ([[nominative case|nominative]], [[accusative case|accusative]], and [[genitive case|genitive]] [also used when the noun is governed by a preposition]); three [[grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, dual and plural); two [[gender (grammar)|genders]] (masculine and feminine); and three "states" (indefinite, definite, and [[Status constructus|construct]]). The cases of singular nouns (other than those that end in long ā) are indicated by [[suffix]]ed short vowels (/-u/ for nominative, /-a/ for accusative, /-i/ for genitive).

The feminine singular is often marked by /-at/, which is reduced to /-ah/ or /-a/ before a pause. Plural is indicated either through endings (the [[sound plural]]) or internal modification (the [[broken plural]]). Definite nouns include all proper nouns, all nouns in "construct state" and all nouns which are [[prefix]]ed by the definite article /al-/. Indefinite singular nouns (other than those that end in long ā) add a final /-n/ to the case-marking vowels, giving /-un/, /-an/ or /-in/ (which is also referred to as [[nunation]] or [[tanwīn]]).

[[Adjective]]s in Literary Arabic are marked for case, number, gender and state, as for nouns. However, the plural of all non-human nouns is always combined with a singular feminine adjective, which takes the /-ah/ or /-at/ suffix.

[[Pronoun]]s in Literary Arabic are marked for person, number and gender. There are two varieties, independent pronouns and [[Enclitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. Enclitic pronouns are attached to the end of a verb, noun or preposition and indicate verbal and prepositional objects or possession of nouns. The first-person singular pronoun has a different enclitic form used for verbs (/-ni/) and for nouns or prepositions (/-ī/ after consonants, /-ya/ after vowels).

Nouns, verbs, pronouns and adjectives agree with each other in all respects. However, non-human plural nouns are grammatically considered to be feminine singular. Furthermore, a verb in a verb-initial sentence is marked as singular regardless of its semantic number when the subject of the verb is explicitly mentioned as a noun. Numerals between three and ten show "chiasmic" agreement, in that grammatically masculine numerals have feminine marking and vice versa.

====Verbs====
Verbs in Literary Arabic are marked for person (first, second, or third), gender, and number. They are [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] in two major paradigms ([[past]] and [[non-past]]); two [[grammatical voice|voices]] (active and passive); and six [[grammatical mood|moods]] ([[indicative]], [[imperative mood|imperative]], [[subjunctive]], [[Irrealis mood#Jussive|jussive]], shorter [[energetic mood|energetic]] and longer energetic), the fifth and sixth moods, the energetics, exist only in Classical Arabic but not in MSA.<ref>Rydin, Karin C. (2005). A reference grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> There are also two [[participle]]s (active and passive) and a [[verbal noun]], but no [[infinitive]].

The past and non-past paradigms are sometimes also termed [[perfective]] and [[imperfective]], indicating the fact that they actually represent a combination of [[Grammatical tense|tense]] and [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]]. The moods other than the [[indicative]] occur only in the non-past, and the [[future tense]] is signaled by prefixing ''{{transl|ar|sa-}}'' or ''{{transl|ar|sawfa}}'' onto the non-past. The past and non-past differ in the form of the stem (e.g., past ''{{transl|ar|katab-}}'' vs. non-past ''{{transl|ar|-ktub-}}''), and also use completely different sets of affixes for indicating person, number and gender: In the past, the person, number and gender are fused into a single [[suffix]]al morpheme, while in the non-past, a combination of [[prefix]]es (primarily encoding person) and suffixes (primarily encoding gender and number) are used. The passive voice uses the same person/number/gender affixes but changes the vowels of the stem.

The following shows a paradigm of a regular Arabic verb, ''{{transl|ar|kataba}}'' 'to write'. Note that in Modern Standard, the energetic mood (in either long or short form, which have the same meaning) is almost never used.

====Derivation====
Like other [[Semitic languages]], and unlike most other languages, Arabic makes much more use of [[nonconcatenative morphology]] (applying a large number of templates applied roots) to [[Morphological derivation|derive]] words than adding prefixes or suffixes to words.

For verbs, a given root can occur in many different [[Derived stem|derived verb stems]] (of which there are about fifteen), each with one or more characteristic meanings and each with its own templates for the past and non-past stems, active and passive participles, and verbal noun. These are referred to by Western scholars as "Form I", "Form II", and so on through "Form XV" (although Forms XI to XV are rare). These stems encode grammatical functions such as the [[causative]], [[intensive]] and [[reflexive verb|reflexive]]. Stems sharing the same root consonants represent separate verbs, albeit often semantically related, and each is the basis for its own [[Verb conjugation|conjugational]] paradigm. As a result, these derived stems are part of the system of [[derivational morphology]], not part of the [[Inflection|inflectional]] system.

Examples of the different verbs formed from the root ''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}'' 'write' (using ''{{transl|ar|ḥ-m-r}}'' 'red' for Form IX, which is limited to colors and physical defects):
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most of these forms are exclusively [[Classical Arabic]]
! Form !! Past !! Meaning !! Non-past !! Meaning
|-
| I || ''{{transl|ar|'''k'''a'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he wrote' || ''{{transl|ar|ya'''kt'''u'''b'''u}}'' || 'he writes'
|-
| II || ''{{transl|ar|'''k'''a'''tt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he made (someone) write' || ''{{transl|ar|yu'''k'''a'''tt'''i'''b'''u}}'' || "he makes (someone) write"
|-
| III || ''{{transl|ar|'''k'''ā'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he corresponded with, wrote to (someone)' || ''{{transl|ar|yu'''k'''ā'''t'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he corresponds with, writes to (someone)'
|-
| IV || ''{{transl|ar|ʾa'''kt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he dictated' || ''{{transl|ar|yu'''kt'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he dictates'
|-
| V || ''{{transl|ar|ta'''k'''a'''tt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'nonexistent' || ''{{transl|ar|yata'''k'''a'''tt'''a'''b'''u}}'' || 'nonexistent'
|-
| VI || ''{{transl|ar|ta'''k'''ā'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he corresponded (with someone, esp. mutually)' || ''{{transl|ar|yata'''k'''ā'''t'''a'''b'''u}}'' || 'he corresponds (with someone, esp. mutually)'
|-
| VII || ''{{transl|ar|in'''k'''a'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he subscribed' || ''{{transl|ar|yan'''k'''a'''t'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he subscribes'
|-
| VIII || ''{{transl|ar|i'''k'''ta'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he copied' || ''{{transl|ar|ya'''k'''ta'''t'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he copies'
|-
| IX || ''{{transl|ar|i'''ḥm'''a'''rr'''a}}'' || 'he turned red' || ''{{transl|ar|ya'''ḥm'''a'''rr'''u}}'' || 'he turns red'
|-
| X || ''{{transl|ar|ista'''kt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he asked (someone) to write' || ''{{transl|ar|yasta'''kt'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he asks (someone) to write'
|}

Form II is sometimes used to create transitive [[denominative verb]]s (verbs built from nouns); Form V is the equivalent used for intransitive denominatives.

The associated participles and verbal nouns of a verb are the primary means of forming new lexical nouns in Arabic. This is similar to the process by which, for example, the English [[gerund]] "meeting" (similar to a verbal noun) has turned into a noun referring to a particular type of social, often work-related event where people gather together to have a "discussion" (another lexicalized verbal noun). Another fairly common means of forming nouns is through one of a limited number of patterns that can be applied directly to roots, such as the "nouns of location" in ''ma-'' (e.g. ''{{transl|ar|maktab}}'' 'desk, office' < ''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}'' 'write', ''{{transl|ar|maṭbakh}}'' 'kitchen' < ''{{transl|ar|ṭ-b-kh}}'' 'cook').

The only three genuine suffixes are as follows:
* The feminine suffix ''-ah''; variously derives terms for women from related terms for men, or more generally terms along the same lines as the corresponding masculine, e.g. ''{{transl|ar|maktabah}}'' 'library' (also a writing-related place, but different from ''{{transl|ar|maktab}}'', as above).
* The [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisbah]] suffix ''-iyy-''. This suffix is extremely productive, and forms adjectives meaning "related to X". It corresponds to English adjectives in ''-ic, -al, -an, -y, -ist'', etc.
* The feminine [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisbah]] suffix ''-iyyah''. This is formed by adding the feminine suffix ''-ah'' onto nisba adjectives to form abstract nouns. For example, from the basic root ''{{transl|ar|sh-r-k}}'' 'share' can be derived the Form VIII verb ''{{transl|ar|ishtaraka}}'' 'to cooperate, participate', and in turn its verbal noun ''{{transl|ar|ishtirāk}}'' 'cooperation, participation' can be formed. This in turn can be made into a nisbah adjective ''{{transl|ar|ishtirākī}}'' 'socialist', from which an abstract noun ''{{transl|ar|ishtirākiyyah}}'' 'socialism' can be derived. Other recent formations are ''{{transl|ar|jumhūriyyah}}'' 'republic' (lit. "public-ness", < ''{{transl|ar|jumhūr}}'' 'multitude, general public'), and the [[Gaddafi]]-specific variation ''{{transl|ar|jamāhīriyyah}}'' 'people's republic' (lit. "masses-ness", < ''{{transl|ar|jamāhīr}}'' 'the masses', pl. of ''{{transl|ar|jumhūr}}'', as above).

=== Colloquial varieties ===
{{main article|Varieties of Arabic}}

The spoken dialects have lost the case distinctions and make only limited use of the dual (it occurs only on nouns and its use is no longer required in all circumstances). They have lost the mood distinctions other than imperative, but many have since gained new moods through the use of prefixes (most often /bi-/ for indicative vs. unmarked subjunctive). They have also mostly lost the indefinite "nunation" and the internal passive.

The following is an example of a regular verb paradigm in Egyptian Arabic.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example of a regular Form I verb in [[Egyptian Arabic]], ''kátab/yíktib'' "write"
! colspan="2" | Tense/Mood
! Past
! Present Subjunctive
! Present Indicative
! Future
! Imperative
|-
! style="width:100%;" colspan="7" | Singular
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ''katáb-t''
| ''á-ktib''
| ''bá-ktib''
| ''ḥá-ktib''
| style="background: silver;" |"
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! masculine
| ''katáb-t''
| ''tí-ktib''
| ''bi-tí-ktib''
| ''ḥa-tí-ktib''
| ''í-ktib''
|-
! feminine
| ''katáb-ti''
| ''ti-ktíb-i''
| ''bi-ti-ktíb-i''
| ''ḥa-ti-ktíb-i''
| ''i-ktíb-i''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd
! masculine
| ''kátab''
| ''yí-ktib''
| ''bi-yí-ktib''
| ''ḥa-yí-ktib''
| rowspan="2" style="background: silver;" |"
|-
! feminine
| ''kátab-it''
| ''tí-ktib''
| ''bi-tí-ktib''
| ''ḥa-tí-ktib''
|-
! style="width:100%;" colspan="7" | Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ''katáb-na''
| ''ní-ktib''
| ''bi-ní-ktib''
| ''ḥá-ní-ktib''
| style="background: silver;" |"
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ''katáb-tu''
| ''ti-ktíb-u''
| ''bi-ti-ktíb-u''
| ''ḥa-ti-ktíb-u''
| ''i-ktíb-u''
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd
| ''kátab-u''
| ''yi-ktíb-u''
| ''bi-yi-ktíb-u''
| ''ḥa-yi-ktíb-u''
| style="background: silver;" |"
|}

== Writing system {{anchor|writing system}} ==
{{Main article|Arabic alphabet|Arabic Braille}}
[[File:Menulis khat.jpg|thumb|[[Islamic calligraphy]] written by a Malay Muslim in Malaysia. The calligrapher is making a rough draft.]]
The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic through [[Nabatean alphabet|Nabatean]], to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] or [[Cyrillic script]]s to [[Greek alphabet|Greek script]]. Traditionally, there were several differences between the Western (North African) and Middle Eastern versions of the alphabet—in particular, the ''faʼ'' had a dot underneath and ''qaf'' a single dot above in the Maghreb, and the order of the letters was slightly different (at least when they were used as numerals).

However, the old Maghrebi variant has been abandoned except for calligraphic purposes in the Maghreb itself, and remains in use mainly in the Quranic schools ([[zaouia]]s) of West Africa. Arabic, like all other Semitic languages (except for the Latin-written Maltese, and the languages with the [[Ge'ez script]]), is written from right to left. There are several styles of script, notably [[Naskh (script)|naskh]], which is used in print and by computers, and [[Ruq'ah|ruqʻah]], which is commonly used in [[handwriting]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hanna|Greis|1972|p=2}}</ref>

=== Calligraphy ===
{{Main article|Islamic calligraphy}}

After [[Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi]] finally fixed the Arabic script around 786, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Quran and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.

Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as calligraphy has in the Western world, and is still considered by [[Arabs]] as a major art form; calligraphers are held in great esteem. Being cursive by nature, unlike the Latin script, Arabic script is used to write down a [[ayah|verse]] of the Quran, a [[hadith]], or simply a [[proverb]]. The composition is often abstract, but sometimes the writing is shaped into an actual form such as that of an animal. One of the current masters of the genre is [[Hassan Massoudy]].

In modern times the intrinsically calligraphic nature of the written Arabic form is haunted by the thought that a typographic approach to the language, necessary for digitized unification, will not always accurately maintain meanings conveyed through calligraphy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osborn|first=J.R.|year=2009|title=Narratives of Arabic Script: Calligraphic Design and Modern Spaces|journal=Design and Culture|volume=1|issue=3}}</ref>

=== Romanization ===
{{Main article|Romanization of Arabic}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 1em;"
|+ Examples of different transliteration/transcription schemes
! Letter
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! [[United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names|UNGEGN]]
! [[ALA-LC]]
! [[Hans Wehr transliteration|Wehr]]
! [[DIN 31635|DIN]] !! [[ISO 233|ISO]]
! [[Spanish Arabists School|SAS]]
! [[ISO 233-2|- 2]]
! [[Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules|BATR]]
! [[ArabTeX]]
! [[Arabic chat alphabet|chat]]
! [[Malay alphabet|Malay]]
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|[[ء]]}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
| colspan="3" | ʼ
| ʾ || ˈ, ˌ
| ʾ
| '
| e
| '
| 2
| '
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ا}}</big>
| {{IPA|aː}}
| colspan="4" | ā
| ʾ
| ā
| aa
| aa / A
| a
| a/e/é
| a/o
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|[[ي]]}}</big>
| {{IPA link|j}}, {{IPA|iː}}
| y
| colspan="5" | y; ī
| y; e
| y; ii
| y
| y; i/ee; ei/ai
| y; i
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ث}}</big>
| {{IPA link|θ}}
| colspan="2" | th
| colspan="3" | ṯ
| ç
| ṯ
| c
| _t
| s/th
| ts
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ج}}</big>
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}~{{IPA link|ɡ}}~{{IPA link|ʒ}}
| colspan="3" | j
| colspan="2" | ǧ
| ŷ
| j
| j
| ^g
| j/g/dj
| j
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ح}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ħ}}
| ḩ
| colspan="6" | ḥ
| H
| .h
| 7
| h
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|خ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|x}}
| colspan="2" | kh
| ḵ
| ḫ || ẖ
| j
| x
| K
| _h
| kh/7'/5
| kh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ذ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ð}}
| colspan="2" | dh
| colspan="4" | ḏ
| đ
| z<big>'</big>
| _d
| z/dh/th
| dz
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ش}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| colspan="2" | sh
| colspan="5" | š
| x
| ^s
| sh/ch
| sy
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ص}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ˤ|sˤ}}
| ş
| colspan="6" | ṣ
| S
| .s
| s/9
| sh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ض}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ˤ|dˤ}}
| ḑ
| colspan="6" | ḍ
| D
| .d
| d/9'
| dh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ط}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ˤ|tˤ}}
| ţ
| colspan="6" | ṭ
| T
| .tu
| t/6
| th
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ظ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ðˤ}}~{{IPA link|zˤ}}
| z̧
| colspan="5" | ẓ
| đ̣
| Z
| .z
| z/dh/6'
| zh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ع}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ʕ}}
| colspan="3" | ʻ
| colspan="3" | ʿ
| ř
| E
| '
| 3
| '
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|غ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| colspan="2" | gh
| ḡ
| colspan="2" | ġ
| g
| j
| g
| .g
| gh/3'/8
| gh
|}

There are a number of different standards for the [[romanization of Arabic]], i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in [[transliteration]], i.e. representing the ''spelling'' of Arabic, while others focus on [[Phonetic transcription|transcription]], i.e. representing the ''pronunciation'' of Arabic. (They differ in that, for example, the same letter {{lang|ar|[[ي]]}} is used to represent both a consonant, as in "'''y'''ou" or "'''y'''et", and a vowel, as in "m'''e'''" or "'''ea'''t".) Some systems, e.g. for scholarly use, are intended to accurately and unambiguously represent the phonemes of Arabic, generally making the phonetics more explicit than the original word in the Arabic script. These systems are heavily reliant on [[diacritic]]al marks such as "š" for the sound equivalently written ''sh'' in English. Other systems (e.g. the [[Bahá'í orthography]]) are intended to help readers who are neither Arabic speakers nor linguists with intuitive pronunciation of Arabic names and phrases.<ref>Kharusi, N. S. & Salman, A. (2011) The English Transliteration of Place Names in Oman. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies Vol. 1(3) September 2011, pp. 1–27 Available online at www.academians.org</ref> These less "scientific" tend to avoid [[diacritics]] and use [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] (like ''sh'' and ''kh''). These are usually simpler to read, but sacrifice the definiteness of the scientific systems, and may lead to ambiguities, e.g. whether to interpret ''sh'' as a single sound, as in ''gash'', or a combination of two sounds, as in ''gashouse''. The [[ALA-LC]] romanization solves this problem by separating the two sounds with a [[Prime (symbol)|prime]] symbol ( ′ ); e.g., ''as′hal'' 'easier'.

During the last few decades and especially since the 1990s, Western-invented text communication technologies have become prevalent in the Arab world, such as [[personal computer]]s, the [[World Wide Web]], [[email]], [[bulletin board system]]s, [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]], [[instant messaging]] and [[mobile phone text messaging]]. Most of these technologies originally had the ability to communicate using the Latin script only, and some of them still do not have the Arabic script as an optional feature. As a result, Arabic speaking users communicated in these technologies by transliterating the Arabic text using the Latin script, sometimes known as IM Arabic.

To handle those Arabic letters that cannot be accurately represented using the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated. For example, the numeral "3" may be used to represent the Arabic letter {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ع}}}}. There is no universal name for this type of transliteration, but some have named it [[Arabic Chat Alphabet]]. Other systems of transliteration exist, such as using dots or capitalization to represent the "emphatic" counterparts of certain consonants. For instance, using capitalization, the letter {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|د}}}}, may be represented by '''d'''. Its emphatic counterpart, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ض}}}}, may be written as '''D'''.

=== Numerals ===
In most of present-day North Africa, the [[Western Arabic numerals]] (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used. However, in Egypt and Arabic-speaking countries to the east of it, the [[Eastern Arabic numerals]] ({{script/Arabic|٠}} – {{script/Arabic|١}} – {{script/Arabic|٢}} – {{script/Arabic|٣}} – {{script/Arabic|٤}} – {{script/Arabic|٥}} – {{script/Arabic|٦}} – {{script/Arabic|٧}} – {{script/Arabic|٨}} – {{script/Arabic|٩}}) are in use. When representing a number in Arabic, the lowest-valued [[positional notation|position]] is placed on the right, so the order of positions is the same as in left-to-right scripts. Sequences of digits such as telephone numbers are read from left to right, but numbers are spoken in the traditional Arabic fashion, with units and tens reversed from the modern English usage. For example, 24 is said "four and twenty" just like in the German language (''vierundzwanzig'') and [[Classical Hebrew]], and '''1975''' is said "a thousand and nine-hundred and five and seventy" or, more eloquently, "a thousand and nine-hundred five seventy"

== Language-standards regulators ==
[[Academy of the Arabic Language (disambiguation)|Academy of the Arabic Language]] is the name of a number of language-regulation bodies formed in the Arab League. The most active are in [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus|Damascus]] and [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo|Cairo]]. They review language development, monitor new words and approve inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts.
{{see also|Arabic Language International Council}}

== As a foreign language ==
Arabic has been taught worldwide in many [[elementary school|elementary]] and [[secondary school|secondary]] schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around the world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their [[Foreign Languages|foreign languages]], [[Middle Eastern studies]], and [[religious studies]] courses. [[Arabic language school]]s exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic [[language school]]s in the Arab world and other [[Muslim world|Muslim]] countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all [[Glossary of Islam|Islamic terms]] are in Arabic, millions{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study the language. Software and books with tapes are also important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} A number of websites on the [[Internet]] provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reviews of Language Courses|url=http://Lang1234.com|publisher=Lang1234|accessdate=12 September 2012}}</ref>

==Arabic speakers and other languages==
{{expand section|date=May 2013}}
[[File:Bahrain classroom.jpg|thumb|In [[Bahrain]], Arabic is largely used in educational settings.]]
Historically, Arab linguists considered the Arabic language to be superior to all other languages, and took almost no interest in learning any language other than Arabic {{Citation needed|date=January 2016}}. With the sole example of Medieval linguist [[Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati]] - who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab - scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior.<ref>[[Kees Versteegh]], ''The Arabic Linguistic Tradition'', pg. 106. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Routledge]], 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-415-15757-5}}</ref>

In modern times, the educated upper classes in the Arab world have taken a nearly opposite view. [[Yasir Suleiman]] wrote in 2011 that "studying and knowing English or French in most of the Middle East and North Africa have become a badge of sophistication and modernity and ... feigning, or asserting, weakness or lack of facility in Arabic is sometimes paraded as a sign of status, class, and perversely, even education through a mélange of code-switching practises."<ref>Suleiman, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQAiPgBRUkoC&pg=PA93 93]</ref> [[Arab-American]] professor Franck Salamah went as far as to declare Arabic a dead language conveying dead ideas, blaming its stagnation for Arab intellectual stagnation and lamenting that great writers in Arabic are judged by their command of the language and not the merit of the ideas they express with it.<ref>Franck Salamah, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BL44ZZwSwbYC&pg=PR16 Language, Memory, and Identity in the Middle East: The Case for Lebanon], Introduction, pg. xvi. [[Lanham, Maryland|Lanham]]: [[Lexington Books]], 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7391-3740-6}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Diglossia#Arabic|Arabic diglossia]]
* [[AIDA - International Association of Arabic Dialectology]]
* [[Arabic grammar]]
* [[Arabic influence on the Spanish language]]
* [[Arabic literature]]
* [[Arabic–English Lexicon]]
* [[Arabist]]
* ''[[Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]]''
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[List of Arabic neighborhoods]]
* [[List of arabophones]]
* [[List of countries where Arabic is an official language]]
* [[List of French words of Arabic origin]]
* [[List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin]]
* [[List of replaced loanwords in Turkish]]
* [[List of Arabic-language television channels]]
* [[List of Arab newspapers]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|Islam}}

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
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* {{Citation |first1= Alan S.|last1= Kaye |year= 1991 |title= The Hamzat al-Waṣl in Contemporary Modern Standard Arabic |journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= 111 |issue= 3 |pages= 572–574 |publisher= American Oriental Society |doi= 10.2307/604273 |jstor= 604273}}
* {{Citation|first=Edward William|last=Lane|title=Arabic–English Lexicon|year=1893|edition=2003 reprint|url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/LLhome.htm|isbn=81-206-0107-6|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi}}
* {{Citation|last=Lipinski|first=Edward|year=1997|title=Semitic Languages|location=Leuven|publisher=Peeters}}
* {{Citation|last=Mion|first=Giuliano|title=La Lingua Araba|language=Italian|location=Rome|publisher=Carocci|year=2007| isbn=978-88-430-4394-1}}
* {{Citation|last1=Mumisa|first1=Michael|title=Introducing Arabic|publisher=Goodword Books|year=2003|isbn=81-7898-211-0}}
* {{Citation|first1=S.|last1=Procházka|year=2006|chapter="Arabic"|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics|edition=2nd}}
* {{Citation|last1=Steingass|first1=Francis Joseph|authorlink=Francis Joseph Steingass|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3JXQh09i2JwC|title=Arabic–English Dictionary|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1993|isbn=978-81-206-0855-9}}
* Suileman, Yasir. ''Arabic, Self and Identity: A Study in Conflict and Displacement''. [[Oxford University Press]], 10 August 2011. {{ISBN|0-19-974701-6}}, 978-0-19-974701-6.
* {{Cite book
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|chapter= Arabic
|publisher=Cambridge
|location=Cambridge, UK
|isbn=0-521-63751-1
|title = Handbook of the International Phonetic Association a guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet
}}
* {{Citation |first1=R. |last1=Traini |title=Vocabolario di arabo |publisher=I.P.O. |location=Rome |trans_title=Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |language=Italian |agency= Harassowitz |year=1961}}
* {{Citation |first1=Laura Veccia |last1=Vaglieri |title=Grammatica teorico-pratica della lingua araba |publisher=I.P.O. |location=Rome}}
* {{Citation |first1=Kees |last1=Versteegh |title=The Arabic Language |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1997 |isbn=90-04-17702-7}}
* {{Citation
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|year= 2002
|title= The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
|place=New York
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|isbn = 0-19-824137-2
}}
* {{Citation|first1=Hans|last1=Wehr|title=[[Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart]]: Arabisch-Deutsch|publisher=Harassowitz|year=1952|edition=1985 reprint (English)|isbn=3-447-01998-0}}
* {{Citation |title=The New York Times Almanac 2002 |first1=John W.|last1=Wright |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-57958-348-2}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=ar}}
{{Wiktionary category}}
{{Wikiversity}}
{{Wikibooks|Arabic}}
{{Commons category|Arabic language}}
{{Wikivoyage|Arabic phrasebook|Arabic|a phrasebook}}
* [[b:Language Learning Difficulty for English Speakers|Arabic: a Category III language]] Languages which are difficult for native English speakers.
* [http://www1.ccls.columbia.edu/~cadim/TUTORIAL.ARABIC.NLP.pdf Dr. Nizar Habash's, Columbia University, Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing]
* [http://www.google.com/ta3reeb/ Google Ta3reeb – Google Transliteration]
* [http://transliteration.org/quran/Pronunciation/Letters/TashP.htm Transliteration] Arabic language pronunciation applet
*[http://alpage.inria.fr/~sagot/woler2011/WoLeR2011/Program_&_Proceedings_files/WoLeR%202011%20-%20Neme.pdf '' Alexis Neme (2011), A lexicon of Arabic verbs constructed on the basis of Semitic taxonomy and using finite-state transducers'']
*[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00831338 '' Alexis Neme and Eric Laporte (2013), Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural'']
*[https://www.academia.edu/13002690/Do_computer_scientists_deeply_understand_the_traditional_Arabic_morphology_%D9%87%D9%84_%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%91%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8B_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8B_ ''Alexis Neme and Eric Laporte (2015), Do computer scientists deeply understand Arabic morphology? - {{lang|ar|هل يفهم المهندسون الحاسوبيّون علم الصرف فهماً عميقاً؟}}'', available also in Arabic, Indonesian, French]
* {{Cite NIE |last=Jastrow |first=Morris |authorlink=Morris Jastrow, Jr. |wstitle=Arabic Language and Literature |year=1905 |short=x}}
*[https://findingaid.lib.byu.edu/viewItem/UA%205572/Series%202/carton%201/folder%209-13/ Arabic manuscripts, UA 5572] at [https://sites.lib.byu.edu/sc/ L. Tom Perry Special Collections], [[Brigham Young University]] [https://arabic-keyboards.net Online Arabic Keyboard]

{{Arabic language}}
{{Language histories}}
{{Modern Semitic languages}}
{{Varieties of Arabic}}
{{Semitic languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arabic Language}}
[[Category:Languages attested from the 9th century BC]]
[[Category:Arabic language| ]]
[[Category:Central Semitic languages]]
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[[Category:Languages of Algeria]]
[[Category:Languages of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Languages of Chad]]
[[Category:Languages of the Comoros]]
[[Category:Languages of Djibouti]]
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[[Category:Verb–subject–object languages]]

Arabic

2017-07-24T12:58:49Z

Soft coder: Undid revision 790994205 by 49.151.132.113 (talk)

{{About|the general language or language group|the literary standard|Modern Standard Arabic|the various vernaculars|varieties of Arabic|the language family|Arabic languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{EngvarA|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Arabic
| nativename = {{lang|ar|العَرَبِيَّة / عَرَبِيّ}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻarabī / al-ʻarabiyyah}}''
| pronunciation = {{IPA|/ˈʕarabiː/}}, {{IPA|/ʔalʕaraˈbijja/}}
| states = Countries of the [[Arab League]], minorities in neighboring countries and some parts of Asia, Africa, Europe etc.
| speakers = {{sigfig|292|2}} million
| date = 2017
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Arabic - Ethnologue|url=//www.ethnologue.com/language/ara|website=Ethnologue|publisher=Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref>
| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
| fam2 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| fam3 = [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
| fam4 = [[Arabic languages]]
| dia1 = [[Maghrebi Arabic|Western (Maghrebi)]]
| dia2 = [[Varieties of Arabic#Central varieties|Central]] (incl. [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]], [[Sudanese Arabic|Sudanese]])
| dia3 = [[Varieties of Arabic#Northern varieties|Northern]] (incl. [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine]], [[Mesopotamian Arabic|Mesopotamian]])
| dia4 = [[Peninsular Arabic|Peninsular]] ([[Gulf Arabic|Gulf]], [[Hejazi Arabic|Hejazi]], [[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]], [[Yemeni Arabic|Yemeni]])
| stand1 = [[Modern Standard Arabic]]
| script = [[Arabic alphabet]] [[Arabic Braille]] [[Syriac alphabet]] ([[Garshuni]]) [[Hebrew alphabet]] ([[Judeo-Arabic languages]]) [[Greek alphabet]] ([[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]]) [[Latin script]] ([[Romanization of Arabic|Romanized Arabic alphabet]], [[Maltese alphabet]]) ([[Maltese language|Maltese]], [[Lebanese Arabic]], [[Hassaniya Arabic]], [[Moroccan Darija|Moroccan Arabic]], [[Libyan Arabic]], [[Tunisian Arabic]])
| nation = [[Modern Standard Arabic]] is an official language of [[List of countries where Arabic is an official language|28 states]], the third most after English and French<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wright|2001|p=492}}</ref>{{collapsible list
| [[Algeria]] [[Bahrain]] [[Comoros]] [[Chad]] [[Djibouti]] [[Egypt]] [[Eritrea]] [[Iraq]] [[Israel]] [[Jordan]] [[Kuwait]] [[Malta]] ([[Maltese Arabic]]) [[Lebanon]] [[Libya]] [[Mauritania]] [[Morocco]] [[Oman]] [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] [[Qatar]] [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|SADR]] [[Saudi Arabia]] [[Somalia]] [[Sudan]] [[Syria]] [[Tanzania]] (''[[Zanzibar]]'') [[Tunisia]] [[United Arab Emirates]] [[Yemen]] '''Organizations''' [[African Union]] [[Arab League]] [[European Union]] ([[Maltese language|Maltese Arabic]]) [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[United Nations]]}}
| minority = {{collapsible list| [[Cyprus]] [[Iran]] [[Mali]] [[Philippines]] [[Niger]] [[Senegal]] [[South Sudan]]}}
| agency = {{collapsible list
| [[File:Blank.png|26px|link=]] [[Arabic Language International Council]] 
[[Algeria]]: [[Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria]] 
[[Egypt]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo]] 
[[Israel]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel]] 
[[Iraq]]: [[Iraqi Academy of Sciences]] 
[[Jordan]]: [[Jordan Academy of Arabic]] 
[[Libya]]: Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya 
[[Morocco]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat]] 
[[Saudi Arabia]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Riyadh]] 
[[Somalia]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu]] 
[[Sudan]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartoum]] 
[[Syria]]: [[Arab Academy of Damascus]] (the oldest) 
[[Tunisia]]: [[Beit Al-Hikma Foundation]]
}}
| iso1 = ar
| iso2 = ara
| iso3 = ara
| lc1 = arq
|ld1=[[Algerian Arabic]]
| lc2 = aao
|ld2=[[Algerian Saharan Arabic]]
| lc3 = bbz
|ld3=[[Babalia Creole Arabic]]
| lc4 = aby
|ld4=[[Baharna Arabic]]
| lc5 = shu
|ld5=[[Chadian Arabic]]
| lc6 = acy
|ld6=[[Cypriot Arabic]]
| lc7 = adf
|ld7=[[Dhofari Arabic]]
| lc8 = avl
|ld8=[[Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic]]
| lc9 = arz
|ld9=[[Egyptian Arabic]]
| lc10 = afb
|ld10=[[Gulf Arabic]]
| lc11 = ayh
|ld11=[[Hadrami Arabic]]
| lc12 = acw
|ld12=[[Hijazi Arabic]]
| lc13 = ayl
|ld13=[[Libyan Arabic]]
| lc14 = acm
|ld14=[[Mesopotamian Arabic]]
| lc15 = ary
|ld15=[[Moroccan Arabic]]
| lc16 = ars
|ld16=[[Najdi Arabic]]
| lc17 = apc
|ld17=[[North Levantine Arabic]]
| lc18 = ayp
|ld18=[[North Mesopotamian Arabic]]
| lc19 = acx
|ld19=[[Omani Arabic]]
| lc20 = aec
|ld20=[[Saidi Arabic]]
| lc21 = ayn
|ld21=[[Sanaani Arabic]]
| lc22 = ssh
|ld22=[[Shihhi Arabic]]
| lc23 = ajp
|ld23=[[South Levantine Arabic]]
| lc24 = arb
|ld24=[[Standard Arabic]]
| lc25 = apd
|ld25=[[Sudanese Arabic]]
| lc26 = pga
|ld26=[[Sudanese Creole Arabic]]
| lc27 = acq
|ld27=[[Taizzi-Adeni Arabic]]
| lc28 = abh
|ld28=[[Tajiki Arabic]]
| lc29 = aeb
|ld29=[[Tunisian Arabic]]
| lc30 = auz
|ld30=[[Uzbeki Arabic]]
| lingua = 12-AAC
| image = Arabic albayancalligraphy.svg
| imagesize = 150px
| imagecaption = '''{{transl|ar|al-ʿArabiyyah}}''' in written Arabic ([[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script)
| map = Dispersión lengua árabe.png
| mapcaption = Dispersion of native Arabic speakers as the majority (green) or minority (chartreuse) population
| map2 = Arabic speaking world.svg
| mapcaption2 = Use of Arabic as the national language (green), as an official language (dark blue), and as a regional/minority language (light blue)
| notice = IPA
| sign = Signed Arabic (national forms)
| glotto = arab1395
| glottorefname = Arabic
}}

{{Contains Arabic text}}
'''Arabic''' ({{lang-ar|العَرَبِيَّة}}, ''{{transl|ar|al-ʻarabiyyah}}'' {{IPA-ar|ʔalʕaraˈbijja|| Al arabic.ogg}} or {{lang-ar|عَرَبِيّ|}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻarabī}}'' {{IPA-ar|ˈʕarabiː|| Arabi.ogg}} or {{IPA-ar|ʕaraˈbij|}}) is a [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] language complex that first emerged in [[Iron Age]] northwestern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and is now the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.academia.edu/18470301/Al-Jallad._The_earliest_stages_of_Arabic_and_its_linguistic_classification_Routledge_Handbook_of_Arabic_Linguistics_forthcoming_|title=Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)|access-date=2016-10-27}}</ref> It is named after the [[Arabs]], a term initially used to describe peoples living from [[Mesopotamia]] in the east to the [[Anti-Lebanon Mountains|Anti-Lebanon mountains]] in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] peninsula.

The modern written language ([[Modern Standard Arabic]]) is derived from [[Classical Arabic]]. It is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (''fuṣḥā''), which is the official language of 26 states and the [[liturgical language]] of [[Islam]]. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same [[vocabulary]]. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the [[post-classical era]], especially in modern times.

During the [[Middle Ages]], Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also [[loanword|borrowed]] many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in [[European languages]], mainly Portuguese and [[Arabic influence on the Spanish language|Spanish]] owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], referred to in Arabic as [[al-Andalus]]. Balkan languages, including [[Greek language|Greek]], have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish.

Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Maltese language|Maltese]]''',''' [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Maldivian language|Maldivian]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Hausa language|Hausa]] and some languages in parts of Africa. Despite being an influential language, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages including Greek and Persian in [[medieval]] times, and contemporary European languages such as [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]] in modern times.

[[Classical Arabic]] is the [[Sacred language|liturgical language]] of 1.7 billion [[Muslims]] and [[Modern Standard Arabic]] is one of six [[official languages of the United Nations]].<ref name="gordonconwell.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact|date=January 2015|publisher=gordonconwell.edu|accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref><ref name="pewmuslim4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population|title=Executive Summary|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=22 December 2011|work=Future of the Global Muslim Population}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2030|title=Table: Muslim Population by Country | Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=2011-01-27|publisher=Features.pewforum.org|access-date=2014-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/official-languages/|title=UN official languages|date=|publisher=Un.org|access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> It is spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/world-arabic-language-day/ |title= World Arabic Language Day |work= UNESCO |date= 18 December 2014 |access-date= 12 February 2014}}</ref> making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an [[abjad]] script and is written from [[right-to-left]] although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in [[Arabic chat alphabet|ASCII Latin]] from [[left-to-right]] with no standardized orthography.

== Classification ==
Arabic is a [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] language, closely related to the [[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]] languages ([[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Ugaritic language|Ugaritic]] and [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]), the Ancient South Arabian languages, and various other Semitic languages of Arabia such as [[Dadanitic]]. The [[Semitic languages]] changed a great deal between [[Proto-Semitic]] and the establishment of the [[Central Semitic languages]], particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include:
# The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation (''jalas-'') into a past tense.
# The conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation (''yajlis-'') into a present tense.
# The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms (e.g., a present tense formed by doubling the middle root, a perfect formed by infixing a {{IPA|/t/}} after the first root consonant, probably a jussive formed by a stress shift) in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms (e.g., ''-u'' for indicative, ''-a'' for subjunctive, no ending for jussive, ''-an'' or ''-anna'' for energetic).
# The development of an internal passive.
There are several features which Classical Arabic, the modern Arabic varieties, as well as the [[Safaitic]] and [[Hismaic (Old Arabic)|Hismaic]] inscriptions share which are unattested in any other Central Semitic language variety, including the [[Dadanitic]] and [[Taymanitic]] languages of the [[Hijaz|northern Hijaz]]. These features are evidence of common descent from a [[Proto-language|hypothetical ancestor]], [[Proto-Arabic]]. The following features can be reconstructed with confidence for Proto-Arabic:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X29BwAAQBAJ|title=An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|date=2015-03-27|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004289826|language=en}}</ref>
# negative particles ''m'' *''mā''; ''lʾn'' *''lā-ʾan'' > CAr ''lan''
# ''mafʿūl'' G-passive participle
# prepositions and adverbs ''f'', ''ʿn'', ''ʿnd'', ''ḥt'', ''ʿkdy''
# a subjunctive in -''a''
# ''t''-demonstratives
# leveling of the -''at'' allomorph of the feminine ending
# ''ʾn'' complementizer and subordinator
# the use of ''f''- to introduce modal clauses
# independent object pronoun in (''ʾ'')''y''
# vestiges of ''nunation''

==History==

=== Old Arabic ===
{{Main article|Old Arabic}}
[[File:Arabian_Languages.png|thumb|Arabian Languages]]

Arabia boasted a wide variety of Semitic languages in antiquity. In the southwest, various [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] languages both belonging to and outside of the [[Old South Arabian|Ancient South Arabian]] family (e.g. Southern Thamudic) were spoken. It is also believed that the ancestors of the [[Modern South Arabian languages|Modern South Arabian]] languages (non-Central Semitic languages) were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern [[Hejaz|Hijaz]], [[Dadanitic]] and [[Taymanitic]] held some prestige as inscriptional languages. In [[Najd]] and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested. In eastern Arabia, inscriptions in a script derived from ASA attest to a language known as [[Hasaitic dialect|Hasaitic]]. Finally, on the northwestern frontier of Arabia, various languages known to scholars as Thamudic B, Thamudic D, [[Safaitic]], and [[Hismaic]] are attested. The last two share important isoglosses with later forms of Arabic, leading scholars to theorize that Safaitic and Hismaic are in fact early forms of Arabic and that they should be considered [[Old Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/18470301/Al-Jallad._The_earliest_stages_of_Arabic_and_its_linguistic_classification_Routledge_Handbook_of_Arabic_Linguistics_forthcoming_|title=Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1st century CE, fragments of Northern Old Arabic are attested in the [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean script]] across northern Arabia. By the 4th century CE, the Nabataean Aramaic writing system had come to express varieties of Arabic other than that of the Nabataeans.

===Old Higazi and Classical Arabic===
In late pre-Islamic times, a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of Arabic emerged in the [[Hejaz|Hijaz]] which continued living its parallel life after literary Arabic had been institutionally standardized in the 2nd and 3rd century of the [[Islamic calendar|Hijra]], most strongly in Judeo-Christian texts, keeping alive ancient features eliminated from the ‘learned’ tradition (Classical Arabic).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/middle-arabic-EALL_COM_vol3_0213?s.num=0&s.rows=20&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=middle+arabic|title=Middle Arabic - Brill Reference|website=referenceworks.brillonline.com|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> variety and both its classicizing and "lay" iterations have been termed Middle Arabic in the past, but they are thought to continue an [[Old Higazi]] register. It is clear that the orthography of the [[Quran|Qurʾān]] was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to recording an archaic form of [[Old Higazi]].

In the late 6th century AD, a relatively uniform intertribal ‘poetic koine’ distinct from the [[Vernacular|spoken vernaculars]] developed based on the [[Bedouin]] dialects of [[Najd]], probably in connection with the court of [[Al-Hirah|al-Ḥīra]]. During the first Islamic century the majority of Arabic poets and Arabic-writing persons spoke Arabic as their mother tongue. Their texts, although mainly preserved in far later manuscripts, contain traces of non-standardized [[Classical Arabic]] elements in morphology and syntax. The standardization of Classical Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the ''ʿarabiyya'' "Arabic", [[Sibawayh|Sībawayhi's]] ''al''-''Kitāb'', is based first of all upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to Qurʾān usage and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the ''ʿarabiyya''.<ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com" /> By the 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world.

=== Neo-Arabic ===
Charles Ferguson’s [[koiné language|koine]] theory (Ferguson 1959), claims that the modern Arabic dialects collectively descend from a single military koine that sprung up during the Islamic conquests; this view has been challenged in recent times. Ahmad al-Jallad proposes that there were at least two considerably distinct types of Arabic on the eve of the conquests: Northern and Central (Al-Jallad 2009). The modern dialects emerged from a new contact situation produced following the conquests. Instead of the emergence of a single or multiple koines, the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of borrowed and areal features, which they absorbed at different points in their linguistic histories.<ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com">{{Cite web|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects - Brill Reference|website=referenceworks.brillonline.com|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref>
According to Veersteegh and Bickerton colloquial arabic dialects arose from pidginized Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Pidginization and subsequent creolization among Arabs and [[Arabization|arabized]] peoples could explain morphological and phonological simplicity of vernacular Arabic compared to Classical and MSA.<ref>https://books.google.pl/books?id=RiarBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&dq=vernacular+arabic+simplified+creoles+islamic+conquests&source=bl&ots=9fxdM5gYf5&sig=UVYaAC_Tu-GHqwhBkDcrXwokOBc&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjPipK-qPPTAhVKIsAKHZKVCGgQ6AEINjAF#v=onepage&q=vernacular%20arabic%20simplified%20creoles%20islamic%20conquests&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.pl/books?id=VM6M1351GWsC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=theory+creolization+arabic+arab+conquests+inflections&source=bl&ots=sfX8gOVpUR&sig=0HRQ-Jn6JY_rqAUySbWFnq7bpvc&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjyZfghfPTAhXIL8AKHVwYAxQQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=theory%20creolization%20arabic%20arab%20conquests%20inflections&f=false</ref>

== Classical, Modern Standard and spoken Arabic ==
{{See also|List of Arabic dictionaries}}
''Arabic'' usually designates one of three main variants: [[Classical Arabic]], [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and [[Varieties of Arabic|''colloquial'' or ''dialectal'' Arabic]]. Classical Arabic is the language found in the [[Quran]], used from the period of [[Pre-Islamic Arabia]] to that of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. Theoretically, Classical Arabic is considered normative, according to the [[syntactic]] and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as [[Sibawayh]]) and the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the [[Ibn_Manzur#Lis.C4.81n_al-.CA.BFArab|Lisān al-ʻArab]]). In practice, however, modern authors almost never write in pure Classical Arabic, instead using a [[literary language]] with its own grammatical norms and vocabulary, commonly known as Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).

MSA is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, and modernized revision of Quran, spoken by some of the [[Arabic media]] across [[North Africa]], and the [[Middle East]], and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. "Literary Arabic" and "Standard Arabic" ({{lang|ar|فُصْحَى}} ''{{transl|ar|fuṣḥá}}'') are less strictly defined terms that may refer to Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic.

Some of the differences between Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) are as follows:
* Certain grammatical constructions of CA that have no counterpart in any modern dialect (e.g., the [[energetic mood]]) are almost never used in [[Modern Standard Arabic]].
* No modern spoken variety of Arabic has [[Grammatical case|case]] distinctions. As a result, MSA is generally composed without case distinctions in mind, and the proper cases are added after the fact, when necessary. Because most case endings are noted using final short vowels, which are normally left unwritten in the Arabic script, it is unnecessary to determine the proper case of most words. The practical result of this is that MSA, like English and [[Standard Chinese]], is written in a strongly determined word order and alternative orders that were used in CA for emphasis are rare. In addition, because of the lack of case marking in the spoken varieties, most speakers cannot consistently use the correct endings in extemporaneous speech. As a result, spoken MSA tends to drop or regularize the endings except when reading from a prepared text.
* The numeral system in CA is complex and heavily tied in with the case system. This system is never used in MSA, even in the most formal of circumstances; instead, a significantly simplified system is used, approximating the system of the conservative spoken varieties.

MSA uses much Classical vocabulary (e.g., ''{{transl|ar|ALA|dhahaba}}'' 'to go') that is not present in the spoken varieties, but deletes obsolete terms found in Classical Arabic. In addition, MSA has borrowed or coined a large number of terms for concepts that did not exist in Quranic times, and MSA continues to evolve.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kaye|1991|p=?}}</ref> Some words have been borrowed from other languages—notice that transliteration mainly indicates spelling and not real pronunciation (e.g., {{lang|ar|فِلْم}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|film}}'' 'film' or {{lang|ar|ديمقراطية}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|dīmuqrāṭiyyah}}'' 'democracy').

However, the current preference is to avoid direct borrowings, preferring to either use [[loan translation]]s (e.g., {{lang|ar|فرع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|farʻ}}'' 'branch', also used for the branch of a company or organization; {{lang|ar|جناح}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|janāḥ}}'' 'wing', is also used for the wing of an airplane, building, air force, etc.), or to coin new words using forms within existing [[Semitic root|roots]] ({{lang|ar|استماتة}} ''{{transl|ar|istimātah}}'' '[[apoptosis]]', using the root {{lang|ar|موت}} ''m/w/t'' 'death' put into the [[Arabic verbs#Form X|Xth form]], or {{lang|ar|جامعة}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jāmiʻah}}'' 'university', based on {{lang|ar|جمع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jamaʻa}}'' 'to gather, unite'; {{lang|ar|جمهورية}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jumhūriyyah}}'' 'republic', based on {{lang|ar|جمهور}} ''{{transl|ar|jumhūr}}'' 'multitude'). An earlier tendency was to redefine older word although this has fallen into disuse (e.g., {{lang|ar|هاتف}} ''{{transl|ar|hātif}}'' 'telephone' < 'invisible caller (in Sufism)'; {{lang|ar|جريدة}} ''{{transl|ar|jarīdah}}'' 'newspaper' < 'palm-leaf stalk').

''Colloquial'' or ''dialectal'' Arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties which constitute the everyday spoken language. Colloquial Arabic has many regional variants; geographically distant varieties usually differ enough to be [[mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]], and some linguists consider them distinct languages.<ref>"Arabic Language." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Retrieved on 29 July 2009.</ref> The varieties are typically unwritten. They are often used in informal spoken media, such as [[soap opera]]s and [[talk show]]s,<ref name="Jenkins">{{Citation |last=Jenkins |first=Orville Boyd |url= http://strategyleader.org/articles/arabicpercent.html |title= Population Analysis of the Arabic Languages |date= 18 March 2000}}</ref> as well as occasionally in certain forms of written media such as poetry and printed advertising.

The only variety of modern Arabic to have acquired official language status is [[Maltese language|Maltese]], which is spoken in (predominately [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]) [[Malta]] and written with the [[Maltese alphabet|Latin script]]. It is descended from Classical Arabic through [[Siculo-Arabic]], but is not mutually intelligible with any other variety of Arabic. Most linguists list it as a separate language rather than as a dialect of Arabic.
[[File:Flag of the Arab League.svg|thumb|left|upright|Flag of the [[Arab League]], used in some cases for the Arabic language.]]
[[File:Flag of Hejaz 1917.svg|thumb|left|upright|Flag used in some cases for the Arabic language]]

Even during Muhammad's lifetime, there were dialects of spoken Arabic. Muhammad spoke in the dialect of [[Mecca]], in the western [[Arabian peninsula]], and it was in this dialect that the Quran was written down. However, the dialects of the eastern Arabian peninsula were considered the most prestigious at the time, so the language of the Quran was ultimately converted to follow the eastern [[phonology]]. It is this phonology that underlies the modern pronunciation of Classical Arabic. The phonological differences between these two dialects account for some of the complexities of Arabic writing, most notably the writing of the [[glottal stop]] or ''[[hamzah]]'' (which was preserved in the eastern dialects but lost in western speech) and the use of ''{{transl|ar|ALA|alif maqṣūrah}}'' (representing a sound preserved in the western dialects but merged with ''{{transl|ar|ā}}'' in eastern speech).{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==Language and dialect==
The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of [[diglossia]], which is the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language, usually in different social situations. In the case of Arabic, educated Arabs of any nationality can be assumed to speak both their school-taught Standard Arabic as well as their native, mutually unintelligible "dialects";<ref>Janet C. E. Watson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4RDIoDAF1e8C&pg=PR19 The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic], Introduction, pg. xix. [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]], 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-19-160775-2}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oj5jAMspUfAC&pg=PA10462 Proceedings and Debates of the] [[107th United States Congress]] [[Congressional Record]], pg. 10,462. Washington, D.C.: [[United States Government Printing Office]], 2002.</ref><ref>Shalom Staub, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HPsCHy3nsA8C&pg=PA124 Yemenis in New York City: The Folklore of Ethnicity], pg. 124. [[Philadelphia]]: [[Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies]], 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-944190-05-0}}</ref><ref>[[Daniel Newman (academic)|Daniel Newman]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=DEdXz4OVvqMC&pg=PA1 Arabic-English Thematic Lexicon], pg. 1. London: Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-134-10392-8}}</ref><ref>Rebecca L. Torstrick and Elizabeth Faier, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jwp6D51NB34C&pg=PA41 Culture and Customs of the Arab Gulf States], pg. 41. [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]]: [[ABC-CLIO]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-313-33659-1}}</ref> these dialects linguistically constitute separate languages which may have dialects of their own.<ref>[[Walter J. Ong]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=JXC217u47tEC&pg=PA32 Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture], pg. 32. [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]]: [[Cornell University Press]], 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-6630-4}}</ref> When educated Arabs of different dialects engage in conversation (for example, a Moroccan speaking with a Lebanese), many speakers [[Code-switching|code-switch]] back and forth between the dialectal and standard varieties of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence. Arabic speakers often improve their familiarity with other dialects via music or film.

The issue of whether Arabic is one language or many languages is politically charged, in the same way it is for the [[varieties of Chinese]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Scots language|Scots]] and English, etc. In contrast to speakers of Hindi and Urdu who claim they cannot understand each other even when they can, speakers of the varieties of Arabic will claim they can all understand each other even when they cannot.<ref>Clive Holes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&pg=PA2&dq=arabic+languages+unintelligible&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6AGMU8HGD4ynyATW1YDYCw&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=arabic%20languages%20unintelligible&f=false Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties], pg. 3. [[Washington, D.C.]]: [[Georgetown University Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-58901-022-2}}</ref> The issue of diglossia between spoken and written language is a significant complicating factor: A single written form, significantly different from any of the spoken varieties learned natively, unites a number of sometimes divergent spoken forms. For political reasons, Arabs mostly assert that they all speak a single language, despite significant issues of mutual incomprehensibility among differing spoken versions.<ref>Nizar Y. Habash,[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRIHCnC74BoC&pg=PA1&dq=arabic+languages+dialects+political&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9xGMU-rDBYajyASWhoDgAw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=arabic%20languages%20dialects%20political&f=false Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing], pgs. 1–2. [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]]: Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-59829-795-9}}</ref>

From a linguistic standpoint, it is often said that the various spoken varieties of Arabic differ among each other collectively about as much as the [[Romance languages]].<ref>Bernard Bate, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&pg=PT38&dq=arabic+languages+mutually+unintelligible&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-AWMU_6OC8GjyAS4_oK4Bg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20languages%20mutually%20unintelligible&f=false Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India], pgs. 14–15. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Columbia University Press]], 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-231-51940-3}}</ref> This is an apt comparison in a number of ways. The period of divergence from a single spoken form is similar—perhaps 1500 years for Arabic, 2000 years for the Romance languages. Also, while it is comprehensible to people from the [[Maghreb]], a linguistically innovative variety such as [[Moroccan Arabic]] is essentially incomprehensible to Arabs from the [[Mashriq]], much as French is incomprehensible to Spanish or Italian speakers but relatively easily learned by them. This suggests that the spoken varieties may linguistically be considered separate languages.

== Influence of Arabic on other languages ==
{{See also|List of Arabic loanwords in English}}

The influence of Arabic has been most important in Islamic countries, because it is the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Quran. Arabic is also an important source of vocabulary for languages such as [[Baluchi language|Baluchi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Chechen language|Chechen]], [[Dagestani language|Dagestani]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Kutchi Language|Kutchi]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Urdu]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], and [[Wolof language|Wolof]], as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

In addition, English has many Arabic loanwords, some directly, but most via other Mediterranean languages. Examples of such words include admiral, adobe, alchemy, alcohol, algebra, algorithm, alkaline, almanac, amber, arsenal, assassin, candy, carat, cipher, coffee, cotton, ghoul, hazard, jar, kismet, lemon, loofah, magazine, mattress, sherbet, sofa, sumac, tariff, and many other words.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Other languages such as Maltese<ref>{{cite web |author=EB staff |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050379/Maltese-language |title=Maltese language – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref> and [[Kinubi]] derive ultimately from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary or grammatical rules.

Terms borrowed range from religious terminology (like Berber ''taẓallit'', "prayer", from ''[[salat]]'' ({{lang|ar|صلاة}} ''{{transl|ar|ṣalāh}}'')), academic terms (like [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] ''mentiq'', "logic"), and economic items (like English ''coffee'') to [[placeholder name|placeholders]] (like Spanish ''fulano'', "so-and-so"), everyday terms (like Hindustani ''lekin'', "but", or Spanish ''taza'' and French ''tasse'', meaning "cup"), and expressions (like Catalan ''a betzef'', "galore, in quantity"). Most Berber varieties (such as [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]), along with Swahili, borrow some numbers from Arabic. Most Islamic religious terms are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as {{lang|ar|صلاة}} (''salat''), "prayer", and {{lang|ar|إمام}} (''imam''), "prayer leader."

In languages not directly in contact with the Arab world, Arabic loanwords are often transferred indirectly via other languages rather than being transferred directly from Arabic. For example, most Arabic loanwords in Hindustani and Turkish entered through Persian though Persian is an [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian language]]. Older Arabic loanwords in Hausa were borrowed from [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]].

Some words in English and other European languages are derived from Arabic, often through other European languages, especially Spanish and Italian. Among them are commonly used words like "[[coffee]]" ({{lang|ar|قهوة}} ''qahwah''), "[[cotton]]" ({{lang|ar|قطن}} ''{{transl|ar|quṭn}}''), and "magazine" ({{lang|ar|مخازن}} ''[[makhzen|{{transl|ar|ALA|makhāzin}}]]''). English words more recognizably of Arabic origin include "[[algebra]]", "[[alcohol]]", "[[alchemy]]", "[[alkali]]", "[[zenith]]", and "[[nadir]]".

Arabic words also made their way into several West African languages as Islam spread across the Sahara. Variants of Arabic words such as {{lang|ar|كتاب}} ''kitāb'' ("book") have spread to the languages of African groups who had no direct contact with Arab traders.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gregersen|1977|p=237}}</ref>

Since throughout the Islamic world, Arabic occupied a position similar to that of Latin in Europe, many of the Arabic concepts in the fields of science, philosophy, commerce, etc. were coined from Arabic roots by non-native Arabic speakers, notably by Aramaic and Persian translators, and then found their way into other languages. This process of using Arabic roots, especially in Kurdish and Persian, to translate foreign concepts continued through to the 18th and 19th centuries, when swaths of Arab-inhabited lands were under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule.

==Influence of other languages on Arabic==
The most important sources of borrowings into (pre-Islamic) Arabic are from the related (Semitic) languages [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]],<ref>See the seminal study by Siegmund Fraenkel, ''Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen'', Leiden 1886 (repr. 1962)</ref> which used to be the principal, international language of communication throughout the ancient Near and Middle East, [[Ge'ez language|Ethiopic]], and to a lesser degree Hebrew (mainly religious concepts). In addition, many cultural, religious and political terms have entered Arabic from [[Iranian languages]], notably [[Middle Persian]], [[Parthian language|Parthian]], and (Classical) Persian,<ref>See for instance Wilhelm Eilers, "Iranisches Lehngut im Arabischen", ''Actas IV. Congresso des Estudos Árabes et Islâmicos, Coimbra, Lisboa'', Leiden 1971, with earlier references.</ref> and Hellenistic Greek (''kīmiyāʼ'' has as origin the Greek ''khymia'', meaning in that language the melting of metals; see [[Roger Dachez]], ''Histoire de la Médecine de l'Antiquité au XXe siècle'', Tallandier, 2008, p. 251), ''alembic'' (distiller) from ''ambix'' (cup), ''almanac'' (climate) from ''almenichiakon'' (calendar). (For the origin of the last three borrowed words, see Alfred-Louis de Prémare, ''Foundations of Islam'', Seuil, L'Univers Historique, 2002.) Some Arabic borrowings from Semitic or Persian languages are, as presented in De Prémare's above-cited book:

* ''madīnah''/[[medina]] (مدينة, city or city square), a word of Aramaic or Hebrew origin מדינה (in which it means "a state");
* ''jazīrah'' (جزيرة), as in the well-known form الجزيرة "Al-Jazeera," means "island" and has its origin in the Syriac ܓܙܝܪܗ ''gazīra''.
* ''lāzaward'' (لازورد) is taken from Persian لاژورد ''lājvard'', the name of a blue stone, lapis lazuli. This word was borrowed in several European languages to mean (light) blue - azure in English, ''azur'' in French and ''azul'' in Portuguese and Spanish.

==Arabic alphabet and nationalism==

There have been many instances of national movements to convert Arabic script into Latin script or to Romanize the language. Currently, the only Arabic language to use Latin script is [[Maltese language|Maltese]].

===Lebanon===
The Beirut newspaper ''La Syrie'' pushed for the change from Arabic script to Latin letters in 1922. The major head of this movement was [[Louis Massignon]], a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damacus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at Romanization failed as the Academy and population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. [[Sa'id al-Afghani|Sa'id Afghani]], a member of the Academy, mentioned that the movement to Romanize the script was a [[Zionism|Zionist]] plan to dominate Lebanon.<ref name="shrivtiel179">{{cite book|last=Shrivtiel|first=Shraybom|title=The Question of Romanisation of the Script and The Emergence of Nationalism in the Middle East|date=1998|publisher=Mediterranean Language Review|pages=179–196}}</ref><ref name="shirvtiel188">Shrivtiel, p. 188</ref>

===Egypt===
After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and re-emphasize Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the Arabic language in which the formal Arabic and the colloquial Arabic would be combined into one language and the Latin alphabet would be used.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shirvtiel188" /> There was also the idea of finding a way to use [[Hieroglyphics]] instead of the Latin alphabet, but this was seen as too complicated to use.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shirvtiel188" /> A scholar, [[Salama Musa]] agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed that Latin script was key to the success of Egypt as it would allow for more advances in science and technology. This change in alphabet, he believed, would solve the problems inherent with Arabic, such as a lack of written vowels and difficulties writing foreign words that made it difficult for non-native speakers to learn.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shirvtiel188" /> Ahmad Lutfi As Sayid and Muhammad Azmi, two Egyptian intellectuals, agreed with Musa and supported the push for Romanization.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shrivtiel189">Shrivtiel, p. 189</ref> The idea that Romanization was necessary for modernization and growth in Egypt continued with Abd Al-Aziz Fahmi in 1944. He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee for the Arabic Language Academy of Cairo.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shrivtiel189" /> However, this effort failed as the Egyptian people felt a strong cultural tie to the Arabic alphabet.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shrivtiel189" /> In particular, the older Egyptian generations believed that the Arabic alphabet had strong connections to Arab values and history, which is easy to believe due to the long history of the Arabic alphabet (Shrivtiel, 189) in Muslim societies.

== Arabic and Islam ==
Classical Arabic is the language of poetry and literature (including news); it is also mainly the language of the [[Quran]]. At present, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is also used in modernized versions of literary forms of the Quran. Arabic is closely associated with the religion of [[Islam]] because the Quran was written in Arabic, but it is nevertheless also spoken by other religious groups such as [[Arab Christians and Arabic-speaking Christians|Arab Christians]], [[Mizrahi Jews]], [[Druze]] and Iraqi [[Mandaean]]s. Most of the world's [[Muslims]] do not speak Classical Arabic as their native language, but many can read the Quranic script and recite the Quran. Among non-Arab Muslims, translations of the Quran are most often accompanied by the original text.

Some Muslims present a [[Proto-Human language|monogenesis]] of languages and claim that the Arabic language was the language revealed by God for the benefit of mankind and the original language as a prototype system of symbolic communication, based upon its system of triconsonantal roots, spoken by man from which all other languages were derived, having first been corrupted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/topics/arabic/ |title=Arabic – the mother of all languages – Al Islam Online |publisher=Alislam.org |date= |accessdate=4 May 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100430215148/http://www.alislam.org/topics/arabic/| archivedate= 30 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="meforum">{{cite web |last=Coffman |first=James |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/276|title=Does the Arabic Language Encourage Radical Islam?|accessdate=5 December 2008|publisher=Middle East Quarterly|date=December 1995}}</ref> [[Judaism]] has a similar account with the [[Tower of Babel]].

== Dialects and descendants ==
{{Main article|Varieties of Arabic}}
[[File:Arabic Dialects.svg|thumb|left|300px|Different dialects of Arabic.]]
''Colloquial Arabic'' is a collective term for the spoken dialects of Arabic used throughout the [[Arab world]], which differ radically from the literary language. The main dialectal division is between the varieties within and outside of the Arabian peninsula, followed by that between [[Varieties of Arabic#Sedentary vs. Bedouin|sedentary]] varieties and the much more conservative [[Bedouin]] varieties. All of the varieties outside of the Arabian peninsula (which include the large majority of speakers) have a large number of features in common with each other that are not found in Classical Arabic. This has led researchers to postulate the existence of a prestige koine dialect in the one or two centuries immediately following the Arab conquest, whose features eventually spread to all of the newly conquered areas. (These features are present to varying degrees inside the Arabian peninsula. Generally, the Arabian peninsula varieties have much more diversity than the non-peninsula varieties, but have been understudied.)

Within the non-peninsula varieties, the largest difference is between the non-Egyptian [[Maghrebi Arabic|North African dialects]] (especially Moroccan Arabic) and the others. Moroccan Arabic in particular is hardly comprehensible to Arabic speakers east of [[Libya]] (although the converse is not true, in part due to the popularity of Egyptian films and other media).

One factor in the differentiation of the dialects is influence from the languages previously spoken in the areas, which have typically provided a significant number of new words and have sometimes also influenced pronunciation or word order; however, a much more significant factor for most dialects is, as among Romance languages, retention (or change of meaning) of different classical forms. Thus Iraqi ''aku'', Levantine ''fīh'' and North African ''kayən'' all mean 'there is', and all come from Classical Arabic forms (''yakūn'', ''fīhi'', ''kā'in'' respectively), but now sound very different.

===Examples===
Transcription is a [[broad transcription|broad IPA transcription]], so minor differences were ignored for easier comparison.

{| class="wikitable"
! Variety
! I love reading a lot
! When I went to the library
! I didn't find this old book
! I wanted to read a book about the history of women in France
|-
! Literary Arabic in Arabic script (common spelling)
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|أحب القراءة كثيرا}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|عندما ذهبت إلى المكتبة}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|لم أجد هذا الكتاب القديم}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|كنت أريد أن أقرأ كتابا عن تاريخ المرأة في فرنسا}}
|-
! Literary Arabic in Arabic script (with all vowels)
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|أُحِبُّ ٱلْقِرَاءَةَ كَثِيرًا}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|عِنْدَمَا ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى ٱلْمَكْتَبَةِ}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|لَمْ أَجِدُ هٰذَا ٱلْكِتَابَ ٱلْقَدِيمَ}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|كُنْتُ أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَقْرَأَ كِتَابًا عَنْ تَارِيخِ ٱلْمَرْأَةِ فِي فَرَنْسَا}}
|-
! [[Classical Arabic]] (liturgical or poetic only)
| {{transl|ar|ʔuħibːu‿lqirˤaːʔata kaθiːrˤaː}}
| {{transl|ar|ʕĩndamaː ðahabᵊtu ʔila‿lmaktabah}}
| {{transl|ar|lam ʔad͡ʒidu haːða‿lkitaːba‿lqadiːm}}
| {{transl|ar|kũntu ʔuriːdu ʔan ʔaqᵊrˤaʔa kitaːban ʕan taːriːχi‿lmarˤʔati fiː farˤãnsaː}}
|-
! [[Modern Standard Arabic]]
| {{transl|ar|ʔuħibːu‿lqiraːʔa kaθiːran}}
| {{transl|ar|ʕindamaː ðahabt ʔila‿lmaktaba}}
| {{transl|ar|lam ʔad͡ʒid haːða‿lkitaːba‿lqadiːm}}
| {{transl|ar|kunt ʔuriːd ʔan ʔaqraʔ kitaːban ʕan taːriːχi‿lmarʔa fiː faransaː}}
|-
! [[Yemeni Arabic]] (Sanaa)
| {{transl|ayn|ana bajn aħibː ilgiraːji(h) gawi}}
| {{transl|ayn|law ma sirt saˈla‿lmaktabih}}
| {{transl|ayn|ma lige:tʃ ðajji‿lkitaːb ilgadiːm }}
| {{transl|ayn|kunt aʃti ʔagra kitaːb ʕan taːriːx ilmari(h) wastˤ faraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Kuwaiti Arabic|Gulf Arabic]] (Kuwait)
| {{transl|afb|aːna waːjid aħibː aɡra}}
| {{transl|afb|lamːan riħt ilmaktaba}}
| {{transl|afb|maː liɡeːt halkitaːb ilgadiːm}}
| {{transl|afb|kint abi‿(j)aɡra kitaːb ʕan taːriːx ilħariːm‿(i)bfaransa}}
|-
! [[Mesopotamian Arabic|Gələt Mesopotamian]] (Baghdad)
| {{transl|acm|aːni‿(j)aħub luqraːja kulːiʃ}}
| {{transl|acm|lamːan riħit lilmaktabˤɛː}}
| {{transl|acm|maː liɡeːt haːða liktaːb ilgadiːm}}
| {{transl|acm|ridit aqra ktaːb ʕan taːriːx inːiswaːn‿(u)bfransɛː}}
|-
! [[Hijazi Arabic]] (Medina)
| {{transl|acw|ana marːa ʔaħubː alɡiraːja}}
| {{transl|acw|lamːa ruħt almaktaba}}
| {{transl|acw|ma liɡiːt haːda lkitaːb alɡadiːm}}
| {{transl|acw|kunt abɣa ʔaɡra kitaːb ʕan taːriːx alħariːm fi faransa}}
|-
! Western [[Syrian Arabic]] (Damascus)
| {{transl|apc|ana ktiːr bħəb ləʔraːje}}
| {{transl|apc|lamːa rəħt ʕalmaktabe}}
| {{transl|apc|ma laʔeːt haləktaːb əlʔadiːm }}
| {{transl|apc|kaːn badːi ʔra ktaːb ʕan taːriːx əlmara bfraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Lebanese Arabic]] (Beirut?)
| {{transl|apc|ana ktiːr bħib liʔreːji}}
| {{transl|apc|lamːa riħit ʕalmaktabi}}
| {{transl|apc|ma lʔeːt halikteːb liʔdiːm }}
| {{transl|apc|keːn badːi ʔra kteːb ʕan teːriːx ilmara bfraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Palestinian Arabic|Urban Palestinian]] (Jerusalem)
| {{transl|ajp|ana baħib liʔraːje ktiːr }}
| {{transl|ajp|lamːa ruħt ʕalmaktabe}}
| {{transl|ajp|ma laʔeːtʃ haliktaːb ilʔadiːm }}
| {{transl|ajp|kaːn bidːi ʔaʔra ktaːb ʕan taːriːx ilmara fi faransa}}
|-
! [[Palestinian Arabic|Rural Palestinian]] (West Bank)
| {{transl|ajp|ana baħib likraːje kθiːr }}
| {{transl|ajp|lamːa ruħt ʕalmatʃtabe}}
| {{transl|ajp|ma lakeːtʃ halitʃtaːb ilkadiːm }}
| {{transl|ajp|kaːn bidːi ʔakra tʃtaːb ʕan taːriːx ilmara fi faransa}}
|-
! [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]] (metropolitan)
| {{transl|arz|ana baħebː elʔeraːja ʔawi}}
| {{transl|arz|lamːa roħt elmakˈtaba}}
| {{transl|arz|malʔetʃ elketaːb elʔadim da}}
| {{transl|arz|ana kont(e)‿ʕawz‿aʔra ktab ʕan tariːx esːetˈtat fe faransa}}
|-
! [[Libyan Arabic]] (Tripoli?)

| {{transl|ayl|ana nħəb il-ɡraːja halba}}
| {{transl|ayl|lamma mʃeːt lil-maktba}}
| {{transl|ayl|malɡeːtiʃ ha-li-ktaːb lə-ɡdiːm}}
| {{transl|ayl|kunt nibi naɡra ktaːb ʔleː tariːx ə-nsawiːn fi fraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Tunisian Arabic|Tunisian]] (Tunis)
| {{transl|aeb|nħib liqraːja barʃa}}
| {{transl|aeb|waqtilli mʃiːt lilmaktba }}
| {{transl|aeb|mal-qiːtʃ ha-likteːb liqdiːm}}
| {{transl|aeb|kʊnt nħib naqra kteːb ʕla terix limra fi fraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Algerian Arabic|Algerian]] (Algiers?)
| {{transl|ab|eːna nħebb l-qraːja bezzef}}
| {{transl|ab|ki ruħt l il-maktaba}}
| {{transl|ab|ma-lqiːt-ʃ ha l-kteːb l-qdiːm}}
| {{transl|ab|kunt ħaːb naqra kteːb ʕala tariːx l-mra fi fraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan]] (Rabat?)
| {{transl|apy|ana ʕziz ʕlija bzzaf nqra}}
| {{transl|apy|melli mʃit l-lmaktaba}}
| {{transl|apy|ma-lqiːt-ʃ had l-ktab l-qdim}}
| {{transl|apy|kent baɣi nqra ktab ʕla tarix l-mra f-fransa}}
|-
! [[Maltese language|Maltese]] (Valletta) (in Maltese orthography)
| {{transl|mlt|Inħobb naqra ħafna.}}
| {{transl|mlt|Meta mort il-librerija}}
| {{transl|mlt|Ma sibtx dan il-ktieb qadim.}}
| {{transl|mlt|Ridt naqra ktieb dwar l-istorja tal-mara fi Franza.}}
|}

=== Koine ===
According to [[Charles A. Ferguson]],<ref>{{citation|first=Charles|last=Ferguson|title=The Arabic Koine|journal=Language|volume=35|year=1959|pages=616–630|issue=4|doi=10.2307/410601}}</ref> the following are some of the characteristic features of the [[Koiné language|koine]] that underlies all of the modern dialects outside the Arabian peninsula. Although many other features are common to most or all of these varieties, Ferguson believes that these features in particular are unlikely to have evolved independently more than once or twice and together suggest the existence of the koine:
* Loss of the [[dual (grammatical number)]] except on nouns, with consistent plural agreement (cf. feminine singular agreement in plural inanimates).
* Change of ''a'' to ''i'' in many affixes (e.g., non-past-tense prefixes ''ti- yi- ni-''; ''wi-'' 'and'; ''il-'' 'the'; feminine ''-it'' in the [[construct state]]).
* Loss of third-weak verbs ending in ''w'' (which merge with verbs ending in ''y'').
* Reformation of geminate verbs, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|ḥalaltu}}'' 'I untied' → ''{{transl|ar|ḥalēt(u)}}''.
* Conversion of separate words ''lī'' 'to me', ''laka'' 'to you', etc. into indirect-object [[clitic]] suffixes.
* Certain changes in the [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]] system, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|khamsat ayyām}}'' 'five days' → ''{{transl|ar|kham(a)s tiyyām}}'', where certain words have a special plural with prefixed ''t''.
* Loss of the feminine [[elative (gradation)|elative]] (comparative).
* Adjective plurals of the form ''{{transl|ar|kibār}}'' 'big' → ''{{transl|ar|kubār}}''.
* Change of [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisba]] suffix ''{{transl|ar|-iyy}}'' > ''{{transl|ar|i}}''.
* Certain lexical items, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|jāb}}'' 'bring' < ''{{transl|ar|jāʼa bi-}}'' 'come with'; ''{{transl|ar|shāf}}'' 'see'; ''{{transl|ar|ēsh}}'' 'what' (or similar) < ''{{transl|ar|ayyu shayʼ}}'' 'which thing'; ''{{transl|ar|illi}}'' (relative pronoun).
* Merger of {{IPA|/ɮˤ/}} and {{IPA|/ðˤ/}}.

=== Dialect groups ===
* [[Egyptian Arabic]] is spoken by around 53 million in [[Egypt]] (55 million worldwide).<ref name="EA">{{cite book | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arz | title=Arabic, Egyptian Spoken | publisher=[[Ethnologue]] | year=2006 | edition=18th}}</ref> It is one of the most understood varieties of Arabic, due in large part to the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows throughout the Arabic-speaking world
* [[Levantine Arabic]] includes [[North Levantine Arabic]], [[South Levantine Arabic]] and [[Cypriot Arabic]]. It is spoken by about 21 million people in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Israel]], [[Cyprus]] and [[Turkey]].
** [[Lebanese Arabic]] is a [[Varieties of Arabic|variety]] of [[Levantine Arabic]] spoken primarily in [[Lebanon]].
** [[Jordanian Arabic]] is a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of [[Levantine Arabic]] spoken by the population of the [[Jordan|Kingdom of Jordan]].
** [[Palestinian Arabic]] is a name of several dialects of the subgroup of [[Levantine Arabic]] spoken by the [[Palestinians]] in [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestine]], by [[Arab citizens of Israel]] and in most Palestinian populations around the world.
** [[Samaritan alphabet|Samaritan Arabic]], spoken by only several hundred in the [[Nablus]] region
** [[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]], spoken in [[Cyprus]]
* [[Maghrebi Arabic]], also called "Darija" spoken by about 70 million people in [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], Libya and Malta. It is very hard to understand for Arabic speakers from the Mashriq or Mesopotamia, the easiest being Libyan Arabic and the hardest Moroccan Arabic and Maltese language (which is close to Tunisian Arabic). The others such as Algerian Arabic can be considered "in between".
** [[Libyan Arabic]] spoken in [[Libya]] and neighboring countries.
** [[Tunisian Arabic]] spoken in [[Tunisia]] and North-eastern [[Algeria]]
** [[Algerian Arabic]] spoken in [[Algeria]]
** [[Judeo-Arabic|Judeo-Algerian Arabic]] was spoken by [[History of the Jews in Algeria|Jews]] in [[Algeria]] until 1962
** [[Moroccan Darija|Moroccan Arabic]] spoken in [[Morocco]]
** [[Maltese language|Maltese]], spoken on the island of Malta, is the only dialect to have established itself as a fully separate language,{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} with independent literary norms. [[Sicilian Arabic]], spoken on the island of [[Sicily]] until the 14th century, developed into Maltese in Malta. In the course of its history the language has adopted numerous loanwords, phonetic and phonological features, and even some grammatical patterns, from Italian, Sicilian and English. It is also the only Semitic language written in the [[Latin script]]. Furthermore, Maltese or Sicilian Arabic are closely related to Tunisian Arabic due to the cultural and historical ties between Tunisia and Malta,<ref>Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander ''Maltese'' (1997:xiii) "The immediate source for the Arabic vernacular spoken in Malta was Muslim Sicily, but its ultimate origin appears to have been Tunisia. In fact Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic, although during the past eight hundred years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian Arabic".</ref> and the languages are partially mutually intelligible.<ref>Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander ''Maltese'' (1997:xiii)</ref>
** [[Andalusian Arabic]], spoken in [[Spain]] until the 16th century.
** [[Siculo-Arabic]], was spoken in [[Sicily]] and [[Malta]] between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century.
* [[Mesopotamian Arabic]], spoken by about 32 million people in Iraq (where it is called "Aamiyah"), eastern Syria and southwestern [[Iran]] ([[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]]).
** [[Baghdad Arabic]] is the Arabic dialect spoken in [[Baghdad]], the capital of Iraq. It is a subvariety of [[Mesopotamian Arabic]].
* [[Kuwaiti Arabic]] is a [[Gulf Arabic]] [[dialect]] spoken in [[Kuwait]].
* [[Khuzestani Arabic]] spoken in the [[Iran]]ian province of [[Khuzestan]].
* [[Khorasani Arabic]] spoken in the [[Iran]]ian province of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]].
* [[Sudanese Arabic]] is spoken by 17 million people in [[Sudan]] and some parts of southern Egypt. Sudanese Arabic is quite distinct from the dialect of its neighbor to the north; rather, the Sudanese have a dialect similar to the Hijazi dialect.
* [[Juba Arabic]] spoken in [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]
* [[Gulf Arabic]], spoken by around four million people, predominantly in [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], some parts of [[Oman]], eastern Saudi Arabia coastal areas and some parts of [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and Qatar. Also spoken in Iran's [[Bushehr Province|Bushehr]] and [[Hormozgan Province|Hormozgan]] provinces. Although Gulf Arabic is spoken in Qatar, most Qatari citizens speak Najdi Arabic (Bedawi).
* [[Yemeni Arabic]] spoken in [[Yemen]], [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]] and southern Saudi Arabia by 15 million people. Similar to Gulf Arabic.
* [[Najdi Arabic]], spoken by around 10 million people, mainly spoken in Najd, central and northern Saudi Arabia. Most Qatari citizens speak Najdi Arabic (Bedawi).
* [[Hejazi Arabic]] (6 million speakers), spoken in Hijaz, western Saudi Arabia
* [[Hassaniya Arabic]] (3 million speakers), spoken in [[Mauritania]], [[Western Sahara]], some parts of northern [[Mali]], southern Morocco and south-western Algeria.
* [[Saharan Arabic]] spoken in some parts of [[Algeria]], [[Niger]] and [[Mali]]
* [[Bahrani Arabic]] (600,000 speakers), spoken by [[Bahrani people|Bahrani Shiʻah]] in Bahrain and [[Qatif]], the dialect exhibits many big differences from Gulf Arabic. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in Oman.
* [[Judeo-Arabic languages|Judeo-Arabic]] dialects - these are the dialects spoken by the Jews that had lived or continue to live in the Arab World. As Jewish migration to Israel took hold, the language did not thrive and is now considered endangered.
* [[Chadian Arabic]], spoken in [[Chad]], [[Sudan]], some parts of [[South Sudan]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], [[Cameroon]]
* [[Central Asian Arabic]], spoken in [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], is highly endangered
* [[Shirvani Arabic]], spoken in [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Dagestan]] until the 1930s, now extinct.

== Phonology ==
{{Main article|Arabic phonology}}

=== History ===
Of the 29 Proto-Semitic consonants, only one has been lost: {{IPA|*/ʒ/}},{{clarify|reason=This sound is not given in the article on Proto-Semitic. Is it from an alternative formulation of the PS phonological system?|date=April 2015}} which merged with {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lipinski|1997|p=124}}</ref> But the consonant {{IPA|*/ʒ/}} is still found in many colloquial Arabic dialects. Various other consonants have changed their sound too, but have remained distinct. An original {{IPA|*/p/}} lenited to {{IPA|/f/}}, and {{IPA|*/ɡ/}} - consistently attested in pre-Islamic Greek transcription of Arabic languages<ref>Al-Jallad, 42</ref> - became palatalized to {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}} or {{IPA|/ɟ/}} by the time of the Quran and {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}}, {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|ʒ}} or {{IPA|/ɟ/}} in MSA (see [[Arabic phonology#Local variations]] for more detail).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|pp=5, 15–16}}</ref> An original [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] {{IPA|*/ɬ/}} became {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2}}</ref> Its [[emphatic consonant|emphatic]] counterpart {{IPA|/ɬˠ~ɮˤ/}} was considered by Arabs to be the most unusual sound in Arabic (Hence the Classical Arabic's appellation {{lang|ar|لُغَةُ ٱلضَّادِ}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|lughat al-ḍād}}'' or "language of the ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ḍād}}''"); for most modern dialects, it has become an emphatic stop {{IPA|/dˤ/}} with loss of the laterality<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2" /> or with complete loss of any pharyngealization or velarization, {{IPA|/d/}}. (The classical ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ḍād}}'' pronunciation of [[pharyngealization]] {{IPA|/ɮˤ/}} still occurs in the [[Mehri language]] and the similar sound without velarization, {{IPAslink|ɮ}}, exists in other [[Modern South Arabian languages]].)

Other changes may also have happened. Classical Arabic pronunciation is not thoroughly recorded and different [[comparative method (linguistics)|reconstructions]] of the sound system of Proto-Semitic propose different phonetic values. One example is the emphatic consonants, which are pharyngealized in modern pronunciations but may have been velarized in the eighth century and glottalized in Proto-Semitic.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2" />

Reduction of {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} between vowels occurs in a number of circumstances and is responsible for much of the complexity of third-weak ("defective") verbs. Early Akkadian transcriptions of Arabic names shows that this reduction had not yet occurred as of the early part of the 1st millennium BC.

The Classical Arabic language as recorded was a poetic [[koine]] that reflected a consciously archaizing dialect, chosen based on the tribes of the western part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], who spoke the most conservative variants of Arabic. Even at the time of Muhammed and before, other dialects existed with many more changes, including the loss of most glottal stops, the loss of case endings, the reduction of the diphthongs {{IPA|/aj/}} and {{IPA|/aw/}} into monophthongs {{IPA|/eː, oː/}}, etc. Most of these changes are present in most or all modern varieties of Arabic.

An interesting feature of the writing system of the Quran (and hence of Classical Arabic) is that it contains certain features of Muhammad's native dialect of Mecca, corrected through diacritics into the forms of standard Classical Arabic. Among these features visible under the corrections are the loss of the glottal stop and a differing development of the reduction of certain final sequences containing {{IPA|/j/}}: Evidently, final {{IPA|/-awa/}} became {{IPA|/aː/}} as in the Classical language, but final {{IPA|/-aja/}} became a different sound, possibly {{IPA|/eː/}} (rather than again {{IPA|/aː/}} in the Classical language). This is the apparent source of the ''alif maqṣūrah'' 'restricted alif' where a final {{IPA|/-aja/}} is reconstructed: a letter that would normally indicate {{IPA|/j/}} or some similar high-vowel sound, but is taken in this context to be a logical variant of ''alif'' and represent the sound {{IPA|/aː/}}.

=== Literary Arabic ===
The "colloquial" spoken varieties of Arabic are learned at home and constitute the native languages of Arabic speakers. "Formal" [[Literary Arabic]] (usually specifically Modern Standard Arabic) is learned at school; although many speakers have a native-like command of the language, it is technically not the native language of any speakers. Both varieties can be both written and spoken, although the colloquial varieties are rarely written down and the formal variety is spoken mostly in formal circumstances, e.g., in radio broadcasts, formal lectures, parliamentary discussions and to some extent between speakers of different colloquial varieties. Even when the literary language is spoken, however, it is normally only spoken in its pure form when reading a prepared text out loud. When speaking [[extemporaneous]]ly (i.e. making up the language on the spot, as in a normal discussion among people), speakers tend to deviate somewhat from the strict literary language in the direction of the colloquial varieties. In fact, there is a continuous range of "in-between" spoken varieties: from nearly pure Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), to a form that still uses MSA grammar and vocabulary but with significant colloquial influence, to a form of the colloquial language that imports a number of words and grammatical constructions in MSA, to a form that is close to pure colloquial but with the "rough edges" (the most noticeably "vulgar" or non-Classical aspects) smoothed out, to pure colloquial. The particular variant (or ''[[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]'') used depends on the social class and education level of the speakers involved and the level of formality of the speech situation. Often it will vary within a single encounter, e.g., moving from nearly pure MSA to a more mixed language in the process of a radio interview, as the interviewee becomes more comfortable with the interviewer. This type of variation is characteristic of the [[diglossia]] that exists throughout the Arabic-speaking world.[[File:Poem by Abu 'ala al-Ma'arri ("I no longer steal from nature") read in Arabic.ogg|thumb|right|180x180px|Recording of a poem by [[Al-Maʿarri#Asceticism|Al-Ma'arri titled "I no longer steal from nature"]]]]
Although Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is a unitary language, its pronunciation varies somewhat from country to country and from region to region within a country. The variation in individual "accents" of MSA speakers tends to mirror corresponding variations in the colloquial speech of the speakers in question, but with the distinguishing characteristics moderated somewhat. Note that it is important in descriptions of "Arabic" phonology to distinguish between pronunciation of a given colloquial (spoken) dialect and the pronunciation of MSA by these same speakers. Although they are related, they are not the same. For example, the phoneme that derives from Proto-Semitic {{IPA|/g/}} has many different pronunciations in the modern spoken varieties, e.g., {{IPA|[d͡ʒ ~ ʒ ~ j ~ ɡʲ ~ ɡ]}}. Speakers whose native variety has either {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}} will use the same pronunciation when speaking MSA. Even speakers from [[Cairo]], whose native Egyptian Arabic has {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, normally use {{IPAblink|ɡ}} when speaking MSA. The {{IPAblink|j}} of Persian Gulf speakers is the only variant pronunciation which isn't found in MSA; {{IPA|[d͡ʒ~ʒ]}} is used instead.

Another example: Many colloquial varieties are known for a type of [[vowel harmony]] in which the presence of an "emphatic consonant" triggers backed [[allophone]]s of nearby vowels (especially of the low vowels {{IPA|/aː/}}, which are backed to {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ(ː)}} in these circumstances and very often fronted to {{IPAblink|æ|æ(ː)}} in all other circumstances). In many spoken varieties, the backed or "emphatic" vowel allophones spread a fair distance in both directions from the triggering consonant; in some varieties (most notably Egyptian Arabic), the "emphatic" allophones spread throughout the entire word, usually including prefixes and suffixes, even at a distance of several syllables from the triggering consonant. Speakers of colloquial varieties with this vowel harmony tend to introduce it into their MSA pronunciation as well, but usually with a lesser degree of spreading than in the colloquial varieties. (For example, speakers of colloquial varieties with extremely long-distance harmony may allow a moderate, but not extreme, amount of spreading of the harmonic allophones in their MSA speech, while speakers of colloquial varieties with moderate-distance harmony may only harmonize immediately adjacent vowels in MSA.)

==== Vowels ====
Modern Standard Arabic has six pure [[vowel]]s, with short {{IPA|/a i u/}} and corresponding long vowels {{IPA|/aː iː uː/}}. There are also two [[diphthongs]]: {{IPA|/aj/}} and {{IPA|/aw/}}.

The pronunciation of the vowels differs from speaker to speaker, in a way that tends to reflect the pronunciation of the corresponding colloquial variety. Nonetheless, there are some common trends. Most noticeable is the differing pronunciation of {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}}, which tend towards fronted {{IPAblink|æ|æ(ː)}}, {{IPAblink|a|a(ː)}} or {{IPAblink|ɛ|ɛ(ː)}} in most situations, but a back {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ(ː)}} in the neighborhood of [[emphatic consonant]]s. Some accents and dialects, such as those of the [[Hijaz]], have central {{IPAblink|ä|ä(ː)}} in all situations. The vowel {{IPA|/a/}} varies towards {{IPAblink|ə|ə(ː)}} too. Listen to the final vowel in the recording of ''{{transl|ar|al-ʻarabiyyah}}'' at the beginning of this article, for example. The point is, Arabic has only three short vowel phonemes, so those phonemes can have a very wide range of allophones. The vowels {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} are often affected somewhat in emphatic neighborhoods as well, with generally more back or centralized [[allophone]]s, but the differences are less great than for the low vowels. The pronunciation of short {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/i/}} tends towards {{IPA|[ʊ~o]}} and {{IPA|[i~e~ɨ]}} in many dialects.

The definition of both "emphatic" and "neighborhood" vary in ways that reflect (to some extent) corresponding variations in the spoken dialects. Generally, the consonants triggering "emphatic" allophones are the [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] consonants {{IPA|/tˤ dˤ sˤ ðˤ/}}; {{IPAslink|q}}; and {{IPAslink|r}}, if not followed immediately by {{IPA|/i(ː)/}}. Frequently, the {{lcons|uvular}} [[fricative]]s {{IPA|/x ɣ/}} also trigger emphatic allophones; occasionally also the [[pharyngeal consonant]]s {{IPA|/ʕ ħ/}} (the former more than the latter). Many dialects have multiple emphatic allophones of each vowel, depending on the particular nearby consonants. In most MSA accents, emphatic coloring of vowels is limited to vowels immediately adjacent to a triggering consonant, although in some it spreads a bit farther: e.g., {{lang|ar|وقت}} ''{{transl|ar|waqt}}'' {{IPA|[wɑqt]}} 'time'; {{lang|ar|وطن}} ''{{transl|ar|waṭan}}'' {{IPA|[wɑtˤɑn]}} 'homeland'; {{lang|ar|وسط المدينة}} ''{{transl|ar|wasṭ al-madīnah}}'' {{IPA|[wæstˤɑl-mædiːnɐ]}} 'downtown' (sometimes {{IPA|[wɑstˤɑl-mædiːnæ]}} or similar).

In a non-emphatic environment, the vowel {{IPA|/a/}} in the diphthong {{IPA|/aj/}} tends to be fronted even more than elsewhere, often pronounced {{IPA|[æj]}} or {{IPA|[ɛj]}}: hence {{lang|ar|سيف}} ''{{transl|ar|sayf}}'' {{IPA|[sajf ~ sæjf ~ sɛjf]}} 'sword' but {{lang|ar|صيف}} ''{{transl|ar|ṣayf}}'' {{IPA|[sˤɑjf]}} 'summer'. However, in accents with no emphatic allophones of {{IPA|/a/}} (e.g., in the [[Hijaz]]), the pronunciation {{IPA|[äj]}} occurs in all situations.

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Modern Standard Arabic
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="font-size: 80%;"
! plain
! [[Emphatic consonant|emphatic]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|tˤ}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|q}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
|
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|dˤ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Fricative]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|θ}}
| {{IPA link|s̪|s}}
| {{IPA link|sˤ}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|x}} ~ {{IPA link|χ}}
| {{IPA link|ħ}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
|
| {{IPA link|ð}}
| {{IPA link|z̪|z}}
| {{IPA link|ðˤ}}
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɣ}} ~ {{IPA link|ʁ}}
| {{IPA link|ʕ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Approximant]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| ({{IPA link|ɫ}})
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|
|}

The phoneme {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} is represented by the Arabic letter ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jīm}}'' ({{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}) and has many standard pronunciations. {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} is characteristic of north Algeria, Iraq, also in most of the Arabian peninsula but with an allophonic {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in some positions; {{IPAblink|ʒ}} occurs in most of the [[Levant]] and most North Africa; and {{IPAblink|ɡ}} is used in most of Egypt and some regions in Yemen and Oman. Generally this corresponds with the pronunciation in the colloquial dialects.<ref name="Watson 2002 16">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=16}}</ref> In some regions in Sudan and Yemen, as well as in some Sudanese and Yemeni dialects, it may be either {{IPA|[ɡʲ]}} or {{IPAblink|ɟ}}, representing the original pronunciation of Classical Arabic. Foreign words containing {{IPAslink|ɡ}} may be transcribed with {{rtl-lang|ar|[[ج]]}}, {{rtl-lang|ar|[[غ]]}}, {{rtl-lang|ar|[[ك]]}}, {{rtl-lang|ar|[[ق]]}}, {{rtl-lang|fa|[[گ]]}}, {{script/Arabic|[[ݣ]]}} or {{script/Arabic|ڨ}}, mainly depending on the regional spoken variety of Arabic or the commonly diacriticized Arabic letter. Note also that in northern Egypt, where the Arabic letter ''{{transl|ar|jīm}}'' ({{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}) is normally pronounced {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, a separate phoneme {{IPAslink|ʒ}}, which may be transcribed with {{lang|ar|چ}}, occurs in a small number of mostly non-Arabic loanwords, e.g., {{IPA|/ʒakitta/}} 'jacket'.

{{IPA|/θ/}} ({{lang|ar|ث}}) can be pronounced as {{IPAblink|t}} or even {{IPAblink|s}}. In some places of Maghreb it can be also pronounced as {{IPAblink|t͡s}}.

{{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} ({{lang|ar|خ,&lrm; غ}}) are velar, post-velar, or uvular.<ref name="Watson 2002 18">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=18}}</ref>

In many varieties, {{IPA|/ħ, ʕ/}} ({{lang|ar|ح,&lrm; ع}}) are actually [[epiglottal consonant|epiglottal]] {{IPA|[ʜ, ʢ]}} (despite what is reported in many earlier works).

{{IPA|/l/}} is pronounced as velarized {{IPAblink|ɫ}} in الله {{IPA|/ʔallaːh/}}, the name of God, q.e. [[Allah]], when the word follows ''a'', ''ā'', ''u'' or ''ū'' (after ''i'' or ''ī'' it is unvelarized: {{lang|ar|بسم الله}} ''bismi l–lāh'' {{IPA|/bismillaːh/}}). Some speakers velarize other occurrences of {{IPA|/l/}} in MSA, in imitation of their spoken dialects.

The emphatic consonant {{IPA|/dˤ/}} was actually pronounced {{IPA|[ɮˤ]}}, or possibly {{IPA|[d͡ɮˤ]}}<ref>{{citation|first=Charles|last=Ferguson|title=The Arabic Koine|journal=Language|volume=35|year=1959|page=630|issue=4|doi=10.2307/410601}}</ref>—either way, a highly unusual sound. The medieval Arabs actually termed their language ''{{transl|ar|ALA|lughat al-ḍād}}'' 'the language of the [[Ḍād]]' (the name of the letter used for this sound), since they thought the sound was unique to their language. (In fact, it also exists in a few other minority Semitic languages, e.g., Mehri.)

Arabic has consonants traditionally termed "emphatic" {{IPA|/tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, ðˤ/}} ({{lang|ar|ط,&lrm; ض,&lrm; ص,&lrm; ظ}}), which exhibit simultaneous [[pharyngealization]] {{IPA|[tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, ðˤ]}} as well as varying degrees of [[velarization]] {{IPA|[tˠ, dˠ, sˠ, ðˠ]}}, so they may be written with the "Velarized or pharyngealized" diacritic (<big>{{IPA| ̴ }}</big>) as: {{IPA|/t̴, d̴, s̴, ð̴/}}. This simultaneous articulation is described as "Retracted Tongue Root" by phonologists.<ref>e.g., {{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|2003|p=52}}</ref> In some transcription systems, emphasis is shown by capitalizing the letter, for example, {{IPA|/dˤ/}} is written {{angle bracket|D}}; in others the letter is underlined or has a dot below it, for example, {{angle bracket|{{transl|ar|ḍ}}}}.

Vowels and consonants can be phonologically short or long. Long ([[gemination|geminate]]) consonants are normally written doubled in Latin transcription (i.e. bb, dd, etc.), reflecting the presence of the [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic diacritic]] mark ''{{transl|ar|shaddah}}'', which indicates doubled consonants. In actual pronunciation, doubled consonants are held twice as long as short consonants. This consonant lengthening is phonemically contrastive: {{lang|ar|قبل}} ''{{transl|ar|qabila}}'' 'he accepted' vs. {{lang|ar|قبّل}} ''{{transl|ar|qabbala}}'' 'he kissed'.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" | Proto Semitic
! rowspan="2" | IPA
! colspan="5" | Arabic
|-
! style="font-size:85%" colspan="2" | written
! style="font-size:85%"| [[Modern Standard Arabic|standard]]
! style="font-size:85%"| [[Classical Arabic|Classical]] <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.kamal-osman.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Phonolgy-and-Morphology-of-Arabic-watson.pdf|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic|last=Watson|first=Janet|publisher=New York: Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=13|quote=}}</ref>
! style="font-size:85%"| [[Old Arabic|Old Arabic]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X29BwAAQBAJ|title=An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|publisher=BRILL|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=48|quote=|via=}}</ref>
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Bet (letter)|*b]]}}
! {{IPAblink|b}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ب</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|b}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/b/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Dalet|*d]]}}
! {{IPAblink|d}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>د</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|d}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/d/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Gimel|*g]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ج</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ǧ}}''
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}}
| {{IPA|/g/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Pe (letter)|*p]]}}
! {{IPAblink|p}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ف</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|f}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Taw|*t]]}}
! {{IPAblink|t}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ت</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|t}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Kaph|*k]]}}
! {{IPAblink|k}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ك</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|k}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Teth|*ṭ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|tʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ط</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ṭ}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṭ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Qoph|*q]]}}
! {{IPAblink|kʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ق</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|q}}''
| {{IPA|/q/}}
| {{IPA|/qˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ḳ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ḏāl|*ḏ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ð}} / {{IPAblink|d͡ð}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ذ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḏ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ð/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Zayin|*z]]}}
! {{IPAblink|z}} / {{IPAblink|d͡z}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ز</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|z}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Samekh|*s]]}}
! {{IPAblink|s}} / {{IPAblink|t͡s}}
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>س</big>
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: center;" | ''{{transl|sem|s}}''
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: center;" | {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Shin (letter)|*š]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ʃ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ṯāʾ|*ṯ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|θ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡θ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ث</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ṯ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/θ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Shin (letter)|*ś]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɬ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡ɬ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ش</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|š}}''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɕ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɬ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ẓāʾ|*ṱ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|θʼ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡θʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ظ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ẓ}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ðˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṱ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Tsade|*ṣ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|sʼ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ص</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ṣ}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/sˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṣ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ḍād|*ṣ́]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɬʼ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡ɬʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ض</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḍ}}''
| {{IPA|/dˤ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɮˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṣ́}}
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
| colspan="24" |
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ghayn|*ġ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɣ}}~{{IPAblink|ʁ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>غ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ġ}}''
| {{IPA|/ɣ~ʁ/}}
| {{IPA|/ʁˤ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ayin|*ʻ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ʕ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ع</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ʻ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ʕ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Aleph|*ʼ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ʔ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ء</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ʼ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ḫāʾ|*ḫ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|x}}~{{IPAblink|χ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>خ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḫ}}''
| {{IPA|/x~χ/}}
| {{IPA|/χˤ/}}
| {{IPA|/x/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Heth|*ḥ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ħ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ح</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḥ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ħ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[He (letter)|*h]]}}
! {{IPAblink|h}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ه</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|h}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/h/}}
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
| colspan="24" |
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Mem|*m]]}}
! {{IPAblink|m}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>م</big>
| ''m''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Nun (letter)|*n]]}}
! {{IPAblink|n}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ن</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|n}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/n/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Resh|*r]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɾ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ر</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|r}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/r/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Lamedh|*l]]}}
! {{IPAblink|l}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ل</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|l}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/l/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Yodh|*y]]}}
! {{IPAblink|j}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ي</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|y}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/j/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Waw (letter)|*w]]}}
! {{IPAblink|w}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>و</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|w}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/w/}}
|-
! | Proto Semitic
! | IPA
! colspan="2" | Arabic
! style="font-size:85%"| Standard
! style="font-size:85%"| Classical
! style="font-size:85%"| Old
|}

==== Syllable structure ====
Arabic has two kinds of syllables: open syllables (CV) and (CVV)—and closed syllables (CVC), (CVVC) and (CVCC). The syllable types with two [[morae]] (units of time), i.e. CVC and CVV, are termed ''[[heavy syllable]]s'', while those with three morae, i.e. CVVC and CVCC, are ''[[superheavy syllable]]s''. Superheavy syllables in Classical Arabic occur in only two places: at the end of the sentence (due to [[pausa]]l pronunciation) and in words such as {{lang|ar|حارّ}} ''{{transl|ar|ḥārr}}'' 'hot', {{lang|ar|مادّة}} ''{{transl|ar|māddah}}'' 'stuff, substance', {{lang|ar|تحاجوا}} ''{{transl|ar|taḥājjū}}'' 'they disputed with each other', where a long ''{{transl|ar|ā}}'' occurs before two identical consonants (a former short vowel between the consonants has been lost). (In less formal pronunciations of Modern Standard Arabic, superheavy syllables are common at the end of words or before [[clitic]] suffixes such as ''{{transl|ar|-nā}}'' 'us, our', due to the deletion of final short vowels.)

In surface pronunciation, every vowel must be preceded by a consonant (which may include the [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}}). There are no cases of [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] within a word (where two vowels occur next to each other, without an intervening consonant). Some words do have an underlying vowel at the beginning, such as the definite article ''al-'' or words such as {{lang|ar|اشترا}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ishtarā}}'' 'he bought', {{lang|ar|اجتماع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ijtimāʻ}}'' 'meeting'. When actually pronounced, one of three things happens:
* If the word occurs after another word ending in a consonant, there is a smooth transition from final consonant to initial vowel, e.g., {{lang|ar|اجتماع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|al-ijtimāʻ}}'' 'meeting' {{IPA|/alid͡ʒtimaːʕ/}}.
* If the word occurs after another word ending in a vowel, the initial vowel of the word is [[elision|elided]], e.g., {{lang|ar|بيت المدير}} ''{{transl|ar|baytu (a)l-mudīr}}'' 'house of the director' {{IPA|/bajtulmudiːr/}}.
* If the word occurs at the beginning of an utterance, a glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} is added onto the beginning, e.g., {{lang|ar|البيت هو}} ''{{transl|ar|al-baytu huwa ...}}'' 'The house is ...' {{IPA|/ʔalbajtuhuwa ... /}}.

==== Stress ====
Word stress is not phonemically contrastive in Standard Arabic. It bears a strong relationship to vowel length. The basic rules for Modern Standard Arabic are:
* A final vowel, long or short, may not be stressed.
* Only one of the last three syllables may be stressed.
* Given this restriction, the last [[heavy syllable]] (containing a long vowel or ending in a consonant) is stressed, if it is not the final syllable.
* If the final syllable is super heavy and closed (of the form CVVC or CVCC) it receives stress.
* If no syllable is heavy or super heavy, the first possible syllable (i.e. third from end) is stressed.
* As a special exception, in Form VII and VIII verb forms stress may not be on the first syllable, despite the above rules: Hence ''{{transl|ar|inkatab(a)}}'' 'he subscribed' (whether or not the final short vowel is pronounced), ''{{transl|ar|yankatib(u)}}'' 'he subscribes' (whether or not the final short vowel is pronounced), ''{{transl|ar|yankatib}}'' 'he should subscribe (juss.)'. Likewise Form VIII ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ishtarā}}'' 'he bought', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|yashtarī}}'' 'he buys'.

Examples:''{{transl|ar|kitāb(un)}}'' 'book', ''{{transl|ar|kā-ti-b(un)}}'' 'writer', ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-b(un)}}'' 'desk', ''{{transl|ar|ma-kā-ti-b(u)}}'' 'desks', ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba-tun}}'' 'library' (but ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba(-tun)}}'' 'library' in short pronunciation), ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bū}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they wrote' = ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bu}}'' (dialect), ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bū-h(u)}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they wrote it' = ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bū}}'' (dialect), ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-ba-tā}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they (dual, fem) wrote', ''{{transl|ar|ka-tab-tu}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'I wrote' = ''{{transl|ar|ka-tabt}}'' (short form or dialect). Doubled consonants count as two consonants: ''{{transl|ar|ma-jal-la-(tan)}}'' 'magazine', ''{{transl|ar|ma-ḥall(-un)}}'' "place".

These rules may result in differently stressed syllables when final case endings are pronounced, vs. the normal situation where they are not pronounced, as in the above example of ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba-tun}}'' 'library' in full pronunciation, but ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba(-tun)}}'' 'library' in short pronunciation.

The restriction on final long vowels does not apply to the spoken dialects, where original final long vowels have been shortened and secondary final long vowels have arisen from loss of original final ''-hu/hi''.

Some dialects have different stress rules. In the Cairo (Egyptian Arabic) dialect a heavy syllable may not carry stress more than two syllables from the end of a word, hence ''{{transl|ar|mad-ra-sah}}'' 'school', ''{{transl|ar|qā-hi-rah}}'' 'Cairo'. This also affects the way that Modern Standard Arabic is pronounced in Egypt. In the Arabic of [[Sana'a|Sanaa]], stress is often retracted: ''{{transl|ar|bay-tayn}}'' 'two houses', ''{{transl|ar|mā-sat-hum}}'' 'their table', ''{{transl|ar|ma-kā-tīb}}'' 'desks', ''{{transl|ar|zā-rat-ḥīn}}'' 'sometimes', ''{{transl|ar|mad-ra-sat-hum}}'' 'their school'. (In this dialect, only syllables with long vowels or diphthongs are considered heavy; in a two-syllable word, the final syllable can be stressed only if the preceding syllable is light; and in longer words, the final syllable cannot be stressed.)

==== Levels of pronunciation ====
The final short vowels (e.g., the case endings ''-a -i -u'' and mood endings ''-u -a'') are often not pronounced in this language, despite forming part of the formal paradigm of nouns and verbs. The following levels of pronunciation exist:

===== Full pronunciation with [[pausa]] =====
This is the most formal level actually used in speech. All endings are pronounced as written, except at the end of an utterance, where the following changes occur:
* Final short vowels are not pronounced. (But possibly an exception is made for feminine plural ''-na'' and shortened vowels in the jussive/imperative of defective verbs, e.g., ''irmi!'' 'throw!'".)
* The entire indefinite noun endings ''-in'' and ''-un'' (with [[nunation]]) are left off. The ending ''-an'' is left off of nouns preceded by a ''[[tāʾ marbūṭa]]h'' ة (i.e. the ''-t'' in the ending ''-at-'' that typically marks feminine nouns), but pronounced as ''-ā'' in other nouns (hence its writing in this fashion in the Arabic script).
* The ''tāʼ marbūṭah'' itself (typically of feminine nouns) is pronounced as ''h''. (At least, this is the case in extremely formal pronunciation, e.g., some Quranic recitations. In practice, this ''h'' is usually omitted.)

===== Formal short pronunciation =====
This is a formal level of pronunciation sometimes seen. It is somewhat like pronouncing all words as if they were in pausal position (with influence from the [[varieties of Arabic|colloquial varieties]]). The following changes occur:
* Most final short vowels are not pronounced. However, the following short vowels ''are'' pronounced:
** feminine plural ''-na''
** shortened vowels in the jussive/imperative of defective verbs, e.g., ''irmi!'' 'throw!'
** second-person singular feminine past-tense ''-ti'' and likewise ''anti'' 'you (fem. sg.)'
** sometimes, first-person singular past-tense ''-tu''
** sometimes, second-person masculine past-tense ''-ta'' and likewise ''anta'' 'you (masc. sg.)'
** final ''-a'' in certain short words, e.g., ''laysa'' 'is not', ''sawfa'' (future-tense marker)
* The [[nunation]] endings ''-an -in -un'' are not pronounced. However, they ''are'' pronounced in adverbial accusative formations, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|taqrīban}}'' تَقْرِيبًا 'almost, approximately', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻādatan}}'' عَادَةً 'usually'.
* The ''[[tāʾ marbūṭa]]h'' ending ة is unpronounced, ''except'' in [[construct state]] nouns, where it sounds as ''t'' (and in adverbial accusative constructions, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻādatan}}'' عَادَةً 'usually', where the entire ''-tan'' is pronounced).
* The masculine singular [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisbah]] ending ''{{transl|ar|ALA|-iyy}}'' is actually pronounced ''{{transl|ar|-ī}}'' and is unstressed (but plural and feminine singular forms, i.e. when followed by a suffix, still sound as ''{{transl|ar|ALA|-iyy-}}'').
* ''Full endings'' (including case endings) occur when a [[clitic]] object or [[possessive suffix]] is added (e.g., ''{{transl|ar|-nā}}'' 'us/our').

===== Informal short pronunciation =====
This is the pronunciation used by speakers of Modern Standard Arabic in [[extemporaneous]] speech, i.e. when producing new sentences rather than simply reading a prepared text. It is similar to formal short pronunciation except that the rules for dropping final vowels apply ''even'' when a [[clitic]] suffix is added. Basically, short-vowel case and mood endings are never pronounced and certain other changes occur that echo the corresponding colloquial pronunciations. Specifically:
* All the rules for formal short pronunciation apply, except as follows.
* The past tense singular endings written formally as ''-tu -ta -ti'' are pronounced ''-t -t -ti''. But masculine ''{{transl|ar|ʾanta}}'' is pronounced in full.
* Unlike in formal short pronunciation, the rules for dropping or modifying final endings are also applied when a [[clitic]] object or possessive suffix is added (e.g., ''{{transl|ar|-nā}}'' 'us/our'). If this produces a sequence of three consonants, then one of the following happens, depending on the speaker's native colloquial variety:
** A short vowel (e.g., ''-i-'' or ''-ǝ-'') is consistently added, either between the second and third or the first and second consonants.
** Or, a short vowel is added only if an otherwise unpronounceable sequence occurs, typically due to a violation of the [[sonority hierarchy]] (e.g., ''-rtn-'' is pronounced as a three-consonant cluster, but ''-trn-'' needs to be broken up).
** Or, a short vowel is never added, but consonants like ''r l m n'' occurring between two other consonants will be pronounced as a [[syllabic consonant]] (as in the English words "butter bottle bottom button").
** When a doubled consonant occurs before another consonant (or finally), it is often shortened to a single consonant rather than a vowel added. (But note that Moroccan Arabic never shortens doubled consonants or inserts short vowels to break up clusters, instead tolerating arbitrary-length series of arbitrary consonants and hence Moroccan Arabic speakers are likely to follow the same rules in their pronunciation of Modern Standard Arabic.)
* The clitic suffixes themselves tend also to be changed, in a way that avoids many possible occurrences of three-consonant clusters. In particular, ''-ka -ki -hu'' generally sound as ''-ak -ik -uh''.
* Final long vowels are often shortened, merging with any short vowels that remain.
* Depending on the level of formality, the speaker's education level, etc., various grammatical changes may occur in ways that echo the colloquial variants:
** Any remaining case endings (e.g. masculine plural nominative ''-ūn'' vs. oblique ''-īn'') will be leveled, with the oblique form used everywhere. (However, in words like ''{{transl|ar|ab}}'' 'father' and ''{{transl|ar|ALA|akh}}'' 'brother' with special long-vowel case endings in the [[construct state]], the nominative is used everywhere, hence ''{{transl|ar|ALA|abū}}'' 'father of', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|akhū}}'' 'brother of'.)
** Feminine plural endings in verbs and clitic suffixes will often drop out, with the masculine plural endings used instead. If the speaker's native variety has feminine plural endings, they may be preserved, but will often be modified in the direction of the forms used in the speaker's native variety, e.g. ''-an'' instead of ''-na''.
** Dual endings will often drop out except on nouns and then used only for emphasis (similar to their use in the colloquial varieties); elsewhere, the plural endings are used (or feminine singular, if appropriate).

=== Colloquial varieties ===
{{Further information|Varieties of Arabic}}

====Vowels====
As mentioned above, many spoken dialects have a process of ''emphasis spreading'', where the "emphasis" ([[pharyngealization]]) of [[emphatic consonant]]s spreads forward and back through adjacent syllables, pharyngealizing all nearby consonants and triggering the back allophone {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ(ː)}} in all nearby [[low vowel]]s. The extent of emphasis spreading varies. For example, in Moroccan Arabic, it spreads as far as the first full vowel (i.e. sound derived from a long vowel or diphthong) on either side; in many Levantine dialects, it spreads indefinitely, but is blocked by any {{IPAslink|j}} or {{IPAslink|ʃ}}; while in Egyptian Arabic, it usually spreads throughout the entire word, including prefixes and suffixes. In Moroccan Arabic, {{IPA|/i u/}} also have emphatic allophones {{IPA|[e~ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[o~ɔ]}}, respectively.

Unstressed short vowels, especially {{IPA|/i u/}}, are deleted in many contexts. Many sporadic examples of short vowel change have occurred (especially {{IPA|/a/}}→{{IPA|/i/}} and interchange {{IPA|/i/}}↔{{IPA|/u/}}). Most Levantine dialects merge short /i u/ into {{IPA|/ǝ/}} in most contexts (all except directly before a single final consonant). In Moroccan Arabic, on the other hand, short {{IPA|/u/}} triggers [[labialization]] of nearby consonants (especially [[velar consonant]]s and [[uvular consonant]]s), and then short /a i u/ all merge into {{IPA|/ǝ/}}, which is deleted in many contexts. (The labialization plus {{IPA|/ǝ/}} is sometimes interpreted as an underlying phoneme {{IPA|/ŭ/}}.) This essentially causes the wholesale loss of the short-long vowel distinction, with the original long vowels {{IPA|/aː iː uː/}} remaining as half-long {{IPA|[aˑ iˑ uˑ]}}, phonemically {{IPA|/a i u/}}, which are used to represent ''both'' short and long vowels in borrowings from Literary Arabic.

Most spoken dialects have [[monophthongization|monophthongized]] original {{IPA|/aj aw/}} to {{IPA|/eː oː/}} (in all circumstances, including adjacent to emphatic consonants). In Moroccan Arabic, these have subsequently merged into original {{IPA|/iː uː/}}.

====Consonants====
In some dialects, there may be more or fewer phonemes than those listed in the chart above. For example, non-Arabic {{IPAblink|v}} is used in the Maghrebi dialects as well in the written language mostly for foreign names. Semitic {{IPAblink|p}} became {{IPA|[f]}} extremely early on in Arabic before it was written down; a few modern Arabic dialects, such as Iraqi (influenced by Persian and [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]]) distinguish between {{IPAblink|p}} and {{IPAblink|b}}. The Iraqi Arabic also uses sounds {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} and uses Persian adding letters, e.g.: {{lang|fa|گوجة}} ''{{transl|ar|gawjah}}'' – ''a plum''; {{lang|fa|چمة}} ''{{transl|ar|chimah}} – ''a truffle'' and so on.

Early in the expansion of Arabic, the separate emphatic phonemes {{IPA|[ɮˤ]}} and {{IPA|[ðˤ]}} coalesced into a single phoneme {{IPA|[ðˤ]}}. Many dialects (such as Egyptian, Levantine, and much of the Maghreb) subsequently lost {{lcons|interdental}} [[fricative]]s, converting {{IPA|[θ ð ðˤ]}} into {{IPA|[t d dˤ]}}. Most dialects borrow "learned" words from the Standard language using the same pronunciation as for inherited words, but some dialects without interdental fricatives (particularly in Egypt and the Levant) render original {{IPA|[θ ð ðˤ dˤ]}} in borrowed words as {{IPA|[s z zˤ dˤ]}}.

Another key distinguishing mark of Arabic dialects is how they render the original velar and uvular plosives {{IPAslink|q}}, {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} (Proto-Semitic {{IPAslink|ɡ}}), and {{IPAslink|k}}:
* {{lang|ar|ق}} {{IPAslink|q}} retains its original pronunciation in widely scattered regions such as Yemen, Morocco, and urban areas of the Maghreb. It is pronounced as a [[glottal stop]] {{IPAblink|ʔ}} in several [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige dialects]], such as those spoken in Cairo, Beirut and Damascus. But it is rendered as a voiced velar plosive {{IPAblink|ɡ}} in Persian Gulf, Upper Egypt, parts of the Maghreb, and less urban parts of the Levant (e.g. Jordan). In Iraqi Arabic it sometimes retains its original pronunciation and is sometimes rendered as a voiced velar plosive, depending on the word. Some traditionally Christian villages in rural areas of the Levant render the sound as {{IPAblink|k}}, as do Shiʻi Bahrainis. In some Gulf dialects, it is palatalized to {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}}. It is pronounced as a voiced uvular constrictive {{IPAblink|ʁ}} in Sudanese Arabic. Many dialects with a modified pronunciation for {{IPAslink|q}} maintain the {{IPAblink|q}} pronunciation in certain words (often with religious or educational overtones) borrowed from the Classical language.
* {{lang|ar|ج}} {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} is pronounced as an affricate in Iraq and much of the Arabian Peninsula, but is pronounced {{IPAblink|ɡ}} in most of North Egypt and parts of Yemen and Oman, {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in Morocco, Tunisia and the Levant, and {{IPAblink|j}}, {{IPA|[i̠]}} in most words in much of the Persian Gulf.
* {{lang|ar|ك}} {{IPAslink|k}} usually retains its original pronunciation, but is palatalized to {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} in many words in Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Iraq, and much of the Arabian Peninsula. Often a distinction is made between the suffixes {{IPA|/-ak/}} ('you', masc.) and {{IPA|/-ik/}} ('you', fem.), which become {{IPA|/-ak/}} and {{IPA|/-it͡ʃ/}}, respectively. In Sana'a, Omani, and Bahrani {{IPA|/-ik/}} is pronounced {{IPA|/-iʃ/}}.

Pharyngealization of the emphatic consonants tends to weaken in many of the spoken varieties, and to spread from emphatic consonants to nearby sounds. In addition, the "emphatic" allophone {{IPAblink|ɑ}} automatically triggers pharyngealization of adjacent sounds in many dialects. As a result, it may difficult or impossible to determine whether a given [[coronal consonant]] is phonemically emphatic or not, especially in dialects with long-distance emphasis spreading. (A notable exception is the sounds {{IPAslink|t}} vs. {{IPAslink|tˤ}} in Moroccan Arabic, because the former is pronounced as an [[affricate]] {{IPAblink|t͡s}} but the latter is not.)

== Grammar ==
[[File:Fa33aalah EN.pdf|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Examples of how the Arabic root and form system works.]]
{{Main article|Arabic grammar}}

=== Literary Arabic ===
{{main article|Modern Standard Arabic}}

As in other Semitic languages, Arabic has a complex and unusual [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (i.e. method of constructing words from a basic [[root (linguistics)|root]]). Arabic has a [[nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative]] "root-and-pattern" morphology: A root consists of a set of bare consonants (usually [[triliteral|three]]), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to form words. For example, the word for 'I wrote' is constructed by combining the root '''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}''' 'write' with the pattern '''{{transl|ar|-a-a-tu}}''' 'I Xed' to form ''{{transl|ar|katabtu}}'' 'I wrote'. Other verbs meaning 'I Xed' will typically have the same pattern but with different consonants, e.g. ''{{transl|ar|ALA|qaraʼtu}}'' 'I read', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|akaltu}}'' 'I ate', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|dhahabtu}}'' 'I went', although other patterns are possible (e.g. ''{{transl|ar|ALA|sharibtu}}'' 'I drank', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|qultu}}'' 'I said', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|takallamtu}}'' 'I spoke', where the subpattern used to signal the past tense may change but the suffix ''{{transl|ar|-tu}}'' is always used).

From a single root '''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}''', numerous words can be formed by applying different patterns:
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|katabtu}}'' 'I wrote'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kattabtu}}'' 'I had (something) written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kātabtu}}'' 'I corresponded (with someone)'"
* ''{{transl|ar|AKA|aktabtu}}'' 'I dictated'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|iktatabtu}}'' 'I subscribed'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|takātabnā}}'' 'we corresponded with each other'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|aktubu}}'' 'I write'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ukattibu}}'' 'I have (something) written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ukātibu}}'' 'I correspond (with someone)'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|uktibu}}'' 'I dictate'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|aktatibu}}'' 'I subscribe'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|natakātabu}}'' 'we correspond each other'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kotiba}}'' 'it was written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|uktiba}}'' 'it was dictated'"
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|maktoub}}'' 'written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|muktab}}'' 'dictated'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kitāb}}'' 'book'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kotub}}'' 'books'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kātib}}'' 'writer'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kuttāb}}'' 'writers'
* ''{{transl|ar|maktab}}'' 'desk, office'
* ''{{transl|ar|maktabah}}'' 'library, bookshop'
* etc.

====Nouns and adjectives====
Nouns in Literary Arabic have three grammatical [[noun case|cases]] ([[nominative case|nominative]], [[accusative case|accusative]], and [[genitive case|genitive]] [also used when the noun is governed by a preposition]); three [[grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, dual and plural); two [[gender (grammar)|genders]] (masculine and feminine); and three "states" (indefinite, definite, and [[Status constructus|construct]]). The cases of singular nouns (other than those that end in long ā) are indicated by [[suffix]]ed short vowels (/-u/ for nominative, /-a/ for accusative, /-i/ for genitive).

The feminine singular is often marked by /-at/, which is reduced to /-ah/ or /-a/ before a pause. Plural is indicated either through endings (the [[sound plural]]) or internal modification (the [[broken plural]]). Definite nouns include all proper nouns, all nouns in "construct state" and all nouns which are [[prefix]]ed by the definite article /al-/. Indefinite singular nouns (other than those that end in long ā) add a final /-n/ to the case-marking vowels, giving /-un/, /-an/ or /-in/ (which is also referred to as [[nunation]] or [[tanwīn]]).

[[Adjective]]s in Literary Arabic are marked for case, number, gender and state, as for nouns. However, the plural of all non-human nouns is always combined with a singular feminine adjective, which takes the /-ah/ or /-at/ suffix.

[[Pronoun]]s in Literary Arabic are marked for person, number and gender. There are two varieties, independent pronouns and [[Enclitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. Enclitic pronouns are attached to the end of a verb, noun or preposition and indicate verbal and prepositional objects or possession of nouns. The first-person singular pronoun has a different enclitic form used for verbs (/-ni/) and for nouns or prepositions (/-ī/ after consonants, /-ya/ after vowels).

Nouns, verbs, pronouns and adjectives agree with each other in all respects. However, non-human plural nouns are grammatically considered to be feminine singular. Furthermore, a verb in a verb-initial sentence is marked as singular regardless of its semantic number when the subject of the verb is explicitly mentioned as a noun. Numerals between three and ten show "chiasmic" agreement, in that grammatically masculine numerals have feminine marking and vice versa.

====Verbs====
Verbs in Literary Arabic are marked for person (first, second, or third), gender, and number. They are [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] in two major paradigms ([[past]] and [[non-past]]); two [[grammatical voice|voices]] (active and passive); and six [[grammatical mood|moods]] ([[indicative]], [[imperative mood|imperative]], [[subjunctive]], [[Irrealis mood#Jussive|jussive]], shorter [[energetic mood|energetic]] and longer energetic), the fifth and sixth moods, the energetics, exist only in Classical Arabic but not in MSA.<ref>Rydin, Karin C. (2005). A reference grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> There are also two [[participle]]s (active and passive) and a [[verbal noun]], but no [[infinitive]].

The past and non-past paradigms are sometimes also termed [[perfective]] and [[imperfective]], indicating the fact that they actually represent a combination of [[Grammatical tense|tense]] and [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]]. The moods other than the [[indicative]] occur only in the non-past, and the [[future tense]] is signaled by prefixing ''{{transl|ar|sa-}}'' or ''{{transl|ar|sawfa}}'' onto the non-past. The past and non-past differ in the form of the stem (e.g., past ''{{transl|ar|katab-}}'' vs. non-past ''{{transl|ar|-ktub-}}''), and also use completely different sets of affixes for indicating person, number and gender: In the past, the person, number and gender are fused into a single [[suffix]]al morpheme, while in the non-past, a combination of [[prefix]]es (primarily encoding person) and suffixes (primarily encoding gender and number) are used. The passive voice uses the same person/number/gender affixes but changes the vowels of the stem.

The following shows a paradigm of a regular Arabic verb, ''{{transl|ar|kataba}}'' 'to write'. Note that in Modern Standard, the energetic mood (in either long or short form, which have the same meaning) is almost never used.

====Derivation====
Like other [[Semitic languages]], and unlike most other languages, Arabic makes much more use of [[nonconcatenative morphology]] (applying a large number of templates applied roots) to [[Morphological derivation|derive]] words than adding prefixes or suffixes to words.

For verbs, a given root can occur in many different [[Derived stem|derived verb stems]] (of which there are about fifteen), each with one or more characteristic meanings and each with its own templates for the past and non-past stems, active and passive participles, and verbal noun. These are referred to by Western scholars as "Form I", "Form II", and so on through "Form XV" (although Forms XI to XV are rare). These stems encode grammatical functions such as the [[causative]], [[intensive]] and [[reflexive verb|reflexive]]. Stems sharing the same root consonants represent separate verbs, albeit often semantically related, and each is the basis for its own [[Verb conjugation|conjugational]] paradigm. As a result, these derived stems are part of the system of [[derivational morphology]], not part of the [[Inflection|inflectional]] system.

Examples of the different verbs formed from the root ''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}'' 'write' (using ''{{transl|ar|ḥ-m-r}}'' 'red' for Form IX, which is limited to colors and physical defects):
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most of these forms are exclusively [[Classical Arabic]]
! Form !! Past !! Meaning !! Non-past !! Meaning
|-
| I || ''{{transl|ar|'''k'''a'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he wrote' || ''{{transl|ar|ya'''kt'''u'''b'''u}}'' || 'he writes'
|-
| II || ''{{transl|ar|'''k'''a'''tt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he made (someone) write' || ''{{transl|ar|yu'''k'''a'''tt'''i'''b'''u}}'' || "he makes (someone) write"
|-
| III || ''{{transl|ar|'''k'''ā'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he corresponded with, wrote to (someone)' || ''{{transl|ar|yu'''k'''ā'''t'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he corresponds with, writes to (someone)'
|-
| IV || ''{{transl|ar|ʾa'''kt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he dictated' || ''{{transl|ar|yu'''kt'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he dictates'
|-
| V || ''{{transl|ar|ta'''k'''a'''tt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'nonexistent' || ''{{transl|ar|yata'''k'''a'''tt'''a'''b'''u}}'' || 'nonexistent'
|-
| VI || ''{{transl|ar|ta'''k'''ā'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he corresponded (with someone, esp. mutually)' || ''{{transl|ar|yata'''k'''ā'''t'''a'''b'''u}}'' || 'he corresponds (with someone, esp. mutually)'
|-
| VII || ''{{transl|ar|in'''k'''a'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he subscribed' || ''{{transl|ar|yan'''k'''a'''t'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he subscribes'
|-
| VIII || ''{{transl|ar|i'''k'''ta'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he copied' || ''{{transl|ar|ya'''k'''ta'''t'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he copies'
|-
| IX || ''{{transl|ar|i'''ḥm'''a'''rr'''a}}'' || 'he turned red' || ''{{transl|ar|ya'''ḥm'''a'''rr'''u}}'' || 'he turns red'
|-
| X || ''{{transl|ar|ista'''kt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he asked (someone) to write' || ''{{transl|ar|yasta'''kt'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he asks (someone) to write'
|}

Form II is sometimes used to create transitive [[denominative verb]]s (verbs built from nouns); Form V is the equivalent used for intransitive denominatives.

The associated participles and verbal nouns of a verb are the primary means of forming new lexical nouns in Arabic. This is similar to the process by which, for example, the English [[gerund]] "meeting" (similar to a verbal noun) has turned into a noun referring to a particular type of social, often work-related event where people gather together to have a "discussion" (another lexicalized verbal noun). Another fairly common means of forming nouns is through one of a limited number of patterns that can be applied directly to roots, such as the "nouns of location" in ''ma-'' (e.g. ''{{transl|ar|maktab}}'' 'desk, office' < ''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}'' 'write', ''{{transl|ar|maṭbakh}}'' 'kitchen' < ''{{transl|ar|ṭ-b-kh}}'' 'cook').

The only three genuine suffixes are as follows:
* The feminine suffix ''-ah''; variously derives terms for women from related terms for men, or more generally terms along the same lines as the corresponding masculine, e.g. ''{{transl|ar|maktabah}}'' 'library' (also a writing-related place, but different from ''{{transl|ar|maktab}}'', as above).
* The [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisbah]] suffix ''-iyy-''. This suffix is extremely productive, and forms adjectives meaning "related to X". It corresponds to English adjectives in ''-ic, -al, -an, -y, -ist'', etc.
* The feminine [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisbah]] suffix ''-iyyah''. This is formed by adding the feminine suffix ''-ah'' onto nisba adjectives to form abstract nouns. For example, from the basic root ''{{transl|ar|sh-r-k}}'' 'share' can be derived the Form VIII verb ''{{transl|ar|ishtaraka}}'' 'to cooperate, participate', and in turn its verbal noun ''{{transl|ar|ishtirāk}}'' 'cooperation, participation' can be formed. This in turn can be made into a nisbah adjective ''{{transl|ar|ishtirākī}}'' 'socialist', from which an abstract noun ''{{transl|ar|ishtirākiyyah}}'' 'socialism' can be derived. Other recent formations are ''{{transl|ar|jumhūriyyah}}'' 'republic' (lit. "public-ness", < ''{{transl|ar|jumhūr}}'' 'multitude, general public'), and the [[Gaddafi]]-specific variation ''{{transl|ar|jamāhīriyyah}}'' 'people's republic' (lit. "masses-ness", < ''{{transl|ar|jamāhīr}}'' 'the masses', pl. of ''{{transl|ar|jumhūr}}'', as above).

=== Colloquial varieties ===
{{main article|Varieties of Arabic}}

The spoken dialects have lost the case distinctions and make only limited use of the dual (it occurs only on nouns and its use is no longer required in all circumstances). They have lost the mood distinctions other than imperative, but many have since gained new moods through the use of prefixes (most often /bi-/ for indicative vs. unmarked subjunctive). They have also mostly lost the indefinite "nunation" and the internal passive.

The following is an example of a regular verb paradigm in Egyptian Arabic.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example of a regular Form I verb in [[Egyptian Arabic]], ''kátab/yíktib'' "write"
! colspan="2" | Tense/Mood
! Past
! Present Subjunctive
! Present Indicative
! Future
! Imperative
|-
! style="width:100%;" colspan="7" | Singular
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ''katáb-t''
| ''á-ktib''
| ''bá-ktib''
| ''ḥá-ktib''
| style="background: silver;" |"
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! masculine
| ''katáb-t''
| ''tí-ktib''
| ''bi-tí-ktib''
| ''ḥa-tí-ktib''
| ''í-ktib''
|-
! feminine
| ''katáb-ti''
| ''ti-ktíb-i''
| ''bi-ti-ktíb-i''
| ''ḥa-ti-ktíb-i''
| ''i-ktíb-i''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd
! masculine
| ''kátab''
| ''yí-ktib''
| ''bi-yí-ktib''
| ''ḥa-yí-ktib''
| rowspan="2" style="background: silver;" |"
|-
! feminine
| ''kátab-it''
| ''tí-ktib''
| ''bi-tí-ktib''
| ''ḥa-tí-ktib''
|-
! style="width:100%;" colspan="7" | Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ''katáb-na''
| ''ní-ktib''
| ''bi-ní-ktib''
| ''ḥá-ní-ktib''
| style="background: silver;" |"
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ''katáb-tu''
| ''ti-ktíb-u''
| ''bi-ti-ktíb-u''
| ''ḥa-ti-ktíb-u''
| ''i-ktíb-u''
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd
| ''kátab-u''
| ''yi-ktíb-u''
| ''bi-yi-ktíb-u''
| ''ḥa-yi-ktíb-u''
| style="background: silver;" |"
|}

== Writing system {{anchor|writing system}} ==
{{Main article|Arabic alphabet|Arabic Braille}}
[[File:Menulis khat.jpg|thumb|[[Islamic calligraphy]] written by a Malay Muslim in Malaysia. The calligrapher is making a rough draft.]]
The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic through [[Nabatean alphabet|Nabatean]], to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] or [[Cyrillic script]]s to [[Greek alphabet|Greek script]]. Traditionally, there were several differences between the Western (North African) and Middle Eastern versions of the alphabet—in particular, the ''faʼ'' had a dot underneath and ''qaf'' a single dot above in the Maghreb, and the order of the letters was slightly different (at least when they were used as numerals).

However, the old Maghrebi variant has been abandoned except for calligraphic purposes in the Maghreb itself, and remains in use mainly in the Quranic schools ([[zaouia]]s) of West Africa. Arabic, like all other Semitic languages (except for the Latin-written Maltese, and the languages with the [[Ge'ez script]]), is written from right to left. There are several styles of script, notably [[Naskh (script)|naskh]], which is used in print and by computers, and [[Ruq'ah|ruqʻah]], which is commonly used in [[handwriting]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hanna|Greis|1972|p=2}}</ref>

=== Calligraphy ===
{{Main article|Islamic calligraphy}}

After [[Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi]] finally fixed the Arabic script around 786, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Quran and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.

Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as calligraphy has in the Western world, and is still considered by [[Arabs]] as a major art form; calligraphers are held in great esteem. Being cursive by nature, unlike the Latin script, Arabic script is used to write down a [[ayah|verse]] of the Quran, a [[hadith]], or simply a [[proverb]]. The composition is often abstract, but sometimes the writing is shaped into an actual form such as that of an animal. One of the current masters of the genre is [[Hassan Massoudy]].

In modern times the intrinsically calligraphic nature of the written Arabic form is haunted by the thought that a typographic approach to the language, necessary for digitized unification, will not always accurately maintain meanings conveyed through calligraphy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osborn|first=J.R.|year=2009|title=Narratives of Arabic Script: Calligraphic Design and Modern Spaces|journal=Design and Culture|volume=1|issue=3}}</ref>

=== Romanization ===
{{Main article|Romanization of Arabic}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 1em;"
|+ Examples of different transliteration/transcription schemes
! Letter
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! [[United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names|UNGEGN]]
! [[ALA-LC]]
! [[Hans Wehr transliteration|Wehr]]
! [[DIN 31635|DIN]] !! [[ISO 233|ISO]]
! [[Spanish Arabists School|SAS]]
! [[ISO 233-2|- 2]]
! [[Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules|BATR]]
! [[ArabTeX]]
! [[Arabic chat alphabet|chat]]
! [[Malay alphabet|Malay]]
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|[[ء]]}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
| colspan="3" | ʼ
| ʾ || ˈ, ˌ
| ʾ
| '
| e
| '
| 2
| '
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ا}}</big>
| {{IPA|aː}}
| colspan="4" | ā
| ʾ
| ā
| aa
| aa / A
| a
| a/e/é
| a/o
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|[[ي]]}}</big>
| {{IPA link|j}}, {{IPA|iː}}
| y
| colspan="5" | y; ī
| y; e
| y; ii
| y
| y; i/ee; ei/ai
| y; i
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ث}}</big>
| {{IPA link|θ}}
| colspan="2" | th
| colspan="3" | ṯ
| ç
| ṯ
| c
| _t
| s/th
| ts
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ج}}</big>
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}~{{IPA link|ɡ}}~{{IPA link|ʒ}}
| colspan="3" | j
| colspan="2" | ǧ
| ŷ
| j
| j
| ^g
| j/g/dj
| j
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ح}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ħ}}
| ḩ
| colspan="6" | ḥ
| H
| .h
| 7
| h
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|خ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|x}}
| colspan="2" | kh
| ḵ
| ḫ || ẖ
| j
| x
| K
| _h
| kh/7'/5
| kh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ذ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ð}}
| colspan="2" | dh
| colspan="4" | ḏ
| đ
| z<big>'</big>
| _d
| z/dh/th
| dz
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ش}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| colspan="2" | sh
| colspan="5" | š
| x
| ^s
| sh/ch
| sy
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ص}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ˤ|sˤ}}
| ş
| colspan="6" | ṣ
| S
| .s
| s/9
| sh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ض}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ˤ|dˤ}}
| ḑ
| colspan="6" | ḍ
| D
| .d
| d/9'
| dh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ط}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ˤ|tˤ}}
| ţ
| colspan="6" | ṭ
| T
| .tu
| t/6
| th
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ظ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ðˤ}}~{{IPA link|zˤ}}
| z̧
| colspan="5" | ẓ
| đ̣
| Z
| .z
| z/dh/6'
| zh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ع}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ʕ}}
| colspan="3" | ʻ
| colspan="3" | ʿ
| ř
| E
| '
| 3
| '
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|غ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| colspan="2" | gh
| ḡ
| colspan="2" | ġ
| g
| j
| g
| .g
| gh/3'/8
| gh
|}

There are a number of different standards for the [[romanization of Arabic]], i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in [[transliteration]], i.e. representing the ''spelling'' of Arabic, while others focus on [[Phonetic transcription|transcription]], i.e. representing the ''pronunciation'' of Arabic. (They differ in that, for example, the same letter {{lang|ar|[[ي]]}} is used to represent both a consonant, as in "'''y'''ou" or "'''y'''et", and a vowel, as in "m'''e'''" or "'''ea'''t".) Some systems, e.g. for scholarly use, are intended to accurately and unambiguously represent the phonemes of Arabic, generally making the phonetics more explicit than the original word in the Arabic script. These systems are heavily reliant on [[diacritic]]al marks such as "š" for the sound equivalently written ''sh'' in English. Other systems (e.g. the [[Bahá'í orthography]]) are intended to help readers who are neither Arabic speakers nor linguists with intuitive pronunciation of Arabic names and phrases.<ref>Kharusi, N. S. & Salman, A. (2011) The English Transliteration of Place Names in Oman. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies Vol. 1(3) September 2011, pp. 1–27 Available online at www.academians.org</ref> These less "scientific" tend to avoid [[diacritics]] and use [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] (like ''sh'' and ''kh''). These are usually simpler to read, but sacrifice the definiteness of the scientific systems, and may lead to ambiguities, e.g. whether to interpret ''sh'' as a single sound, as in ''gash'', or a combination of two sounds, as in ''gashouse''. The [[ALA-LC]] romanization solves this problem by separating the two sounds with a [[Prime (symbol)|prime]] symbol ( ′ ); e.g., ''as′hal'' 'easier'.

During the last few decades and especially since the 1990s, Western-invented text communication technologies have become prevalent in the Arab world, such as [[personal computer]]s, the [[World Wide Web]], [[email]], [[bulletin board system]]s, [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]], [[instant messaging]] and [[mobile phone text messaging]]. Most of these technologies originally had the ability to communicate using the Latin script only, and some of them still do not have the Arabic script as an optional feature. As a result, Arabic speaking users communicated in these technologies by transliterating the Arabic text using the Latin script, sometimes known as IM Arabic.

To handle those Arabic letters that cannot be accurately represented using the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated. For example, the numeral "3" may be used to represent the Arabic letter {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ع}}}}. There is no universal name for this type of transliteration, but some have named it [[Arabic Chat Alphabet]]. Other systems of transliteration exist, such as using dots or capitalization to represent the "emphatic" counterparts of certain consonants. For instance, using capitalization, the letter {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|د}}}}, may be represented by '''d'''. Its emphatic counterpart, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ض}}}}, may be written as '''D'''.

=== Numerals ===
In most of present-day North Africa, the [[Western Arabic numerals]] (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used. However, in Egypt and Arabic-speaking countries to the east of it, the [[Eastern Arabic numerals]] ({{script/Arabic|٠}} – {{script/Arabic|١}} – {{script/Arabic|٢}} – {{script/Arabic|٣}} – {{script/Arabic|٤}} – {{script/Arabic|٥}} – {{script/Arabic|٦}} – {{script/Arabic|٧}} – {{script/Arabic|٨}} – {{script/Arabic|٩}}) are in use. When representing a number in Arabic, the lowest-valued [[positional notation|position]] is placed on the right, so the order of positions is the same as in left-to-right scripts. Sequences of digits such as telephone numbers are read from left to right, but numbers are spoken in the traditional Arabic fashion, with units and tens reversed from the modern English usage. For example, 24 is said "four and twenty" just like in the German language (''vierundzwanzig'') and [[Classical Hebrew]], and '''1975''' is said "a thousand and nine-hundred and five and seventy" or, more eloquently, "a thousand and nine-hundred five seventy"

== Language-standards regulators ==
[[Academy of the Arabic Language (disambiguation)|Academy of the Arabic Language]] is the name of a number of language-regulation bodies formed in the Arab League. The most active are in [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus|Damascus]] and [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo|Cairo]]. They review language development, monitor new words and approve inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts.
{{see also|Arabic Language International Council}}

== As a foreign language ==
Arabic has been taught worldwide in many [[elementary school|elementary]] and [[secondary school|secondary]] schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around the world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their [[Foreign Languages|foreign languages]], [[Middle Eastern studies]], and [[religious studies]] courses. [[Arabic language school]]s exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic [[language school]]s in the Arab world and other [[Muslim world|Muslim]] countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all [[Glossary of Islam|Islamic terms]] are in Arabic, millions{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study the language. Software and books with tapes are also important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} A number of websites on the [[Internet]] provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reviews of Language Courses|url=http://Lang1234.com|publisher=Lang1234|accessdate=12 September 2012}}</ref>

==Arabic speakers and other languages==
{{expand section|date=May 2013}}
[[File:Bahrain classroom.jpg|thumb|In [[Bahrain]], Arabic is largely used in educational settings.]]
Historically, Arab linguists considered the Arabic language to be superior to all other languages, and took almost no interest in learning any language other than Arabic {{Citation needed|date=January 2016}}. With the sole example of Medieval linguist [[Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati]] - who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab - scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior.<ref>[[Kees Versteegh]], ''The Arabic Linguistic Tradition'', pg. 106. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Routledge]], 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-415-15757-5}}</ref>

In modern times, the educated upper classes in the Arab world have taken a nearly opposite view. [[Yasir Suleiman]] wrote in 2011 that "studying and knowing English or French in most of the Middle East and North Africa have become a badge of sophistication and modernity and ... feigning, or asserting, weakness or lack of facility in Arabic is sometimes paraded as a sign of status, class, and perversely, even education through a mélange of code-switching practises."<ref>Suleiman, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQAiPgBRUkoC&pg=PA93 93]</ref> [[Arab-American]] professor Franck Salamah went as far as to declare Arabic a dead language conveying dead ideas, blaming its stagnation for Arab intellectual stagnation and lamenting that great writers in Arabic are judged by their command of the language and not the merit of the ideas they express with it.<ref>Franck Salamah, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BL44ZZwSwbYC&pg=PR16 Language, Memory, and Identity in the Middle East: The Case for Lebanon], Introduction, pg. xvi. [[Lanham, Maryland|Lanham]]: [[Lexington Books]], 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7391-3740-6}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Diglossia#Arabic|Arabic diglossia]]
* [[AIDA - International Association of Arabic Dialectology]]
* [[Arabic grammar]]
* [[Arabic influence on the Spanish language]]
* [[Arabic literature]]
* [[Arabic–English Lexicon]]
* [[Arabist]]
* ''[[Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]]''
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[List of Arabic neighborhoods]]
* [[List of arabophones]]
* [[List of countries where Arabic is an official language]]
* [[List of French words of Arabic origin]]
* [[List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin]]
* [[List of replaced loanwords in Turkish]]
* [[List of Arabic-language television channels]]
* [[List of Arab newspapers]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|Islam}}

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=ar}}
{{Wiktionary category}}
{{Wikiversity}}
{{Wikibooks|Arabic}}
{{Commons category|Arabic language}}
{{Wikivoyage|Arabic phrasebook|Arabic|a phrasebook}}
* [[b:Language Learning Difficulty for English Speakers|Arabic: a Category III language]] Languages which are difficult for native English speakers.
* [http://www1.ccls.columbia.edu/~cadim/TUTORIAL.ARABIC.NLP.pdf Dr. Nizar Habash's, Columbia University, Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing]
* [http://www.google.com/ta3reeb/ Google Ta3reeb – Google Transliteration]
* [http://transliteration.org/quran/Pronunciation/Letters/TashP.htm Transliteration] Arabic language pronunciation applet
*[http://alpage.inria.fr/~sagot/woler2011/WoLeR2011/Program_&_Proceedings_files/WoLeR%202011%20-%20Neme.pdf '' Alexis Neme (2011), A lexicon of Arabic verbs constructed on the basis of Semitic taxonomy and using finite-state transducers'']
*[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00831338 '' Alexis Neme and Eric Laporte (2013), Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural'']
*[https://www.academia.edu/13002690/Do_computer_scientists_deeply_understand_the_traditional_Arabic_morphology_%D9%87%D9%84_%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%91%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8B_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8B_ ''Alexis Neme and Eric Laporte (2015), Do computer scientists deeply understand Arabic morphology? - {{lang|ar|هل يفهم المهندسون الحاسوبيّون علم الصرف فهماً عميقاً؟}}'', available also in Arabic, Indonesian, French]
* {{Cite NIE |last=Jastrow |first=Morris |authorlink=Morris Jastrow, Jr. |wstitle=Arabic Language and Literature |year=1905 |short=x}}
*[https://findingaid.lib.byu.edu/viewItem/UA%205572/Series%202/carton%201/folder%209-13/ Arabic manuscripts, UA 5572] at [https://sites.lib.byu.edu/sc/ L. Tom Perry Special Collections], [[Brigham Young University]] [https://arabic-keyboards.net Online Arabic Keyboard]

{{Arabic language}}
{{Language histories}}
{{Modern Semitic languages}}
{{Varieties of Arabic}}
{{Semitic languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arabic Language}}
[[Category:Languages attested from the 9th century BC]]
[[Category:Arabic language| ]]
[[Category:Central Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Algeria]]
[[Category:Languages of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Languages of Chad]]
[[Category:Languages of the Comoros]]
[[Category:Languages of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Languages of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Languages of Gibraltar]]
[[Category:Languages of Iraq]]
[[Category:Languages of Jordan]]
[[Category:Languages of Kuwait]]
[[Category:Languages of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Languages of Libya]]
[[Category:Languages of Mauritania]]
[[Category:Languages of Morocco]]
[[Category:Languages of Oman]]
[[Category:Languages of Qatar]]
[[Category:Languages of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Languages of Somalia]]
[[Category:Languages of Sudan]]
[[Category:Languages of Syria]]
[[Category:Languages of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Languages of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Languages of Yemen]]
[[Category:Languages of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Requests for audio pronunciation (Arabic)]]
[[Category:Stress-timed languages]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Palestine]]
[[Category:Verb–subject–object languages]]

Mobile telephone numbering in India

2017-07-20T07:49:35Z

Soft coder: /* 9xxx Series */ removing reference not from reliable source.

All mobile numbers in India starts with '''9''', '''8''' or '''7''', this includes [[pager]] services, but the use of pagers is on the decline. Each [[telecom circle]] is allowed to have multiple private operators, earlier it was 2 private + BSNL/MTNL, subsequently it changed to 3 private + BSNL/MTNL in GSM, now each telecom circle has more than 10 operators including BSNL/MTNL.

All mobile phone numbers are 10 digits long. The way to split the numbers is defined in the National Numbering Plan 2003 as XXXX-NNNNNN where ''XXXX'' indicates the [[Mobile network operators of India|network operator]] and [[telecom circle]], and ''NNNNNN'' is the subscriber numbers.

==Telecom circles==

The Department of Telecommunications has divided [[India]] into various [[telecom circle]]s such that within each circle, the call is treated as a local call, while across zones, it becomes a long-distance call. A telecom circle is normally the entire [[States of India|state]], with a few exceptions like [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] (which are different zones than their respective states), [[Goa]] (which is a part of the [[Maharashtra]] zone), [[Chhattisgarh]] (which is part of [[Madhya Pradesh]]), [[Sikkim]] (which is part of [[West Bengal]]) [[Jharkhand]] (which is a part of the [[Bihar]] zone) or [[Uttar Pradesh]] (divided into multiple zones). [[Delhi]] is a unique circle because it includes towns from [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] as well. Recent formation of the new state of [[Telangana]] has been separated from [[Andhra Pradesh]] state which will still remain in the same circle.

From May 20, 2005, calls between
* Mumbai Metro and Maharashtra Telecom Circle,
* Chennai Metro and Tamil Nadu Telecom Circle,
* Uttar Pradesh (East) and Uttar Pradesh (West) Telecom Circle Service Areas
are merged in Inter service area connectate in the above-mentioned four States would be treated as intra-service area call for the purposes of routing as well as Access Deficit Charges (ADC). The dialing procedure for calls within a State for these States would also be simplified i.e. dialling of mobile-to mobile subscribers and fixed-to-mobile subscribers would be without prefixing '0'.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080229122841/http://www.dot.gov.in/basic/Notification_20May.doc DoT Notice]{{Full citation needed|date=February 2011}}</ref>

At present, there are 22 [[telecom circle]]s or service areas. They are classified into 4 categories: Metro, A, B, C. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata fall under Metro category. Chennai service area doesn't come under Metro category, as it has been a part of Tamil Nadu service circle since 2007.<ref>[http://www.indiacallinginfo.com/india-telecom-circles India calling info]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Circle name
!Code
!Category<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Telecom_Circle|title=Telecom Circle|website=www.wikinvest.com|access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref>
!Geographic area(s) covered
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|AP
|A
|State of [[Andhra Pradesh]], State of [[Telangana]] and [[Yanam district]]
|-
|Assam
|AS
|C
|State of [[Assam]]
|-
|Bihar
|BR
|C
|State of [[Bihar]] and State of [[Jharkhand]]
|- style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4"
|''Chennai''
|''CH''
|''Metro''
| ''[[Chennai]] (Chennai circle merged with Tamil Nadu circle in 2005)''
|-
|Delhi
|DL
|Metro
|[[Delhi]], [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]]
|-
|Gujarat
|GJ
|A
|State of [[Gujarat]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|HP
|C
|State of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Haryana
|HR
|B
|State of [[Haryana]] (excluding Faridabad, Gurgaon and [[Panchkula]]).
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir
|JK
|C
|State of [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|Kerala
|KL
|B
|State of [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Mahé district]]
|-
|Karnataka
|KA
|A
|State of [[Karnataka]]
|-
|Kolkata
|KO
|Metro
|[[Kolkata]] (includes parts of [[Howrah]], [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]], North and South 24 Parganas and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] Districts)
|-
|Maharashtra & Goa
|MH
|A
|State of [[Maharashtra]] (excluding [[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]), and State of [[Goa]]
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|MP
|B
|State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and State of [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|Mumbai
|MU
|Metro
|[[Mumbai]], Navi Mumbai and Kalyan
|-
|North East
|NE
|C
|State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], State of [[Meghalaya]], State of [[Mizoram]], State of [[Nagaland]], State of [[Manipur]] and State of [[Tripura]]
|-
|Orissa
|OR
|C
|State of [[Odisha]]
|-
|Punjab
|PB
|B
|State of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Panchkula]]
|-
|Rajasthan
|RJ
|B
|State of [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|TN
|A
|State of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry district]] and [[Karaikal district]]
|-
|UP (East)
|UE
|B
|[[Uttar Pradesh|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|UP (West)
|UW
|B
|Western Uttar Pradesh (excludes Ghaziabad and Noida) and State of [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|West Bengal
|WB
|C
|State of [[West Bengal]] (excluding Kolkata), [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and State of [[Sikkim]]
|}

== Network Operators ==
{{Main article|Mobile network operators of India}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Network Operators
|-
! AC
| [[Aircel]]
|-
! AT
| [[Airtel India]]
|-
! CC
| [[BSNL Mobile]] - CDMA
|-
! CG
| [[BSNL Mobile]] - GSM
|-
! DP
| [[MTNL|DOLPHIN]]
|-
! ID
| [[Idea Cellular|Idea]]
|-
! ''LM''
| ''[[Loop Mobile]] (acquired by [[Airtel India]])''
|-
! MT
| [[MTS India]]
|-
! ''PG''
| ''PING CDMA''
|-
! RC
| [[Reliance Mobile]] - CDMA
|-
! RG
| [[Reliance Mobile]] - GSM
|-
! RJ
| Reliance [[Jio]]
|-
! SR
| ''Subrin Rintel''
|-
! TD
| [[Tata DoCoMo]]
|-
! TN
| [[Telenor India]]
|-7398774406

! VF
| [[Vodafone India]]
|-
! ''VD''
| ''Videocon Telecom|Videocon ( Spectrum acquired by [[Airtel India]])''
|}

==9xxx Series==
{{refimprove|date=October 2016}}
*'''Note''':- The mobile numbers and operators are subject to change since [[Mobile number portability]] is available in most circles.
*'''Note''':- The Series of BSNL GSM (Cellone) 9473 are available in Bihar (94730 to 94734) and U.P. East (94735 to 94739) Telecom Circle.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 9xxxx series
|-
!colspan=3|90 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|91 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|92 Series [[Tata DoCoMo]]  CDMA
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|93 Series Reliance CDMA
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|94 Series [[BSNL Mobile]] 
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|95 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|96 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|97 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|98 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|99 Series
|-
|9000||AT||AP
|9100||LM||AP
|9200||MP
|9300||MP
|9400||KL
|9500||AT||TN
|9600||AT||TN
|9700||AC||AP
|9800||AT||WB
|9900||AT||KA
|-
|9001||AT||RJ
|9101||LM||AS
|9201||MP
|9301||MP
|9401||AS
|9501||AT||PB
|9601||AT||GJ
|9701||AT||AP
|9801||AT||BR
|9901||AT||KA
|-
|9002||AT||WB
|9102||LM||BR
|9202||MP
|9302||MP
|9402||NE
|9502||AT||AP
|9602||AT||RJ
|9702||ID||MU
|9802||AC||HR
|9902||AT||KA
|-
|9003||AT||TN
|9103||LM||AP
|9203||MP
|9303||MP
|9403||MH
|9503||AT||MH
|9603||ID||AP
|9703||VF||AP
|9803||AC||PB
|9903||AT||KO
|-
|9004||AT||MU
|9104||TN||GJ
|9204||BR
|9304||BR
|9404||MH
|9504||AC||BR
|9604||ID||MH
|9704||AT||AP
|9804||AC||KO
|9904||ID||GJ
|-
|9005||AT||UE
|9105||LM||HR
|9205||DL
|9305||UE
|9405||MH
|9505||ID||AP
|9605||ID||KL
|9705||ID||AP
|9805||AT||HP
|9905||RG||BR
|-
|9006||AT||BR
|9106||LM||HP
|9206||KA
|9306||JK
|9406||MP
|9506||ID||UE
|9606||RC||NE
|9706||VF||AS
|9806||AC||MP
|9906||AT||JK
|-
|9007||AT||KO
|9107||LM||JK
|9207||KL
|9307||UE
|9407||MP
|9507||ID||BR
|9607||RC||AS
|9707||RG||AS
|9807||AC||UE
|9907||RG||MP
|-
|9008||AT||KA
|9108||LM||KA
|9208||UE
|9308||BR
|9408||GJ
|9508||RG||AS
|9608||RG||BR
|9708||ID||BR
|9808||AC||UW
|9908||AT||AP
|-
|9009||ID||MP
|9109||LM||KL
|9209||MH
|9309||RJ
|9409||GJ
|9509||RG||RJ
|9609||VF||WB
|9709||VF||BR
|9809||AC||KL
|9909||VF||GJ
|-
|9010||ID||AP
|9110||LM||KO
|9210||DL
|9310||DL
|9410||UW
|9510||RG||GJ
|9610||VF||RJ
|9710||AC||CH
|9810||AT||DL
|9910||AT||DL
|-
|9011||ID||MH
|9111||ID||MP
|9211||DL
|9311||DL
|9411||UW
|9511||ET||MH
|9611||AT||KA
|9711||VF||DL
|9811||VF||DL
|9911||ID||DL
|-
|9012||ID||UW
|9112||LM||MH
|9212||DL
|9312||DL
|9412||UW
|9512||VF||GJ
|9612||AT||NE
|9712||VF||GJ
|9812||ID||HR
|9912||ID||AP
|-
|9013||DP||DL
|9113||LM||NE
|9213||DL
|9313||DL
|9413||RJ
|9513||CG||KA
|9613||AC||AS
|9713||VF||MP
|9813||VF||HR
|9913||VF||GJ
|-
|9014||RG||AP
|9114||LM||OR
|9214||RJ
|9314||RJ
|9414||RJ
|9514||ET||TN
|9614||AC||WB
|9714||ID||GJ
|9814||ID||PB
|9914||ID||PB
|-
|9015||RG||DL
|9115||LM||PB
|9215||HR
|9315||HR
|9415||UE
|9515||AT||AP
|9615||AC||NE
|9715||AC||TN
|9815||AT||PB
|9915||AT||PB
|-
|9016||RG||GJ
|9116||LM||RJ
|9216||PB
|9316||PB
|9416||HR
|9516||ET||KL
|9616||ID||UE
|9716||AC||DL
|9816||AT||HP
|9916||VF||KA
|-
|9017||RG||HR
|9117||LM||TN
|9217||PB
|9317||PB
|9417||PB
|9517||ET||PB
|9617||ID||MP
|9717||AT||DL
|9817||RG||HP
|9917||ID||UW
|-
|9018||RG||JK
|9118||TN||UE
|9218||HP
|9318||HP
|9418||HP
|9518||ET||HR
|9618||AT||AP
|9718||ID||DL
|9818||AT||DL
|9918||VF||UE
|-
|9019||RG||KA
|9119||LM||UW
|9219||UW
|9319||UW
|9419||JK
|9519||ET||UE
|9619||VF||MU
|9719||VF||UW
|9819||VF||MU
|9919||VF||UE
|-
|9020||RG||KL
|9120||TN||UE
|9220||MU
|9320||MU
|9420||MH
|9520||ET||UW
|9620||VF||KA
|9720||VF||UW
|9820||VF||MU
|9920||VF||MU
|-
|9021||RG||MH
|9121||TN||AS
|9221||MU
|9321||MU
|9421||MH
|9521||ET||RJ
|9621||AT||UE
|9721||VF||UE
|9821||AT||MH
|9921||ID||MH
|-
|9022||RG||MU
|9122||TN||BR
|9222||MU
|9322||MU
|9422||MH
|9522||ET||MP
|9622||AT||JK
|9722||AC||GJ
|9822||ID||MH
|9922||ID||MH
|-
|9023||RG||PB
|9123||TN||NE
|9223||MU
|9323||MU
|9423||MH
|9523||ET||BR
|9623||ID||MH
|9723||ID||GJ
|9823||VF||MH
|9923||VF||MH
|-
|9024||RG||RJ
|9124||TN||OR
|9224||MU
|9324||MU
|9424||MP
|9524||AC||TN
|9624||ID||GJ
|9724||AT||GJ
|9824||ID||GJ
|9924||ID||GJ
|-
|9025||RG||CH
|9125||TN||UE
|9225||MH
|9325||MH
|9425||MP
|9525||ID||BR
|9625||RG||HP
|9725||AT||GJ
|9825||VF||GJ
|9925||VF||GJ
|-
|9026||RG||UE
|9126||TN||WB
|9226||MH
|9326||MH
|9426||GJ
|9526||ID||KL
|9626||VF||TN
|9726||VF||GJ
|9826||ID||MP
|9926||ID||MP
|-
|9027||RG||UW
|9127||ST||AS
|9227||GJ
|9327||GJ
|9427||GJ
|9527||ID||MH
|9627||VF||UW
|9727||VF||GJ
|9827||RG||MP
|9927||ID||UW
|-
|9028||TD||MH
|9128||ID||BR
|9228||GJ
|9328||GJ
|9428||GJ
|9528||RG||UW
|9628||VF||UE
|9728||ID||HR
|9828||VF||RJ
|9928||AT||RJ
|-
|9029||TD||MU
|9129||AT||UE
|9229||MP
|9329||MP
|9429||GJ
|9529||RG||RJ
|9629||AT||TN
|9729||AT||HR
|9829||AT||RJ
|9929||AT||RJ
|-
|9030||TD||AP
|9130||ID||MH
|9230||KO
|9330||KO
|9430||BR
|9530||CG||RJ
|9630||AT||MP
|9730||AT||MH
|9830||VF||KO
|9930||VF||MU
|-
|9031||TD||BR
|9131||ST||NE
|9231||KO
|9331||KO
|9431||BR
|9531||CG||WB
|9631||AT||BR
|9731||AT||KA
|9831||AT||KO
|9931||AT||BR
|-
|9032||TD||AP
|9132||ST||OR
|9232||WB
|9332||WB
|9432||KO
|9532||CG||UE
|9632||AT||KA
|9732||VF||WB
|9832||RG||WB
|9932||AT||WB
|-
|9033||TD||GJ
|9133||MT||AP
|9233||WB
|9333||WB
|9433||KO
|9533||RG||AP
|9633||AT||KL
|9733||VF||WB
|9833||VF||MU
|9933||AT||WB
|-
|9034||TD||HR
|9134||MT||AS
|9234||BR
|9334||BR
|9434||WB
|9534||VF||BR
|9634||AT||UW
|9734||VF||WB
|9834||AT||MP
|9934||AT||BR
|-
|9035||TD||KA
|9135||ID||BR
|9235||UE
|9335||UE
|9435||AS
|9535||AT||KA
|9635||AT||WB
|9735||VF||WB
|9835||RG||BR
|9935||AT||UE
|-
|9036||TD||KA
|9136||MT||DL
|9236||UE
|9336||UE
|9436||NE
|9536||VF||UW
|9636||AT||RJ
|9736||VF||HP
|9836||VF||KO
|9936||AT||UE
|-
|9037||TD||KL
|9137||MT||GJ
|9237||OR
|9337||OR
|9437||OR
|9537||VF||GJ
|9637||VF||MH
|9737||ID||GJ
|9837||ID||UW
|9937||AT||OR
|-
|9038||TD||KO
|9138||MT||HR
|9238||OR
|9338||OR
|9438||OR
|9538||VF||KA
|9638||VF||GJ
|9738||AC||KA
|9838||VF||UE
|9938||AT||OR
|-
|9039||TD||MP
|9139||MT||HP
|9239||KO
|9339||KO
|9439||OR
|9539||VF||KL
|9639||ID||UW
|9739||VF||KA
|9839||VF||UE
|9939||AT||BR
|-
|9040||TD||OR
|9140||MT||JK
|9240||CH
|9340||CH
|9440||AP
|9540||ID||DL
|9640||ID||AP
|9740||AT||KA
|9840||AT||CH
|9940||AT||CH
|-
|9041||TD||PB
|9141||MT||KA
|9241||KA
|9341||KA
|9441||AP
|9541||RG||HR
|9641||RG||WB
|9741||AT||KA
|9841||AC||CH
|9941||AC||CH
|-
|9042||TD||TN
|9142||MT||KL
|9242||KA
|9342||KA
|9442||TN
|9542||ID||AP
|9642||VF||AP
|9742||VF||KA
|9842||AC||TN
|9942||AC||TN
|-
|9043||TD||TN
|9143||MT||KO
|9243||KA
|9343||KA
|9443||TN
|9543||RG||CH
|9643||VF||DL
|9743||ID||KA
|9843||VF||TN
|9943||VF||TN
|-
|9044||TD||UE
|9144||MT||MP
|9244||TN
|9344||TN
|9444||CH
|9544||ID||KL
|9644||ID||MP
|9744||ID||KL
|9844||ID||KA
|9944||AT||TN
|-
|9045||TD||UW
|9145||MT||MH
|9245||TN
|9345||TN
|9445||TN
|9545||VF||MH
|9645||VF||KL
|9745||VF||KL
|9845||AT||KA
|9945||AT||KA
|-
|9046||TD||WB
|9146||MT||MU
|9246||AP
|9346||AP
|9446||KL
|9546||AT||BR
|9646||VF||PB
|9746||AT||KL
|9846||VF||KL
|9946||VF||KL
|-
|9047||VF||TN
|9147||MT||NE
|9247||AP
|9347||AP
|9447||KL
|9547||AT||WB
|9647||VF||WB
|9747||ID||KL
|9847||ID||KL
|9947||ID||KL
|-
|9048||VF||KL
|9148||MT||OR
|9248||AP
|9348||AP
|9448||KA
|9548||RG||UW
|9648||VF||UE
|9748||AT||KO
|9848||ID||AP
|9948||ID||AP
|-
|9049||VF||MH
|9149||MT||PB
|9249||KL
|9349||KL
|9449||KA
|9549||VF||RJ
|9649||VF||RJ
|9749||RG||WB
|9849||AT||AP
|9949||AT||AP
|-
|9050||VF||HR
|9150||MT||CH
|9250||DL
|9350||DL
|9450||UE
|9550||AT||AP
|9650||AT||DL
|9750||AC||TN
|9850||ID||MH
|9950||AT||RJ
|-
|9051||VF||KO
|9151||TD||UE
|9251||RJ
|9351||RJ
|9451||UE
|9551||AC||CH
|9651||AT||UE
|9751||VF||TN
|9851||AC||WB
|9951||ID||AP
|-
|9052||VF||AP
|9152||MT||UW
|9252||RJ
|9352||RJ
|9452||UE
|9552||ID||MH
|9652||AT||AP
|9752||AT||MP
|9852||AC||BR
|9952||AT||TN
|-
|9053||TN||HR
|9153||MT||KO
|9253||HR
|9353||HR
|9453||UE
|9553||ID||AP
|9653||VD||PB
|9753||ID||MP
|9853||AC||OR
|9953||VF||DL
|-
|9054||TN||HP
|9154||TN||AP
|9254||HR
|9354||HR
|9454||UE
|9554||VF||UE
|9654||VF||DL
|9754||ID||MP
|9854||AC||AS
|9954||AT||AS
|-
|9055||TN||JK
|9155||TN||BR
|9255||HR
|9355||HR
|9455||UE
|9555||RG||DL
|9655||VF||TN
|9755||AT||MP
|9855||ID||PB
|9955||AT||BR
|-
|9056||TN||PB
|9156||TN||MH
|9256||PB
|9356||PB
|9456||UW
|9556||AT||OR
|9656||ID||KL
|9756||ID||UW
|9856||AC||NE
|9956||AT||UE
|-
|9057||TN||RJ
|9157||TN||GJ
|9257||PB
|9357||PB
|9457||UW
|9557||AT||UW
|9657||ID||MH
|9757||DP||MU
|9857||VD||HP
|9957||AT||AS
|-
|9058||TN||UW
|9158||VF||MH
|9258||UW
|9358||UW
|9458||UW
|9558||AT||GJ
|9658||AC||OR
|9758||VF||UW
|9858||AC||JK
|9958||AT||DL
|-
|9059||TN||AP
|9159||VF||TN
|9259||UW
|9359||UW
|9459||HP
|9559||AT||UE
|9659||AC||TN
|9759||VF||UW
|9859||AC||AS
|9959||AT||AP
|-
|9060||TN||BR
|9160||VF||AP
|9260||MH
|9360||TN
|9460||RJ
|9560||AT||DL
|9660||AT||RJ
|9760||AT||UW
|9860||AT||MH
|9960||AT||MH
|-
|9061||TN||KL
|9161||VF||UE
|9261||RJ
|9361||TN
|9461||RJ
|9561||AT||MH
|9661||AT||BR
|9761||VF||UW
|9861||RG||OR
|9961||ID||KL
|-
|9062||TN||KO
|9162||AT||BR
|9262||TN
|9362||TN
|9462||RJ
|9562||ID||KL
|9662||AT||GJ
|9762||AC||MH
|9862||AT||NE
|9962||VF||CH
|-
|9063||VD||AP
|9163||AT||KO
|9263||BR
|9363||TN
|9463||PB
|9563||AC||WB
|9663||AT||KA
|9763||ID||MH
|9863||RG||NE
|9963||AT||AP
|-
|9064||VD||AS
|9164||ID||KA
|9264||TN
|9364||TN
|9464||PB
|9564||VF||WB
|9664||LM||MU
|9764||VF||MH
|9864||RG||AS
|9964||ID||KA
|-
|9065||VD||BR
|9165||AT||MP
|9265||MH
|9365||TN
|9465||PB
|9565||VF||UE
|9665||AT||MH
|9765||VF||MH
|9865||AC||TN
|9965||AC||TN
|-
|9066||AC||KA
|9166||AT||RJ
|9266||DL
|9366||TN
|9466||HR
|9566||AT||TN
|9666||ID||AP
|9766||AT||MH
|9866||AT||AP
|9966||VF||AP
|-
|9067||VD||GJ
|9167||VF||MU
|9267||TN
|9367||TN
|9467||HR
|9567||AT||KL
|9667||MT||RJ
|9767||ID||MH
|9867||AT||MU
|9967||AT||MU
|-
|9068||VD||HR
|9168||VF||MH
|9268||DL
|9368||UW
|9468||HR
|9568||ID||UW
|9668||AT||OR
|9768||AC||MU
|9868||DP||DL
|9968||DP||DL
|-
|9069||AC||DL
|9169||AC||UE
|9269||RJ
|9369||UE
|9469||JK
|9569||RG||PB
|9669||ID||MP
|9769||VF||MU
|9869||DP||MU
|9969||DP||MU
|-
|9070||VD||JK
|9170||TN||UE
|9270||MH
|9370||MH
|9470||BR
|9570||VF||BR
|9670||VF||UE
|9770||RG||MP
|9870||LM||MU
|9970||AT||MH
|-
|9071||VD||KA
|9171||TN||CH
|9271||MH
|9371||MH
|9471||BR
|9571||AT||RJ
|9671||VF||HR
|9771||AT||BR
|9871||AT||DL
|9971||AT||DL
|-
|9072||VF||KL
|9172||TN||MU
|9272||MH
|9372||MH
|9472||BR
|9572||AT||BR
|9672||VF||RJ
|9772||VF||RJ
|9872||AT||PB
|9972||AT||KA
|-
|9073||VF||KO
|9173||TN||GJ
|9273||MH
|9373||MH
|9473||BR/UE
|9573||AT||AP
|9673||VF||MH
|9773||LM||MU
|9873||VF||DL
|9973||AT||BR
|-
|9074||VD||MP
|9174||TN||MP
|9274||GJ
|9374||GJ
|9474||WB
|9574||ID||GJ
|9674||VF||KO
|9774||VF||NE
|9874||VF||KO
|9974||AT||GJ
|-
|9075||ID||MH
|9175||TN||MH
|9275||GJ
|9375||GJ
|9475||WB
|9575||ID||MP
|9675||VF||UW
|9775||VF||WB
|9875||MT||RJ
|9975||AT||MH
|-
|9076||VD||MU
|9176||VF||CH
|9276||GJ
|9376||GJ
|9476||WB
|9576||ID||BR
|9676||AT||AP
|9776||VF||OR
|9876||AT||PB
|9976||AC||TN
|-
|9077||VD||NE
|9177||AT||AP
|9277||GJ
|9377||GJ
|9477||KO
|9577||AC||AS
|9677||AT||TN
|9777||AT||OR
|9877||PG||PB
|9977||ID||MP
|-
|9078||VD||OR
|9178||AT||OR
|9278||DL
|9378||WB
|9478||PB
|9578||AC||TN
|9678||AT||AS
|9778||RG||OR
|9878||AT||PB
|9978||VF||GJ
|-
|9079||VD||RJ
|9179||AT||MP
|9279||BR
|9379||KA
|9479||MP
|9579||RC||MH
|9679||AT||WB
|9779||AT||PB
|9879||VF||GJ
|9979||VF||GJ
|-
|9080||VD||TN
|9180||CC||AP
|9280||CH
|9380||CH
|9480||KA
|9580||RG||UE
|9680||AT||RJ
|9780||VF||PB
|9880||AT||KA
|9980||AT||KA
|-
|9081||VD||UE
|9181||CC||AS
|9281||CH
|9381||CH
|9481||KA
|9581||VF||AP
|9681||RG||KO
|9781||ID||PB
|9881||ID||MH
|9981||AT||MP
|-
|9082||VD||UW
|9182||RJ||AP
|9282||CH
|9382||CH
|9482||KA
|9582||VF||DL
|9682||CC||UW
|9782||AC||RJ
|9882||ID||HP
|9982||VF||RJ
|-
|9083||VD||WB
|9183||CC||CH
|9283||CH
|9383||CH
|9483||KA
|9583||VF||OR
|9683||CC||HR
|9783||VF||RJ
|9883||RG||KO
|9983||VF||RJ
|-
|9084||TN||UW
|9184||CC||GJ
|9284||CH
|9384||CH
|9484||JK
|9584||VF||MP
|9684||CC||MH
|9784||AT||RJ
|9884||VF||CH
|9984||VF||UE
|-
|9085||ID||AS
|9185||CC||HP
|9285||CH
|9385||CH
|9485||NE
|9585||VF||TN
|9685||AT||MP
|9785||ID||RJ
|9885||VF||AP
|9985||VF||AP
|-
|9086||ID||JK
|9186||CC||JK
|9286||UW
|9386||BR
|9486||TN
|9586||VF||GJ
|9686||AT||KA
|9786||VF||TN
|9886||VF||KA
|9986||VF||KA
|-
|9087||ID||TN
|9187||CC||KA
|9287||KL
|9387||KL
|9487||TN
|9587||VF||RJ
|9687||VF||GJ
|9787||VF||TN
|9887||ID||RJ
|9987||AT||MU
|-
|9088||ID||KO
|9188||CC||KL
|9288||KL
|9388||KL
|9488||TN
|9588||ET||MU
|9688||AC||TN
|9788||AC||TN
|9888||VF||PB
|9988||VF||PB
|-
|9089||ID||NE
|9189||CC||KO
|9289||DL
|9389||UE
|9489||TN
|9589||AT||MP
|9689||ID||MH
|9789||AT||TN
|9889||ID||UE
|9989||AT||AP
|-
|9090||ID||OR
|9190||CC||MP
|9290||AP
|9390||AP
|9490||AP
|9590||RG||KA
|9690||ID||UW
|9790||AT||TN
|9890||AT||MH
|9990||ID||DL
|-
|9091||ID||WB
|9191||CC||NE
|9291||AP
|9391||AP
|9491||AP
|9591||AT||KA
|9691||RG||MP
|9791||AT||TN
|9891||ID||DL
|9991||VF||HR
|-
|9092||ID||TN
|9192||CC||OR
|9292||AP
|9392||AP
|9492||AP
|9592||ID||PB
|9692||RG||OR
|9792||VF||UE
|9892||AT||MU
|9992||ID||HR
|-
|9093||ID||WB
|9193||CC||PB
|9293||AP
|9393||AP
|9493||AP
|9593||VF||WB
|9693||RG||BR
|9793||AT||UE
|9893||AT||MP
|9993||AT||MP
|-
|9094||AC||CH
|9194||CC||RJ
|9294||AP
|9394||AP
|9494||AP
|9594||ID||MU
|9694||ID||RJ
|9794||AT||UE
|9894||AT||TN
|9994||AT||TN
|-
|9095||AC||TN
|9195||CC||TN
|9295||AP
|9395||AP
|9495||KL
|9595||RG||MH
|9695||AT||UE
|9795||ID||UE
|9895||AT||KL
|9995||AT||KL
|-
|9096||AT||MH
|9196||CC||UE
|9296||AP
|9396||AP
|9496||KL
|9596||AT||JK
|9696||RG||UE
|9796||AT||JK
|9896||AT||HR
|9996||AT||HR
|-
|9097||AC||BR
|9197||CC||WB
|9297||AP
|9397||AP
|9497||KL
|9597||AT||TN
|9697||AC||JK
|9797||AT||JK
|9897||AT||UW
|9997||AT||UW
|-
|9098||RG||MP
|9198||AT||UE
|9298||AP
|9398||AP
|9498||CH
|9598||ID||UE
|9698||AC||TN
|9798||RG||BR
|9898||AT||GJ
|9998||AT||GJ
|-
|9099||VF||GJ
|9199||AT||BR
|9299||AP
|9399||AP
|9499||CH
|9599||AT||DL
|9699||RG||MU
|9799||AT||RJ
|9899||VF||DL
|9999||VF||DL
|}

==8xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 8xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|80 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|81 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|82 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|83 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|84 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|85 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|86 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|87 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|88 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|89 Series
|-
|8000||RG||GJ
|8100||RG||KO
|8200||RJ||GJ
|8300||CG||TN
|8400||AT||UE
|8500||CG||AP
|8600||AT||MH
|8700||RJ||DL
|8800||AT||DL
|8900|| ||
|-
|8001||VF||WB
|8101||RG||WB
|8201|| ||
|8360132091
||BG||KL
|8401||TD||GJ
|8501||ID||AP
|8601||VF||UE
|8701|| ||
|8801||AC||AP
|8901||CG||HR
|-
|8002||AT||BR
|8102||RG||BR
|8202|| ||
|8302||RG||RJ
|8402||VF||AS
|8502||ID||RJ
|8602||TD||MP
|8702|| ||
|8802||AC||DL
|8902||CG||KO
|-
|8003||AT||RJ
|8103||RG||MP
|8203|| ||
|8303||RG||UE
|8403||VF||AS
|8503||ID||RJ
|8603||TD||BR
|8703|| ||
|8803||AC||JK
|8903||CG||TN
|-
|8004||CG||UE
|8104||MT||RJ
|8204|| ||
|8304||BG||KL
|8404||VF||BR
|8504||ID||RJ
|8604||TD||UE
|8704|| ||
|8804||AC||BR
|8904||TD||KA
|-
|8005||CG||UE
|8105||AT||KA
|8205|| ||
|8305||RG||MP
|8405||VF||BR
|8505||ID||DL
|8605||ID||MH
|8705|| ||
|8805||ID||MH
|8905||RG||GJ
|-
|8006||VF||UW
|8106||AT||AP
|8206|| ||
|8306|| ||
|8406||VF||BR
|8506||ID||DL
|8606||ID||KL
|8706|| ||
|8806||VF||MH
|8906||AC||WB
|-
|8007||VF||MH
|8107||AT||RJ
|8207|| ||
|8307||RG||UW
|8407||VF||BR
|8507||AC||BR
|8607||ID||HR
|8707|| ||
|8807||TD||TN
|8907||AC||KL
|-
|8008||AT||AP
|8108||ID||MU
|8208|| ||
|8308||ID||MH
|8408||VF||MH
|8508||AC||TN
|8608||ID||TN
|8708|| ||
|8808||ID||UE
|8908||AC||OR
|-
|8009||AT||UE
|8109||TD||MP
|8209|| ||
|8309||RJ||AP
|8409||TN||BR
|8509||RG||WB
|8609||ID||WB
|8709|| ||
|8809||AT||BR
|8909||AC||UW
|-
|8010||RG ||DL
|8110|| ||
|8210|| ||
|8310|| ||
|8410|| ||
|8510|| ||
|8610||RJ||TN
|8710|| ||
|8810|| ||
|8910||RJ||KO
|-
|8011||AT||AS
|8111||SR||MH
|8211|| ||
|8311|| ||
|8411||VF||MH
|8511||AT||GJ
|8611|| ||
|8711||MS||KA
|8811||AT||AS
|8911|| ||
|-
|8012||AC||TN
|8112||RJ ||RJ
|8212|| ||
|8312|| ||
|8412||VF||MH
|8512||ID||DL
|8612|| ||
|8712||T24||AP
|8812|| ||
|8912|| ||
|-
|8013||AC||KO
|8113|| ||
|8213|| ||
|8313|| ||
|8413|| ||
|8513||ID||WB
|8613|| ||
|8713||VF||JK
|8813||VF||HR
|8913|| ||
|-
|8014||AC||NE
|8114|| ||
|8214|| ||
|8314|| ||
|8414||AT||NE
|8514||ID||WB
|8614|| ||
|8714||TD||KL
|8814||VF||HR
|8914|| ||
|-
|8015||TD||TN
|8115||TN||UE
|8215|| ||
|8315|| ||
|8415|| ||
|8515||ID||WB
|8615|| ||
|8715||VF||JK
|8815|| R||MP
|8915|| ||
|-
|8016||AT||WB
|8116||AT||WB
|8216|| ||
|8316|| ||
|8416|| ||
|8516||VF||MP
|8616|| ||
|8716||VF||JK
|8816||VF||HR
|8916|| ||
|-
|8017||VF||KO
|8117|| ||
|8217|| ||
|8317||VF||UW
|8417|| ||
|8517||VF||MP
|8617|| ||
|8717|| ||
|8817||RG||MP
|8917|| ||
|-
|8018||AT||OR
|8118|| ||
|8218|| ||
|8318||RJ||GJ
|8418|| ||
|8518||VF||MP
|8618|| ||
|8718|| ||
|8818|| ||
|8918|| ||
|-
|8019||TD||AP
|8119||AT||NE
|8219|| ||
|8319|| ||
|8419|| ||
|8519|| ||
|8619|| ||
|8719|| ||
|8819|| ||
|8919||RJ ||AP
|-
|8020||SR ||MU
|8120||ID||MP
|8220||AT||TN
|8320||RJ||DL
|8420|| ||
|8520|| ||
|8620|| ||
|8720|| ||
|8820|| ||
|8920|| RJ|| DL
|-
|8021|| ||
|8121||ID||HR
|8221||ID||HR
|8321|| ||
|8421||TN||MH
|8521||AT||BR
|8621||AC ||KO
|8721|| ||
|8821|| ||
|8921|| ||
|-
|8022|| ||
|8122||TD||TN
|8222||ID||HR
|8322|| ||
|8422|| ||
|8522||TN||AP
|8622||AC ||KO
|8722||ID||KA
|8822||RG||AS
|8922|| ||
|-
|8023|| ||
|8123||TD||KA
|8223||ID||MP
|8323|| ||
|8423||TN||UE
|8523|| ||
|8623|| ||
|8723|| ||
|8823||VF||MP
|8923||TN||UW
|-
|8024|| ||
|8124||ID||TN
|8224||ID||MP
|8324|| ||
|8424|| ||
|8524|| ||
|8624|| ||
|8724||VF||AS
|8824||RG||RJ
|8924|| ||
|-
|8025|| ||
|8125||TD||AP
|8225||ID||MP
|8325|| ||
|8425||ID||MU
|8525|| ||
|8625|| ||
|8725|| ||
|8825||VD||TN
|8925||MT||CH
|-
|8026|| ||
|8126||AT||UW
|8226||ID||MP
|8326|| ||
|8426||ID||RJ
|8526||AC||TN
|8626|| ||
|8726||ID||UE
|8826||AT||DL
|8926||MT||WB
|-
|8027|| ||
|8127||AT||UE
|8227||ID||BR
|8327|| ||
|8427||AT||PB
|8527||AT||DL
|8627|| ||
|8727|| ||
|8827||AT||MP
|8927||RG||WB
|-
|8028|| ||
|8128||AT||GJ
|8228||ID||BR
|8328||RJ||AP
|8428||AT||TN
|8528||VD||PB
|8628|| ||
|8728||ID||PB
|8828||VD||MU
|8928||RG||MH
|-
|8029|| ||
|8129||AT||KL
|8229||ID||BR
|8329|| ||
|8429|| ||
|8529||VD||HR
|8629|| ||
|8729|| ||PB
|8829|| ||
|8929||RG||HR
|-
|8030||SR||MU
|8130||AT||DL
|8230||RG||KL
|8330||CG||AP
|8430||RG||UW
|8530||VD||GJ
|8630||RJ||UW
|8730|| ||
|8830|| ||
|8930||VF||HR
|-
|8031|| ||
|8131|| ||
|8231||RG||KL
|8331|| ||
|8431||RG||KA
|8531|| ||
|8631|| ||
|8731|| ||
|8831|| ||
|8931|| ||
|-
|8032|| ||
|8132|| ||
|8232||RG||KL
|8332|| ||
|8432||MT||RJ
|8532||TN||UW
|8632|| ||
|8732|| ||
|8832|| ||
|8932|| ||
|-
|8033|| ||
|8133|| ||
|8233||TD||RJ
|8333||TD||RJ
|8433||MT||RJ
|8533||TN||
|8633|| ||
|8733|| ||
|8833|| ||
|8933||ID||UE
|-
|8034|| ||
|8134|| ||
|8234||RG||MP
|8334||VF||KO
|8434||TN||BR
|8534|| ||
|8634|| ||
|8734|| ||
|8834|| ||
|8934|| ||
|-
|8035|| ||
|8135|| ||
|8235||TD||BR
|8335||VF||KO
|8435||ID||MP
|8535|| ||
|8635|| ||
|8735|| ||
|8835|| ||
|8935|| ||
|-
|8036|| ||
|8136||KI||NG
|8236||RG||MP
|8336||VF||KO
|8436||TN||WB
|8536|| ||
|8636|| ||
|8736|| ||
|8836|| ||
|8936|| ||
|-8337||VF||WB
|8037||||
|8137|| ||
|8237|| TD
|| MH
|8337||||
|8437||ID
|| PB
|8537|| ||
|8637||||
|8737||TN||UE
|8837||||
| 8937
|
|
|-
|8038|| ||
|8138|| ||
|8238||VF||GJ
|8338||VF||OR
|8438||TD||TN
|8538||TN||BR
|8638|| ||
|8738|| ||
|8838||RJ ||TN
|8938||ID||UW
|-
|8039|| ||
|8139|| ||
|8239||VF||RJ
|8339||VF||OR
|8439||TD||UW
|8539||TN||BR
|8639||RJ||AP
|8739|| ||
|8839||RJ||MP
|8939||VF||CH
|-
|8040|| ||
|8140||ID||GJ
|8240||RJ||KO
|8340|| ||
|8440|| ||
|8540||TN||BR
|8640|| ||
|8740|| ||
|8840|| ||
|8940||VF||TN
|-
|8041|| ||
|8141||VF||GJ
|8241|| ||
|8341||TN||AP
|8441|| ||
|8541|| ||
|8641|| ||
|8741||ID||RJ
|8841|| ||
|8941|| ||
|-
|8042|| ||
|8142||VF||AP
|8242|| ||
|8342|| ||
|8442|| ||
|8542|| ||
|8642||MT||WB
|8742||ID||DL
|8842|| ||
|8942|| ||
|-
|8043|| ||
|8143||TD||AP
|8243|| ||
|8343|| ||
|8443|| ||
|8543||TN||UE
|8643|| ||
|8743||ID||DL
|8843|| ||
|8943||VF||KL
|-
|8044|| ||
|8144||RG||CH
|8244|| ||
|8344||AC||TN
|8444|| ||
|8544||CG||BR
|8644|| ||
|8744||ID||DL
|8844||LM||MU
|8944|| ||
|-
|8045|| ||
|8145||VF||WB
|8245|| ||
|8345|| ||WB
|8445||TN||UW
|8545|| ||
|8645|| ||
|8745||ID||DL
|8845|| ||
|8945|| ||
|-
|8046|| ||
|8146||AT||PB
|8246|| ||
|8346||ID||WB
|8446||TD||MH
|8546|| ||
|8646|| ||
|8746||SP||KA
|8846|| ||
|8946|| ||
|-
|8047|| ||
|8147||TD||KA
|8247|| ||
|8347||ID||GJ
|8447||VF||DL
|8547||CG||KL
|8647|| ||
|8747||ID||KA
|8847|| ||
|8947||AC||RJ
|-
|8048|| ||
|8148||TD||TN
|8248||RJ||TN
|8348||VF||KO
|8448|| ||
|8548|| ||
|8648|| ||
|8748||ID ||KA
|8848|| ||
|8948||VF||UE
|-
|8049|| ||
|8149||TD||MH
|8249|| ||
|8349||AT||MP
|8449||ID||UW
|8549|| ||
|8649|| ||
|8749|| ||
|8849|| ||
|8949||RJ||RJ
|-
|8050||TD||KA
|8150|| ||
|8250|| ||
|8350|| ||
|8450|| ||
|8550|| ||
|8650||VF||UW
|8750||ID||DL
|8850|| ||
|8950||TD||HR
|-
|8051||VF||BR
|8151||ID||KA
|8251|| ||
|8351|| ||
|8451||AT||MU
|8551||VF||MH
|8651||ID||BR
|8751|| ||
|8851||RJ||DL
|8951||TD||KA
|-
|8052||VF||UE
|8152||ID||KA
|8252||RG||BR
|8352|| ||
|8452|| ||
|8552||VF||MH
|8652||ID||MH
|8752||CG||AP
|8852|| ||
|8952||AT||NE
|-
|8053||VF||HR
|8153|| ||
|8253|| ||
|8353|| ||
|8453||MT||KA
|8553||AC||KA
|8653||AT||WB
|8753|| ||
|8853||AT||UE
|8953||AT||UE
|-
|8054||VF||PB
|8154|| ||
|8254|| ||
|8354|| ||
|8454||AT||MU
|8554|| ||
|8654|| ||
|8754||AT||TN
|8854|| ||
|8954||VF||UE
|-
|8055||RG||MH
|8155|| ||
|8255|| ||
|8355|| ||
|8455|| ||
|8555||RJ||AP
|8655||TD||MU
|8755||AT||UW
|8855||TN||MH
|8955||RG||RJ
|-
|8056||AT||TN
|8156|| ||
|8256|| ||
|8356|| ||
|8456|| ||
|8556|| ||
|8656|| ||
|8756||AT||UE
|8856|| ||
|8956||RG||MH
|-
|8057||ID||UW
|8157||ID||KL
|8257|| ||
|8357||VF||MP
|8457||CG||KL
|8557||VF||PB
|8657||RG||MH
|8757||AT||BR
|8857|| ||
|8957||RG||UE
|-
|8058||ID||RJ
|8158||AT||WB
|8258|| ||
|8358||VF||MP
|8458|| ||
|8558||VF||PB
|8658||AT||OR
|8758||VF||GJ
|8858||TN||UE
|8958||ID||UW
|-
|8059||ID||HR
|8159||AT||WB
|8259|| ||
|8359||VF||MP
|8459||MT||DL
|8559|| ||
|8659|| ||
|8759||AC||WB
|8859||VF||UW
|8959||ID||MP
|-
|8060|| ||
|8160|| ||
|8260||RG||OR
|8360|| ||
|8460||TD||GJ
|8560||AC||RJ
|8660||RJ||KA
|8760||AC||TN
|8860||VF||DL
|8960||TD||UE
|-
|8061|| ||
|8161|| ||
|8261||RG||HP
|8361|| ||
|8461|| ||
|8561||AC||RJ
|8661|| ||
|8761|| ||
|8861||AT||KA
|8961||TD||KO
|-
|8062|| ||
|8162|| ||
|8262||RG||HP
|8362|| ||
|8462|| ||
|8562|| ||
|8662|| ||
|8762||CC||KA
|8862||TN||MH
|8962||TD||MP
|-
|8063|| ||
|8163|| ||
|8263||RG||HP
|8363|| ||
|8463|| ||
|8563|| ||
|8663|| ||
|8763||CG||OR
|8863||TN||BR
|8963|| ||
|-
|8064|| ||
|8164|| ||
|8264||VD||GJ
|8364|| ||
|8464|| ||
|8564|| ||
|8664|| ||
|8764||CG||RJ
|8864|| ||
|8964|| ||
|-
|8065|| ||
|8165|| ||
|8265||TD||UW
|8365|| ||
|8465||ID||AP
|8565||AC||UE
|8665|| ||
|8765||CG||UE
|8865|| ||
|8965||ID||MP
|-
|8066|| ||
|8166|| ||
|8266||TD||UW
|8366|| ||
|8466|| ||
|8566||AC||PB
|8666|| ||
|8766||RC||RJ
|8866||TD||GJ
|8966|| ||
|-
|8067||||
|8167|| ||
|8267||TD||UW
|8367|| ||
|8467||RG||DL
|8567||AC||PB
|8667||RJ||TN
|8767||RG||MU
|8867||TD||KA
|8967||AT||WB
|-
|8068|| ||
|8168|| ||
|8268||VD||MU
|8368||RJ ||DL
|8468||RG||DL
|8568||AC||PB
|8668||RJ|| TN
|8768||VF||WB
|8868|| ||
|8968||AT||PB
|-
|8069|| ||
|8169||RJ||MU
|8269||VD||MP
|8369||RJ||MU
|8469||VF||GJ
|8569||AC||PB
|8669|| ||
|8769||AT||RJ
|8869|| ||
|8969||AT||BR
|-
|8070|| ||
|8170||AT||
|8270||TN||OR
|8370||VF||MP
|8470||RG||DL
|8570|| ||
|8670||AT||WB
|8770||RJ||MP
|8870||AT||TN
|8970||ID||KA
|-
|8071|| ||
|8171||AT||UW
|8271||TN||BR
|8371|| ||
|8471||RG||DL
|8571|| ||
|8671|| ||
|8771|| ||
|8871||TD||MP
|8971||AT||KA
|-
|8072||RJ||TN
|8172|| ||
|8272|| ||
|8372|| ||
|8472|| ||
|8572|| ||
|8672|| ||
|8772|| ||
|8872||ID||PB
|8972||AT||WB
|-
|8073||RJ||KA
|8173|| ||
|8273||TN||UW
|8373|| ||
|8473|| ||
|8573|| ||
|8673|| ||
|8773|| ||
|8873||ID||BR
|8973||AC||TN
|-
|8074||RJ||AP
|8174|| ||
|8274|| ||
|8374||AT||AP
|8474|| ||
|8574||AC||UE
|8674||VF||BR
|8774|| ||
|8874||VF||UE
|8974||AT||NE
|-
|8075|| ||
|8175|| ||
|8275||CG||MH
|8375||VF||DL
|8475|| ||
|8575||AC||NE
|8675||AC||TN
|8775|| ||
|8875||VF||RJ
|8975||ID||MH
|-
|8076|| ||
|8176|| ||
|8276|| ||
|8376||VF||DL
|8476||ID||UW
|8576|| ||
|8676||VF||BR
|8776|| ||
|8876||VF||AS
|8976||TD||MH
|-
|8077||RJ||UW
|8177||TN||MH
|8277||CG||KA
|8377||VF||DL
|8477|| ||
|8577||ID||UW
|8677||VF||BR
|8777|| RJ
| WB
|8877||VF||BR
|8977||TD||AP
|-
|8078|| ||
|8178||RJ ||DL
|8278|| ||
|8378||ID||MH
|8478|| ||
|8578||ID||BR
|8678||VF||BR
|8778||RJ||TN
|8878||VF||MP
|8978||AT||AP
|-
|8079|| ||
|8179||AT||AP
|8279||RJ||UW
|8379||ID||MH
|8479|| ||
|8579||ID||BR
|8679||AC||HP
|8779|| ||
|8879||VF||MU
|8979||AT||UW
|-
|8080||RG||MU
|8180||TN||MH
|8280||CG||OR
|8380|| ||
|8480|| ||
|8580|| ||
|8680||ID||TN
|8780|| ||
|8880||RG||KA
|8980||VF||GJ
|-
|8081||RG||UE
|8181||AC||UE
|8281||CG||KL
|8381|| ||
|8481|| ||
|8581|| ||
|8681||ID||TN
|8781|| ||
|8881||RG||UW
|8981||TD||KO
|-
|8082||LM||MU
|8182|| ||
|8282|| ||
|8382|| ||
|8482|| ||
|8582||AT||KO
|8682||ID||TN
|8782|| ||
|8882||RG||DL
|8982||TD||MP
|-
|8083||AC||BR
|8183|| ||
|8283||AT||PB
|8383||TN||MU
|8483||TN||MH
|8583||AT||KO
|8683||ID ||HR
|8783|| ||
|8883||AC||TN
|8983||TD||MH
|-
|8084||AT||BR
|8184|| ||
|8284||AT||PB
|8384|| ||
|8484||TN||MH
|8584||AT||KO
|8684|| ||
|8784|| ||
|8884||VF||KA
|8984||TD||OR
|-
|8085||AT||MP
|8185||ID||AP
|8285||AC||DL
|8385|| ||
|8485||TN||MH
|8585||VF||DL
|8685||VF||DL
|8785|| ||
|8885||TD||AP
|8985||CG||AP
|-
|8086||VF||KL
|8186|| ||
|8286||AC||MU
|8386||AC||RJ
|8486||VF||AS
|8586||VF||DL
|8686||AC||AP
|8786||SR||MH
|8886||VF||AP
|8986||CG||BR
|-
|8087||TD||MH
|8187|| ||
|8287||RG||DL
|8387|| ||
|8487||TN||GJ
|8587||VF||DL
|8687||RG||UE
|8787||SR||MH
|8887|| ||
|8987||CG||BR
|-
|8088||RG||KA
|8188|| ||
|8288||AT||PB
|8388|| ||
|8488|| ||
|8588||VF||DL
|8688||RG||AP
|8788|| ||
|8888||ID||MH
|8988||CG||HP
|-
|8089||TD||KL
|8189|| ||
|8289||AT||PB
|8389|| ||
|8489||VF||TN
|8589|| ||
|8689|| ||
|8789|| ||
|8889||ID||MP
|8989||CG||MP
|-
|8090||TD||UE
|8190|| ||
|8290||AT||RJ
|8390||VF||MH
|8490|| ||
|8590||RG||KL
|8690||RG||GJ
|8790||AT||AP
|8890||AT||RJ
|8990||CG||MP
|-
|8091||TD||HP
|8191||ID||UW
|8291||TN||MU
|8391|| ||
|8491|| ||
|8591||RG||PB
|8691|| ||
|8791||TD||UW
|8891||TD||KL
|8991||CG||MH
|-
|8092||TD||BR
|8192|| ||
|8292||AT||BR
|8392|| ||
|8492||AT||JK
|8592|| ||
|8692|| ||
|8792||T24||KA
|8892||AC||KA
|8992||CG||PB
|-
|8093||TD||OR
|8193|| ||
|8293||TD||WB
|8393|| ||
|8493|| ||
|8593|| ||
|8693|| ||
|8793||TD||MH
|8893||RG||KL
|8993||CG||RJ
|-
|8094||VF||RJ
|8194||ID||PB
|8294||AT||BR
|8394|| ||
|8494|| ||
|8594|| ||
|8694|| ||
|8794||VF||NE
|8894||AT||HP
|8994||CG||TN
|-
|8095||VF||KA
|8195||ID||PB
|8295||AT||HR
|8395|| ||
|8495|| ||
|8595||RC||DL
|8695||RG||TN
|8795||VF||UE
|8895||CG||OR
|8995||CG||UW
|-
|8096||ID||AP
|8196||ID||PB
|8296||TD||KO
|8396|| ||
|8496||ID || KA
|8596|| ||
|8696||VF||RJ
|8796||AC||MH
|8896||AC||UE
|8996||CG||UW
|-
|8097||TD||MU
|8197||AT||KA
|8297||VF||AP
|8397|| ||
|8497||ID ||KA
|8597|| ||
|8697||VF||KO
|8797||TD||BR
|8897||AT||AP
|8997||AT||RJ
|-
|8098||VF||TN
|8198||ID||PB
|8298||VF||BR
|8398|| ||
|8498|| ||
|8598|| ||
|8698||VF||MH
|8798||RC||WB
|8898||AC||MU
|8998|| ||
|-
|8099||RG||AP
|8199|| ||
|8299||RJ||UE
|8399|| ||
|8499||ID||MU
|8599||VF||OR
|8699||TD||PB
|8799||RC||UE
|8899||RG||UW
|8999||AT||MU
|}

==7xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 7xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|70 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|71 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|72 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|73 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|74 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|75 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|76 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|77 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|78 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|79 Series
|-
|7000||RJ||MP
|7100||VD||HR
|7200||TD||TN
|7300|| ||
|7400||VD||HR
|7500||ID||UW
|7600||AT||GJ
|7700|| ||
|7800||VF||UE
|7900||VD||HR
|-
|7001||RJ||WB
|7101|| ||
|7201|| ||
|7301||AC||BR
|7401||AC||TN
|7501||TD||WB
|7601|| ||
|7701|| ||
|7801|| ||
|7901|| ||
|-
|7002||RJ||AS
|7102|| ||
|7202|| ||
|7302|| ||
|7402|| ||
|7502||AC||TN
|7602||AT||WB
|7702||AT||AP
|7802|| ||
|7902|| ||
|-
|7003||RJ||KO
|7103||RG||MH
|7203|| ||
|7303||RG||MH
|7403|| ||
|7503||AC||DL
|7603|| ||
|7703|| ||
|7803|| ||
|7903||RJ||BR
|-
|7004||RJ||BR
|7104|| ||
|7204||TD||KA
|7304||RG||MH
|7404||TD||HR
|7504|| ||
|7604|| ||
|7704|| ||
|7804|| ||
|7904||RJ||TN
|-
|7005||RJ||NE
|7105|| ||
|7205|| ||
|7305||RG||TN
|7405|| ||
|7505||RG||UE
|7605|| ||
|7705|| ||
|7805|| ||
|7905|| ||
|-
|7006||RJ||JK
|7106|| ||
|7206||TD||HR
|7306||RG||AP
|7406||VF||KA
|7506||VF||MU
|7606|| ||
|7706|| ||
|7806|| ||
|7906||RJ||UW
|-
|7007||RJ||UE
|7107|| ||
|7207||TD||AP
|7307||RG||PB
|7407||VF||WB
|7507||VF||MH
|7607||AT||UE
|7707|| ||
|7807||AT||HP
|7907||AT||MP
|-
|7008||RJ||OR
|7108|| ||
|7208||TD||MU
|7308||RG||NE
|7408||VF||UE
|7508||VF||PB
|7608|| ||
|7708||AT||TN
|7808||VF||BR
|7908|| ||
|-
|7009||RJ||PB
|7109|| ||
|7209||TD||BR
|7309||ID||UE
|7409||VF||UW
|7509||ID||AP
|7609||VF||UW
|7709||AT||MH
|7809||AC||OR
|7909|| ||
|-
|7010||RJ||TN
|7110|| ||
|7210||AC ||DL
|7310|| ||
|7410|| ||
|7510|| ||
|7610|| ||
|7710||AT||MU
|7810||AC||TN
|7910|| ||
|-
|7011||RJ||DL
|7111|| ||GJ
|7211|| ||
|7311|| ||
|7411||TD||KA
|7511|| ||
|7611|| ||
|7711|| ||GJ
|7811|| ||
|7911|| ||
|-
|7012||RJ||KL
|7112|| ||
|7212|| ||
|7312|| ||
|7412|| ||
|7512|| ||
|7612|| ||MP
|7712|| ||
|7812|| ||
|7912|| ||
|-
|7013||RJ||AP
|7113|| ||
|7213|| ||
|7313|| ||
|7413|| ||
|7513|| ||
|7613|| ||
|7713|| ||
|7813||RG||KA
|7913|| ||
|-
|7014||RJ||RJ
|7114|| ||
|7214|| ||
|7314|| ||
|7414|| ||
|7514|| ||
|7614|| ||
|7714|| ||
|7814||RG||PB
|7914|| ||
|-
|7015||RJ||HR
|7115|| ||
|7215|| ||
|7315|| ||
|7415||TD||MP
|7515|| ||
|7615|| ||
|7715|| ||
|7815|| ||
|7915|| ||
|-
|7016||RJ||GJ
|7116|| ||
|7216|| ||
|7316|| ||
|7416||TD||AP
|7516|| ||
|7616|| ||
|7716|| ||
|7816|| ||
|7916|| ||
|-
|7017||RJ||UW
|7117|| ||
|7217|| ||
|7317|| ||
|7417||TD||UW
|7517|| ||
|7617||ID||MP
|7717|| ||
|7817||RG||GJ
|7917|| ||
|-
|7018||RJ||HP
|7118|| ||
|7218|| ||
|7318|| ||
|7418||TD||TN
|7518|| ||
|7618|| ||
|7718||AT||MU
|7818|| ||
|7918|| ||
|-
|7019||RJ||KA
|7119|| ||
|7219||AT||MH
|7319||AT||BR
|7419||RC||MH
|7519|| ||
|7619|| ||
|7719||ID||MH
|7819|| ||
|7919|| ||
|-
|7020||RJ||MH
|7120|| ||
|7220|| ||
|7320|| ||
|7420|| ||
|7520||RC||UW
|7620||RG||MH
|7720|| ||
|7820|| ||
|7920|| ||
|-
|7021||RJ||MU
|7121|| ||
|7221|| ||
|7321|| ||
|7421|| ||
|7521|| ||
|7621|| ||
|7721|| ||
|7821|| ||
|7921|| ||
|-
|7022||AT||KA
|7122|| ||
|7222|| ||GJ
|7322||ID||BR
|7422|| ||
|7522|| ||
|7622|| ||
|7722|| ||GJ
|7822|| ||
|7922|| ||
|-
|7023||AT||RJ
|7123|| ||
|7223|| ||
|7323||ID||BR
|7423|| ||
|7523|| ||
|7623|| ||
|7723|| ||
|7823|| ||
|7923|| ||
|-
|7024||AT||MP
|7124|| ||
|7224|| ||
|7324||ID||BR
|7424|| ||
|7524|| ||
|7624|| ||
|7724|| ||
|7824|| ||
|7924|| ||
|-
|7025||ID||KL
|7125|| ||
|7225|| ||
|7325|| ||
|7425|| ||
|7525|| ||
|7625|| ||
|7725|| ||
|7825|| ||
|7925|| ||
|-
|7026||ID||KA
|7126|| ||
|7226|| ||
|7326|| ||
|7426|| ||
|7526|| ||
|7626|| ||
|7726|| ||
|7826|| ||
|7926|| ||
|-
|7027||VF||HR
|7127|| ||
|7227|| ||
|7327|| ||
|7427|| ||
|7527|| ||
|7627|| ||
|7727||AT ||RJ
|7827||RG||DL
|7927|| ||
|-
|7028||AT||MH
|7128|| ||
|7228|| ||
|7328|| ||
|7428||RC||DL
|7528|| ||
|7628|| ||
|7728|| ||
|7828||RG||MP
|7928|| ||
|-
|7029|| ||
|7129|| ||
|7229||VF||RJ
|7329|| ||
|7429||RC||KL
|7529|| ||
|7629|| ||
|7729|| ||
|7829||VF||KA
|7929|| ||
|-
|7030||VF||MH
|7130|| ||
|7230|| ||
|7330|| ||
|7430|| ||
|7530||AC||DL
|7630|| ||
|7730|| ||
|7830||VF||UW
|7930||RC||MH
|-
|7031||AC||WB
|7131|| ||
|7231|| ||
|7331|| ||
|7431|| ||
|7531||AC||DL
|7631||VF||BR
|7731||ID||AP
|7831|| ||
|7931|| ||
|-
|7032||AT||AP
|7132|| ||
|7232|| ||
|7332|| ||
|7432|| ||
|7532||AC||DL
|7632|| ||
|7732|| ||
|7832|| ||
|7932|| ||
|-
|7033||AT||BR
|7133|| ||
|7233|| ||
|7333|| ||GJ
|7433|| ||
|7533||AC||DL
|7633|| ||
|7733|| ||GJ
|7833||VF||HP
|7933|| ||
|-
|7034||VF||KL
|7134|| ||
|7234|| ||
|7334|| ||
|7434|| ||
|7534|| ||
|7634|| ||
|7734|| ||
|7834||ID||DL
|7934|| ||
|-
|7035||AC||AS
|7135|| ||
|7235|| ||
|7335|| ||
|7435|| ||
|7535|| ||
|7635|| ||
|7735||RG||OR
|7835||ID||DL
|7935|| ||
|-
|7036||ID||AP
|7136|| ||
|7236|| ||
|7336|| ||
|7436|| ||
|7536|| ||
|7636|| AT
|AS
|7736||TD||KL
|7836||ID||DL
|7936|| ||
|-
|7037||TN||UW
|7137|| ||
|7237||ID||UE
|7337|| ||
|7437|| ||
|7537|| ||
|7637|| ||
|7737||TD||RJ
|7837||VF||PB
|7937|| ||
|-
|7038||ID||MH
|7138|| ||
|7238|| ||
|7338|| ||
|7438|| ||
|7538|| ||
|7638|| ||
|7738||AT||MU
|7838||VF||DL
|7938|| ||
|-
|7039||ID||MU
|7139|| ||
|7239|| ||
|7339|| ||
|7439||RC||KO
|7539|| ||
|7639||VF||TN
|7739||AT||BR
|7839||CG||UE
|7939|| ||
|-
|7040||AC||MH
|7140|| ||
|7240|| ||
|7340||AT||RJ
|7440|| ||
|7540||AT||TN
|7640|| ||
|7740|| ||
|7840||ID||DL
|7940|| ||
|-
|7041||TN||GJ
|7141|| ||
|7241|| ||
|7341|| ||
|7441|| ||
|7541|| ||
|7641|| ||
|7741||ID||MH
|7841|| ||
|7941|| ||
|-
|7042||AT||DL
|7142|| ||
|7242|| ||
|7342|| ||
|7442|| ||
|7542|| ||
|7642|| ||
|7742||AT||RJ
|7842||VG||AP
|7942|| ||
|-
|7043||AT||GJ
|7143|| ||
|7243|| ||
|7343|| ||
|7443|| ||
|7543||AT||BR
|7643|| ||
|7743|| ||
|7843||AC||UE
|7943|| ||
|-
|7044||AT||KO
|7144|| ||
|7244|| ||
|7344|| ||
|7444|| ||
|7544||VF||BR
|7644|| ||
|7744|| ||
|7844||AC||UE
|7944|| ||
|-
|7045||VF||MU
|7145|| ||
|7245|| ||
|7345|| ||
|7445|| ||
|7545||VF||BR
|7645|| ||
|7745||ID||MH
|7845||TD||TN
|7945|| ||
|-
|7046||ID||GJ
|7146|| ||
|7246|| ||
|7346|| ||
|7446||VF||
|7546||VF||BR
|7646|| ||
|7746|| ||
|7846||RG||KA
|7946|| ||
|-
|7047||VD||MP
|7147|| ||
|7247|| ||
|7347||AT||PB
|7447|| ||
|7547||VF||BR
|7647|| ||
|7747|| ||
|7847|| ||
|7947|| ||
|-
|7048||TD||GJ
|7148|| ||
|7248|| ||
|7348|| ||
|7448|| ||
|7548|| ||
|7648|| ||
|7748|| ||
|7848|| ||
|7948|| ||
|-
|7049||ID||MP
|7149|| ||
|7249|| ||
|7349||VF||BR
|7449|| ||
|7549||VF||BR
|7649|| ||
|7749|| ||
|7849||RG||KA
|7949|| ||
|-
|7050||TN||BR
|7150|| ||
|7250||AT||BR
|7350||ID||MH
|7450||ID||KO
|7550||VF||KO
|7650|| ||
|7750|| ||
|7850|| ||
|7950|| ||
|-
|7051||AT||JK
|7151|| ||
|7251|| ||
|7351||ID||UW
|7451|| ||
|7551|| ||
|7651|| ||
|7751|| ||
|7851|| ||
|7951|| ||
|-
|7052||ID||UE
|7152|| ||
|7252|| ||
|7352||ID||BR
|7452|| ||
|7552|| ||
|7652|| ||
|7752|| ||
|7852|| ||
|7952|| ||
|-
|7053||AC||DL
|7153|| ||
|7253|| ||
|7353||ID||KA
|7453|| ||
|7553|| ||
|7653|| ||
|7753|| ||
|7853|| ||
|7953|| ||
|-
|7054||AT||UE
|7154|| ||
|7254||ID||BR
|7354||ID||MP
|7454|| ||
|7554|| ||
|7654||ID||BR
|7754||AT||UE
|7854|| ||
|7954|| ||
|-
|7055||ID||UW
|7155|| ||
|7255||ID||BR
|7355||VD||PB
|7455|| ||
|7555|| ||
|7655|| ||
|7755||AT||UE
|7855|| ||
|7955|| ||
|-
|7056||ID||HR
|7156|| ||
|7256||ID||BR
|7356||AT||KL
|7456|| ||
|7556|| ||
|7656|| ||
|7756||AT||MH
|7856|| ||
|7956|| ||
|-
|7057||ID||MH
|7157|| ||
|7257||ID||BR
|7357||VD||HR
|7457|| ||
|7557|| ||
|7657|| ||
|7757|| ||
|7857|| ||
|7957|| ||
|-
|7058||TN||MH
|7158|| ||
|7258|| ||
|7358||AT||
|7458|| ||
|7558|| ||
|7658||ID ||AP
|7758|| ||
|7858|| ||
|7958|| ||
|-
|7059||AC||KO
|7159|| ||
|7259||AT||KA
|7359||ID||GJ
|7459|| ||
|7559||ID||KL
|7659||ID||AP
|7759|| ||
|7859||RG||DL
|7959|| ||
|-
|7060||AT||UW
|7160|| ||
|7260|| ||
|7360||VF||BR
|7460|| ||
|7560|| ||
|7660|| ||
|7760||AT||KA
|7860||ID||UE
|7960|| ||
|-
|7061||RG||BR
|7161|| ||
|7261|| ||
|7361||VF||BR
|7461|| ||
|7561|| ||
|7661|| ||
|7761|| ||
|7861||RG|| DL
|7961||TD||
|-
|7062||AC||RJ
|7162|| ||
|7262||VF ||MH
|7362||VF||BR
|7462|| ||
|7562||ID||BR
|7662|| ||
|7762||AT||BR
|7862||RG||DL
|7962|| ||
|-
|7063||AT||WB
|7163|| ||
|7263|| ||
|7363|| ||
|7463||AT||BR
|7563||ID||BR
|7663|| ||
|7763|| AT
||BR
|7863||RG|| DL
|7963|| ||
|-
|7064||VF||OR
|7164|| ||
|7264|| ||
|7364|| ||
|7464|| ||
|7564||ID||BR
|7664|| ||
|7764|| ||
|7864|| ||
|7964|| ||
|-
|7065||ID||DL
|7165|| ||
|7265|| ||
|7365|| ||
|7465|| ||
|7565|| ||
|7665||VF||RJ
|7765|| ||
|7865|| ||
|7965|| ||
|-
|7066||VF||MH
|7166|| ||
|7266|| ||
|7366|| ||
|7466|| ||
|7566||VF||MP
|7666||RG||MU
|7766|| ||
|7866|| ||
|7966|| ||
|-
|7067||RG||MP
|7167|| ||
|7267|| ||
|7367|| ||
|7467|| ||
|7567||VF||GJ
|7667||RG||CH
|7767|| ||
|7867||SR ||MU
|7967|| ||
|-
|7068||TN||UE
|7168|| ||
|7268|| ||
|7368|| ||
|7468|| ||
|7568||AT||RJ
|7668||RG||UE
|7768||VF||MH
|7868|| ||
|7968|| ||
|-
|7069||VF||GJ
|7169|| ||
|7269|| ||
|7369|| ||
|7469|| ||
|7569||RG||AP
|7669||RG||UW
|7769|| ||
|7869||AT||MP
|7969|| ||
|-
|7070||AT||BR
|7170|| ||
|7270|| ||
|7370||ID||BR
|7470|| ||
|7570||VF||UE
|7670||RG||AP
|7770|| ||GJ
|7870||TN||BR
|7970|| ||
|-
|7071||AC||UE
|7171|| ||GJ
|7271|| ||
|7371|| ||
|7471|| ||
|7571|| ||
|7671|| ||
|7771|| ||GJ
|7871||TN||TN
|7971|| ||
|-
|7072||VF||GJ
|7172|| ||
|7272||AC||UE
|7372|| ||
|7472|| ||
|7572|| ||
|7672|| ||
|7772|| ||GJ
|7872||VF||WB
|7972||RJ || MH
|-
|7073||AT||RJ
|7173|| ||
|7273||AC||BR
|7373||AC||TN
|7473|| ||
|7573|| ||
|7673|| ||
|7773|| ||GJ
|7873||VF||OR
|7973|| ||
|-
|7074||ID||WB
|7174|| ||
|7274|| ||
|7374|| ||
|7474||VF||GJ
|7574|| ||
|7674|| ||
|7774||ID||MH
|7874||VF||GJ
|7974|| ||
|-
|7075||UN||AP
|7175|| ||
|7275||TD||UE
|7375|| ||
|7475|| ||
|7575||VF||GJ
|7675|| ||
|7775||ID||MH
|7875||VF||MH
|7975|| ||
|-
|7076||VF||WB
|7176|| ||
|7276||TD||MH
|7376||CG||UE
|7476|| ||
|7576|| ||
|7676||RG||KA
|7776|| ||GJ
|7876||RG||HR
|7976||RJ ||RJ
|-
|7077||AT||OR
|7177|| ||
|7277||AC||BR
|7377||ID||OR
|7477|| ||
|7577||VF||AS
|7677||RG||BR
|7777||TN||GJ
|7877||RG||RJ
|7977||RJ||MU
|-
|7078||UN||UW
|7178|| ||
|7278||AC||KO
|7378|| ||
|7478|| ||
|7578|| ||
|7678||ID||UE
|7778||UN||GJ
|7878||RG||GJ
|7978||RJ ||OR
|-
|7079||ID||BR
|7179|| ||
|7279|| ||
|7379||VF||UE
|7479|| ||

|7579||CG||UW
|7679||RG||WB
|7779||UN||GJ
|7879||RG||MP
|7979||RJ||BR
|-
|7080||AT||UE
|7180|| ||
|7280||VF||BR
|7380|| ||
|7480|| ||
|7580|| ||
|7680|| ||
|7780|| ||
|7880||AT ||UE
|7980||RJ||KO
|-
|7081||VF||UE
|7181|| ||
|7281||VF||BR
|7381||VF||OR
|7481|| ||
|7581|| ||
|7681|| ||
|7781|| ||
|7881|| ||
|7981|| ||
|-
|7082||AT||HR
|7182|| ||
|7282||VF||BR
|7382||CG||AP
|7482|| ||
|7582|| ||
|7682|| ||
|7782|| ||
|7882|| ||
|7982||RJ||DL
|-
|7083||ID||MH
|7183|| ||
|7283||VF||BR
|7383||UN||GJ
|7483||RC||KA
|7583|| ||
|7683|| ||
|7783|| ||
|7883|| ||
|7983|| ||
|-
|7084||ID||UE
|7184|| ||
|7284|| ||
|7384||UN||WB
|7484|| ||
|7584|| ||
|7684|| ||
|7784||AC||UE
|7884|| ||
|7984||RJ||GJ
|-
|7085||AT||NE
|7185|| ||
|7285|| ||
|7385||UN||MH
|7485|| ||
|7585||AT||WB
|7685|| ||
|7785|| ||
|7885|| ||
|7985|| ||
|-
|7086||AT||AS
|7186|| ||
|7286|| ||
|7386||UN||AP
|7486|| ||
|7586|| ||
|7686|| ||
|7786||AC||UE
|7886|| ||
|7986|| ||
|-
|7087||AT||PB
|7187|| ||
|7287|| ||
|7387||AT||MH
|7487|| ||
|7587||CG||MP
|7687||AC||KO
|7787|| ||
|7887|| ||
|7987|| ||
|-
|7088||ID||UW
|7188|| ||
|7288|| ||
|7388||AT||UE
|7488||RC||BR
|7588||CG||MH
|7688|| ||
|7788|| ||GJ
|7888|| ||
|7988|| ||
|-
|7089||ID||MP
|7189|| ||
|7289||VF ||DL
|7389||AT||MP
|7489||RC||MP
|7589||CG||PB
|7689|| ||
|7789|| ||
|7889|| ||
|7989||RJ||AP
|-
|7090||ID||KA
|7190|| ||
|7290||VF ||DL
|7390|| ||
|7490||AT ||GJ
|7590|| ||
|7690|| ||
|7790||AC||RJ
|7890||ID||KO
|7990||RJ||MU
|-
|7091||AT||BR
|7191|| ||
|7291||VF ||DL
|7391|| ||
|7491||ID||BR
|7591|| ||
|7691|| ||
|7791|| ||
|7891||ID||RJ
|7991||RJ||BR
|-
|7092||ID||TN
|7192|| ||
|7292||VF ||DL
|7392|| ||
|7492|| ||
|7592|| ||
|7692|| ||
|7792|| ||
|7892||RJ ||KA
|7992|| ||
|-
|7093||AT||AP
|7193|| ||
|7293||AC||KL
|7393|| ||
|7493||ID||BR
|7593|| ||
|7693|| ||
|7793|| ||
|7893||AT||AP
|7993|| ||
|-
|7094||VF||TN
|7194|| ||
|7294|| ||
|7394|| ||
|7494||ID||BR
|7594|| ||
|7694|| ||
|7794||UN||AP
|7894||AT||OR
|7994|| ||
|-
|7095||ID||AP
|7195|| ||
|7295|| ||
|7395|| ||
|7495|| ||
|7595|| ||
|7695|| ||
|7795||TD||KA
|7895||AT||UW
|7995||AT||AP
|-
|7096||ID||GJ
|7196|| ||
|7296|| ||
|7396||UN||AP
|7496|| ||
|7596|| ||
|7696||TD||PB
|7796|| ||
|7896||AT||AS
|7996|| ||
|-
|7097||AC||AP
|7197|| ||
|7297|| ||
|7397|| ||
|7497|| ||
|7597||CG||RJ
|7697||ID||MP
|7797||VF||WB
|7897||AT||UE
|7997||ID||AP
|-
|7098||AC||WB
|7198|| ||
|7298||AC||JK
|7398||UN||UE
|7498||RC||MU
|7598||CG||TN
|7698||ID||GJ
|7798||VF||MH
|7898||AT||MP
|7998|| ||
|-
|7099||TN||AS
|7199|| ||
|7299||AC||CH
|7399||AC||AS
|7499||RC||UE
|7599||CG||UW
|7699||ID||WB
|7799||VF||AP

|7899||AT||KA
|7999|| ||GJ
|}

==See also==
*[[Telephone numbers in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/access-services/allotment-msc-codes Allocation (allotment) of new mobile number series (MSC codes)] from National Numbering Plan, Department of Telecommunications, Government of India
{{Telephone numbers in Asia}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Telephone Numbering In India}}
[[Category:Telephone numbers by country|India]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:Telephone numbers in India| ]]
[[Category:Mobile phone industry in India]]

Mobile telephone numbering in India

2017-07-20T07:44:56Z

Soft coder: /* External links */ removing dead link

All mobile numbers in India starts with '''9''', '''8''' or '''7''', this includes [[pager]] services, but the use of pagers is on the decline. Each [[telecom circle]] is allowed to have multiple private operators, earlier it was 2 private + BSNL/MTNL, subsequently it changed to 3 private + BSNL/MTNL in GSM, now each telecom circle has more than 10 operators including BSNL/MTNL.

All mobile phone numbers are 10 digits long. The way to split the numbers is defined in the National Numbering Plan 2003 as XXXX-NNNNNN where ''XXXX'' indicates the [[Mobile network operators of India|network operator]] and [[telecom circle]], and ''NNNNNN'' is the subscriber numbers.

==Telecom circles==

The Department of Telecommunications has divided [[India]] into various [[telecom circle]]s such that within each circle, the call is treated as a local call, while across zones, it becomes a long-distance call. A telecom circle is normally the entire [[States of India|state]], with a few exceptions like [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] (which are different zones than their respective states), [[Goa]] (which is a part of the [[Maharashtra]] zone), [[Chhattisgarh]] (which is part of [[Madhya Pradesh]]), [[Sikkim]] (which is part of [[West Bengal]]) [[Jharkhand]] (which is a part of the [[Bihar]] zone) or [[Uttar Pradesh]] (divided into multiple zones). [[Delhi]] is a unique circle because it includes towns from [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] as well. Recent formation of the new state of [[Telangana]] has been separated from [[Andhra Pradesh]] state which will still remain in the same circle.

From May 20, 2005, calls between
* Mumbai Metro and Maharashtra Telecom Circle,
* Chennai Metro and Tamil Nadu Telecom Circle,
* Uttar Pradesh (East) and Uttar Pradesh (West) Telecom Circle Service Areas
are merged in Inter service area connectate in the above-mentioned four States would be treated as intra-service area call for the purposes of routing as well as Access Deficit Charges (ADC). The dialing procedure for calls within a State for these States would also be simplified i.e. dialling of mobile-to mobile subscribers and fixed-to-mobile subscribers would be without prefixing '0'.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080229122841/http://www.dot.gov.in/basic/Notification_20May.doc DoT Notice]{{Full citation needed|date=February 2011}}</ref>

At present, there are 22 [[telecom circle]]s or service areas. They are classified into 4 categories: Metro, A, B, C. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata fall under Metro category. Chennai service area doesn't come under Metro category, as it has been a part of Tamil Nadu service circle since 2007.<ref>[http://www.indiacallinginfo.com/india-telecom-circles India calling info]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Circle name
!Code
!Category<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Telecom_Circle|title=Telecom Circle|website=www.wikinvest.com|access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref>
!Geographic area(s) covered
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|AP
|A
|State of [[Andhra Pradesh]], State of [[Telangana]] and [[Yanam district]]
|-
|Assam
|AS
|C
|State of [[Assam]]
|-
|Bihar
|BR
|C
|State of [[Bihar]] and State of [[Jharkhand]]
|- style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4"
|''Chennai''
|''CH''
|''Metro''
| ''[[Chennai]] (Chennai circle merged with Tamil Nadu circle in 2005)''
|-
|Delhi
|DL
|Metro
|[[Delhi]], [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]]
|-
|Gujarat
|GJ
|A
|State of [[Gujarat]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|HP
|C
|State of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Haryana
|HR
|B
|State of [[Haryana]] (excluding Faridabad, Gurgaon and [[Panchkula]]).
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir
|JK
|C
|State of [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|Kerala
|KL
|B
|State of [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Mahé district]]
|-
|Karnataka
|KA
|A
|State of [[Karnataka]]
|-
|Kolkata
|KO
|Metro
|[[Kolkata]] (includes parts of [[Howrah]], [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]], North and South 24 Parganas and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] Districts)
|-
|Maharashtra & Goa
|MH
|A
|State of [[Maharashtra]] (excluding [[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]), and State of [[Goa]]
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|MP
|B
|State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and State of [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|Mumbai
|MU
|Metro
|[[Mumbai]], Navi Mumbai and Kalyan
|-
|North East
|NE
|C
|State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], State of [[Meghalaya]], State of [[Mizoram]], State of [[Nagaland]], State of [[Manipur]] and State of [[Tripura]]
|-
|Orissa
|OR
|C
|State of [[Odisha]]
|-
|Punjab
|PB
|B
|State of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Panchkula]]
|-
|Rajasthan
|RJ
|B
|State of [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|TN
|A
|State of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry district]] and [[Karaikal district]]
|-
|UP (East)
|UE
|B
|[[Uttar Pradesh|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|UP (West)
|UW
|B
|Western Uttar Pradesh (excludes Ghaziabad and Noida) and State of [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|West Bengal
|WB
|C
|State of [[West Bengal]] (excluding Kolkata), [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and State of [[Sikkim]]
|}

== Network Operators ==
{{Main article|Mobile network operators of India}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Network Operators
|-
! AC
| [[Aircel]]
|-
! AT
| [[Airtel India]]
|-
! CC
| [[BSNL Mobile]] - CDMA
|-
! CG
| [[BSNL Mobile]] - GSM
|-
! DP
| [[MTNL|DOLPHIN]]
|-
! ID
| [[Idea Cellular|Idea]]
|-
! ''LM''
| ''[[Loop Mobile]] (acquired by [[Airtel India]])''
|-
! MT
| [[MTS India]]
|-
! ''PG''
| ''PING CDMA''
|-
! RC
| [[Reliance Mobile]] - CDMA
|-
! RG
| [[Reliance Mobile]] - GSM
|-
! RJ
| Reliance [[Jio]]
|-
! SR
| ''Subrin Rintel''
|-
! TD
| [[Tata DoCoMo]]
|-
! TN
| [[Telenor India]]
|-7398774406

! VF
| [[Vodafone India]]
|-
! ''VD''
| ''Videocon Telecom|Videocon ( Spectrum acquired by [[Airtel India]])''
|}

==9xxx Series==
{{refimprove|date=October 2016}}
*'''Note''':- The mobile numbers and operators are subject to change since [[Mobile number portability]] is available in most circles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mobilenumbertracker.com/blog/nationwide-mobile-number-portability-goes-live/ | title = Nationwide Mobile Number Portability goes live | publisher=Mobile Number Tracker}}</ref>
*'''Note''':- The Series of BSNL GSM (Cellone) 9473 are available in Bihar (94730 to 94734) and U.P. East (94735 to 94739) Telecom Circle.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 9xxxx series
|-
!colspan=3|90 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|91 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|92 Series [[Tata DoCoMo]]  CDMA
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|93 Series Reliance CDMA
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|94 Series [[BSNL Mobile]] 
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|95 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|96 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|97 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|98 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|99 Series
|-
|9000||AT||AP
|9100||LM||AP
|9200||MP
|9300||MP
|9400||KL
|9500||AT||TN
|9600||AT||TN
|9700||AC||AP
|9800||AT||WB
|9900||AT||KA
|-
|9001||AT||RJ
|9101||LM||AS
|9201||MP
|9301||MP
|9401||AS
|9501||AT||PB
|9601||AT||GJ
|9701||AT||AP
|9801||AT||BR
|9901||AT||KA
|-
|9002||AT||WB
|9102||LM||BR
|9202||MP
|9302||MP
|9402||NE
|9502||AT||AP
|9602||AT||RJ
|9702||ID||MU
|9802||AC||HR
|9902||AT||KA
|-
|9003||AT||TN
|9103||LM||AP
|9203||MP
|9303||MP
|9403||MH
|9503||AT||MH
|9603||ID||AP
|9703||VF||AP
|9803||AC||PB
|9903||AT||KO
|-
|9004||AT||MU
|9104||TN||GJ
|9204||BR
|9304||BR
|9404||MH
|9504||AC||BR
|9604||ID||MH
|9704||AT||AP
|9804||AC||KO
|9904||ID||GJ
|-
|9005||AT||UE
|9105||LM||HR
|9205||DL
|9305||UE
|9405||MH
|9505||ID||AP
|9605||ID||KL
|9705||ID||AP
|9805||AT||HP
|9905||RG||BR
|-
|9006||AT||BR
|9106||LM||HP
|9206||KA
|9306||JK
|9406||MP
|9506||ID||UE
|9606||RC||NE
|9706||VF||AS
|9806||AC||MP
|9906||AT||JK
|-
|9007||AT||KO
|9107||LM||JK
|9207||KL
|9307||UE
|9407||MP
|9507||ID||BR
|9607||RC||AS
|9707||RG||AS
|9807||AC||UE
|9907||RG||MP
|-
|9008||AT||KA
|9108||LM||KA
|9208||UE
|9308||BR
|9408||GJ
|9508||RG||AS
|9608||RG||BR
|9708||ID||BR
|9808||AC||UW
|9908||AT||AP
|-
|9009||ID||MP
|9109||LM||KL
|9209||MH
|9309||RJ
|9409||GJ
|9509||RG||RJ
|9609||VF||WB
|9709||VF||BR
|9809||AC||KL
|9909||VF||GJ
|-
|9010||ID||AP
|9110||LM||KO
|9210||DL
|9310||DL
|9410||UW
|9510||RG||GJ
|9610||VF||RJ
|9710||AC||CH
|9810||AT||DL
|9910||AT||DL
|-
|9011||ID||MH
|9111||ID||MP
|9211||DL
|9311||DL
|9411||UW
|9511||ET||MH
|9611||AT||KA
|9711||VF||DL
|9811||VF||DL
|9911||ID||DL
|-
|9012||ID||UW
|9112||LM||MH
|9212||DL
|9312||DL
|9412||UW
|9512||VF||GJ
|9612||AT||NE
|9712||VF||GJ
|9812||ID||HR
|9912||ID||AP
|-
|9013||DP||DL
|9113||LM||NE
|9213||DL
|9313||DL
|9413||RJ
|9513||CG||KA
|9613||AC||AS
|9713||VF||MP
|9813||VF||HR
|9913||VF||GJ
|-
|9014||RG||AP
|9114||LM||OR
|9214||RJ
|9314||RJ
|9414||RJ
|9514||ET||TN
|9614||AC||WB
|9714||ID||GJ
|9814||ID||PB
|9914||ID||PB
|-
|9015||RG||DL
|9115||LM||PB
|9215||HR
|9315||HR
|9415||UE
|9515||AT||AP
|9615||AC||NE
|9715||AC||TN
|9815||AT||PB
|9915||AT||PB
|-
|9016||RG||GJ
|9116||LM||RJ
|9216||PB
|9316||PB
|9416||HR
|9516||ET||KL
|9616||ID||UE
|9716||AC||DL
|9816||AT||HP
|9916||VF||KA
|-
|9017||RG||HR
|9117||LM||TN
|9217||PB
|9317||PB
|9417||PB
|9517||ET||PB
|9617||ID||MP
|9717||AT||DL
|9817||RG||HP
|9917||ID||UW
|-
|9018||RG||JK
|9118||TN||UE
|9218||HP
|9318||HP
|9418||HP
|9518||ET||HR
|9618||AT||AP
|9718||ID||DL
|9818||AT||DL
|9918||VF||UE
|-
|9019||RG||KA
|9119||LM||UW
|9219||UW
|9319||UW
|9419||JK
|9519||ET||UE
|9619||VF||MU
|9719||VF||UW
|9819||VF||MU
|9919||VF||UE
|-
|9020||RG||KL
|9120||TN||UE
|9220||MU
|9320||MU
|9420||MH
|9520||ET||UW
|9620||VF||KA
|9720||VF||UW
|9820||VF||MU
|9920||VF||MU
|-
|9021||RG||MH
|9121||TN||AS
|9221||MU
|9321||MU
|9421||MH
|9521||ET||RJ
|9621||AT||UE
|9721||VF||UE
|9821||AT||MH
|9921||ID||MH
|-
|9022||RG||MU
|9122||TN||BR
|9222||MU
|9322||MU
|9422||MH
|9522||ET||MP
|9622||AT||JK
|9722||AC||GJ
|9822||ID||MH
|9922||ID||MH
|-
|9023||RG||PB
|9123||TN||NE
|9223||MU
|9323||MU
|9423||MH
|9523||ET||BR
|9623||ID||MH
|9723||ID||GJ
|9823||VF||MH
|9923||VF||MH
|-
|9024||RG||RJ
|9124||TN||OR
|9224||MU
|9324||MU
|9424||MP
|9524||AC||TN
|9624||ID||GJ
|9724||AT||GJ
|9824||ID||GJ
|9924||ID||GJ
|-
|9025||RG||CH
|9125||TN||UE
|9225||MH
|9325||MH
|9425||MP
|9525||ID||BR
|9625||RG||HP
|9725||AT||GJ
|9825||VF||GJ
|9925||VF||GJ
|-
|9026||RG||UE
|9126||TN||WB
|9226||MH
|9326||MH
|9426||GJ
|9526||ID||KL
|9626||VF||TN
|9726||VF||GJ
|9826||ID||MP
|9926||ID||MP
|-
|9027||RG||UW
|9127||ST||AS
|9227||GJ
|9327||GJ
|9427||GJ
|9527||ID||MH
|9627||VF||UW
|9727||VF||GJ
|9827||RG||MP
|9927||ID||UW
|-
|9028||TD||MH
|9128||ID||BR
|9228||GJ
|9328||GJ
|9428||GJ
|9528||RG||UW
|9628||VF||UE
|9728||ID||HR
|9828||VF||RJ
|9928||AT||RJ
|-
|9029||TD||MU
|9129||AT||UE
|9229||MP
|9329||MP
|9429||GJ
|9529||RG||RJ
|9629||AT||TN
|9729||AT||HR
|9829||AT||RJ
|9929||AT||RJ
|-
|9030||TD||AP
|9130||ID||MH
|9230||KO
|9330||KO
|9430||BR
|9530||CG||RJ
|9630||AT||MP
|9730||AT||MH
|9830||VF||KO
|9930||VF||MU
|-
|9031||TD||BR
|9131||ST||NE
|9231||KO
|9331||KO
|9431||BR
|9531||CG||WB
|9631||AT||BR
|9731||AT||KA
|9831||AT||KO
|9931||AT||BR
|-
|9032||TD||AP
|9132||ST||OR
|9232||WB
|9332||WB
|9432||KO
|9532||CG||UE
|9632||AT||KA
|9732||VF||WB
|9832||RG||WB
|9932||AT||WB
|-
|9033||TD||GJ
|9133||MT||AP
|9233||WB
|9333||WB
|9433||KO
|9533||RG||AP
|9633||AT||KL
|9733||VF||WB
|9833||VF||MU
|9933||AT||WB
|-
|9034||TD||HR
|9134||MT||AS
|9234||BR
|9334||BR
|9434||WB
|9534||VF||BR
|9634||AT||UW
|9734||VF||WB
|9834||AT||MP
|9934||AT||BR
|-
|9035||TD||KA
|9135||ID||BR
|9235||UE
|9335||UE
|9435||AS
|9535||AT||KA
|9635||AT||WB
|9735||VF||WB
|9835||RG||BR
|9935||AT||UE
|-
|9036||TD||KA
|9136||MT||DL
|9236||UE
|9336||UE
|9436||NE
|9536||VF||UW
|9636||AT||RJ
|9736||VF||HP
|9836||VF||KO
|9936||AT||UE
|-
|9037||TD||KL
|9137||MT||GJ
|9237||OR
|9337||OR
|9437||OR
|9537||VF||GJ
|9637||VF||MH
|9737||ID||GJ
|9837||ID||UW
|9937||AT||OR
|-
|9038||TD||KO
|9138||MT||HR
|9238||OR
|9338||OR
|9438||OR
|9538||VF||KA
|9638||VF||GJ
|9738||AC||KA
|9838||VF||UE
|9938||AT||OR
|-
|9039||TD||MP
|9139||MT||HP
|9239||KO
|9339||KO
|9439||OR
|9539||VF||KL
|9639||ID||UW
|9739||VF||KA
|9839||VF||UE
|9939||AT||BR
|-
|9040||TD||OR
|9140||MT||JK
|9240||CH
|9340||CH
|9440||AP
|9540||ID||DL
|9640||ID||AP
|9740||AT||KA
|9840||AT||CH
|9940||AT||CH
|-
|9041||TD||PB
|9141||MT||KA
|9241||KA
|9341||KA
|9441||AP
|9541||RG||HR
|9641||RG||WB
|9741||AT||KA
|9841||AC||CH
|9941||AC||CH
|-
|9042||TD||TN
|9142||MT||KL
|9242||KA
|9342||KA
|9442||TN
|9542||ID||AP
|9642||VF||AP
|9742||VF||KA
|9842||AC||TN
|9942||AC||TN
|-
|9043||TD||TN
|9143||MT||KO
|9243||KA
|9343||KA
|9443||TN
|9543||RG||CH
|9643||VF||DL
|9743||ID||KA
|9843||VF||TN
|9943||VF||TN
|-
|9044||TD||UE
|9144||MT||MP
|9244||TN
|9344||TN
|9444||CH
|9544||ID||KL
|9644||ID||MP
|9744||ID||KL
|9844||ID||KA
|9944||AT||TN
|-
|9045||TD||UW
|9145||MT||MH
|9245||TN
|9345||TN
|9445||TN
|9545||VF||MH
|9645||VF||KL
|9745||VF||KL
|9845||AT||KA
|9945||AT||KA
|-
|9046||TD||WB
|9146||MT||MU
|9246||AP
|9346||AP
|9446||KL
|9546||AT||BR
|9646||VF||PB
|9746||AT||KL
|9846||VF||KL
|9946||VF||KL
|-
|9047||VF||TN
|9147||MT||NE
|9247||AP
|9347||AP
|9447||KL
|9547||AT||WB
|9647||VF||WB
|9747||ID||KL
|9847||ID||KL
|9947||ID||KL
|-
|9048||VF||KL
|9148||MT||OR
|9248||AP
|9348||AP
|9448||KA
|9548||RG||UW
|9648||VF||UE
|9748||AT||KO
|9848||ID||AP
|9948||ID||AP
|-
|9049||VF||MH
|9149||MT||PB
|9249||KL
|9349||KL
|9449||KA
|9549||VF||RJ
|9649||VF||RJ
|9749||RG||WB
|9849||AT||AP
|9949||AT||AP
|-
|9050||VF||HR
|9150||MT||CH
|9250||DL
|9350||DL
|9450||UE
|9550||AT||AP
|9650||AT||DL
|9750||AC||TN
|9850||ID||MH
|9950||AT||RJ
|-
|9051||VF||KO
|9151||TD||UE
|9251||RJ
|9351||RJ
|9451||UE
|9551||AC||CH
|9651||AT||UE
|9751||VF||TN
|9851||AC||WB
|9951||ID||AP
|-
|9052||VF||AP
|9152||MT||UW
|9252||RJ
|9352||RJ
|9452||UE
|9552||ID||MH
|9652||AT||AP
|9752||AT||MP
|9852||AC||BR
|9952||AT||TN
|-
|9053||TN||HR
|9153||MT||KO
|9253||HR
|9353||HR
|9453||UE
|9553||ID||AP
|9653||VD||PB
|9753||ID||MP
|9853||AC||OR
|9953||VF||DL
|-
|9054||TN||HP
|9154||TN||AP
|9254||HR
|9354||HR
|9454||UE
|9554||VF||UE
|9654||VF||DL
|9754||ID||MP
|9854||AC||AS
|9954||AT||AS
|-
|9055||TN||JK
|9155||TN||BR
|9255||HR
|9355||HR
|9455||UE
|9555||RG||DL
|9655||VF||TN
|9755||AT||MP
|9855||ID||PB
|9955||AT||BR
|-
|9056||TN||PB
|9156||TN||MH
|9256||PB
|9356||PB
|9456||UW
|9556||AT||OR
|9656||ID||KL
|9756||ID||UW
|9856||AC||NE
|9956||AT||UE
|-
|9057||TN||RJ
|9157||TN||GJ
|9257||PB
|9357||PB
|9457||UW
|9557||AT||UW
|9657||ID||MH
|9757||DP||MU
|9857||VD||HP
|9957||AT||AS
|-
|9058||TN||UW
|9158||VF||MH
|9258||UW
|9358||UW
|9458||UW
|9558||AT||GJ
|9658||AC||OR
|9758||VF||UW
|9858||AC||JK
|9958||AT||DL
|-
|9059||TN||AP
|9159||VF||TN
|9259||UW
|9359||UW
|9459||HP
|9559||AT||UE
|9659||AC||TN
|9759||VF||UW
|9859||AC||AS
|9959||AT||AP
|-
|9060||TN||BR
|9160||VF||AP
|9260||MH
|9360||TN
|9460||RJ
|9560||AT||DL
|9660||AT||RJ
|9760||AT||UW
|9860||AT||MH
|9960||AT||MH
|-
|9061||TN||KL
|9161||VF||UE
|9261||RJ
|9361||TN
|9461||RJ
|9561||AT||MH
|9661||AT||BR
|9761||VF||UW
|9861||RG||OR
|9961||ID||KL
|-
|9062||TN||KO
|9162||AT||BR
|9262||TN
|9362||TN
|9462||RJ
|9562||ID||KL
|9662||AT||GJ
|9762||AC||MH
|9862||AT||NE
|9962||VF||CH
|-
|9063||VD||AP
|9163||AT||KO
|9263||BR
|9363||TN
|9463||PB
|9563||AC||WB
|9663||AT||KA
|9763||ID||MH
|9863||RG||NE
|9963||AT||AP
|-
|9064||VD||AS
|9164||ID||KA
|9264||TN
|9364||TN
|9464||PB
|9564||VF||WB
|9664||LM||MU
|9764||VF||MH
|9864||RG||AS
|9964||ID||KA
|-
|9065||VD||BR
|9165||AT||MP
|9265||MH
|9365||TN
|9465||PB
|9565||VF||UE
|9665||AT||MH
|9765||VF||MH
|9865||AC||TN
|9965||AC||TN
|-
|9066||AC||KA
|9166||AT||RJ
|9266||DL
|9366||TN
|9466||HR
|9566||AT||TN
|9666||ID||AP
|9766||AT||MH
|9866||AT||AP
|9966||VF||AP
|-
|9067||VD||GJ
|9167||VF||MU
|9267||TN
|9367||TN
|9467||HR
|9567||AT||KL
|9667||MT||RJ
|9767||ID||MH
|9867||AT||MU
|9967||AT||MU
|-
|9068||VD||HR
|9168||VF||MH
|9268||DL
|9368||UW
|9468||HR
|9568||ID||UW
|9668||AT||OR
|9768||AC||MU
|9868||DP||DL
|9968||DP||DL
|-
|9069||AC||DL
|9169||AC||UE
|9269||RJ
|9369||UE
|9469||JK
|9569||RG||PB
|9669||ID||MP
|9769||VF||MU
|9869||DP||MU
|9969||DP||MU
|-
|9070||VD||JK
|9170||TN||UE
|9270||MH
|9370||MH
|9470||BR
|9570||VF||BR
|9670||VF||UE
|9770||RG||MP
|9870||LM||MU
|9970||AT||MH
|-
|9071||VD||KA
|9171||TN||CH
|9271||MH
|9371||MH
|9471||BR
|9571||AT||RJ
|9671||VF||HR
|9771||AT||BR
|9871||AT||DL
|9971||AT||DL
|-
|9072||VF||KL
|9172||TN||MU
|9272||MH
|9372||MH
|9472||BR
|9572||AT||BR
|9672||VF||RJ
|9772||VF||RJ
|9872||AT||PB
|9972||AT||KA
|-
|9073||VF||KO
|9173||TN||GJ
|9273||MH
|9373||MH
|9473||BR/UE
|9573||AT||AP
|9673||VF||MH
|9773||LM||MU
|9873||VF||DL
|9973||AT||BR
|-
|9074||VD||MP
|9174||TN||MP
|9274||GJ
|9374||GJ
|9474||WB
|9574||ID||GJ
|9674||VF||KO
|9774||VF||NE
|9874||VF||KO
|9974||AT||GJ
|-
|9075||ID||MH
|9175||TN||MH
|9275||GJ
|9375||GJ
|9475||WB
|9575||ID||MP
|9675||VF||UW
|9775||VF||WB
|9875||MT||RJ
|9975||AT||MH
|-
|9076||VD||MU
|9176||VF||CH
|9276||GJ
|9376||GJ
|9476||WB
|9576||ID||BR
|9676||AT||AP
|9776||VF||OR
|9876||AT||PB
|9976||AC||TN
|-
|9077||VD||NE
|9177||AT||AP
|9277||GJ
|9377||GJ
|9477||KO
|9577||AC||AS
|9677||AT||TN
|9777||AT||OR
|9877||PG||PB
|9977||ID||MP
|-
|9078||VD||OR
|9178||AT||OR
|9278||DL
|9378||WB
|9478||PB
|9578||AC||TN
|9678||AT||AS
|9778||RG||OR
|9878||AT||PB
|9978||VF||GJ
|-
|9079||VD||RJ
|9179||AT||MP
|9279||BR
|9379||KA
|9479||MP
|9579||RC||MH
|9679||AT||WB
|9779||AT||PB
|9879||VF||GJ
|9979||VF||GJ
|-
|9080||VD||TN
|9180||CC||AP
|9280||CH
|9380||CH
|9480||KA
|9580||RG||UE
|9680||AT||RJ
|9780||VF||PB
|9880||AT||KA
|9980||AT||KA
|-
|9081||VD||UE
|9181||CC||AS
|9281||CH
|9381||CH
|9481||KA
|9581||VF||AP
|9681||RG||KO
|9781||ID||PB
|9881||ID||MH
|9981||AT||MP
|-
|9082||VD||UW
|9182||RJ||AP
|9282||CH
|9382||CH
|9482||KA
|9582||VF||DL
|9682||CC||UW
|9782||AC||RJ
|9882||ID||HP
|9982||VF||RJ
|-
|9083||VD||WB
|9183||CC||CH
|9283||CH
|9383||CH
|9483||KA
|9583||VF||OR
|9683||CC||HR
|9783||VF||RJ
|9883||RG||KO
|9983||VF||RJ
|-
|9084||TN||UW
|9184||CC||GJ
|9284||CH
|9384||CH
|9484||JK
|9584||VF||MP
|9684||CC||MH
|9784||AT||RJ
|9884||VF||CH
|9984||VF||UE
|-
|9085||ID||AS
|9185||CC||HP
|9285||CH
|9385||CH
|9485||NE
|9585||VF||TN
|9685||AT||MP
|9785||ID||RJ
|9885||VF||AP
|9985||VF||AP
|-
|9086||ID||JK
|9186||CC||JK
|9286||UW
|9386||BR
|9486||TN
|9586||VF||GJ
|9686||AT||KA
|9786||VF||TN
|9886||VF||KA
|9986||VF||KA
|-
|9087||ID||TN
|9187||CC||KA
|9287||KL
|9387||KL
|9487||TN
|9587||VF||RJ
|9687||VF||GJ
|9787||VF||TN
|9887||ID||RJ
|9987||AT||MU
|-
|9088||ID||KO
|9188||CC||KL
|9288||KL
|9388||KL
|9488||TN
|9588||ET||MU
|9688||AC||TN
|9788||AC||TN
|9888||VF||PB
|9988||VF||PB
|-
|9089||ID||NE
|9189||CC||KO
|9289||DL
|9389||UE
|9489||TN
|9589||AT||MP
|9689||ID||MH
|9789||AT||TN
|9889||ID||UE
|9989||AT||AP
|-
|9090||ID||OR
|9190||CC||MP
|9290||AP
|9390||AP
|9490||AP
|9590||RG||KA
|9690||ID||UW
|9790||AT||TN
|9890||AT||MH
|9990||ID||DL
|-
|9091||ID||WB
|9191||CC||NE
|9291||AP
|9391||AP
|9491||AP
|9591||AT||KA
|9691||RG||MP
|9791||AT||TN
|9891||ID||DL
|9991||VF||HR
|-
|9092||ID||TN
|9192||CC||OR
|9292||AP
|9392||AP
|9492||AP
|9592||ID||PB
|9692||RG||OR
|9792||VF||UE
|9892||AT||MU
|9992||ID||HR
|-
|9093||ID||WB
|9193||CC||PB
|9293||AP
|9393||AP
|9493||AP
|9593||VF||WB
|9693||RG||BR
|9793||AT||UE
|9893||AT||MP
|9993||AT||MP
|-
|9094||AC||CH
|9194||CC||RJ
|9294||AP
|9394||AP
|9494||AP
|9594||ID||MU
|9694||ID||RJ
|9794||AT||UE
|9894||AT||TN
|9994||AT||TN
|-
|9095||AC||TN
|9195||CC||TN
|9295||AP
|9395||AP
|9495||KL
|9595||RG||MH
|9695||AT||UE
|9795||ID||UE
|9895||AT||KL
|9995||AT||KL
|-
|9096||AT||MH
|9196||CC||UE
|9296||AP
|9396||AP
|9496||KL
|9596||AT||JK
|9696||RG||UE
|9796||AT||JK
|9896||AT||HR
|9996||AT||HR
|-
|9097||AC||BR
|9197||CC||WB
|9297||AP
|9397||AP
|9497||KL
|9597||AT||TN
|9697||AC||JK
|9797||AT||JK
|9897||AT||UW
|9997||AT||UW
|-
|9098||RG||MP
|9198||AT||UE
|9298||AP
|9398||AP
|9498||CH
|9598||ID||UE
|9698||AC||TN
|9798||RG||BR
|9898||AT||GJ
|9998||AT||GJ
|-
|9099||VF||GJ
|9199||AT||BR
|9299||AP
|9399||AP
|9499||CH
|9599||AT||DL
|9699||RG||MU
|9799||AT||RJ
|9899||VF||DL
|9999||VF||DL
|}

==8xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 8xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|80 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|81 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|82 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|83 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|84 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|85 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|86 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|87 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|88 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|89 Series
|-
|8000||RG||GJ
|8100||RG||KO
|8200||RJ||GJ
|8300||CG||TN
|8400||AT||UE
|8500||CG||AP
|8600||AT||MH
|8700||RJ||DL
|8800||AT||DL
|8900|| ||
|-
|8001||VF||WB
|8101||RG||WB
|8201|| ||
|8360132091
||BG||KL
|8401||TD||GJ
|8501||ID||AP
|8601||VF||UE
|8701|| ||
|8801||AC||AP
|8901||CG||HR
|-
|8002||AT||BR
|8102||RG||BR
|8202|| ||
|8302||RG||RJ
|8402||VF||AS
|8502||ID||RJ
|8602||TD||MP
|8702|| ||
|8802||AC||DL
|8902||CG||KO
|-
|8003||AT||RJ
|8103||RG||MP
|8203|| ||
|8303||RG||UE
|8403||VF||AS
|8503||ID||RJ
|8603||TD||BR
|8703|| ||
|8803||AC||JK
|8903||CG||TN
|-
|8004||CG||UE
|8104||MT||RJ
|8204|| ||
|8304||BG||KL
|8404||VF||BR
|8504||ID||RJ
|8604||TD||UE
|8704|| ||
|8804||AC||BR
|8904||TD||KA
|-
|8005||CG||UE
|8105||AT||KA
|8205|| ||
|8305||RG||MP
|8405||VF||BR
|8505||ID||DL
|8605||ID||MH
|8705|| ||
|8805||ID||MH
|8905||RG||GJ
|-
|8006||VF||UW
|8106||AT||AP
|8206|| ||
|8306|| ||
|8406||VF||BR
|8506||ID||DL
|8606||ID||KL
|8706|| ||
|8806||VF||MH
|8906||AC||WB
|-
|8007||VF||MH
|8107||AT||RJ
|8207|| ||
|8307||RG||UW
|8407||VF||BR
|8507||AC||BR
|8607||ID||HR
|8707|| ||
|8807||TD||TN
|8907||AC||KL
|-
|8008||AT||AP
|8108||ID||MU
|8208|| ||
|8308||ID||MH
|8408||VF||MH
|8508||AC||TN
|8608||ID||TN
|8708|| ||
|8808||ID||UE
|8908||AC||OR
|-
|8009||AT||UE
|8109||TD||MP
|8209|| ||
|8309||RJ||AP
|8409||TN||BR
|8509||RG||WB
|8609||ID||WB
|8709|| ||
|8809||AT||BR
|8909||AC||UW
|-
|8010||RG ||DL
|8110|| ||
|8210|| ||
|8310|| ||
|8410|| ||
|8510|| ||
|8610||RJ||TN
|8710|| ||
|8810|| ||
|8910||RJ||KO
|-
|8011||AT||AS
|8111||SR||MH
|8211|| ||
|8311|| ||
|8411||VF||MH
|8511||AT||GJ
|8611|| ||
|8711||MS||KA
|8811||AT||AS
|8911|| ||
|-
|8012||AC||TN
|8112||RJ ||RJ
|8212|| ||
|8312|| ||
|8412||VF||MH
|8512||ID||DL
|8612|| ||
|8712||T24||AP
|8812|| ||
|8912|| ||
|-
|8013||AC||KO
|8113|| ||
|8213|| ||
|8313|| ||
|8413|| ||
|8513||ID||WB
|8613|| ||
|8713||VF||JK
|8813||VF||HR
|8913|| ||
|-
|8014||AC||NE
|8114|| ||
|8214|| ||
|8314|| ||
|8414||AT||NE
|8514||ID||WB
|8614|| ||
|8714||TD||KL
|8814||VF||HR
|8914|| ||
|-
|8015||TD||TN
|8115||TN||UE
|8215|| ||
|8315|| ||
|8415|| ||
|8515||ID||WB
|8615|| ||
|8715||VF||JK
|8815|| R||MP
|8915|| ||
|-
|8016||AT||WB
|8116||AT||WB
|8216|| ||
|8316|| ||
|8416|| ||
|8516||VF||MP
|8616|| ||
|8716||VF||JK
|8816||VF||HR
|8916|| ||
|-
|8017||VF||KO
|8117|| ||
|8217|| ||
|8317||VF||UW
|8417|| ||
|8517||VF||MP
|8617|| ||
|8717|| ||
|8817||RG||MP
|8917|| ||
|-
|8018||AT||OR
|8118|| ||
|8218|| ||
|8318||RJ||GJ
|8418|| ||
|8518||VF||MP
|8618|| ||
|8718|| ||
|8818|| ||
|8918|| ||
|-
|8019||TD||AP
|8119||AT||NE
|8219|| ||
|8319|| ||
|8419|| ||
|8519|| ||
|8619|| ||
|8719|| ||
|8819|| ||
|8919||RJ ||AP
|-
|8020||SR ||MU
|8120||ID||MP
|8220||AT||TN
|8320||RJ||DL
|8420|| ||
|8520|| ||
|8620|| ||
|8720|| ||
|8820|| ||
|8920|| RJ|| DL
|-
|8021|| ||
|8121||ID||HR
|8221||ID||HR
|8321|| ||
|8421||TN||MH
|8521||AT||BR
|8621||AC ||KO
|8721|| ||
|8821|| ||
|8921|| ||
|-
|8022|| ||
|8122||TD||TN
|8222||ID||HR
|8322|| ||
|8422|| ||
|8522||TN||AP
|8622||AC ||KO
|8722||ID||KA
|8822||RG||AS
|8922|| ||
|-
|8023|| ||
|8123||TD||KA
|8223||ID||MP
|8323|| ||
|8423||TN||UE
|8523|| ||
|8623|| ||
|8723|| ||
|8823||VF||MP
|8923||TN||UW
|-
|8024|| ||
|8124||ID||TN
|8224||ID||MP
|8324|| ||
|8424|| ||
|8524|| ||
|8624|| ||
|8724||VF||AS
|8824||RG||RJ
|8924|| ||
|-
|8025|| ||
|8125||TD||AP
|8225||ID||MP
|8325|| ||
|8425||ID||MU
|8525|| ||
|8625|| ||
|8725|| ||
|8825||VD||TN
|8925||MT||CH
|-
|8026|| ||
|8126||AT||UW
|8226||ID||MP
|8326|| ||
|8426||ID||RJ
|8526||AC||TN
|8626|| ||
|8726||ID||UE
|8826||AT||DL
|8926||MT||WB
|-
|8027|| ||
|8127||AT||UE
|8227||ID||BR
|8327|| ||
|8427||AT||PB
|8527||AT||DL
|8627|| ||
|8727|| ||
|8827||AT||MP
|8927||RG||WB
|-
|8028|| ||
|8128||AT||GJ
|8228||ID||BR
|8328||RJ||AP
|8428||AT||TN
|8528||VD||PB
|8628|| ||
|8728||ID||PB
|8828||VD||MU
|8928||RG||MH
|-
|8029|| ||
|8129||AT||KL
|8229||ID||BR
|8329|| ||
|8429|| ||
|8529||VD||HR
|8629|| ||
|8729|| ||PB
|8829|| ||
|8929||RG||HR
|-
|8030||SR||MU
|8130||AT||DL
|8230||RG||KL
|8330||CG||AP
|8430||RG||UW
|8530||VD||GJ
|8630||RJ||UW
|8730|| ||
|8830|| ||
|8930||VF||HR
|-
|8031|| ||
|8131|| ||
|8231||RG||KL
|8331|| ||
|8431||RG||KA
|8531|| ||
|8631|| ||
|8731|| ||
|8831|| ||
|8931|| ||
|-
|8032|| ||
|8132|| ||
|8232||RG||KL
|8332|| ||
|8432||MT||RJ
|8532||TN||UW
|8632|| ||
|8732|| ||
|8832|| ||
|8932|| ||
|-
|8033|| ||
|8133|| ||
|8233||TD||RJ
|8333||TD||RJ
|8433||MT||RJ
|8533||TN||
|8633|| ||
|8733|| ||
|8833|| ||
|8933||ID||UE
|-
|8034|| ||
|8134|| ||
|8234||RG||MP
|8334||VF||KO
|8434||TN||BR
|8534|| ||
|8634|| ||
|8734|| ||
|8834|| ||
|8934|| ||
|-
|8035|| ||
|8135|| ||
|8235||TD||BR
|8335||VF||KO
|8435||ID||MP
|8535|| ||
|8635|| ||
|8735|| ||
|8835|| ||
|8935|| ||
|-
|8036|| ||
|8136||KI||NG
|8236||RG||MP
|8336||VF||KO
|8436||TN||WB
|8536|| ||
|8636|| ||
|8736|| ||
|8836|| ||
|8936|| ||
|-8337||VF||WB
|8037||||
|8137|| ||
|8237|| TD
|| MH
|8337||||
|8437||ID
|| PB
|8537|| ||
|8637||||
|8737||TN||UE
|8837||||
| 8937
|
|
|-
|8038|| ||
|8138|| ||
|8238||VF||GJ
|8338||VF||OR
|8438||TD||TN
|8538||TN||BR
|8638|| ||
|8738|| ||
|8838||RJ ||TN
|8938||ID||UW
|-
|8039|| ||
|8139|| ||
|8239||VF||RJ
|8339||VF||OR
|8439||TD||UW
|8539||TN||BR
|8639||RJ||AP
|8739|| ||
|8839||RJ||MP
|8939||VF||CH
|-
|8040|| ||
|8140||ID||GJ
|8240||RJ||KO
|8340|| ||
|8440|| ||
|8540||TN||BR
|8640|| ||
|8740|| ||
|8840|| ||
|8940||VF||TN
|-
|8041|| ||
|8141||VF||GJ
|8241|| ||
|8341||TN||AP
|8441|| ||
|8541|| ||
|8641|| ||
|8741||ID||RJ
|8841|| ||
|8941|| ||
|-
|8042|| ||
|8142||VF||AP
|8242|| ||
|8342|| ||
|8442|| ||
|8542|| ||
|8642||MT||WB
|8742||ID||DL
|8842|| ||
|8942|| ||
|-
|8043|| ||
|8143||TD||AP
|8243|| ||
|8343|| ||
|8443|| ||
|8543||TN||UE
|8643|| ||
|8743||ID||DL
|8843|| ||
|8943||VF||KL
|-
|8044|| ||
|8144||RG||CH
|8244|| ||
|8344||AC||TN
|8444|| ||
|8544||CG||BR
|8644|| ||
|8744||ID||DL
|8844||LM||MU
|8944|| ||
|-
|8045|| ||
|8145||VF||WB
|8245|| ||
|8345|| ||WB
|8445||TN||UW
|8545|| ||
|8645|| ||
|8745||ID||DL
|8845|| ||
|8945|| ||
|-
|8046|| ||
|8146||AT||PB
|8246|| ||
|8346||ID||WB
|8446||TD||MH
|8546|| ||
|8646|| ||
|8746||SP||KA
|8846|| ||
|8946|| ||
|-
|8047|| ||
|8147||TD||KA
|8247|| ||
|8347||ID||GJ
|8447||VF||DL
|8547||CG||KL
|8647|| ||
|8747||ID||KA
|8847|| ||
|8947||AC||RJ
|-
|8048|| ||
|8148||TD||TN
|8248||RJ||TN
|8348||VF||KO
|8448|| ||
|8548|| ||
|8648|| ||
|8748||ID ||KA
|8848|| ||
|8948||VF||UE
|-
|8049|| ||
|8149||TD||MH
|8249|| ||
|8349||AT||MP
|8449||ID||UW
|8549|| ||
|8649|| ||
|8749|| ||
|8849|| ||
|8949||RJ||RJ
|-
|8050||TD||KA
|8150|| ||
|8250|| ||
|8350|| ||
|8450|| ||
|8550|| ||
|8650||VF||UW
|8750||ID||DL
|8850|| ||
|8950||TD||HR
|-
|8051||VF||BR
|8151||ID||KA
|8251|| ||
|8351|| ||
|8451||AT||MU
|8551||VF||MH
|8651||ID||BR
|8751|| ||
|8851||RJ||DL
|8951||TD||KA
|-
|8052||VF||UE
|8152||ID||KA
|8252||RG||BR
|8352|| ||
|8452|| ||
|8552||VF||MH
|8652||ID||MH
|8752||CG||AP
|8852|| ||
|8952||AT||NE
|-
|8053||VF||HR
|8153|| ||
|8253|| ||
|8353|| ||
|8453||MT||KA
|8553||AC||KA
|8653||AT||WB
|8753|| ||
|8853||AT||UE
|8953||AT||UE
|-
|8054||VF||PB
|8154|| ||
|8254|| ||
|8354|| ||
|8454||AT||MU
|8554|| ||
|8654|| ||
|8754||AT||TN
|8854|| ||
|8954||VF||UE
|-
|8055||RG||MH
|8155|| ||
|8255|| ||
|8355|| ||
|8455|| ||
|8555||RJ||AP
|8655||TD||MU
|8755||AT||UW
|8855||TN||MH
|8955||RG||RJ
|-
|8056||AT||TN
|8156|| ||
|8256|| ||
|8356|| ||
|8456|| ||
|8556|| ||
|8656|| ||
|8756||AT||UE
|8856|| ||
|8956||RG||MH
|-
|8057||ID||UW
|8157||ID||KL
|8257|| ||
|8357||VF||MP
|8457||CG||KL
|8557||VF||PB
|8657||RG||MH
|8757||AT||BR
|8857|| ||
|8957||RG||UE
|-
|8058||ID||RJ
|8158||AT||WB
|8258|| ||
|8358||VF||MP
|8458|| ||
|8558||VF||PB
|8658||AT||OR
|8758||VF||GJ
|8858||TN||UE
|8958||ID||UW
|-
|8059||ID||HR
|8159||AT||WB
|8259|| ||
|8359||VF||MP
|8459||MT||DL
|8559|| ||
|8659|| ||
|8759||AC||WB
|8859||VF||UW
|8959||ID||MP
|-
|8060|| ||
|8160|| ||
|8260||RG||OR
|8360|| ||
|8460||TD||GJ
|8560||AC||RJ
|8660||RJ||KA
|8760||AC||TN
|8860||VF||DL
|8960||TD||UE
|-
|8061|| ||
|8161|| ||
|8261||RG||HP
|8361|| ||
|8461|| ||
|8561||AC||RJ
|8661|| ||
|8761|| ||
|8861||AT||KA
|8961||TD||KO
|-
|8062|| ||
|8162|| ||
|8262||RG||HP
|8362|| ||
|8462|| ||
|8562|| ||
|8662|| ||
|8762||CC||KA
|8862||TN||MH
|8962||TD||MP
|-
|8063|| ||
|8163|| ||
|8263||RG||HP
|8363|| ||
|8463|| ||
|8563|| ||
|8663|| ||
|8763||CG||OR
|8863||TN||BR
|8963|| ||
|-
|8064|| ||
|8164|| ||
|8264||VD||GJ
|8364|| ||
|8464|| ||
|8564|| ||
|8664|| ||
|8764||CG||RJ
|8864|| ||
|8964|| ||
|-
|8065|| ||
|8165|| ||
|8265||TD||UW
|8365|| ||
|8465||ID||AP
|8565||AC||UE
|8665|| ||
|8765||CG||UE
|8865|| ||
|8965||ID||MP
|-
|8066|| ||
|8166|| ||
|8266||TD||UW
|8366|| ||
|8466|| ||
|8566||AC||PB
|8666|| ||
|8766||RC||RJ
|8866||TD||GJ
|8966|| ||
|-
|8067||||
|8167|| ||
|8267||TD||UW
|8367|| ||
|8467||RG||DL
|8567||AC||PB
|8667||RJ||TN
|8767||RG||MU
|8867||TD||KA
|8967||AT||WB
|-
|8068|| ||
|8168|| ||
|8268||VD||MU
|8368||RJ ||DL
|8468||RG||DL
|8568||AC||PB
|8668||RJ|| TN
|8768||VF||WB
|8868|| ||
|8968||AT||PB
|-
|8069|| ||
|8169||RJ||MU
|8269||VD||MP
|8369||RJ||MU
|8469||VF||GJ
|8569||AC||PB
|8669|| ||
|8769||AT||RJ
|8869|| ||
|8969||AT||BR
|-
|8070|| ||
|8170||AT||
|8270||TN||OR
|8370||VF||MP
|8470||RG||DL
|8570|| ||
|8670||AT||WB
|8770||RJ||MP
|8870||AT||TN
|8970||ID||KA
|-
|8071|| ||
|8171||AT||UW
|8271||TN||BR
|8371|| ||
|8471||RG||DL
|8571|| ||
|8671|| ||
|8771|| ||
|8871||TD||MP
|8971||AT||KA
|-
|8072||RJ||TN
|8172|| ||
|8272|| ||
|8372|| ||
|8472|| ||
|8572|| ||
|8672|| ||
|8772|| ||
|8872||ID||PB
|8972||AT||WB
|-
|8073||RJ||KA
|8173|| ||
|8273||TN||UW
|8373|| ||
|8473|| ||
|8573|| ||
|8673|| ||
|8773|| ||
|8873||ID||BR
|8973||AC||TN
|-
|8074||RJ||AP
|8174|| ||
|8274|| ||
|8374||AT||AP
|8474|| ||
|8574||AC||UE
|8674||VF||BR
|8774|| ||
|8874||VF||UE
|8974||AT||NE
|-
|8075|| ||
|8175|| ||
|8275||CG||MH
|8375||VF||DL
|8475|| ||
|8575||AC||NE
|8675||AC||TN
|8775|| ||
|8875||VF||RJ
|8975||ID||MH
|-
|8076|| ||
|8176|| ||
|8276|| ||
|8376||VF||DL
|8476||ID||UW
|8576|| ||
|8676||VF||BR
|8776|| ||
|8876||VF||AS
|8976||TD||MH
|-
|8077||RJ||UW
|8177||TN||MH
|8277||CG||KA
|8377||VF||DL
|8477|| ||
|8577||ID||UW
|8677||VF||BR
|8777|| RJ
| WB
|8877||VF||BR
|8977||TD||AP
|-
|8078|| ||
|8178||RJ ||DL
|8278|| ||
|8378||ID||MH
|8478|| ||
|8578||ID||BR
|8678||VF||BR
|8778||RJ||TN
|8878||VF||MP
|8978||AT||AP
|-
|8079|| ||
|8179||AT||AP
|8279||RJ||UW
|8379||ID||MH
|8479|| ||
|8579||ID||BR
|8679||AC||HP
|8779|| ||
|8879||VF||MU
|8979||AT||UW
|-
|8080||RG||MU
|8180||TN||MH
|8280||CG||OR
|8380|| ||
|8480|| ||
|8580|| ||
|8680||ID||TN
|8780|| ||
|8880||RG||KA
|8980||VF||GJ
|-
|8081||RG||UE
|8181||AC||UE
|8281||CG||KL
|8381|| ||
|8481|| ||
|8581|| ||
|8681||ID||TN
|8781|| ||
|8881||RG||UW
|8981||TD||KO
|-
|8082||LM||MU
|8182|| ||
|8282|| ||
|8382|| ||
|8482|| ||
|8582||AT||KO
|8682||ID||TN
|8782|| ||
|8882||RG||DL
|8982||TD||MP
|-
|8083||AC||BR
|8183|| ||
|8283||AT||PB
|8383||TN||MU
|8483||TN||MH
|8583||AT||KO
|8683||ID ||HR
|8783|| ||
|8883||AC||TN
|8983||TD||MH
|-
|8084||AT||BR
|8184|| ||
|8284||AT||PB
|8384|| ||
|8484||TN||MH
|8584||AT||KO
|8684|| ||
|8784|| ||
|8884||VF||KA
|8984||TD||OR
|-
|8085||AT||MP
|8185||ID||AP
|8285||AC||DL
|8385|| ||
|8485||TN||MH
|8585||VF||DL
|8685||VF||DL
|8785|| ||
|8885||TD||AP
|8985||CG||AP
|-
|8086||VF||KL
|8186|| ||
|8286||AC||MU
|8386||AC||RJ
|8486||VF||AS
|8586||VF||DL
|8686||AC||AP
|8786||SR||MH
|8886||VF||AP
|8986||CG||BR
|-
|8087||TD||MH
|8187|| ||
|8287||RG||DL
|8387|| ||
|8487||TN||GJ
|8587||VF||DL
|8687||RG||UE
|8787||SR||MH
|8887|| ||
|8987||CG||BR
|-
|8088||RG||KA
|8188|| ||
|8288||AT||PB
|8388|| ||
|8488|| ||
|8588||VF||DL
|8688||RG||AP
|8788|| ||
|8888||ID||MH
|8988||CG||HP
|-
|8089||TD||KL
|8189|| ||
|8289||AT||PB
|8389|| ||
|8489||VF||TN
|8589|| ||
|8689|| ||
|8789|| ||
|8889||ID||MP
|8989||CG||MP
|-
|8090||TD||UE
|8190|| ||
|8290||AT||RJ
|8390||VF||MH
|8490|| ||
|8590||RG||KL
|8690||RG||GJ
|8790||AT||AP
|8890||AT||RJ
|8990||CG||MP
|-
|8091||TD||HP
|8191||ID||UW
|8291||TN||MU
|8391|| ||
|8491|| ||
|8591||RG||PB
|8691|| ||
|8791||TD||UW
|8891||TD||KL
|8991||CG||MH
|-
|8092||TD||BR
|8192|| ||
|8292||AT||BR
|8392|| ||
|8492||AT||JK
|8592|| ||
|8692|| ||
|8792||T24||KA
|8892||AC||KA
|8992||CG||PB
|-
|8093||TD||OR
|8193|| ||
|8293||TD||WB
|8393|| ||
|8493|| ||
|8593|| ||
|8693|| ||
|8793||TD||MH
|8893||RG||KL
|8993||CG||RJ
|-
|8094||VF||RJ
|8194||ID||PB
|8294||AT||BR
|8394|| ||
|8494|| ||
|8594|| ||
|8694|| ||
|8794||VF||NE
|8894||AT||HP
|8994||CG||TN
|-
|8095||VF||KA
|8195||ID||PB
|8295||AT||HR
|8395|| ||
|8495|| ||
|8595||RC||DL
|8695||RG||TN
|8795||VF||UE
|8895||CG||OR
|8995||CG||UW
|-
|8096||ID||AP
|8196||ID||PB
|8296||TD||KO
|8396|| ||
|8496||ID || KA
|8596|| ||
|8696||VF||RJ
|8796||AC||MH
|8896||AC||UE
|8996||CG||UW
|-
|8097||TD||MU
|8197||AT||KA
|8297||VF||AP
|8397|| ||
|8497||ID ||KA
|8597|| ||
|8697||VF||KO
|8797||TD||BR
|8897||AT||AP
|8997||AT||RJ
|-
|8098||VF||TN
|8198||ID||PB
|8298||VF||BR
|8398|| ||
|8498|| ||
|8598|| ||
|8698||VF||MH
|8798||RC||WB
|8898||AC||MU
|8998|| ||
|-
|8099||RG||AP
|8199|| ||
|8299||RJ||UE
|8399|| ||
|8499||ID||MU
|8599||VF||OR
|8699||TD||PB
|8799||RC||UE
|8899||RG||UW
|8999||AT||MU
|}

==7xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 7xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|70 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|71 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|72 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|73 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|74 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|75 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|76 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|77 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|78 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|79 Series
|-
|7000||RJ||MP
|7100||VD||HR
|7200||TD||TN
|7300|| ||
|7400||VD||HR
|7500||ID||UW
|7600||AT||GJ
|7700|| ||
|7800||VF||UE
|7900||VD||HR
|-
|7001||RJ||WB
|7101|| ||
|7201|| ||
|7301||AC||BR
|7401||AC||TN
|7501||TD||WB
|7601|| ||
|7701|| ||
|7801|| ||
|7901|| ||
|-
|7002||RJ||AS
|7102|| ||
|7202|| ||
|7302|| ||
|7402|| ||
|7502||AC||TN
|7602||AT||WB
|7702||AT||AP
|7802|| ||
|7902|| ||
|-
|7003||RJ||KO
|7103||RG||MH
|7203|| ||
|7303||RG||MH
|7403|| ||
|7503||AC||DL
|7603|| ||
|7703|| ||
|7803|| ||
|7903||RJ||BR
|-
|7004||RJ||BR
|7104|| ||
|7204||TD||KA
|7304||RG||MH
|7404||TD||HR
|7504|| ||
|7604|| ||
|7704|| ||
|7804|| ||
|7904||RJ||TN
|-
|7005||RJ||NE
|7105|| ||
|7205|| ||
|7305||RG||TN
|7405|| ||
|7505||RG||UE
|7605|| ||
|7705|| ||
|7805|| ||
|7905|| ||
|-
|7006||RJ||JK
|7106|| ||
|7206||TD||HR
|7306||RG||AP
|7406||VF||KA
|7506||VF||MU
|7606|| ||
|7706|| ||
|7806|| ||
|7906||RJ||UW
|-
|7007||RJ||UE
|7107|| ||
|7207||TD||AP
|7307||RG||PB
|7407||VF||WB
|7507||VF||MH
|7607||AT||UE
|7707|| ||
|7807||AT||HP
|7907||AT||MP
|-
|7008||RJ||OR
|7108|| ||
|7208||TD||MU
|7308||RG||NE
|7408||VF||UE
|7508||VF||PB
|7608|| ||
|7708||AT||TN
|7808||VF||BR
|7908|| ||
|-
|7009||RJ||PB
|7109|| ||
|7209||TD||BR
|7309||ID||UE
|7409||VF||UW
|7509||ID||AP
|7609||VF||UW
|7709||AT||MH
|7809||AC||OR
|7909|| ||
|-
|7010||RJ||TN
|7110|| ||
|7210||AC ||DL
|7310|| ||
|7410|| ||
|7510|| ||
|7610|| ||
|7710||AT||MU
|7810||AC||TN
|7910|| ||
|-
|7011||RJ||DL
|7111|| ||GJ
|7211|| ||
|7311|| ||
|7411||TD||KA
|7511|| ||
|7611|| ||
|7711|| ||GJ
|7811|| ||
|7911|| ||
|-
|7012||RJ||KL
|7112|| ||
|7212|| ||
|7312|| ||
|7412|| ||
|7512|| ||
|7612|| ||MP
|7712|| ||
|7812|| ||
|7912|| ||
|-
|7013||RJ||AP
|7113|| ||
|7213|| ||
|7313|| ||
|7413|| ||
|7513|| ||
|7613|| ||
|7713|| ||
|7813||RG||KA
|7913|| ||
|-
|7014||RJ||RJ
|7114|| ||
|7214|| ||
|7314|| ||
|7414|| ||
|7514|| ||
|7614|| ||
|7714|| ||
|7814||RG||PB
|7914|| ||
|-
|7015||RJ||HR
|7115|| ||
|7215|| ||
|7315|| ||
|7415||TD||MP
|7515|| ||
|7615|| ||
|7715|| ||
|7815|| ||
|7915|| ||
|-
|7016||RJ||GJ
|7116|| ||
|7216|| ||
|7316|| ||
|7416||TD||AP
|7516|| ||
|7616|| ||
|7716|| ||
|7816|| ||
|7916|| ||
|-
|7017||RJ||UW
|7117|| ||
|7217|| ||
|7317|| ||
|7417||TD||UW
|7517|| ||
|7617||ID||MP
|7717|| ||
|7817||RG||GJ
|7917|| ||
|-
|7018||RJ||HP
|7118|| ||
|7218|| ||
|7318|| ||
|7418||TD||TN
|7518|| ||
|7618|| ||
|7718||AT||MU
|7818|| ||
|7918|| ||
|-
|7019||RJ||KA
|7119|| ||
|7219||AT||MH
|7319||AT||BR
|7419||RC||MH
|7519|| ||
|7619|| ||
|7719||ID||MH
|7819|| ||
|7919|| ||
|-
|7020||RJ||MH
|7120|| ||
|7220|| ||
|7320|| ||
|7420|| ||
|7520||RC||UW
|7620||RG||MH
|7720|| ||
|7820|| ||
|7920|| ||
|-
|7021||RJ||MU
|7121|| ||
|7221|| ||
|7321|| ||
|7421|| ||
|7521|| ||
|7621|| ||
|7721|| ||
|7821|| ||
|7921|| ||
|-
|7022||AT||KA
|7122|| ||
|7222|| ||GJ
|7322||ID||BR
|7422|| ||
|7522|| ||
|7622|| ||
|7722|| ||GJ
|7822|| ||
|7922|| ||
|-
|7023||AT||RJ
|7123|| ||
|7223|| ||
|7323||ID||BR
|7423|| ||
|7523|| ||
|7623|| ||
|7723|| ||
|7823|| ||
|7923|| ||
|-
|7024||AT||MP
|7124|| ||
|7224|| ||
|7324||ID||BR
|7424|| ||
|7524|| ||
|7624|| ||
|7724|| ||
|7824|| ||
|7924|| ||
|-
|7025||ID||KL
|7125|| ||
|7225|| ||
|7325|| ||
|7425|| ||
|7525|| ||
|7625|| ||
|7725|| ||
|7825|| ||
|7925|| ||
|-
|7026||ID||KA
|7126|| ||
|7226|| ||
|7326|| ||
|7426|| ||
|7526|| ||
|7626|| ||
|7726|| ||
|7826|| ||
|7926|| ||
|-
|7027||VF||HR
|7127|| ||
|7227|| ||
|7327|| ||
|7427|| ||
|7527|| ||
|7627|| ||
|7727||AT ||RJ
|7827||RG||DL
|7927|| ||
|-
|7028||AT||MH
|7128|| ||
|7228|| ||
|7328|| ||
|7428||RC||DL
|7528|| ||
|7628|| ||
|7728|| ||
|7828||RG||MP
|7928|| ||
|-
|7029|| ||
|7129|| ||
|7229||VF||RJ
|7329|| ||
|7429||RC||KL
|7529|| ||
|7629|| ||
|7729|| ||
|7829||VF||KA
|7929|| ||
|-
|7030||VF||MH
|7130|| ||
|7230|| ||
|7330|| ||
|7430|| ||
|7530||AC||DL
|7630|| ||
|7730|| ||
|7830||VF||UW
|7930||RC||MH
|-
|7031||AC||WB
|7131|| ||
|7231|| ||
|7331|| ||
|7431|| ||
|7531||AC||DL
|7631||VF||BR
|7731||ID||AP
|7831|| ||
|7931|| ||
|-
|7032||AT||AP
|7132|| ||
|7232|| ||
|7332|| ||
|7432|| ||
|7532||AC||DL
|7632|| ||
|7732|| ||
|7832|| ||
|7932|| ||
|-
|7033||AT||BR
|7133|| ||
|7233|| ||
|7333|| ||GJ
|7433|| ||
|7533||AC||DL
|7633|| ||
|7733|| ||GJ
|7833||VF||HP
|7933|| ||
|-
|7034||VF||KL
|7134|| ||
|7234|| ||
|7334|| ||
|7434|| ||
|7534|| ||
|7634|| ||
|7734|| ||
|7834||ID||DL
|7934|| ||
|-
|7035||AC||AS
|7135|| ||
|7235|| ||
|7335|| ||
|7435|| ||
|7535|| ||
|7635|| ||
|7735||RG||OR
|7835||ID||DL
|7935|| ||
|-
|7036||ID||AP
|7136|| ||
|7236|| ||
|7336|| ||
|7436|| ||
|7536|| ||
|7636|| AT
|AS
|7736||TD||KL
|7836||ID||DL
|7936|| ||
|-
|7037||TN||UW
|7137|| ||
|7237||ID||UE
|7337|| ||
|7437|| ||
|7537|| ||
|7637|| ||
|7737||TD||RJ
|7837||VF||PB
|7937|| ||
|-
|7038||ID||MH
|7138|| ||
|7238|| ||
|7338|| ||
|7438|| ||
|7538|| ||
|7638|| ||
|7738||AT||MU
|7838||VF||DL
|7938|| ||
|-
|7039||ID||MU
|7139|| ||
|7239|| ||
|7339|| ||
|7439||RC||KO
|7539|| ||
|7639||VF||TN
|7739||AT||BR
|7839||CG||UE
|7939|| ||
|-
|7040||AC||MH
|7140|| ||
|7240|| ||
|7340||AT||RJ
|7440|| ||
|7540||AT||TN
|7640|| ||
|7740|| ||
|7840||ID||DL
|7940|| ||
|-
|7041||TN||GJ
|7141|| ||
|7241|| ||
|7341|| ||
|7441|| ||
|7541|| ||
|7641|| ||
|7741||ID||MH
|7841|| ||
|7941|| ||
|-
|7042||AT||DL
|7142|| ||
|7242|| ||
|7342|| ||
|7442|| ||
|7542|| ||
|7642|| ||
|7742||AT||RJ
|7842||VG||AP
|7942|| ||
|-
|7043||AT||GJ
|7143|| ||
|7243|| ||
|7343|| ||
|7443|| ||
|7543||AT||BR
|7643|| ||
|7743|| ||
|7843||AC||UE
|7943|| ||
|-
|7044||AT||KO
|7144|| ||
|7244|| ||
|7344|| ||
|7444|| ||
|7544||VF||BR
|7644|| ||
|7744|| ||
|7844||AC||UE
|7944|| ||
|-
|7045||VF||MU
|7145|| ||
|7245|| ||
|7345|| ||
|7445|| ||
|7545||VF||BR
|7645|| ||
|7745||ID||MH
|7845||TD||TN
|7945|| ||
|-
|7046||ID||GJ
|7146|| ||
|7246|| ||
|7346|| ||
|7446||VF||
|7546||VF||BR
|7646|| ||
|7746|| ||
|7846||RG||KA
|7946|| ||
|-
|7047||VD||MP
|7147|| ||
|7247|| ||
|7347||AT||PB
|7447|| ||
|7547||VF||BR
|7647|| ||
|7747|| ||
|7847|| ||
|7947|| ||
|-
|7048||TD||GJ
|7148|| ||
|7248|| ||
|7348|| ||
|7448|| ||
|7548|| ||
|7648|| ||
|7748|| ||
|7848|| ||
|7948|| ||
|-
|7049||ID||MP
|7149|| ||
|7249|| ||
|7349||VF||BR
|7449|| ||
|7549||VF||BR
|7649|| ||
|7749|| ||
|7849||RG||KA
|7949|| ||
|-
|7050||TN||BR
|7150|| ||
|7250||AT||BR
|7350||ID||MH
|7450||ID||KO
|7550||VF||KO
|7650|| ||
|7750|| ||
|7850|| ||
|7950|| ||
|-
|7051||AT||JK
|7151|| ||
|7251|| ||
|7351||ID||UW
|7451|| ||
|7551|| ||
|7651|| ||
|7751|| ||
|7851|| ||
|7951|| ||
|-
|7052||ID||UE
|7152|| ||
|7252|| ||
|7352||ID||BR
|7452|| ||
|7552|| ||
|7652|| ||
|7752|| ||
|7852|| ||
|7952|| ||
|-
|7053||AC||DL
|7153|| ||
|7253|| ||
|7353||ID||KA
|7453|| ||
|7553|| ||
|7653|| ||
|7753|| ||
|7853|| ||
|7953|| ||
|-
|7054||AT||UE
|7154|| ||
|7254||ID||BR
|7354||ID||MP
|7454|| ||
|7554|| ||
|7654||ID||BR
|7754||AT||UE
|7854|| ||
|7954|| ||
|-
|7055||ID||UW
|7155|| ||
|7255||ID||BR
|7355||VD||PB
|7455|| ||
|7555|| ||
|7655|| ||
|7755||AT||UE
|7855|| ||
|7955|| ||
|-
|7056||ID||HR
|7156|| ||
|7256||ID||BR
|7356||AT||KL
|7456|| ||
|7556|| ||
|7656|| ||
|7756||AT||MH
|7856|| ||
|7956|| ||
|-
|7057||ID||MH
|7157|| ||
|7257||ID||BR
|7357||VD||HR
|7457|| ||
|7557|| ||
|7657|| ||
|7757|| ||
|7857|| ||
|7957|| ||
|-
|7058||TN||MH
|7158|| ||
|7258|| ||
|7358||AT||
|7458|| ||
|7558|| ||
|7658||ID ||AP
|7758|| ||
|7858|| ||
|7958|| ||
|-
|7059||AC||KO
|7159|| ||
|7259||AT||KA
|7359||ID||GJ
|7459|| ||
|7559||ID||KL
|7659||ID||AP
|7759|| ||
|7859||RG||DL
|7959|| ||
|-
|7060||AT||UW
|7160|| ||
|7260|| ||
|7360||VF||BR
|7460|| ||
|7560|| ||
|7660|| ||
|7760||AT||KA
|7860||ID||UE
|7960|| ||
|-
|7061||RG||BR
|7161|| ||
|7261|| ||
|7361||VF||BR
|7461|| ||
|7561|| ||
|7661|| ||
|7761|| ||
|7861||RG|| DL
|7961||TD||
|-
|7062||AC||RJ
|7162|| ||
|7262||VF ||MH
|7362||VF||BR
|7462|| ||
|7562||ID||BR
|7662|| ||
|7762||AT||BR
|7862||RG||DL
|7962|| ||
|-
|7063||AT||WB
|7163|| ||
|7263|| ||
|7363|| ||
|7463||AT||BR
|7563||ID||BR
|7663|| ||
|7763|| AT
||BR
|7863||RG|| DL
|7963|| ||
|-
|7064||VF||OR
|7164|| ||
|7264|| ||
|7364|| ||
|7464|| ||
|7564||ID||BR
|7664|| ||
|7764|| ||
|7864|| ||
|7964|| ||
|-
|7065||ID||DL
|7165|| ||
|7265|| ||
|7365|| ||
|7465|| ||
|7565|| ||
|7665||VF||RJ
|7765|| ||
|7865|| ||
|7965|| ||
|-
|7066||VF||MH
|7166|| ||
|7266|| ||
|7366|| ||
|7466|| ||
|7566||VF||MP
|7666||RG||MU
|7766|| ||
|7866|| ||
|7966|| ||
|-
|7067||RG||MP
|7167|| ||
|7267|| ||
|7367|| ||
|7467|| ||
|7567||VF||GJ
|7667||RG||CH
|7767|| ||
|7867||SR ||MU
|7967|| ||
|-
|7068||TN||UE
|7168|| ||
|7268|| ||
|7368|| ||
|7468|| ||
|7568||AT||RJ
|7668||RG||UE
|7768||VF||MH
|7868|| ||
|7968|| ||
|-
|7069||VF||GJ
|7169|| ||
|7269|| ||
|7369|| ||
|7469|| ||
|7569||RG||AP
|7669||RG||UW
|7769|| ||
|7869||AT||MP
|7969|| ||
|-
|7070||AT||BR
|7170|| ||
|7270|| ||
|7370||ID||BR
|7470|| ||
|7570||VF||UE
|7670||RG||AP
|7770|| ||GJ
|7870||TN||BR
|7970|| ||
|-
|7071||AC||UE
|7171|| ||GJ
|7271|| ||
|7371|| ||
|7471|| ||
|7571|| ||
|7671|| ||
|7771|| ||GJ
|7871||TN||TN
|7971|| ||
|-
|7072||VF||GJ
|7172|| ||
|7272||AC||UE
|7372|| ||
|7472|| ||
|7572|| ||
|7672|| ||
|7772|| ||GJ
|7872||VF||WB
|7972||RJ || MH
|-
|7073||AT||RJ
|7173|| ||
|7273||AC||BR
|7373||AC||TN
|7473|| ||
|7573|| ||
|7673|| ||
|7773|| ||GJ
|7873||VF||OR
|7973|| ||
|-
|7074||ID||WB
|7174|| ||
|7274|| ||
|7374|| ||
|7474||VF||GJ
|7574|| ||
|7674|| ||
|7774||ID||MH
|7874||VF||GJ
|7974|| ||
|-
|7075||UN||AP
|7175|| ||
|7275||TD||UE
|7375|| ||
|7475|| ||
|7575||VF||GJ
|7675|| ||
|7775||ID||MH
|7875||VF||MH
|7975|| ||
|-
|7076||VF||WB
|7176|| ||
|7276||TD||MH
|7376||CG||UE
|7476|| ||
|7576|| ||
|7676||RG||KA
|7776|| ||GJ
|7876||RG||HR
|7976||RJ ||RJ
|-
|7077||AT||OR
|7177|| ||
|7277||AC||BR
|7377||ID||OR
|7477|| ||
|7577||VF||AS
|7677||RG||BR
|7777||TN||GJ
|7877||RG||RJ
|7977||RJ||MU
|-
|7078||UN||UW
|7178|| ||
|7278||AC||KO
|7378|| ||
|7478|| ||
|7578|| ||
|7678||ID||UE
|7778||UN||GJ
|7878||RG||GJ
|7978||RJ ||OR
|-
|7079||ID||BR
|7179|| ||
|7279|| ||
|7379||VF||UE
|7479|| ||

|7579||CG||UW
|7679||RG||WB
|7779||UN||GJ
|7879||RG||MP
|7979||RJ||BR
|-
|7080||AT||UE
|7180|| ||
|7280||VF||BR
|7380|| ||
|7480|| ||
|7580|| ||
|7680|| ||
|7780|| ||
|7880||AT ||UE
|7980||RJ||KO
|-
|7081||VF||UE
|7181|| ||
|7281||VF||BR
|7381||VF||OR
|7481|| ||
|7581|| ||
|7681|| ||
|7781|| ||
|7881|| ||
|7981|| ||
|-
|7082||AT||HR
|7182|| ||
|7282||VF||BR
|7382||CG||AP
|7482|| ||
|7582|| ||
|7682|| ||
|7782|| ||
|7882|| ||
|7982||RJ||DL
|-
|7083||ID||MH
|7183|| ||
|7283||VF||BR
|7383||UN||GJ
|7483||RC||KA
|7583|| ||
|7683|| ||
|7783|| ||
|7883|| ||
|7983|| ||
|-
|7084||ID||UE
|7184|| ||
|7284|| ||
|7384||UN||WB
|7484|| ||
|7584|| ||
|7684|| ||
|7784||AC||UE
|7884|| ||
|7984||RJ||GJ
|-
|7085||AT||NE
|7185|| ||
|7285|| ||
|7385||UN||MH
|7485|| ||
|7585||AT||WB
|7685|| ||
|7785|| ||
|7885|| ||
|7985|| ||
|-
|7086||AT||AS
|7186|| ||
|7286|| ||
|7386||UN||AP
|7486|| ||
|7586|| ||
|7686|| ||
|7786||AC||UE
|7886|| ||
|7986|| ||
|-
|7087||AT||PB
|7187|| ||
|7287|| ||
|7387||AT||MH
|7487|| ||
|7587||CG||MP
|7687||AC||KO
|7787|| ||
|7887|| ||
|7987|| ||
|-
|7088||ID||UW
|7188|| ||
|7288|| ||
|7388||AT||UE
|7488||RC||BR
|7588||CG||MH
|7688|| ||
|7788|| ||GJ
|7888|| ||
|7988|| ||
|-
|7089||ID||MP
|7189|| ||
|7289||VF ||DL
|7389||AT||MP
|7489||RC||MP
|7589||CG||PB
|7689|| ||
|7789|| ||
|7889|| ||
|7989||RJ||AP
|-
|7090||ID||KA
|7190|| ||
|7290||VF ||DL
|7390|| ||
|7490||AT ||GJ
|7590|| ||
|7690|| ||
|7790||AC||RJ
|7890||ID||KO
|7990||RJ||MU
|-
|7091||AT||BR
|7191|| ||
|7291||VF ||DL
|7391|| ||
|7491||ID||BR
|7591|| ||
|7691|| ||
|7791|| ||
|7891||ID||RJ
|7991||RJ||BR
|-
|7092||ID||TN
|7192|| ||
|7292||VF ||DL
|7392|| ||
|7492|| ||
|7592|| ||
|7692|| ||
|7792|| ||
|7892||RJ ||KA
|7992|| ||
|-
|7093||AT||AP
|7193|| ||
|7293||AC||KL
|7393|| ||
|7493||ID||BR
|7593|| ||
|7693|| ||
|7793|| ||
|7893||AT||AP
|7993|| ||
|-
|7094||VF||TN
|7194|| ||
|7294|| ||
|7394|| ||
|7494||ID||BR
|7594|| ||
|7694|| ||
|7794||UN||AP
|7894||AT||OR
|7994|| ||
|-
|7095||ID||AP
|7195|| ||
|7295|| ||
|7395|| ||
|7495|| ||
|7595|| ||
|7695|| ||
|7795||TD||KA
|7895||AT||UW
|7995||AT||AP
|-
|7096||ID||GJ
|7196|| ||
|7296|| ||
|7396||UN||AP
|7496|| ||
|7596|| ||
|7696||TD||PB
|7796|| ||
|7896||AT||AS
|7996|| ||
|-
|7097||AC||AP
|7197|| ||
|7297|| ||
|7397|| ||
|7497|| ||
|7597||CG||RJ
|7697||ID||MP
|7797||VF||WB
|7897||AT||UE
|7997||ID||AP
|-
|7098||AC||WB
|7198|| ||
|7298||AC||JK
|7398||UN||UE
|7498||RC||MU
|7598||CG||TN
|7698||ID||GJ
|7798||VF||MH
|7898||AT||MP
|7998|| ||
|-
|7099||TN||AS
|7199|| ||
|7299||AC||CH
|7399||AC||AS
|7499||RC||UE
|7599||CG||UW
|7699||ID||WB
|7799||VF||AP

|7899||AT||KA
|7999|| ||GJ
|}

==See also==
*[[Telephone numbers in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/access-services/allotment-msc-codes Allocation (allotment) of new mobile number series (MSC codes)] from National Numbering Plan, Department of Telecommunications, Government of India
{{Telephone numbers in Asia}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Telephone Numbering In India}}
[[Category:Telephone numbers by country|India]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:Telephone numbers in India| ]]
[[Category:Mobile phone industry in India]]

Talk:Mobile telephone numbering in India

2017-07-20T01:50:39Z

Soft coder: /* is 4 digit table still relevant ? */ new section

7319 : has been assigned now in India. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/182.68.117.218|182.68.117.218]] ([[User talk:182.68.117.218|talk]]) 17:34, 1 October 2015 (UTC) 

== ravikushwahaji andhya kushinagar ==
{{WikiProject India|class=list|importance=mid|assess-date=April 2012}}
strongly recommend the merging of this articles
[[User:Naveenpf|Naveenpf]] ([[User talk:Naveenpf|talk]]) 08:24, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
mismal00923077765851
== someone update the site using this....( 91 and 90 series) ==
90 Shared 91 Shared Tata Indicom Rliance BSNL 95 Shared 96 Shared 97 Shared 98 Shared 99 Shared 404 405
9000 ATL AP 9100 LOO AP 9200 MP 9300 MP 9400 — 9500 9600 ATL TN 9700 ACL AP 9800 ATL WB 9900 ATL KA 40400 40500
9001 ATL RJ 9101 LOO AS 9201 MP 9301 MP 9401 AS 9501 9601 ATL GJ 9701 ATL AP 9801 ATL BR 9901 ATL KA 40401 VOD HR 40501
9002 ATL WB 9102 LOO BR 9202 MP 9302 MP 9402 NE 9502 9602 ATL RJ 9702 IDE MU 9802 D HR 9902 ATL KA 40402 ATL PB 40502
9003 ATL TN 9103 LOO DL 9203 MP 9303 MP 9403 MH 9503 9603 IDE AP 9703 VOD AP 9803 D PB 9903 ATL KO 40403 ATL HP 40503
9004 ATL MU 9104 LOO GJ 9204 BR 9304 BR 9404 — 9504 ACL BR 9604 IDE MH 9704 ATL AP 9804 D KO 9904 IDE GJ 40404 IDE DL 40504
9005 ATL UE 9105 LOO HR 9205 JK 9305 UE 9405 — 9505 9605 IDE KL 9705 IDE AP 9805 ATL HP 9905 R_G BR 40405 VOD GJ 40505
9006 ATL BR 9106 LOO HP 9206 NE 9306 JK 9406 MP 9506 9606 R_G NE 9706 VOD AS 9806 D MP 9906 ATL JK 40406 40506
9007 ATL KO 9107 LOO JK 9207 AS 9307 UE 9407 MP 9507 9607 R_G AS 9707 R_G AS 9807 D UE 9907 R_G MP 40407 IDE AP 40507
9008 ATL KA 9108 LOO KA 9208 — 9308 BR 9408 — 9508 9608 R_G BR 9708 IDE BR 9808 D UW 9908 ATL AP 40408 40508
9009 IDE MP 9109 LOO KL 9209 — 9309 RJ 9409 — 9509 9609 VOD WB 9709 VOD BR 9809 D KL 9909 VOD GJ 40409 R_G AS 40509
9010 IDE AP 9110 LOO KO 9210 DL 9310 DL 9410 UW 9510 9610 VOD RJ 9710 ACL CH 9810 ATL DL 9910 ATL DL 40410 ATL DL 40510
9011 IDE MH 9111 LOO MP 9211 DL 9311 DL 9411 UW 9511 9611 ATL KA 9711 VOD DL 9811 VOD DL 9911 IDE DL 40411 VOD DL 40511
9012 IDE UW 9112 LOO MH 9212 DL 9312 DL 9412 UW 9512 9612 ATL NE 9712 VOD GJ 9812 IDE HR 9912 IDE AP 40412 IDE HR 40512
9013 MTN DL 9113 LOO NE 9213 DL 9313 DL 9413 RJ 9513 9613 ACL AS 9713 VOD MP 9813 VOD HR 9913 VOD GJ 40413 VOD AP 40513
9014 R_G AP 9114 LOO OR 9214 RJ 9314 RJ 9414 RJ 9514 9614 ACL WB 9714 IDE GJ 9814 IDE PB 9914 IDE PB 40414 IDE PB 40514
9015 R_G DL 9115 LOO PB 9215 HR 9315 HR 9415 UE 9515 9615 ACL NE 9715 ACL TN 9815 ATL PB 9915 ATL PB 40415 VOD UE 40515
9016 R_G GJ 9116 LOO RJ 9216 PB 9316 PB 9416 HR 9516 9616 IDE UE 9716 ACL DL 9816 ATL HP 9916 VOD KA 40416 ATL NE 40516
9017 R_G HR 9117 LOO TN 9217 PB 9317 PB 9417 PB 9517 9617 IDE MP 9717 ATL DL 9817 R_G HP 9917 IDE UW 40417 ACL WB 40517
9018 R_G JK 9118 LOO UE 9218 HP 9318 HP 9418 HP 9518 9618 ATL AP 9718 IDE DL 9818 ATL DL 9918 VOD UE 40418 R_G HP 40518
9019 R_G KA 9119 LOO UW 9219 UW 9319 UW 9419 JK 9519 9619 VOD MU 9719 VOD UW 9819 VOD MU 9919 VOD UE 40419 IDE KL 40519
9020 R_G KL 9120 LOO WB 9220 MU 9320 MU 9420 MH 9520 9620 VOD KA 9720 VOD UW 9820 VOD MU 9920 VOD MU 40420 VOD MU 40520 R_G CH
9021 R_G MH 9121 UNI AS 9221 MU 9321 MU 9421 MH 9521 9621 ATL UE 9721 VOD UE 9821 B MU 9921 IDE MH 40421 B MU 40521
9022 R_G MU 9122 UNI BR 9222 MU 9322 MU 9422 MH 9522 9622 ATL JK 9722 ACL GJ 9822 IDE MH 9922 IDE MH 40422 IDE MH 40522
9023 R_G PB 9123 UNI NE 9223 MU 9323 MU 9423 MH 9523 9623 IDE MH 9723 IDE GJ 9823 VOD MH 9923 VOD MH 40423 40523
9024 R_G RJ 9124 UNI OR 9224 MU 9324 MU 9424 MP 9524 9624 IDE GJ 9724 ATL GJ 9824 IDE GJ 9924 IDE GJ 40424 IDE GJ 40524 HFC PB
9025 R_G TN 9125 UNI UE 9225 MH 9325 MH 9425 MP 9525 9625 R_G HP 9725 ATL GJ 9825 VOD GJ 9925 VOD GJ 40425 ACL BR 40525
9026 R_G UE 9126 UNI WB 9226 MH 9326 MH 9426 GJ 9526 9626 VOD TN 9726 VOD GJ 9826 IDE MP 9926 IDE MP 40426 40526
9027 R_G UW 9127 ST AS 9227 GJ 9327 GJ 9427 GJ 9527 9627 VOD UW 9727 VOD GJ 9827 R_G MP 9927 IDE UW 40427 VOD MH 40527 TG BR
9028 TAT MH 9128 ST BR 9228 GJ 9328 GJ 9428 GJ 9528 9628 VOD UE 9728 IDE HR 9828 VOD RJ 9928 ATL RJ 40428 ACL OR 40528
9029 TAT MU 9129 ST HP 9229 MP 9329 MP 9429 GJ 9529 9629 ATL TN 9729 ATL HR 9829 ATL RJ 9929 ATL RJ 40429 ACL AS 40529
9030 TAT AP 9130 ST JK 9230 KO 9330 KO 9430 BR 9530 9630 ATL MP 9730 ATL MH 9830 VOD KO 9930 VOD MU 40430 VOD KO 40530
9031 TAT BR 9131 ST NE 9231 KO 9331 KO 9431 BR 9531 9631 ATL BR 9731 ATL KA 9831 ATL KO 9931 ATL BR 40431 ATL KO 40531
9032 TAT DL 9132 ST OR 9232 WB 9332 WB 9432 KO 9532 9632 ATL KA 9732 VOD WB 9832 R_G WB 9932 ATL WB 40432 40532
9033 TAT GJ 9133 MTS AP 9233 WB 9333 WB 9433 KO 9533 9633 ATL KE 9733 VOD WB 9833 VOD MU 9933 ATL WB 40433 ACL NE 40533
9034 TAT HR 9134 MTS AS 9234 BR 9334 BR 9434 WB 9534 9634 ATL UW 9734 VOD WB 9834 ATL MP 9934 ATL BR 40434 CEL HR 40534 ACL HP
9035 TAT HP 9135 MTS BR 9235 UE 9335 UE 9435 AS 9535 9635 ATL WB 9735 VOD WB 9835 R_G BR 9935 ATL UE 40435 40535
9036 TAT KA 9136 MTS DL 9236 UE 9336 UE 9436 NE 9536 9636 ATL RJ 9736 VOD HP 9836 VOD KO 9936 ATL UE 40436 R_G BR 40536
9037 TAT KL 9137 MTS GJ 9237 OR 9337 OR 9437 OR 9537 9637 VOD MH 9737 — 9837 IDE UW 9937 ATL OR 40437 ACL JK 40537
9038 TAT KO 9138 MTS HR 9238 OR 9338 OR 9438 OR 9538 9638 VOD GJ 9738 ACL KA 9838 VOD UE 9938 ATL OR 40438 CEL AS 40538
9039 TAT MP 9139 MTS HP 9239 KO 9339 KO 9439 — 9539 9639 IDE UW 9739 VOD KA 9839 VOD UE 9939 ATL BR 40439 40539
9040 TAT OR 9140 MTS JK 9240 CH 9340 CH 9440 AP 9540 9640 IDE AP 9740 ATL KA 9840 ATL CH 9940 ATL CH 40440 ATL CH 40540
9041 TAT PB 9141 MTS KA 9241 KA 9341 KA 9441 AP 9541 9641 R_G WB 9741 ATL KA 9841 ACL CH 9941 ACL CH 40441 ACL CH 40541
9042 TAT RJ 9142 MTS KL 9242 KA 9342 KA 9442 TN 9542 9642 VOD AP 9742 VOD KA 9842 ACL TN 9942 ACL TN 40442 ACL TN 40542
9043 TAT TN 9143 MTS KO 9243 KA 9343 KA 9443 TN 9543 R_G CH 9643 - 9743 IDE KA 9843 VOD TN 9943 VOD TN 40443 VOD TN 40543
9044 TAT UE 9144 MTS MP 9244 TN 9344 TN 9444 CH 9544 9644 - 9744 IDE KL 9844 IDE KA 9944 ATL TN 40444 IDE KA 40544
9045 TAT UW 9145 MTS MH 9245 TN 9345 TN 9445 CH 9545 9645 VOD KL 9745 VOD KL 9845 ATL KA 9945 ATL KA 40445 ATL KA 40545
9046 TAT WB 9146 MTS MU 9246 AP 9346 AP 9446 KL 9546 9646 VOD PB 9746 ATL KL 9846 VOD KL 9946 VOD KL 40446 VOD KL 40546
9047 VOD TN 9147 MTS NE 9247 AP 9347 AP 9447 KL 9547 9647 VOD WB 9747 IDE KL 9847 IDE KL 9947 IDE KL 40447 40547
9048 VOD KL 9148 MTS OR 9248 AP 9348 AP 9448 KA 9548 9648 VOD UE 9748 ATL KO 9848 IDE AP 9948 IDE AP 40448 40548
9049 VOD MH 9149 MTS PB 9249 KL 9349 KL 9449 KA 9549 9649 VOD RJ 9749 R_G WB 9849 ATL AP 9949 ATL AP 40449 ATL AP 40549
9050 VOD HR 9150 MTS CH 9250 DL 9350 DL 9450 UE 9550 9650 ATL DL 9750 ACL TN 9850 IDE MH 9950 ATL RJ 40450 ACL NE 40550

90 Shared 91 Shared Tata Indicom Reliance BSNL 95 Shared 96 Shared 97 Shared 98 Shared 99 Shared 404 405
9051 VOD KO 9151 MTS UE 9251 RJ 9351 RJ 9451 UE 9551 9651 ATL UE 9751 VOD TN 9851 D WB 9951 IDE AP 40451 CEL HP 40551 ATL WB
9052 VOD AP 9152 MTS UW 9252 RJ 9352 RJ 9452 UE 9552 9652 ATL AP 9752 ATL MP 9852 D BR 9952 ATL TN 40452 R_G OR 40552 ATL BR
9053 UNI HR 9153 MTS WB 9253 HR 9353 HR 9453 UE 9553 9653 HF PB 9753 IDE MP 9853 ACL OR 9953 VOD DL 40453 CEL PB 40553 ATL OR
9054 UNI HP 9154 IDE AP 9254 HR 9354 HR 9454 UE 9554 9654 VOD DL 9754 IDE MP 9854 D AS 9954 ATL AS 40454 CEL UW 40554 ATL UE
9055 UNI JK 9155 IDE DL 9255 HR 9355 HR 9455 — 9555 9655 VOD TN 9755 ATL MP 9855 IDE PB 9955 ATL BR 40455 CEL UE 40555 ATL JK
9056 UNI PB 9156 IDE HR 9256 PB 9356 PB 9456 UW 9556 9656 IDE KL 9756 IDE UW 9856 D NE 9956 ATL UE 40456 IDE UW 40556 ATL AS
9057 UNI RJ 9157 IDE MH 9257 PB 9357 PB 9457 UW 9557 9657 IDE MH 9757 MTN MU 9857 D HP 9957 ATL AS 40457 CEL GJ 40557
9058 UNI UW 9158 SWN AP 9258 UW 9358 UW 9458 — 9558 9658 ACL OR 9758 VOD UW 9858 D JK 9958 ATL DL 40458 CEL MP 40558
9059 UNI AP 9159 SWN DL 9259 UW 9359 UW 9459 — 9559 9659 ACL TN 9759 VOD UW 9859 D AS 9959 ATL AP 40459 CEL RJ 40559
9060 UNI KA 9160 SWN GJ 9260 TN 9360 TN 9460 RJ 9560 9660 ATL RJ 9760 ATL UW 9860 ATL MH 9960 ATL MH 40460 VOD RJ 40560
9061 UNI KL 9161 SWN HR 9261 TN 9361 TN 9461 RJ 9561 9661 ATL BR 9761 VOD UW 9861 R_G OR 9961 IDE KL 40461 40561
9062 UNI KO 9162 SWN KA 9262 TN 9362 TN 9462 — 9562 9662 ATL GJ 9762 ACL MH 9862 ATL NE 9962 VOD CH 40462 CEL JK 40562
9063 DAT AP 9163 SWN KL 9263 TN 9363 TN 9463 PB 9563 9663 ATL KA 9763 IDE MH 9863 R_G NE 9963 ATL AP 40463 40563
9064 DAT AS 9164 SWN MH 9264 TN 9364 TN 9464 PB 9564 9664 LOO MU 9764 VOD MH 9864 R_G AS 9964 IDE KA 40464 CEL CH 40564
9065 DAT BR 9165 SWN MU 9265 TN 9365 TN 9465 — 9565 9665 ATL MU 9765 VOD MH 9865 ACL TN 9965 ACL TN 40465 40565
9066 DAT DL 9166 SWN PB 9266 TN 9366 TN 9466 HR 9566 9666 IDE AP 9766 ATL MH 9866 ATL AP 9966 VOD AP 40466 CEL MH 40566 VOD UW
9067 DAT GJ 9167 SWN RJ 9267 TN 9367 TN 9467 — 9567 9667 MTS RJ 9767 IDE MH 9867 ATL MU 9967 ATL MU 40467 R_G MP 40567 VOD WB
9068 DAT HR 9168 SWN TN 9268 TN 9368 UW 9468 — 9568 9668 ATL OR 9768 ACL MU 9868 MTN DL 9968 MTN DL 40468 MTN DL 40568
9069 DAT HP 9169 SWN UE 9269 — 9369 UE 9469 JK 9569 9669 IDE MP 9769 VOD MU 9869 MTN MU 9969 MTN MU 40469 MTN MU 40569
9070 DAT JK 9170 SWN UW 9270 MH 9370 MH 9470 BR 9570 9670 VOD UE 9770 R_G MP 9870 B MU 9970 ATL MH 40470 ATL RJ 40570 IDE BR
9071 DAT KA 9171 UNI TN 9271 MH 9371 MH 9471 — 9571 9671 VOD HR 9771 ATL BR 9871 ATL DL 9971 ATL DL 40471 CEL KA 40571
9072 DAT KL 9172 UNI MU 9272 MH 9372 MH 9472 — 9572 9672 VOD RJ 9772 VOD RJ 9872 ATL PB 9972 ATL KA 40472 CEL KL 40572
9073 DAT KO 9173 UNI GJ 9273 MH 9373 MH 9473 — 9573 9673 VOD MH 9773 B MU 9873 VOD DL 9973 ATL BR 40473 CEL AP 40573
9074 DAT MP 9174 UNI MP 9274 GJ 9374 GJ 9474 WB 9574 9674 VOD KO 9774 VOD NE 9874 VOD KO 9974 ATL GJ 40474 CEL WB 40574
9075 DAT MH 9175 UNI MH 9275 GJ 9375 GJ 9475 WB 9575 9675 VOD UW 9775 VOD WB 9875 MTS RJ 9975 ATL MH 40475 CEL BR 40575 VOD
9076 DAT MU 9176 VOD CH 9276 GJ 9376 GJ 9476 — 9576 9676 ATL AP 9776 VOD OR 9876 ATL PB 9976 ACL TN 40476 CEL OR 40576
9077 DAT NE 9177 ATL AP 9277 GJ 9377 GJ 9477 KO 9577 9677 ATL TN 9777 ATL OR 9877 HFC PB 9977 IDE MP 40477 CEL NE 40577
9078 DAT OR 9178 ATL OR 9278 — 9378 WB 9478 — 9578 9678 ATL AS 9778 R_G OR 9878 ATL PB 9978 VOD GJ 40478 IDE MP 40578
9079 DAT RJ 9179 ATL MP 9279 — 9379 KA 9479 — 9579 9679 ATL WB 9779 ATL PB 9879 VOD GJ 9979 VOD GJ 40479 CEL WB 40579
9080 DAT TN 9180 BSN AP 9280 CH 9380 CH 9480 KA 9580 9680 ATL RJ 9780 VOD PB 9880 ATL KA 9980 ATL KA 40480 CEL TN 40580 ACL
9081 DAT UE 9181 BSN AS 9281 CH 9381 CH 9481 KA 9581 9681 R_G KO 9781 IDE PB 9881 IDE MH 9981 ATL MP 40481 CEL KO 40581
9082 DAT UW 9182 BSN BR 9282 CH 9382 CH 9482 — 9582 9682 BSN UW 9782 ACL RJ 9882 IDE HP 9982 VOD RJ 40482 IDE 40582
9083 DAT WB 9183 BSN CH 9283 CH 9383 CH 9483 — 9583 9683 ATL KA 9783 VOD RJ 9883 R_G KO 9983 VOD RJ 40483 R_G KO 40583
9084 UNI DL 9184 BSN GJ 9284 CH 9384 CH 9484 — 9584 9684 BSN MH 9784 ATL RJ 9884 VOD CH 9984 VOD UE 40484 VOD CH 40584
9085 IDE AS 9185 BSN HP 9285 CH 9385 CH 9485 — 9585 9685 ATL MP 9785 IDE RJ 9885 VOD AP 9985 VOD AP 40485 R_G WB 40585
9086 IDE JK 9186 BSN JK 9286 — 9386 — 9486 TN 9586 9686 ATL KA 9786 VOD TN 9886 VOD KA 9986 VOD KA 40486 VOD KA 40586
9087 IDE KA 9187 BSN KA 9287 KL 9387 KL 9487 TN 9587 9687 VOD GJ 9787 VOD TN 9887 IDE RJ 9987 ATL MU 40487 IDE RJ 40587
9088 IDE KO 9188 BSN KL 9288 KL 9388 KL 9488 — 9588 9688 ACL TN 9788 ACL TN 9888 VOD PB 9988 VOD PB 40488 VOD PB 40588
9089 IDE NE 9189 BSN KO 9289 — 9389 — 9489 — 9589 9689 IDE MHa 9789 ATL TN 9889 IDE UE 9989 ATL AP 40489 IDE UE 40589
9090 IDE OR 9190 BSN MP 9290 AP 9390 AP 9490 AP 9590 9690 IDE UW 9790 ATL TN 9890 ATL MH 9990 IDE DL 40490 ATL MH 40590
9091 IDE PB 9191 BSN NE 9291 AP 9391 AP 9491 AP 9591 9691 R_G MP 9791 ATL TN 9891 IDE DL 9991 VOD HR 40491 ACL 40591
9092 IDE TN 9192 BSN OR 9292 AP 9392 AP 9492 — 9592 9692 R_G OR 9792 VOD UE 9892 ATL MU 9992 IDE HR 40492 ATL MU 40592
9093 IDE WB 9193 BSN PB 9293 AP 9393 AP 9493 — 9593 9693 R_G BR 9793 ATL UE 9893 ATL MP 9993 ATL MP 40493 ATL MP 40593
9094 ACL CH 9194 BSN RJ 9294 AP 9394 AP 9494 — 9594 IDE MU 9694 IDE RJ 9794 ATL UE 9894 ATL TN 9994 ATL TN 40494 ATL TN 40594
9095 ACL TN 9195 BSN TN 9295 AP 9395 AP 9495 KL 9595 9695 ATL UE 9795 IDE UE 9895 ATL KL 9995 ATL KL 40495 ATL KL 40595
9096 ATL MH 9196 BSN UE 9296 AP 9396 AP 9496 KL 9596 9696 R_G UE 9796 VOD JK 9896 ATL HR 9996 ATL HR 40496 ATL HR 40596
9097 ACL BR 9197 BSN WB 9297 AP 9397 AP 9497 — 9597 9697 ACL JK 9797 ATL JK 9897 ATL UW 9997 ATL UW 40497 ATL UW 40597
9098 R_G MP 9198 ATL UE 9298 AP 9398 AP 9498 — 9598 9698 ACL TN 9798 R_G BR 9898 ATL GJ 9998 ATL GJ 40498 ATL GJ 40598
9099 VOD GJ 9199 ATL BR 9299 AP 9399 AP 9499 — 9599 9699 R_G MU 9799 ATL RJ 9899 VOD DL 9999 VOD DL 40499 40599
—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Erb2009|Erb2009]] ([[User talk:Erb2009|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Erb2009|contribs]]) 04:48, 20 May 2009 (UTC) 

9000 Airtel Andhra Pradesh
9001 Airtel Rajasthan
9002 Airtel West Bengal
9003 Airtel Tamil Nadu
9004 Airtel Mumbai
9005 Airtel UP(east)
9006 Airtel Bihar Jharkhand
9007 Airtel Kolkata
9008 Airtel Karnataka
9009 Idea Madhya Pradesh
9010 Idea Andhra Pradesh
9011 Idea Maharashtra
9012 Idea UP West [Pilkhua to Lucknow}
9013 Mtnl Dolphin Delhi
9014 Reliance Gsm Andhra Pradesh
9015 Reliance Gsm Delhi
9016 Reliance Gsm Gujrat
9017 Reliance Gsm Haryana
9018 Reliance Gsm Jammu Kashmir
9019 Reliance Gsm Karnataka
9020 Reliance Gsm Kerala
9021 Reliance Gsm Maharashtra
9022 Reliance Gsm Mumbai
9023 Reliance Gsm Punjab
9024 Reliance Gsm Rajasthan
9025 Reliance Gsm Tamil Nadu
9026 Reliance Gsm UP(east)
9027 Reliance Gsm UP(west)
9028 Tata Gsm Maharashtra
9029 Tata Gsm Mumbai
9030 Tata Gsm AndHaryanaa Pradesh
9032 Tata Gsm Bihar Jharkhand
9032 Tata Gsm Delhi
9033 Tata Gsm Gujrat
9034 Tata Gsm Haryana
9035 Tata Gsm Himachal Pradesh
9036 Tata Gsm Karnataka
9037 Tata Gsm Kerala
9038 Tata Gsm Kolkata
9039 Tata Gsm Madhya Pradesh
9040 Tata Gsm Orrisa
9041 Tata Gsm Punjab
9042 Tata Gsm Rajasthan
9043 Tata Gsm Tamil Nadu
9044 Tata Gsm UP(east)
9045 Tata Gsm UP(west)
9046 Tata Gsm West Bengal
9047 Vodafone(Hutch) Tamil Nadu
9048 Vodafone(Hutch) Kerala
9049 Vodafone(Hutch) Maharashtra
9050 Vodafone(Hutch) Haryana
9051 Vodafone(Hutch) Kolkata
9052 Vodafone(Hutch) Andhra Pradesh
9053 Unitech Haryana
9054 Unitech Himachal Pradesh
9055 Unitech Jammu Kashmir
9056 Unitech Punjab
9057 Unitech Rajasthan
9058 Unitech UP(west)
9059 Unitech Andhra Pradesh
9060 Unitech Karnataka
9061 Unitech Kerala
9062 Unitech Kolkata
9063 Datacom Andhra Pradesh
9064 Datacom Assam
9065 Datacom Bihar Jharkhand
9066 Datacom Delhi
9067 Datacom Gujrat
9068 Datacom Haryana
9069 Datacom Himachal Pradesh
9070 Datacom Jammu Kashmir
9071 Datacom Karnataka
9072 Datacom Kerala
9073 Datacom Kolkata
9074 Datacom Madhya Pradesh
9075 Datacom Maharashtra
9076 Datacom Mumbai
9077 Datacom North East
9078 Datacom Orrisa
9079 Datacom Rajasthan
9080 Datacom Tamil Nadu
9081 Datacom UP(east)
9082 Datacom UP(west)
9083 Datacom West Bengal
9084 Unitech Delhi
9085 Idea Assam
9086 Idea Jammu Kashmir
9087 Idea Karnataka
9088 Idea Kolkata
9089 Idea North East
9090 Idea Orrisa
9091 Idea Punjab
9092 Idea Tamil Nadu
9093 Idea West Bengal
9094 Aircel Chennai
9095 Aircel Tamil Nadu
9096 Airtel Maharashtra
9097 Aircel Bihar Jharkhand
9098 Reliance Gsm Madhyaaaa Pradesh
9099 Vodafone(Hutch) Gujrat

9100 Loop (BPL) Andhra Pradesh
9101 Loop (BPL) Assam
9102 Loop (BPL) Bihar Jharkhand
9103 Loop (BPL) Delhi
9104 Loop (BPL) Gujrat
9105 Loop (BPL) Haryana
9106 Loop (BPL) Himachal Pradesh
9107 Loop (BPL) Jammu Kashmir
9108 Loop (BPL) Karnataka
9109 Loop (BPL) Kerala
9110 Loop (BPL) Kolkata
9111 Loop (BPL) Madhya Pradesh
9112 Loop (BPL) Maharashtra
9113 Loop (BPL) North East
9114 Loop (BPL) Orrisa
9115 Loop (BPL) Punjab
9116 Loop (BPL) Rajasthan
9117 Loop (BPL) Tamil Nadu
9118 Loop (BPL) UP(east)
9119 Loop (BPL) UP(west)
9120 Loop (BPL) West Bengal
9121 Unitech Assam
9122 Unitech Bihar Jharkhand
9123 Unitech North East
9124 Unitech Orrisa
9125 Unitech UP(east)
9126 Unitech West Bengal
9127 Spice Mobile. Tel Assam
9128 Spice Mobile. Tel Bihar Jharkhand
9129 Spice Mobile. Tel Himachal Pradesh
9130 Spice Mobile. Tel Jammu Kashmir
9131 Spice Mobile. Tel North East
9132 Spice Mobile. Tel Orrisa
9133 Shyam (Rainbow) Andhra Pradesh
9134 Shyam (Rainbow) Assam
9135 Shyam (Rainbow) Bihar Jharkhand
9136 Shyam (Rainbow) Delhi
9137 Shyam (Rainbow) Gujrat
9138 Shyam (Rainbow) Haryana
9139 Shyam (Rainbow) Himachal Pradesh
9140 Shyam (Rainbow) Jammu Kashmir
9141 Shyam (Rainbow) Karnataka
9142 Shyam (Rainbow) Kerala
9143 Shyam (Rainbow) Kolkata
9144 Shyam (Rainbow) Madhya Pradesh
9145 Shyam (Rainbow) Maharashtra
9146 Shyam (Rainbow) Mumbai
9147 Shyam (Rainbow) North East
9148 Shyam (Rainbow) Orrisa
9149 Shyam (Rainbow) Punjab
9150 Shyam (Rainbow) Tamil Nadu
9151 Shyam (Rainbow) UP(east)
9152 Shyam (Rainbow) UP(west)
9153 Shyam (Rainbow) West Bengal
9154 Spice Mobile Andhra Pradesh
9155 Spice Mobile Delhi
9156 Spice Mobile Haryana
9157 Spice Mobile Maharashtra
9158 Swan Telecom Andhra Pradesh
9159 Swan Telecom Delhi
9160 Swan Telecom Gujrat
9161 Swan Telecom Haryana
9162 Swan Telecom Karnataka
9163 Swan Telecom Kerala
9164 Swan Telecom Maharashtra
9165 Swan Telecom Mumbai
9166 Swan Telecom Punjab
9167 Swan Telecom Rajasthan
9168 Swan Telecom Tamil Nadu
9169 Swan Telecom UP(east)
9170 Swan Telecom UP(west)
9171 Unitech Tamil Nadu
9172 Unitech Mumbai
9173 Unitech Gujrat
9174 Unitech Madhya Pradesh
9175 Unitech Maharashtra
9176 Vodafone(Hutch) Chennai
9177 Airtel Andhra Pradesh
9178 Airtel Orrisa
9179 Airtel Madhya Pradesh
9180 Bsnl(cdma) Andhra Pradesh
9181 Bsnl(cdma) Assam
9182 Bsnl(cdma) Bihar Jharkhand
9183 Bsnl(cdma) Chennai
9184 Bsnl(cdma) Gujrat
9185 Bsnl(cdma) Himachal Pradesh
9186 Bsnl(cdma) Jammu Kashmir
9187 Bsnl(cdma) Karnataka
9188 Bsnl(cdma) Kerala
9189 Bsnl(cdma) Kolkata
9190 Bsnl(cdma) Madhya Pradesh
9191 Bsnl(cdma) North East
9192 Bsnl(cdma) Orrisa
9193 Bsnl(cdma) Punjab
9194 Bsnl(cdma) Rajasthan
9195 Bsnl(cdma) Tamil Nadu
9196 Bsnl(cdma) UP(east)
9197 Bsnl(cdma) West Bengal
9198 Airtel UP(east)
9199 Airtel Bihar Jharkhand
—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/210.212.8.60|210.212.8.60]] ([[User talk:210.212.8.60|talk]]) 02:21, 11 February 2009 (UTC) 

== Not clear enough ==

I am just a reader who is looking for an information, but I could not understand the article:
The section before the "Contents" says:

All mobile phone numbers are 10 digits long, split up as OO-AA-NNNNNN where OO is the operator code, AA is the zone code assigned to the operator, and NNNNNN is the subscriber number.

But then the section "Numbering plan" uses notation like, for instance,
90-xx-yyyyyy.
Is xx equal to AA?
Is yyyyyy equal to NNNNNN?
If yes, then why not use only one notation?

Another problem (at least for me):
Is "zone" the same as "circle"? If yes, then unify the terminology.
But even then, from the table
"Mobile Phone Numbers, Operator and Circle"
I do not see what the zone is. It seems to me that the operator code+the zone code
are merged into one. This should be said.

An finally, I would also welcome an explanation, how to call these numbers from abroad.
Obviously you have to dial some local access code, then 91 and then - what? The number?
Or 0 and then the number?

Please help.
[[Special:Contributions/132.66.40.82|132.66.40.82]] ([[User talk:132.66.40.82|talk]]) 15:18, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

<ref></ref>== Yes, agreed. Kind of confusing. ==

But, if not too late, to help you with the dialing question, go to one of my sites http://www.CallingBangalore.com or http://www.CallingMumbai.com for detailed instructions for mobile and landline dialing.

Short version for mobile number is: access code + 91 + 10-digit mobile number. If the number you have starts with a '0', delete it as that is used for internal long distance dialing.

As well, the dialing format shown is actually not correct as of now. According to TRAI documents I am reading right now, the mobile number format is 9x xxx xxxxx where '9x' is the access code, 'xxx' is the MSC - Mobile Swtich Code and the 'xxxxx' is the local subscriber number. But in terms of dialing inbound outside India, that shouldn't really matter.
—[[User:John L. Kenney|John L. Kenney]] ([[User talk:John L. Kenney|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/John L. Kenney|contribs]]) 03:11, 29 May 2009 (UTC) 
{| class="wikitable"
|{| class="wikitable"
|-
! header 1
! header 2
! header 3
|-
| row 1, cell 1
| row 1, cell 2
| row 1, cell 3
|-
| row 2, cell 1
| row 2, cell 2
| row 2, cell 3
|}
|}

== Mobile number portability from January 1, 2010 ==

Please see [http://www.oceanofweb.com/news/mobile-number-portability-january-2010.html the article in this link] and if it is true, there may not be any use to maintain a table like this. Right? [[User:Hbkrishnan|Hbkrishnan]] ([[User talk:Hbkrishnan|talk]]) 06:21, 12 November 2009 (UTC)Shilesh kumar...

I agree. This page need to be edited and those tables should be removed. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_India#Mobile_Number_Portability_.28MNP.29 [[User:Anamitra Saha|Anamitra Saha]] ([[User talk:Anamitra Saha|talk]]) 16:10, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

== Reference to Sun TV Network ==

Am not sure what Sun TV network has to do with Mobile telephone numbering in India. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Rajeevpn|Rajeevpn]] ([[User talk:Rajeevpn|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rajeevpn|contribs]]) 20:16, 31 December 2010 (UTC) 

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified {{plural:1|one external link|1 external links}} on [[Mobile telephone numbering in India]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=727995102 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.dot.gov.in/uas/Amendment

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the ''checked'' parameter below to '''true''' or '''failed''' to let others know (documentation at {{tlx|Sourcecheck}}).

{{sourcecheck|checked=false}}

Cheers.—[[User:Cyberbot II|cyberbot II]][[User talk:Cyberbot II|Talk to my owner]]:Online 12:49, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

== 6xxx table ==

I have removed 6xxx table as this series is not yet released. Previously DOT did notify about releasing 3 numbers in 6xxx series but they were revoked soon in another notification.[[User:Soft coder|Soft coder]] ([[User talk:Soft coder|talk]]) 01:48, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

== is 4 digit table still relevant ? ==

I see that this page is maintaining 4 digit tables for mobile codes. But now a days DOT is issuing codes based on 5 digit codes. So why still have the 4 digit tables ? [[User:Soft coder|Soft coder]] ([[User talk:Soft coder|talk]]) 01:50, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

Talk:Mobile telephone numbering in India

2017-07-20T01:48:22Z

Soft coder: /* 6xxx table */ new section

Mobile telephone numbering in India

2017-07-20T01:45:40Z

Soft coder: series in 6 not yet started. see link in my previous edit

All mobile numbers in India starts with '''9''', '''8''' or '''7''', this includes [[pager]] services, but the use of pagers is on the decline. Each [[telecom circle]] is allowed to have multiple private operators, earlier it was 2 private + BSNL/MTNL, subsequently it changed to 3 private + BSNL/MTNL in GSM, now each telecom circle has more than 10 operators including BSNL/MTNL.

All mobile phone numbers are 10 digits long. The way to split the numbers is defined in the National Numbering Plan 2003 as XXXX-NNNNNN where ''XXXX'' indicates the [[Mobile network operators of India|network operator]] and [[telecom circle]], and ''NNNNNN'' is the subscriber numbers.

==Telecom circles==

The Department of Telecommunications has divided [[India]] into various [[telecom circle]]s such that within each circle, the call is treated as a local call, while across zones, it becomes a long-distance call. A telecom circle is normally the entire [[States of India|state]], with a few exceptions like [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] (which are different zones than their respective states), [[Goa]] (which is a part of the [[Maharashtra]] zone), [[Chhattisgarh]] (which is part of [[Madhya Pradesh]]), [[Sikkim]] (which is part of [[West Bengal]]) [[Jharkhand]] (which is a part of the [[Bihar]] zone) or [[Uttar Pradesh]] (divided into multiple zones). [[Delhi]] is a unique circle because it includes towns from [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] as well. Recent formation of the new state of [[Telangana]] has been separated from [[Andhra Pradesh]] state which will still remain in the same circle.

From May 20, 2005, calls between
* Mumbai Metro and Maharashtra Telecom Circle,
* Chennai Metro and Tamil Nadu Telecom Circle,
* Uttar Pradesh (East) and Uttar Pradesh (West) Telecom Circle Service Areas
are merged in Inter service area connectate in the above-mentioned four States would be treated as intra-service area call for the purposes of routing as well as Access Deficit Charges (ADC). The dialing procedure for calls within a State for these States would also be simplified i.e. dialling of mobile-to mobile subscribers and fixed-to-mobile subscribers would be without prefixing '0'.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080229122841/http://www.dot.gov.in/basic/Notification_20May.doc DoT Notice]{{Full citation needed|date=February 2011}}</ref>

At present, there are 22 [[telecom circle]]s or service areas. They are classified into 4 categories: Metro, A, B, C. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata fall under Metro category. Chennai service area doesn't come under Metro category, as it has been a part of Tamil Nadu service circle since 2007.<ref>[http://www.indiacallinginfo.com/india-telecom-circles India calling info]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Circle name
!Code
!Category<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Telecom_Circle|title=Telecom Circle|website=www.wikinvest.com|access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref>
!Geographic area(s) covered
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|AP
|A
|State of [[Andhra Pradesh]], State of [[Telangana]] and [[Yanam district]]
|-
|Assam
|AS
|C
|State of [[Assam]]
|-
|Bihar
|BR
|C
|State of [[Bihar]] and State of [[Jharkhand]]
|- style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4"
|''Chennai''
|''CH''
|''Metro''
| ''[[Chennai]] (Chennai circle merged with Tamil Nadu circle in 2005)''
|-
|Delhi
|DL
|Metro
|[[Delhi]], [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]]
|-
|Gujarat
|GJ
|A
|State of [[Gujarat]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|HP
|C
|State of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Haryana
|HR
|B
|State of [[Haryana]] (excluding Faridabad, Gurgaon and [[Panchkula]]).
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir
|JK
|C
|State of [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|Kerala
|KL
|B
|State of [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Mahé district]]
|-
|Karnataka
|KA
|A
|State of [[Karnataka]]
|-
|Kolkata
|KO
|Metro
|[[Kolkata]] (includes parts of [[Howrah]], [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]], North and South 24 Parganas and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] Districts)
|-
|Maharashtra & Goa
|MH
|A
|State of [[Maharashtra]] (excluding [[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]), and State of [[Goa]]
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|MP
|B
|State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and State of [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|Mumbai
|MU
|Metro
|[[Mumbai]], Navi Mumbai and Kalyan
|-
|North East
|NE
|C
|State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], State of [[Meghalaya]], State of [[Mizoram]], State of [[Nagaland]], State of [[Manipur]] and State of [[Tripura]]
|-
|Orissa
|OR
|C
|State of [[Odisha]]
|-
|Punjab
|PB
|B
|State of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Panchkula]]
|-
|Rajasthan
|RJ
|B
|State of [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|TN
|A
|State of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry district]] and [[Karaikal district]]
|-
|UP (East)
|UE
|B
|[[Uttar Pradesh|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|UP (West)
|UW
|B
|Western Uttar Pradesh (excludes Ghaziabad and Noida) and State of [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|West Bengal
|WB
|C
|State of [[West Bengal]] (excluding Kolkata), [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and State of [[Sikkim]]
|}

== Network Operators ==
{{Main article|Mobile network operators of India}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Network Operators
|-
! AC
| [[Aircel]]
|-
! AT
| [[Airtel India]]
|-
! CC
| [[BSNL Mobile]] - CDMA
|-
! CG
| [[BSNL Mobile]] - GSM
|-
! DP
| [[MTNL|DOLPHIN]]
|-
! ID
| [[Idea Cellular|Idea]]
|-
! ''LM''
| ''[[Loop Mobile]] (acquired by [[Airtel India]])''
|-
! MT
| [[MTS India]]
|-
! ''PG''
| ''PING CDMA''
|-
! RC
| [[Reliance Mobile]] - CDMA
|-
! RG
| [[Reliance Mobile]] - GSM
|-
! RJ
| Reliance [[Jio]]
|-
! SR
| ''Subrin Rintel''
|-
! TD
| [[Tata DoCoMo]]
|-
! TN
| [[Telenor India]]
|-7398774406

! VF
| [[Vodafone India]]
|-
! ''VD''
| ''Videocon Telecom|Videocon ( Spectrum acquired by [[Airtel India]])''
|}

==9xxx Series==
{{refimprove|date=October 2016}}
*'''Note''':- The mobile numbers and operators are subject to change since [[Mobile number portability]] is available in most circles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mobilenumbertracker.com/blog/nationwide-mobile-number-portability-goes-live/ | title = Nationwide Mobile Number Portability goes live | publisher=Mobile Number Tracker}}</ref>
*'''Note''':- The Series of BSNL GSM (Cellone) 9473 are available in Bihar (94730 to 94734) and U.P. East (94735 to 94739) Telecom Circle.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 9xxxx series
|-
!colspan=3|90 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|91 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|92 Series [[Tata DoCoMo]]  CDMA
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|93 Series Reliance CDMA
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|94 Series [[BSNL Mobile]] 
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|95 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|96 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|97 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|98 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|99 Series
|-
|9000||AT||AP
|9100||LM||AP
|9200||MP
|9300||MP
|9400||KL
|9500||AT||TN
|9600||AT||TN
|9700||AC||AP
|9800||AT||WB
|9900||AT||KA
|-
|9001||AT||RJ
|9101||LM||AS
|9201||MP
|9301||MP
|9401||AS
|9501||AT||PB
|9601||AT||GJ
|9701||AT||AP
|9801||AT||BR
|9901||AT||KA
|-
|9002||AT||WB
|9102||LM||BR
|9202||MP
|9302||MP
|9402||NE
|9502||AT||AP
|9602||AT||RJ
|9702||ID||MU
|9802||AC||HR
|9902||AT||KA
|-
|9003||AT||TN
|9103||LM||AP
|9203||MP
|9303||MP
|9403||MH
|9503||AT||MH
|9603||ID||AP
|9703||VF||AP
|9803||AC||PB
|9903||AT||KO
|-
|9004||AT||MU
|9104||TN||GJ
|9204||BR
|9304||BR
|9404||MH
|9504||AC||BR
|9604||ID||MH
|9704||AT||AP
|9804||AC||KO
|9904||ID||GJ
|-
|9005||AT||UE
|9105||LM||HR
|9205||DL
|9305||UE
|9405||MH
|9505||ID||AP
|9605||ID||KL
|9705||ID||AP
|9805||AT||HP
|9905||RG||BR
|-
|9006||AT||BR
|9106||LM||HP
|9206||KA
|9306||JK
|9406||MP
|9506||ID||UE
|9606||RC||NE
|9706||VF||AS
|9806||AC||MP
|9906||AT||JK
|-
|9007||AT||KO
|9107||LM||JK
|9207||KL
|9307||UE
|9407||MP
|9507||ID||BR
|9607||RC||AS
|9707||RG||AS
|9807||AC||UE
|9907||RG||MP
|-
|9008||AT||KA
|9108||LM||KA
|9208||UE
|9308||BR
|9408||GJ
|9508||RG||AS
|9608||RG||BR
|9708||ID||BR
|9808||AC||UW
|9908||AT||AP
|-
|9009||ID||MP
|9109||LM||KL
|9209||MH
|9309||RJ
|9409||GJ
|9509||RG||RJ
|9609||VF||WB
|9709||VF||BR
|9809||AC||KL
|9909||VF||GJ
|-
|9010||ID||AP
|9110||LM||KO
|9210||DL
|9310||DL
|9410||UW
|9510||RG||GJ
|9610||VF||RJ
|9710||AC||CH
|9810||AT||DL
|9910||AT||DL
|-
|9011||ID||MH
|9111||ID||MP
|9211||DL
|9311||DL
|9411||UW
|9511||ET||MH
|9611||AT||KA
|9711||VF||DL
|9811||VF||DL
|9911||ID||DL
|-
|9012||ID||UW
|9112||LM||MH
|9212||DL
|9312||DL
|9412||UW
|9512||VF||GJ
|9612||AT||NE
|9712||VF||GJ
|9812||ID||HR
|9912||ID||AP
|-
|9013||DP||DL
|9113||LM||NE
|9213||DL
|9313||DL
|9413||RJ
|9513||CG||KA
|9613||AC||AS
|9713||VF||MP
|9813||VF||HR
|9913||VF||GJ
|-
|9014||RG||AP
|9114||LM||OR
|9214||RJ
|9314||RJ
|9414||RJ
|9514||ET||TN
|9614||AC||WB
|9714||ID||GJ
|9814||ID||PB
|9914||ID||PB
|-
|9015||RG||DL
|9115||LM||PB
|9215||HR
|9315||HR
|9415||UE
|9515||AT||AP
|9615||AC||NE
|9715||AC||TN
|9815||AT||PB
|9915||AT||PB
|-
|9016||RG||GJ
|9116||LM||RJ
|9216||PB
|9316||PB
|9416||HR
|9516||ET||KL
|9616||ID||UE
|9716||AC||DL
|9816||AT||HP
|9916||VF||KA
|-
|9017||RG||HR
|9117||LM||TN
|9217||PB
|9317||PB
|9417||PB
|9517||ET||PB
|9617||ID||MP
|9717||AT||DL
|9817||RG||HP
|9917||ID||UW
|-
|9018||RG||JK
|9118||TN||UE
|9218||HP
|9318||HP
|9418||HP
|9518||ET||HR
|9618||AT||AP
|9718||ID||DL
|9818||AT||DL
|9918||VF||UE
|-
|9019||RG||KA
|9119||LM||UW
|9219||UW
|9319||UW
|9419||JK
|9519||ET||UE
|9619||VF||MU
|9719||VF||UW
|9819||VF||MU
|9919||VF||UE
|-
|9020||RG||KL
|9120||TN||UE
|9220||MU
|9320||MU
|9420||MH
|9520||ET||UW
|9620||VF||KA
|9720||VF||UW
|9820||VF||MU
|9920||VF||MU
|-
|9021||RG||MH
|9121||TN||AS
|9221||MU
|9321||MU
|9421||MH
|9521||ET||RJ
|9621||AT||UE
|9721||VF||UE
|9821||AT||MH
|9921||ID||MH
|-
|9022||RG||MU
|9122||TN||BR
|9222||MU
|9322||MU
|9422||MH
|9522||ET||MP
|9622||AT||JK
|9722||AC||GJ
|9822||ID||MH
|9922||ID||MH
|-
|9023||RG||PB
|9123||TN||NE
|9223||MU
|9323||MU
|9423||MH
|9523||ET||BR
|9623||ID||MH
|9723||ID||GJ
|9823||VF||MH
|9923||VF||MH
|-
|9024||RG||RJ
|9124||TN||OR
|9224||MU
|9324||MU
|9424||MP
|9524||AC||TN
|9624||ID||GJ
|9724||AT||GJ
|9824||ID||GJ
|9924||ID||GJ
|-
|9025||RG||CH
|9125||TN||UE
|9225||MH
|9325||MH
|9425||MP
|9525||ID||BR
|9625||RG||HP
|9725||AT||GJ
|9825||VF||GJ
|9925||VF||GJ
|-
|9026||RG||UE
|9126||TN||WB
|9226||MH
|9326||MH
|9426||GJ
|9526||ID||KL
|9626||VF||TN
|9726||VF||GJ
|9826||ID||MP
|9926||ID||MP
|-
|9027||RG||UW
|9127||ST||AS
|9227||GJ
|9327||GJ
|9427||GJ
|9527||ID||MH
|9627||VF||UW
|9727||VF||GJ
|9827||RG||MP
|9927||ID||UW
|-
|9028||TD||MH
|9128||ID||BR
|9228||GJ
|9328||GJ
|9428||GJ
|9528||RG||UW
|9628||VF||UE
|9728||ID||HR
|9828||VF||RJ
|9928||AT||RJ
|-
|9029||TD||MU
|9129||AT||UE
|9229||MP
|9329||MP
|9429||GJ
|9529||RG||RJ
|9629||AT||TN
|9729||AT||HR
|9829||AT||RJ
|9929||AT||RJ
|-
|9030||TD||AP
|9130||ID||MH
|9230||KO
|9330||KO
|9430||BR
|9530||CG||RJ
|9630||AT||MP
|9730||AT||MH
|9830||VF||KO
|9930||VF||MU
|-
|9031||TD||BR
|9131||ST||NE
|9231||KO
|9331||KO
|9431||BR
|9531||CG||WB
|9631||AT||BR
|9731||AT||KA
|9831||AT||KO
|9931||AT||BR
|-
|9032||TD||AP
|9132||ST||OR
|9232||WB
|9332||WB
|9432||KO
|9532||CG||UE
|9632||AT||KA
|9732||VF||WB
|9832||RG||WB
|9932||AT||WB
|-
|9033||TD||GJ
|9133||MT||AP
|9233||WB
|9333||WB
|9433||KO
|9533||RG||AP
|9633||AT||KL
|9733||VF||WB
|9833||VF||MU
|9933||AT||WB
|-
|9034||TD||HR
|9134||MT||AS
|9234||BR
|9334||BR
|9434||WB
|9534||VF||BR
|9634||AT||UW
|9734||VF||WB
|9834||AT||MP
|9934||AT||BR
|-
|9035||TD||KA
|9135||ID||BR
|9235||UE
|9335||UE
|9435||AS
|9535||AT||KA
|9635||AT||WB
|9735||VF||WB
|9835||RG||BR
|9935||AT||UE
|-
|9036||TD||KA
|9136||MT||DL
|9236||UE
|9336||UE
|9436||NE
|9536||VF||UW
|9636||AT||RJ
|9736||VF||HP
|9836||VF||KO
|9936||AT||UE
|-
|9037||TD||KL
|9137||MT||GJ
|9237||OR
|9337||OR
|9437||OR
|9537||VF||GJ
|9637||VF||MH
|9737||ID||GJ
|9837||ID||UW
|9937||AT||OR
|-
|9038||TD||KO
|9138||MT||HR
|9238||OR
|9338||OR
|9438||OR
|9538||VF||KA
|9638||VF||GJ
|9738||AC||KA
|9838||VF||UE
|9938||AT||OR
|-
|9039||TD||MP
|9139||MT||HP
|9239||KO
|9339||KO
|9439||OR
|9539||VF||KL
|9639||ID||UW
|9739||VF||KA
|9839||VF||UE
|9939||AT||BR
|-
|9040||TD||OR
|9140||MT||JK
|9240||CH
|9340||CH
|9440||AP
|9540||ID||DL
|9640||ID||AP
|9740||AT||KA
|9840||AT||CH
|9940||AT||CH
|-
|9041||TD||PB
|9141||MT||KA
|9241||KA
|9341||KA
|9441||AP
|9541||RG||HR
|9641||RG||WB
|9741||AT||KA
|9841||AC||CH
|9941||AC||CH
|-
|9042||TD||TN
|9142||MT||KL
|9242||KA
|9342||KA
|9442||TN
|9542||ID||AP
|9642||VF||AP
|9742||VF||KA
|9842||AC||TN
|9942||AC||TN
|-
|9043||TD||TN
|9143||MT||KO
|9243||KA
|9343||KA
|9443||TN
|9543||RG||CH
|9643||VF||DL
|9743||ID||KA
|9843||VF||TN
|9943||VF||TN
|-
|9044||TD||UE
|9144||MT||MP
|9244||TN
|9344||TN
|9444||CH
|9544||ID||KL
|9644||ID||MP
|9744||ID||KL
|9844||ID||KA
|9944||AT||TN
|-
|9045||TD||UW
|9145||MT||MH
|9245||TN
|9345||TN
|9445||TN
|9545||VF||MH
|9645||VF||KL
|9745||VF||KL
|9845||AT||KA
|9945||AT||KA
|-
|9046||TD||WB
|9146||MT||MU
|9246||AP
|9346||AP
|9446||KL
|9546||AT||BR
|9646||VF||PB
|9746||AT||KL
|9846||VF||KL
|9946||VF||KL
|-
|9047||VF||TN
|9147||MT||NE
|9247||AP
|9347||AP
|9447||KL
|9547||AT||WB
|9647||VF||WB
|9747||ID||KL
|9847||ID||KL
|9947||ID||KL
|-
|9048||VF||KL
|9148||MT||OR
|9248||AP
|9348||AP
|9448||KA
|9548||RG||UW
|9648||VF||UE
|9748||AT||KO
|9848||ID||AP
|9948||ID||AP
|-
|9049||VF||MH
|9149||MT||PB
|9249||KL
|9349||KL
|9449||KA
|9549||VF||RJ
|9649||VF||RJ
|9749||RG||WB
|9849||AT||AP
|9949||AT||AP
|-
|9050||VF||HR
|9150||MT||CH
|9250||DL
|9350||DL
|9450||UE
|9550||AT||AP
|9650||AT||DL
|9750||AC||TN
|9850||ID||MH
|9950||AT||RJ
|-
|9051||VF||KO
|9151||TD||UE
|9251||RJ
|9351||RJ
|9451||UE
|9551||AC||CH
|9651||AT||UE
|9751||VF||TN
|9851||AC||WB
|9951||ID||AP
|-
|9052||VF||AP
|9152||MT||UW
|9252||RJ
|9352||RJ
|9452||UE
|9552||ID||MH
|9652||AT||AP
|9752||AT||MP
|9852||AC||BR
|9952||AT||TN
|-
|9053||TN||HR
|9153||MT||KO
|9253||HR
|9353||HR
|9453||UE
|9553||ID||AP
|9653||VD||PB
|9753||ID||MP
|9853||AC||OR
|9953||VF||DL
|-
|9054||TN||HP
|9154||TN||AP
|9254||HR
|9354||HR
|9454||UE
|9554||VF||UE
|9654||VF||DL
|9754||ID||MP
|9854||AC||AS
|9954||AT||AS
|-
|9055||TN||JK
|9155||TN||BR
|9255||HR
|9355||HR
|9455||UE
|9555||RG||DL
|9655||VF||TN
|9755||AT||MP
|9855||ID||PB
|9955||AT||BR
|-
|9056||TN||PB
|9156||TN||MH
|9256||PB
|9356||PB
|9456||UW
|9556||AT||OR
|9656||ID||KL
|9756||ID||UW
|9856||AC||NE
|9956||AT||UE
|-
|9057||TN||RJ
|9157||TN||GJ
|9257||PB
|9357||PB
|9457||UW
|9557||AT||UW
|9657||ID||MH
|9757||DP||MU
|9857||VD||HP
|9957||AT||AS
|-
|9058||TN||UW
|9158||VF||MH
|9258||UW
|9358||UW
|9458||UW
|9558||AT||GJ
|9658||AC||OR
|9758||VF||UW
|9858||AC||JK
|9958||AT||DL
|-
|9059||TN||AP
|9159||VF||TN
|9259||UW
|9359||UW
|9459||HP
|9559||AT||UE
|9659||AC||TN
|9759||VF||UW
|9859||AC||AS
|9959||AT||AP
|-
|9060||TN||BR
|9160||VF||AP
|9260||MH
|9360||TN
|9460||RJ
|9560||AT||DL
|9660||AT||RJ
|9760||AT||UW
|9860||AT||MH
|9960||AT||MH
|-
|9061||TN||KL
|9161||VF||UE
|9261||RJ
|9361||TN
|9461||RJ
|9561||AT||MH
|9661||AT||BR
|9761||VF||UW
|9861||RG||OR
|9961||ID||KL
|-
|9062||TN||KO
|9162||AT||BR
|9262||TN
|9362||TN
|9462||RJ
|9562||ID||KL
|9662||AT||GJ
|9762||AC||MH
|9862||AT||NE
|9962||VF||CH
|-
|9063||VD||AP
|9163||AT||KO
|9263||BR
|9363||TN
|9463||PB
|9563||AC||WB
|9663||AT||KA
|9763||ID||MH
|9863||RG||NE
|9963||AT||AP
|-
|9064||VD||AS
|9164||ID||KA
|9264||TN
|9364||TN
|9464||PB
|9564||VF||WB
|9664||LM||MU
|9764||VF||MH
|9864||RG||AS
|9964||ID||KA
|-
|9065||VD||BR
|9165||AT||MP
|9265||MH
|9365||TN
|9465||PB
|9565||VF||UE
|9665||AT||MH
|9765||VF||MH
|9865||AC||TN
|9965||AC||TN
|-
|9066||AC||KA
|9166||AT||RJ
|9266||DL
|9366||TN
|9466||HR
|9566||AT||TN
|9666||ID||AP
|9766||AT||MH
|9866||AT||AP
|9966||VF||AP
|-
|9067||VD||GJ
|9167||VF||MU
|9267||TN
|9367||TN
|9467||HR
|9567||AT||KL
|9667||MT||RJ
|9767||ID||MH
|9867||AT||MU
|9967||AT||MU
|-
|9068||VD||HR
|9168||VF||MH
|9268||DL
|9368||UW
|9468||HR
|9568||ID||UW
|9668||AT||OR
|9768||AC||MU
|9868||DP||DL
|9968||DP||DL
|-
|9069||AC||DL
|9169||AC||UE
|9269||RJ
|9369||UE
|9469||JK
|9569||RG||PB
|9669||ID||MP
|9769||VF||MU
|9869||DP||MU
|9969||DP||MU
|-
|9070||VD||JK
|9170||TN||UE
|9270||MH
|9370||MH
|9470||BR
|9570||VF||BR
|9670||VF||UE
|9770||RG||MP
|9870||LM||MU
|9970||AT||MH
|-
|9071||VD||KA
|9171||TN||CH
|9271||MH
|9371||MH
|9471||BR
|9571||AT||RJ
|9671||VF||HR
|9771||AT||BR
|9871||AT||DL
|9971||AT||DL
|-
|9072||VF||KL
|9172||TN||MU
|9272||MH
|9372||MH
|9472||BR
|9572||AT||BR
|9672||VF||RJ
|9772||VF||RJ
|9872||AT||PB
|9972||AT||KA
|-
|9073||VF||KO
|9173||TN||GJ
|9273||MH
|9373||MH
|9473||BR/UE
|9573||AT||AP
|9673||VF||MH
|9773||LM||MU
|9873||VF||DL
|9973||AT||BR
|-
|9074||VD||MP
|9174||TN||MP
|9274||GJ
|9374||GJ
|9474||WB
|9574||ID||GJ
|9674||VF||KO
|9774||VF||NE
|9874||VF||KO
|9974||AT||GJ
|-
|9075||ID||MH
|9175||TN||MH
|9275||GJ
|9375||GJ
|9475||WB
|9575||ID||MP
|9675||VF||UW
|9775||VF||WB
|9875||MT||RJ
|9975||AT||MH
|-
|9076||VD||MU
|9176||VF||CH
|9276||GJ
|9376||GJ
|9476||WB
|9576||ID||BR
|9676||AT||AP
|9776||VF||OR
|9876||AT||PB
|9976||AC||TN
|-
|9077||VD||NE
|9177||AT||AP
|9277||GJ
|9377||GJ
|9477||KO
|9577||AC||AS
|9677||AT||TN
|9777||AT||OR
|9877||PG||PB
|9977||ID||MP
|-
|9078||VD||OR
|9178||AT||OR
|9278||DL
|9378||WB
|9478||PB
|9578||AC||TN
|9678||AT||AS
|9778||RG||OR
|9878||AT||PB
|9978||VF||GJ
|-
|9079||VD||RJ
|9179||AT||MP
|9279||BR
|9379||KA
|9479||MP
|9579||RC||MH
|9679||AT||WB
|9779||AT||PB
|9879||VF||GJ
|9979||VF||GJ
|-
|9080||VD||TN
|9180||CC||AP
|9280||CH
|9380||CH
|9480||KA
|9580||RG||UE
|9680||AT||RJ
|9780||VF||PB
|9880||AT||KA
|9980||AT||KA
|-
|9081||VD||UE
|9181||CC||AS
|9281||CH
|9381||CH
|9481||KA
|9581||VF||AP
|9681||RG||KO
|9781||ID||PB
|9881||ID||MH
|9981||AT||MP
|-
|9082||VD||UW
|9182||RJ||AP
|9282||CH
|9382||CH
|9482||KA
|9582||VF||DL
|9682||CC||UW
|9782||AC||RJ
|9882||ID||HP
|9982||VF||RJ
|-
|9083||VD||WB
|9183||CC||CH
|9283||CH
|9383||CH
|9483||KA
|9583||VF||OR
|9683||CC||HR
|9783||VF||RJ
|9883||RG||KO
|9983||VF||RJ
|-
|9084||TN||UW
|9184||CC||GJ
|9284||CH
|9384||CH
|9484||JK
|9584||VF||MP
|9684||CC||MH
|9784||AT||RJ
|9884||VF||CH
|9984||VF||UE
|-
|9085||ID||AS
|9185||CC||HP
|9285||CH
|9385||CH
|9485||NE
|9585||VF||TN
|9685||AT||MP
|9785||ID||RJ
|9885||VF||AP
|9985||VF||AP
|-
|9086||ID||JK
|9186||CC||JK
|9286||UW
|9386||BR
|9486||TN
|9586||VF||GJ
|9686||AT||KA
|9786||VF||TN
|9886||VF||KA
|9986||VF||KA
|-
|9087||ID||TN
|9187||CC||KA
|9287||KL
|9387||KL
|9487||TN
|9587||VF||RJ
|9687||VF||GJ
|9787||VF||TN
|9887||ID||RJ
|9987||AT||MU
|-
|9088||ID||KO
|9188||CC||KL
|9288||KL
|9388||KL
|9488||TN
|9588||ET||MU
|9688||AC||TN
|9788||AC||TN
|9888||VF||PB
|9988||VF||PB
|-
|9089||ID||NE
|9189||CC||KO
|9289||DL
|9389||UE
|9489||TN
|9589||AT||MP
|9689||ID||MH
|9789||AT||TN
|9889||ID||UE
|9989||AT||AP
|-
|9090||ID||OR
|9190||CC||MP
|9290||AP
|9390||AP
|9490||AP
|9590||RG||KA
|9690||ID||UW
|9790||AT||TN
|9890||AT||MH
|9990||ID||DL
|-
|9091||ID||WB
|9191||CC||NE
|9291||AP
|9391||AP
|9491||AP
|9591||AT||KA
|9691||RG||MP
|9791||AT||TN
|9891||ID||DL
|9991||VF||HR
|-
|9092||ID||TN
|9192||CC||OR
|9292||AP
|9392||AP
|9492||AP
|9592||ID||PB
|9692||RG||OR
|9792||VF||UE
|9892||AT||MU
|9992||ID||HR
|-
|9093||ID||WB
|9193||CC||PB
|9293||AP
|9393||AP
|9493||AP
|9593||VF||WB
|9693||RG||BR
|9793||AT||UE
|9893||AT||MP
|9993||AT||MP
|-
|9094||AC||CH
|9194||CC||RJ
|9294||AP
|9394||AP
|9494||AP
|9594||ID||MU
|9694||ID||RJ
|9794||AT||UE
|9894||AT||TN
|9994||AT||TN
|-
|9095||AC||TN
|9195||CC||TN
|9295||AP
|9395||AP
|9495||KL
|9595||RG||MH
|9695||AT||UE
|9795||ID||UE
|9895||AT||KL
|9995||AT||KL
|-
|9096||AT||MH
|9196||CC||UE
|9296||AP
|9396||AP
|9496||KL
|9596||AT||JK
|9696||RG||UE
|9796||AT||JK
|9896||AT||HR
|9996||AT||HR
|-
|9097||AC||BR
|9197||CC||WB
|9297||AP
|9397||AP
|9497||KL
|9597||AT||TN
|9697||AC||JK
|9797||AT||JK
|9897||AT||UW
|9997||AT||UW
|-
|9098||RG||MP
|9198||AT||UE
|9298||AP
|9398||AP
|9498||CH
|9598||ID||UE
|9698||AC||TN
|9798||RG||BR
|9898||AT||GJ
|9998||AT||GJ
|-
|9099||VF||GJ
|9199||AT||BR
|9299||AP
|9399||AP
|9499||CH
|9599||AT||DL
|9699||RG||MU
|9799||AT||RJ
|9899||VF||DL
|9999||VF||DL
|}

==8xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 8xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|80 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|81 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|82 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|83 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|84 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|85 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|86 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|87 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|88 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|89 Series
|-
|8000||RG||GJ
|8100||RG||KO
|8200||RJ||GJ
|8300||CG||TN
|8400||AT||UE
|8500||CG||AP
|8600||AT||MH
|8700||RJ||DL
|8800||AT||DL
|8900|| ||
|-
|8001||VF||WB
|8101||RG||WB
|8201|| ||
|8360132091
||BG||KL
|8401||TD||GJ
|8501||ID||AP
|8601||VF||UE
|8701|| ||
|8801||AC||AP
|8901||CG||HR
|-
|8002||AT||BR
|8102||RG||BR
|8202|| ||
|8302||RG||RJ
|8402||VF||AS
|8502||ID||RJ
|8602||TD||MP
|8702|| ||
|8802||AC||DL
|8902||CG||KO
|-
|8003||AT||RJ
|8103||RG||MP
|8203|| ||
|8303||RG||UE
|8403||VF||AS
|8503||ID||RJ
|8603||TD||BR
|8703|| ||
|8803||AC||JK
|8903||CG||TN
|-
|8004||CG||UE
|8104||MT||RJ
|8204|| ||
|8304||BG||KL
|8404||VF||BR
|8504||ID||RJ
|8604||TD||UE
|8704|| ||
|8804||AC||BR
|8904||TD||KA
|-
|8005||CG||UE
|8105||AT||KA
|8205|| ||
|8305||RG||MP
|8405||VF||BR
|8505||ID||DL
|8605||ID||MH
|8705|| ||
|8805||ID||MH
|8905||RG||GJ
|-
|8006||VF||UW
|8106||AT||AP
|8206|| ||
|8306|| ||
|8406||VF||BR
|8506||ID||DL
|8606||ID||KL
|8706|| ||
|8806||VF||MH
|8906||AC||WB
|-
|8007||VF||MH
|8107||AT||RJ
|8207|| ||
|8307||RG||UW
|8407||VF||BR
|8507||AC||BR
|8607||ID||HR
|8707|| ||
|8807||TD||TN
|8907||AC||KL
|-
|8008||AT||AP
|8108||ID||MU
|8208|| ||
|8308||ID||MH
|8408||VF||MH
|8508||AC||TN
|8608||ID||TN
|8708|| ||
|8808||ID||UE
|8908||AC||OR
|-
|8009||AT||UE
|8109||TD||MP
|8209|| ||
|8309||RJ||AP
|8409||TN||BR
|8509||RG||WB
|8609||ID||WB
|8709|| ||
|8809||AT||BR
|8909||AC||UW
|-
|8010||RG ||DL
|8110|| ||
|8210|| ||
|8310|| ||
|8410|| ||
|8510|| ||
|8610||RJ||TN
|8710|| ||
|8810|| ||
|8910||RJ||KO
|-
|8011||AT||AS
|8111||SR||MH
|8211|| ||
|8311|| ||
|8411||VF||MH
|8511||AT||GJ
|8611|| ||
|8711||MS||KA
|8811||AT||AS
|8911|| ||
|-
|8012||AC||TN
|8112||RJ ||RJ
|8212|| ||
|8312|| ||
|8412||VF||MH
|8512||ID||DL
|8612|| ||
|8712||T24||AP
|8812|| ||
|8912|| ||
|-
|8013||AC||KO
|8113|| ||
|8213|| ||
|8313|| ||
|8413|| ||
|8513||ID||WB
|8613|| ||
|8713||VF||JK
|8813||VF||HR
|8913|| ||
|-
|8014||AC||NE
|8114|| ||
|8214|| ||
|8314|| ||
|8414||AT||NE
|8514||ID||WB
|8614|| ||
|8714||TD||KL
|8814||VF||HR
|8914|| ||
|-
|8015||TD||TN
|8115||TN||UE
|8215|| ||
|8315|| ||
|8415|| ||
|8515||ID||WB
|8615|| ||
|8715||VF||JK
|8815|| R||MP
|8915|| ||
|-
|8016||AT||WB
|8116||AT||WB
|8216|| ||
|8316|| ||
|8416|| ||
|8516||VF||MP
|8616|| ||
|8716||VF||JK
|8816||VF||HR
|8916|| ||
|-
|8017||VF||KO
|8117|| ||
|8217|| ||
|8317||VF||UW
|8417|| ||
|8517||VF||MP
|8617|| ||
|8717|| ||
|8817||RG||MP
|8917|| ||
|-
|8018||AT||OR
|8118|| ||
|8218|| ||
|8318||RJ||GJ
|8418|| ||
|8518||VF||MP
|8618|| ||
|8718|| ||
|8818|| ||
|8918|| ||
|-
|8019||TD||AP
|8119||AT||NE
|8219|| ||
|8319|| ||
|8419|| ||
|8519|| ||
|8619|| ||
|8719|| ||
|8819|| ||
|8919||RJ ||AP
|-
|8020||SR ||MU
|8120||ID||MP
|8220||AT||TN
|8320||RJ||DL
|8420|| ||
|8520|| ||
|8620|| ||
|8720|| ||
|8820|| ||
|8920|| RJ|| DL
|-
|8021|| ||
|8121||ID||HR
|8221||ID||HR
|8321|| ||
|8421||TN||MH
|8521||AT||BR
|8621||AC ||KO
|8721|| ||
|8821|| ||
|8921|| ||
|-
|8022|| ||
|8122||TD||TN
|8222||ID||HR
|8322|| ||
|8422|| ||
|8522||TN||AP
|8622||AC ||KO
|8722||ID||KA
|8822||RG||AS
|8922|| ||
|-
|8023|| ||
|8123||TD||KA
|8223||ID||MP
|8323|| ||
|8423||TN||UE
|8523|| ||
|8623|| ||
|8723|| ||
|8823||VF||MP
|8923||TN||UW
|-
|8024|| ||
|8124||ID||TN
|8224||ID||MP
|8324|| ||
|8424|| ||
|8524|| ||
|8624|| ||
|8724||VF||AS
|8824||RG||RJ
|8924|| ||
|-
|8025|| ||
|8125||TD||AP
|8225||ID||MP
|8325|| ||
|8425||ID||MU
|8525|| ||
|8625|| ||
|8725|| ||
|8825||VD||TN
|8925||MT||CH
|-
|8026|| ||
|8126||AT||UW
|8226||ID||MP
|8326|| ||
|8426||ID||RJ
|8526||AC||TN
|8626|| ||
|8726||ID||UE
|8826||AT||DL
|8926||MT||WB
|-
|8027|| ||
|8127||AT||UE
|8227||ID||BR
|8327|| ||
|8427||AT||PB
|8527||AT||DL
|8627|| ||
|8727|| ||
|8827||AT||MP
|8927||RG||WB
|-
|8028|| ||
|8128||AT||GJ
|8228||ID||BR
|8328||RJ||AP
|8428||AT||TN
|8528||VD||PB
|8628|| ||
|8728||ID||PB
|8828||VD||MU
|8928||RG||MH
|-
|8029|| ||
|8129||AT||KL
|8229||ID||BR
|8329|| ||
|8429|| ||
|8529||VD||HR
|8629|| ||
|8729|| ||PB
|8829|| ||
|8929||RG||HR
|-
|8030||SR||MU
|8130||AT||DL
|8230||RG||KL
|8330||CG||AP
|8430||RG||UW
|8530||VD||GJ
|8630||RJ||UW
|8730|| ||
|8830|| ||
|8930||VF||HR
|-
|8031|| ||
|8131|| ||
|8231||RG||KL
|8331|| ||
|8431||RG||KA
|8531|| ||
|8631|| ||
|8731|| ||
|8831|| ||
|8931|| ||
|-
|8032|| ||
|8132|| ||
|8232||RG||KL
|8332|| ||
|8432||MT||RJ
|8532||TN||UW
|8632|| ||
|8732|| ||
|8832|| ||
|8932|| ||
|-
|8033|| ||
|8133|| ||
|8233||TD||RJ
|8333||TD||RJ
|8433||MT||RJ
|8533||TN||
|8633|| ||
|8733|| ||
|8833|| ||
|8933||ID||UE
|-
|8034|| ||
|8134|| ||
|8234||RG||MP
|8334||VF||KO
|8434||TN||BR
|8534|| ||
|8634|| ||
|8734|| ||
|8834|| ||
|8934|| ||
|-
|8035|| ||
|8135|| ||
|8235||TD||BR
|8335||VF||KO
|8435||ID||MP
|8535|| ||
|8635|| ||
|8735|| ||
|8835|| ||
|8935|| ||
|-
|8036|| ||
|8136||KI||NG
|8236||RG||MP
|8336||VF||KO
|8436||TN||WB
|8536|| ||
|8636|| ||
|8736|| ||
|8836|| ||
|8936|| ||
|-8337||VF||WB
|8037||||
|8137|| ||
|8237|| TD
|| MH
|8337||||
|8437||ID
|| PB
|8537|| ||
|8637||||
|8737||TN||UE
|8837||||
| 8937
|
|
|-
|8038|| ||
|8138|| ||
|8238||VF||GJ
|8338||VF||OR
|8438||TD||TN
|8538||TN||BR
|8638|| ||
|8738|| ||
|8838||RJ ||TN
|8938||ID||UW
|-
|8039|| ||
|8139|| ||
|8239||VF||RJ
|8339||VF||OR
|8439||TD||UW
|8539||TN||BR
|8639||RJ||AP
|8739|| ||
|8839||RJ||MP
|8939||VF||CH
|-
|8040|| ||
|8140||ID||GJ
|8240||RJ||KO
|8340|| ||
|8440|| ||
|8540||TN||BR
|8640|| ||
|8740|| ||
|8840|| ||
|8940||VF||TN
|-
|8041|| ||
|8141||VF||GJ
|8241|| ||
|8341||TN||AP
|8441|| ||
|8541|| ||
|8641|| ||
|8741||ID||RJ
|8841|| ||
|8941|| ||
|-
|8042|| ||
|8142||VF||AP
|8242|| ||
|8342|| ||
|8442|| ||
|8542|| ||
|8642||MT||WB
|8742||ID||DL
|8842|| ||
|8942|| ||
|-
|8043|| ||
|8143||TD||AP
|8243|| ||
|8343|| ||
|8443|| ||
|8543||TN||UE
|8643|| ||
|8743||ID||DL
|8843|| ||
|8943||VF||KL
|-
|8044|| ||
|8144||RG||CH
|8244|| ||
|8344||AC||TN
|8444|| ||
|8544||CG||BR
|8644|| ||
|8744||ID||DL
|8844||LM||MU
|8944|| ||
|-
|8045|| ||
|8145||VF||WB
|8245|| ||
|8345|| ||WB
|8445||TN||UW
|8545|| ||
|8645|| ||
|8745||ID||DL
|8845|| ||
|8945|| ||
|-
|8046|| ||
|8146||AT||PB
|8246|| ||
|8346||ID||WB
|8446||TD||MH
|8546|| ||
|8646|| ||
|8746||SP||KA
|8846|| ||
|8946|| ||
|-
|8047|| ||
|8147||TD||KA
|8247|| ||
|8347||ID||GJ
|8447||VF||DL
|8547||CG||KL
|8647|| ||
|8747||ID||KA
|8847|| ||
|8947||AC||RJ
|-
|8048|| ||
|8148||TD||TN
|8248||RJ||TN
|8348||VF||KO
|8448|| ||
|8548|| ||
|8648|| ||
|8748||ID ||KA
|8848|| ||
|8948||VF||UE
|-
|8049|| ||
|8149||TD||MH
|8249|| ||
|8349||AT||MP
|8449||ID||UW
|8549|| ||
|8649|| ||
|8749|| ||
|8849|| ||
|8949||RJ||RJ
|-
|8050||TD||KA
|8150|| ||
|8250|| ||
|8350|| ||
|8450|| ||
|8550|| ||
|8650||VF||UW
|8750||ID||DL
|8850|| ||
|8950||TD||HR
|-
|8051||VF||BR
|8151||ID||KA
|8251|| ||
|8351|| ||
|8451||AT||MU
|8551||VF||MH
|8651||ID||BR
|8751|| ||
|8851||RJ||DL
|8951||TD||KA
|-
|8052||VF||UE
|8152||ID||KA
|8252||RG||BR
|8352|| ||
|8452|| ||
|8552||VF||MH
|8652||ID||MH
|8752||CG||AP
|8852|| ||
|8952||AT||NE
|-
|8053||VF||HR
|8153|| ||
|8253|| ||
|8353|| ||
|8453||MT||KA
|8553||AC||KA
|8653||AT||WB
|8753|| ||
|8853||AT||UE
|8953||AT||UE
|-
|8054||VF||PB
|8154|| ||
|8254|| ||
|8354|| ||
|8454||AT||MU
|8554|| ||
|8654|| ||
|8754||AT||TN
|8854|| ||
|8954||VF||UE
|-
|8055||RG||MH
|8155|| ||
|8255|| ||
|8355|| ||
|8455|| ||
|8555||RJ||AP
|8655||TD||MU
|8755||AT||UW
|8855||TN||MH
|8955||RG||RJ
|-
|8056||AT||TN
|8156|| ||
|8256|| ||
|8356|| ||
|8456|| ||
|8556|| ||
|8656|| ||
|8756||AT||UE
|8856|| ||
|8956||RG||MH
|-
|8057||ID||UW
|8157||ID||KL
|8257|| ||
|8357||VF||MP
|8457||CG||KL
|8557||VF||PB
|8657||RG||MH
|8757||AT||BR
|8857|| ||
|8957||RG||UE
|-
|8058||ID||RJ
|8158||AT||WB
|8258|| ||
|8358||VF||MP
|8458|| ||
|8558||VF||PB
|8658||AT||OR
|8758||VF||GJ
|8858||TN||UE
|8958||ID||UW
|-
|8059||ID||HR
|8159||AT||WB
|8259|| ||
|8359||VF||MP
|8459||MT||DL
|8559|| ||
|8659|| ||
|8759||AC||WB
|8859||VF||UW
|8959||ID||MP
|-
|8060|| ||
|8160|| ||
|8260||RG||OR
|8360|| ||
|8460||TD||GJ
|8560||AC||RJ
|8660||RJ||KA
|8760||AC||TN
|8860||VF||DL
|8960||TD||UE
|-
|8061|| ||
|8161|| ||
|8261||RG||HP
|8361|| ||
|8461|| ||
|8561||AC||RJ
|8661|| ||
|8761|| ||
|8861||AT||KA
|8961||TD||KO
|-
|8062|| ||
|8162|| ||
|8262||RG||HP
|8362|| ||
|8462|| ||
|8562|| ||
|8662|| ||
|8762||CC||KA
|8862||TN||MH
|8962||TD||MP
|-
|8063|| ||
|8163|| ||
|8263||RG||HP
|8363|| ||
|8463|| ||
|8563|| ||
|8663|| ||
|8763||CG||OR
|8863||TN||BR
|8963|| ||
|-
|8064|| ||
|8164|| ||
|8264||VD||GJ
|8364|| ||
|8464|| ||
|8564|| ||
|8664|| ||
|8764||CG||RJ
|8864|| ||
|8964|| ||
|-
|8065|| ||
|8165|| ||
|8265||TD||UW
|8365|| ||
|8465||ID||AP
|8565||AC||UE
|8665|| ||
|8765||CG||UE
|8865|| ||
|8965||ID||MP
|-
|8066|| ||
|8166|| ||
|8266||TD||UW
|8366|| ||
|8466|| ||
|8566||AC||PB
|8666|| ||
|8766||RC||RJ
|8866||TD||GJ
|8966|| ||
|-
|8067||||
|8167|| ||
|8267||TD||UW
|8367|| ||
|8467||RG||DL
|8567||AC||PB
|8667||RJ||TN
|8767||RG||MU
|8867||TD||KA
|8967||AT||WB
|-
|8068|| ||
|8168|| ||
|8268||VD||MU
|8368||RJ ||DL
|8468||RG||DL
|8568||AC||PB
|8668||RJ|| TN
|8768||VF||WB
|8868|| ||
|8968||AT||PB
|-
|8069|| ||
|8169||RJ||MU
|8269||VD||MP
|8369||RJ||MU
|8469||VF||GJ
|8569||AC||PB
|8669|| ||
|8769||AT||RJ
|8869|| ||
|8969||AT||BR
|-
|8070|| ||
|8170||AT||
|8270||TN||OR
|8370||VF||MP
|8470||RG||DL
|8570|| ||
|8670||AT||WB
|8770||RJ||MP
|8870||AT||TN
|8970||ID||KA
|-
|8071|| ||
|8171||AT||UW
|8271||TN||BR
|8371|| ||
|8471||RG||DL
|8571|| ||
|8671|| ||
|8771|| ||
|8871||TD||MP
|8971||AT||KA
|-
|8072||RJ||TN
|8172|| ||
|8272|| ||
|8372|| ||
|8472|| ||
|8572|| ||
|8672|| ||
|8772|| ||
|8872||ID||PB
|8972||AT||WB
|-
|8073||RJ||KA
|8173|| ||
|8273||TN||UW
|8373|| ||
|8473|| ||
|8573|| ||
|8673|| ||
|8773|| ||
|8873||ID||BR
|8973||AC||TN
|-
|8074||RJ||AP
|8174|| ||
|8274|| ||
|8374||AT||AP
|8474|| ||
|8574||AC||UE
|8674||VF||BR
|8774|| ||
|8874||VF||UE
|8974||AT||NE
|-
|8075|| ||
|8175|| ||
|8275||CG||MH
|8375||VF||DL
|8475|| ||
|8575||AC||NE
|8675||AC||TN
|8775|| ||
|8875||VF||RJ
|8975||ID||MH
|-
|8076|| ||
|8176|| ||
|8276|| ||
|8376||VF||DL
|8476||ID||UW
|8576|| ||
|8676||VF||BR
|8776|| ||
|8876||VF||AS
|8976||TD||MH
|-
|8077||RJ||UW
|8177||TN||MH
|8277||CG||KA
|8377||VF||DL
|8477|| ||
|8577||ID||UW
|8677||VF||BR
|8777|| RJ
| WB
|8877||VF||BR
|8977||TD||AP
|-
|8078|| ||
|8178||RJ ||DL
|8278|| ||
|8378||ID||MH
|8478|| ||
|8578||ID||BR
|8678||VF||BR
|8778||RJ||TN
|8878||VF||MP
|8978||AT||AP
|-
|8079|| ||
|8179||AT||AP
|8279||RJ||UW
|8379||ID||MH
|8479|| ||
|8579||ID||BR
|8679||AC||HP
|8779|| ||
|8879||VF||MU
|8979||AT||UW
|-
|8080||RG||MU
|8180||TN||MH
|8280||CG||OR
|8380|| ||
|8480|| ||
|8580|| ||
|8680||ID||TN
|8780|| ||
|8880||RG||KA
|8980||VF||GJ
|-
|8081||RG||UE
|8181||AC||UE
|8281||CG||KL
|8381|| ||
|8481|| ||
|8581|| ||
|8681||ID||TN
|8781|| ||
|8881||RG||UW
|8981||TD||KO
|-
|8082||LM||MU
|8182|| ||
|8282|| ||
|8382|| ||
|8482|| ||
|8582||AT||KO
|8682||ID||TN
|8782|| ||
|8882||RG||DL
|8982||TD||MP
|-
|8083||AC||BR
|8183|| ||
|8283||AT||PB
|8383||TN||MU
|8483||TN||MH
|8583||AT||KO
|8683||ID ||HR
|8783|| ||
|8883||AC||TN
|8983||TD||MH
|-
|8084||AT||BR
|8184|| ||
|8284||AT||PB
|8384|| ||
|8484||TN||MH
|8584||AT||KO
|8684|| ||
|8784|| ||
|8884||VF||KA
|8984||TD||OR
|-
|8085||AT||MP
|8185||ID||AP
|8285||AC||DL
|8385|| ||
|8485||TN||MH
|8585||VF||DL
|8685||VF||DL
|8785|| ||
|8885||TD||AP
|8985||CG||AP
|-
|8086||VF||KL
|8186|| ||
|8286||AC||MU
|8386||AC||RJ
|8486||VF||AS
|8586||VF||DL
|8686||AC||AP
|8786||SR||MH
|8886||VF||AP
|8986||CG||BR
|-
|8087||TD||MH
|8187|| ||
|8287||RG||DL
|8387|| ||
|8487||TN||GJ
|8587||VF||DL
|8687||RG||UE
|8787||SR||MH
|8887|| ||
|8987||CG||BR
|-
|8088||RG||KA
|8188|| ||
|8288||AT||PB
|8388|| ||
|8488|| ||
|8588||VF||DL
|8688||RG||AP
|8788|| ||
|8888||ID||MH
|8988||CG||HP
|-
|8089||TD||KL
|8189|| ||
|8289||AT||PB
|8389|| ||
|8489||VF||TN
|8589|| ||
|8689|| ||
|8789|| ||
|8889||ID||MP
|8989||CG||MP
|-
|8090||TD||UE
|8190|| ||
|8290||AT||RJ
|8390||VF||MH
|8490|| ||
|8590||RG||KL
|8690||RG||GJ
|8790||AT||AP
|8890||AT||RJ
|8990||CG||MP
|-
|8091||TD||HP
|8191||ID||UW
|8291||TN||MU
|8391|| ||
|8491|| ||
|8591||RG||PB
|8691|| ||
|8791||TD||UW
|8891||TD||KL
|8991||CG||MH
|-
|8092||TD||BR
|8192|| ||
|8292||AT||BR
|8392|| ||
|8492||AT||JK
|8592|| ||
|8692|| ||
|8792||T24||KA
|8892||AC||KA
|8992||CG||PB
|-
|8093||TD||OR
|8193|| ||
|8293||TD||WB
|8393|| ||
|8493|| ||
|8593|| ||
|8693|| ||
|8793||TD||MH
|8893||RG||KL
|8993||CG||RJ
|-
|8094||VF||RJ
|8194||ID||PB
|8294||AT||BR
|8394|| ||
|8494|| ||
|8594|| ||
|8694|| ||
|8794||VF||NE
|8894||AT||HP
|8994||CG||TN
|-
|8095||VF||KA
|8195||ID||PB
|8295||AT||HR
|8395|| ||
|8495|| ||
|8595||RC||DL
|8695||RG||TN
|8795||VF||UE
|8895||CG||OR
|8995||CG||UW
|-
|8096||ID||AP
|8196||ID||PB
|8296||TD||KO
|8396|| ||
|8496||ID || KA
|8596|| ||
|8696||VF||RJ
|8796||AC||MH
|8896||AC||UE
|8996||CG||UW
|-
|8097||TD||MU
|8197||AT||KA
|8297||VF||AP
|8397|| ||
|8497||ID ||KA
|8597|| ||
|8697||VF||KO
|8797||TD||BR
|8897||AT||AP
|8997||AT||RJ
|-
|8098||VF||TN
|8198||ID||PB
|8298||VF||BR
|8398|| ||
|8498|| ||
|8598|| ||
|8698||VF||MH
|8798||RC||WB
|8898||AC||MU
|8998|| ||
|-
|8099||RG||AP
|8199|| ||
|8299||RJ||UE
|8399|| ||
|8499||ID||MU
|8599||VF||OR
|8699||TD||PB
|8799||RC||UE
|8899||RG||UW
|8999||AT||MU
|}

==7xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 7xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|70 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|71 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|72 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|73 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|74 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|75 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|76 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|77 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|78 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|79 Series
|-
|7000||RJ||MP
|7100||VD||HR
|7200||TD||TN
|7300|| ||
|7400||VD||HR
|7500||ID||UW
|7600||AT||GJ
|7700|| ||
|7800||VF||UE
|7900||VD||HR
|-
|7001||RJ||WB
|7101|| ||
|7201|| ||
|7301||AC||BR
|7401||AC||TN
|7501||TD||WB
|7601|| ||
|7701|| ||
|7801|| ||
|7901|| ||
|-
|7002||RJ||AS
|7102|| ||
|7202|| ||
|7302|| ||
|7402|| ||
|7502||AC||TN
|7602||AT||WB
|7702||AT||AP
|7802|| ||
|7902|| ||
|-
|7003||RJ||KO
|7103||RG||MH
|7203|| ||
|7303||RG||MH
|7403|| ||
|7503||AC||DL
|7603|| ||
|7703|| ||
|7803|| ||
|7903||RJ||BR
|-
|7004||RJ||BR
|7104|| ||
|7204||TD||KA
|7304||RG||MH
|7404||TD||HR
|7504|| ||
|7604|| ||
|7704|| ||
|7804|| ||
|7904||RJ||TN
|-
|7005||RJ||NE
|7105|| ||
|7205|| ||
|7305||RG||TN
|7405|| ||
|7505||RG||UE
|7605|| ||
|7705|| ||
|7805|| ||
|7905|| ||
|-
|7006||RJ||JK
|7106|| ||
|7206||TD||HR
|7306||RG||AP
|7406||VF||KA
|7506||VF||MU
|7606|| ||
|7706|| ||
|7806|| ||
|7906||RJ||UW
|-
|7007||RJ||UE
|7107|| ||
|7207||TD||AP
|7307||RG||PB
|7407||VF||WB
|7507||VF||MH
|7607||AT||UE
|7707|| ||
|7807||AT||HP
|7907||AT||MP
|-
|7008||RJ||OR
|7108|| ||
|7208||TD||MU
|7308||RG||NE
|7408||VF||UE
|7508||VF||PB
|7608|| ||
|7708||AT||TN
|7808||VF||BR
|7908|| ||
|-
|7009||RJ||PB
|7109|| ||
|7209||TD||BR
|7309||ID||UE
|7409||VF||UW
|7509||ID||AP
|7609||VF||UW
|7709||AT||MH
|7809||AC||OR
|7909|| ||
|-
|7010||RJ||TN
|7110|| ||
|7210||AC ||DL
|7310|| ||
|7410|| ||
|7510|| ||
|7610|| ||
|7710||AT||MU
|7810||AC||TN
|7910|| ||
|-
|7011||RJ||DL
|7111|| ||GJ
|7211|| ||
|7311|| ||
|7411||TD||KA
|7511|| ||
|7611|| ||
|7711|| ||GJ
|7811|| ||
|7911|| ||
|-
|7012||RJ||KL
|7112|| ||
|7212|| ||
|7312|| ||
|7412|| ||
|7512|| ||
|7612|| ||MP
|7712|| ||
|7812|| ||
|7912|| ||
|-
|7013||RJ||AP
|7113|| ||
|7213|| ||
|7313|| ||
|7413|| ||
|7513|| ||
|7613|| ||
|7713|| ||
|7813||RG||KA
|7913|| ||
|-
|7014||RJ||RJ
|7114|| ||
|7214|| ||
|7314|| ||
|7414|| ||
|7514|| ||
|7614|| ||
|7714|| ||
|7814||RG||PB
|7914|| ||
|-
|7015||RJ||HR
|7115|| ||
|7215|| ||
|7315|| ||
|7415||TD||MP
|7515|| ||
|7615|| ||
|7715|| ||
|7815|| ||
|7915|| ||
|-
|7016||RJ||GJ
|7116|| ||
|7216|| ||
|7316|| ||
|7416||TD||AP
|7516|| ||
|7616|| ||
|7716|| ||
|7816|| ||
|7916|| ||
|-
|7017||RJ||UW
|7117|| ||
|7217|| ||
|7317|| ||
|7417||TD||UW
|7517|| ||
|7617||ID||MP
|7717|| ||
|7817||RG||GJ
|7917|| ||
|-
|7018||RJ||HP
|7118|| ||
|7218|| ||
|7318|| ||
|7418||TD||TN
|7518|| ||
|7618|| ||
|7718||AT||MU
|7818|| ||
|7918|| ||
|-
|7019||RJ||KA
|7119|| ||
|7219||AT||MH
|7319||AT||BR
|7419||RC||MH
|7519|| ||
|7619|| ||
|7719||ID||MH
|7819|| ||
|7919|| ||
|-
|7020||RJ||MH
|7120|| ||
|7220|| ||
|7320|| ||
|7420|| ||
|7520||RC||UW
|7620||RG||MH
|7720|| ||
|7820|| ||
|7920|| ||
|-
|7021||RJ||MU
|7121|| ||
|7221|| ||
|7321|| ||
|7421|| ||
|7521|| ||
|7621|| ||
|7721|| ||
|7821|| ||
|7921|| ||
|-
|7022||AT||KA
|7122|| ||
|7222|| ||GJ
|7322||ID||BR
|7422|| ||
|7522|| ||
|7622|| ||
|7722|| ||GJ
|7822|| ||
|7922|| ||
|-
|7023||AT||RJ
|7123|| ||
|7223|| ||
|7323||ID||BR
|7423|| ||
|7523|| ||
|7623|| ||
|7723|| ||
|7823|| ||
|7923|| ||
|-
|7024||AT||MP
|7124|| ||
|7224|| ||
|7324||ID||BR
|7424|| ||
|7524|| ||
|7624|| ||
|7724|| ||
|7824|| ||
|7924|| ||
|-
|7025||ID||KL
|7125|| ||
|7225|| ||
|7325|| ||
|7425|| ||
|7525|| ||
|7625|| ||
|7725|| ||
|7825|| ||
|7925|| ||
|-
|7026||ID||KA
|7126|| ||
|7226|| ||
|7326|| ||
|7426|| ||
|7526|| ||
|7626|| ||
|7726|| ||
|7826|| ||
|7926|| ||
|-
|7027||VF||HR
|7127|| ||
|7227|| ||
|7327|| ||
|7427|| ||
|7527|| ||
|7627|| ||
|7727||AT ||RJ
|7827||RG||DL
|7927|| ||
|-
|7028||AT||MH
|7128|| ||
|7228|| ||
|7328|| ||
|7428||RC||DL
|7528|| ||
|7628|| ||
|7728|| ||
|7828||RG||MP
|7928|| ||
|-
|7029|| ||
|7129|| ||
|7229||VF||RJ
|7329|| ||
|7429||RC||KL
|7529|| ||
|7629|| ||
|7729|| ||
|7829||VF||KA
|7929|| ||
|-
|7030||VF||MH
|7130|| ||
|7230|| ||
|7330|| ||
|7430|| ||
|7530||AC||DL
|7630|| ||
|7730|| ||
|7830||VF||UW
|7930||RC||MH
|-
|7031||AC||WB
|7131|| ||
|7231|| ||
|7331|| ||
|7431|| ||
|7531||AC||DL
|7631||VF||BR
|7731||ID||AP
|7831|| ||
|7931|| ||
|-
|7032||AT||AP
|7132|| ||
|7232|| ||
|7332|| ||
|7432|| ||
|7532||AC||DL
|7632|| ||
|7732|| ||
|7832|| ||
|7932|| ||
|-
|7033||AT||BR
|7133|| ||
|7233|| ||
|7333|| ||GJ
|7433|| ||
|7533||AC||DL
|7633|| ||
|7733|| ||GJ
|7833||VF||HP
|7933|| ||
|-
|7034||VF||KL
|7134|| ||
|7234|| ||
|7334|| ||
|7434|| ||
|7534|| ||
|7634|| ||
|7734|| ||
|7834||ID||DL
|7934|| ||
|-
|7035||AC||AS
|7135|| ||
|7235|| ||
|7335|| ||
|7435|| ||
|7535|| ||
|7635|| ||
|7735||RG||OR
|7835||ID||DL
|7935|| ||
|-
|7036||ID||AP
|7136|| ||
|7236|| ||
|7336|| ||
|7436|| ||
|7536|| ||
|7636|| AT
|AS
|7736||TD||KL
|7836||ID||DL
|7936|| ||
|-
|7037||TN||UW
|7137|| ||
|7237||ID||UE
|7337|| ||
|7437|| ||
|7537|| ||
|7637|| ||
|7737||TD||RJ
|7837||VF||PB
|7937|| ||
|-
|7038||ID||MH
|7138|| ||
|7238|| ||
|7338|| ||
|7438|| ||
|7538|| ||
|7638|| ||
|7738||AT||MU
|7838||VF||DL
|7938|| ||
|-
|7039||ID||MU
|7139|| ||
|7239|| ||
|7339|| ||
|7439||RC||KO
|7539|| ||
|7639||VF||TN
|7739||AT||BR
|7839||CG||UE
|7939|| ||
|-
|7040||AC||MH
|7140|| ||
|7240|| ||
|7340||AT||RJ
|7440|| ||
|7540||AT||TN
|7640|| ||
|7740|| ||
|7840||ID||DL
|7940|| ||
|-
|7041||TN||GJ
|7141|| ||
|7241|| ||
|7341|| ||
|7441|| ||
|7541|| ||
|7641|| ||
|7741||ID||MH
|7841|| ||
|7941|| ||
|-
|7042||AT||DL
|7142|| ||
|7242|| ||
|7342|| ||
|7442|| ||
|7542|| ||
|7642|| ||
|7742||AT||RJ
|7842||VG||AP
|7942|| ||
|-
|7043||AT||GJ
|7143|| ||
|7243|| ||
|7343|| ||
|7443|| ||
|7543||AT||BR
|7643|| ||
|7743|| ||
|7843||AC||UE
|7943|| ||
|-
|7044||AT||KO
|7144|| ||
|7244|| ||
|7344|| ||
|7444|| ||
|7544||VF||BR
|7644|| ||
|7744|| ||
|7844||AC||UE
|7944|| ||
|-
|7045||VF||MU
|7145|| ||
|7245|| ||
|7345|| ||
|7445|| ||
|7545||VF||BR
|7645|| ||
|7745||ID||MH
|7845||TD||TN
|7945|| ||
|-
|7046||ID||GJ
|7146|| ||
|7246|| ||
|7346|| ||
|7446||VF||
|7546||VF||BR
|7646|| ||
|7746|| ||
|7846||RG||KA
|7946|| ||
|-
|7047||VD||MP
|7147|| ||
|7247|| ||
|7347||AT||PB
|7447|| ||
|7547||VF||BR
|7647|| ||
|7747|| ||
|7847|| ||
|7947|| ||
|-
|7048||TD||GJ
|7148|| ||
|7248|| ||
|7348|| ||
|7448|| ||
|7548|| ||
|7648|| ||
|7748|| ||
|7848|| ||
|7948|| ||
|-
|7049||ID||MP
|7149|| ||
|7249|| ||
|7349||VF||BR
|7449|| ||
|7549||VF||BR
|7649|| ||
|7749|| ||
|7849||RG||KA
|7949|| ||
|-
|7050||TN||BR
|7150|| ||
|7250||AT||BR
|7350||ID||MH
|7450||ID||KO
|7550||VF||KO
|7650|| ||
|7750|| ||
|7850|| ||
|7950|| ||
|-
|7051||AT||JK
|7151|| ||
|7251|| ||
|7351||ID||UW
|7451|| ||
|7551|| ||
|7651|| ||
|7751|| ||
|7851|| ||
|7951|| ||
|-
|7052||ID||UE
|7152|| ||
|7252|| ||
|7352||ID||BR
|7452|| ||
|7552|| ||
|7652|| ||
|7752|| ||
|7852|| ||
|7952|| ||
|-
|7053||AC||DL
|7153|| ||
|7253|| ||
|7353||ID||KA
|7453|| ||
|7553|| ||
|7653|| ||
|7753|| ||
|7853|| ||
|7953|| ||
|-
|7054||AT||UE
|7154|| ||
|7254||ID||BR
|7354||ID||MP
|7454|| ||
|7554|| ||
|7654||ID||BR
|7754||AT||UE
|7854|| ||
|7954|| ||
|-
|7055||ID||UW
|7155|| ||
|7255||ID||BR
|7355||VD||PB
|7455|| ||
|7555|| ||
|7655|| ||
|7755||AT||UE
|7855|| ||
|7955|| ||
|-
|7056||ID||HR
|7156|| ||
|7256||ID||BR
|7356||AT||KL
|7456|| ||
|7556|| ||
|7656|| ||
|7756||AT||MH
|7856|| ||
|7956|| ||
|-
|7057||ID||MH
|7157|| ||
|7257||ID||BR
|7357||VD||HR
|7457|| ||
|7557|| ||
|7657|| ||
|7757|| ||
|7857|| ||
|7957|| ||
|-
|7058||TN||MH
|7158|| ||
|7258|| ||
|7358||AT||
|7458|| ||
|7558|| ||
|7658||ID ||AP
|7758|| ||
|7858|| ||
|7958|| ||
|-
|7059||AC||KO
|7159|| ||
|7259||AT||KA
|7359||ID||GJ
|7459|| ||
|7559||ID||KL
|7659||ID||AP
|7759|| ||
|7859||RG||DL
|7959|| ||
|-
|7060||AT||UW
|7160|| ||
|7260|| ||
|7360||VF||BR
|7460|| ||
|7560|| ||
|7660|| ||
|7760||AT||KA
|7860||ID||UE
|7960|| ||
|-
|7061||RG||BR
|7161|| ||
|7261|| ||
|7361||VF||BR
|7461|| ||
|7561|| ||
|7661|| ||
|7761|| ||
|7861||RG|| DL
|7961||TD||
|-
|7062||AC||RJ
|7162|| ||
|7262||VF ||MH
|7362||VF||BR
|7462|| ||
|7562||ID||BR
|7662|| ||
|7762||AT||BR
|7862||RG||DL
|7962|| ||
|-
|7063||AT||WB
|7163|| ||
|7263|| ||
|7363|| ||
|7463||AT||BR
|7563||ID||BR
|7663|| ||
|7763|| AT
||BR
|7863||RG|| DL
|7963|| ||
|-
|7064||VF||OR
|7164|| ||
|7264|| ||
|7364|| ||
|7464|| ||
|7564||ID||BR
|7664|| ||
|7764|| ||
|7864|| ||
|7964|| ||
|-
|7065||ID||DL
|7165|| ||
|7265|| ||
|7365|| ||
|7465|| ||
|7565|| ||
|7665||VF||RJ
|7765|| ||
|7865|| ||
|7965|| ||
|-
|7066||VF||MH
|7166|| ||
|7266|| ||
|7366|| ||
|7466|| ||
|7566||VF||MP
|7666||RG||MU
|7766|| ||
|7866|| ||
|7966|| ||
|-
|7067||RG||MP
|7167|| ||
|7267|| ||
|7367|| ||
|7467|| ||
|7567||VF||GJ
|7667||RG||CH
|7767|| ||
|7867||SR ||MU
|7967|| ||
|-
|7068||TN||UE
|7168|| ||
|7268|| ||
|7368|| ||
|7468|| ||
|7568||AT||RJ
|7668||RG||UE
|7768||VF||MH
|7868|| ||
|7968|| ||
|-
|7069||VF||GJ
|7169|| ||
|7269|| ||
|7369|| ||
|7469|| ||
|7569||RG||AP
|7669||RG||UW
|7769|| ||
|7869||AT||MP
|7969|| ||
|-
|7070||AT||BR
|7170|| ||
|7270|| ||
|7370||ID||BR
|7470|| ||
|7570||VF||UE
|7670||RG||AP
|7770|| ||GJ
|7870||TN||BR
|7970|| ||
|-
|7071||AC||UE
|7171|| ||GJ
|7271|| ||
|7371|| ||
|7471|| ||
|7571|| ||
|7671|| ||
|7771|| ||GJ
|7871||TN||TN
|7971|| ||
|-
|7072||VF||GJ
|7172|| ||
|7272||AC||UE
|7372|| ||
|7472|| ||
|7572|| ||
|7672|| ||
|7772|| ||GJ
|7872||VF||WB
|7972||RJ || MH
|-
|7073||AT||RJ
|7173|| ||
|7273||AC||BR
|7373||AC||TN
|7473|| ||
|7573|| ||
|7673|| ||
|7773|| ||GJ
|7873||VF||OR
|7973|| ||
|-
|7074||ID||WB
|7174|| ||
|7274|| ||
|7374|| ||
|7474||VF||GJ
|7574|| ||
|7674|| ||
|7774||ID||MH
|7874||VF||GJ
|7974|| ||
|-
|7075||UN||AP
|7175|| ||
|7275||TD||UE
|7375|| ||
|7475|| ||
|7575||VF||GJ
|7675|| ||
|7775||ID||MH
|7875||VF||MH
|7975|| ||
|-
|7076||VF||WB
|7176|| ||
|7276||TD||MH
|7376||CG||UE
|7476|| ||
|7576|| ||
|7676||RG||KA
|7776|| ||GJ
|7876||RG||HR
|7976||RJ ||RJ
|-
|7077||AT||OR
|7177|| ||
|7277||AC||BR
|7377||ID||OR
|7477|| ||
|7577||VF||AS
|7677||RG||BR
|7777||TN||GJ
|7877||RG||RJ
|7977||RJ||MU
|-
|7078||UN||UW
|7178|| ||
|7278||AC||KO
|7378|| ||
|7478|| ||
|7578|| ||
|7678||ID||UE
|7778||UN||GJ
|7878||RG||GJ
|7978||RJ ||OR
|-
|7079||ID||BR
|7179|| ||
|7279|| ||
|7379||VF||UE
|7479|| ||

|7579||CG||UW
|7679||RG||WB
|7779||UN||GJ
|7879||RG||MP
|7979||RJ||BR
|-
|7080||AT||UE
|7180|| ||
|7280||VF||BR
|7380|| ||
|7480|| ||
|7580|| ||
|7680|| ||
|7780|| ||
|7880||AT ||UE
|7980||RJ||KO
|-
|7081||VF||UE
|7181|| ||
|7281||VF||BR
|7381||VF||OR
|7481|| ||
|7581|| ||
|7681|| ||
|7781|| ||
|7881|| ||
|7981|| ||
|-
|7082||AT||HR
|7182|| ||
|7282||VF||BR
|7382||CG||AP
|7482|| ||
|7582|| ||
|7682|| ||
|7782|| ||
|7882|| ||
|7982||RJ||DL
|-
|7083||ID||MH
|7183|| ||
|7283||VF||BR
|7383||UN||GJ
|7483||RC||KA
|7583|| ||
|7683|| ||
|7783|| ||
|7883|| ||
|7983|| ||
|-
|7084||ID||UE
|7184|| ||
|7284|| ||
|7384||UN||WB
|7484|| ||
|7584|| ||
|7684|| ||
|7784||AC||UE
|7884|| ||
|7984||RJ||GJ
|-
|7085||AT||NE
|7185|| ||
|7285|| ||
|7385||UN||MH
|7485|| ||
|7585||AT||WB
|7685|| ||
|7785|| ||
|7885|| ||
|7985|| ||
|-
|7086||AT||AS
|7186|| ||
|7286|| ||
|7386||UN||AP
|7486|| ||
|7586|| ||
|7686|| ||
|7786||AC||UE
|7886|| ||
|7986|| ||
|-
|7087||AT||PB
|7187|| ||
|7287|| ||
|7387||AT||MH
|7487|| ||
|7587||CG||MP
|7687||AC||KO
|7787|| ||
|7887|| ||
|7987|| ||
|-
|7088||ID||UW
|7188|| ||
|7288|| ||
|7388||AT||UE
|7488||RC||BR
|7588||CG||MH
|7688|| ||
|7788|| ||GJ
|7888|| ||
|7988|| ||
|-
|7089||ID||MP
|7189|| ||
|7289||VF ||DL
|7389||AT||MP
|7489||RC||MP
|7589||CG||PB
|7689|| ||
|7789|| ||
|7889|| ||
|7989||RJ||AP
|-
|7090||ID||KA
|7190|| ||
|7290||VF ||DL
|7390|| ||
|7490||AT ||GJ
|7590|| ||
|7690|| ||
|7790||AC||RJ
|7890||ID||KO
|7990||RJ||MU
|-
|7091||AT||BR
|7191|| ||
|7291||VF ||DL
|7391|| ||
|7491||ID||BR
|7591|| ||
|7691|| ||
|7791|| ||
|7891||ID||RJ
|7991||RJ||BR
|-
|7092||ID||TN
|7192|| ||
|7292||VF ||DL
|7392|| ||
|7492|| ||
|7592|| ||
|7692|| ||
|7792|| ||
|7892||RJ ||KA
|7992|| ||
|-
|7093||AT||AP
|7193|| ||
|7293||AC||KL
|7393|| ||
|7493||ID||BR
|7593|| ||
|7693|| ||
|7793|| ||
|7893||AT||AP
|7993|| ||
|-
|7094||VF||TN
|7194|| ||
|7294|| ||
|7394|| ||
|7494||ID||BR
|7594|| ||
|7694|| ||
|7794||UN||AP
|7894||AT||OR
|7994|| ||
|-
|7095||ID||AP
|7195|| ||
|7295|| ||
|7395|| ||
|7495|| ||
|7595|| ||
|7695|| ||
|7795||TD||KA
|7895||AT||UW
|7995||AT||AP
|-
|7096||ID||GJ
|7196|| ||
|7296|| ||
|7396||UN||AP
|7496|| ||
|7596|| ||
|7696||TD||PB
|7796|| ||
|7896||AT||AS
|7996|| ||
|-
|7097||AC||AP
|7197|| ||
|7297|| ||
|7397|| ||
|7497|| ||
|7597||CG||RJ
|7697||ID||MP
|7797||VF||WB
|7897||AT||UE
|7997||ID||AP
|-
|7098||AC||WB
|7198|| ||
|7298||AC||JK
|7398||UN||UE
|7498||RC||MU
|7598||CG||TN
|7698||ID||GJ
|7798||VF||MH
|7898||AT||MP
|7998|| ||
|-
|7099||TN||AS
|7199|| ||
|7299||AC||CH
|7399||AC||AS
|7499||RC||UE
|7599||CG||UW
|7699||ID||WB
|7799||VF||AP

|7899||AT||KA
|7999|| ||GJ
|}

==See also==
*[[Telephone numbers in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/numbering_plan/numberplanindex.htm Cellular numbering and network codes] from National Numbering Plan, Department of Telecommunications, Government of India {{dead link|date=January 2015}}
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/access-services/allotment-msc-codes Allocation (allotment) of new mobile number series (MSC codes)] from National Numbering Plan, Department of Telecommunications, Government of India
{{Telephone numbers in Asia}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Telephone Numbering In India}}
[[Category:Telephone numbers by country|India]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:Telephone numbers in India| ]]
[[Category:Mobile phone industry in India]]

Mobile telephone numbering in India

2017-07-20T01:44:40Z

Soft coder: /* 6xxx Series */ Removing blank table, better to add 6xxx table when they are released.

All mobile numbers in India starts with '''9''', '''8''', '''7''' or '''6''', this includes [[pager]] services, but the use of pagers is on the decline. Each [[telecom circle]] is allowed to have multiple private operators, earlier it was 2 private + BSNL/MTNL, subsequently it changed to 3 private + BSNL/MTNL in GSM, now each telecom circle has more than 10 operators including BSNL/MTNL.

All mobile phone numbers are 10 digits long. The way to split the numbers is defined in the National Numbering Plan 2003 as XXXX-NNNNNN where ''XXXX'' indicates the [[Mobile network operators of India|network operator]] and [[telecom circle]], and ''NNNNNN'' is the subscriber numbers.

==Telecom circles==

The Department of Telecommunications has divided [[India]] into various [[telecom circle]]s such that within each circle, the call is treated as a local call, while across zones, it becomes a long-distance call. A telecom circle is normally the entire [[States of India|state]], with a few exceptions like [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] (which are different zones than their respective states), [[Goa]] (which is a part of the [[Maharashtra]] zone), [[Chhattisgarh]] (which is part of [[Madhya Pradesh]]), [[Sikkim]] (which is part of [[West Bengal]]) [[Jharkhand]] (which is a part of the [[Bihar]] zone) or [[Uttar Pradesh]] (divided into multiple zones). [[Delhi]] is a unique circle because it includes towns from [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] as well. Recent formation of the new state of [[Telangana]] has been separated from [[Andhra Pradesh]] state which will still remain in the same circle.

From May 20, 2005, calls between
* Mumbai Metro and Maharashtra Telecom Circle,
* Chennai Metro and Tamil Nadu Telecom Circle,
* Uttar Pradesh (East) and Uttar Pradesh (West) Telecom Circle Service Areas
are merged in Inter service area connectate in the above-mentioned four States would be treated as intra-service area call for the purposes of routing as well as Access Deficit Charges (ADC). The dialing procedure for calls within a State for these States would also be simplified i.e. dialling of mobile-to mobile subscribers and fixed-to-mobile subscribers would be without prefixing '0'.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080229122841/http://www.dot.gov.in/basic/Notification_20May.doc DoT Notice]{{Full citation needed|date=February 2011}}</ref>

At present, there are 22 [[telecom circle]]s or service areas. They are classified into 4 categories: Metro, A, B, C. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata fall under Metro category. Chennai service area doesn't come under Metro category, as it has been a part of Tamil Nadu service circle since 2007.<ref>[http://www.indiacallinginfo.com/india-telecom-circles India calling info]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Circle name
!Code
!Category<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Telecom_Circle|title=Telecom Circle|website=www.wikinvest.com|access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref>
!Geographic area(s) covered
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|AP
|A
|State of [[Andhra Pradesh]], State of [[Telangana]] and [[Yanam district]]
|-
|Assam
|AS
|C
|State of [[Assam]]
|-
|Bihar
|BR
|C
|State of [[Bihar]] and State of [[Jharkhand]]
|- style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4"
|''Chennai''
|''CH''
|''Metro''
| ''[[Chennai]] (Chennai circle merged with Tamil Nadu circle in 2005)''
|-
|Delhi
|DL
|Metro
|[[Delhi]], [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]]
|-
|Gujarat
|GJ
|A
|State of [[Gujarat]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|HP
|C
|State of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Haryana
|HR
|B
|State of [[Haryana]] (excluding Faridabad, Gurgaon and [[Panchkula]]).
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir
|JK
|C
|State of [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|Kerala
|KL
|B
|State of [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Mahé district]]
|-
|Karnataka
|KA
|A
|State of [[Karnataka]]
|-
|Kolkata
|KO
|Metro
|[[Kolkata]] (includes parts of [[Howrah]], [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]], North and South 24 Parganas and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] Districts)
|-
|Maharashtra & Goa
|MH
|A
|State of [[Maharashtra]] (excluding [[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]), and State of [[Goa]]
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|MP
|B
|State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and State of [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|Mumbai
|MU
|Metro
|[[Mumbai]], Navi Mumbai and Kalyan
|-
|North East
|NE
|C
|State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], State of [[Meghalaya]], State of [[Mizoram]], State of [[Nagaland]], State of [[Manipur]] and State of [[Tripura]]
|-
|Orissa
|OR
|C
|State of [[Odisha]]
|-
|Punjab
|PB
|B
|State of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Panchkula]]
|-
|Rajasthan
|RJ
|B
|State of [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|TN
|A
|State of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry district]] and [[Karaikal district]]
|-
|UP (East)
|UE
|B
|[[Uttar Pradesh|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|UP (West)
|UW
|B
|Western Uttar Pradesh (excludes Ghaziabad and Noida) and State of [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|West Bengal
|WB
|C
|State of [[West Bengal]] (excluding Kolkata), [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and State of [[Sikkim]]
|}

== Network Operators ==
{{Main article|Mobile network operators of India}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Network Operators
|-
! AC
| [[Aircel]]
|-
! AT
| [[Airtel India]]
|-
! CC
| [[BSNL Mobile]] - CDMA
|-
! CG
| [[BSNL Mobile]] - GSM
|-
! DP
| [[MTNL|DOLPHIN]]
|-
! ID
| [[Idea Cellular|Idea]]
|-
! ''LM''
| ''[[Loop Mobile]] (acquired by [[Airtel India]])''
|-
! MT
| [[MTS India]]
|-
! ''PG''
| ''PING CDMA''
|-
! RC
| [[Reliance Mobile]] - CDMA
|-
! RG
| [[Reliance Mobile]] - GSM
|-
! RJ
| Reliance [[Jio]]
|-
! SR
| ''Subrin Rintel''
|-
! TD
| [[Tata DoCoMo]]
|-
! TN
| [[Telenor India]]
|-7398774406

! VF
| [[Vodafone India]]
|-
! ''VD''
| ''Videocon Telecom|Videocon ( Spectrum acquired by [[Airtel India]])''
|}

==9xxx Series==
{{refimprove|date=October 2016}}
*'''Note''':- The mobile numbers and operators are subject to change since [[Mobile number portability]] is available in most circles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mobilenumbertracker.com/blog/nationwide-mobile-number-portability-goes-live/ | title = Nationwide Mobile Number Portability goes live | publisher=Mobile Number Tracker}}</ref>
*'''Note''':- The Series of BSNL GSM (Cellone) 9473 are available in Bihar (94730 to 94734) and U.P. East (94735 to 94739) Telecom Circle.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 9xxxx series
|-
!colspan=3|90 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|91 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|92 Series [[Tata DoCoMo]]  CDMA
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|93 Series Reliance CDMA
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|94 Series [[BSNL Mobile]] 
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|95 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|96 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|97 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|98 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|99 Series
|-
|9000||AT||AP
|9100||LM||AP
|9200||MP
|9300||MP
|9400||KL
|9500||AT||TN
|9600||AT||TN
|9700||AC||AP
|9800||AT||WB
|9900||AT||KA
|-
|9001||AT||RJ
|9101||LM||AS
|9201||MP
|9301||MP
|9401||AS
|9501||AT||PB
|9601||AT||GJ
|9701||AT||AP
|9801||AT||BR
|9901||AT||KA
|-
|9002||AT||WB
|9102||LM||BR
|9202||MP
|9302||MP
|9402||NE
|9502||AT||AP
|9602||AT||RJ
|9702||ID||MU
|9802||AC||HR
|9902||AT||KA
|-
|9003||AT||TN
|9103||LM||AP
|9203||MP
|9303||MP
|9403||MH
|9503||AT||MH
|9603||ID||AP
|9703||VF||AP
|9803||AC||PB
|9903||AT||KO
|-
|9004||AT||MU
|9104||TN||GJ
|9204||BR
|9304||BR
|9404||MH
|9504||AC||BR
|9604||ID||MH
|9704||AT||AP
|9804||AC||KO
|9904||ID||GJ
|-
|9005||AT||UE
|9105||LM||HR
|9205||DL
|9305||UE
|9405||MH
|9505||ID||AP
|9605||ID||KL
|9705||ID||AP
|9805||AT||HP
|9905||RG||BR
|-
|9006||AT||BR
|9106||LM||HP
|9206||KA
|9306||JK
|9406||MP
|9506||ID||UE
|9606||RC||NE
|9706||VF||AS
|9806||AC||MP
|9906||AT||JK
|-
|9007||AT||KO
|9107||LM||JK
|9207||KL
|9307||UE
|9407||MP
|9507||ID||BR
|9607||RC||AS
|9707||RG||AS
|9807||AC||UE
|9907||RG||MP
|-
|9008||AT||KA
|9108||LM||KA
|9208||UE
|9308||BR
|9408||GJ
|9508||RG||AS
|9608||RG||BR
|9708||ID||BR
|9808||AC||UW
|9908||AT||AP
|-
|9009||ID||MP
|9109||LM||KL
|9209||MH
|9309||RJ
|9409||GJ
|9509||RG||RJ
|9609||VF||WB
|9709||VF||BR
|9809||AC||KL
|9909||VF||GJ
|-
|9010||ID||AP
|9110||LM||KO
|9210||DL
|9310||DL
|9410||UW
|9510||RG||GJ
|9610||VF||RJ
|9710||AC||CH
|9810||AT||DL
|9910||AT||DL
|-
|9011||ID||MH
|9111||ID||MP
|9211||DL
|9311||DL
|9411||UW
|9511||ET||MH
|9611||AT||KA
|9711||VF||DL
|9811||VF||DL
|9911||ID||DL
|-
|9012||ID||UW
|9112||LM||MH
|9212||DL
|9312||DL
|9412||UW
|9512||VF||GJ
|9612||AT||NE
|9712||VF||GJ
|9812||ID||HR
|9912||ID||AP
|-
|9013||DP||DL
|9113||LM||NE
|9213||DL
|9313||DL
|9413||RJ
|9513||CG||KA
|9613||AC||AS
|9713||VF||MP
|9813||VF||HR
|9913||VF||GJ
|-
|9014||RG||AP
|9114||LM||OR
|9214||RJ
|9314||RJ
|9414||RJ
|9514||ET||TN
|9614||AC||WB
|9714||ID||GJ
|9814||ID||PB
|9914||ID||PB
|-
|9015||RG||DL
|9115||LM||PB
|9215||HR
|9315||HR
|9415||UE
|9515||AT||AP
|9615||AC||NE
|9715||AC||TN
|9815||AT||PB
|9915||AT||PB
|-
|9016||RG||GJ
|9116||LM||RJ
|9216||PB
|9316||PB
|9416||HR
|9516||ET||KL
|9616||ID||UE
|9716||AC||DL
|9816||AT||HP
|9916||VF||KA
|-
|9017||RG||HR
|9117||LM||TN
|9217||PB
|9317||PB
|9417||PB
|9517||ET||PB
|9617||ID||MP
|9717||AT||DL
|9817||RG||HP
|9917||ID||UW
|-
|9018||RG||JK
|9118||TN||UE
|9218||HP
|9318||HP
|9418||HP
|9518||ET||HR
|9618||AT||AP
|9718||ID||DL
|9818||AT||DL
|9918||VF||UE
|-
|9019||RG||KA
|9119||LM||UW
|9219||UW
|9319||UW
|9419||JK
|9519||ET||UE
|9619||VF||MU
|9719||VF||UW
|9819||VF||MU
|9919||VF||UE
|-
|9020||RG||KL
|9120||TN||UE
|9220||MU
|9320||MU
|9420||MH
|9520||ET||UW
|9620||VF||KA
|9720||VF||UW
|9820||VF||MU
|9920||VF||MU
|-
|9021||RG||MH
|9121||TN||AS
|9221||MU
|9321||MU
|9421||MH
|9521||ET||RJ
|9621||AT||UE
|9721||VF||UE
|9821||AT||MH
|9921||ID||MH
|-
|9022||RG||MU
|9122||TN||BR
|9222||MU
|9322||MU
|9422||MH
|9522||ET||MP
|9622||AT||JK
|9722||AC||GJ
|9822||ID||MH
|9922||ID||MH
|-
|9023||RG||PB
|9123||TN||NE
|9223||MU
|9323||MU
|9423||MH
|9523||ET||BR
|9623||ID||MH
|9723||ID||GJ
|9823||VF||MH
|9923||VF||MH
|-
|9024||RG||RJ
|9124||TN||OR
|9224||MU
|9324||MU
|9424||MP
|9524||AC||TN
|9624||ID||GJ
|9724||AT||GJ
|9824||ID||GJ
|9924||ID||GJ
|-
|9025||RG||CH
|9125||TN||UE
|9225||MH
|9325||MH
|9425||MP
|9525||ID||BR
|9625||RG||HP
|9725||AT||GJ
|9825||VF||GJ
|9925||VF||GJ
|-
|9026||RG||UE
|9126||TN||WB
|9226||MH
|9326||MH
|9426||GJ
|9526||ID||KL
|9626||VF||TN
|9726||VF||GJ
|9826||ID||MP
|9926||ID||MP
|-
|9027||RG||UW
|9127||ST||AS
|9227||GJ
|9327||GJ
|9427||GJ
|9527||ID||MH
|9627||VF||UW
|9727||VF||GJ
|9827||RG||MP
|9927||ID||UW
|-
|9028||TD||MH
|9128||ID||BR
|9228||GJ
|9328||GJ
|9428||GJ
|9528||RG||UW
|9628||VF||UE
|9728||ID||HR
|9828||VF||RJ
|9928||AT||RJ
|-
|9029||TD||MU
|9129||AT||UE
|9229||MP
|9329||MP
|9429||GJ
|9529||RG||RJ
|9629||AT||TN
|9729||AT||HR
|9829||AT||RJ
|9929||AT||RJ
|-
|9030||TD||AP
|9130||ID||MH
|9230||KO
|9330||KO
|9430||BR
|9530||CG||RJ
|9630||AT||MP
|9730||AT||MH
|9830||VF||KO
|9930||VF||MU
|-
|9031||TD||BR
|9131||ST||NE
|9231||KO
|9331||KO
|9431||BR
|9531||CG||WB
|9631||AT||BR
|9731||AT||KA
|9831||AT||KO
|9931||AT||BR
|-
|9032||TD||AP
|9132||ST||OR
|9232||WB
|9332||WB
|9432||KO
|9532||CG||UE
|9632||AT||KA
|9732||VF||WB
|9832||RG||WB
|9932||AT||WB
|-
|9033||TD||GJ
|9133||MT||AP
|9233||WB
|9333||WB
|9433||KO
|9533||RG||AP
|9633||AT||KL
|9733||VF||WB
|9833||VF||MU
|9933||AT||WB
|-
|9034||TD||HR
|9134||MT||AS
|9234||BR
|9334||BR
|9434||WB
|9534||VF||BR
|9634||AT||UW
|9734||VF||WB
|9834||AT||MP
|9934||AT||BR
|-
|9035||TD||KA
|9135||ID||BR
|9235||UE
|9335||UE
|9435||AS
|9535||AT||KA
|9635||AT||WB
|9735||VF||WB
|9835||RG||BR
|9935||AT||UE
|-
|9036||TD||KA
|9136||MT||DL
|9236||UE
|9336||UE
|9436||NE
|9536||VF||UW
|9636||AT||RJ
|9736||VF||HP
|9836||VF||KO
|9936||AT||UE
|-
|9037||TD||KL
|9137||MT||GJ
|9237||OR
|9337||OR
|9437||OR
|9537||VF||GJ
|9637||VF||MH
|9737||ID||GJ
|9837||ID||UW
|9937||AT||OR
|-
|9038||TD||KO
|9138||MT||HR
|9238||OR
|9338||OR
|9438||OR
|9538||VF||KA
|9638||VF||GJ
|9738||AC||KA
|9838||VF||UE
|9938||AT||OR
|-
|9039||TD||MP
|9139||MT||HP
|9239||KO
|9339||KO
|9439||OR
|9539||VF||KL
|9639||ID||UW
|9739||VF||KA
|9839||VF||UE
|9939||AT||BR
|-
|9040||TD||OR
|9140||MT||JK
|9240||CH
|9340||CH
|9440||AP
|9540||ID||DL
|9640||ID||AP
|9740||AT||KA
|9840||AT||CH
|9940||AT||CH
|-
|9041||TD||PB
|9141||MT||KA
|9241||KA
|9341||KA
|9441||AP
|9541||RG||HR
|9641||RG||WB
|9741||AT||KA
|9841||AC||CH
|9941||AC||CH
|-
|9042||TD||TN
|9142||MT||KL
|9242||KA
|9342||KA
|9442||TN
|9542||ID||AP
|9642||VF||AP
|9742||VF||KA
|9842||AC||TN
|9942||AC||TN
|-
|9043||TD||TN
|9143||MT||KO
|9243||KA
|9343||KA
|9443||TN
|9543||RG||CH
|9643||VF||DL
|9743||ID||KA
|9843||VF||TN
|9943||VF||TN
|-
|9044||TD||UE
|9144||MT||MP
|9244||TN
|9344||TN
|9444||CH
|9544||ID||KL
|9644||ID||MP
|9744||ID||KL
|9844||ID||KA
|9944||AT||TN
|-
|9045||TD||UW
|9145||MT||MH
|9245||TN
|9345||TN
|9445||TN
|9545||VF||MH
|9645||VF||KL
|9745||VF||KL
|9845||AT||KA
|9945||AT||KA
|-
|9046||TD||WB
|9146||MT||MU
|9246||AP
|9346||AP
|9446||KL
|9546||AT||BR
|9646||VF||PB
|9746||AT||KL
|9846||VF||KL
|9946||VF||KL
|-
|9047||VF||TN
|9147||MT||NE
|9247||AP
|9347||AP
|9447||KL
|9547||AT||WB
|9647||VF||WB
|9747||ID||KL
|9847||ID||KL
|9947||ID||KL
|-
|9048||VF||KL
|9148||MT||OR
|9248||AP
|9348||AP
|9448||KA
|9548||RG||UW
|9648||VF||UE
|9748||AT||KO
|9848||ID||AP
|9948||ID||AP
|-
|9049||VF||MH
|9149||MT||PB
|9249||KL
|9349||KL
|9449||KA
|9549||VF||RJ
|9649||VF||RJ
|9749||RG||WB
|9849||AT||AP
|9949||AT||AP
|-
|9050||VF||HR
|9150||MT||CH
|9250||DL
|9350||DL
|9450||UE
|9550||AT||AP
|9650||AT||DL
|9750||AC||TN
|9850||ID||MH
|9950||AT||RJ
|-
|9051||VF||KO
|9151||TD||UE
|9251||RJ
|9351||RJ
|9451||UE
|9551||AC||CH
|9651||AT||UE
|9751||VF||TN
|9851||AC||WB
|9951||ID||AP
|-
|9052||VF||AP
|9152||MT||UW
|9252||RJ
|9352||RJ
|9452||UE
|9552||ID||MH
|9652||AT||AP
|9752||AT||MP
|9852||AC||BR
|9952||AT||TN
|-
|9053||TN||HR
|9153||MT||KO
|9253||HR
|9353||HR
|9453||UE
|9553||ID||AP
|9653||VD||PB
|9753||ID||MP
|9853||AC||OR
|9953||VF||DL
|-
|9054||TN||HP
|9154||TN||AP
|9254||HR
|9354||HR
|9454||UE
|9554||VF||UE
|9654||VF||DL
|9754||ID||MP
|9854||AC||AS
|9954||AT||AS
|-
|9055||TN||JK
|9155||TN||BR
|9255||HR
|9355||HR
|9455||UE
|9555||RG||DL
|9655||VF||TN
|9755||AT||MP
|9855||ID||PB
|9955||AT||BR
|-
|9056||TN||PB
|9156||TN||MH
|9256||PB
|9356||PB
|9456||UW
|9556||AT||OR
|9656||ID||KL
|9756||ID||UW
|9856||AC||NE
|9956||AT||UE
|-
|9057||TN||RJ
|9157||TN||GJ
|9257||PB
|9357||PB
|9457||UW
|9557||AT||UW
|9657||ID||MH
|9757||DP||MU
|9857||VD||HP
|9957||AT||AS
|-
|9058||TN||UW
|9158||VF||MH
|9258||UW
|9358||UW
|9458||UW
|9558||AT||GJ
|9658||AC||OR
|9758||VF||UW
|9858||AC||JK
|9958||AT||DL
|-
|9059||TN||AP
|9159||VF||TN
|9259||UW
|9359||UW
|9459||HP
|9559||AT||UE
|9659||AC||TN
|9759||VF||UW
|9859||AC||AS
|9959||AT||AP
|-
|9060||TN||BR
|9160||VF||AP
|9260||MH
|9360||TN
|9460||RJ
|9560||AT||DL
|9660||AT||RJ
|9760||AT||UW
|9860||AT||MH
|9960||AT||MH
|-
|9061||TN||KL
|9161||VF||UE
|9261||RJ
|9361||TN
|9461||RJ
|9561||AT||MH
|9661||AT||BR
|9761||VF||UW
|9861||RG||OR
|9961||ID||KL
|-
|9062||TN||KO
|9162||AT||BR
|9262||TN
|9362||TN
|9462||RJ
|9562||ID||KL
|9662||AT||GJ
|9762||AC||MH
|9862||AT||NE
|9962||VF||CH
|-
|9063||VD||AP
|9163||AT||KO
|9263||BR
|9363||TN
|9463||PB
|9563||AC||WB
|9663||AT||KA
|9763||ID||MH
|9863||RG||NE
|9963||AT||AP
|-
|9064||VD||AS
|9164||ID||KA
|9264||TN
|9364||TN
|9464||PB
|9564||VF||WB
|9664||LM||MU
|9764||VF||MH
|9864||RG||AS
|9964||ID||KA
|-
|9065||VD||BR
|9165||AT||MP
|9265||MH
|9365||TN
|9465||PB
|9565||VF||UE
|9665||AT||MH
|9765||VF||MH
|9865||AC||TN
|9965||AC||TN
|-
|9066||AC||KA
|9166||AT||RJ
|9266||DL
|9366||TN
|9466||HR
|9566||AT||TN
|9666||ID||AP
|9766||AT||MH
|9866||AT||AP
|9966||VF||AP
|-
|9067||VD||GJ
|9167||VF||MU
|9267||TN
|9367||TN
|9467||HR
|9567||AT||KL
|9667||MT||RJ
|9767||ID||MH
|9867||AT||MU
|9967||AT||MU
|-
|9068||VD||HR
|9168||VF||MH
|9268||DL
|9368||UW
|9468||HR
|9568||ID||UW
|9668||AT||OR
|9768||AC||MU
|9868||DP||DL
|9968||DP||DL
|-
|9069||AC||DL
|9169||AC||UE
|9269||RJ
|9369||UE
|9469||JK
|9569||RG||PB
|9669||ID||MP
|9769||VF||MU
|9869||DP||MU
|9969||DP||MU
|-
|9070||VD||JK
|9170||TN||UE
|9270||MH
|9370||MH
|9470||BR
|9570||VF||BR
|9670||VF||UE
|9770||RG||MP
|9870||LM||MU
|9970||AT||MH
|-
|9071||VD||KA
|9171||TN||CH
|9271||MH
|9371||MH
|9471||BR
|9571||AT||RJ
|9671||VF||HR
|9771||AT||BR
|9871||AT||DL
|9971||AT||DL
|-
|9072||VF||KL
|9172||TN||MU
|9272||MH
|9372||MH
|9472||BR
|9572||AT||BR
|9672||VF||RJ
|9772||VF||RJ
|9872||AT||PB
|9972||AT||KA
|-
|9073||VF||KO
|9173||TN||GJ
|9273||MH
|9373||MH
|9473||BR/UE
|9573||AT||AP
|9673||VF||MH
|9773||LM||MU
|9873||VF||DL
|9973||AT||BR
|-
|9074||VD||MP
|9174||TN||MP
|9274||GJ
|9374||GJ
|9474||WB
|9574||ID||GJ
|9674||VF||KO
|9774||VF||NE
|9874||VF||KO
|9974||AT||GJ
|-
|9075||ID||MH
|9175||TN||MH
|9275||GJ
|9375||GJ
|9475||WB
|9575||ID||MP
|9675||VF||UW
|9775||VF||WB
|9875||MT||RJ
|9975||AT||MH
|-
|9076||VD||MU
|9176||VF||CH
|9276||GJ
|9376||GJ
|9476||WB
|9576||ID||BR
|9676||AT||AP
|9776||VF||OR
|9876||AT||PB
|9976||AC||TN
|-
|9077||VD||NE
|9177||AT||AP
|9277||GJ
|9377||GJ
|9477||KO
|9577||AC||AS
|9677||AT||TN
|9777||AT||OR
|9877||PG||PB
|9977||ID||MP
|-
|9078||VD||OR
|9178||AT||OR
|9278||DL
|9378||WB
|9478||PB
|9578||AC||TN
|9678||AT||AS
|9778||RG||OR
|9878||AT||PB
|9978||VF||GJ
|-
|9079||VD||RJ
|9179||AT||MP
|9279||BR
|9379||KA
|9479||MP
|9579||RC||MH
|9679||AT||WB
|9779||AT||PB
|9879||VF||GJ
|9979||VF||GJ
|-
|9080||VD||TN
|9180||CC||AP
|9280||CH
|9380||CH
|9480||KA
|9580||RG||UE
|9680||AT||RJ
|9780||VF||PB
|9880||AT||KA
|9980||AT||KA
|-
|9081||VD||UE
|9181||CC||AS
|9281||CH
|9381||CH
|9481||KA
|9581||VF||AP
|9681||RG||KO
|9781||ID||PB
|9881||ID||MH
|9981||AT||MP
|-
|9082||VD||UW
|9182||RJ||AP
|9282||CH
|9382||CH
|9482||KA
|9582||VF||DL
|9682||CC||UW
|9782||AC||RJ
|9882||ID||HP
|9982||VF||RJ
|-
|9083||VD||WB
|9183||CC||CH
|9283||CH
|9383||CH
|9483||KA
|9583||VF||OR
|9683||CC||HR
|9783||VF||RJ
|9883||RG||KO
|9983||VF||RJ
|-
|9084||TN||UW
|9184||CC||GJ
|9284||CH
|9384||CH
|9484||JK
|9584||VF||MP
|9684||CC||MH
|9784||AT||RJ
|9884||VF||CH
|9984||VF||UE
|-
|9085||ID||AS
|9185||CC||HP
|9285||CH
|9385||CH
|9485||NE
|9585||VF||TN
|9685||AT||MP
|9785||ID||RJ
|9885||VF||AP
|9985||VF||AP
|-
|9086||ID||JK
|9186||CC||JK
|9286||UW
|9386||BR
|9486||TN
|9586||VF||GJ
|9686||AT||KA
|9786||VF||TN
|9886||VF||KA
|9986||VF||KA
|-
|9087||ID||TN
|9187||CC||KA
|9287||KL
|9387||KL
|9487||TN
|9587||VF||RJ
|9687||VF||GJ
|9787||VF||TN
|9887||ID||RJ
|9987||AT||MU
|-
|9088||ID||KO
|9188||CC||KL
|9288||KL
|9388||KL
|9488||TN
|9588||ET||MU
|9688||AC||TN
|9788||AC||TN
|9888||VF||PB
|9988||VF||PB
|-
|9089||ID||NE
|9189||CC||KO
|9289||DL
|9389||UE
|9489||TN
|9589||AT||MP
|9689||ID||MH
|9789||AT||TN
|9889||ID||UE
|9989||AT||AP
|-
|9090||ID||OR
|9190||CC||MP
|9290||AP
|9390||AP
|9490||AP
|9590||RG||KA
|9690||ID||UW
|9790||AT||TN
|9890||AT||MH
|9990||ID||DL
|-
|9091||ID||WB
|9191||CC||NE
|9291||AP
|9391||AP
|9491||AP
|9591||AT||KA
|9691||RG||MP
|9791||AT||TN
|9891||ID||DL
|9991||VF||HR
|-
|9092||ID||TN
|9192||CC||OR
|9292||AP
|9392||AP
|9492||AP
|9592||ID||PB
|9692||RG||OR
|9792||VF||UE
|9892||AT||MU
|9992||ID||HR
|-
|9093||ID||WB
|9193||CC||PB
|9293||AP
|9393||AP
|9493||AP
|9593||VF||WB
|9693||RG||BR
|9793||AT||UE
|9893||AT||MP
|9993||AT||MP
|-
|9094||AC||CH
|9194||CC||RJ
|9294||AP
|9394||AP
|9494||AP
|9594||ID||MU
|9694||ID||RJ
|9794||AT||UE
|9894||AT||TN
|9994||AT||TN
|-
|9095||AC||TN
|9195||CC||TN
|9295||AP
|9395||AP
|9495||KL
|9595||RG||MH
|9695||AT||UE
|9795||ID||UE
|9895||AT||KL
|9995||AT||KL
|-
|9096||AT||MH
|9196||CC||UE
|9296||AP
|9396||AP
|9496||KL
|9596||AT||JK
|9696||RG||UE
|9796||AT||JK
|9896||AT||HR
|9996||AT||HR
|-
|9097||AC||BR
|9197||CC||WB
|9297||AP
|9397||AP
|9497||KL
|9597||AT||TN
|9697||AC||JK
|9797||AT||JK
|9897||AT||UW
|9997||AT||UW
|-
|9098||RG||MP
|9198||AT||UE
|9298||AP
|9398||AP
|9498||CH
|9598||ID||UE
|9698||AC||TN
|9798||RG||BR
|9898||AT||GJ
|9998||AT||GJ
|-
|9099||VF||GJ
|9199||AT||BR
|9299||AP
|9399||AP
|9499||CH
|9599||AT||DL
|9699||RG||MU
|9799||AT||RJ
|9899||VF||DL
|9999||VF||DL
|}

==8xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 8xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|80 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|81 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|82 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|83 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|84 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|85 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|86 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|87 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|88 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|89 Series
|-
|8000||RG||GJ
|8100||RG||KO
|8200||RJ||GJ
|8300||CG||TN
|8400||AT||UE
|8500||CG||AP
|8600||AT||MH
|8700||RJ||DL
|8800||AT||DL
|8900|| ||
|-
|8001||VF||WB
|8101||RG||WB
|8201|| ||
|8360132091
||BG||KL
|8401||TD||GJ
|8501||ID||AP
|8601||VF||UE
|8701|| ||
|8801||AC||AP
|8901||CG||HR
|-
|8002||AT||BR
|8102||RG||BR
|8202|| ||
|8302||RG||RJ
|8402||VF||AS
|8502||ID||RJ
|8602||TD||MP
|8702|| ||
|8802||AC||DL
|8902||CG||KO
|-
|8003||AT||RJ
|8103||RG||MP
|8203|| ||
|8303||RG||UE
|8403||VF||AS
|8503||ID||RJ
|8603||TD||BR
|8703|| ||
|8803||AC||JK
|8903||CG||TN
|-
|8004||CG||UE
|8104||MT||RJ
|8204|| ||
|8304||BG||KL
|8404||VF||BR
|8504||ID||RJ
|8604||TD||UE
|8704|| ||
|8804||AC||BR
|8904||TD||KA
|-
|8005||CG||UE
|8105||AT||KA
|8205|| ||
|8305||RG||MP
|8405||VF||BR
|8505||ID||DL
|8605||ID||MH
|8705|| ||
|8805||ID||MH
|8905||RG||GJ
|-
|8006||VF||UW
|8106||AT||AP
|8206|| ||
|8306|| ||
|8406||VF||BR
|8506||ID||DL
|8606||ID||KL
|8706|| ||
|8806||VF||MH
|8906||AC||WB
|-
|8007||VF||MH
|8107||AT||RJ
|8207|| ||
|8307||RG||UW
|8407||VF||BR
|8507||AC||BR
|8607||ID||HR
|8707|| ||
|8807||TD||TN
|8907||AC||KL
|-
|8008||AT||AP
|8108||ID||MU
|8208|| ||
|8308||ID||MH
|8408||VF||MH
|8508||AC||TN
|8608||ID||TN
|8708|| ||
|8808||ID||UE
|8908||AC||OR
|-
|8009||AT||UE
|8109||TD||MP
|8209|| ||
|8309||RJ||AP
|8409||TN||BR
|8509||RG||WB
|8609||ID||WB
|8709|| ||
|8809||AT||BR
|8909||AC||UW
|-
|8010||RG ||DL
|8110|| ||
|8210|| ||
|8310|| ||
|8410|| ||
|8510|| ||
|8610||RJ||TN
|8710|| ||
|8810|| ||
|8910||RJ||KO
|-
|8011||AT||AS
|8111||SR||MH
|8211|| ||
|8311|| ||
|8411||VF||MH
|8511||AT||GJ
|8611|| ||
|8711||MS||KA
|8811||AT||AS
|8911|| ||
|-
|8012||AC||TN
|8112||RJ ||RJ
|8212|| ||
|8312|| ||
|8412||VF||MH
|8512||ID||DL
|8612|| ||
|8712||T24||AP
|8812|| ||
|8912|| ||
|-
|8013||AC||KO
|8113|| ||
|8213|| ||
|8313|| ||
|8413|| ||
|8513||ID||WB
|8613|| ||
|8713||VF||JK
|8813||VF||HR
|8913|| ||
|-
|8014||AC||NE
|8114|| ||
|8214|| ||
|8314|| ||
|8414||AT||NE
|8514||ID||WB
|8614|| ||
|8714||TD||KL
|8814||VF||HR
|8914|| ||
|-
|8015||TD||TN
|8115||TN||UE
|8215|| ||
|8315|| ||
|8415|| ||
|8515||ID||WB
|8615|| ||
|8715||VF||JK
|8815|| R||MP
|8915|| ||
|-
|8016||AT||WB
|8116||AT||WB
|8216|| ||
|8316|| ||
|8416|| ||
|8516||VF||MP
|8616|| ||
|8716||VF||JK
|8816||VF||HR
|8916|| ||
|-
|8017||VF||KO
|8117|| ||
|8217|| ||
|8317||VF||UW
|8417|| ||
|8517||VF||MP
|8617|| ||
|8717|| ||
|8817||RG||MP
|8917|| ||
|-
|8018||AT||OR
|8118|| ||
|8218|| ||
|8318||RJ||GJ
|8418|| ||
|8518||VF||MP
|8618|| ||
|8718|| ||
|8818|| ||
|8918|| ||
|-
|8019||TD||AP
|8119||AT||NE
|8219|| ||
|8319|| ||
|8419|| ||
|8519|| ||
|8619|| ||
|8719|| ||
|8819|| ||
|8919||RJ ||AP
|-
|8020||SR ||MU
|8120||ID||MP
|8220||AT||TN
|8320||RJ||DL
|8420|| ||
|8520|| ||
|8620|| ||
|8720|| ||
|8820|| ||
|8920|| RJ|| DL
|-
|8021|| ||
|8121||ID||HR
|8221||ID||HR
|8321|| ||
|8421||TN||MH
|8521||AT||BR
|8621||AC ||KO
|8721|| ||
|8821|| ||
|8921|| ||
|-
|8022|| ||
|8122||TD||TN
|8222||ID||HR
|8322|| ||
|8422|| ||
|8522||TN||AP
|8622||AC ||KO
|8722||ID||KA
|8822||RG||AS
|8922|| ||
|-
|8023|| ||
|8123||TD||KA
|8223||ID||MP
|8323|| ||
|8423||TN||UE
|8523|| ||
|8623|| ||
|8723|| ||
|8823||VF||MP
|8923||TN||UW
|-
|8024|| ||
|8124||ID||TN
|8224||ID||MP
|8324|| ||
|8424|| ||
|8524|| ||
|8624|| ||
|8724||VF||AS
|8824||RG||RJ
|8924|| ||
|-
|8025|| ||
|8125||TD||AP
|8225||ID||MP
|8325|| ||
|8425||ID||MU
|8525|| ||
|8625|| ||
|8725|| ||
|8825||VD||TN
|8925||MT||CH
|-
|8026|| ||
|8126||AT||UW
|8226||ID||MP
|8326|| ||
|8426||ID||RJ
|8526||AC||TN
|8626|| ||
|8726||ID||UE
|8826||AT||DL
|8926||MT||WB
|-
|8027|| ||
|8127||AT||UE
|8227||ID||BR
|8327|| ||
|8427||AT||PB
|8527||AT||DL
|8627|| ||
|8727|| ||
|8827||AT||MP
|8927||RG||WB
|-
|8028|| ||
|8128||AT||GJ
|8228||ID||BR
|8328||RJ||AP
|8428||AT||TN
|8528||VD||PB
|8628|| ||
|8728||ID||PB
|8828||VD||MU
|8928||RG||MH
|-
|8029|| ||
|8129||AT||KL
|8229||ID||BR
|8329|| ||
|8429|| ||
|8529||VD||HR
|8629|| ||
|8729|| ||PB
|8829|| ||
|8929||RG||HR
|-
|8030||SR||MU
|8130||AT||DL
|8230||RG||KL
|8330||CG||AP
|8430||RG||UW
|8530||VD||GJ
|8630||RJ||UW
|8730|| ||
|8830|| ||
|8930||VF||HR
|-
|8031|| ||
|8131|| ||
|8231||RG||KL
|8331|| ||
|8431||RG||KA
|8531|| ||
|8631|| ||
|8731|| ||
|8831|| ||
|8931|| ||
|-
|8032|| ||
|8132|| ||
|8232||RG||KL
|8332|| ||
|8432||MT||RJ
|8532||TN||UW
|8632|| ||
|8732|| ||
|8832|| ||
|8932|| ||
|-
|8033|| ||
|8133|| ||
|8233||TD||RJ
|8333||TD||RJ
|8433||MT||RJ
|8533||TN||
|8633|| ||
|8733|| ||
|8833|| ||
|8933||ID||UE
|-
|8034|| ||
|8134|| ||
|8234||RG||MP
|8334||VF||KO
|8434||TN||BR
|8534|| ||
|8634|| ||
|8734|| ||
|8834|| ||
|8934|| ||
|-
|8035|| ||
|8135|| ||
|8235||TD||BR
|8335||VF||KO
|8435||ID||MP
|8535|| ||
|8635|| ||
|8735|| ||
|8835|| ||
|8935|| ||
|-
|8036|| ||
|8136||KI||NG
|8236||RG||MP
|8336||VF||KO
|8436||TN||WB
|8536|| ||
|8636|| ||
|8736|| ||
|8836|| ||
|8936|| ||
|-8337||VF||WB
|8037||||
|8137|| ||
|8237|| TD
|| MH
|8337||||
|8437||ID
|| PB
|8537|| ||
|8637||||
|8737||TN||UE
|8837||||
| 8937
|
|
|-
|8038|| ||
|8138|| ||
|8238||VF||GJ
|8338||VF||OR
|8438||TD||TN
|8538||TN||BR
|8638|| ||
|8738|| ||
|8838||RJ ||TN
|8938||ID||UW
|-
|8039|| ||
|8139|| ||
|8239||VF||RJ
|8339||VF||OR
|8439||TD||UW
|8539||TN||BR
|8639||RJ||AP
|8739|| ||
|8839||RJ||MP
|8939||VF||CH
|-
|8040|| ||
|8140||ID||GJ
|8240||RJ||KO
|8340|| ||
|8440|| ||
|8540||TN||BR
|8640|| ||
|8740|| ||
|8840|| ||
|8940||VF||TN
|-
|8041|| ||
|8141||VF||GJ
|8241|| ||
|8341||TN||AP
|8441|| ||
|8541|| ||
|8641|| ||
|8741||ID||RJ
|8841|| ||
|8941|| ||
|-
|8042|| ||
|8142||VF||AP
|8242|| ||
|8342|| ||
|8442|| ||
|8542|| ||
|8642||MT||WB
|8742||ID||DL
|8842|| ||
|8942|| ||
|-
|8043|| ||
|8143||TD||AP
|8243|| ||
|8343|| ||
|8443|| ||
|8543||TN||UE
|8643|| ||
|8743||ID||DL
|8843|| ||
|8943||VF||KL
|-
|8044|| ||
|8144||RG||CH
|8244|| ||
|8344||AC||TN
|8444|| ||
|8544||CG||BR
|8644|| ||
|8744||ID||DL
|8844||LM||MU
|8944|| ||
|-
|8045|| ||
|8145||VF||WB
|8245|| ||
|8345|| ||WB
|8445||TN||UW
|8545|| ||
|8645|| ||
|8745||ID||DL
|8845|| ||
|8945|| ||
|-
|8046|| ||
|8146||AT||PB
|8246|| ||
|8346||ID||WB
|8446||TD||MH
|8546|| ||
|8646|| ||
|8746||SP||KA
|8846|| ||
|8946|| ||
|-
|8047|| ||
|8147||TD||KA
|8247|| ||
|8347||ID||GJ
|8447||VF||DL
|8547||CG||KL
|8647|| ||
|8747||ID||KA
|8847|| ||
|8947||AC||RJ
|-
|8048|| ||
|8148||TD||TN
|8248||RJ||TN
|8348||VF||KO
|8448|| ||
|8548|| ||
|8648|| ||
|8748||ID ||KA
|8848|| ||
|8948||VF||UE
|-
|8049|| ||
|8149||TD||MH
|8249|| ||
|8349||AT||MP
|8449||ID||UW
|8549|| ||
|8649|| ||
|8749|| ||
|8849|| ||
|8949||RJ||RJ
|-
|8050||TD||KA
|8150|| ||
|8250|| ||
|8350|| ||
|8450|| ||
|8550|| ||
|8650||VF||UW
|8750||ID||DL
|8850|| ||
|8950||TD||HR
|-
|8051||VF||BR
|8151||ID||KA
|8251|| ||
|8351|| ||
|8451||AT||MU
|8551||VF||MH
|8651||ID||BR
|8751|| ||
|8851||RJ||DL
|8951||TD||KA
|-
|8052||VF||UE
|8152||ID||KA
|8252||RG||BR
|8352|| ||
|8452|| ||
|8552||VF||MH
|8652||ID||MH
|8752||CG||AP
|8852|| ||
|8952||AT||NE
|-
|8053||VF||HR
|8153|| ||
|8253|| ||
|8353|| ||
|8453||MT||KA
|8553||AC||KA
|8653||AT||WB
|8753|| ||
|8853||AT||UE
|8953||AT||UE
|-
|8054||VF||PB
|8154|| ||
|8254|| ||
|8354|| ||
|8454||AT||MU
|8554|| ||
|8654|| ||
|8754||AT||TN
|8854|| ||
|8954||VF||UE
|-
|8055||RG||MH
|8155|| ||
|8255|| ||
|8355|| ||
|8455|| ||
|8555||RJ||AP
|8655||TD||MU
|8755||AT||UW
|8855||TN||MH
|8955||RG||RJ
|-
|8056||AT||TN
|8156|| ||
|8256|| ||
|8356|| ||
|8456|| ||
|8556|| ||
|8656|| ||
|8756||AT||UE
|8856|| ||
|8956||RG||MH
|-
|8057||ID||UW
|8157||ID||KL
|8257|| ||
|8357||VF||MP
|8457||CG||KL
|8557||VF||PB
|8657||RG||MH
|8757||AT||BR
|8857|| ||
|8957||RG||UE
|-
|8058||ID||RJ
|8158||AT||WB
|8258|| ||
|8358||VF||MP
|8458|| ||
|8558||VF||PB
|8658||AT||OR
|8758||VF||GJ
|8858||TN||UE
|8958||ID||UW
|-
|8059||ID||HR
|8159||AT||WB
|8259|| ||
|8359||VF||MP
|8459||MT||DL
|8559|| ||
|8659|| ||
|8759||AC||WB
|8859||VF||UW
|8959||ID||MP
|-
|8060|| ||
|8160|| ||
|8260||RG||OR
|8360|| ||
|8460||TD||GJ
|8560||AC||RJ
|8660||RJ||KA
|8760||AC||TN
|8860||VF||DL
|8960||TD||UE
|-
|8061|| ||
|8161|| ||
|8261||RG||HP
|8361|| ||
|8461|| ||
|8561||AC||RJ
|8661|| ||
|8761|| ||
|8861||AT||KA
|8961||TD||KO
|-
|8062|| ||
|8162|| ||
|8262||RG||HP
|8362|| ||
|8462|| ||
|8562|| ||
|8662|| ||
|8762||CC||KA
|8862||TN||MH
|8962||TD||MP
|-
|8063|| ||
|8163|| ||
|8263||RG||HP
|8363|| ||
|8463|| ||
|8563|| ||
|8663|| ||
|8763||CG||OR
|8863||TN||BR
|8963|| ||
|-
|8064|| ||
|8164|| ||
|8264||VD||GJ
|8364|| ||
|8464|| ||
|8564|| ||
|8664|| ||
|8764||CG||RJ
|8864|| ||
|8964|| ||
|-
|8065|| ||
|8165|| ||
|8265||TD||UW
|8365|| ||
|8465||ID||AP
|8565||AC||UE
|8665|| ||
|8765||CG||UE
|8865|| ||
|8965||ID||MP
|-
|8066|| ||
|8166|| ||
|8266||TD||UW
|8366|| ||
|8466|| ||
|8566||AC||PB
|8666|| ||
|8766||RC||RJ
|8866||TD||GJ
|8966|| ||
|-
|8067||||
|8167|| ||
|8267||TD||UW
|8367|| ||
|8467||RG||DL
|8567||AC||PB
|8667||RJ||TN
|8767||RG||MU
|8867||TD||KA
|8967||AT||WB
|-
|8068|| ||
|8168|| ||
|8268||VD||MU
|8368||RJ ||DL
|8468||RG||DL
|8568||AC||PB
|8668||RJ|| TN
|8768||VF||WB
|8868|| ||
|8968||AT||PB
|-
|8069|| ||
|8169||RJ||MU
|8269||VD||MP
|8369||RJ||MU
|8469||VF||GJ
|8569||AC||PB
|8669|| ||
|8769||AT||RJ
|8869|| ||
|8969||AT||BR
|-
|8070|| ||
|8170||AT||
|8270||TN||OR
|8370||VF||MP
|8470||RG||DL
|8570|| ||
|8670||AT||WB
|8770||RJ||MP
|8870||AT||TN
|8970||ID||KA
|-
|8071|| ||
|8171||AT||UW
|8271||TN||BR
|8371|| ||
|8471||RG||DL
|8571|| ||
|8671|| ||
|8771|| ||
|8871||TD||MP
|8971||AT||KA
|-
|8072||RJ||TN
|8172|| ||
|8272|| ||
|8372|| ||
|8472|| ||
|8572|| ||
|8672|| ||
|8772|| ||
|8872||ID||PB
|8972||AT||WB
|-
|8073||RJ||KA
|8173|| ||
|8273||TN||UW
|8373|| ||
|8473|| ||
|8573|| ||
|8673|| ||
|8773|| ||
|8873||ID||BR
|8973||AC||TN
|-
|8074||RJ||AP
|8174|| ||
|8274|| ||
|8374||AT||AP
|8474|| ||
|8574||AC||UE
|8674||VF||BR
|8774|| ||
|8874||VF||UE
|8974||AT||NE
|-
|8075|| ||
|8175|| ||
|8275||CG||MH
|8375||VF||DL
|8475|| ||
|8575||AC||NE
|8675||AC||TN
|8775|| ||
|8875||VF||RJ
|8975||ID||MH
|-
|8076|| ||
|8176|| ||
|8276|| ||
|8376||VF||DL
|8476||ID||UW
|8576|| ||
|8676||VF||BR
|8776|| ||
|8876||VF||AS
|8976||TD||MH
|-
|8077||RJ||UW
|8177||TN||MH
|8277||CG||KA
|8377||VF||DL
|8477|| ||
|8577||ID||UW
|8677||VF||BR
|8777|| RJ
| WB
|8877||VF||BR
|8977||TD||AP
|-
|8078|| ||
|8178||RJ ||DL
|8278|| ||
|8378||ID||MH
|8478|| ||
|8578||ID||BR
|8678||VF||BR
|8778||RJ||TN
|8878||VF||MP
|8978||AT||AP
|-
|8079|| ||
|8179||AT||AP
|8279||RJ||UW
|8379||ID||MH
|8479|| ||
|8579||ID||BR
|8679||AC||HP
|8779|| ||
|8879||VF||MU
|8979||AT||UW
|-
|8080||RG||MU
|8180||TN||MH
|8280||CG||OR
|8380|| ||
|8480|| ||
|8580|| ||
|8680||ID||TN
|8780|| ||
|8880||RG||KA
|8980||VF||GJ
|-
|8081||RG||UE
|8181||AC||UE
|8281||CG||KL
|8381|| ||
|8481|| ||
|8581|| ||
|8681||ID||TN
|8781|| ||
|8881||RG||UW
|8981||TD||KO
|-
|8082||LM||MU
|8182|| ||
|8282|| ||
|8382|| ||
|8482|| ||
|8582||AT||KO
|8682||ID||TN
|8782|| ||
|8882||RG||DL
|8982||TD||MP
|-
|8083||AC||BR
|8183|| ||
|8283||AT||PB
|8383||TN||MU
|8483||TN||MH
|8583||AT||KO
|8683||ID ||HR
|8783|| ||
|8883||AC||TN
|8983||TD||MH
|-
|8084||AT||BR
|8184|| ||
|8284||AT||PB
|8384|| ||
|8484||TN||MH
|8584||AT||KO
|8684|| ||
|8784|| ||
|8884||VF||KA
|8984||TD||OR
|-
|8085||AT||MP
|8185||ID||AP
|8285||AC||DL
|8385|| ||
|8485||TN||MH
|8585||VF||DL
|8685||VF||DL
|8785|| ||
|8885||TD||AP
|8985||CG||AP
|-
|8086||VF||KL
|8186|| ||
|8286||AC||MU
|8386||AC||RJ
|8486||VF||AS
|8586||VF||DL
|8686||AC||AP
|8786||SR||MH
|8886||VF||AP
|8986||CG||BR
|-
|8087||TD||MH
|8187|| ||
|8287||RG||DL
|8387|| ||
|8487||TN||GJ
|8587||VF||DL
|8687||RG||UE
|8787||SR||MH
|8887|| ||
|8987||CG||BR
|-
|8088||RG||KA
|8188|| ||
|8288||AT||PB
|8388|| ||
|8488|| ||
|8588||VF||DL
|8688||RG||AP
|8788|| ||
|8888||ID||MH
|8988||CG||HP
|-
|8089||TD||KL
|8189|| ||
|8289||AT||PB
|8389|| ||
|8489||VF||TN
|8589|| ||
|8689|| ||
|8789|| ||
|8889||ID||MP
|8989||CG||MP
|-
|8090||TD||UE
|8190|| ||
|8290||AT||RJ
|8390||VF||MH
|8490|| ||
|8590||RG||KL
|8690||RG||GJ
|8790||AT||AP
|8890||AT||RJ
|8990||CG||MP
|-
|8091||TD||HP
|8191||ID||UW
|8291||TN||MU
|8391|| ||
|8491|| ||
|8591||RG||PB
|8691|| ||
|8791||TD||UW
|8891||TD||KL
|8991||CG||MH
|-
|8092||TD||BR
|8192|| ||
|8292||AT||BR
|8392|| ||
|8492||AT||JK
|8592|| ||
|8692|| ||
|8792||T24||KA
|8892||AC||KA
|8992||CG||PB
|-
|8093||TD||OR
|8193|| ||
|8293||TD||WB
|8393|| ||
|8493|| ||
|8593|| ||
|8693|| ||
|8793||TD||MH
|8893||RG||KL
|8993||CG||RJ
|-
|8094||VF||RJ
|8194||ID||PB
|8294||AT||BR
|8394|| ||
|8494|| ||
|8594|| ||
|8694|| ||
|8794||VF||NE
|8894||AT||HP
|8994||CG||TN
|-
|8095||VF||KA
|8195||ID||PB
|8295||AT||HR
|8395|| ||
|8495|| ||
|8595||RC||DL
|8695||RG||TN
|8795||VF||UE
|8895||CG||OR
|8995||CG||UW
|-
|8096||ID||AP
|8196||ID||PB
|8296||TD||KO
|8396|| ||
|8496||ID || KA
|8596|| ||
|8696||VF||RJ
|8796||AC||MH
|8896||AC||UE
|8996||CG||UW
|-
|8097||TD||MU
|8197||AT||KA
|8297||VF||AP
|8397|| ||
|8497||ID ||KA
|8597|| ||
|8697||VF||KO
|8797||TD||BR
|8897||AT||AP
|8997||AT||RJ
|-
|8098||VF||TN
|8198||ID||PB
|8298||VF||BR
|8398|| ||
|8498|| ||
|8598|| ||
|8698||VF||MH
|8798||RC||WB
|8898||AC||MU
|8998|| ||
|-
|8099||RG||AP
|8199|| ||
|8299||RJ||UE
|8399|| ||
|8499||ID||MU
|8599||VF||OR
|8699||TD||PB
|8799||RC||UE
|8899||RG||UW
|8999||AT||MU
|}

==7xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 7xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|70 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|71 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|72 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|73 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|74 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|75 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|76 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|77 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|78 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|79 Series
|-
|7000||RJ||MP
|7100||VD||HR
|7200||TD||TN
|7300|| ||
|7400||VD||HR
|7500||ID||UW
|7600||AT||GJ
|7700|| ||
|7800||VF||UE
|7900||VD||HR
|-
|7001||RJ||WB
|7101|| ||
|7201|| ||
|7301||AC||BR
|7401||AC||TN
|7501||TD||WB
|7601|| ||
|7701|| ||
|7801|| ||
|7901|| ||
|-
|7002||RJ||AS
|7102|| ||
|7202|| ||
|7302|| ||
|7402|| ||
|7502||AC||TN
|7602||AT||WB
|7702||AT||AP
|7802|| ||
|7902|| ||
|-
|7003||RJ||KO
|7103||RG||MH
|7203|| ||
|7303||RG||MH
|7403|| ||
|7503||AC||DL
|7603|| ||
|7703|| ||
|7803|| ||
|7903||RJ||BR
|-
|7004||RJ||BR
|7104|| ||
|7204||TD||KA
|7304||RG||MH
|7404||TD||HR
|7504|| ||
|7604|| ||
|7704|| ||
|7804|| ||
|7904||RJ||TN
|-
|7005||RJ||NE
|7105|| ||
|7205|| ||
|7305||RG||TN
|7405|| ||
|7505||RG||UE
|7605|| ||
|7705|| ||
|7805|| ||
|7905|| ||
|-
|7006||RJ||JK
|7106|| ||
|7206||TD||HR
|7306||RG||AP
|7406||VF||KA
|7506||VF||MU
|7606|| ||
|7706|| ||
|7806|| ||
|7906||RJ||UW
|-
|7007||RJ||UE
|7107|| ||
|7207||TD||AP
|7307||RG||PB
|7407||VF||WB
|7507||VF||MH
|7607||AT||UE
|7707|| ||
|7807||AT||HP
|7907||AT||MP
|-
|7008||RJ||OR
|7108|| ||
|7208||TD||MU
|7308||RG||NE
|7408||VF||UE
|7508||VF||PB
|7608|| ||
|7708||AT||TN
|7808||VF||BR
|7908|| ||
|-
|7009||RJ||PB
|7109|| ||
|7209||TD||BR
|7309||ID||UE
|7409||VF||UW
|7509||ID||AP
|7609||VF||UW
|7709||AT||MH
|7809||AC||OR
|7909|| ||
|-
|7010||RJ||TN
|7110|| ||
|7210||AC ||DL
|7310|| ||
|7410|| ||
|7510|| ||
|7610|| ||
|7710||AT||MU
|7810||AC||TN
|7910|| ||
|-
|7011||RJ||DL
|7111|| ||GJ
|7211|| ||
|7311|| ||
|7411||TD||KA
|7511|| ||
|7611|| ||
|7711|| ||GJ
|7811|| ||
|7911|| ||
|-
|7012||RJ||KL
|7112|| ||
|7212|| ||
|7312|| ||
|7412|| ||
|7512|| ||
|7612|| ||MP
|7712|| ||
|7812|| ||
|7912|| ||
|-
|7013||RJ||AP
|7113|| ||
|7213|| ||
|7313|| ||
|7413|| ||
|7513|| ||
|7613|| ||
|7713|| ||
|7813||RG||KA
|7913|| ||
|-
|7014||RJ||RJ
|7114|| ||
|7214|| ||
|7314|| ||
|7414|| ||
|7514|| ||
|7614|| ||
|7714|| ||
|7814||RG||PB
|7914|| ||
|-
|7015||RJ||HR
|7115|| ||
|7215|| ||
|7315|| ||
|7415||TD||MP
|7515|| ||
|7615|| ||
|7715|| ||
|7815|| ||
|7915|| ||
|-
|7016||RJ||GJ
|7116|| ||
|7216|| ||
|7316|| ||
|7416||TD||AP
|7516|| ||
|7616|| ||
|7716|| ||
|7816|| ||
|7916|| ||
|-
|7017||RJ||UW
|7117|| ||
|7217|| ||
|7317|| ||
|7417||TD||UW
|7517|| ||
|7617||ID||MP
|7717|| ||
|7817||RG||GJ
|7917|| ||
|-
|7018||RJ||HP
|7118|| ||
|7218|| ||
|7318|| ||
|7418||TD||TN
|7518|| ||
|7618|| ||
|7718||AT||MU
|7818|| ||
|7918|| ||
|-
|7019||RJ||KA
|7119|| ||
|7219||AT||MH
|7319||AT||BR
|7419||RC||MH
|7519|| ||
|7619|| ||
|7719||ID||MH
|7819|| ||
|7919|| ||
|-
|7020||RJ||MH
|7120|| ||
|7220|| ||
|7320|| ||
|7420|| ||
|7520||RC||UW
|7620||RG||MH
|7720|| ||
|7820|| ||
|7920|| ||
|-
|7021||RJ||MU
|7121|| ||
|7221|| ||
|7321|| ||
|7421|| ||
|7521|| ||
|7621|| ||
|7721|| ||
|7821|| ||
|7921|| ||
|-
|7022||AT||KA
|7122|| ||
|7222|| ||GJ
|7322||ID||BR
|7422|| ||
|7522|| ||
|7622|| ||
|7722|| ||GJ
|7822|| ||
|7922|| ||
|-
|7023||AT||RJ
|7123|| ||
|7223|| ||
|7323||ID||BR
|7423|| ||
|7523|| ||
|7623|| ||
|7723|| ||
|7823|| ||
|7923|| ||
|-
|7024||AT||MP
|7124|| ||
|7224|| ||
|7324||ID||BR
|7424|| ||
|7524|| ||
|7624|| ||
|7724|| ||
|7824|| ||
|7924|| ||
|-
|7025||ID||KL
|7125|| ||
|7225|| ||
|7325|| ||
|7425|| ||
|7525|| ||
|7625|| ||
|7725|| ||
|7825|| ||
|7925|| ||
|-
|7026||ID||KA
|7126|| ||
|7226|| ||
|7326|| ||
|7426|| ||
|7526|| ||
|7626|| ||
|7726|| ||
|7826|| ||
|7926|| ||
|-
|7027||VF||HR
|7127|| ||
|7227|| ||
|7327|| ||
|7427|| ||
|7527|| ||
|7627|| ||
|7727||AT ||RJ
|7827||RG||DL
|7927|| ||
|-
|7028||AT||MH
|7128|| ||
|7228|| ||
|7328|| ||
|7428||RC||DL
|7528|| ||
|7628|| ||
|7728|| ||
|7828||RG||MP
|7928|| ||
|-
|7029|| ||
|7129|| ||
|7229||VF||RJ
|7329|| ||
|7429||RC||KL
|7529|| ||
|7629|| ||
|7729|| ||
|7829||VF||KA
|7929|| ||
|-
|7030||VF||MH
|7130|| ||
|7230|| ||
|7330|| ||
|7430|| ||
|7530||AC||DL
|7630|| ||
|7730|| ||
|7830||VF||UW
|7930||RC||MH
|-
|7031||AC||WB
|7131|| ||
|7231|| ||
|7331|| ||
|7431|| ||
|7531||AC||DL
|7631||VF||BR
|7731||ID||AP
|7831|| ||
|7931|| ||
|-
|7032||AT||AP
|7132|| ||
|7232|| ||
|7332|| ||
|7432|| ||
|7532||AC||DL
|7632|| ||
|7732|| ||
|7832|| ||
|7932|| ||
|-
|7033||AT||BR
|7133|| ||
|7233|| ||
|7333|| ||GJ
|7433|| ||
|7533||AC||DL
|7633|| ||
|7733|| ||GJ
|7833||VF||HP
|7933|| ||
|-
|7034||VF||KL
|7134|| ||
|7234|| ||
|7334|| ||
|7434|| ||
|7534|| ||
|7634|| ||
|7734|| ||
|7834||ID||DL
|7934|| ||
|-
|7035||AC||AS
|7135|| ||
|7235|| ||
|7335|| ||
|7435|| ||
|7535|| ||
|7635|| ||
|7735||RG||OR
|7835||ID||DL
|7935|| ||
|-
|7036||ID||AP
|7136|| ||
|7236|| ||
|7336|| ||
|7436|| ||
|7536|| ||
|7636|| AT
|AS
|7736||TD||KL
|7836||ID||DL
|7936|| ||
|-
|7037||TN||UW
|7137|| ||
|7237||ID||UE
|7337|| ||
|7437|| ||
|7537|| ||
|7637|| ||
|7737||TD||RJ
|7837||VF||PB
|7937|| ||
|-
|7038||ID||MH
|7138|| ||
|7238|| ||
|7338|| ||
|7438|| ||
|7538|| ||
|7638|| ||
|7738||AT||MU
|7838||VF||DL
|7938|| ||
|-
|7039||ID||MU
|7139|| ||
|7239|| ||
|7339|| ||
|7439||RC||KO
|7539|| ||
|7639||VF||TN
|7739||AT||BR
|7839||CG||UE
|7939|| ||
|-
|7040||AC||MH
|7140|| ||
|7240|| ||
|7340||AT||RJ
|7440|| ||
|7540||AT||TN
|7640|| ||
|7740|| ||
|7840||ID||DL
|7940|| ||
|-
|7041||TN||GJ
|7141|| ||
|7241|| ||
|7341|| ||
|7441|| ||
|7541|| ||
|7641|| ||
|7741||ID||MH
|7841|| ||
|7941|| ||
|-
|7042||AT||DL
|7142|| ||
|7242|| ||
|7342|| ||
|7442|| ||
|7542|| ||
|7642|| ||
|7742||AT||RJ
|7842||VG||AP
|7942|| ||
|-
|7043||AT||GJ
|7143|| ||
|7243|| ||
|7343|| ||
|7443|| ||
|7543||AT||BR
|7643|| ||
|7743|| ||
|7843||AC||UE
|7943|| ||
|-
|7044||AT||KO
|7144|| ||
|7244|| ||
|7344|| ||
|7444|| ||
|7544||VF||BR
|7644|| ||
|7744|| ||
|7844||AC||UE
|7944|| ||
|-
|7045||VF||MU
|7145|| ||
|7245|| ||
|7345|| ||
|7445|| ||
|7545||VF||BR
|7645|| ||
|7745||ID||MH
|7845||TD||TN
|7945|| ||
|-
|7046||ID||GJ
|7146|| ||
|7246|| ||
|7346|| ||
|7446||VF||
|7546||VF||BR
|7646|| ||
|7746|| ||
|7846||RG||KA
|7946|| ||
|-
|7047||VD||MP
|7147|| ||
|7247|| ||
|7347||AT||PB
|7447|| ||
|7547||VF||BR
|7647|| ||
|7747|| ||
|7847|| ||
|7947|| ||
|-
|7048||TD||GJ
|7148|| ||
|7248|| ||
|7348|| ||
|7448|| ||
|7548|| ||
|7648|| ||
|7748|| ||
|7848|| ||
|7948|| ||
|-
|7049||ID||MP
|7149|| ||
|7249|| ||
|7349||VF||BR
|7449|| ||
|7549||VF||BR
|7649|| ||
|7749|| ||
|7849||RG||KA
|7949|| ||
|-
|7050||TN||BR
|7150|| ||
|7250||AT||BR
|7350||ID||MH
|7450||ID||KO
|7550||VF||KO
|7650|| ||
|7750|| ||
|7850|| ||
|7950|| ||
|-
|7051||AT||JK
|7151|| ||
|7251|| ||
|7351||ID||UW
|7451|| ||
|7551|| ||
|7651|| ||
|7751|| ||
|7851|| ||
|7951|| ||
|-
|7052||ID||UE
|7152|| ||
|7252|| ||
|7352||ID||BR
|7452|| ||
|7552|| ||
|7652|| ||
|7752|| ||
|7852|| ||
|7952|| ||
|-
|7053||AC||DL
|7153|| ||
|7253|| ||
|7353||ID||KA
|7453|| ||
|7553|| ||
|7653|| ||
|7753|| ||
|7853|| ||
|7953|| ||
|-
|7054||AT||UE
|7154|| ||
|7254||ID||BR
|7354||ID||MP
|7454|| ||
|7554|| ||
|7654||ID||BR
|7754||AT||UE
|7854|| ||
|7954|| ||
|-
|7055||ID||UW
|7155|| ||
|7255||ID||BR
|7355||VD||PB
|7455|| ||
|7555|| ||
|7655|| ||
|7755||AT||UE
|7855|| ||
|7955|| ||
|-
|7056||ID||HR
|7156|| ||
|7256||ID||BR
|7356||AT||KL
|7456|| ||
|7556|| ||
|7656|| ||
|7756||AT||MH
|7856|| ||
|7956|| ||
|-
|7057||ID||MH
|7157|| ||
|7257||ID||BR
|7357||VD||HR
|7457|| ||
|7557|| ||
|7657|| ||
|7757|| ||
|7857|| ||
|7957|| ||
|-
|7058||TN||MH
|7158|| ||
|7258|| ||
|7358||AT||
|7458|| ||
|7558|| ||
|7658||ID ||AP
|7758|| ||
|7858|| ||
|7958|| ||
|-
|7059||AC||KO
|7159|| ||
|7259||AT||KA
|7359||ID||GJ
|7459|| ||
|7559||ID||KL
|7659||ID||AP
|7759|| ||
|7859||RG||DL
|7959|| ||
|-
|7060||AT||UW
|7160|| ||
|7260|| ||
|7360||VF||BR
|7460|| ||
|7560|| ||
|7660|| ||
|7760||AT||KA
|7860||ID||UE
|7960|| ||
|-
|7061||RG||BR
|7161|| ||
|7261|| ||
|7361||VF||BR
|7461|| ||
|7561|| ||
|7661|| ||
|7761|| ||
|7861||RG|| DL
|7961||TD||
|-
|7062||AC||RJ
|7162|| ||
|7262||VF ||MH
|7362||VF||BR
|7462|| ||
|7562||ID||BR
|7662|| ||
|7762||AT||BR
|7862||RG||DL
|7962|| ||
|-
|7063||AT||WB
|7163|| ||
|7263|| ||
|7363|| ||
|7463||AT||BR
|7563||ID||BR
|7663|| ||
|7763|| AT
||BR
|7863||RG|| DL
|7963|| ||
|-
|7064||VF||OR
|7164|| ||
|7264|| ||
|7364|| ||
|7464|| ||
|7564||ID||BR
|7664|| ||
|7764|| ||
|7864|| ||
|7964|| ||
|-
|7065||ID||DL
|7165|| ||
|7265|| ||
|7365|| ||
|7465|| ||
|7565|| ||
|7665||VF||RJ
|7765|| ||
|7865|| ||
|7965|| ||
|-
|7066||VF||MH
|7166|| ||
|7266|| ||
|7366|| ||
|7466|| ||
|7566||VF||MP
|7666||RG||MU
|7766|| ||
|7866|| ||
|7966|| ||
|-
|7067||RG||MP
|7167|| ||
|7267|| ||
|7367|| ||
|7467|| ||
|7567||VF||GJ
|7667||RG||CH
|7767|| ||
|7867||SR ||MU
|7967|| ||
|-
|7068||TN||UE
|7168|| ||
|7268|| ||
|7368|| ||
|7468|| ||
|7568||AT||RJ
|7668||RG||UE
|7768||VF||MH
|7868|| ||
|7968|| ||
|-
|7069||VF||GJ
|7169|| ||
|7269|| ||
|7369|| ||
|7469|| ||
|7569||RG||AP
|7669||RG||UW
|7769|| ||
|7869||AT||MP
|7969|| ||
|-
|7070||AT||BR
|7170|| ||
|7270|| ||
|7370||ID||BR
|7470|| ||
|7570||VF||UE
|7670||RG||AP
|7770|| ||GJ
|7870||TN||BR
|7970|| ||
|-
|7071||AC||UE
|7171|| ||GJ
|7271|| ||
|7371|| ||
|7471|| ||
|7571|| ||
|7671|| ||
|7771|| ||GJ
|7871||TN||TN
|7971|| ||
|-
|7072||VF||GJ
|7172|| ||
|7272||AC||UE
|7372|| ||
|7472|| ||
|7572|| ||
|7672|| ||
|7772|| ||GJ
|7872||VF||WB
|7972||RJ || MH
|-
|7073||AT||RJ
|7173|| ||
|7273||AC||BR
|7373||AC||TN
|7473|| ||
|7573|| ||
|7673|| ||
|7773|| ||GJ
|7873||VF||OR
|7973|| ||
|-
|7074||ID||WB
|7174|| ||
|7274|| ||
|7374|| ||
|7474||VF||GJ
|7574|| ||
|7674|| ||
|7774||ID||MH
|7874||VF||GJ
|7974|| ||
|-
|7075||UN||AP
|7175|| ||
|7275||TD||UE
|7375|| ||
|7475|| ||
|7575||VF||GJ
|7675|| ||
|7775||ID||MH
|7875||VF||MH
|7975|| ||
|-
|7076||VF||WB
|7176|| ||
|7276||TD||MH
|7376||CG||UE
|7476|| ||
|7576|| ||
|7676||RG||KA
|7776|| ||GJ
|7876||RG||HR
|7976||RJ ||RJ
|-
|7077||AT||OR
|7177|| ||
|7277||AC||BR
|7377||ID||OR
|7477|| ||
|7577||VF||AS
|7677||RG||BR
|7777||TN||GJ
|7877||RG||RJ
|7977||RJ||MU
|-
|7078||UN||UW
|7178|| ||
|7278||AC||KO
|7378|| ||
|7478|| ||
|7578|| ||
|7678||ID||UE
|7778||UN||GJ
|7878||RG||GJ
|7978||RJ ||OR
|-
|7079||ID||BR
|7179|| ||
|7279|| ||
|7379||VF||UE
|7479|| ||

|7579||CG||UW
|7679||RG||WB
|7779||UN||GJ
|7879||RG||MP
|7979||RJ||BR
|-
|7080||AT||UE
|7180|| ||
|7280||VF||BR
|7380|| ||
|7480|| ||
|7580|| ||
|7680|| ||
|7780|| ||
|7880||AT ||UE
|7980||RJ||KO
|-
|7081||VF||UE
|7181|| ||
|7281||VF||BR
|7381||VF||OR
|7481|| ||
|7581|| ||
|7681|| ||
|7781|| ||
|7881|| ||
|7981|| ||
|-
|7082||AT||HR
|7182|| ||
|7282||VF||BR
|7382||CG||AP
|7482|| ||
|7582|| ||
|7682|| ||
|7782|| ||
|7882|| ||
|7982||RJ||DL
|-
|7083||ID||MH
|7183|| ||
|7283||VF||BR
|7383||UN||GJ
|7483||RC||KA
|7583|| ||
|7683|| ||
|7783|| ||
|7883|| ||
|7983|| ||
|-
|7084||ID||UE
|7184|| ||
|7284|| ||
|7384||UN||WB
|7484|| ||
|7584|| ||
|7684|| ||
|7784||AC||UE
|7884|| ||
|7984||RJ||GJ
|-
|7085||AT||NE
|7185|| ||
|7285|| ||
|7385||UN||MH
|7485|| ||
|7585||AT||WB
|7685|| ||
|7785|| ||
|7885|| ||
|7985|| ||
|-
|7086||AT||AS
|7186|| ||
|7286|| ||
|7386||UN||AP
|7486|| ||
|7586|| ||
|7686|| ||
|7786||AC||UE
|7886|| ||
|7986|| ||
|-
|7087||AT||PB
|7187|| ||
|7287|| ||
|7387||AT||MH
|7487|| ||
|7587||CG||MP
|7687||AC||KO
|7787|| ||
|7887|| ||
|7987|| ||
|-
|7088||ID||UW
|7188|| ||
|7288|| ||
|7388||AT||UE
|7488||RC||BR
|7588||CG||MH
|7688|| ||
|7788|| ||GJ
|7888|| ||
|7988|| ||
|-
|7089||ID||MP
|7189|| ||
|7289||VF ||DL
|7389||AT||MP
|7489||RC||MP
|7589||CG||PB
|7689|| ||
|7789|| ||
|7889|| ||
|7989||RJ||AP
|-
|7090||ID||KA
|7190|| ||
|7290||VF ||DL
|7390|| ||
|7490||AT ||GJ
|7590|| ||
|7690|| ||
|7790||AC||RJ
|7890||ID||KO
|7990||RJ||MU
|-
|7091||AT||BR
|7191|| ||
|7291||VF ||DL
|7391|| ||
|7491||ID||BR
|7591|| ||
|7691|| ||
|7791|| ||
|7891||ID||RJ
|7991||RJ||BR
|-
|7092||ID||TN
|7192|| ||
|7292||VF ||DL
|7392|| ||
|7492|| ||
|7592|| ||
|7692|| ||
|7792|| ||
|7892||RJ ||KA
|7992|| ||
|-
|7093||AT||AP
|7193|| ||
|7293||AC||KL
|7393|| ||
|7493||ID||BR
|7593|| ||
|7693|| ||
|7793|| ||
|7893||AT||AP
|7993|| ||
|-
|7094||VF||TN
|7194|| ||
|7294|| ||
|7394|| ||
|7494||ID||BR
|7594|| ||
|7694|| ||
|7794||UN||AP
|7894||AT||OR
|7994|| ||
|-
|7095||ID||AP
|7195|| ||
|7295|| ||
|7395|| ||
|7495|| ||
|7595|| ||
|7695|| ||
|7795||TD||KA
|7895||AT||UW
|7995||AT||AP
|-
|7096||ID||GJ
|7196|| ||
|7296|| ||
|7396||UN||AP
|7496|| ||
|7596|| ||
|7696||TD||PB
|7796|| ||
|7896||AT||AS
|7996|| ||
|-
|7097||AC||AP
|7197|| ||
|7297|| ||
|7397|| ||
|7497|| ||
|7597||CG||RJ
|7697||ID||MP
|7797||VF||WB
|7897||AT||UE
|7997||ID||AP
|-
|7098||AC||WB
|7198|| ||
|7298||AC||JK
|7398||UN||UE
|7498||RC||MU
|7598||CG||TN
|7698||ID||GJ
|7798||VF||MH
|7898||AT||MP
|7998|| ||
|-
|7099||TN||AS
|7199|| ||
|7299||AC||CH
|7399||AC||AS
|7499||RC||UE
|7599||CG||UW
|7699||ID||WB
|7799||VF||AP

|7899||AT||KA
|7999|| ||GJ
|}

==See also==
*[[Telephone numbers in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/numbering_plan/numberplanindex.htm Cellular numbering and network codes] from National Numbering Plan, Department of Telecommunications, Government of India {{dead link|date=January 2015}}
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/access-services/allotment-msc-codes Allocation (allotment) of new mobile number series (MSC codes)] from National Numbering Plan, Department of Telecommunications, Government of India
{{Telephone numbers in Asia}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Telephone Numbering In India}}
[[Category:Telephone numbers by country|India]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:Telephone numbers in India| ]]
[[Category:Mobile phone industry in India]]

Mobile telephone numbering in India

2017-07-19T18:30:09Z

Soft coder: /* 6xxx Series */ these series were revoked by dot via this notification http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/574%20DOT%20to%20RJIL%20corrigendum%20on%20MSC%20codes%20allocated%20to%20RJIL%2017.02.2017_0.pdf?download=1

All mobile numbers in India starts with '''9''', '''8''', '''7''' or '''6''', this includes [[pager]] services, but the use of pagers is on the decline. Each [[telecom circle]] is allowed to have multiple private operators, earlier it was 2 private + BSNL/MTNL, subsequently it changed to 3 private + BSNL/MTNL in GSM, now each telecom circle has more than 10 operators including BSNL/MTNL.

All mobile phone numbers are 10 digits long. The way to split the numbers is defined in the National Numbering Plan 2003 as XXXX-NNNNNN where ''XXXX'' indicates the [[Mobile network operators of India|network operator]] and [[telecom circle]], and ''NNNNNN'' is the subscriber numbers.

==Telecom circles==

The Department of Telecommunications has divided [[India]] into various [[telecom circle]]s such that within each circle, the call is treated as a local call, while across zones, it becomes a long-distance call. A telecom circle is normally the entire [[States of India|state]], with a few exceptions like [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] (which are different zones than their respective states), [[Goa]] (which is a part of the [[Maharashtra]] zone), [[Chhattisgarh]] (which is part of [[Madhya Pradesh]]), [[Sikkim]] (which is part of [[West Bengal]]) [[Jharkhand]] (which is a part of the [[Bihar]] zone) or [[Uttar Pradesh]] (divided into multiple zones). [[Delhi]] is a unique circle because it includes towns from [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] as well. Recent formation of the new state of [[Telangana]] has been separated from [[Andhra Pradesh]] state which will still remain in the same circle.

From May 20, 2005, calls between
* Mumbai Metro and Maharashtra Telecom Circle,
* Chennai Metro and Tamil Nadu Telecom Circle,
* Uttar Pradesh (East) and Uttar Pradesh (West) Telecom Circle Service Areas
are merged in Inter service area connectate in the above-mentioned four States would be treated as intra-service area call for the purposes of routing as well as Access Deficit Charges (ADC). The dialing procedure for calls within a State for these States would also be simplified i.e. dialling of mobile-to mobile subscribers and fixed-to-mobile subscribers would be without prefixing '0'.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080229122841/http://www.dot.gov.in/basic/Notification_20May.doc DoT Notice]{{Full citation needed|date=February 2011}}</ref>

At present, there are 22 [[telecom circle]]s or service areas. They are classified into 4 categories: Metro, A, B, C. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata fall under Metro category. Chennai service area doesn't come under Metro category, as it has been a part of Tamil Nadu service circle since 2007.<ref>[http://www.indiacallinginfo.com/india-telecom-circles India calling info]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Circle name
!Code
!Category<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Telecom_Circle|title=Telecom Circle|website=www.wikinvest.com|access-date=2016-09-09}}</ref>
!Geographic area(s) covered
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|AP
|A
|State of [[Andhra Pradesh]], State of [[Telangana]] and [[Yanam district]]
|-
|Assam
|AS
|C
|State of [[Assam]]
|-
|Bihar
|BR
|C
|State of [[Bihar]] and State of [[Jharkhand]]
|- style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4"
|''Chennai''
|''CH''
|''Metro''
| ''[[Chennai]] (Chennai circle merged with Tamil Nadu circle in 2005)''
|-
|Delhi
|DL
|Metro
|[[Delhi]], [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]]
|-
|Gujarat
|GJ
|A
|State of [[Gujarat]], [[Daman and Diu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|HP
|C
|State of [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|Haryana
|HR
|B
|State of [[Haryana]] (excluding Faridabad, Gurgaon and [[Panchkula]]).
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir
|JK
|C
|State of [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|Kerala
|KL
|B
|State of [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Mahé district]]
|-
|Karnataka
|KA
|A
|State of [[Karnataka]]
|-
|Kolkata
|KO
|Metro
|[[Kolkata]] (includes parts of [[Howrah]], [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]], North and South 24 Parganas and [[Nadia district|Nadia]] Districts)
|-
|Maharashtra & Goa
|MH
|A
|State of [[Maharashtra]] (excluding [[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]), and State of [[Goa]]
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|MP
|B
|State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and State of [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|Mumbai
|MU
|Metro
|[[Mumbai]], Navi Mumbai and Kalyan
|-
|North East
|NE
|C
|State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], State of [[Meghalaya]], State of [[Mizoram]], State of [[Nagaland]], State of [[Manipur]] and State of [[Tripura]]
|-
|Orissa
|OR
|C
|State of [[Odisha]]
|-
|Punjab
|PB
|B
|State of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Panchkula]]
|-
|Rajasthan
|RJ
|B
|State of [[Rajasthan]]
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|TN
|A
|State of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry district]] and [[Karaikal district]]
|-
|UP (East)
|UE
|B
|[[Uttar Pradesh|Eastern Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|UP (West)
|UW
|B
|Western Uttar Pradesh (excludes Ghaziabad and Noida) and State of [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|West Bengal
|WB
|C
|State of [[West Bengal]] (excluding Kolkata), [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and State of [[Sikkim]]
|}

== Network Operators ==
{{Main article|Mobile network operators of India}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Network Operators
|-
! AC
| [[Aircel]]
|-
! AT
| [[Airtel India]]
|-
! CC
| [[BSNL Mobile]] - CDMA
|-
! CG
| [[BSNL Mobile]] - GSM
|-
! DP
| [[MTNL|DOLPHIN]]
|-
! ID
| [[Idea Cellular|Idea]]
|-
! ''LM''
| ''[[Loop Mobile]] (acquired by [[Airtel India]])''
|-
! MT
| [[MTS India]]
|-
! ''PG''
| ''PING CDMA''
|-
! RC
| [[Reliance Mobile]] - CDMA
|-
! RG
| [[Reliance Mobile]] - GSM
|-
! RJ
| Reliance [[Jio]]
|-
! SR
| ''Subrin Rintel''
|-
! TD
| [[Tata DoCoMo]]
|-
! TN
| [[Telenor India]]
|-7398774406

! VF
| [[Vodafone India]]
|-
! ''VD''
| ''Videocon Telecom|Videocon ( Spectrum acquired by [[Airtel India]])''
|}

==9xxx Series==
{{refimprove|date=October 2016}}
*'''Note''':- The mobile numbers and operators are subject to change since [[Mobile number portability]] is available in most circles.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mobilenumbertracker.com/blog/nationwide-mobile-number-portability-goes-live/ | title = Nationwide Mobile Number Portability goes live | publisher=Mobile Number Tracker}}</ref>
*'''Note''':- The Series of BSNL GSM (Cellone) 9473 are available in Bihar (94730 to 94734) and U.P. East (94735 to 94739) Telecom Circle.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 9xxxx series
|-
!colspan=3|90 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|91 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|92 Series [[Tata DoCoMo]]  CDMA
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|93 Series Reliance CDMA
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=2|94 Series [[BSNL Mobile]] 
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|95 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|96 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|97 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|98 Series
!rowspan=500|
!colspan=3|99 Series
|-
|9000||AT||AP
|9100||LM||AP
|9200||MP
|9300||MP
|9400||KL
|9500||AT||TN
|9600||AT||TN
|9700||AC||AP
|9800||AT||WB
|9900||AT||KA
|-
|9001||AT||RJ
|9101||LM||AS
|9201||MP
|9301||MP
|9401||AS
|9501||AT||PB
|9601||AT||GJ
|9701||AT||AP
|9801||AT||BR
|9901||AT||KA
|-
|9002||AT||WB
|9102||LM||BR
|9202||MP
|9302||MP
|9402||NE
|9502||AT||AP
|9602||AT||RJ
|9702||ID||MU
|9802||AC||HR
|9902||AT||KA
|-
|9003||AT||TN
|9103||LM||AP
|9203||MP
|9303||MP
|9403||MH
|9503||AT||MH
|9603||ID||AP
|9703||VF||AP
|9803||AC||PB
|9903||AT||KO
|-
|9004||AT||MU
|9104||TN||GJ
|9204||BR
|9304||BR
|9404||MH
|9504||AC||BR
|9604||ID||MH
|9704||AT||AP
|9804||AC||KO
|9904||ID||GJ
|-
|9005||AT||UE
|9105||LM||HR
|9205||DL
|9305||UE
|9405||MH
|9505||ID||AP
|9605||ID||KL
|9705||ID||AP
|9805||AT||HP
|9905||RG||BR
|-
|9006||AT||BR
|9106||LM||HP
|9206||KA
|9306||JK
|9406||MP
|9506||ID||UE
|9606||RC||NE
|9706||VF||AS
|9806||AC||MP
|9906||AT||JK
|-
|9007||AT||KO
|9107||LM||JK
|9207||KL
|9307||UE
|9407||MP
|9507||ID||BR
|9607||RC||AS
|9707||RG||AS
|9807||AC||UE
|9907||RG||MP
|-
|9008||AT||KA
|9108||LM||KA
|9208||UE
|9308||BR
|9408||GJ
|9508||RG||AS
|9608||RG||BR
|9708||ID||BR
|9808||AC||UW
|9908||AT||AP
|-
|9009||ID||MP
|9109||LM||KL
|9209||MH
|9309||RJ
|9409||GJ
|9509||RG||RJ
|9609||VF||WB
|9709||VF||BR
|9809||AC||KL
|9909||VF||GJ
|-
|9010||ID||AP
|9110||LM||KO
|9210||DL
|9310||DL
|9410||UW
|9510||RG||GJ
|9610||VF||RJ
|9710||AC||CH
|9810||AT||DL
|9910||AT||DL
|-
|9011||ID||MH
|9111||ID||MP
|9211||DL
|9311||DL
|9411||UW
|9511||ET||MH
|9611||AT||KA
|9711||VF||DL
|9811||VF||DL
|9911||ID||DL
|-
|9012||ID||UW
|9112||LM||MH
|9212||DL
|9312||DL
|9412||UW
|9512||VF||GJ
|9612||AT||NE
|9712||VF||GJ
|9812||ID||HR
|9912||ID||AP
|-
|9013||DP||DL
|9113||LM||NE
|9213||DL
|9313||DL
|9413||RJ
|9513||CG||KA
|9613||AC||AS
|9713||VF||MP
|9813||VF||HR
|9913||VF||GJ
|-
|9014||RG||AP
|9114||LM||OR
|9214||RJ
|9314||RJ
|9414||RJ
|9514||ET||TN
|9614||AC||WB
|9714||ID||GJ
|9814||ID||PB
|9914||ID||PB
|-
|9015||RG||DL
|9115||LM||PB
|9215||HR
|9315||HR
|9415||UE
|9515||AT||AP
|9615||AC||NE
|9715||AC||TN
|9815||AT||PB
|9915||AT||PB
|-
|9016||RG||GJ
|9116||LM||RJ
|9216||PB
|9316||PB
|9416||HR
|9516||ET||KL
|9616||ID||UE
|9716||AC||DL
|9816||AT||HP
|9916||VF||KA
|-
|9017||RG||HR
|9117||LM||TN
|9217||PB
|9317||PB
|9417||PB
|9517||ET||PB
|9617||ID||MP
|9717||AT||DL
|9817||RG||HP
|9917||ID||UW
|-
|9018||RG||JK
|9118||TN||UE
|9218||HP
|9318||HP
|9418||HP
|9518||ET||HR
|9618||AT||AP
|9718||ID||DL
|9818||AT||DL
|9918||VF||UE
|-
|9019||RG||KA
|9119||LM||UW
|9219||UW
|9319||UW
|9419||JK
|9519||ET||UE
|9619||VF||MU
|9719||VF||UW
|9819||VF||MU
|9919||VF||UE
|-
|9020||RG||KL
|9120||TN||UE
|9220||MU
|9320||MU
|9420||MH
|9520||ET||UW
|9620||VF||KA
|9720||VF||UW
|9820||VF||MU
|9920||VF||MU
|-
|9021||RG||MH
|9121||TN||AS
|9221||MU
|9321||MU
|9421||MH
|9521||ET||RJ
|9621||AT||UE
|9721||VF||UE
|9821||AT||MH
|9921||ID||MH
|-
|9022||RG||MU
|9122||TN||BR
|9222||MU
|9322||MU
|9422||MH
|9522||ET||MP
|9622||AT||JK
|9722||AC||GJ
|9822||ID||MH
|9922||ID||MH
|-
|9023||RG||PB
|9123||TN||NE
|9223||MU
|9323||MU
|9423||MH
|9523||ET||BR
|9623||ID||MH
|9723||ID||GJ
|9823||VF||MH
|9923||VF||MH
|-
|9024||RG||RJ
|9124||TN||OR
|9224||MU
|9324||MU
|9424||MP
|9524||AC||TN
|9624||ID||GJ
|9724||AT||GJ
|9824||ID||GJ
|9924||ID||GJ
|-
|9025||RG||CH
|9125||TN||UE
|9225||MH
|9325||MH
|9425||MP
|9525||ID||BR
|9625||RG||HP
|9725||AT||GJ
|9825||VF||GJ
|9925||VF||GJ
|-
|9026||RG||UE
|9126||TN||WB
|9226||MH
|9326||MH
|9426||GJ
|9526||ID||KL
|9626||VF||TN
|9726||VF||GJ
|9826||ID||MP
|9926||ID||MP
|-
|9027||RG||UW
|9127||ST||AS
|9227||GJ
|9327||GJ
|9427||GJ
|9527||ID||MH
|9627||VF||UW
|9727||VF||GJ
|9827||RG||MP
|9927||ID||UW
|-
|9028||TD||MH
|9128||ID||BR
|9228||GJ
|9328||GJ
|9428||GJ
|9528||RG||UW
|9628||VF||UE
|9728||ID||HR
|9828||VF||RJ
|9928||AT||RJ
|-
|9029||TD||MU
|9129||AT||UE
|9229||MP
|9329||MP
|9429||GJ
|9529||RG||RJ
|9629||AT||TN
|9729||AT||HR
|9829||AT||RJ
|9929||AT||RJ
|-
|9030||TD||AP
|9130||ID||MH
|9230||KO
|9330||KO
|9430||BR
|9530||CG||RJ
|9630||AT||MP
|9730||AT||MH
|9830||VF||KO
|9930||VF||MU
|-
|9031||TD||BR
|9131||ST||NE
|9231||KO
|9331||KO
|9431||BR
|9531||CG||WB
|9631||AT||BR
|9731||AT||KA
|9831||AT||KO
|9931||AT||BR
|-
|9032||TD||AP
|9132||ST||OR
|9232||WB
|9332||WB
|9432||KO
|9532||CG||UE
|9632||AT||KA
|9732||VF||WB
|9832||RG||WB
|9932||AT||WB
|-
|9033||TD||GJ
|9133||MT||AP
|9233||WB
|9333||WB
|9433||KO
|9533||RG||AP
|9633||AT||KL
|9733||VF||WB
|9833||VF||MU
|9933||AT||WB
|-
|9034||TD||HR
|9134||MT||AS
|9234||BR
|9334||BR
|9434||WB
|9534||VF||BR
|9634||AT||UW
|9734||VF||WB
|9834||AT||MP
|9934||AT||BR
|-
|9035||TD||KA
|9135||ID||BR
|9235||UE
|9335||UE
|9435||AS
|9535||AT||KA
|9635||AT||WB
|9735||VF||WB
|9835||RG||BR
|9935||AT||UE
|-
|9036||TD||KA
|9136||MT||DL
|9236||UE
|9336||UE
|9436||NE
|9536||VF||UW
|9636||AT||RJ
|9736||VF||HP
|9836||VF||KO
|9936||AT||UE
|-
|9037||TD||KL
|9137||MT||GJ
|9237||OR
|9337||OR
|9437||OR
|9537||VF||GJ
|9637||VF||MH
|9737||ID||GJ
|9837||ID||UW
|9937||AT||OR
|-
|9038||TD||KO
|9138||MT||HR
|9238||OR
|9338||OR
|9438||OR
|9538||VF||KA
|9638||VF||GJ
|9738||AC||KA
|9838||VF||UE
|9938||AT||OR
|-
|9039||TD||MP
|9139||MT||HP
|9239||KO
|9339||KO
|9439||OR
|9539||VF||KL
|9639||ID||UW
|9739||VF||KA
|9839||VF||UE
|9939||AT||BR
|-
|9040||TD||OR
|9140||MT||JK
|9240||CH
|9340||CH
|9440||AP
|9540||ID||DL
|9640||ID||AP
|9740||AT||KA
|9840||AT||CH
|9940||AT||CH
|-
|9041||TD||PB
|9141||MT||KA
|9241||KA
|9341||KA
|9441||AP
|9541||RG||HR
|9641||RG||WB
|9741||AT||KA
|9841||AC||CH
|9941||AC||CH
|-
|9042||TD||TN
|9142||MT||KL
|9242||KA
|9342||KA
|9442||TN
|9542||ID||AP
|9642||VF||AP
|9742||VF||KA
|9842||AC||TN
|9942||AC||TN
|-
|9043||TD||TN
|9143||MT||KO
|9243||KA
|9343||KA
|9443||TN
|9543||RG||CH
|9643||VF||DL
|9743||ID||KA
|9843||VF||TN
|9943||VF||TN
|-
|9044||TD||UE
|9144||MT||MP
|9244||TN
|9344||TN
|9444||CH
|9544||ID||KL
|9644||ID||MP
|9744||ID||KL
|9844||ID||KA
|9944||AT||TN
|-
|9045||TD||UW
|9145||MT||MH
|9245||TN
|9345||TN
|9445||TN
|9545||VF||MH
|9645||VF||KL
|9745||VF||KL
|9845||AT||KA
|9945||AT||KA
|-
|9046||TD||WB
|9146||MT||MU
|9246||AP
|9346||AP
|9446||KL
|9546||AT||BR
|9646||VF||PB
|9746||AT||KL
|9846||VF||KL
|9946||VF||KL
|-
|9047||VF||TN
|9147||MT||NE
|9247||AP
|9347||AP
|9447||KL
|9547||AT||WB
|9647||VF||WB
|9747||ID||KL
|9847||ID||KL
|9947||ID||KL
|-
|9048||VF||KL
|9148||MT||OR
|9248||AP
|9348||AP
|9448||KA
|9548||RG||UW
|9648||VF||UE
|9748||AT||KO
|9848||ID||AP
|9948||ID||AP
|-
|9049||VF||MH
|9149||MT||PB
|9249||KL
|9349||KL
|9449||KA
|9549||VF||RJ
|9649||VF||RJ
|9749||RG||WB
|9849||AT||AP
|9949||AT||AP
|-
|9050||VF||HR
|9150||MT||CH
|9250||DL
|9350||DL
|9450||UE
|9550||AT||AP
|9650||AT||DL
|9750||AC||TN
|9850||ID||MH
|9950||AT||RJ
|-
|9051||VF||KO
|9151||TD||UE
|9251||RJ
|9351||RJ
|9451||UE
|9551||AC||CH
|9651||AT||UE
|9751||VF||TN
|9851||AC||WB
|9951||ID||AP
|-
|9052||VF||AP
|9152||MT||UW
|9252||RJ
|9352||RJ
|9452||UE
|9552||ID||MH
|9652||AT||AP
|9752||AT||MP
|9852||AC||BR
|9952||AT||TN
|-
|9053||TN||HR
|9153||MT||KO
|9253||HR
|9353||HR
|9453||UE
|9553||ID||AP
|9653||VD||PB
|9753||ID||MP
|9853||AC||OR
|9953||VF||DL
|-
|9054||TN||HP
|9154||TN||AP
|9254||HR
|9354||HR
|9454||UE
|9554||VF||UE
|9654||VF||DL
|9754||ID||MP
|9854||AC||AS
|9954||AT||AS
|-
|9055||TN||JK
|9155||TN||BR
|9255||HR
|9355||HR
|9455||UE
|9555||RG||DL
|9655||VF||TN
|9755||AT||MP
|9855||ID||PB
|9955||AT||BR
|-
|9056||TN||PB
|9156||TN||MH
|9256||PB
|9356||PB
|9456||UW
|9556||AT||OR
|9656||ID||KL
|9756||ID||UW
|9856||AC||NE
|9956||AT||UE
|-
|9057||TN||RJ
|9157||TN||GJ
|9257||PB
|9357||PB
|9457||UW
|9557||AT||UW
|9657||ID||MH
|9757||DP||MU
|9857||VD||HP
|9957||AT||AS
|-
|9058||TN||UW
|9158||VF||MH
|9258||UW
|9358||UW
|9458||UW
|9558||AT||GJ
|9658||AC||OR
|9758||VF||UW
|9858||AC||JK
|9958||AT||DL
|-
|9059||TN||AP
|9159||VF||TN
|9259||UW
|9359||UW
|9459||HP
|9559||AT||UE
|9659||AC||TN
|9759||VF||UW
|9859||AC||AS
|9959||AT||AP
|-
|9060||TN||BR
|9160||VF||AP
|9260||MH
|9360||TN
|9460||RJ
|9560||AT||DL
|9660||AT||RJ
|9760||AT||UW
|9860||AT||MH
|9960||AT||MH
|-
|9061||TN||KL
|9161||VF||UE
|9261||RJ
|9361||TN
|9461||RJ
|9561||AT||MH
|9661||AT||BR
|9761||VF||UW
|9861||RG||OR
|9961||ID||KL
|-
|9062||TN||KO
|9162||AT||BR
|9262||TN
|9362||TN
|9462||RJ
|9562||ID||KL
|9662||AT||GJ
|9762||AC||MH
|9862||AT||NE
|9962||VF||CH
|-
|9063||VD||AP
|9163||AT||KO
|9263||BR
|9363||TN
|9463||PB
|9563||AC||WB
|9663||AT||KA
|9763||ID||MH
|9863||RG||NE
|9963||AT||AP
|-
|9064||VD||AS
|9164||ID||KA
|9264||TN
|9364||TN
|9464||PB
|9564||VF||WB
|9664||LM||MU
|9764||VF||MH
|9864||RG||AS
|9964||ID||KA
|-
|9065||VD||BR
|9165||AT||MP
|9265||MH
|9365||TN
|9465||PB
|9565||VF||UE
|9665||AT||MH
|9765||VF||MH
|9865||AC||TN
|9965||AC||TN
|-
|9066||AC||KA
|9166||AT||RJ
|9266||DL
|9366||TN
|9466||HR
|9566||AT||TN
|9666||ID||AP
|9766||AT||MH
|9866||AT||AP
|9966||VF||AP
|-
|9067||VD||GJ
|9167||VF||MU
|9267||TN
|9367||TN
|9467||HR
|9567||AT||KL
|9667||MT||RJ
|9767||ID||MH
|9867||AT||MU
|9967||AT||MU
|-
|9068||VD||HR
|9168||VF||MH
|9268||DL
|9368||UW
|9468||HR
|9568||ID||UW
|9668||AT||OR
|9768||AC||MU
|9868||DP||DL
|9968||DP||DL
|-
|9069||AC||DL
|9169||AC||UE
|9269||RJ
|9369||UE
|9469||JK
|9569||RG||PB
|9669||ID||MP
|9769||VF||MU
|9869||DP||MU
|9969||DP||MU
|-
|9070||VD||JK
|9170||TN||UE
|9270||MH
|9370||MH
|9470||BR
|9570||VF||BR
|9670||VF||UE
|9770||RG||MP
|9870||LM||MU
|9970||AT||MH
|-
|9071||VD||KA
|9171||TN||CH
|9271||MH
|9371||MH
|9471||BR
|9571||AT||RJ
|9671||VF||HR
|9771||AT||BR
|9871||AT||DL
|9971||AT||DL
|-
|9072||VF||KL
|9172||TN||MU
|9272||MH
|9372||MH
|9472||BR
|9572||AT||BR
|9672||VF||RJ
|9772||VF||RJ
|9872||AT||PB
|9972||AT||KA
|-
|9073||VF||KO
|9173||TN||GJ
|9273||MH
|9373||MH
|9473||BR/UE
|9573||AT||AP
|9673||VF||MH
|9773||LM||MU
|9873||VF||DL
|9973||AT||BR
|-
|9074||VD||MP
|9174||TN||MP
|9274||GJ
|9374||GJ
|9474||WB
|9574||ID||GJ
|9674||VF||KO
|9774||VF||NE
|9874||VF||KO
|9974||AT||GJ
|-
|9075||ID||MH
|9175||TN||MH
|9275||GJ
|9375||GJ
|9475||WB
|9575||ID||MP
|9675||VF||UW
|9775||VF||WB
|9875||MT||RJ
|9975||AT||MH
|-
|9076||VD||MU
|9176||VF||CH
|9276||GJ
|9376||GJ
|9476||WB
|9576||ID||BR
|9676||AT||AP
|9776||VF||OR
|9876||AT||PB
|9976||AC||TN
|-
|9077||VD||NE
|9177||AT||AP
|9277||GJ
|9377||GJ
|9477||KO
|9577||AC||AS
|9677||AT||TN
|9777||AT||OR
|9877||PG||PB
|9977||ID||MP
|-
|9078||VD||OR
|9178||AT||OR
|9278||DL
|9378||WB
|9478||PB
|9578||AC||TN
|9678||AT||AS
|9778||RG||OR
|9878||AT||PB
|9978||VF||GJ
|-
|9079||VD||RJ
|9179||AT||MP
|9279||BR
|9379||KA
|9479||MP
|9579||RC||MH
|9679||AT||WB
|9779||AT||PB
|9879||VF||GJ
|9979||VF||GJ
|-
|9080||VD||TN
|9180||CC||AP
|9280||CH
|9380||CH
|9480||KA
|9580||RG||UE
|9680||AT||RJ
|9780||VF||PB
|9880||AT||KA
|9980||AT||KA
|-
|9081||VD||UE
|9181||CC||AS
|9281||CH
|9381||CH
|9481||KA
|9581||VF||AP
|9681||RG||KO
|9781||ID||PB
|9881||ID||MH
|9981||AT||MP
|-
|9082||VD||UW
|9182||RJ||AP
|9282||CH
|9382||CH
|9482||KA
|9582||VF||DL
|9682||CC||UW
|9782||AC||RJ
|9882||ID||HP
|9982||VF||RJ
|-
|9083||VD||WB
|9183||CC||CH
|9283||CH
|9383||CH
|9483||KA
|9583||VF||OR
|9683||CC||HR
|9783||VF||RJ
|9883||RG||KO
|9983||VF||RJ
|-
|9084||TN||UW
|9184||CC||GJ
|9284||CH
|9384||CH
|9484||JK
|9584||VF||MP
|9684||CC||MH
|9784||AT||RJ
|9884||VF||CH
|9984||VF||UE
|-
|9085||ID||AS
|9185||CC||HP
|9285||CH
|9385||CH
|9485||NE
|9585||VF||TN
|9685||AT||MP
|9785||ID||RJ
|9885||VF||AP
|9985||VF||AP
|-
|9086||ID||JK
|9186||CC||JK
|9286||UW
|9386||BR
|9486||TN
|9586||VF||GJ
|9686||AT||KA
|9786||VF||TN
|9886||VF||KA
|9986||VF||KA
|-
|9087||ID||TN
|9187||CC||KA
|9287||KL
|9387||KL
|9487||TN
|9587||VF||RJ
|9687||VF||GJ
|9787||VF||TN
|9887||ID||RJ
|9987||AT||MU
|-
|9088||ID||KO
|9188||CC||KL
|9288||KL
|9388||KL
|9488||TN
|9588||ET||MU
|9688||AC||TN
|9788||AC||TN
|9888||VF||PB
|9988||VF||PB
|-
|9089||ID||NE
|9189||CC||KO
|9289||DL
|9389||UE
|9489||TN
|9589||AT||MP
|9689||ID||MH
|9789||AT||TN
|9889||ID||UE
|9989||AT||AP
|-
|9090||ID||OR
|9190||CC||MP
|9290||AP
|9390||AP
|9490||AP
|9590||RG||KA
|9690||ID||UW
|9790||AT||TN
|9890||AT||MH
|9990||ID||DL
|-
|9091||ID||WB
|9191||CC||NE
|9291||AP
|9391||AP
|9491||AP
|9591||AT||KA
|9691||RG||MP
|9791||AT||TN
|9891||ID||DL
|9991||VF||HR
|-
|9092||ID||TN
|9192||CC||OR
|9292||AP
|9392||AP
|9492||AP
|9592||ID||PB
|9692||RG||OR
|9792||VF||UE
|9892||AT||MU
|9992||ID||HR
|-
|9093||ID||WB
|9193||CC||PB
|9293||AP
|9393||AP
|9493||AP
|9593||VF||WB
|9693||RG||BR
|9793||AT||UE
|9893||AT||MP
|9993||AT||MP
|-
|9094||AC||CH
|9194||CC||RJ
|9294||AP
|9394||AP
|9494||AP
|9594||ID||MU
|9694||ID||RJ
|9794||AT||UE
|9894||AT||TN
|9994||AT||TN
|-
|9095||AC||TN
|9195||CC||TN
|9295||AP
|9395||AP
|9495||KL
|9595||RG||MH
|9695||AT||UE
|9795||ID||UE
|9895||AT||KL
|9995||AT||KL
|-
|9096||AT||MH
|9196||CC||UE
|9296||AP
|9396||AP
|9496||KL
|9596||AT||JK
|9696||RG||UE
|9796||AT||JK
|9896||AT||HR
|9996||AT||HR
|-
|9097||AC||BR
|9197||CC||WB
|9297||AP
|9397||AP
|9497||KL
|9597||AT||TN
|9697||AC||JK
|9797||AT||JK
|9897||AT||UW
|9997||AT||UW
|-
|9098||RG||MP
|9198||AT||UE
|9298||AP
|9398||AP
|9498||CH
|9598||ID||UE
|9698||AC||TN
|9798||RG||BR
|9898||AT||GJ
|9998||AT||GJ
|-
|9099||VF||GJ
|9199||AT||BR
|9299||AP
|9399||AP
|9499||CH
|9599||AT||DL
|9699||RG||MU
|9799||AT||RJ
|9899||VF||DL
|9999||VF||DL
|}

==8xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 8xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|80 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|81 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|82 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|83 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|84 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|85 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|86 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|87 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|88 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|89 Series
|-
|8000||RG||GJ
|8100||RG||KO
|8200||RJ||GJ
|8300||CG||TN
|8400||AT||UE
|8500||CG||AP
|8600||AT||MH
|8700||RJ||DL
|8800||AT||DL
|8900|| ||
|-
|8001||VF||WB
|8101||RG||WB
|8201|| ||
|8360132091
||BG||KL
|8401||TD||GJ
|8501||ID||AP
|8601||VF||UE
|8701|| ||
|8801||AC||AP
|8901||CG||HR
|-
|8002||AT||BR
|8102||RG||BR
|8202|| ||
|8302||RG||RJ
|8402||VF||AS
|8502||ID||RJ
|8602||TD||MP
|8702|| ||
|8802||AC||DL
|8902||CG||KO
|-
|8003||AT||RJ
|8103||RG||MP
|8203|| ||
|8303||RG||UE
|8403||VF||AS
|8503||ID||RJ
|8603||TD||BR
|8703|| ||
|8803||AC||JK
|8903||CG||TN
|-
|8004||CG||UE
|8104||MT||RJ
|8204|| ||
|8304||BG||KL
|8404||VF||BR
|8504||ID||RJ
|8604||TD||UE
|8704|| ||
|8804||AC||BR
|8904||TD||KA
|-
|8005||CG||UE
|8105||AT||KA
|8205|| ||
|8305||RG||MP
|8405||VF||BR
|8505||ID||DL
|8605||ID||MH
|8705|| ||
|8805||ID||MH
|8905||RG||GJ
|-
|8006||VF||UW
|8106||AT||AP
|8206|| ||
|8306|| ||
|8406||VF||BR
|8506||ID||DL
|8606||ID||KL
|8706|| ||
|8806||VF||MH
|8906||AC||WB
|-
|8007||VF||MH
|8107||AT||RJ
|8207|| ||
|8307||RG||UW
|8407||VF||BR
|8507||AC||BR
|8607||ID||HR
|8707|| ||
|8807||TD||TN
|8907||AC||KL
|-
|8008||AT||AP
|8108||ID||MU
|8208|| ||
|8308||ID||MH
|8408||VF||MH
|8508||AC||TN
|8608||ID||TN
|8708|| ||
|8808||ID||UE
|8908||AC||OR
|-
|8009||AT||UE
|8109||TD||MP
|8209|| ||
|8309||RJ||AP
|8409||TN||BR
|8509||RG||WB
|8609||ID||WB
|8709|| ||
|8809||AT||BR
|8909||AC||UW
|-
|8010||RG ||DL
|8110|| ||
|8210|| ||
|8310|| ||
|8410|| ||
|8510|| ||
|8610||RJ||TN
|8710|| ||
|8810|| ||
|8910||RJ||KO
|-
|8011||AT||AS
|8111||SR||MH
|8211|| ||
|8311|| ||
|8411||VF||MH
|8511||AT||GJ
|8611|| ||
|8711||MS||KA
|8811||AT||AS
|8911|| ||
|-
|8012||AC||TN
|8112||RJ ||RJ
|8212|| ||
|8312|| ||
|8412||VF||MH
|8512||ID||DL
|8612|| ||
|8712||T24||AP
|8812|| ||
|8912|| ||
|-
|8013||AC||KO
|8113|| ||
|8213|| ||
|8313|| ||
|8413|| ||
|8513||ID||WB
|8613|| ||
|8713||VF||JK
|8813||VF||HR
|8913|| ||
|-
|8014||AC||NE
|8114|| ||
|8214|| ||
|8314|| ||
|8414||AT||NE
|8514||ID||WB
|8614|| ||
|8714||TD||KL
|8814||VF||HR
|8914|| ||
|-
|8015||TD||TN
|8115||TN||UE
|8215|| ||
|8315|| ||
|8415|| ||
|8515||ID||WB
|8615|| ||
|8715||VF||JK
|8815|| R||MP
|8915|| ||
|-
|8016||AT||WB
|8116||AT||WB
|8216|| ||
|8316|| ||
|8416|| ||
|8516||VF||MP
|8616|| ||
|8716||VF||JK
|8816||VF||HR
|8916|| ||
|-
|8017||VF||KO
|8117|| ||
|8217|| ||
|8317||VF||UW
|8417|| ||
|8517||VF||MP
|8617|| ||
|8717|| ||
|8817||RG||MP
|8917|| ||
|-
|8018||AT||OR
|8118|| ||
|8218|| ||
|8318||RJ||GJ
|8418|| ||
|8518||VF||MP
|8618|| ||
|8718|| ||
|8818|| ||
|8918|| ||
|-
|8019||TD||AP
|8119||AT||NE
|8219|| ||
|8319|| ||
|8419|| ||
|8519|| ||
|8619|| ||
|8719|| ||
|8819|| ||
|8919||RJ ||AP
|-
|8020||SR ||MU
|8120||ID||MP
|8220||AT||TN
|8320||RJ||DL
|8420|| ||
|8520|| ||
|8620|| ||
|8720|| ||
|8820|| ||
|8920|| RJ|| DL
|-
|8021|| ||
|8121||ID||HR
|8221||ID||HR
|8321|| ||
|8421||TN||MH
|8521||AT||BR
|8621||AC ||KO
|8721|| ||
|8821|| ||
|8921|| ||
|-
|8022|| ||
|8122||TD||TN
|8222||ID||HR
|8322|| ||
|8422|| ||
|8522||TN||AP
|8622||AC ||KO
|8722||ID||KA
|8822||RG||AS
|8922|| ||
|-
|8023|| ||
|8123||TD||KA
|8223||ID||MP
|8323|| ||
|8423||TN||UE
|8523|| ||
|8623|| ||
|8723|| ||
|8823||VF||MP
|8923||TN||UW
|-
|8024|| ||
|8124||ID||TN
|8224||ID||MP
|8324|| ||
|8424|| ||
|8524|| ||
|8624|| ||
|8724||VF||AS
|8824||RG||RJ
|8924|| ||
|-
|8025|| ||
|8125||TD||AP
|8225||ID||MP
|8325|| ||
|8425||ID||MU
|8525|| ||
|8625|| ||
|8725|| ||
|8825||VD||TN
|8925||MT||CH
|-
|8026|| ||
|8126||AT||UW
|8226||ID||MP
|8326|| ||
|8426||ID||RJ
|8526||AC||TN
|8626|| ||
|8726||ID||UE
|8826||AT||DL
|8926||MT||WB
|-
|8027|| ||
|8127||AT||UE
|8227||ID||BR
|8327|| ||
|8427||AT||PB
|8527||AT||DL
|8627|| ||
|8727|| ||
|8827||AT||MP
|8927||RG||WB
|-
|8028|| ||
|8128||AT||GJ
|8228||ID||BR
|8328||RJ||AP
|8428||AT||TN
|8528||VD||PB
|8628|| ||
|8728||ID||PB
|8828||VD||MU
|8928||RG||MH
|-
|8029|| ||
|8129||AT||KL
|8229||ID||BR
|8329|| ||
|8429|| ||
|8529||VD||HR
|8629|| ||
|8729|| ||PB
|8829|| ||
|8929||RG||HR
|-
|8030||SR||MU
|8130||AT||DL
|8230||RG||KL
|8330||CG||AP
|8430||RG||UW
|8530||VD||GJ
|8630||RJ||UW
|8730|| ||
|8830|| ||
|8930||VF||HR
|-
|8031|| ||
|8131|| ||
|8231||RG||KL
|8331|| ||
|8431||RG||KA
|8531|| ||
|8631|| ||
|8731|| ||
|8831|| ||
|8931|| ||
|-
|8032|| ||
|8132|| ||
|8232||RG||KL
|8332|| ||
|8432||MT||RJ
|8532||TN||UW
|8632|| ||
|8732|| ||
|8832|| ||
|8932|| ||
|-
|8033|| ||
|8133|| ||
|8233||TD||RJ
|8333||TD||RJ
|8433||MT||RJ
|8533||TN||
|8633|| ||
|8733|| ||
|8833|| ||
|8933||ID||UE
|-
|8034|| ||
|8134|| ||
|8234||RG||MP
|8334||VF||KO
|8434||TN||BR
|8534|| ||
|8634|| ||
|8734|| ||
|8834|| ||
|8934|| ||
|-
|8035|| ||
|8135|| ||
|8235||TD||BR
|8335||VF||KO
|8435||ID||MP
|8535|| ||
|8635|| ||
|8735|| ||
|8835|| ||
|8935|| ||
|-
|8036|| ||
|8136||KI||NG
|8236||RG||MP
|8336||VF||KO
|8436||TN||WB
|8536|| ||
|8636|| ||
|8736|| ||
|8836|| ||
|8936|| ||
|-8337||VF||WB
|8037||||
|8137|| ||
|8237|| TD
|| MH
|8337||||
|8437||ID
|| PB
|8537|| ||
|8637||||
|8737||TN||UE
|8837||||
| 8937
|
|
|-
|8038|| ||
|8138|| ||
|8238||VF||GJ
|8338||VF||OR
|8438||TD||TN
|8538||TN||BR
|8638|| ||
|8738|| ||
|8838||RJ ||TN
|8938||ID||UW
|-
|8039|| ||
|8139|| ||
|8239||VF||RJ
|8339||VF||OR
|8439||TD||UW
|8539||TN||BR
|8639||RJ||AP
|8739|| ||
|8839||RJ||MP
|8939||VF||CH
|-
|8040|| ||
|8140||ID||GJ
|8240||RJ||KO
|8340|| ||
|8440|| ||
|8540||TN||BR
|8640|| ||
|8740|| ||
|8840|| ||
|8940||VF||TN
|-
|8041|| ||
|8141||VF||GJ
|8241|| ||
|8341||TN||AP
|8441|| ||
|8541|| ||
|8641|| ||
|8741||ID||RJ
|8841|| ||
|8941|| ||
|-
|8042|| ||
|8142||VF||AP
|8242|| ||
|8342|| ||
|8442|| ||
|8542|| ||
|8642||MT||WB
|8742||ID||DL
|8842|| ||
|8942|| ||
|-
|8043|| ||
|8143||TD||AP
|8243|| ||
|8343|| ||
|8443|| ||
|8543||TN||UE
|8643|| ||
|8743||ID||DL
|8843|| ||
|8943||VF||KL
|-
|8044|| ||
|8144||RG||CH
|8244|| ||
|8344||AC||TN
|8444|| ||
|8544||CG||BR
|8644|| ||
|8744||ID||DL
|8844||LM||MU
|8944|| ||
|-
|8045|| ||
|8145||VF||WB
|8245|| ||
|8345|| ||WB
|8445||TN||UW
|8545|| ||
|8645|| ||
|8745||ID||DL
|8845|| ||
|8945|| ||
|-
|8046|| ||
|8146||AT||PB
|8246|| ||
|8346||ID||WB
|8446||TD||MH
|8546|| ||
|8646|| ||
|8746||SP||KA
|8846|| ||
|8946|| ||
|-
|8047|| ||
|8147||TD||KA
|8247|| ||
|8347||ID||GJ
|8447||VF||DL
|8547||CG||KL
|8647|| ||
|8747||ID||KA
|8847|| ||
|8947||AC||RJ
|-
|8048|| ||
|8148||TD||TN
|8248||RJ||TN
|8348||VF||KO
|8448|| ||
|8548|| ||
|8648|| ||
|8748||ID ||KA
|8848|| ||
|8948||VF||UE
|-
|8049|| ||
|8149||TD||MH
|8249|| ||
|8349||AT||MP
|8449||ID||UW
|8549|| ||
|8649|| ||
|8749|| ||
|8849|| ||
|8949||RJ||RJ
|-
|8050||TD||KA
|8150|| ||
|8250|| ||
|8350|| ||
|8450|| ||
|8550|| ||
|8650||VF||UW
|8750||ID||DL
|8850|| ||
|8950||TD||HR
|-
|8051||VF||BR
|8151||ID||KA
|8251|| ||
|8351|| ||
|8451||AT||MU
|8551||VF||MH
|8651||ID||BR
|8751|| ||
|8851||RJ||DL
|8951||TD||KA
|-
|8052||VF||UE
|8152||ID||KA
|8252||RG||BR
|8352|| ||
|8452|| ||
|8552||VF||MH
|8652||ID||MH
|8752||CG||AP
|8852|| ||
|8952||AT||NE
|-
|8053||VF||HR
|8153|| ||
|8253|| ||
|8353|| ||
|8453||MT||KA
|8553||AC||KA
|8653||AT||WB
|8753|| ||
|8853||AT||UE
|8953||AT||UE
|-
|8054||VF||PB
|8154|| ||
|8254|| ||
|8354|| ||
|8454||AT||MU
|8554|| ||
|8654|| ||
|8754||AT||TN
|8854|| ||
|8954||VF||UE
|-
|8055||RG||MH
|8155|| ||
|8255|| ||
|8355|| ||
|8455|| ||
|8555||RJ||AP
|8655||TD||MU
|8755||AT||UW
|8855||TN||MH
|8955||RG||RJ
|-
|8056||AT||TN
|8156|| ||
|8256|| ||
|8356|| ||
|8456|| ||
|8556|| ||
|8656|| ||
|8756||AT||UE
|8856|| ||
|8956||RG||MH
|-
|8057||ID||UW
|8157||ID||KL
|8257|| ||
|8357||VF||MP
|8457||CG||KL
|8557||VF||PB
|8657||RG||MH
|8757||AT||BR
|8857|| ||
|8957||RG||UE
|-
|8058||ID||RJ
|8158||AT||WB
|8258|| ||
|8358||VF||MP
|8458|| ||
|8558||VF||PB
|8658||AT||OR
|8758||VF||GJ
|8858||TN||UE
|8958||ID||UW
|-
|8059||ID||HR
|8159||AT||WB
|8259|| ||
|8359||VF||MP
|8459||MT||DL
|8559|| ||
|8659|| ||
|8759||AC||WB
|8859||VF||UW
|8959||ID||MP
|-
|8060|| ||
|8160|| ||
|8260||RG||OR
|8360|| ||
|8460||TD||GJ
|8560||AC||RJ
|8660||RJ||KA
|8760||AC||TN
|8860||VF||DL
|8960||TD||UE
|-
|8061|| ||
|8161|| ||
|8261||RG||HP
|8361|| ||
|8461|| ||
|8561||AC||RJ
|8661|| ||
|8761|| ||
|8861||AT||KA
|8961||TD||KO
|-
|8062|| ||
|8162|| ||
|8262||RG||HP
|8362|| ||
|8462|| ||
|8562|| ||
|8662|| ||
|8762||CC||KA
|8862||TN||MH
|8962||TD||MP
|-
|8063|| ||
|8163|| ||
|8263||RG||HP
|8363|| ||
|8463|| ||
|8563|| ||
|8663|| ||
|8763||CG||OR
|8863||TN||BR
|8963|| ||
|-
|8064|| ||
|8164|| ||
|8264||VD||GJ
|8364|| ||
|8464|| ||
|8564|| ||
|8664|| ||
|8764||CG||RJ
|8864|| ||
|8964|| ||
|-
|8065|| ||
|8165|| ||
|8265||TD||UW
|8365|| ||
|8465||ID||AP
|8565||AC||UE
|8665|| ||
|8765||CG||UE
|8865|| ||
|8965||ID||MP
|-
|8066|| ||
|8166|| ||
|8266||TD||UW
|8366|| ||
|8466|| ||
|8566||AC||PB
|8666|| ||
|8766||RC||RJ
|8866||TD||GJ
|8966|| ||
|-
|8067||||
|8167|| ||
|8267||TD||UW
|8367|| ||
|8467||RG||DL
|8567||AC||PB
|8667||RJ||TN
|8767||RG||MU
|8867||TD||KA
|8967||AT||WB
|-
|8068|| ||
|8168|| ||
|8268||VD||MU
|8368||RJ ||DL
|8468||RG||DL
|8568||AC||PB
|8668||RJ|| TN
|8768||VF||WB
|8868|| ||
|8968||AT||PB
|-
|8069|| ||
|8169||RJ||MU
|8269||VD||MP
|8369||RJ||MU
|8469||VF||GJ
|8569||AC||PB
|8669|| ||
|8769||AT||RJ
|8869|| ||
|8969||AT||BR
|-
|8070|| ||
|8170||AT||
|8270||TN||OR
|8370||VF||MP
|8470||RG||DL
|8570|| ||
|8670||AT||WB
|8770||RJ||MP
|8870||AT||TN
|8970||ID||KA
|-
|8071|| ||
|8171||AT||UW
|8271||TN||BR
|8371|| ||
|8471||RG||DL
|8571|| ||
|8671|| ||
|8771|| ||
|8871||TD||MP
|8971||AT||KA
|-
|8072||RJ||TN
|8172|| ||
|8272|| ||
|8372|| ||
|8472|| ||
|8572|| ||
|8672|| ||
|8772|| ||
|8872||ID||PB
|8972||AT||WB
|-
|8073||RJ||KA
|8173|| ||
|8273||TN||UW
|8373|| ||
|8473|| ||
|8573|| ||
|8673|| ||
|8773|| ||
|8873||ID||BR
|8973||AC||TN
|-
|8074||RJ||AP
|8174|| ||
|8274|| ||
|8374||AT||AP
|8474|| ||
|8574||AC||UE
|8674||VF||BR
|8774|| ||
|8874||VF||UE
|8974||AT||NE
|-
|8075|| ||
|8175|| ||
|8275||CG||MH
|8375||VF||DL
|8475|| ||
|8575||AC||NE
|8675||AC||TN
|8775|| ||
|8875||VF||RJ
|8975||ID||MH
|-
|8076|| ||
|8176|| ||
|8276|| ||
|8376||VF||DL
|8476||ID||UW
|8576|| ||
|8676||VF||BR
|8776|| ||
|8876||VF||AS
|8976||TD||MH
|-
|8077||RJ||UW
|8177||TN||MH
|8277||CG||KA
|8377||VF||DL
|8477|| ||
|8577||ID||UW
|8677||VF||BR
|8777|| RJ
| WB
|8877||VF||BR
|8977||TD||AP
|-
|8078|| ||
|8178||RJ ||DL
|8278|| ||
|8378||ID||MH
|8478|| ||
|8578||ID||BR
|8678||VF||BR
|8778||RJ||TN
|8878||VF||MP
|8978||AT||AP
|-
|8079|| ||
|8179||AT||AP
|8279||RJ||UW
|8379||ID||MH
|8479|| ||
|8579||ID||BR
|8679||AC||HP
|8779|| ||
|8879||VF||MU
|8979||AT||UW
|-
|8080||RG||MU
|8180||TN||MH
|8280||CG||OR
|8380|| ||
|8480|| ||
|8580|| ||
|8680||ID||TN
|8780|| ||
|8880||RG||KA
|8980||VF||GJ
|-
|8081||RG||UE
|8181||AC||UE
|8281||CG||KL
|8381|| ||
|8481|| ||
|8581|| ||
|8681||ID||TN
|8781|| ||
|8881||RG||UW
|8981||TD||KO
|-
|8082||LM||MU
|8182|| ||
|8282|| ||
|8382|| ||
|8482|| ||
|8582||AT||KO
|8682||ID||TN
|8782|| ||
|8882||RG||DL
|8982||TD||MP
|-
|8083||AC||BR
|8183|| ||
|8283||AT||PB
|8383||TN||MU
|8483||TN||MH
|8583||AT||KO
|8683||ID ||HR
|8783|| ||
|8883||AC||TN
|8983||TD||MH
|-
|8084||AT||BR
|8184|| ||
|8284||AT||PB
|8384|| ||
|8484||TN||MH
|8584||AT||KO
|8684|| ||
|8784|| ||
|8884||VF||KA
|8984||TD||OR
|-
|8085||AT||MP
|8185||ID||AP
|8285||AC||DL
|8385|| ||
|8485||TN||MH
|8585||VF||DL
|8685||VF||DL
|8785|| ||
|8885||TD||AP
|8985||CG||AP
|-
|8086||VF||KL
|8186|| ||
|8286||AC||MU
|8386||AC||RJ
|8486||VF||AS
|8586||VF||DL
|8686||AC||AP
|8786||SR||MH
|8886||VF||AP
|8986||CG||BR
|-
|8087||TD||MH
|8187|| ||
|8287||RG||DL
|8387|| ||
|8487||TN||GJ
|8587||VF||DL
|8687||RG||UE
|8787||SR||MH
|8887|| ||
|8987||CG||BR
|-
|8088||RG||KA
|8188|| ||
|8288||AT||PB
|8388|| ||
|8488|| ||
|8588||VF||DL
|8688||RG||AP
|8788|| ||
|8888||ID||MH
|8988||CG||HP
|-
|8089||TD||KL
|8189|| ||
|8289||AT||PB
|8389|| ||
|8489||VF||TN
|8589|| ||
|8689|| ||
|8789|| ||
|8889||ID||MP
|8989||CG||MP
|-
|8090||TD||UE
|8190|| ||
|8290||AT||RJ
|8390||VF||MH
|8490|| ||
|8590||RG||KL
|8690||RG||GJ
|8790||AT||AP
|8890||AT||RJ
|8990||CG||MP
|-
|8091||TD||HP
|8191||ID||UW
|8291||TN||MU
|8391|| ||
|8491|| ||
|8591||RG||PB
|8691|| ||
|8791||TD||UW
|8891||TD||KL
|8991||CG||MH
|-
|8092||TD||BR
|8192|| ||
|8292||AT||BR
|8392|| ||
|8492||AT||JK
|8592|| ||
|8692|| ||
|8792||T24||KA
|8892||AC||KA
|8992||CG||PB
|-
|8093||TD||OR
|8193|| ||
|8293||TD||WB
|8393|| ||
|8493|| ||
|8593|| ||
|8693|| ||
|8793||TD||MH
|8893||RG||KL
|8993||CG||RJ
|-
|8094||VF||RJ
|8194||ID||PB
|8294||AT||BR
|8394|| ||
|8494|| ||
|8594|| ||
|8694|| ||
|8794||VF||NE
|8894||AT||HP
|8994||CG||TN
|-
|8095||VF||KA
|8195||ID||PB
|8295||AT||HR
|8395|| ||
|8495|| ||
|8595||RC||DL
|8695||RG||TN
|8795||VF||UE
|8895||CG||OR
|8995||CG||UW
|-
|8096||ID||AP
|8196||ID||PB
|8296||TD||KO
|8396|| ||
|8496||ID || KA
|8596|| ||
|8696||VF||RJ
|8796||AC||MH
|8896||AC||UE
|8996||CG||UW
|-
|8097||TD||MU
|8197||AT||KA
|8297||VF||AP
|8397|| ||
|8497||ID ||KA
|8597|| ||
|8697||VF||KO
|8797||TD||BR
|8897||AT||AP
|8997||AT||RJ
|-
|8098||VF||TN
|8198||ID||PB
|8298||VF||BR
|8398|| ||
|8498|| ||
|8598|| ||
|8698||VF||MH
|8798||RC||WB
|8898||AC||MU
|8998|| ||
|-
|8099||RG||AP
|8199|| ||
|8299||RJ||UE
|8399|| ||
|8499||ID||MU
|8599||VF||OR
|8699||TD||PB
|8799||RC||UE
|8899||RG||UW
|8999||AT||MU
|}

==7xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 7xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|70 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|71 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|72 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|73 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|74 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|75 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|76 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|77 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|78 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|79 Series
|-
|7000||RJ||MP
|7100||VD||HR
|7200||TD||TN
|7300|| ||
|7400||VD||HR
|7500||ID||UW
|7600||AT||GJ
|7700|| ||
|7800||VF||UE
|7900||VD||HR
|-
|7001||RJ||WB
|7101|| ||
|7201|| ||
|7301||AC||BR
|7401||AC||TN
|7501||TD||WB
|7601|| ||
|7701|| ||
|7801|| ||
|7901|| ||
|-
|7002||RJ||AS
|7102|| ||
|7202|| ||
|7302|| ||
|7402|| ||
|7502||AC||TN
|7602||AT||WB
|7702||AT||AP
|7802|| ||
|7902|| ||
|-
|7003||RJ||KO
|7103||RG||MH
|7203|| ||
|7303||RG||MH
|7403|| ||
|7503||AC||DL
|7603|| ||
|7703|| ||
|7803|| ||
|7903||RJ||BR
|-
|7004||RJ||BR
|7104|| ||
|7204||TD||KA
|7304||RG||MH
|7404||TD||HR
|7504|| ||
|7604|| ||
|7704|| ||
|7804|| ||
|7904||RJ||TN
|-
|7005||RJ||NE
|7105|| ||
|7205|| ||
|7305||RG||TN
|7405|| ||
|7505||RG||UE
|7605|| ||
|7705|| ||
|7805|| ||
|7905|| ||
|-
|7006||RJ||JK
|7106|| ||
|7206||TD||HR
|7306||RG||AP
|7406||VF||KA
|7506||VF||MU
|7606|| ||
|7706|| ||
|7806|| ||
|7906||RJ||UW
|-
|7007||RJ||UE
|7107|| ||
|7207||TD||AP
|7307||RG||PB
|7407||VF||WB
|7507||VF||MH
|7607||AT||UE
|7707|| ||
|7807||AT||HP
|7907||AT||MP
|-
|7008||RJ||OR
|7108|| ||
|7208||TD||MU
|7308||RG||NE
|7408||VF||UE
|7508||VF||PB
|7608|| ||
|7708||AT||TN
|7808||VF||BR
|7908|| ||
|-
|7009||RJ||PB
|7109|| ||
|7209||TD||BR
|7309||ID||UE
|7409||VF||UW
|7509||ID||AP
|7609||VF||UW
|7709||AT||MH
|7809||AC||OR
|7909|| ||
|-
|7010||RJ||TN
|7110|| ||
|7210||AC ||DL
|7310|| ||
|7410|| ||
|7510|| ||
|7610|| ||
|7710||AT||MU
|7810||AC||TN
|7910|| ||
|-
|7011||RJ||DL
|7111|| ||GJ
|7211|| ||
|7311|| ||
|7411||TD||KA
|7511|| ||
|7611|| ||
|7711|| ||GJ
|7811|| ||
|7911|| ||
|-
|7012||RJ||KL
|7112|| ||
|7212|| ||
|7312|| ||
|7412|| ||
|7512|| ||
|7612|| ||MP
|7712|| ||
|7812|| ||
|7912|| ||
|-
|7013||RJ||AP
|7113|| ||
|7213|| ||
|7313|| ||
|7413|| ||
|7513|| ||
|7613|| ||
|7713|| ||
|7813||RG||KA
|7913|| ||
|-
|7014||RJ||RJ
|7114|| ||
|7214|| ||
|7314|| ||
|7414|| ||
|7514|| ||
|7614|| ||
|7714|| ||
|7814||RG||PB
|7914|| ||
|-
|7015||RJ||HR
|7115|| ||
|7215|| ||
|7315|| ||
|7415||TD||MP
|7515|| ||
|7615|| ||
|7715|| ||
|7815|| ||
|7915|| ||
|-
|7016||RJ||GJ
|7116|| ||
|7216|| ||
|7316|| ||
|7416||TD||AP
|7516|| ||
|7616|| ||
|7716|| ||
|7816|| ||
|7916|| ||
|-
|7017||RJ||UW
|7117|| ||
|7217|| ||
|7317|| ||
|7417||TD||UW
|7517|| ||
|7617||ID||MP
|7717|| ||
|7817||RG||GJ
|7917|| ||
|-
|7018||RJ||HP
|7118|| ||
|7218|| ||
|7318|| ||
|7418||TD||TN
|7518|| ||
|7618|| ||
|7718||AT||MU
|7818|| ||
|7918|| ||
|-
|7019||RJ||KA
|7119|| ||
|7219||AT||MH
|7319||AT||BR
|7419||RC||MH
|7519|| ||
|7619|| ||
|7719||ID||MH
|7819|| ||
|7919|| ||
|-
|7020||RJ||MH
|7120|| ||
|7220|| ||
|7320|| ||
|7420|| ||
|7520||RC||UW
|7620||RG||MH
|7720|| ||
|7820|| ||
|7920|| ||
|-
|7021||RJ||MU
|7121|| ||
|7221|| ||
|7321|| ||
|7421|| ||
|7521|| ||
|7621|| ||
|7721|| ||
|7821|| ||
|7921|| ||
|-
|7022||AT||KA
|7122|| ||
|7222|| ||GJ
|7322||ID||BR
|7422|| ||
|7522|| ||
|7622|| ||
|7722|| ||GJ
|7822|| ||
|7922|| ||
|-
|7023||AT||RJ
|7123|| ||
|7223|| ||
|7323||ID||BR
|7423|| ||
|7523|| ||
|7623|| ||
|7723|| ||
|7823|| ||
|7923|| ||
|-
|7024||AT||MP
|7124|| ||
|7224|| ||
|7324||ID||BR
|7424|| ||
|7524|| ||
|7624|| ||
|7724|| ||
|7824|| ||
|7924|| ||
|-
|7025||ID||KL
|7125|| ||
|7225|| ||
|7325|| ||
|7425|| ||
|7525|| ||
|7625|| ||
|7725|| ||
|7825|| ||
|7925|| ||
|-
|7026||ID||KA
|7126|| ||
|7226|| ||
|7326|| ||
|7426|| ||
|7526|| ||
|7626|| ||
|7726|| ||
|7826|| ||
|7926|| ||
|-
|7027||VF||HR
|7127|| ||
|7227|| ||
|7327|| ||
|7427|| ||
|7527|| ||
|7627|| ||
|7727||AT ||RJ
|7827||RG||DL
|7927|| ||
|-
|7028||AT||MH
|7128|| ||
|7228|| ||
|7328|| ||
|7428||RC||DL
|7528|| ||
|7628|| ||
|7728|| ||
|7828||RG||MP
|7928|| ||
|-
|7029|| ||
|7129|| ||
|7229||VF||RJ
|7329|| ||
|7429||RC||KL
|7529|| ||
|7629|| ||
|7729|| ||
|7829||VF||KA
|7929|| ||
|-
|7030||VF||MH
|7130|| ||
|7230|| ||
|7330|| ||
|7430|| ||
|7530||AC||DL
|7630|| ||
|7730|| ||
|7830||VF||UW
|7930||RC||MH
|-
|7031||AC||WB
|7131|| ||
|7231|| ||
|7331|| ||
|7431|| ||
|7531||AC||DL
|7631||VF||BR
|7731||ID||AP
|7831|| ||
|7931|| ||
|-
|7032||AT||AP
|7132|| ||
|7232|| ||
|7332|| ||
|7432|| ||
|7532||AC||DL
|7632|| ||
|7732|| ||
|7832|| ||
|7932|| ||
|-
|7033||AT||BR
|7133|| ||
|7233|| ||
|7333|| ||GJ
|7433|| ||
|7533||AC||DL
|7633|| ||
|7733|| ||GJ
|7833||VF||HP
|7933|| ||
|-
|7034||VF||KL
|7134|| ||
|7234|| ||
|7334|| ||
|7434|| ||
|7534|| ||
|7634|| ||
|7734|| ||
|7834||ID||DL
|7934|| ||
|-
|7035||AC||AS
|7135|| ||
|7235|| ||
|7335|| ||
|7435|| ||
|7535|| ||
|7635|| ||
|7735||RG||OR
|7835||ID||DL
|7935|| ||
|-
|7036||ID||AP
|7136|| ||
|7236|| ||
|7336|| ||
|7436|| ||
|7536|| ||
|7636|| AT
|AS
|7736||TD||KL
|7836||ID||DL
|7936|| ||
|-
|7037||TN||UW
|7137|| ||
|7237||ID||UE
|7337|| ||
|7437|| ||
|7537|| ||
|7637|| ||
|7737||TD||RJ
|7837||VF||PB
|7937|| ||
|-
|7038||ID||MH
|7138|| ||
|7238|| ||
|7338|| ||
|7438|| ||
|7538|| ||
|7638|| ||
|7738||AT||MU
|7838||VF||DL
|7938|| ||
|-
|7039||ID||MU
|7139|| ||
|7239|| ||
|7339|| ||
|7439||RC||KO
|7539|| ||
|7639||VF||TN
|7739||AT||BR
|7839||CG||UE
|7939|| ||
|-
|7040||AC||MH
|7140|| ||
|7240|| ||
|7340||AT||RJ
|7440|| ||
|7540||AT||TN
|7640|| ||
|7740|| ||
|7840||ID||DL
|7940|| ||
|-
|7041||TN||GJ
|7141|| ||
|7241|| ||
|7341|| ||
|7441|| ||
|7541|| ||
|7641|| ||
|7741||ID||MH
|7841|| ||
|7941|| ||
|-
|7042||AT||DL
|7142|| ||
|7242|| ||
|7342|| ||
|7442|| ||
|7542|| ||
|7642|| ||
|7742||AT||RJ
|7842||VG||AP
|7942|| ||
|-
|7043||AT||GJ
|7143|| ||
|7243|| ||
|7343|| ||
|7443|| ||
|7543||AT||BR
|7643|| ||
|7743|| ||
|7843||AC||UE
|7943|| ||
|-
|7044||AT||KO
|7144|| ||
|7244|| ||
|7344|| ||
|7444|| ||
|7544||VF||BR
|7644|| ||
|7744|| ||
|7844||AC||UE
|7944|| ||
|-
|7045||VF||MU
|7145|| ||
|7245|| ||
|7345|| ||
|7445|| ||
|7545||VF||BR
|7645|| ||
|7745||ID||MH
|7845||TD||TN
|7945|| ||
|-
|7046||ID||GJ
|7146|| ||
|7246|| ||
|7346|| ||
|7446||VF||
|7546||VF||BR
|7646|| ||
|7746|| ||
|7846||RG||KA
|7946|| ||
|-
|7047||VD||MP
|7147|| ||
|7247|| ||
|7347||AT||PB
|7447|| ||
|7547||VF||BR
|7647|| ||
|7747|| ||
|7847|| ||
|7947|| ||
|-
|7048||TD||GJ
|7148|| ||
|7248|| ||
|7348|| ||
|7448|| ||
|7548|| ||
|7648|| ||
|7748|| ||
|7848|| ||
|7948|| ||
|-
|7049||ID||MP
|7149|| ||
|7249|| ||
|7349||VF||BR
|7449|| ||
|7549||VF||BR
|7649|| ||
|7749|| ||
|7849||RG||KA
|7949|| ||
|-
|7050||TN||BR
|7150|| ||
|7250||AT||BR
|7350||ID||MH
|7450||ID||KO
|7550||VF||KO
|7650|| ||
|7750|| ||
|7850|| ||
|7950|| ||
|-
|7051||AT||JK
|7151|| ||
|7251|| ||
|7351||ID||UW
|7451|| ||
|7551|| ||
|7651|| ||
|7751|| ||
|7851|| ||
|7951|| ||
|-
|7052||ID||UE
|7152|| ||
|7252|| ||
|7352||ID||BR
|7452|| ||
|7552|| ||
|7652|| ||
|7752|| ||
|7852|| ||
|7952|| ||
|-
|7053||AC||DL
|7153|| ||
|7253|| ||
|7353||ID||KA
|7453|| ||
|7553|| ||
|7653|| ||
|7753|| ||
|7853|| ||
|7953|| ||
|-
|7054||AT||UE
|7154|| ||
|7254||ID||BR
|7354||ID||MP
|7454|| ||
|7554|| ||
|7654||ID||BR
|7754||AT||UE
|7854|| ||
|7954|| ||
|-
|7055||ID||UW
|7155|| ||
|7255||ID||BR
|7355||VD||PB
|7455|| ||
|7555|| ||
|7655|| ||
|7755||AT||UE
|7855|| ||
|7955|| ||
|-
|7056||ID||HR
|7156|| ||
|7256||ID||BR
|7356||AT||KL
|7456|| ||
|7556|| ||
|7656|| ||
|7756||AT||MH
|7856|| ||
|7956|| ||
|-
|7057||ID||MH
|7157|| ||
|7257||ID||BR
|7357||VD||HR
|7457|| ||
|7557|| ||
|7657|| ||
|7757|| ||
|7857|| ||
|7957|| ||
|-
|7058||TN||MH
|7158|| ||
|7258|| ||
|7358||AT||
|7458|| ||
|7558|| ||
|7658||ID ||AP
|7758|| ||
|7858|| ||
|7958|| ||
|-
|7059||AC||KO
|7159|| ||
|7259||AT||KA
|7359||ID||GJ
|7459|| ||
|7559||ID||KL
|7659||ID||AP
|7759|| ||
|7859||RG||DL
|7959|| ||
|-
|7060||AT||UW
|7160|| ||
|7260|| ||
|7360||VF||BR
|7460|| ||
|7560|| ||
|7660|| ||
|7760||AT||KA
|7860||ID||UE
|7960|| ||
|-
|7061||RG||BR
|7161|| ||
|7261|| ||
|7361||VF||BR
|7461|| ||
|7561|| ||
|7661|| ||
|7761|| ||
|7861||RG|| DL
|7961||TD||
|-
|7062||AC||RJ
|7162|| ||
|7262||VF ||MH
|7362||VF||BR
|7462|| ||
|7562||ID||BR
|7662|| ||
|7762||AT||BR
|7862||RG||DL
|7962|| ||
|-
|7063||AT||WB
|7163|| ||
|7263|| ||
|7363|| ||
|7463||AT||BR
|7563||ID||BR
|7663|| ||
|7763|| AT
||BR
|7863||RG|| DL
|7963|| ||
|-
|7064||VF||OR
|7164|| ||
|7264|| ||
|7364|| ||
|7464|| ||
|7564||ID||BR
|7664|| ||
|7764|| ||
|7864|| ||
|7964|| ||
|-
|7065||ID||DL
|7165|| ||
|7265|| ||
|7365|| ||
|7465|| ||
|7565|| ||
|7665||VF||RJ
|7765|| ||
|7865|| ||
|7965|| ||
|-
|7066||VF||MH
|7166|| ||
|7266|| ||
|7366|| ||
|7466|| ||
|7566||VF||MP
|7666||RG||MU
|7766|| ||
|7866|| ||
|7966|| ||
|-
|7067||RG||MP
|7167|| ||
|7267|| ||
|7367|| ||
|7467|| ||
|7567||VF||GJ
|7667||RG||CH
|7767|| ||
|7867||SR ||MU
|7967|| ||
|-
|7068||TN||UE
|7168|| ||
|7268|| ||
|7368|| ||
|7468|| ||
|7568||AT||RJ
|7668||RG||UE
|7768||VF||MH
|7868|| ||
|7968|| ||
|-
|7069||VF||GJ
|7169|| ||
|7269|| ||
|7369|| ||
|7469|| ||
|7569||RG||AP
|7669||RG||UW
|7769|| ||
|7869||AT||MP
|7969|| ||
|-
|7070||AT||BR
|7170|| ||
|7270|| ||
|7370||ID||BR
|7470|| ||
|7570||VF||UE
|7670||RG||AP
|7770|| ||GJ
|7870||TN||BR
|7970|| ||
|-
|7071||AC||UE
|7171|| ||GJ
|7271|| ||
|7371|| ||
|7471|| ||
|7571|| ||
|7671|| ||
|7771|| ||GJ
|7871||TN||TN
|7971|| ||
|-
|7072||VF||GJ
|7172|| ||
|7272||AC||UE
|7372|| ||
|7472|| ||
|7572|| ||
|7672|| ||
|7772|| ||GJ
|7872||VF||WB
|7972||RJ || MH
|-
|7073||AT||RJ
|7173|| ||
|7273||AC||BR
|7373||AC||TN
|7473|| ||
|7573|| ||
|7673|| ||
|7773|| ||GJ
|7873||VF||OR
|7973|| ||
|-
|7074||ID||WB
|7174|| ||
|7274|| ||
|7374|| ||
|7474||VF||GJ
|7574|| ||
|7674|| ||
|7774||ID||MH
|7874||VF||GJ
|7974|| ||
|-
|7075||UN||AP
|7175|| ||
|7275||TD||UE
|7375|| ||
|7475|| ||
|7575||VF||GJ
|7675|| ||
|7775||ID||MH
|7875||VF||MH
|7975|| ||
|-
|7076||VF||WB
|7176|| ||
|7276||TD||MH
|7376||CG||UE
|7476|| ||
|7576|| ||
|7676||RG||KA
|7776|| ||GJ
|7876||RG||HR
|7976||RJ ||RJ
|-
|7077||AT||OR
|7177|| ||
|7277||AC||BR
|7377||ID||OR
|7477|| ||
|7577||VF||AS
|7677||RG||BR
|7777||TN||GJ
|7877||RG||RJ
|7977||RJ||MU
|-
|7078||UN||UW
|7178|| ||
|7278||AC||KO
|7378|| ||
|7478|| ||
|7578|| ||
|7678||ID||UE
|7778||UN||GJ
|7878||RG||GJ
|7978||RJ ||OR
|-
|7079||ID||BR
|7179|| ||
|7279|| ||
|7379||VF||UE
|7479|| ||

|7579||CG||UW
|7679||RG||WB
|7779||UN||GJ
|7879||RG||MP
|7979||RJ||BR
|-
|7080||AT||UE
|7180|| ||
|7280||VF||BR
|7380|| ||
|7480|| ||
|7580|| ||
|7680|| ||
|7780|| ||
|7880||AT ||UE
|7980||RJ||KO
|-
|7081||VF||UE
|7181|| ||
|7281||VF||BR
|7381||VF||OR
|7481|| ||
|7581|| ||
|7681|| ||
|7781|| ||
|7881|| ||
|7981|| ||
|-
|7082||AT||HR
|7182|| ||
|7282||VF||BR
|7382||CG||AP
|7482|| ||
|7582|| ||
|7682|| ||
|7782|| ||
|7882|| ||
|7982||RJ||DL
|-
|7083||ID||MH
|7183|| ||
|7283||VF||BR
|7383||UN||GJ
|7483||RC||KA
|7583|| ||
|7683|| ||
|7783|| ||
|7883|| ||
|7983|| ||
|-
|7084||ID||UE
|7184|| ||
|7284|| ||
|7384||UN||WB
|7484|| ||
|7584|| ||
|7684|| ||
|7784||AC||UE
|7884|| ||
|7984||RJ||GJ
|-
|7085||AT||NE
|7185|| ||
|7285|| ||
|7385||UN||MH
|7485|| ||
|7585||AT||WB
|7685|| ||
|7785|| ||
|7885|| ||
|7985|| ||
|-
|7086||AT||AS
|7186|| ||
|7286|| ||
|7386||UN||AP
|7486|| ||
|7586|| ||
|7686|| ||
|7786||AC||UE
|7886|| ||
|7986|| ||
|-
|7087||AT||PB
|7187|| ||
|7287|| ||
|7387||AT||MH
|7487|| ||
|7587||CG||MP
|7687||AC||KO
|7787|| ||
|7887|| ||
|7987|| ||
|-
|7088||ID||UW
|7188|| ||
|7288|| ||
|7388||AT||UE
|7488||RC||BR
|7588||CG||MH
|7688|| ||
|7788|| ||GJ
|7888|| ||
|7988|| ||
|-
|7089||ID||MP
|7189|| ||
|7289||VF ||DL
|7389||AT||MP
|7489||RC||MP
|7589||CG||PB
|7689|| ||
|7789|| ||
|7889|| ||
|7989||RJ||AP
|-
|7090||ID||KA
|7190|| ||
|7290||VF ||DL
|7390|| ||
|7490||AT ||GJ
|7590|| ||
|7690|| ||
|7790||AC||RJ
|7890||ID||KO
|7990||RJ||MU
|-
|7091||AT||BR
|7191|| ||
|7291||VF ||DL
|7391|| ||
|7491||ID||BR
|7591|| ||
|7691|| ||
|7791|| ||
|7891||ID||RJ
|7991||RJ||BR
|-
|7092||ID||TN
|7192|| ||
|7292||VF ||DL
|7392|| ||
|7492|| ||
|7592|| ||
|7692|| ||
|7792|| ||
|7892||RJ ||KA
|7992|| ||
|-
|7093||AT||AP
|7193|| ||
|7293||AC||KL
|7393|| ||
|7493||ID||BR
|7593|| ||
|7693|| ||
|7793|| ||
|7893||AT||AP
|7993|| ||
|-
|7094||VF||TN
|7194|| ||
|7294|| ||
|7394|| ||
|7494||ID||BR
|7594|| ||
|7694|| ||
|7794||UN||AP
|7894||AT||OR
|7994|| ||
|-
|7095||ID||AP
|7195|| ||
|7295|| ||
|7395|| ||
|7495|| ||
|7595|| ||
|7695|| ||
|7795||TD||KA
|7895||AT||UW
|7995||AT||AP
|-
|7096||ID||GJ
|7196|| ||
|7296|| ||
|7396||UN||AP
|7496|| ||
|7596|| ||
|7696||TD||PB
|7796|| ||
|7896||AT||AS
|7996|| ||
|-
|7097||AC||AP
|7197|| ||
|7297|| ||
|7397|| ||
|7497|| ||
|7597||CG||RJ
|7697||ID||MP
|7797||VF||WB
|7897||AT||UE
|7997||ID||AP
|-
|7098||AC||WB
|7198|| ||
|7298||AC||JK
|7398||UN||UE
|7498||RC||MU
|7598||CG||TN
|7698||ID||GJ
|7798||VF||MH
|7898||AT||MP
|7998|| ||
|-
|7099||TN||AS
|7199|| ||
|7299||AC||CH
|7399||AC||AS
|7499||RC||UE
|7599||CG||UW
|7699||ID||WB
|7799||VF||AP

|7899||AT||KA
|7999|| ||GJ
|}

==6xxx Series==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Mobile Telephone Numbering System: 6xxx series
|-
!colspan=3|60 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|61 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|62 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|63 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|64 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|65 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|66 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|67 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|68 Series
!rowspan=101|
!colspan=3|69 Series
|-
|6000||||
|6100|| ||
|6200|| ||
|6300|| ||
|6400|| ||
|6500|| ||
|6600|| ||
|6700|| ||
|6800|| ||
|6900|| ||
|-
|6001|| ||
|6101|| ||
|6201|| ||
|6301|| ||
|6401|| ||
|6501|| ||
|6601|| ||
|6701|| ||
|6801|| ||
|6901|| ||
|-
|6002|| ||
|6102|| ||
|6202|| ||
|6302|| ||
|6402|| ||
|6502|| ||
|6602|| ||
|6702|| ||
|6802|| ||
|6902|| ||
|-
|6003|| ||
|6103|| ||
|6203|| ||
|6303|| ||
|6403|| ||
|6503|| ||
|6603|| ||
|6703|| ||
|6803|| ||
|6903|| ||
|-
|6004||||
|6104||||
|6204|| ||
|6304||||
|6404||||
|6504||||
|6604||||
|6704|| ||
|6804||||
|6904||||
|-
|6005||||
|6105||||
|6205|| ||
|6305||||
|6405||||
|6505||||
|6605||||
|6705|| ||
|6805||||
|6905||||
|-
|6006||||
|6106||||
|6206|| ||
|6306||||
|6406||||
|6506||||
|6606||||
|6706|| ||
|6806||||
|6906||||
|-
|6007||||
|6107||||
|6207|| ||
|6307||||
|6407||||
|6507||||
|6607||||
|6707|| ||
|6807||||
|6907||||
|-
|6008||||
|6108||||
|6208|| ||
|6308||||
|6408||||
|6508||||
|6608||||
|6708|| ||
|6808||||
|6908||||
|-
|6009||||
|6109||||
|6209|| ||
|6309|| ||
|6409||||
|6509||||
|6609||||
|6709|| ||
|6809||||
|6909||||
|-
|6010||||
|6110||||
|6210|| ||
|6310|| ||
|6410||||
|6510||||
|6610||||
|6710|| ||
|6810||||
|6910||||
|-
|6011||||
|6111||||
|6211|| ||
|6311|| ||
|6411||||
|6511||||
|6611||||
|6711||||
|6811||||
|6911||||
|-
|6012||||
|6112||||
|6212|| ||
|6312|| ||
|6412||||
|6512||||
|6612||||
|6712||||
|6812||||
|6912||||
|-
|6013||||
|6113||||
|6213|| ||
|6313|| ||
|6413||||
|6513||||
|6613|| ||
|6713||||
|6813||||
|6913||||
|-
|6014||||
|6114|| ||
|6214|| ||
|6314|| ||
|6414||||
|6514||||
|6614|| ||
|6714||||
|6814||||
|6914||||
|-
|6015||||
|6115||||
|6215|| ||
|6315|| ||
|6415|| ||
|6515||||
|6615|| ||
|6715||||
|6815||||
|6915||||
|-
|6016||||
|6116||||
|6216|| ||
|6316|| ||
|6416|| ||
|6516||||
|6616|| ||
|6716||||
|6816||||
|6916||||
|-
|6017||||
|6117||||
|6217|| ||
|6317||||
|6417|| ||
|6517||||
|6617|| ||
|6717||||
|6817||||
|6917||||
|-
|6018||||
|6118||||
|6218|| ||
|6318|| ||
|6418|| ||
|6518||||
|6618|| ||
|6718|| ||
|6818||||
|6918||||
|-
|6019||||
|6119||||
|6219|| ||
|6319|| ||
|6419|| ||
|6519||||
|6619|| ||
|6719|| ||
|6819||||
|6919||||
|-
|6020||||
|6120||||
|6220||||
|6320|| ||
|6420||||
|6520||||
|6620|| ||
|6720|| ||
|6820||||
|6920||||
|-
|6021||||
|6121||||
|6221||||
|6321|| ||
|6421||||
|6521||||
|6621||||
|6721|| ||
|6821||||
|6921|| ||
|-
|6022||||
|6122||||
|6222||||
|6322|| ||
|6422||||
|6522||||
|6622||||
|6722||||
|6822||||
|6922|| ||
|-
|6023||||
|6123||||
|6223||||
|6323|| ||
|6423||||
|6523||||
|6623||||
|6723||||
|6823||||
|6923||||
|-
|6024||||
|6124||||
|6224||||
|6324|| ||
|6424||||
|6524||||
|6624||||
|6724||||
|6824||||
|6924||||
|-
|6025||||
|6125||||
|6225||||
|6325|| ||
|6425||||
|6525||||
|6625||||
|6725||||
|6825||||
|6925||||
|-
|6026||||
|6126||||
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==See also==
*[[Telephone numbers in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/numbering_plan/numberplanindex.htm Cellular numbering and network codes] from National Numbering Plan, Department of Telecommunications, Government of India {{dead link|date=January 2015}}
* [http://www.dot.gov.in/access-services/allotment-msc-codes Allocation (allotment) of new mobile number series (MSC codes)] from National Numbering Plan, Department of Telecommunications, Government of India
{{Telephone numbers in Asia}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Telephone Numbering In India}}
[[Category:Telephone numbers by country|India]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:Telephone numbers in India| ]]
[[Category:Mobile phone industry in India]]

Adil al-Kalbani

2017-07-18T18:13:39Z

Soft coder: removed expired website.

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2017}}
{{cleanup|reason=poor writing|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox Muslim leader
| name =Adil bin Salim bin Sa'eed al-Kalbani
| native_name = عادل بن سالم بن سعيد الكلباني
| native_name_lang = ar
| title = [[Sheikh]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/saudi-education-ministry-project-inoculate-schoolchildren-against-liberalism-and-secularism |title= Saudi Education Ministry Project To 'Inoculate' Schoolchildren Against Liberalism And Secularism Causes Furor In The Country |last= |first= |date=December 13, 2016 |series=Inquiry & Analysis Series |number= No.1288|website=MEMRI |publisher= |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> Former [[Imam]] of the [[Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Makkah]]<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 11, 2009 |title=Inside the Times: April 11, 2009 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9804EFD9173AF932A25757C0A96F9C8B63&pagewanted=all |newspaper =The New York Times |location= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assabile.com/adel-al-kalbani-44/adel-al-kalbani.htm |title=Biography of Adel Al Kalbani |last= |first= |date= |website=Assabile |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.islamzoom.com/Saudi-Arabia/adel-al-kalbani/adel-al-kalbani-44.htm |title=Biography of Adel Al Kalbani |last= |first= |date= |website=Islamzoom.com|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} </ref>
Imam of [[Taraweeh]] prayers in Makkah
Imam of King Khalid Mosque in Riyadh
| image =Kalbani.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1959|4|3}}
| birth_place = [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]] {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Salafi]]
| nationality = [[Saudi Arabia]]n
| influences = [[Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen]], [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz]], Mohammed bin Nabhan bin Hussein, Abdullah bin Jabrin
| influenced =
| works =}}

'''Adil al-Kalbani''' عادل الكلباني was a former [[Great_Mosque_of_Mecca#Administration|Imam of the Mecca Great Mosque]] and the earliest black person to be one.<ref>{{cite news |last=Worth |first=Robert F. |date=April 10, 2009 |title=A Black Imam Breaks Ground in Mecca |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/11/world/middleeast/11saudi.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |location=Riyadh |accessdate=}}</ref>

al-Kalbani admitted that [[Salafism]] is a source of [[ISIL]] ideology.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shane |first=Scott |date=August 25, 2016 |title=Saudis and Extremism: ‘Both the Arsonists and the Firefighters’ |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-islam.html?_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |location=Washington |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=Jan 27, 2016 |year= |title=Former Imam of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Adel Kalbani: Daesh ISIS have the same beliefs as we do |trans-title= |medium= |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWORE6OBfhc |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher=Integrity UK |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |author=http://www.middleeasteye.net |date=2016-01-28 |title=Leading Saudi Cleric Says IS and Saudi Arabia 'Follow the Same Thought' |url=http://www.aina.org/news/20160128183033.htm |newspaper=Assyrian International News Agency |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=|first=|author=MEE staff|date=January 28, 2016 |title=Leading Saudi cleric says IS and Saudi Arabia 'follow the same thought'|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/top-saudi-cleric-says-and-saudi-arabia-follow-same-thought-626782255 |newspaper=Middle East Eye |location= |access-date= }}</ref> He acknowledged that the issue of Salafism and ISIL ideology needs to be discussed and confronted in an open manner in order to deal against extremists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/senior-saudi-salafi-cleric-isis-true-product-salafism |title= Senior Saudi Salafi Cleric: 'ISIS Is A True Product Of Salafism' |last= |first= |date=November 3, 2014 |website=MEMRI |publisher= |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> He called the West and ISIS evil.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/former-imam-meccas-grand-mosque-there-no-escaping-reform-bring-islam-back-its-path-0 |title= Former Imam Of Mecca's Grand Mosque: There Is No Escaping Reform To Bring Islam Back To Its Path Of Tolerance |last= |first= |date=June 2, 2015 |number=Special Dispatch No.6063 |website=MEMRI |publisher= |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref>

[[Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen]] was cited by Al-Kalbani in an argument against suicide bombing, he also cited [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz]] while acknowledging that he believes in [[Houri|virgins in the afterlife]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/sheikh-adel-al-kalbani-former-imam-al-haram-mosque-mecca-martyrdom-operations-constitute |title= Sheikh Adel Al-Kalbani, Former Imam of the Al-Haram Mosque in Mecca: Martyrdom Operations Constitute Suicide |last= |first= |date=November 18, 2011 |website= |publisher= |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref>

al-Kalbani declared as apostates the [[Ayatollah|religious clerics]] among the [[Shia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.memri.org/espanol/relaciones-iraquies-sauditas-la-perspectiva-iraqui/3118 |title=Relaciones iraquíes-sauditas – La perspectiva iraquí |last=Barducci |first=Dr. R. |date=August 14, 2009 |series=Serie de Análisis e Investigación |number=540 |website=MEMRI |publisher= |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> and said that Saudi Arabia does not restrict [[Women's rights in Saudi Arabia|women's rights]], said [[United States presidential election, 2008|Obama's election]] was less important than him being the Grand Mosque Imam and that suicide constitutes people killing themselves according to ibn al Uthaymeen.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.memri.org/tv/first-black-saudi-appointed-imam-haram-mosque-mecca-accuses-shiites-apostasy-discusses-driving |title=Clip #2102 First Black Saudi Appointed as Imam of the Haram Mosque in Mecca Accuses Shiites of Apostasy, Discusses the Driving Out of Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula, and Claims: My Appointment More Significant Than Obama's Election |last= |first= |date=May 4, 2009 |website=MEMRI |publisher= |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> A tweet was posted by him predicting that anti-driving fatwas for women would be overcome by a [[Women to drive movement|pro-driving campaign by women]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/saudi-activists-renew-campaign-womens-driving |title= Saudi Activists Renew Campaign For Women's Driving |last=Admon |first=Y. |date=October 23, 2013 |series=Inquiry & Analysis Series |number=No.1029 |website=MEMRI |publisher= |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> al-Kalbani criticized a political poem by [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/political-poem-saudi-prince-triggers-public-debate-kingdom |title= Political Poem By Saudi Prince Triggers Public Debate In Kingdom |last= |first= |date=March 4, 2013 |number=Special Dispatch No.5215 |website=MEMRI |publisher= |accessdate= |quote=}}</ref> BBC was the agency that was interviewing him.<ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=Sep 6, 2009 |year= |title=Sheikh Adil al Kalbani, Imam of Masjid Al Haram, is interviewed on BBC & Al 'Arabiyyah |trans-title= |medium= |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n17N5R_oX_Y |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title="عادل الکلبانی" کیست؟ +تصاویر |url=http://www.vahabiat.porsemani.ir/content/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%9F-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1 |newspaper=رسمان دانشجويي - وهابيت |location= |access-date= }}</ref>

The statement on Shia by Kalbani prompted a backlash from Shia in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Trabelsi |first=Habib |date=2009-05-12 |title=Saudi Shiites call for Sheikh Kalbani dismissal |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=32011 |newspaper=Middle East Online |location=PARIS |access-date= }}</ref>

The fact that Church bells are not heard in Saudi Arabia pleased Adil Al-Kalbani according to a tweet he made.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/abuabdelelah/status/594804414805708801 |title= |last= |first= |date=May 3, 2015 |website=Twitter |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |last=الكلباني |first=عادل |date=May 4, 2015 |title=الشيخ السعودي عادل الكلباني: يكفيني اني اعيش في وطني حيث لا اسمع إجراس الكنائس تدق |url=https://www.linga.org/international-news/NzQ5Ng |newspaper=موقع مسيحي شامل - اخبار مسيحية - Linga |location= |access-date= }}</ref>

After this statement, The New York Times was criticized for hailing Adil Al-Kalbani by [[Alberto M. Fernandez]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/isiss-view-christians-echoes-official-saudi-fatwas-0 |title=ISIS's View Of Christians Echoes That Of Official Saudi Fatwas |last=Fernandez |first=Alberto M. |date=June 1, 2015 |website=MEMRI |issue=Daily Brief No.46 |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} </ref>

The Qibla Tour arranged a UK jaunt for al-Kalbani. Britain then blocked him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jeory |first=Ted |date=Dec 20, 2013 |title=Top Saudi cleric refused entry into Britain a day before he was due on UK mosque tour |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/449840/Top-Saudi-cleric-Adel-Al-Kalbani-refused-entry-into-UK-as-he-embarked-for-mosques-tour |newspaper=Daily Express |location= |access-date= }}</ref>

Al-Kalbani was sued by Souad Al Shammari, a Saudi woman activist.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=January 20, 2014 |title=سعاد الشمري: سأرفع قضية على «الكلباني» لدعائه عليّ |url=http://www.alweeam.com.sa/250032/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9-%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A/ |newspaper=الوئام |location=الرياض |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=January 20, 2014 |title=سعاد الشمري: سأرفع قضية على الشيخ عادل الكلباني لدعائه عليّ |url=http://mz-mz.net/239153/ |newspaper=مـزمـز|location=|access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Toumi |first=Habib |date= |title=Tweet sparks new controversy over religious issue |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/tweet-sparks-new-controversy-over-religious-issue-1.1279677 |newspaper=Gulf News |location= |access-date= }}</ref>

Permission to sing was granted in a fatwa<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2015-12-19 |title=الشيخ عادل الكلباني..مفجر الجبهات |url=http://www.daoo.org/dim/news.php?action=show&id=74091 |newspaper=صحيفة ضوء |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2010-05-25 |title=الشيخ الكلباني يجيز الموسيقى بعيدا عن النساء والكلام الفاحش |url=http://www.farfesh.com/Display.asp?catID=118&mainCatID=117&sID=79987 |newspaper=FARFESH |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lakhani |first=Shakir |date=July 2, 2010 |title=Fatwa on music results in hacking of website |url=http://www.chowrangi.pk/fatwa-on-music-results-in-hacking-of-website.html |newspaper=Chowrangi |location= |access-date= }}</ref> then retracted by al-Kalbani.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=2010-07-29 |title=الشيخ الكلباني يتراجع عن فتواه بإباحة الغناء ويعتبر المتشغلين به فسقة |url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2010/07/29/152186.html |newspaper=دنيا الوطن |location=غزة |access-date= }}</ref> A religious singing event was attended by al-Kalbani.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=December 9, 2016 |title=الشيخ الكلباني يحضر جلسة إنشاد .. وردود فعل متباينة من النشطاء |url=http://www.an7a.com/277362/ |newspaper=صحيفة أنحاء الإلكترونية |location= |access-date= }}</ref> A flute was used.<ref>{{cite news |last=البدوي |first=حمزة |date=December 17, 2015 |title=بالفيديو- إمام الحرم المكي السابق يظهر في جلسة مزمار.. وسعوديون: الله يهديه |url=http://www.masrawy.com/News/News_Various/details/2015/12/17/716199/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82-%D9%8A%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87hpnews-sub |newspaper=Masrawy-First Egyptian Portal - مصراوي - أول وأكبر بوابة مصرية|location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=البدوي |first=حمزة |date=December 17, 2015 |title=بالفيديو- إمام الحرم المكي السابق يظهر في جلسة مزمار.. وسعوديون: الله يهديه يهديه |url=http://www.akhbarak.net/articles/20572041-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88--%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A|newspaper=اخبارك نت|location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=البدوي |first=حمزة |date=December 17, 2015 |title=بالفيديو- إمام الحرم المكي السابق يظهر في جلسة مزمار.. وسعوديون: الله يهديه |url=http://www.daralakhbar.com/articles/9417498-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88--%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A|newspaper=دارالاخبار كوم|location= |access-date= }}</ref>

He said he was not a Shaykh but a Qari.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=April 20, 2013|title=الكلباني : أنا قارئ ولست ‘‘شيخ’’ وبعض الأئمة المشهورين لا يعرفون ‘‘وش الطبخة’’ |url=http://www.an7a.com/102035/ |newspaper=صحيفة أنحاء الإلكترونية |location= |access-date= }}</ref> He denied any Muslim Brotherhood affiliation for [[Mohamad al-Arefe|Arefe]] and him, saying that he is affiliated with the Union of Muslim Scholars.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=August 19, 2013|title=تتصفح الآن: الكلباني : أنا عضو في اتحاد علماء المسلمين ولست إخوانياً .. والعريفي ليس إخوانياً |url=http://www.an7a.com/115868/ |newspaper=صحيفة أنحاء الإلكترونية |location= |access-date= }}</ref> Saudi National Day was commemorated by al-Kalbani.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=September 23, 2016|title=الكلباني ينشر دعاء بحفظ المملكة وقادتها احتفالاً باليوم الوطني|url=http://www.an7a.com/263437/ |newspaper=صحيفة أنحاء الإلكترونية |location= |access-date= }}</ref> The Sidney-Hilal football match caused al-Kalbani and Al-Qarni to engage in a dispute.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=October 31, 2014|title=ملاسنة تويترية بين “القرني” و “الكلباني” بسبب النهائي الآسيوي بين الهلال وسيدني|url=http://www.an7a.com/153769/|newspaper=صحيفة أنحاء الإلكترونية |location= |access-date= }}</ref>

In Japan's city of Bendu a center of [[Minhaj-ul-Quran]] was visited by Al-Kalbani on June 30, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minhaj.org/english/Japan/tid/23128/Imam-e-Kaba--Sheikh-Adil-Al-Kalbanivisits-MQI-Centre-in-Japan.html |title=Imam e Ka'ba visits MQI Centre in Japan |last= |first= |date= June 30, 2013 |website=Minhaj-ul-Quran |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} </ref>

In 2015 he visited Nairobi in Kenya.<ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=Nov 2, 2015 |year= |title=Sheikh Adil Kalbani Lecture _ JOA2015 NAIROBI |trans-title= |medium= |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMGqwBoF3_I |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref= }}</ref> Kenyan cleric Said Rageah met with Adil al-Kalbani.<ref>{{cite AV media |people= |date=Oct 12, 2015 |year= |title=Sheikh Adil Kalbani and Sheikh Said Rageah |trans-title= |medium= |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBocODHwMJw |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref= }}</ref>

Kalbani said that it was [[Mecca crane collapse|perhaps the "liberal" cranes which did not "prostrate"]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=Sep 14, 2015 |title= Mufti Mekkah; Kenapa Crane Yang Lain Tidak Ikut Jatuh?|url=https://arrahmahnews.com/2015/09/14/mufti-mekkah-kenapa-crane-yang-lain-tidak-ikut-jatuh/ |newspaper=ArrahmahNews |location=MEKKAH |access-date= }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[East London Mosque]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.aalklbani.com
*https://twitter.com/abuabdelelah
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGt2ZTGaApQ
{{Recitors of the Quran}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:al-Kalbani, Adil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:20th-century hafizes]]
[[Category:21st-century hafizes]]
[[Category:Quran reciters]]
[[Category:Muslim scholars of Islamic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:King Saud University alumni]]
[[Category:Critics of Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Sunni imams (worship leaders)]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian Muslims]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian Salafis]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian imams]]
[[Category:20th-century imams]]
[[Category:21st-century imams]]

Arabic

2017-07-14T16:07:02Z

Soft coder: /* External links */ removing paid course links

{{About|the general language or language group|the literary standard|Modern Standard Arabic|the various vernaculars|varieties of Arabic|the language family|Arabic languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{EngvarA|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Arabic
| nativename = {{lang|ar|العَرَبِيَّة / عَرَبِيّ}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻarabī / al-ʻarabiyyah}}''
| pronunciation = {{IPA|/ˈʕarabiː/}}, {{IPA|/ʔalʕaraˈbij.ja/}}
| states = Countries of the [[Arab League]], minorities in neighboring countries and some parts of Asia, Africa, Europe etc.
| speakers = {{sigfig|292|2}} million
| date = 2017
| ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Arabic - Ethnologue|url=//www.ethnologue.com/language/ara|website=Ethnologue|publisher=Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2017. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref>
| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
| fam2 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| fam3 = [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
| fam4 = [[Arabic languages]]
| dia1 = [[Maghrebi Arabic|Western (Maghrebi)]]
| dia2 = [[Varieties of Arabic#Central varieties|Central]] (incl. [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]], [[Sudanese Arabic|Sudanese]])
| dia3 = [[Varieties of Arabic#Northern varieties|Northern]] (incl. [[Levantine Arabic|Levantine]], [[Mesopotamian Arabic|Mesopotamian]])
| dia4 = [[Peninsular Arabic|Peninsular]] ([[Gulf Arabic|Gulf]], [[Hejazi Arabic|Hejazi]], [[Najdi Arabic|Najdi]], [[Yemeni Arabic|Yemeni]])
| stand1 = [[Modern Standard Arabic]]
| script = [[Arabic alphabet]] [[Arabic Braille]] [[Syriac alphabet]] ([[Garshuni]]) [[Hebrew alphabet]] ([[Judeo-Arabic languages]]) [[Greek alphabet]] ([[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]]) [[Latin script]] ([[Romanization of Arabic|Romanized Arabic alphabet]], [[Maltese alphabet]]) ([[Maltese language|Maltese]], [[Lebanese Arabic]], [[Hassaniya Arabic]], [[Moroccan Darija|Moroccan Arabic]], [[Libyan Arabic]], [[Tunisian Arabic]])
| nation = [[Modern Standard Arabic]] is an official language of [[List of countries where Arabic is an official language|28 states]], the third most after English and French<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wright|2001|p=492}}</ref>{{collapsible list
| [[Algeria]] [[Bahrain]] [[Comoros]] [[Chad]] [[Djibouti]] [[Egypt]] [[Eritrea]] [[Iraq]] [[Israel]] [[Jordan]] [[Kuwait]] [[Malta]] ([[Maltese Arabic]]) [[Lebanon]] [[Libya]] [[Mauritania]] [[Morocco]] [[Oman]] [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] [[Qatar]] [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|SADR]] [[Saudi Arabia]] [[Somalia]] [[Sudan]] [[Syria]] [[Tanzania]] (''[[Zanzibar]]'') [[Tunisia]] [[United Arab Emirates]] [[Yemen]] '''Organizations''' [[African Union]] [[Arab League]] [[European Union]] ([[Maltese language|Maltese Arabic]]) [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[United Nations]]}}
| minority = {{collapsible list| [[Cyprus]] [[Iran]] [[Mali]] [[Philippines]] [[Niger]] [[Senegal]] [[South Sudan]]}}
| agency = {{collapsible list
| [[File:Blank.png|26px|link=]] [[Arabic Language International Council]] 
[[Algeria]]: [[Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria]] 
[[Egypt]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo]] 
[[Israel]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel]] 
[[Iraq]]: [[Iraqi Academy of Sciences]] 
[[Jordan]]: [[Jordan Academy of Arabic]] 
[[Libya]]: Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya 
[[Morocco]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat]] 
[[Saudi Arabia]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Riyadh]] 
[[Somalia]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu]] 
[[Sudan]]: [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartoum]] 
[[Syria]]: [[Arab Academy of Damascus]] (the oldest) 
[[Tunisia]]: [[Beit Al-Hikma Foundation]]
}}
| iso1 = ar
| iso2 = ara
| iso3 = ara
| lc1 = arq
|ld1=[[Algerian Arabic]]
| lc2 = aao
|ld2=[[Algerian Saharan Arabic]]
| lc3 = bbz
|ld3=[[Babalia Creole Arabic]]
| lc4 = aby
|ld4=[[Baharna Arabic]]
| lc5 = shu
|ld5=[[Chadian Arabic]]
| lc6 = acy
|ld6=[[Cypriot Arabic]]
| lc7 = adf
|ld7=[[Dhofari Arabic]]
| lc8 = avl
|ld8=[[Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic]]
| lc9 = arz
|ld9=[[Egyptian Arabic]]
| lc10 = afb
|ld10=[[Gulf Arabic]]
| lc11 = ayh
|ld11=[[Hadrami Arabic]]
| lc12 = acw
|ld12=[[Hijazi Arabic]]
| lc13 = ayl
|ld13=[[Libyan Arabic]]
| lc14 = acm
|ld14=[[Mesopotamian Arabic]]
| lc15 = ary
|ld15=[[Moroccan Arabic]]
| lc16 = ars
|ld16=[[Najdi Arabic]]
| lc17 = apc
|ld17=[[North Levantine Arabic]]
| lc18 = ayp
|ld18=[[North Mesopotamian Arabic]]
| lc19 = acx
|ld19=[[Omani Arabic]]
| lc20 = aec
|ld20=[[Saidi Arabic]]
| lc21 = ayn
|ld21=[[Sanaani Arabic]]
| lc22 = ssh
|ld22=[[Shihhi Arabic]]
| lc23 = ajp
|ld23=[[South Levantine Arabic]]
| lc24 = arb
|ld24=[[Standard Arabic]]
| lc25 = apd
|ld25=[[Sudanese Arabic]]
| lc26 = pga
|ld26=[[Sudanese Creole Arabic]]
| lc27 = acq
|ld27=[[Taizzi-Adeni Arabic]]
| lc28 = abh
|ld28=[[Tajiki Arabic]]
| lc29 = aeb
|ld29=[[Tunisian Arabic]]
| lc30 = auz
|ld30=[[Uzbeki Arabic]]
| lingua = 12-AAC
| image = Arabic albayancalligraphy.svg
| imagesize = 150px
| imagecaption = '''{{transl|ar|al-ʿArabiyyah}}''' in written Arabic ([[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script)
| map = Dispersión lengua árabe.png
| mapcaption = Dispersion of native Arabic speakers as the majority (green) or minority (chartreuse) population
| map2 = Arabic speaking world.svg
| mapcaption2 = Use of Arabic as the national language (green), as an official language (dark blue), and as a regional/minority language (light blue)
| notice = IPA
| sign = Signed Arabic (national forms)
| glotto = arab1395
| glottorefname = Arabic
}}

{{Contains Arabic text}}
'''Arabic''' ({{lang-ar|العَرَبِيَّة}}, ''{{transl|ar|al-ʻarabiyyah}}'' {{IPA-ar|ʔalʕaraˈbijja|| Al arabic.ogg}} or {{lang-ar|عَرَبِيّ|}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻarabī}}'' {{IPA-ar|ˈʕarabiː|| Arabi.ogg}} or {{IPA-ar|ʕaraˈbij|}}) is a [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] language complex that first emerged in [[Iron Age]] northwestern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and is now the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.academia.edu/18470301/Al-Jallad._The_earliest_stages_of_Arabic_and_its_linguistic_classification_Routledge_Handbook_of_Arabic_Linguistics_forthcoming_|title=Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)|access-date=2016-10-27}}</ref> It is named after the [[Arabs]], a term initially used to describe peoples living from [[Mesopotamia]] in the east to the [[Anti-Lebanon Mountains|Anti-Lebanon mountains]] in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] peninsula.

The modern written language ([[Modern Standard Arabic]]) is derived from [[Classical Arabic]]. It is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (''fuṣḥā''), which is the official language of 26 states and the [[liturgical language]] of [[Islam]]. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same [[vocabulary]]. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the [[post-classical era]], especially in modern times.

During the [[Middle Ages]], Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also [[loanword|borrowed]] many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in [[European languages]], mainly Portuguese and [[Arabic influence on the Spanish language|Spanish]] owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], referred to in Arabic as [[al-Andalus]]. Balkan languages, including [[Greek language|Greek]], have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish.

Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Maltese language|Maltese]]''',''' [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Maldivian language|Maldivian]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Hausa language|Hausa]] and some languages in parts of Africa. Despite being an influential language, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages including Greek and Persian in [[medieval]] times, and contemporary European languages such as [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]] in modern times.

[[Classical Arabic]] is the [[Sacred language|liturgical language]] of 1.7 billion [[Muslims]] and [[Modern Standard Arabic]] is one of six [[official languages of the United Nations]].<ref name="gordonconwell.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact|date=January 2015|publisher=gordonconwell.edu|accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref><ref name="pewmuslim4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population|title=Executive Summary|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=22 December 2011|work=Future of the Global Muslim Population}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/?sort=Pop2030|title=Table: Muslim Population by Country | Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=2011-01-27|publisher=Features.pewforum.org|access-date=2014-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/official-languages/|title=UN official languages|date=|publisher=Un.org|access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> It is spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/world-arabic-language-day/ |title= World Arabic Language Day |work= UNESCO |date= 18 December 2014 |access-date= 12 February 2014}}</ref> making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an [[abjad]] script and is written from [[right-to-left]] although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in [[Arabic chat alphabet|ASCII Latin]] from [[left-to-right]] with no standardized orthography.

== Classification ==
Arabic is a [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] language, closely related to the [[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]] languages ([[Aramaic language|Aramaic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Ugaritic language|Ugaritic]] and [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]), the Ancient South Arabian languages, and various other Semitic languages of Arabia such as [[Dadanitic]]. The [[Semitic languages]] changed a great deal between [[Proto-Semitic]] and the establishment of the [[Central Semitic languages]], particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include:
# The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation (''jalas-'') into a past tense.
# The conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation (''yajlis-'') into a present tense.
# The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms (e.g., a present tense formed by doubling the middle root, a perfect formed by infixing a {{IPA|/t/}} after the first root consonant, probably a jussive formed by a stress shift) in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms (e.g., ''-u'' for indicative, ''-a'' for subjunctive, no ending for jussive, ''-an'' or ''-anna'' for energetic).
# The development of an internal passive.
There are several features which Classical Arabic, the modern Arabic varieties, as well as the [[Safaitic]] and [[Hismaic (Old Arabic)|Hismaic]] inscriptions share which are unattested in any other Central Semitic language variety, including the [[Dadanitic]] and [[Taymanitic]] languages of the [[Hijaz|northern Hijaz]]. These features are evidence of common descent from a [[Proto-language|hypothetical ancestor]], [[Proto-Arabic]]. The following features can be reconstructed with confidence for Proto-Arabic:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X29BwAAQBAJ|title=An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|date=2015-03-27|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004289826|language=en}}</ref>
# negative particles ''m'' *''mā''; ''lʾn'' *''lā-ʾan'' > CAr ''lan''
# ''mafʿūl'' G-passive participle
# prepositions and adverbs ''f'', ''ʿn'', ''ʿnd'', ''ḥt'', ''ʿkdy''
# a subjunctive in -''a''
# ''t''-demonstratives
# leveling of the -''at'' allomorph of the feminine ending
# ''ʾn'' complementizer and subordinator
# the use of ''f''- to introduce modal clauses
# independent object pronoun in (''ʾ'')''y''
# vestiges of ''nunation''

==History==

=== Old Arabic ===
{{Main article|Old Arabic}}
[[File:Arabian_Languages.png|thumb|Arabian Languages]]

Arabia boasted a wide variety of Semitic languages in antiquity. In the southwest, various [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] languages both belonging to and outside of the [[Old South Arabian|Ancient South Arabian]] family (e.g. Southern Thamudic) were spoken. It is also believed that the ancestors of the [[Modern South Arabian languages|Modern South Arabian]] languages (non-Central Semitic languages) were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern [[Hejaz|Hijaz]], [[Dadanitic]] and [[Taymanitic]] held some prestige as inscriptional languages. In [[Najd]] and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested. In eastern Arabia, inscriptions in a script derived from ASA attest to a language known as [[Hasaitic dialect|Hasaitic]]. Finally, on the northwestern frontier of Arabia, various languages known to scholars as Thamudic B, Thamudic D, [[Safaitic]], and [[Hismaic]] are attested. The last two share important isoglosses with later forms of Arabic, leading scholars to theorize that Safaitic and Hismaic are in fact early forms of Arabic and that they should be considered [[Old Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/18470301/Al-Jallad._The_earliest_stages_of_Arabic_and_its_linguistic_classification_Routledge_Handbook_of_Arabic_Linguistics_forthcoming_|title=Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1st century CE, fragments of Northern Old Arabic are attested in the [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean script]] across northern Arabia. By the 4th century CE, the Nabataean Aramaic writing system had come to express varieties of Arabic other than that of the Nabataeans.

===Old Higazi and Classical Arabic===
In late pre-Islamic times, a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of Arabic emerged in the [[Hejaz|Hijaz]] which continued living its parallel life after literary Arabic had been institutionally standardized in the 2nd and 3rd century of the [[Islamic calendar|Hijra]], most strongly in Judeo-Christian texts, keeping alive ancient features eliminated from the ‘learned’ tradition (Classical Arabic).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/middle-arabic-EALL_COM_vol3_0213?s.num=0&s.rows=20&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=middle+arabic|title=Middle Arabic - Brill Reference|website=referenceworks.brillonline.com|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> pugs are epicvariety and both its classicizing and "lay" iterations have been termed Middle Arabic in the past, but they are thought to continue an [[Old Higazi]] register. It is clear that the orthography of the [[Quran|Qurʾān]] was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to recording an archaic form of [[Old Higazi]].

In the late 6th century AD, a relatively uniform intertribal ‘poetic koine’ distinct from the [[Vernacular|spoken vernaculars]] developed based on the [[Bedouin]] dialects of [[Najd]], probably in connection with the court of [[Al-Hirah|al-Ḥīra]]. During the first Islamic century the majority of Arabic poets and Arabic-writing persons spoke Arabic as their mother tongue. Their texts, although mainly preserved in far later manuscripts, contain traces of non-standardized [[Classical Arabic]] elements in morphology and syntax. The standardization of Classical Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the ''ʿarabiyya'' "Arabic", [[Sibawayh|Sībawayhi's]] ''al''-''Kitāb'', is based first of all upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to Qurʾān usage and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the ''ʿarabiyya''.<ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com" /> By the 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world.

=== Neo-Arabic ===
Charles Ferguson’s [[koiné language|koine]] theory (Ferguson 1959), claims that the modern Arabic dialects collectively descend from a single military koine that sprung up during the Islamic conquests; this view has been challenged in recent times. Ahmad al-Jallad proposes that there were at least two considerably distinct types of Arabic on the eve of the conquests: Northern and Central (Al-Jallad 2009). The modern dialects emerged from a new contact situation produced following the conquests. Instead of the emergence of a single or multiple koines, the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of borrowed and areal features, which they absorbed at different points in their linguistic histories.<ref name="referenceworks.brillonline.com">{{Cite web|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects - Brill Reference|website=referenceworks.brillonline.com|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref>
According to Veersteegh and Bickerton colloquial arabic dialects arose from pidginized Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Pidginization and subsequent creolization among Arabs and [[Arabization|arabized]] peoples could explain morphological and phonological simplicity of vernacular Arabic compared to Classical and MSA.<ref>https://books.google.pl/books?id=RiarBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&dq=vernacular+arabic+simplified+creoles+islamic+conquests&source=bl&ots=9fxdM5gYf5&sig=UVYaAC_Tu-GHqwhBkDcrXwokOBc&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjPipK-qPPTAhVKIsAKHZKVCGgQ6AEINjAF#v=onepage&q=vernacular%20arabic%20simplified%20creoles%20islamic%20conquests&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.pl/books?id=VM6M1351GWsC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&dq=theory+creolization+arabic+arab+conquests+inflections&source=bl&ots=sfX8gOVpUR&sig=0HRQ-Jn6JY_rqAUySbWFnq7bpvc&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjyZfghfPTAhXIL8AKHVwYAxQQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=theory%20creolization%20arabic%20arab%20conquests%20inflections&f=false</ref>

== Classical, Modern Standard and spoken Arabic ==
{{See also|List of Arabic dictionaries}}
''Arabic'' usually designates one of three main variants: [[Classical Arabic]], [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and [[Varieties of Arabic|''colloquial'' or ''dialectal'' Arabic]]. Classical Arabic is the language found in the [[Quran]], used from the period of [[Pre-Islamic Arabia]] to that of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. Theoretically, Classical Arabic is considered normative, according to the [[syntactic]] and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as [[Sibawayh]]) and the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the [[Ibn_Manzur#Lis.C4.81n_al-.CA.BFArab|Lisān al-ʻArab]]). In practice, however, modern authors almost never write in pure Classical Arabic, instead using a [[literary language]] with its own grammatical norms and vocabulary, commonly known as Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).

MSA is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by some of the [[Arabic media]] across [[North Africa]], and the [[Middle East]], and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. "Literary Arabic" and "Standard Arabic" ({{lang|ar|فُصْحَى}} ''{{transl|ar|fuṣḥá}}'') are less strictly defined terms that may refer to Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic.

Some of the differences between Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) are as follows:
* Certain grammatical constructions of CA that have no counterpart in any modern dialect (e.g., the [[energetic mood]]) are almost never used in [[Modern Standard Arabic]].
* No modern spoken variety of Arabic has [[Grammatical case|case]] distinctions. As a result, MSA is generally composed without case distinctions in mind, and the proper cases are added after the fact, when necessary. Because most case endings are noted using final short vowels, which are normally left unwritten in the Arabic script, it is unnecessary to determine the proper case of most words. The practical result of this is that MSA, like English and [[Standard Chinese]], is written in a strongly determined word order and alternative orders that were used in CA for emphasis are rare. In addition, because of the lack of case marking in the spoken varieties, most speakers cannot consistently use the correct endings in extemporaneous speech. As a result, spoken MSA tends to drop or regularize the endings except when reading from a prepared text.
* The numeral system in CA is complex and heavily tied in with the case system. This system is never used in MSA, even in the most formal of circumstances; instead, a significantly simplified system is used, approximating the system of the conservative spoken varieties.

MSA uses much Classical vocabulary (e.g., ''{{transl|ar|ALA|dhahaba}}'' 'to go') that is not present in the spoken varieties. In addition, MSA has borrowed or coined a large number of terms for concepts that did not exist in Quranic times, and MSA continues to evolve.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kaye|1991|p=?}}</ref> Some words have been borrowed from other languages—notice that transliteration mainly indicates spelling and not real pronunciation (e.g., {{lang|ar|فِلْم}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|film}}'' 'film' or {{lang|ar|ديمقراطية}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|dīmuqrāṭiyyah}}'' 'democracy').

However, the current preference is to avoid direct borrowings, preferring to either use [[loan translation]]s (e.g., {{lang|ar|فرع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|farʻ}}'' 'branch', also used for the branch of a company or organization; {{lang|ar|جناح}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|janāḥ}}'' 'wing', is also used for the wing of an airplane, building, air force, etc.), or to coin new words using forms within existing [[Semitic root|roots]] ({{lang|ar|استماتة}} ''{{transl|ar|istimātah}}'' '[[apoptosis]]', using the root {{lang|ar|موت}} ''m/w/t'' 'death' put into the [[Arabic verbs#Form X|Xth form]], or {{lang|ar|جامعة}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jāmiʻah}}'' 'university', based on {{lang|ar|جمع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jamaʻa}}'' 'to gather, unite'; {{lang|ar|جمهورية}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jumhūriyyah}}'' 'republic', based on {{lang|ar|جمهور}} ''{{transl|ar|jumhūr}}'' 'multitude'). An earlier tendency was to redefine older word although this has fallen into disuse (e.g., {{lang|ar|هاتف}} ''{{transl|ar|hātif}}'' 'telephone' < 'invisible caller (in Sufism)'; {{lang|ar|جريدة}} ''{{transl|ar|jarīdah}}'' 'newspaper' < 'palm-leaf stalk').

''Colloquial'' or ''dialectal'' Arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties which constitute the everyday spoken language. Colloquial Arabic has many regional variants; geographically distant varieties usually differ enough to be [[mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]], and some linguists consider them distinct languages.<ref>"Arabic Language." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Retrieved on 29 July 2009.</ref> The varieties are typically unwritten. They are often used in informal spoken media, such as [[soap opera]]s and [[talk show]]s,<ref name="Jenkins">{{Citation |last=Jenkins |first=Orville Boyd |url= http://strategyleader.org/articles/arabicpercent.html |title= Population Analysis of the Arabic Languages |date= 18 March 2000}}</ref> as well as occasionally in certain forms of written media such as poetry and printed advertising.

The only variety of modern Arabic to have acquired official language status is [[Maltese language|Maltese]], which is spoken in (predominately [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]) [[Malta]] and written with the [[Maltese alphabet|Latin script]]. It is descended from Classical Arabic through [[Siculo-Arabic]], but is not mutually intelligible with any other variety of Arabic. Most linguists list it as a separate language rather than as a dialect of Arabic.
[[File:Flag of the Arab League.svg|thumb|left|upright|Flag of the [[Arab League]], used in some cases for the Arabic language.]]
[[File:Flag of Hejaz 1917.svg|thumb|left|upright|Flag used in some cases for the Arabic language]]

Even during Muhammad's lifetime, there were dialects of spoken Arabic. Muhammad spoke in the dialect of [[Mecca]], in the western [[Arabian peninsula]], and it was in this dialect that the Quran was written down. However, the dialects of the eastern Arabian peninsula were considered the most prestigious at the time, so the language of the Quran was ultimately converted to follow the eastern [[phonology]]. It is this phonology that underlies the modern pronunciation of Classical Arabic. The phonological differences between these two dialects account for some of the complexities of Arabic writing, most notably the writing of the [[glottal stop]] or ''[[hamzah]]'' (which was preserved in the eastern dialects but lost in western speech) and the use of ''{{transl|ar|ALA|alif maqṣūrah}}'' (representing a sound preserved in the western dialects but merged with ''{{transl|ar|ā}}'' in eastern speech).{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==Language and dialect==
The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of [[diglossia]], which is the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language, usually in different social situations. In the case of Arabic, educated Arabs of any nationality can be assumed to speak both their school-taught Standard Arabic as well as their native, mutually unintelligible "dialects";<ref>Janet C. E. Watson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4RDIoDAF1e8C&pg=PR19 The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic], Introduction, pg. xix. [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]], 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-19-160775-2}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oj5jAMspUfAC&pg=PA10462 Proceedings and Debates of the] [[107th United States Congress]] [[Congressional Record]], pg. 10,462. Washington, D.C.: [[United States Government Printing Office]], 2002.</ref><ref>Shalom Staub, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HPsCHy3nsA8C&pg=PA124 Yemenis in New York City: The Folklore of Ethnicity], pg. 124. [[Philadelphia]]: [[Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies]], 1989. {{ISBN|978-0-944190-05-0}}</ref><ref>[[Daniel Newman (academic)|Daniel Newman]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=DEdXz4OVvqMC&pg=PA1 Arabic-English Thematic Lexicon], pg. 1. London: Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-134-10392-8}}</ref><ref>Rebecca L. Torstrick and Elizabeth Faier, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jwp6D51NB34C&pg=PA41 Culture and Customs of the Arab Gulf States], pg. 41. [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]]: [[ABC-CLIO]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-313-33659-1}}</ref> these dialects linguistically constitute separate languages which may have dialects of their own.<ref>[[Walter J. Ong]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=JXC217u47tEC&pg=PA32 Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture], pg. 32. [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]]: [[Cornell University Press]], 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-6630-4}}</ref> When educated Arabs of different dialects engage in conversation (for example, a Moroccan speaking with a Lebanese), many speakers [[Code-switching|code-switch]] back and forth between the dialectal and standard varieties of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence. Arabic speakers often improve their familiarity with other dialects via music or film.

The issue of whether Arabic is one language or many languages is politically charged, in the same way it is for the [[varieties of Chinese]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Scots language|Scots]] and English, etc. In contrast to speakers of Hindi and Urdu who claim they cannot understand each other even when they can, speakers of the varieties of Arabic will claim they can all understand each other even when they cannot.<ref>Clive Holes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&pg=PA2&dq=arabic+languages+unintelligible&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6AGMU8HGD4ynyATW1YDYCw&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=arabic%20languages%20unintelligible&f=false Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties], pg. 3. [[Washington, D.C.]]: [[Georgetown University Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-58901-022-2}}</ref> The issue of diglossia between spoken and written language is a significant complicating factor: A single written form, significantly different from any of the spoken varieties learned natively, unites a number of sometimes divergent spoken forms. For political reasons, Arabs mostly assert that they all speak a single language, despite significant issues of mutual incomprehensibility among differing spoken versions.<ref>Nizar Y. Habash,[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRIHCnC74BoC&pg=PA1&dq=arabic+languages+dialects+political&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9xGMU-rDBYajyASWhoDgAw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=arabic%20languages%20dialects%20political&f=false Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing], pgs. 1–2. [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]]: Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-59829-795-9}}</ref>

From a linguistic standpoint, it is often said that the various spoken varieties of Arabic differ among each other collectively about as much as the [[Romance languages]].<ref>Bernard Bate, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&pg=PT38&dq=arabic+languages+mutually+unintelligible&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-AWMU_6OC8GjyAS4_oK4Bg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=arabic%20languages%20mutually%20unintelligible&f=false Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India], pgs. 14–15. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Columbia University Press]], 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-231-51940-3}}</ref> This is an apt comparison in a number of ways. The period of divergence from a single spoken form is similar—perhaps 1500 years for Arabic, 2000 years for the Romance languages. Also, while it is comprehensible to people from the [[Maghreb]], a linguistically innovative variety such as [[Moroccan Arabic]] is essentially incomprehensible to Arabs from the [[Mashriq]], much as French is incomprehensible to Spanish or Italian speakers but relatively easily learned by them. This suggests that the spoken varieties may linguistically be considered separate languages.

== Influence of Arabic on other languages ==
{{See also|List of Arabic loanwords in English}}

The influence of Arabic has been most important in Islamic countries, because it is the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Quran. Arabic is also an important source of vocabulary for languages such as [[Baluchi language|Baluchi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Chechen language|Chechen]], [[Dagestani language|Dagestani]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Kutchi Language|Kutchi]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Urdu]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], and [[Wolof language|Wolof]], as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

In addition, English has many Arabic loanwords, some directly, but most via other Mediterranean languages. Examples of such words include admiral, adobe, alchemy, alcohol, algebra, algorithm, alkaline, almanac, amber, arsenal, assassin, candy, carat, cipher, coffee, cotton, ghoul, hazard, jar, kismet, lemon, loofah, magazine, mattress, sherbet, sofa, sumac, tariff, and many other words.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Other languages such as Maltese<ref>{{cite web |author=EB staff |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050379/Maltese-language |title=Maltese language – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref> and [[Kinubi]] derive ultimately from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary or grammatical rules.

Terms borrowed range from religious terminology (like Berber ''taẓallit'', "prayer", from ''[[salat]]'' ({{lang|ar|صلاة}} ''{{transl|ar|ṣalāh}}'')), academic terms (like [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] ''mentiq'', "logic"), and economic items (like English ''coffee'') to [[placeholder name|placeholders]] (like Spanish ''fulano'', "so-and-so"), everyday terms (like Hindustani ''lekin'', "but", or Spanish ''taza'' and French ''tasse'', meaning "cup"), and expressions (like Catalan ''a betzef'', "galore, in quantity"). Most Berber varieties (such as [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]), along with Swahili, borrow some numbers from Arabic. Most Islamic religious terms are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as {{lang|ar|صلاة}} (''salat''), "prayer", and {{lang|ar|إمام}} (''imam''), "prayer leader."

In languages not directly in contact with the Arab world, Arabic loanwords are often transferred indirectly via other languages rather than being transferred directly from Arabic. For example, most Arabic loanwords in Hindustani and Turkish entered through Persian though Persian is an [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian language]]. Older Arabic loanwords in Hausa were borrowed from [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]].

Some words in English and other European languages are derived from Arabic, often through other European languages, especially Spanish and Italian. Among them are commonly used words like "[[coffee]]" ({{lang|ar|قهوة}} ''qahwah''), "[[cotton]]" ({{lang|ar|قطن}} ''{{transl|ar|quṭn}}''), and "magazine" ({{lang|ar|مخازن}} ''[[makhzen|{{transl|ar|ALA|makhāzin}}]]''). English words more recognizably of Arabic origin include "[[algebra]]", "[[alcohol]]", "[[alchemy]]", "[[alkali]]", "[[zenith]]", and "[[nadir]]".

Arabic words also made their way into several West African languages as Islam spread across the Sahara. Variants of Arabic words such as {{lang|ar|كتاب}} ''kitāb'' ("book") have spread to the languages of African groups who had no direct contact with Arab traders.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gregersen|1977|p=237}}</ref>

Since throughout the Islamic world, Arabic occupied a position similar to that of Latin in Europe, many of the Arabic concepts in the fields of science, philosophy, commerce, etc. were coined from Arabic roots by non-native Arabic speakers, notably by Aramaic and Persian translators, and then found their way into other languages. This process of using Arabic roots, especially in Kurdish and Persian, to translate foreign concepts continued through to the 18th and 19th centuries, when swaths of Arab-inhabited lands were under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule.

==Influence of other languages on Arabic==
The most important sources of borrowings into (pre-Islamic) Arabic are from the related (Semitic) languages [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]],<ref>See the seminal study by Siegmund Fraenkel, ''Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen'', Leiden 1886 (repr. 1962)</ref> which used to be the principal, international language of communication throughout the ancient Near and Middle East, [[Ge'ez language|Ethiopic]], and to a lesser degree Hebrew (mainly religious concepts). In addition, many cultural, religious and political terms have entered Arabic from [[Iranian languages]], notably [[Middle Persian]], [[Parthian language|Parthian]], and (Classical) Persian,<ref>See for instance Wilhelm Eilers, "Iranisches Lehngut im Arabischen", ''Actas IV. Congresso des Estudos Árabes et Islâmicos, Coimbra, Lisboa'', Leiden 1971, with earlier references.</ref> and Hellenistic Greek (''kīmiyāʼ'' has as origin the Greek ''khymia'', meaning in that language the melting of metals; see [[Roger Dachez]], ''Histoire de la Médecine de l'Antiquité au XXe siècle'', Tallandier, 2008, p. 251), ''alembic'' (distiller) from ''ambix'' (cup), ''almanac'' (climate) from ''almenichiakon'' (calendar). (For the origin of the last three borrowed words, see Alfred-Louis de Prémare, ''Foundations of Islam'', Seuil, L'Univers Historique, 2002.) Some Arabic borrowings from Semitic or Persian languages are, as presented in De Prémare's above-cited book:

* ''madīnah''/[[medina]] (مدينة, city or city square), a word of Aramaic or Hebrew origin מדינה (in which it means "a state");
* ''jazīrah'' (جزيرة), as in the well-known form الجزيرة "Al-Jazeera," means "island" and has its origin in the Syriac ܓܙܝܪܗ ''gazīra''.
* ''lāzaward'' (لازورد) is taken from Persian لاژورد ''lājvard'', the name of a blue stone, lapis lazuli. This word was borrowed in several European languages to mean (light) blue - azure in English, ''azur'' in French and ''azul'' in Portuguese and Spanish.

==Arabic alphabet and nationalism==

There have been many instances of national movements to convert Arabic script into Latin script or to Romanize the language. Currently, the only Arabic language to use Latin script is [[Maltese language|Maltese]].

===Lebanon===
The Beirut newspaper ''La Syrie'' pushed for the change from Arabic script to Latin letters in 1922. The major head of this movement was [[Louis Massignon]], a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damacus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at Romanization failed as the Academy and population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. [[Sa'id al-Afghani|Sa'id Afghani]], a member of the Academy, mentioned that the movement to Romanize the script was a [[Zionism|Zionist]] plan to dominate Lebanon.<ref name="shrivtiel179">{{cite book|last=Shrivtiel|first=Shraybom|title=The Question of Romanisation of the Script and The Emergence of Nationalism in the Middle East|date=1998|publisher=Mediterranean Language Review|pages=179–196}}</ref><ref name="shirvtiel188">Shrivtiel, p. 188</ref>

===Egypt===
After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and re-emphasize Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the Arabic language in which the formal Arabic and the colloquial Arabic would be combined into one language and the Latin alphabet would be used.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shirvtiel188" /> There was also the idea of finding a way to use [[Hieroglyphics]] instead of the Latin alphabet, but this was seen as too complicated to use.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shirvtiel188" /> A scholar, [[Salama Musa]] agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed that Latin script was key to the success of Egypt as it would allow for more advances in science and technology. This change in alphabet, he believed, would solve the problems inherent with Arabic, such as a lack of written vowels and difficulties writing foreign words that made it difficult for non-native speakers to learn.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shirvtiel188" /> Ahmad Lutfi As Sayid and Muhammad Azmi, two Egyptian intellectuals, agreed with Musa and supported the push for Romanization.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shrivtiel189">Shrivtiel, p. 189</ref> The idea that Romanization was necessary for modernization and growth in Egypt continued with Abd Al-Aziz Fahmi in 1944. He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee for the Arabic Language Academy of Cairo.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shrivtiel189" /> However, this effort failed as the Egyptian people felt a strong cultural tie to the Arabic alphabet.<ref name="shrivtiel179" /><ref name="shrivtiel189" /> In particular, the older Egyptian generations believed that the Arabic alphabet had strong connections to Arab values and history, which is easy to believe due to the long history of the Arabic alphabet (Shrivtiel, 189) in Muslim societies.

== Arabic and Islam ==
Classical Arabic is the language of poetry and literature (including news); it is also mainly the language of the [[Quran]]. At present, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is also used in modernized versions of literary forms of the Quran. Arabic is closely associated with the religion of [[Islam]] because the Quran was written in Arabic, but it is nevertheless also spoken by other religious groups such as [[Arab Christians and Arabic-speaking Christians|Arab Christians]], [[Mizrahi Jews]], [[Druze]] and Iraqi [[Mandaean]]s. Most of the world's [[Muslims]] do not speak Classical Arabic as their native language, but many can read the Quranic script and recite the Quran. Among non-Arab Muslims, translations of the Quran are most often accompanied by the original text.

Some Muslims present a [[Proto-Human language|monogenesis]] of languages and claim that the Arabic language was the language revealed by God for the benefit of mankind and the original language as a prototype system of symbolic communication, based upon its system of triconsonantal roots, spoken by man from which all other languages were derived, having first been corrupted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/topics/arabic/ |title=Arabic – the mother of all languages – Al Islam Online |publisher=Alislam.org |date= |accessdate=4 May 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100430215148/http://www.alislam.org/topics/arabic/| archivedate= 30 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="meforum">{{cite web |last=Coffman |first=James |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/276|title=Does the Arabic Language Encourage Radical Islam?|accessdate=5 December 2008|publisher=Middle East Quarterly|date=December 1995}}</ref> [[Judaism]] has a similar account with the [[Tower of Babel]].

== Dialects and descendants ==
{{Main article|Varieties of Arabic}}
[[File:Arabic Dialects.svg|thumb|left|300px|Different dialects of Arabic.]]
''Colloquial Arabic'' is a collective term for the spoken dialects of Arabic used throughout the [[Arab world]], which differ radically from the literary language. The main dialectal division is between the varieties within and outside of the Arabian peninsula, followed by that between [[Varieties of Arabic#Sedentary vs. Bedouin|sedentary]] varieties and the much more conservative [[Bedouin]] varieties. All of the varieties outside of the Arabian peninsula (which include the large majority of speakers) have a large number of features in common with each other that are not found in Classical Arabic. This has led researchers to postulate the existence of a prestige koine dialect in the one or two centuries immediately following the Arab conquest, whose features eventually spread to all of the newly conquered areas. (These features are present to varying degrees inside the Arabian peninsula. Generally, the Arabian peninsula varieties have much more diversity than the non-peninsula varieties, but have been understudied.)

Within the non-peninsula varieties, the largest difference is between the non-Egyptian [[Maghrebi Arabic|North African dialects]] (especially Moroccan Arabic) and the others. Moroccan Arabic in particular is hardly comprehensible to Arabic speakers east of [[Libya]] (although the converse is not true, in part due to the popularity of Egyptian films and other media).

One factor in the differentiation of the dialects is influence from the languages previously spoken in the areas, which have typically provided a significant number of new words and have sometimes also influenced pronunciation or word order; however, a much more significant factor for most dialects is, as among Romance languages, retention (or change of meaning) of different classical forms. Thus Iraqi ''aku'', Levantine ''fīh'' and North African ''kayən'' all mean 'there is', and all come from Classical Arabic forms (''yakūn'', ''fīhi'', ''kā'in'' respectively), but now sound very different.

===Examples===
Transcription is a [[broad transcription|broad IPA transcription]], so minor differences were ignored for easier comparison.

{| class="wikitable"
! Variety
! I love reading a lot
! When I went to the library
! I didn't find this old book
! I wanted to read a book about the history of women in France
|-
! Literary Arabic in Arabic script (common spelling)
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|أحب القراءة كثيرا}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|عندما ذهبت إلى المكتبة}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|لم أجد هذا الكتاب القديم}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.4">{{script/Arabic|كنت أريد أن أقرأ كتابا عن تاريخ المرأة في فرنسا}}
|-
! Literary Arabic in Arabic script (with all vowels)
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|أُحِبُّ ٱلْقِرَاءَةَ كَثِيرًا}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|عِنْدَمَا ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى ٱلْمَكْتَبَةِ}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|لَمْ أَجِدُ هٰذَا ٱلْكِتَابَ ٱلْقَدِيمَ}}
| <div dir="rtl" style="font-size:large;line-height:1.6">{{script/Arabic|كُنْتُ أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَقْرَأَ كِتَابًا عَنْ تَارِيخِ ٱلْمَرْأَةِ فِي فَرَنْسَا}}
|-
! [[Classical Arabic]] (liturgical or poetic only)
| {{transl|ar|ʔuħibːu‿lqirˤaːʔata kaθiːrˤaː}}
| {{transl|ar|ʕĩndamaː ðahabᵊtu ʔila‿lmaktabah}}
| {{transl|ar|lam ʔad͡ʒidu haːða‿lkitaːba‿lqadiːm}}
| {{transl|ar|kũntu ʔuriːdu ʔan ʔaqᵊrˤaʔa kitaːban ʕan taːriːχi‿lmarˤʔati fiː farˤãnsaː}}
|-
! [[Modern Standard Arabic]]
| {{transl|ar|ʔuħibːu‿lqiraːʔa kaθiːran}}
| {{transl|ar|ʕindamaː ðahabt ʔila‿lmaktaba}}
| {{transl|ar|lam ʔad͡ʒid haːða‿lkitaːba‿lqadiːm}}
| {{transl|ar|kunt ʔuriːd ʔan ʔaqraʔ kitaːban ʕan taːriːχi‿lmarʔa fiː faransaː}}
|-
! [[Yemeni Arabic]] (Sanaa)
| {{transl|ayn|ana bajn aħibː ilgiraːji(h) gawi}}
| {{transl|ayn|law ma sirt saˈla‿lmaktabih}}
| {{transl|ayn|ma lige:tʃ ðajji‿lkitaːb ilgadiːm }}
| {{transl|ayn|kunt aʃti ʔagra kitaːb ʕan taːriːx ilmari(h) wastˤ faraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Kuwaiti Arabic|Gulf Arabic]] (Kuwait)
| {{transl|afb|aːna waːjid aħibː aɡra}}
| {{transl|afb|lamːan riħt ilmaktaba}}
| {{transl|afb|maː liɡeːt halkitaːb ilgadiːm}}
| {{transl|afb|kint abi‿(j)aɡra kitaːb ʕan taːriːx ilħariːm‿(i)bfaransa}}
|-
! [[Mesopotamian Arabic|Gələt Mesopotamian]] (Baghdad)
| {{transl|acm|aːni‿(j)aħub luqraːja kulːiʃ}}
| {{transl|acm|lamːan riħit lilmaktabˤɛː}}
| {{transl|acm|maː liɡeːt haːða liktaːb ilgadiːm}}
| {{transl|acm|ridit aqra ktaːb ʕan taːriːx inːiswaːn‿(u)bfransɛː}}
|-
! [[Hijazi Arabic]] (Medina)
| {{transl|acw|ana marːa ʔaħubː alɡiraːja}}
| {{transl|acw|lamːa ruħt almaktaba}}
| {{transl|acw|ma liɡiːt haːda lkitaːb alɡadiːm}}
| {{transl|acw|kunt abɣa ʔaɡra kitaːb ʕan taːriːx alħariːm fi faransa}}
|-
! Western [[Syrian Arabic]] (Damascus)
| {{transl|apc|ana ktiːr bħəb ləʔraːje}}
| {{transl|apc|lamːa rəħt ʕalmaktabe}}
| {{transl|apc|ma laʔeːt haləktaːb əlʔadiːm }}
| {{transl|apc|kaːn badːi ʔra ktaːb ʕan taːriːx əlmara bfraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Lebanese Arabic]] (Beirut?)
| {{transl|apc|ana ktiːr bħib liʔreːji}}
| {{transl|apc|lamːa riħit ʕalmaktabi}}
| {{transl|apc|ma lʔeːt halikteːb liʔdiːm }}
| {{transl|apc|keːn badːi ʔra kteːb ʕan teːriːx ilmara bfraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Palestinian Arabic|Urban Palestinian]] (Jerusalem)
| {{transl|ajp|ana baħib liʔraːje ktiːr }}
| {{transl|ajp|lamːa ruħt ʕalmaktabe}}
| {{transl|ajp|ma laʔeːtʃ haliktaːb ilʔadiːm }}
| {{transl|ajp|kaːn bidːi ʔaʔra ktaːb ʕan taːriːx ilmara fi faransa}}
|-
! [[Palestinian Arabic|Rural Palestinian]] (West Bank)
| {{transl|ajp|ana baħib likraːje kθiːr }}
| {{transl|ajp|lamːa ruħt ʕalmatʃtabe}}
| {{transl|ajp|ma lakeːtʃ halitʃtaːb ilkadiːm }}
| {{transl|ajp|kaːn bidːi ʔakra tʃtaːb ʕan taːriːx ilmara fi faransa}}
|-
! [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]] (metropolitan)
| {{transl|arz|ana baħebː elʔeraːja ʔawi}}
| {{transl|arz|lamːa roħt elmakˈtaba}}
| {{transl|arz|malʔetʃ elketaːb elʔadim da}}
| {{transl|arz|ana kont(e)‿ʕawz‿aʔra ktab ʕan tariːx esːetˈtat fe faransa}}
|-
! [[Libyan Arabic]] (Tripoli?)

| {{transl|ayl|ana nħəb il-ɡraːja halba}}
| {{transl|ayl|lamma mʃeːt lil-maktba}}
| {{transl|ayl|malɡeːtiʃ ha-li-ktaːb lə-ɡdiːm}}
| {{transl|ayl|kunt nibi naɡra ktaːb ʔleː tariːx ə-nsawiːn fi fraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Tunisian Arabic|Tunisian]] (Tunis)
| {{transl|aeb|nħib liqraːja barʃa}}
| {{transl|aeb|waqtilli mʃiːt lilmaktba }}
| {{transl|aeb|mal-qiːtʃ ha-likteːb liqdiːm}}
| {{transl|aeb|kʊnt nħib naqra kteːb ʕla terix limra fi fraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Algerian Arabic|Algerian]] (Algiers?)
| {{transl|ab|eːna nħebb l-qraːja bezzef}}
| {{transl|ab|ki ruħt l il-maktaba}}
| {{transl|ab|ma-lqiːt-ʃ ha l-kteːb l-qdiːm}}
| {{transl|ab|kunt ħaːb naqra kteːb ʕala tariːx l-mra fi fraːnsa}}
|-
! [[Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan]] (Rabat?)
| {{transl|apy|ana ʕziz ʕlija bzzaf nqra}}
| {{transl|apy|melli mʃit l-lmaktaba}}
| {{transl|apy|ma-lqiːt-ʃ had l-ktab l-qdim}}
| {{transl|apy|kent baɣi nqra ktab ʕla tarix l-mra f-fransa}}
|-
! [[Maltese language|Maltese]] (Valletta) (in Maltese orthography)
| {{transl|mlt|Inħobb naqra ħafna.}}
| {{transl|mlt|Meta mort il-librerija}}
| {{transl|mlt|Ma sibtx dan il-ktieb qadim.}}
| {{transl|mlt|Ridt naqra ktieb dwar l-istorja tal-mara fi Franza.}}
|}

=== Koine ===
According to [[Charles A. Ferguson]],<ref>{{citation|first=Charles|last=Ferguson|title=The Arabic Koine|journal=Language|volume=35|year=1959|pages=616–630|issue=4|doi=10.2307/410601}}</ref> the following are some of the characteristic features of the [[Koiné language|koine]] that underlies all of the modern dialects outside the Arabian peninsula. Although many other features are common to most or all of these varieties, Ferguson believes that these features in particular are unlikely to have evolved independently more than once or twice and together suggest the existence of the koine:
* Loss of the [[dual (grammatical number)]] except on nouns, with consistent plural agreement (cf. feminine singular agreement in plural inanimates).
* Change of ''a'' to ''i'' in many affixes (e.g., non-past-tense prefixes ''ti- yi- ni-''; ''wi-'' 'and'; ''il-'' 'the'; feminine ''-it'' in the [[construct state]]).
* Loss of third-weak verbs ending in ''w'' (which merge with verbs ending in ''y'').
* Reformation of geminate verbs, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|ḥalaltu}}'' 'I untied' → ''{{transl|ar|ḥalēt(u)}}''.
* Conversion of separate words ''lī'' 'to me', ''laka'' 'to you', etc. into indirect-object [[clitic]] suffixes.
* Certain changes in the [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]] system, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|khamsat ayyām}}'' 'five days' → ''{{transl|ar|kham(a)s tiyyām}}'', where certain words have a special plural with prefixed ''t''.
* Loss of the feminine [[elative (gradation)|elative]] (comparative).
* Adjective plurals of the form ''{{transl|ar|kibār}}'' 'big' → ''{{transl|ar|kubār}}''.
* Change of [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisba]] suffix ''{{transl|ar|-iyy}}'' > ''{{transl|ar|i}}''.
* Certain lexical items, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|jāb}}'' 'bring' < ''{{transl|ar|jāʼa bi-}}'' 'come with'; ''{{transl|ar|shāf}}'' 'see'; ''{{transl|ar|ēsh}}'' 'what' (or similar) < ''{{transl|ar|ayyu shayʼ}}'' 'which thing'; ''{{transl|ar|illi}}'' (relative pronoun).
* Merger of {{IPA|/ɮˤ/}} and {{IPA|/ðˤ/}}.

=== Dialect groups ===
* [[Egyptian Arabic]] is spoken by around 53 million in [[Egypt]] (55 million worldwide).<ref name="EA">{{cite book | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/arz | title=Arabic, Egyptian Spoken | publisher=[[Ethnologue]] | year=2006 | edition=18th}}</ref> It is one of the most understood varieties of Arabic, due in large part to the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows throughout the Arabic-speaking world
* [[Levantine Arabic]] includes [[North Levantine Arabic]], [[South Levantine Arabic]] and [[Cypriot Arabic]]. It is spoken by about 21 million people in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Israel]], [[Cyprus]] and [[Turkey]].
** [[Lebanese Arabic]] is a [[Varieties of Arabic|variety]] of [[Levantine Arabic]] spoken primarily in [[Lebanon]].
** [[Jordanian Arabic]] is a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of [[Levantine Arabic]] spoken by the population of the [[Jordan|Kingdom of Jordan]].
** [[Palestinian Arabic]] is a name of several dialects of the subgroup of [[Levantine Arabic]] spoken by the [[Palestinians]] in [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestine]], by [[Arab citizens of Israel]] and in most Palestinian populations around the world.
** [[Samaritan alphabet|Samaritan Arabic]], spoken by only several hundred in the [[Nablus]] region
** [[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]], spoken in [[Cyprus]]
* [[Maghrebi Arabic]], also called "Darija" spoken by about 70 million people in [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], Libya and Malta. It is very hard to understand for Arabic speakers from the Mashriq or Mesopotamia, the easiest being Libyan Arabic and the hardest Moroccan Arabic and Maltese language (which is close to Tunisian Arabic). The others such as Algerian Arabic can be considered "in between".
** [[Libyan Arabic]] spoken in [[Libya]] and neighboring countries.
** [[Tunisian Arabic]] spoken in [[Tunisia]] and North-eastern [[Algeria]]
** [[Algerian Arabic]] spoken in [[Algeria]]
** [[Judeo-Arabic|Judeo-Algerian Arabic]] was spoken by [[History of the Jews in Algeria|Jews]] in [[Algeria]] until 1962
** [[Moroccan Darija|Moroccan Arabic]] spoken in [[Morocco]]
** [[Maltese language|Maltese]], spoken on the island of Malta, is the only dialect to have established itself as a fully separate language,{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} with independent literary norms. [[Sicilian Arabic]], spoken on the island of [[Sicily]] until the 14th century, developed into Maltese in Malta. In the course of its history the language has adopted numerous loanwords, phonetic and phonological features, and even some grammatical patterns, from Italian, Sicilian and English. It is also the only Semitic language written in the [[Latin script]]. Furthermore, Maltese or Sicilian Arabic are closely related to Tunisian Arabic due to the cultural and historical ties between Tunisia and Malta,<ref>Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander ''Maltese'' (1997:xiii) "The immediate source for the Arabic vernacular spoken in Malta was Muslim Sicily, but its ultimate origin appears to have been Tunisia. In fact Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic, although during the past eight hundred years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian Arabic".</ref> and the languages are partially mutually intelligible.<ref>Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander ''Maltese'' (1997:xiii)</ref>
** [[Andalusian Arabic]], spoken in [[Spain]] until the 16th century.
** [[Siculo-Arabic]], was spoken in [[Sicily]] and [[Malta]] between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century.
* [[Mesopotamian Arabic]], spoken by about 32 million people in Iraq (where it is called "Aamiyah"), eastern Syria and southwestern [[Iran]] ([[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]]).
** [[Baghdad Arabic]] is the Arabic dialect spoken in [[Baghdad]], the capital of Iraq. It is a subvariety of [[Mesopotamian Arabic]].
* [[Kuwaiti Arabic]] is a [[Gulf Arabic]] [[dialect]] spoken in [[Kuwait]].
* [[Khuzestani Arabic]] spoken in the [[Iran]]ian province of [[Khuzestan]].
* [[Khorasani Arabic]] spoken in the [[Iran]]ian province of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]].
* [[Sudanese Arabic]] is spoken by 17 million people in [[Sudan]] and some parts of southern Egypt. Sudanese Arabic is quite distinct from the dialect of its neighbor to the north; rather, the Sudanese have a dialect similar to the Hijazi dialect.
* [[Juba Arabic]] spoken in [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]]
* [[Gulf Arabic]], spoken by around four million people, predominantly in [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], some parts of [[Oman]], eastern Saudi Arabia coastal areas and some parts of [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and Qatar. Also spoken in Iran's [[Bushehr Province|Bushehr]] and [[Hormozgan Province|Hormozgan]] provinces. Although Gulf Arabic is spoken in Qatar, most Qatari citizens speak Najdi Arabic (Bedawi).
* [[Yemeni Arabic]] spoken in [[Yemen]], [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]] and southern Saudi Arabia by 15 million people. Similar to Gulf Arabic.
* [[Najdi Arabic]], spoken by around 10 million people, mainly spoken in Najd, central and northern Saudi Arabia. Most Qatari citizens speak Najdi Arabic (Bedawi).
* [[Hejazi Arabic]] (6 million speakers), spoken in Hijaz, western Saudi Arabia
* [[Hassaniya Arabic]] (3 million speakers), spoken in [[Mauritania]], [[Western Sahara]], some parts of northern [[Mali]], southern Morocco and south-western Algeria.
* [[Saharan Arabic]] spoken in some parts of [[Algeria]], [[Niger]] and [[Mali]]
* [[Bahrani Arabic]] (600,000 speakers), spoken by [[Bahrani people|Bahrani Shiʻah]] in Bahrain and [[Qatif]], the dialect exhibits many big differences from Gulf Arabic. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in Oman.
* [[Judeo-Arabic languages|Judeo-Arabic]] dialects - these are the dialects spoken by the Jews that had lived or continue to live in the Arab World. As Jewish migration to Israel took hold, the language did not thrive and is now considered endangered.
* [[Chadian Arabic]], spoken in [[Chad]], [[Sudan]], some parts of [[South Sudan]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], [[Cameroon]]
* [[Central Asian Arabic]], spoken in [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], is highly endangered
* [[Shirvani Arabic]], spoken in [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Dagestan]] until the 1930s, now extinct.

== Phonology ==
{{Main article|Arabic phonology}}

=== History ===
Of the 29 Proto-Semitic consonants, only one has been lost: {{IPA|*/ʒ/}},{{clarify|reason=This sound is not given in the article on Proto-Semitic. Is it from an alternative formulation of the PS phonological system?|date=April 2015}} which merged with {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lipinski|1997|p=124}}</ref> But the consonant {{IPA|*/ʒ/}} is still found in many colloquial Arabic dialects. Various other consonants have changed their sound too, but have remained distinct. An original {{IPA|*/p/}} lenited to {{IPA|/f/}}, and {{IPA|*/ɡ/}} - consistently attested in pre-Islamic Greek transcription of Arabic languages<ref>Al-Jallad, 42</ref> - became palatalized to {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}} or {{IPA|/ɟ/}} by the time of the Quran and {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}}, {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|ʒ}} or {{IPA|/ɟ/}} in MSA (see [[Arabic phonology#Local variations]] for more detail).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|pp=5, 15–16}}</ref> An original [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]] {{IPA|*/ɬ/}} became {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2}}</ref> Its [[emphatic consonant|emphatic]] counterpart {{IPA|/ɬˠ~ɮˤ/}} was considered by Arabs to be the most unusual sound in Arabic (Hence the Classical Arabic's appellation {{lang|ar|لُغَةُ ٱلضَّادِ}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|lughat al-ḍād}}'' or "language of the ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ḍād}}''"); for most modern dialects, it has become an emphatic stop {{IPA|/dˤ/}} with loss of the laterality<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2" /> or with complete loss of any pharyngealization or velarization, {{IPA|/d/}}. (The classical ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ḍād}}'' pronunciation of [[pharyngealization]] {{IPA|/ɮˤ/}} still occurs in the [[Mehri language]] and the similar sound without velarization, {{IPAslink|ɮ}}, exists in other [[Modern South Arabian languages]].)

Other changes may also have happened. Classical Arabic pronunciation is not thoroughly recorded and different [[comparative method (linguistics)|reconstructions]] of the sound system of Proto-Semitic propose different phonetic values. One example is the emphatic consonants, which are pharyngealized in modern pronunciations but may have been velarized in the eighth century and glottalized in Proto-Semitic.<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=2" />

Reduction of {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} between vowels occurs in a number of circumstances and is responsible for much of the complexity of third-weak ("defective") verbs. Early Akkadian transcriptions of Arabic names shows that this reduction had not yet occurred as of the early part of the 1st millennium BC.

The Classical Arabic language as recorded was a poetic [[koine]] that reflected a consciously archaizing dialect, chosen based on the tribes of the western part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], who spoke the most conservative variants of Arabic. Even at the time of Mohammed and before, other dialects existed with many more changes, including the loss of most glottal stops, the loss of case endings, the reduction of the diphthongs {{IPA|/aj/}} and {{IPA|/aw/}} into monophthongs {{IPA|/eː, oː/}}, etc. Most of these changes are present in most or all modern varieties of Arabic.

An interesting feature of the writing system of the Quran (and hence of Classical Arabic) is that it contains certain features of Muhammad's native dialect of Mecca, corrected through diacritics into the forms of standard Classical Arabic. Among these features visible under the corrections are the loss of the glottal stop and a differing development of the reduction of certain final sequences containing {{IPA|/j/}}: Evidently, final {{IPA|/-awa/}} became {{IPA|/aː/}} as in the Classical language, but final {{IPA|/-aja/}} became a different sound, possibly {{IPA|/eː/}} (rather than again {{IPA|/aː/}} in the Classical language). This is the apparent source of the ''alif maqṣūrah'' 'restricted alif' where a final {{IPA|/-aja/}} is reconstructed: a letter that would normally indicate {{IPA|/j/}} or some similar high-vowel sound, but is taken in this context to be a logical variant of ''alif'' and represent the sound {{IPA|/aː/}}.

=== Literary Arabic ===
The "colloquial" spoken varieties of Arabic are learned at home and constitute the native languages of Arabic speakers. "Formal" [[Literary Arabic]] (usually specifically Modern Standard Arabic) is learned at school; although many speakers have a native-like command of the language, it is technically not the native language of any speakers. Both varieties can be both written and spoken, although the colloquial varieties are rarely written down and the formal variety is spoken mostly in formal circumstances, e.g., in radio broadcasts, formal lectures, parliamentary discussions and to some extent between speakers of different colloquial varieties. Even when the literary language is spoken, however, it is normally only spoken in its pure form when reading a prepared text out loud. When speaking [[extemporaneous]]ly (i.e. making up the language on the spot, as in a normal discussion among people), speakers tend to deviate somewhat from the strict literary language in the direction of the colloquial varieties. In fact, there is a continuous range of "in-between" spoken varieties: from nearly pure Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), to a form that still uses MSA grammar and vocabulary but with significant colloquial influence, to a form of the colloquial language that imports a number of words and grammatical constructions in MSA, to a form that is close to pure colloquial but with the "rough edges" (the most noticeably "vulgar" or non-Classical aspects) smoothed out, to pure colloquial. The particular variant (or ''[[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]'') used depends on the social class and education level of the speakers involved and the level of formality of the speech situation. Often it will vary within a single encounter, e.g., moving from nearly pure MSA to a more mixed language in the process of a radio interview, as the interviewee becomes more comfortable with the interviewer. This type of variation is characteristic of the [[diglossia]] that exists throughout the Arabic-speaking world.[[File:Poem by Abu 'ala al-Ma'arri ("I no longer steal from nature") read in Arabic.ogg|thumb|right|180x180px|Recording of a poem by [[Al-Maʿarri#Asceticism|Al-Ma'arri titled "I no longer steal from nature"]]]]
Although Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is a unitary language, its pronunciation varies somewhat from country to country and from region to region within a country. The variation in individual "accents" of MSA speakers tends to mirror corresponding variations in the colloquial speech of the speakers in question, but with the distinguishing characteristics moderated somewhat. Note that it is important in descriptions of "Arabic" phonology to distinguish between pronunciation of a given colloquial (spoken) dialect and the pronunciation of MSA by these same speakers. Although they are related, they are not the same. For example, the phoneme that derives from Proto-Semitic {{IPA|/g/}} has many different pronunciations in the modern spoken varieties, e.g., {{IPA|[d͡ʒ ~ ʒ ~ j ~ ɡʲ ~ ɡ]}}. Speakers whose native variety has either {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}} will use the same pronunciation when speaking MSA. Even speakers from [[Cairo]], whose native Egyptian Arabic has {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, normally use {{IPAblink|ɡ}} when speaking MSA. The {{IPAblink|j}} of Persian Gulf speakers is the only variant pronunciation which isn't found in MSA; {{IPA|[d͡ʒ~ʒ]}} is used instead.

Another example: Many colloquial varieties are known for a type of [[vowel harmony]] in which the presence of an "emphatic consonant" triggers backed [[allophone]]s of nearby vowels (especially of the low vowels {{IPA|/aː/}}, which are backed to {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ(ː)}} in these circumstances and very often fronted to {{IPAblink|æ|æ(ː)}} in all other circumstances). In many spoken varieties, the backed or "emphatic" vowel allophones spread a fair distance in both directions from the triggering consonant; in some varieties (most notably Egyptian Arabic), the "emphatic" allophones spread throughout the entire word, usually including prefixes and suffixes, even at a distance of several syllables from the triggering consonant. Speakers of colloquial varieties with this vowel harmony tend to introduce it into their MSA pronunciation as well, but usually with a lesser degree of spreading than in the colloquial varieties. (For example, speakers of colloquial varieties with extremely long-distance harmony may allow a moderate, but not extreme, amount of spreading of the harmonic allophones in their MSA speech, while speakers of colloquial varieties with moderate-distance harmony may only harmonize immediately adjacent vowels in MSA.)

==== Vowels ====
Modern Standard Arabic has six pure [[vowel]]s, with short {{IPA|/a i u/}} and corresponding long vowels {{IPA|/aː iː uː/}}. There are also two [[diphthongs]]: {{IPA|/aj/}} and {{IPA|/aw/}}.

The pronunciation of the vowels differs from speaker to speaker, in a way that tends to reflect the pronunciation of the corresponding colloquial variety. Nonetheless, there are some common trends. Most noticeable is the differing pronunciation of {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}}, which tend towards fronted {{IPAblink|æ|æ(ː)}}, {{IPAblink|a|a(ː)}} or {{IPAblink|ɛ|ɛ(ː)}} in most situations, but a back {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ(ː)}} in the neighborhood of [[emphatic consonant]]s. Some accents and dialects, such as those of the [[Hijaz]], have central {{IPAblink|ä|ä(ː)}} in all situations. The vowel {{IPA|/a/}} varies towards {{IPAblink|ə|ə(ː)}} too. Listen to the final vowel in the recording of ''{{transl|ar|al-ʻarabiyyah}}'' at the beginning of this article, for example. The point is, Arabic has only three short vowel phonemes, so those phonemes can have a very wide range of allophones. The vowels {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} are often affected somewhat in emphatic neighborhoods as well, with generally more back or centralized [[allophone]]s, but the differences are less great than for the low vowels. The pronunciation of short {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/i/}} tends towards {{IPA|[ʊ~o]}} and {{IPA|[i~e~ɨ]}} in many dialects.

The definition of both "emphatic" and "neighborhood" vary in ways that reflect (to some extent) corresponding variations in the spoken dialects. Generally, the consonants triggering "emphatic" allophones are the [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] consonants {{IPA|/tˤ dˤ sˤ ðˤ/}}; {{IPAslink|q}}; and {{IPAslink|r}}, if not followed immediately by {{IPA|/i(ː)/}}. Frequently, the {{lcons|uvular}} [[fricative]]s {{IPA|/x ɣ/}} also trigger emphatic allophones; occasionally also the [[pharyngeal consonant]]s {{IPA|/ʕ ħ/}} (the former more than the latter). Many dialects have multiple emphatic allophones of each vowel, depending on the particular nearby consonants. In most MSA accents, emphatic coloring of vowels is limited to vowels immediately adjacent to a triggering consonant, although in some it spreads a bit farther: e.g., {{lang|ar|وقت}} ''{{transl|ar|waqt}}'' {{IPA|[wɑqt]}} 'time'; {{lang|ar|وطن}} ''{{transl|ar|waṭan}}'' {{IPA|[wɑtˤɑn]}} 'homeland'; {{lang|ar|وسط المدينة}} ''{{transl|ar|wasṭ al-madīnah}}'' {{IPA|[wæstˤɑl-mædiːnɐ]}} 'downtown' (sometimes {{IPA|[wɑstˤɑl-mædiːnæ]}} or similar).

In a non-emphatic environment, the vowel {{IPA|/a/}} in the diphthong {{IPA|/aj/}} tends to be fronted even more than elsewhere, often pronounced {{IPA|[æj]}} or {{IPA|[ɛj]}}: hence {{lang|ar|سيف}} ''{{transl|ar|sayf}}'' {{IPA|[sajf ~ sæjf ~ sɛjf]}} 'sword' but {{lang|ar|صيف}} ''{{transl|ar|ṣayf}}'' {{IPA|[sˤɑjf]}} 'summer'. However, in accents with no emphatic allophones of {{IPA|/a/}} (e.g., in the [[Hijaz]]), the pronunciation {{IPA|[äj]}} occurs in all situations.

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Modern Standard Arabic
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="font-size: 80%;"
! plain
! [[Emphatic consonant|emphatic]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|tˤ}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|q}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
|
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|dˤ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Fricative]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|θ}}
| {{IPA link|s̪|s}}
| {{IPA link|sˤ}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|x}} ~ {{IPA link|χ}}
| {{IPA link|ħ}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
|
| {{IPA link|ð}}
| {{IPA link|z̪|z}}
| {{IPA link|ðˤ}}
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɣ}} ~ {{IPA link|ʁ}}
| {{IPA link|ʕ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Approximant]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| ({{IPA link|ɫ}})
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|
|}

The phoneme {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} is represented by the Arabic letter ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jīm}}'' ({{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}) and has many standard pronunciations. {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} is characteristic of north Algeria, Iraq, also in most of the Arabian peninsula but with an allophonic {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in some positions; {{IPAblink|ʒ}} occurs in most of the [[Levant]] and most North Africa; and {{IPAblink|ɡ}} is used in most of Egypt and some regions in Yemen and Oman. Generally this corresponds with the pronunciation in the colloquial dialects.<ref name="Watson 2002 16">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=16}}</ref> In some regions in Sudan and Yemen, as well as in some Sudanese and Yemeni dialects, it may be either {{IPA|[ɡʲ]}} or {{IPAblink|ɟ}}, representing the original pronunciation of Classical Arabic. Foreign words containing {{IPAslink|ɡ}} may be transcribed with {{rtl-lang|ar|[[ج]]}}, {{rtl-lang|ar|[[غ]]}}, {{rtl-lang|ar|[[ك]]}}, {{rtl-lang|ar|[[ق]]}}, {{rtl-lang|fa|[[گ]]}}, {{script/Arabic|[[ݣ]]}} or {{script/Arabic|ڨ}}, mainly depending on the regional spoken variety of Arabic or the commonly diacriticized Arabic letter. Note also that in northern Egypt, where the Arabic letter ''{{transl|ar|jīm}}'' ({{lang|ar|[[ج]]}}) is normally pronounced {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, a separate phoneme {{IPAslink|ʒ}}, which may be transcribed with {{lang|ar|چ}}, occurs in a small number of mostly non-Arabic loanwords, e.g., {{IPA|/ʒakitta/}} 'jacket'.

{{IPA|/θ/}} ({{lang|ar|ث}}) can be pronounced as {{IPAblink|t}} or even {{IPAblink|s}}. In some places of Maghreb it can be also pronounced as {{IPAblink|t͡s}}.

{{IPA|/x/}} and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} ({{lang|ar|خ,&lrm; غ}}) are velar, post-velar, or uvular.<ref name="Watson 2002 18">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=18}}</ref>

In many varieties, {{IPA|/ħ, ʕ/}} ({{lang|ar|ح,&lrm; ع}}) are actually [[epiglottal consonant|epiglottal]] {{IPA|[ʜ, ʢ]}} (despite what is reported in many earlier works).

{{IPA|/l/}} is pronounced as velarized {{IPAblink|ɫ}} in الله {{IPA|/ʔallaːh/}}, the name of God, q.e. [[Allah]], when the word follows ''a'', ''ā'', ''u'' or ''ū'' (after ''i'' or ''ī'' it is unvelarized: {{lang|ar|بسم الله}} ''bismi l–lāh'' {{IPA|/bismillaːh/}}). Some speakers velarize other occurrences of {{IPA|/l/}} in MSA, in imitation of their spoken dialects.

The emphatic consonant {{IPA|/dˤ/}} was actually pronounced {{IPA|[ɮˤ]}}, or possibly {{IPA|[d͡ɮˤ]}}<ref>{{citation|first=Charles|last=Ferguson|title=The Arabic Koine|journal=Language|volume=35|year=1959|page=630|issue=4|doi=10.2307/410601}}</ref>—either way, a highly unusual sound. The medieval Arabs actually termed their language ''{{transl|ar|ALA|lughat al-ḍād}}'' 'the language of the [[Ḍād]]' (the name of the letter used for this sound), since they thought the sound was unique to their language. (In fact, it also exists in a few other minority Semitic languages, e.g., Mehri.)

Arabic has consonants traditionally termed "emphatic" {{IPA|/tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, ðˤ/}} ({{lang|ar|ط,&lrm; ض,&lrm; ص,&lrm; ظ}}), which exhibit simultaneous [[pharyngealization]] {{IPA|[tˤ, dˤ, sˤ, ðˤ]}} as well as varying degrees of [[velarization]] {{IPA|[tˠ, dˠ, sˠ, ðˠ]}}, so they may be written with the "Velarized or pharyngealized" diacritic (<big>{{IPA| ̴ }}</big>) as: {{IPA|/t̴, d̴, s̴, ð̴/}}. This simultaneous articulation is described as "Retracted Tongue Root" by phonologists.<ref>e.g., {{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|2003|p=52}}</ref> In some transcription systems, emphasis is shown by capitalizing the letter, for example, {{IPA|/dˤ/}} is written {{angle bracket|D}}; in others the letter is underlined or has a dot below it, for example, {{angle bracket|{{transl|ar|ḍ}}}}.

Vowels and consonants can be phonologically short or long. Long ([[gemination|geminate]]) consonants are normally written doubled in Latin transcription (i.e. bb, dd, etc.), reflecting the presence of the [[Arabic diacritics|Arabic diacritic]] mark ''{{transl|ar|shaddah}}'', which indicates doubled consonants. In actual pronunciation, doubled consonants are held twice as long as short consonants. This consonant lengthening is phonemically contrastive: {{lang|ar|قبل}} ''{{transl|ar|qabila}}'' 'he accepted' vs. {{lang|ar|قبّل}} ''{{transl|ar|qabbala}}'' 'he kissed'.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" | Proto Semitic
! rowspan="2" | IPA
! colspan="5" | Arabic
|-
! style="font-size:85%" colspan="2" | written
! style="font-size:85%"| [[Modern Standard Arabic|standard]]
! style="font-size:85%"| [[Classical Arabic|Classical]] <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.kamal-osman.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Phonolgy-and-Morphology-of-Arabic-watson.pdf|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic|last=Watson|first=Janet|publisher=New York: Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=13|quote=}}</ref>
! style="font-size:85%"| [[Old Arabic|Old Arabic]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X29BwAAQBAJ|title=An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|publisher=BRILL|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=48|quote=|via=}}</ref>
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Bet (letter)|*b]]}}
! {{IPAblink|b}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ب</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|b}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/b/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Dalet|*d]]}}
! {{IPAblink|d}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>د</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|d}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/d/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Gimel|*g]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɡ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ج</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ǧ}}''
| {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}}
| {{IPA|/g/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Pe (letter)|*p]]}}
! {{IPAblink|p}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ف</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|f}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/f/}}
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Taw|*t]]}}
! {{IPAblink|t}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ت</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|t}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Kaph|*k]]}}
! {{IPAblink|k}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ك</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|k}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Teth|*ṭ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|tʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ط</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ṭ}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/tˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṭ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Qoph|*q]]}}
! {{IPAblink|kʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ق</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|q}}''
| {{IPA|/q/}}
| {{IPA|/qˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ḳ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ḏāl|*ḏ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ð}} / {{IPAblink|d͡ð}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ذ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḏ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ð/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Zayin|*z]]}}
! {{IPAblink|z}} / {{IPAblink|d͡z}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ز</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|z}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/z/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Samekh|*s]]}}
! {{IPAblink|s}} / {{IPAblink|t͡s}}
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>س</big>
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: center;" | ''{{transl|sem|s}}''
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: center;" | {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Shin (letter)|*š]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ʃ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ṯāʾ|*ṯ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|θ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡θ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ث</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ṯ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/θ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Shin (letter)|*ś]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɬ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡ɬ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ش</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|š}}''
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɕ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɬ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ẓāʾ|*ṱ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|θʼ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡θʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ظ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ẓ}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/ðˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṱ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Tsade|*ṣ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|sʼ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡sʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ص</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ṣ}}''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/sˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṣ}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ḍād|*ṣ́]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɬʼ}} / {{IPAblink|t͡ɬʼ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ض</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḍ}}''
| {{IPA|/dˤ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɮˤ/}}
| {{transl|sem|*ṣ́}}
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
| colspan="24" |
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ghayn|*ġ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɣ}}~{{IPAblink|ʁ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>غ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ġ}}''
| {{IPA|/ɣ~ʁ/}}
| {{IPA|/ʁˤ/}}
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ayin|*ʻ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ʕ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ع</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ʻ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ʕ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Aleph|*ʼ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ʔ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ء</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ʼ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Ḫāʾ|*ḫ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|x}}~{{IPAblink|χ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>خ</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḫ}}''
| {{IPA|/x~χ/}}
| {{IPA|/χˤ/}}
| {{IPA|/x/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Heth|*ḥ]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ħ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ح</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|ḥ}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/ħ/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[He (letter)|*h]]}}
! {{IPAblink|h}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ه</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|h}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/h/}}
|- style="background:#C0C0C0"
| colspan="24" |
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Mem|*m]]}}
! {{IPAblink|m}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>م</big>
| ''m''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Nun (letter)|*n]]}}
! {{IPAblink|n}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ن</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|n}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/n/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Resh|*r]]}}
! {{IPAblink|ɾ}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ر</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|r}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/r/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Lamedh|*l]]}}
! {{IPAblink|l}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ل</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|l}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/l/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Yodh|*y]]}}
! {{IPAblink|j}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>ي</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|y}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/j/}}
|-
! {{transl|sem|[[Waw (letter)|*w]]}}
! {{IPAblink|w}}
| style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%" dir="rtl"| <big>و</big>
| ''{{transl|sem|w}}''
| colspan="3" | {{IPA|/w/}}
|-
! | Proto Semitic
! | IPA
! colspan="2" | Arabic
! style="font-size:85%"| Standard
! style="font-size:85%"| Classical
! style="font-size:85%"| Old
|}

==== Syllable structure ====
Arabic has two kinds of syllables: open syllables (CV) and (CVV)—and closed syllables (CVC), (CVVC) and (CVCC). The syllable types with two [[morae]] (units of time), i.e. CVC and CVV, are termed ''[[heavy syllable]]s'', while those with three morae, i.e. CVVC and CVCC, are ''[[superheavy syllable]]s''. Superheavy syllables in Classical Arabic occur in only two places: at the end of the sentence (due to [[pausa]]l pronunciation) and in words such as {{lang|ar|حارّ}} ''{{transl|ar|ḥārr}}'' 'hot', {{lang|ar|مادّة}} ''{{transl|ar|māddah}}'' 'stuff, substance', {{lang|ar|تحاجوا}} ''{{transl|ar|taḥājjū}}'' 'they disputed with each other', where a long ''{{transl|ar|ā}}'' occurs before two identical consonants (a former short vowel between the consonants has been lost). (In less formal pronunciations of Modern Standard Arabic, superheavy syllables are common at the end of words or before [[clitic]] suffixes such as ''{{transl|ar|-nā}}'' 'us, our', due to the deletion of final short vowels.)

In surface pronunciation, every vowel must be preceded by a consonant (which may include the [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}}). There are no cases of [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] within a word (where two vowels occur next to each other, without an intervening consonant). Some words do have an underlying vowel at the beginning, such as the definite article ''al-'' or words such as {{lang|ar|اشترا}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ishtarā}}'' 'he bought', {{lang|ar|اجتماع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ijtimāʻ}}'' 'meeting'. When actually pronounced, one of three things happens:
* If the word occurs after another word ending in a consonant, there is a smooth transition from final consonant to initial vowel, e.g., {{lang|ar|اجتماع}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|al-ijtimāʻ}}'' 'meeting' {{IPA|/alid͡ʒtimaːʕ/}}.
* If the word occurs after another word ending in a vowel, the initial vowel of the word is [[elision|elided]], e.g., {{lang|ar|بيت المدير}} ''{{transl|ar|baytu (a)l-mudīr}}'' 'house of the director' {{IPA|/bajtulmudiːr/}}.
* If the word occurs at the beginning of an utterance, a glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} is added onto the beginning, e.g., {{lang|ar|البيت هو}} ''{{transl|ar|al-baytu huwa ...}}'' 'The house is ...' {{IPA|/ʔalbajtuhuwa ... /}}.

==== Stress ====
Word stress is not phonemically contrastive in Standard Arabic. It bears a strong relationship to vowel length. The basic rules for Modern Standard Arabic are:
* A final vowel, long or short, may not be stressed.
* Only one of the last three syllables may be stressed.
* Given this restriction, the last [[heavy syllable]] (containing a long vowel or ending in a consonant) is stressed, if it is not the final syllable.
* If the final syllable is super heavy and closed (of the form CVVC or CVCC) it receives stress.
* If no syllable is heavy or super heavy, the first possible syllable (i.e. third from end) is stressed.
* As a special exception, in Form VII and VIII verb forms stress may not be on the first syllable, despite the above rules: Hence ''{{transl|ar|inkatab(a)}}'' 'he subscribed' (whether or not the final short vowel is pronounced), ''{{transl|ar|yankatib(u)}}'' 'he subscribes' (whether or not the final short vowel is pronounced), ''{{transl|ar|yankatib}}'' 'he should subscribe (juss.)'. Likewise Form VIII ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ishtarā}}'' 'he bought', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|yashtarī}}'' 'he buys'.

Examples:''{{transl|ar|kitāb(un)}}'' 'book', ''{{transl|ar|kā-ti-b(un)}}'' 'writer', ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-b(un)}}'' 'desk', ''{{transl|ar|ma-kā-ti-b(u)}}'' 'desks', ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba-tun}}'' 'library' (but ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba(-tun)}}'' 'library' in short pronunciation), ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bū}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they wrote' = ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bu}}'' (dialect), ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bū-h(u)}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they wrote it' = ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-bū}}'' (dialect), ''{{transl|ar|ka-ta-ba-tā}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'they (dual, fem) wrote', ''{{transl|ar|ka-tab-tu}}'' (Modern Standard Arabic) 'I wrote' = ''{{transl|ar|ka-tabt}}'' (short form or dialect). Doubled consonants count as two consonants: ''{{transl|ar|ma-jal-la-(tan)}}'' 'magazine', ''{{transl|ar|ma-ḥall(-un)}}'' "place".

These rules may result in differently stressed syllables when final case endings are pronounced, vs. the normal situation where they are not pronounced, as in the above example of ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba-tun}}'' 'library' in full pronunciation, but ''{{transl|ar|mak-ta-ba(-tun)}}'' 'library' in short pronunciation.

The restriction on final long vowels does not apply to the spoken dialects, where original final long vowels have been shortened and secondary final long vowels have arisen from loss of original final ''-hu/hi''.

Some dialects have different stress rules. In the Cairo (Egyptian Arabic) dialect a heavy syllable may not carry stress more than two syllables from the end of a word, hence ''{{transl|ar|mad-ra-sah}}'' 'school', ''{{transl|ar|qā-hi-rah}}'' 'Cairo'. This also affects the way that Modern Standard Arabic is pronounced in Egypt. In the Arabic of [[Sana'a|Sanaa]], stress is often retracted: ''{{transl|ar|bay-tayn}}'' 'two houses', ''{{transl|ar|mā-sat-hum}}'' 'their table', ''{{transl|ar|ma-kā-tīb}}'' 'desks', ''{{transl|ar|zā-rat-ḥīn}}'' 'sometimes', ''{{transl|ar|mad-ra-sat-hum}}'' 'their school'. (In this dialect, only syllables with long vowels or diphthongs are considered heavy; in a two-syllable word, the final syllable can be stressed only if the preceding syllable is light; and in longer words, the final syllable cannot be stressed.)

==== Levels of pronunciation ====
The final short vowels (e.g., the case endings ''-a -i -u'' and mood endings ''-u -a'') are often not pronounced in this language, despite forming part of the formal paradigm of nouns and verbs. The following levels of pronunciation exist:

===== Full pronunciation with [[pausa]] =====
This is the most formal level actually used in speech. All endings are pronounced as written, except at the end of an utterance, where the following changes occur:
* Final short vowels are not pronounced. (But possibly an exception is made for feminine plural ''-na'' and shortened vowels in the jussive/imperative of defective verbs, e.g., ''irmi!'' 'throw!'".)
* The entire indefinite noun endings ''-in'' and ''-un'' (with [[nunation]]) are left off. The ending ''-an'' is left off of nouns preceded by a ''[[tāʾ marbūṭa]]h'' ة (i.e. the ''-t'' in the ending ''-at-'' that typically marks feminine nouns), but pronounced as ''-ā'' in other nouns (hence its writing in this fashion in the Arabic script).
* The ''tāʼ marbūṭah'' itself (typically of feminine nouns) is pronounced as ''h''. (At least, this is the case in extremely formal pronunciation, e.g., some Quranic recitations. In practice, this ''h'' is usually omitted.)

===== Formal short pronunciation =====
This is a formal level of pronunciation sometimes seen. It is somewhat like pronouncing all words as if they were in pausal position (with influence from the [[varieties of Arabic|colloquial varieties]]). The following changes occur:
* Most final short vowels are not pronounced. However, the following short vowels ''are'' pronounced:
** feminine plural ''-na''
** shortened vowels in the jussive/imperative of defective verbs, e.g., ''irmi!'' 'throw!'
** second-person singular feminine past-tense ''-ti'' and likewise ''anti'' 'you (fem. sg.)'
** sometimes, first-person singular past-tense ''-tu''
** sometimes, second-person masculine past-tense ''-ta'' and likewise ''anta'' 'you (masc. sg.)'
** final ''-a'' in certain short words, e.g., ''laysa'' 'is not', ''sawfa'' (future-tense marker)
* The [[nunation]] endings ''-an -in -un'' are not pronounced. However, they ''are'' pronounced in adverbial accusative formations, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|taqrīban}}'' تَقْرِيبًا 'almost, approximately', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻādatan}}'' عَادَةً 'usually'.
* The ''[[tāʾ marbūṭa]]h'' ending ة is unpronounced, ''except'' in [[construct state]] nouns, where it sounds as ''t'' (and in adverbial accusative constructions, e.g., ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ʻādatan}}'' عَادَةً 'usually', where the entire ''-tan'' is pronounced).
* The masculine singular [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisbah]] ending ''{{transl|ar|ALA|-iyy}}'' is actually pronounced ''{{transl|ar|-ī}}'' and is unstressed (but plural and feminine singular forms, i.e. when followed by a suffix, still sound as ''{{transl|ar|ALA|-iyy-}}'').
* ''Full endings'' (including case endings) occur when a [[clitic]] object or [[possessive suffix]] is added (e.g., ''{{transl|ar|-nā}}'' 'us/our').

===== Informal short pronunciation =====
This is the pronunciation used by speakers of Modern Standard Arabic in [[extemporaneous]] speech, i.e. when producing new sentences rather than simply reading a prepared text. It is similar to formal short pronunciation except that the rules for dropping final vowels apply ''even'' when a [[clitic]] suffix is added. Basically, short-vowel case and mood endings are never pronounced and certain other changes occur that echo the corresponding colloquial pronunciations. Specifically:
* All the rules for formal short pronunciation apply, except as follows.
* The past tense singular endings written formally as ''-tu -ta -ti'' are pronounced ''-t -t -ti''. But masculine ''{{transl|ar|ʾanta}}'' is pronounced in full.
* Unlike in formal short pronunciation, the rules for dropping or modifying final endings are also applied when a [[clitic]] object or possessive suffix is added (e.g., ''{{transl|ar|-nā}}'' 'us/our'). If this produces a sequence of three consonants, then one of the following happens, depending on the speaker's native colloquial variety:
** A short vowel (e.g., ''-i-'' or ''-ǝ-'') is consistently added, either between the second and third or the first and second consonants.
** Or, a short vowel is added only if an otherwise unpronounceable sequence occurs, typically due to a violation of the [[sonority hierarchy]] (e.g., ''-rtn-'' is pronounced as a three-consonant cluster, but ''-trn-'' needs to be broken up).
** Or, a short vowel is never added, but consonants like ''r l m n'' occurring between two other consonants will be pronounced as a [[syllabic consonant]] (as in the English words "butter bottle bottom button").
** When a doubled consonant occurs before another consonant (or finally), it is often shortened to a single consonant rather than a vowel added. (But note that Moroccan Arabic never shortens doubled consonants or inserts short vowels to break up clusters, instead tolerating arbitrary-length series of arbitrary consonants and hence Moroccan Arabic speakers are likely to follow the same rules in their pronunciation of Modern Standard Arabic.)
* The clitic suffixes themselves tend also to be changed, in a way that avoids many possible occurrences of three-consonant clusters. In particular, ''-ka -ki -hu'' generally sound as ''-ak -ik -uh''.
* Final long vowels are often shortened, merging with any short vowels that remain.
* Depending on the level of formality, the speaker's education level, etc., various grammatical changes may occur in ways that echo the colloquial variants:
** Any remaining case endings (e.g. masculine plural nominative ''-ūn'' vs. oblique ''-īn'') will be leveled, with the oblique form used everywhere. (However, in words like ''{{transl|ar|ab}}'' 'father' and ''{{transl|ar|ALA|akh}}'' 'brother' with special long-vowel case endings in the [[construct state]], the nominative is used everywhere, hence ''{{transl|ar|ALA|abū}}'' 'father of', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|akhū}}'' 'brother of'.)
** Feminine plural endings in verbs and clitic suffixes will often drop out, with the masculine plural endings used instead. If the speaker's native variety has feminine plural endings, they may be preserved, but will often be modified in the direction of the forms used in the speaker's native variety, e.g. ''-an'' instead of ''-na''.
** Dual endings will often drop out except on nouns and then used only for emphasis (similar to their use in the colloquial varieties); elsewhere, the plural endings are used (or feminine singular, if appropriate).

=== Colloquial varieties ===
{{Further information|Varieties of Arabic}}

====Vowels====
As mentioned above, many spoken dialects have a process of ''emphasis spreading'', where the "emphasis" ([[pharyngealization]]) of [[emphatic consonant]]s spreads forward and back through adjacent syllables, pharyngealizing all nearby consonants and triggering the back allophone {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ(ː)}} in all nearby [[low vowel]]s. The extent of emphasis spreading varies. For example, in Moroccan Arabic, it spreads as far as the first full vowel (i.e. sound derived from a long vowel or diphthong) on either side; in many Levantine dialects, it spreads indefinitely, but is blocked by any {{IPAslink|j}} or {{IPAslink|ʃ}}; while in Egyptian Arabic, it usually spreads throughout the entire word, including prefixes and suffixes. In Moroccan Arabic, {{IPA|/i u/}} also have emphatic allophones {{IPA|[e~ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[o~ɔ]}}, respectively.

Unstressed short vowels, especially {{IPA|/i u/}}, are deleted in many contexts. Many sporadic examples of short vowel change have occurred (especially {{IPA|/a/}}→{{IPA|/i/}} and interchange {{IPA|/i/}}↔{{IPA|/u/}}). Most Levantine dialects merge short /i u/ into {{IPA|/ǝ/}} in most contexts (all except directly before a single final consonant). In Moroccan Arabic, on the other hand, short {{IPA|/u/}} triggers [[labialization]] of nearby consonants (especially [[velar consonant]]s and [[uvular consonant]]s), and then short /a i u/ all merge into {{IPA|/ǝ/}}, which is deleted in many contexts. (The labialization plus {{IPA|/ǝ/}} is sometimes interpreted as an underlying phoneme {{IPA|/ŭ/}}.) This essentially causes the wholesale loss of the short-long vowel distinction, with the original long vowels {{IPA|/aː iː uː/}} remaining as half-long {{IPA|[aˑ iˑ uˑ]}}, phonemically {{IPA|/a i u/}}, which are used to represent ''both'' short and long vowels in borrowings from Literary Arabic.

Most spoken dialects have [[monophthongization|monophthongized]] original {{IPA|/aj aw/}} to {{IPA|/eː oː/}} (in all circumstances, including adjacent to emphatic consonants). In Moroccan Arabic, these have subsequently merged into original {{IPA|/iː uː/}}.

====Consonants====
In some dialects, there may be more or fewer phonemes than those listed in the chart above. For example, non-Arabic {{IPAblink|v}} is used in the Maghrebi dialects as well in the written language mostly for foreign names. Semitic {{IPAblink|p}} became {{IPA|[f]}} extremely early on in Arabic before it was written down; a few modern Arabic dialects, such as Iraqi (influenced by Persian and [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]]) distinguish between {{IPAblink|p}} and {{IPAblink|b}}. The Iraqi Arabic also uses sounds {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} and uses Persian adding letters, e.g.: {{lang|fa|گوجة}} ''{{transl|ar|gawjah}}'' – ''a plum''; {{lang|fa|چمة}} ''{{transl|ar|chimah}} – ''a truffle'' and so on.

Early in the expansion of Arabic, the separate emphatic phonemes {{IPA|[ɮˤ]}} and {{IPA|[ðˤ]}} coalesced into a single phoneme {{IPA|[ðˤ]}}. Many dialects (such as Egyptian, Levantine, and much of the Maghreb) subsequently lost {{lcons|interdental}} [[fricative]]s, converting {{IPA|[θ ð ðˤ]}} into {{IPA|[t d dˤ]}}. Most dialects borrow "learned" words from the Standard language using the same pronunciation as for inherited words, but some dialects without interdental fricatives (particularly in Egypt and the Levant) render original {{IPA|[θ ð ðˤ dˤ]}} in borrowed words as {{IPA|[s z zˤ dˤ]}}.

Another key distinguishing mark of Arabic dialects is how they render the original velar and uvular plosives {{IPAslink|q}}, {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} (Proto-Semitic {{IPAslink|ɡ}}), and {{IPAslink|k}}:
* {{lang|ar|ق}} {{IPAslink|q}} retains its original pronunciation in widely scattered regions such as Yemen, Morocco, and urban areas of the Maghreb. It is pronounced as a [[glottal stop]] {{IPAblink|ʔ}} in several [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige dialects]], such as those spoken in Cairo, Beirut and Damascus. But it is rendered as a voiced velar plosive {{IPAblink|ɡ}} in Persian Gulf, Upper Egypt, parts of the Maghreb, and less urban parts of the Levant (e.g. Jordan). In Iraqi Arabic it sometimes retains its original pronunciation and is sometimes rendered as a voiced velar plosive, depending on the word. Some traditionally Christian villages in rural areas of the Levant render the sound as {{IPAblink|k}}, as do Shiʻi Bahrainis. In some Gulf dialects, it is palatalized to {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} or {{IPAblink|ʒ}}. It is pronounced as a voiced uvular constrictive {{IPAblink|ʁ}} in Sudanese Arabic. Many dialects with a modified pronunciation for {{IPAslink|q}} maintain the {{IPAblink|q}} pronunciation in certain words (often with religious or educational overtones) borrowed from the Classical language.
* {{lang|ar|ج}} {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} is pronounced as an affricate in Iraq and much of the Arabian Peninsula, but is pronounced {{IPAblink|ɡ}} in most of North Egypt and parts of Yemen and Oman, {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in Morocco, Tunisia and the Levant, and {{IPAblink|j}}, {{IPA|[i̠]}} in most words in much of the Persian Gulf.
* {{lang|ar|ك}} {{IPAslink|k}} usually retains its original pronunciation, but is palatalized to {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} in many words in Israel and the Palestinian Territories, Iraq, and much of the Arabian Peninsula. Often a distinction is made between the suffixes {{IPA|/-ak/}} ('you', masc.) and {{IPA|/-ik/}} ('you', fem.), which become {{IPA|/-ak/}} and {{IPA|/-it͡ʃ/}}, respectively. In Sana'a, Omani, and Bahrani {{IPA|/-ik/}} is pronounced {{IPA|/-iʃ/}}.

Pharyngealization of the emphatic consonants tends to weaken in many of the spoken varieties, and to spread from emphatic consonants to nearby sounds. In addition, the "emphatic" allophone {{IPAblink|ɑ}} automatically triggers pharyngealization of adjacent sounds in many dialects. As a result, it may difficult or impossible to determine whether a given [[coronal consonant]] is phonemically emphatic or not, especially in dialects with long-distance emphasis spreading. (A notable exception is the sounds {{IPAslink|t}} vs. {{IPAslink|tˤ}} in Moroccan Arabic, because the former is pronounced as an [[affricate]] {{IPAblink|t͡s}} but the latter is not.)

== Grammar ==
[[File:Fa33aalah EN.pdf|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Examples of how the Arabic root and form system works.]]
{{Main article|Arabic grammar}}

=== Literary Arabic ===
{{main article|Modern Standard Arabic}}

As in other Semitic languages, Arabic has a complex and unusual [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (i.e. method of constructing words from a basic [[root (linguistics)|root]]). Arabic has a [[nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative]] "root-and-pattern" morphology: A root consists of a set of bare consonants (usually [[triliteral|three]]), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to form words. For example, the word for 'I wrote' is constructed by combining the root '''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}''' 'write' with the pattern '''{{transl|ar|-a-a-tu}}''' 'I Xed' to form ''{{transl|ar|katabtu}}'' 'I wrote'. Other verbs meaning 'I Xed' will typically have the same pattern but with different consonants, e.g. ''{{transl|ar|ALA|qaraʼtu}}'' 'I read', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|akaltu}}'' 'I ate', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|dhahabtu}}'' 'I went', although other patterns are possible (e.g. ''{{transl|ar|ALA|sharibtu}}'' 'I drank', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|qultu}}'' 'I said', ''{{transl|ar|ALA|takallamtu}}'' 'I spoke', where the subpattern used to signal the past tense may change but the suffix ''{{transl|ar|-tu}}'' is always used).

From a single root '''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}''', numerous words can be formed by applying different patterns:
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|katabtu}}'' 'I wrote'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kattabtu}}'' 'I had (something) written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kātabtu}}'' 'I corresponded (with someone)'"
* ''{{transl|ar|AKA|aktabtu}}'' 'I dictated'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|iktatabtu}}'' 'I subscribed'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|takātabnā}}'' 'we corresponded with each other'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|aktubu}}'' 'I write'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ukattibu}}'' 'I have (something) written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ukātibu}}'' 'I correspond (with someone)'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|uktibu}}'' 'I dictate'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|aktatibu}}'' 'I subscribe'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|natakātabu}}'' 'we correspond each other'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kotiba}}'' 'it was written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|uktiba}}'' 'it was dictated'"
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|maktoub}}'' 'written'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|muktab}}'' 'dictated'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kitāb}}'' 'book'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kotub}}'' 'books'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kātib}}'' 'writer'
* ''{{transl|ar|ALA|kuttāb}}'' 'writers'
* ''{{transl|ar|maktab}}'' 'desk, office'
* ''{{transl|ar|maktabah}}'' 'library, bookshop'
* etc.

====Nouns and adjectives====
Nouns in Literary Arabic have three grammatical [[noun case|cases]] ([[nominative case|nominative]], [[accusative case|accusative]], and [[genitive case|genitive]] [also used when the noun is governed by a preposition]); three [[grammatical number|numbers]] (singular, dual and plural); two [[gender (grammar)|genders]] (masculine and feminine); and three "states" (indefinite, definite, and [[Status constructus|construct]]). The cases of singular nouns (other than those that end in long ā) are indicated by [[suffix]]ed short vowels (/-u/ for nominative, /-a/ for accusative, /-i/ for genitive).

The feminine singular is often marked by /-at/, which is reduced to /-ah/ or /-a/ before a pause. Plural is indicated either through endings (the [[sound plural]]) or internal modification (the [[broken plural]]). Definite nouns include all proper nouns, all nouns in "construct state" and all nouns which are [[prefix]]ed by the definite article /al-/. Indefinite singular nouns (other than those that end in long ā) add a final /-n/ to the case-marking vowels, giving /-un/, /-an/ or /-in/ (which is also referred to as [[nunation]] or [[tanwīn]]).

[[Adjective]]s in Literary Arabic are marked for case, number, gender and state, as for nouns. However, the plural of all non-human nouns is always combined with a singular feminine adjective, which takes the /-ah/ or /-at/ suffix.

[[Pronoun]]s in Literary Arabic are marked for person, number and gender. There are two varieties, independent pronouns and [[Enclitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. Enclitic pronouns are attached to the end of a verb, noun or preposition and indicate verbal and prepositional objects or possession of nouns. The first-person singular pronoun has a different enclitic form used for verbs (/-ni/) and for nouns or prepositions (/-ī/ after consonants, /-ya/ after vowels).

Nouns, verbs, pronouns and adjectives agree with each other in all respects. However, non-human plural nouns are grammatically considered to be feminine singular. Furthermore, a verb in a verb-initial sentence is marked as singular regardless of its semantic number when the subject of the verb is explicitly mentioned as a noun. Numerals between three and ten show "chiasmic" agreement, in that grammatically masculine numerals have feminine marking and vice versa.

====Verbs====
Verbs in Literary Arabic are marked for person (first, second, or third), gender, and number. They are [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] in two major paradigms ([[past]] and [[non-past]]); two [[grammatical voice|voices]] (active and passive); and six [[grammatical mood|moods]] ([[indicative]], [[imperative mood|imperative]], [[subjunctive]], [[Irrealis mood#Jussive|jussive]], shorter [[energetic mood|energetic]] and longer energetic), the fifth and sixth moods, the energetics, exist only in Classical Arabic but not in MSA.<ref>Rydin, Karin C. (2005). A reference grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> There are also two [[participle]]s (active and passive) and a [[verbal noun]], but no [[infinitive]].

The past and non-past paradigms are sometimes also termed [[perfective]] and [[imperfective]], indicating the fact that they actually represent a combination of [[Grammatical tense|tense]] and [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]]. The moods other than the [[indicative]] occur only in the non-past, and the [[future tense]] is signaled by prefixing ''{{transl|ar|sa-}}'' or ''{{transl|ar|sawfa}}'' onto the non-past. The past and non-past differ in the form of the stem (e.g., past ''{{transl|ar|katab-}}'' vs. non-past ''{{transl|ar|-ktub-}}''), and also use completely different sets of affixes for indicating person, number and gender: In the past, the person, number and gender are fused into a single [[suffix]]al morpheme, while in the non-past, a combination of [[prefix]]es (primarily encoding person) and suffixes (primarily encoding gender and number) are used. The passive voice uses the same person/number/gender affixes but changes the vowels of the stem.

The following shows a paradigm of a regular Arabic verb, ''{{transl|ar|kataba}}'' 'to write'. Note that in Modern Standard, the energetic mood (in either long or short form, which have the same meaning) is almost never used.

====Derivation====
Like other [[Semitic languages]], and unlike most other languages, Arabic makes much more use of [[nonconcatenative morphology]] (applying a large number of templates applied roots) to [[Morphological derivation|derive]] words than adding prefixes or suffixes to words.

For verbs, a given root can occur in many different [[Derived stem|derived verb stems]] (of which there are about fifteen), each with one or more characteristic meanings and each with its own templates for the past and non-past stems, active and passive participles, and verbal noun. These are referred to by Western scholars as "Form I", "Form II", and so on through "Form XV" (although Forms XI to XV are rare). These stems encode grammatical functions such as the [[causative]], [[intensive]] and [[reflexive verb|reflexive]]. Stems sharing the same root consonants represent separate verbs, albeit often semantically related, and each is the basis for its own [[Verb conjugation|conjugational]] paradigm. As a result, these derived stems are part of the system of [[derivational morphology]], not part of the [[Inflection|inflectional]] system.

Examples of the different verbs formed from the root ''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}'' 'write' (using ''{{transl|ar|ḥ-m-r}}'' 'red' for Form IX, which is limited to colors and physical defects):
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most of these forms are exclusively [[Classical Arabic]]
! Form !! Past !! Meaning !! Non-past !! Meaning
|-
| I || ''{{transl|ar|'''k'''a'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he wrote' || ''{{transl|ar|ya'''kt'''u'''b'''u}}'' || 'he writes'
|-
| II || ''{{transl|ar|'''k'''a'''tt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he made (someone) write' || ''{{transl|ar|yu'''k'''a'''tt'''i'''b'''u}}'' || "he makes (someone) write"
|-
| III || ''{{transl|ar|'''k'''ā'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he corresponded with, wrote to (someone)' || ''{{transl|ar|yu'''k'''ā'''t'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he corresponds with, writes to (someone)'
|-
| IV || ''{{transl|ar|ʾa'''kt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he dictated' || ''{{transl|ar|yu'''kt'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he dictates'
|-
| V || ''{{transl|ar|ta'''k'''a'''tt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'nonexistent' || ''{{transl|ar|yata'''k'''a'''tt'''a'''b'''u}}'' || 'nonexistent'
|-
| VI || ''{{transl|ar|ta'''k'''ā'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he corresponded (with someone, esp. mutually)' || ''{{transl|ar|yata'''k'''ā'''t'''a'''b'''u}}'' || 'he corresponds (with someone, esp. mutually)'
|-
| VII || ''{{transl|ar|in'''k'''a'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he subscribed' || ''{{transl|ar|yan'''k'''a'''t'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he subscribes'
|-
| VIII || ''{{transl|ar|i'''k'''ta'''t'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he copied' || ''{{transl|ar|ya'''k'''ta'''t'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he copies'
|-
| IX || ''{{transl|ar|i'''ḥm'''a'''rr'''a}}'' || 'he turned red' || ''{{transl|ar|ya'''ḥm'''a'''rr'''u}}'' || 'he turns red'
|-
| X || ''{{transl|ar|ista'''kt'''a'''b'''a}}'' || 'he asked (someone) to write' || ''{{transl|ar|yasta'''kt'''i'''b'''u}}'' || 'he asks (someone) to write'
|}

Form II is sometimes used to create transitive [[denominative verb]]s (verbs built from nouns); Form V is the equivalent used for intransitive denominatives.

The associated participles and verbal nouns of a verb are the primary means of forming new lexical nouns in Arabic. This is similar to the process by which, for example, the English [[gerund]] "meeting" (similar to a verbal noun) has turned into a noun referring to a particular type of social, often work-related event where people gather together to have a "discussion" (another lexicalized verbal noun). Another fairly common means of forming nouns is through one of a limited number of patterns that can be applied directly to roots, such as the "nouns of location" in ''ma-'' (e.g. ''{{transl|ar|maktab}}'' 'desk, office' < ''{{transl|ar|k-t-b}}'' 'write', ''{{transl|ar|maṭbakh}}'' 'kitchen' < ''{{transl|ar|ṭ-b-kh}}'' 'cook').

The only three genuine suffixes are as follows:
* The feminine suffix ''-ah''; variously derives terms for women from related terms for men, or more generally terms along the same lines as the corresponding masculine, e.g. ''{{transl|ar|maktabah}}'' 'library' (also a writing-related place, but different from ''{{transl|ar|maktab}}'', as above).
* The [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisbah]] suffix ''-iyy-''. This suffix is extremely productive, and forms adjectives meaning "related to X". It corresponds to English adjectives in ''-ic, -al, -an, -y, -ist'', etc.
* The feminine [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|nisbah]] suffix ''-iyyah''. This is formed by adding the feminine suffix ''-ah'' onto nisba adjectives to form abstract nouns. For example, from the basic root ''{{transl|ar|sh-r-k}}'' 'share' can be derived the Form VIII verb ''{{transl|ar|ishtaraka}}'' 'to cooperate, participate', and in turn its verbal noun ''{{transl|ar|ishtirāk}}'' 'cooperation, participation' can be formed. This in turn can be made into a nisbah adjective ''{{transl|ar|ishtirākī}}'' 'socialist', from which an abstract noun ''{{transl|ar|ishtirākiyyah}}'' 'socialism' can be derived. Other recent formations are ''{{transl|ar|jumhūriyyah}}'' 'republic' (lit. "public-ness", < ''{{transl|ar|jumhūr}}'' 'multitude, general public'), and the [[Gaddafi]]-specific variation ''{{transl|ar|jamāhīriyyah}}'' 'people's republic' (lit. "masses-ness", < ''{{transl|ar|jamāhīr}}'' 'the masses', pl. of ''{{transl|ar|jumhūr}}'', as above).

=== Colloquial varieties ===
{{main article|Varieties of Arabic}}

The spoken dialects have lost the case distinctions and make only limited use of the dual (it occurs only on nouns and its use is no longer required in all circumstances). They have lost the mood distinctions other than imperative, but many have since gained new moods through the use of prefixes (most often /bi-/ for indicative vs. unmarked subjunctive). They have also mostly lost the indefinite "nunation" and the internal passive.

The following is an example of a regular verb paradigm in Egyptian Arabic.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example of a regular Form I verb in [[Egyptian Arabic]], ''kátab/yíktib'' "write"
! colspan="2" | Tense/Mood
! Past
! Present Subjunctive
! Present Indicative
! Future
! Imperative
|-
! style="width:100%;" colspan="7" | Singular
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ''katáb-t''
| ''á-ktib''
| ''bá-ktib''
| ''ḥá-ktib''
| style="background: silver;" |"
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! masculine
| ''katáb-t''
| ''tí-ktib''
| ''bi-tí-ktib''
| ''ḥa-tí-ktib''
| ''í-ktib''
|-
! feminine
| ''katáb-ti''
| ''ti-ktíb-i''
| ''bi-ti-ktíb-i''
| ''ḥa-ti-ktíb-i''
| ''i-ktíb-i''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd
! masculine
| ''kátab''
| ''yí-ktib''
| ''bi-yí-ktib''
| ''ḥa-yí-ktib''
| rowspan="2" style="background: silver;" |"
|-
! feminine
| ''kátab-it''
| ''tí-ktib''
| ''bi-tí-ktib''
| ''ḥa-tí-ktib''
|-
! style="width:100%;" colspan="7" | Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ''katáb-na''
| ''ní-ktib''
| ''bi-ní-ktib''
| ''ḥá-ní-ktib''
| style="background: silver;" |"
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ''katáb-tu''
| ''ti-ktíb-u''
| ''bi-ti-ktíb-u''
| ''ḥa-ti-ktíb-u''
| ''i-ktíb-u''
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd
| ''kátab-u''
| ''yi-ktíb-u''
| ''bi-yi-ktíb-u''
| ''ḥa-yi-ktíb-u''
| style="background: silver;" |"
|}

== Writing system {{anchor|writing system}} ==
{{Main article|Arabic alphabet|Arabic Braille}}
[[File:Menulis khat.jpg|thumb|[[Islamic calligraphy]] written by a Malay Muslim in Malaysia. The calligrapher is making a rough draft.]]
The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic through [[Nabatean alphabet|Nabatean]], to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] or [[Cyrillic script]]s to [[Greek alphabet|Greek script]]. Traditionally, there were several differences between the Western (North African) and Middle Eastern versions of the alphabet—in particular, the ''faʼ'' had a dot underneath and ''qaf'' a single dot above in the Maghreb, and the order of the letters was slightly different (at least when they were used as numerals).

However, the old Maghrebi variant has been abandoned except for calligraphic purposes in the Maghreb itself, and remains in use mainly in the Quranic schools ([[zaouia]]s) of West Africa. Arabic, like all other Semitic languages (except for the Latin-written Maltese, and the languages with the [[Ge'ez script]]), is written from right to left. There are several styles of script, notably [[Naskh (script)|naskh]], which is used in print and by computers, and [[Ruq'ah|ruqʻah]], which is commonly used in [[handwriting]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hanna|Greis|1972|p=2}}</ref>

=== Calligraphy ===
{{Main article|Islamic calligraphy}}

After [[Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi]] finally fixed the Arabic script around 786, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Quran and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.

Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as calligraphy has in the Western world, and is still considered by [[Arabs]] as a major art form; calligraphers are held in great esteem. Being cursive by nature, unlike the Latin script, Arabic script is used to write down a [[ayah|verse]] of the Quran, a [[hadith]], or simply a [[proverb]]. The composition is often abstract, but sometimes the writing is shaped into an actual form such as that of an animal. One of the current masters of the genre is [[Hassan Massoudy]].

In modern times the intrinsically calligraphic nature of the written Arabic form is haunted by the thought that a typographic approach to the language, necessary for digitized unification, will not always accurately maintain meanings conveyed through calligraphy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osborn|first=J.R.|year=2009|title=Narratives of Arabic Script: Calligraphic Design and Modern Spaces|journal=Design and Culture|volume=1|issue=3}}</ref>

=== Romanization ===
{{Main article|Romanization of Arabic}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 1em;"
|+ Examples of different transliteration/transcription schemes
! Letter
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! [[United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names|UNGEGN]]
! [[ALA-LC]]
! [[Hans Wehr transliteration|Wehr]]
! [[DIN 31635|DIN]] !! [[ISO 233|ISO]]
! [[Spanish Arabists School|SAS]]
! [[ISO 233-2|- 2]]
! [[Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules|BATR]]
! [[ArabTeX]]
! [[Arabic chat alphabet|chat]]
! [[Malay alphabet|Malay]]
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|[[ء]]}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
| colspan="3" | ʼ
| ʾ || ˈ, ˌ
| ʾ
| '
| e
| '
| 2
| '
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ا}}</big>
| {{IPA|aː}}
| colspan="4" | ā
| ʾ
| ā
| aa
| aa / A
| a
| a/e/é
| a/o
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|[[ي]]}}</big>
| {{IPA link|j}}, {{IPA|iː}}
| y
| colspan="5" | y; ī
| y; e
| y; ii
| y
| y; i/ee; ei/ai
| y; i
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ث}}</big>
| {{IPA link|θ}}
| colspan="2" | th
| colspan="3" | ṯ
| ç
| ṯ
| c
| _t
| s/th
| ts
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ج}}</big>
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}~{{IPA link|ɡ}}~{{IPA link|ʒ}}
| colspan="3" | j
| colspan="2" | ǧ
| ŷ
| j
| j
| ^g
| j/g/dj
| j
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ح}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ħ}}
| ḩ
| colspan="6" | ḥ
| H
| .h
| 7
| h
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|خ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|x}}
| colspan="2" | kh
| ḵ
| ḫ || ẖ
| j
| x
| K
| _h
| kh/7'/5
| kh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ذ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ð}}
| colspan="2" | dh
| colspan="4" | ḏ
| đ
| z<big>'</big>
| _d
| z/dh/th
| dz
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ش}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| colspan="2" | sh
| colspan="5" | š
| x
| ^s
| sh/ch
| sy
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ص}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ˤ|sˤ}}
| ş
| colspan="6" | ṣ
| S
| .s
| s/9
| sh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ض}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ˤ|dˤ}}
| ḑ
| colspan="6" | ḍ
| D
| .d
| d/9'
| dh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ط}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ˤ|tˤ}}
| ţ
| colspan="6" | ṭ
| T
| .tu
| t/6
| th
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ظ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ðˤ}}~{{IPA link|zˤ}}
| z̧
| colspan="5" | ẓ
| đ̣
| Z
| .z
| z/dh/6'
| zh
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|ع}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ʕ}}
| colspan="3" | ʻ
| colspan="3" | ʿ
| ř
| E
| '
| 3
| '
|-
! <big>{{lang|ar|غ}}</big>
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| colspan="2" | gh
| ḡ
| colspan="2" | ġ
| g
| j
| g
| .g
| gh/3'/8
| gh
|}

There are a number of different standards for the [[romanization of Arabic]], i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in [[transliteration]], i.e. representing the ''spelling'' of Arabic, while others focus on [[Phonetic transcription|transcription]], i.e. representing the ''pronunciation'' of Arabic. (They differ in that, for example, the same letter {{lang|ar|[[ي]]}} is used to represent both a consonant, as in "'''y'''ou" or "'''y'''et", and a vowel, as in "m'''e'''" or "'''ea'''t".) Some systems, e.g. for scholarly use, are intended to accurately and unambiguously represent the phonemes of Arabic, generally making the phonetics more explicit than the original word in the Arabic script. These systems are heavily reliant on [[diacritic]]al marks such as "š" for the sound equivalently written ''sh'' in English. Other systems (e.g. the [[Bahá'í orthography]]) are intended to help readers who are neither Arabic speakers nor linguists with intuitive pronunciation of Arabic names and phrases.<ref>Kharusi, N. S. & Salman, A. (2011) The English Transliteration of Place Names in Oman. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies Vol. 1(3) September 2011, pp. 1–27 Available online at www.academians.org</ref> These less "scientific" tend to avoid [[diacritics]] and use [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] (like ''sh'' and ''kh''). These are usually simpler to read, but sacrifice the definiteness of the scientific systems, and may lead to ambiguities, e.g. whether to interpret ''sh'' as a single sound, as in ''gash'', or a combination of two sounds, as in ''gashouse''. The [[ALA-LC]] romanization solves this problem by separating the two sounds with a [[Prime (symbol)|prime]] symbol ( ′ ); e.g., ''as′hal'' 'easier'.

During the last few decades and especially since the 1990s, Western-invented text communication technologies have become prevalent in the Arab world, such as [[personal computer]]s, the [[World Wide Web]], [[email]], [[bulletin board system]]s, [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]], [[instant messaging]] and [[mobile phone text messaging]]. Most of these technologies originally had the ability to communicate using the Latin script only, and some of them still do not have the Arabic script as an optional feature. As a result, Arabic speaking users communicated in these technologies by transliterating the Arabic text using the Latin script, sometimes known as IM Arabic.

To handle those Arabic letters that cannot be accurately represented using the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated. For example, the numeral "3" may be used to represent the Arabic letter {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ع}}}}. There is no universal name for this type of transliteration, but some have named it [[Arabic Chat Alphabet]]. Other systems of transliteration exist, such as using dots or capitalization to represent the "emphatic" counterparts of certain consonants. For instance, using capitalization, the letter {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|د}}}}, may be represented by '''d'''. Its emphatic counterpart, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ض}}}}, may be written as '''D'''.

=== Numerals ===
In most of present-day North Africa, the [[Western Arabic numerals]] (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used. However, in Egypt and Arabic-speaking countries to the east of it, the [[Eastern Arabic numerals]] ({{script/Arabic|٠}} – {{script/Arabic|١}} – {{script/Arabic|٢}} – {{script/Arabic|٣}} – {{script/Arabic|٤}} – {{script/Arabic|٥}} – {{script/Arabic|٦}} – {{script/Arabic|٧}} – {{script/Arabic|٨}} – {{script/Arabic|٩}}) are in use. When representing a number in Arabic, the lowest-valued [[positional notation|position]] is placed on the right, so the order of positions is the same as in left-to-right scripts. Sequences of digits such as telephone numbers are read from left to right, but numbers are spoken in the traditional Arabic fashion, with units and tens reversed from the modern English usage. For example, 24 is said "four and twenty" just like in the German language (''vierundzwanzig'') and [[Classical Hebrew]], and '''1975''' is said "a thousand and nine-hundred and five and seventy" or, more eloquently, "a thousand and nine-hundred five seventy"

== Language-standards regulators ==
[[Academy of the Arabic Language (disambiguation)|Academy of the Arabic Language]] is the name of a number of language-regulation bodies formed in the Arab League. The most active are in [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus|Damascus]] and [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo|Cairo]]. They review language development, monitor new words and approve inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts.
{{see also|Arabic Language International Council}}

== As a foreign language ==
Arabic has been taught worldwide in many [[elementary school|elementary]] and [[secondary school|secondary]] schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around the world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their [[Foreign Languages|foreign languages]], [[Middle Eastern studies]], and [[religious studies]] courses. [[Arabic language school]]s exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic [[language school]]s in the Arab world and other [[Muslim world|Muslim]] countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all [[Glossary of Islam|Islamic terms]] are in Arabic, millions{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study the language. Software and books with tapes are also important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} A number of websites on the [[Internet]] provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reviews of Language Courses|url=http://Lang1234.com|publisher=Lang1234|accessdate=12 September 2012}}</ref>

==Arabic speakers and other languages==
{{expand section|date=May 2013}}
[[File:Bahrain classroom.jpg|thumb|In [[Bahrain]], Arabic is largely used in educational settings.]]
Historically, Arab linguists considered the Arabic language to be superior to all other languages, and took almost no interest in learning any language other than Arabic {{Citation needed|date=January 2016}}. With the sole example of Medieval linguist [[Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati]] - who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab - scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior.<ref>[[Kees Versteegh]], ''The Arabic Linguistic Tradition'', pg. 106. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Routledge]], 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-415-15757-5}}</ref>

In modern times, the educated upper classes in the Arab world have taken a nearly opposite view. [[Yasir Suleiman]] wrote in 2011 that "studying and knowing English or French in most of the Middle East and North Africa have become a badge of sophistication and modernity and ... feigning, or asserting, weakness or lack of facility in Arabic is sometimes paraded as a sign of status, class, and perversely, even education through a mélange of code-switching practises."<ref>Suleiman, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQAiPgBRUkoC&pg=PA93 93]</ref> [[Arab-American]] professor Franck Salamah went as far as to declare Arabic a dead language conveying dead ideas, blaming its stagnation for Arab intellectual stagnation and lamenting that great writers in Arabic are judged by their command of the language and not the merit of the ideas they express with it.<ref>Franck Salamah, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BL44ZZwSwbYC&pg=PR16 Language, Memory, and Identity in the Middle East: The Case for Lebanon], Introduction, pg. xvi. [[Lanham, Maryland|Lanham]]: [[Lexington Books]], 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7391-3740-6}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Diglossia#Arabic|Arabic diglossia]]
* [[AIDA - International Association of Arabic Dialectology]]
* [[Arabic grammar]]
* [[Arabic influence on the Spanish language]]
* [[Arabic literature]]
* [[Arabic–English Lexicon]]
* [[Arabist]]
* ''[[Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]]''
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[List of Arabic neighborhoods]]
* [[List of arabophones]]
* [[List of countries where Arabic is an official language]]
* [[List of French words of Arabic origin]]
* [[List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin]]
* [[List of replaced loanwords in Turkish]]
* [[List of Arabic-language television channels]]
* [[List of Arab newspapers]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|Islam}}

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Citation|title=As-Sabil|url=https://fr.scribd.com/doc/14436546/Languages-Spoken-by-More-Than-10-Million-People}}
* {{Citation|first1=Mary Catherine|last1=Bateson|title=Arabic Language Handbook|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-87840-386-8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Durand|first1=Olivier|last2=Langone|first2=Angela D.|last3=Mion|first3=Giuliano|title=Corso di Arabo Contemporaneo. Lingua Standard|language=Italian|location=Milan|publisher=Hoepli|year=2010|isbn=978-88-203-4552-5}}
* {{Citation|title=Language in Africa|last=Gregersen|first=Edgar A.|year=1977|publisher=CRC Press|location=|isbn=0-677-04380-5}}
* {{Citation|authorlink1=George Grigore |first1=George |last1=Grigore |year=2007 |title=L'arabe parlé à Mardin. Monographie d'un parler arabe périphérique |location=Bucharest |publisher=Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti |isbn=978-973-737-249-9 |url=http://www.arc-news.com/read.php?lang=en&id_articol=1059 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927072656/http://www.arc-news.com/read.php?lang=en&id_articol=1059 |archivedate=27 September 2007 |df= }}
* {{Citation|title=Writing Arabic: A Linguistic Approach, from Sounds to Script|last1=Hanna|first1=Sami A.|first2=Naguib|last2=Greis |year=1972 |publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=90-04-03589-3}}
* {{Citation|last1=Haywood|last2=Nahmad|title=A new Arabic grammar|location=London|year=1965|isbn=0-85331-585-X|publisher=Lund Humphries}}
* {{Citation|title=The Semitic languages|first1=Robert|last1=Hetzron|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-05767-7}}
* {{Citation|last1=Irwin|first=Robert|year=2006|title=For Lust of Knowing|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane}}
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* {{Citation |first1= Alan S.|last1= Kaye |year= 1991 |title= The Hamzat al-Waṣl in Contemporary Modern Standard Arabic |journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= 111 |issue= 3 |pages= 572–574 |publisher= American Oriental Society |doi= 10.2307/604273 |jstor= 604273}}
* {{Citation|first=Edward William|last=Lane|title=Arabic–English Lexicon|year=1893|edition=2003 reprint|url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/LLhome.htm|isbn=81-206-0107-6|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi}}
* {{Citation|last=Lipinski|first=Edward|year=1997|title=Semitic Languages|location=Leuven|publisher=Peeters}}
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* {{Citation|last1=Mumisa|first1=Michael|title=Introducing Arabic|publisher=Goodword Books|year=2003|isbn=81-7898-211-0}}
* {{Citation|first1=S.|last1=Procházka|year=2006|chapter="Arabic"|title=Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics|edition=2nd}}
* {{Citation|last1=Steingass|first1=Francis Joseph|authorlink=Francis Joseph Steingass|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3JXQh09i2JwC|title=Arabic–English Dictionary|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1993|isbn=978-81-206-0855-9}}
* Suileman, Yasir. ''Arabic, Self and Identity: A Study in Conflict and Displacement''. [[Oxford University Press]], 10 August 2011. {{ISBN|0-19-974701-6}}, 978-0-19-974701-6.
* {{Cite book
|last = Thelwall
|first= Robin
|year= 2003
|chapter= Arabic
|publisher=Cambridge
|location=Cambridge, UK
|isbn=0-521-63751-1
|title = Handbook of the International Phonetic Association a guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet
}}
* {{Citation |first1=R. |last1=Traini |title=Vocabolario di arabo |publisher=I.P.O. |location=Rome |trans_title=Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |language=Italian |agency= Harassowitz |year=1961}}
* {{Citation |first1=Laura Veccia |last1=Vaglieri |title=Grammatica teorico-pratica della lingua araba |publisher=I.P.O. |location=Rome}}
* {{Citation |first1=Kees |last1=Versteegh |title=The Arabic Language |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1997 |isbn=90-04-17702-7}}
* {{Citation
|last = Watson
|first= Janet
|year= 2002
|title= The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
|place=New York
|publisher= Oxford University Press
|isbn = 0-19-824137-2
}}
* {{Citation|first1=Hans|last1=Wehr|title=[[Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart]]: Arabisch-Deutsch|publisher=Harassowitz|year=1952|edition=1985 reprint (English)|isbn=3-447-01998-0}}
* {{Citation |title=The New York Times Almanac 2002 |first1=John W.|last1=Wright |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-57958-348-2}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=ar}}
{{Wiktionary category}}
{{Wikiversity}}
{{Wikibooks|Arabic}}
{{Commons category|Arabic language}}
{{Wikivoyage|Arabic phrasebook|Arabic|a phrasebook}}
* [[b:Language Learning Difficulty for English Speakers|Arabic: a Category III language]] Languages which are difficult for native English speakers.
* [http://www1.ccls.columbia.edu/~cadim/TUTORIAL.ARABIC.NLP.pdf Dr. Nizar Habash's, Columbia University, Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing]
* [http://www.google.com/ta3reeb/ Google Ta3reeb – Google Transliteration]
* [http://transliteration.org/quran/Pronunciation/Letters/TashP.htm Transliteration] Arabic language pronunciation applet
*[http://alpage.inria.fr/~sagot/woler2011/WoLeR2011/Program_&_Proceedings_files/WoLeR%202011%20-%20Neme.pdf '' Alexis Neme (2011), A lexicon of Arabic verbs constructed on the basis of Semitic taxonomy and using finite-state transducers'']
*[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00831338 '' Alexis Neme and Eric Laporte (2013), Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural'']
*[https://www.academia.edu/13002690/Do_computer_scientists_deeply_understand_the_traditional_Arabic_morphology_%D9%87%D9%84_%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%91%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8B_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8B_ ''Alexis Neme and Eric Laporte (2015), Do computer scientists deeply understand Arabic morphology? - {{lang|ar|هل يفهم المهندسون الحاسوبيّون علم الصرف فهماً عميقاً؟}}'', available also in Arabic, Indonesian, French]
* {{Cite NIE |last=Jastrow |first=Morris |authorlink=Morris Jastrow, Jr. |wstitle=Arabic Language and Literature |year=1905 |short=x}}
*[https://findingaid.lib.byu.edu/viewItem/UA%205572/Series%202/carton%201/folder%209-13/ Arabic manuscripts, UA 5572] at [https://sites.lib.byu.edu/sc/ L. Tom Perry Special Collections], [[Brigham Young University]] [https://arabic-keyboards.net Online Arabic Keyboard]

{{Arabic language}}
{{Language histories}}
{{Modern Semitic languages}}
{{Varieties of Arabic}}
{{Semitic languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arabic Language}}
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[[Category:Arabic language| ]]
[[Category:Central Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Algeria]]
[[Category:Languages of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Languages of Chad]]
[[Category:Languages of the Comoros]]
[[Category:Languages of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Languages of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Languages of Gibraltar]]
[[Category:Languages of Iraq]]
[[Category:Languages of Jordan]]
[[Category:Languages of Kuwait]]
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[[Category:Verb–subject–object languages]]

Classical Arabic

2017-07-14T16:04:00Z

Soft coder: /* External links */ cleaned up links. Removing links to number of site offering paid Arabic courses and other irrelevant sites

{{Infobox language
|name = Classical Arabic
|states = Historically in the [[Middle East]]
|era = 7th century AD to 9th century AD; continued as a liturgical language of [[Islam]], spoken with a [[Modern Standard Arabic|modernized pronunciation]]
|familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
|fam2 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3 = [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
|fam4 = [[Arabic languages|Arabic]]
|ancestor = [[Old Arabic]]
|isoexception=historical
| image = Large Koran.jpg
| imagecaption = Verses from the [[Quran]] in Classical Arabic, written in the [[cursive]] [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]].
|notice=IPA
|glotto=none
}}
{{Contains Arabic text}}

'''Classical Arabic''' is the form of the [[Arabic language]] used in [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] literary texts from the 7th century AD to the 9th century AD.

The orthography of the [[Quran|Qurʾān]] was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to record an archaic form of [[Old Higazi]].

[[Modern Standard Arabic]] (MSA) is its direct descendant used today throughout the [[Arab world]] in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertainment content;{{sfn|Bin-Muqbil|2006|p=14}} it is also used in modernized versions of Quran and revised editions of poetries and novels from [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid]] times (7th to 9th centuries). While the [[lexis (linguistics)|lexis]] and [[stylistics (linguistics)|stylistics]] of Modern Standard Arabic are different from Classical Arabic, the [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[syntax]] have remained basically unchanged (though MSA uses a subset of the syntactic structures available in CA).{{sfn|Bin-Muqbil|2006|p=15}} In the Arab world, little distinction is made between CA and MSA, and both are normally called ''al-fuṣḥá'' ({{lang|ar|الفصحى}}&lrm;) in Arabic, meaning 'the most eloquent (Arabic language)'.

==History==
In the late 6th century AD, a relatively uniform intertribal ‘poetic koine’ distinct from the spoken vernaculars developed based on the [[Bedouin]] dialects of [[Najd]], probably in connection with the [[Lakhmid]] court of [[Al-Hirah|al-Ḥīra]]. During the first Islamic century the majority of Arabic poets and Arabic-writing persons spoke a form of Arabic as their mother tongue. Their texts, although mainly preserved in far later manuscripts, contain traces of non-standardized Classical Arabic elements in morphology and syntax. The standardization of Classical Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the ''ʿarabiyya'' "Arabic", [[Sibawayh|Sībawayhi's]] ''al''-''Kitāb'', is based first of all upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to the Qurʾān and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the ''ʿarabiyya''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|language=en}}</ref> [[Varieties of Arabic|"Colloquial" Arabic]] refers to the many regional dialects derived from Arabic spoken daily across the region and learned as a [[first language]], and as [[second language]] if people speak other languages native to their particular country. By the 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world, as it was the lingua franca across the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], [[Horn of Africa]] during those times; the analogy is like most literate Romance speakers were also literate in Classical Latin. People speak Classical Arabic as a [[second language]] if they speak colloquial Arabic dialects as their first language, but as a [[third language]] if others speak other languages native to a country as their first language and colloquial Arabic dialects as their second language. But Classical Arabic was spoken with different pronunciations influenced by [[varieties of Arabic#Phonetics|informal dialects]]. The differentiation of the pronunciation of informal dialects is the influence from native languages previously spoken and some presently spoken in the regions, such as [[Coptic language|Coptic]] in Egypt, [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Punic language|Punic]] or [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] in North Africa, [[Himyaritic language|Himyaritic]], [[Modern South Arabian]] and [[Old South Arabian]] in Yemen, and [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the Levant.

==Phonology==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Classical Arabic<ref name=":32" />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%;" | plain 
! style="font-size: 80%;" |[[Velarization|emphatic]]
! style="font-size: 80%;" | plain 
! style="font-size: 80%;" |[[Velarization|emphatic]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} m – {{lang|ar|م}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|n}} n – {{lang|ar|ن}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|t}} t – {{lang|ar|ت}}
| {{IPA link|ˁ|tˁ}} ṭ – {{lang|ar|ط}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}} k – {{lang|ar|ك}}
| {{IPA link|q}} q – {{lang|ar|ق}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} ʾ – {{lang|ar|ء}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}} b – {{lang|ar|ب}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|d}} d – {{lang|ar|د}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɟ}} [[ǧ]] – {{lang|ar|ج}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|f}} f – {{lang|ar|ف}}
| {{IPA link|θ}} ṯ – {{lang|ar|ث}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}} s – {{lang|ar|س}}
| {{IPA link|ˁ|sˁ}} ṣ – {{lang|ar|ص}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}} [[š]] – {{lang|ar|ش}}
|
| {{IPA link|χ}} [[ḫ]] – {{lang|ar|خ}}
| {{IPA link|ħ}} ḥ – {{lang|ar|ح}}
| {{IPA link|h}} h – {{lang|ar|ه}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
|
| {{IPA link|ð}} ḏ – {{lang|ar|ذ}}
| {{IPA link|ðˤ}} ẓ – {{lang|ar|ظ}}
| {{IPA link|z}} z – {{lang|ar|ز}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ʁ}} ġ – {{lang|ar|غ}}
| {{IPA link|ʕ}} ʿ – {{lang|ar|ع}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|Lateral fricative]]
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɮˤ}} ḍ – {{lang|ar|ض}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}} l – {{lang|ar|ل}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}} r – {{lang|ar|ر}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}} y – {{lang|ar|ي}}
| {{IPA link|w}} w – {{lang|ar|و}}
|
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''[[Monophthong]] phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Short
! colspan="2" | Long
|-
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|u}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| (e){{ref|e|1}}
|
| (eː){{ref|ee|2}}
|
|- align="center"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| a
| (ɑ){{ref|a|3}}
| aː
| (ɑː){{ref|a|3}}
|}
:{{note|e|1}} Allophone of short {{IPA|/a/}} in certain imalah contexts
:{{note|ee|2}} In pre-Classical Arabic, {{IPA link|eː}} arose out of contraction of certain Old Arabic triphthongs. Some Arabs said ''banē'' (< *banaya) for ''banā'' ("he built") and ''zēda'' (< *zayida) for ''zāda'' ("it increased"). This {{IPA|/eː/}} merged with {{IPA|/aː/}} in later Classical Arabic. A completely different phenomenon called imalah led to the raising of {{IPAslink|a}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} adjacent to a sequence {{IPA|i(ː)C}} or {{IPA|Ci(ː)}}, where C was a non-emphatic, non-uvular consonant, e.g. ''al-kēfirīna'' < ''al-kāfirīna'' ("the disbelievers")
:{{note|a|3}} Allophone of [a(ː)] after uvular and emphatic consonants

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===
{{Main article|Arabic nouns and adjectives}}

==== Case ====
The A1 inscription dated to the 3rd or 4th c. AD in [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] script in a dialect showing affinities to that of the Safaitic inscriptions shows that short final high vowels had been lost in at least some dialects of [[Old Arabic]] at that time, obliterating the distinction between nominative and genitive case in the singular, leaving the accusative the only marked case:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/12463830/Al-Jallad._2015._New_Epigraphica_from_Jordan_I_a_pre-Islamic_Arabic_inscription_in_Greek_letters_and_a_Greek_inscription_from_north-eastern_Jordan_w._A._al-Manaser|title=Al-Jallad. 2015. New Epigraphica from Jordan I: a pre-Islamic Arabic inscription in Greek letters and a Greek inscription from north-eastern Jordan, w. A. al-Manaser|website=www.academia.edu|accessdate=2015-12-09}}</ref>

أوس (بن) عود (بن) بناء (بن) كازم الإدامي أتو من شحاص؛ أتو بناء الدورة ويرعو بقلة بكانون.

''ʾAws (ibin) ʿūḏ (?) (ibin) Bannāʾ (ibin) Kazim ʾ'''al-ʾidāmiyy''' ʾatawa miś-śiḥāṣ; ʾatawa Bannāʾa '''ʾad-dawra''' wa yirʿaw '''baqla''' bi-kānūn''

"ʾAws son of ʿūḏ (?) son of Bannāʾ son of Kazim the ʾidāmite came because of scarcity; he came to Bannāʾ in this region and they pastured on fresh herbage during Kānūn".
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" |Safaitic (ca. 3rd - 4th c. AD)
|-
!
!'''Triptote'''
!Diptote
!Dual
!Masculine Plural
!Feminine Plural
|-
|Nominative
|∅..الـ ''(ʾal-)...-∅''
| rowspan="3" | -''∅''
|الـ)..ـَان) ''(ʾal-)...-ān''
|الـ)..ـُون) ''(ʾal-)...-ūn''
| rowspan="3" |الـ)..ـَات) ''(ʾal-)...-āt''
|-
|Accusative
|الـ..ـَا ''(ʾal-)...-a''
| rowspan="2" |الـ)..ـَيْن) ''(ʾal-)...-ayn''
| rowspan="2" |الـ)..ـِين) ''(ʾal-)...-īn''
|-
|Genitive
|∅..(الـ) ''(ʾal-)...-∅''
|}
Classical Arabic however, shows a far more archaic system, essentially identical with that of [[Proto-Arabic]]:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="8" |Classical Arabic (ca. 7th c. AD)
|-
!
! colspan="2" |'''Triptote'''
!Diptote
!Dual
!Masculine Plural
! colspan="2" |Feminine Plural
|-
|Nominative
|ـٌ ''-un''
|الـ..ـُ ''ʾal-...-u''
|ـُ -''u''
|الـ)..ـَانِ) ''(ʾal-)...-āni''
|الـ)..ـُونَ) ''(ʾal-)...-ūna''
|ـَاتٌ ''-ātun''
|الـ..ـَاتُ ''ʾal-...-ātu''
|-
|Accusative
|ـًا، ـً ''-an''
|الـ..ـَ ''ʾal-...-a''
| rowspan="2" |ـَ -''a''
| rowspan="2" |الـ)..ـَيْنَ) ''(ʾal-)...-ayna''
| rowspan="2" |الـ)..ـِينَ) ''(ʾal-)...-īna''
| rowspan="2" |ـَاتٍ ''-ātin''
| rowspan="2" |الـ..ـَاتِ ''ʾal-...-āti''
|-
|Genitive
|ـٍ ''-in''
|الـ..ـِ ''ʾal-...-i''
|}

==== State ====
The definite article spread areally among the Central Semitic languages and it would seem that Proto-Arabic lacked any overt marking of definiteness. Besides dialects with no definite article, the Safaitic inscriptions exhibit about four different article forms, ordered by frequency: ''h-'', ''ʾ-'', ''ʾl-'', and ''hn-''. The Old Arabic of the Nabataean inscriptions exhibits almost exclusively the form ''ʾl-''. Unlike the Classical Arabic article, the Old Arabic ''ʾl'' almost never exhibits the assimilation of the coda to the coronals; the same situation is attested in the Graeco-Arabica, but in A1 the coda assimilates to the following ''d'', αδαυρα *''ʾad-dawra'' {{lang|ar|الدورة}} 'the region'.

In Classical Arabic, the definite article takes the form ''ʾal-'', with the coda of the article exhibiting assimilation to the following dental and denti-alveolar consonants. Note the inclusion of palatal {{IPA|/ɕ/}}, which alone among the palatal consonants exhibits assimilation, indicating that assimilation ceased to be productive before that consonant shifted from Old Arabic {{IPA|/ɬ/}}:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Sun consonants in Classical Arabic
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%;" | plain
! style="font-size: 80%;" | [[Velarization|emphatic]]
! style="font-size: 80%;" | plain
! style="font-size: 80%;" | [[Velarization|emphatic]]
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|n}} n – {{lang|ar|ن}}
|
|
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|t}} t – {{lang|ar|ت}}
| {{IPA|tˁ}} ṭ – {{lang|ar|ط}}
|
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|d}} d – {{lang|ar|د}}
|
|
|-
| {{IPA|θ}} ṯ – {{lang|ar|ث}}
|
| {{IPA|s}} s – {{lang|ar|س}}
| {{IPA|sˁ}} ṣ – {{lang|ar|ص}}
|
|-
| {{IPA|ð}} ḏ – {{lang|ar|ذ}}
| {{IPA|ðˤ}} ẓ – {{lang|ar|ظ}}
| {{IPA|z}} z – {{lang|ar|ز}}
|
|
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|ɕ}} (< *ɬ) [[š]] – {{lang|ar|ش}}
|{{IPA link|ɮˤ}} ḍ – {{lang|ar|ض}}
|
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|l}} l – {{lang|ar|ل}}
|
|
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|r}} r – {{lang|ar|ر}}
|
|
|}

=== Verbs ===
{{Main article|Arabic verbs}}

==== Barth-Ginsberg alternation ====
Proto-Central Semitic, Proto-Arabic, various forms of Old Arabic, and some modern Najdi dialects to this day have alternation in the performative vowel of the prefix conjugation, depending on the stem vowel of the verb. Early forms of Classical Arabic allowed this alternation, but later forms of Classical Arabic levelled the /a/ allomorph:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |Pre-Classical (''taltalah'')
!Classical
|-
|1 sg.
|''ʾi-rkabu''
|''ʾa-qtulu''
|''ʾa-...-u''
|-
|2 m.sg.
|''ti-rkabu''
|''ta-qtulu''
|''ta-...-u''
|-
|3 m.sg.
|''ya-rkabu'' (< *''yi-'')
|''ya-qtulu''
|''ya-...-u''
|-
|1 pl.
|''ni-rkabu''
|''na-qtulu''
|''na-...-u''
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam}}
*[[Arabic language]]
*[[Modern Standard Arabic]]
*[[Ancient North Arabian]]
*[[Quranic Arabic Corpus]]
*[[Arabic-English Lexicon|Arabic–English Lexicon]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Bin-Muqbil
|first=Musaed
|year=2006
|title=Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Arabic Emphatics and Gutturals
|place=University of Wisconsin–Madison
|ref=harv
|postscript=
}}
*Holes, Clive (2004) ''Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties'' Georgetown University Press. {{ISBN|1-58901-022-1}}
*[[Kees Versteegh|Versteegh, Kees]] (2001) ''The Arabic Language'' Edinburgh University Press {{ISBN|0-7486-1436-2}} (Ch.5 available in link below)
*{{Cite journal
|last=Watson
|first=Janet
|year=2002
|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
|place=New York
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|ref=harv
|postscript=
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Bin Radhan
|first=Neil
|title=Die Wissenschaft des Tadschwīd
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Classical Arabic}}
{{Wiktionary|Modern Standard Arabic}}
{{Wiktionary|Fus-ha}}
* [http://corpus.quran.com Classical Arabic Grammar Documentation] – Visualization of Classical Quranic Grammar ([[i'rab|{{transl|ar|ALA|iʻrāb}}]])
*[http://quran.khalidzaheer.com/ Learn Quran] – Lectures on Quranic Arabic by Dr. Khalid Zaheer (CA)
* [http://drvaniya.com Blog of Classical Arabic learning resources]
* [http://www.lqtoronto.com Institute of the Language of the Quran] - Free Video lectures on basic and advanced Classical Arabic grammar

{{Language phonologies}}
{{Arabic language}}
{{Varieties of Arabic}}

[[Category:Arabic languages]]
[[Category:Classical languages|Arabic]]
[[Category:Verb–subject–object languages|Arabic]]
[[Category:Liturgical languages]]
[[Category:Medieval languages|Arabic, Classical]]
[[Category:Ritual languages]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 7th century]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Classical Arabic]]

Classical Arabic

2017-07-14T15:41:02Z

Soft coder: /* External links */ Wikipedia is not a link farm. removing number of links to learnarabiconline.com

{{Infobox language
|name = Classical Arabic
|states = Historically in the [[Middle East]]
|era = 7th century AD to 9th century AD; continued as a liturgical language of [[Islam]], spoken with a [[Modern Standard Arabic|modernized pronunciation]]
|familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
|fam2 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3 = [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
|fam4 = [[Arabic languages|Arabic]]
|ancestor = [[Old Arabic]]
|isoexception=historical
| image = Large Koran.jpg
| imagecaption = Verses from the [[Quran]] in Classical Arabic, written in the [[cursive]] [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]].
|notice=IPA
|glotto=none
}}
{{Contains Arabic text}}

'''Classical Arabic''' is the form of the [[Arabic language]] used in [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] literary texts from the 7th century AD to the 9th century AD.

The orthography of the [[Quran|Qurʾān]] was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to record an archaic form of [[Old Higazi]].

[[Modern Standard Arabic]] (MSA) is its direct descendant used today throughout the [[Arab world]] in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertainment content;{{sfn|Bin-Muqbil|2006|p=14}} it is also used in modernized versions of Quran and revised editions of poetries and novels from [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid]] times (7th to 9th centuries). While the [[lexis (linguistics)|lexis]] and [[stylistics (linguistics)|stylistics]] of Modern Standard Arabic are different from Classical Arabic, the [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[syntax]] have remained basically unchanged (though MSA uses a subset of the syntactic structures available in CA).{{sfn|Bin-Muqbil|2006|p=15}} In the Arab world, little distinction is made between CA and MSA, and both are normally called ''al-fuṣḥá'' ({{lang|ar|الفصحى}}&lrm;) in Arabic, meaning 'the most eloquent (Arabic language)'.

==History==
In the late 6th century AD, a relatively uniform intertribal ‘poetic koine’ distinct from the spoken vernaculars developed based on the [[Bedouin]] dialects of [[Najd]], probably in connection with the [[Lakhmid]] court of [[Al-Hirah|al-Ḥīra]]. During the first Islamic century the majority of Arabic poets and Arabic-writing persons spoke a form of Arabic as their mother tongue. Their texts, although mainly preserved in far later manuscripts, contain traces of non-standardized Classical Arabic elements in morphology and syntax. The standardization of Classical Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the ''ʿarabiyya'' "Arabic", [[Sibawayh|Sībawayhi's]] ''al''-''Kitāb'', is based first of all upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to the Qurʾān and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the ''ʿarabiyya''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|language=en}}</ref> [[Varieties of Arabic|"Colloquial" Arabic]] refers to the many regional dialects derived from Arabic spoken daily across the region and learned as a [[first language]], and as [[second language]] if people speak other languages native to their particular country. By the 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world, as it was the lingua franca across the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], [[Horn of Africa]] during those times; the analogy is like most literate Romance speakers were also literate in Classical Latin. People speak Classical Arabic as a [[second language]] if they speak colloquial Arabic dialects as their first language, but as a [[third language]] if others speak other languages native to a country as their first language and colloquial Arabic dialects as their second language. But Classical Arabic was spoken with different pronunciations influenced by [[varieties of Arabic#Phonetics|informal dialects]]. The differentiation of the pronunciation of informal dialects is the influence from native languages previously spoken and some presently spoken in the regions, such as [[Coptic language|Coptic]] in Egypt, [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Punic language|Punic]] or [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] in North Africa, [[Himyaritic language|Himyaritic]], [[Modern South Arabian]] and [[Old South Arabian]] in Yemen, and [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] in the Levant.

==Phonology==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Classical Arabic<ref name=":32" />
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%;" | plain 
! style="font-size: 80%;" |[[Velarization|emphatic]]
! style="font-size: 80%;" | plain 
! style="font-size: 80%;" |[[Velarization|emphatic]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} m – {{lang|ar|م}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|n}} n – {{lang|ar|ن}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|t}} t – {{lang|ar|ت}}
| {{IPA link|ˁ|tˁ}} ṭ – {{lang|ar|ط}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}} k – {{lang|ar|ك}}
| {{IPA link|q}} q – {{lang|ar|ق}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} ʾ – {{lang|ar|ء}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}} b – {{lang|ar|ب}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|d}} d – {{lang|ar|د}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɟ}} [[ǧ]] – {{lang|ar|ج}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|f}} f – {{lang|ar|ف}}
| {{IPA link|θ}} ṯ – {{lang|ar|ث}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}} s – {{lang|ar|س}}
| {{IPA link|ˁ|sˁ}} ṣ – {{lang|ar|ص}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}} [[š]] – {{lang|ar|ش}}
|
| {{IPA link|χ}} [[ḫ]] – {{lang|ar|خ}}
| {{IPA link|ħ}} ḥ – {{lang|ar|ح}}
| {{IPA link|h}} h – {{lang|ar|ه}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]
|
| {{IPA link|ð}} ḏ – {{lang|ar|ذ}}
| {{IPA link|ðˤ}} ẓ – {{lang|ar|ظ}}
| {{IPA link|z}} z – {{lang|ar|ز}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ʁ}} ġ – {{lang|ar|غ}}
| {{IPA link|ʕ}} ʿ – {{lang|ar|ع}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|Lateral fricative]]
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɮˤ}} ḍ – {{lang|ar|ض}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}} l – {{lang|ar|ل}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}} r – {{lang|ar|ر}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}} y – {{lang|ar|ي}}
| {{IPA link|w}} w – {{lang|ar|و}}
|
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''[[Monophthong]] phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Short
! colspan="2" | Long
|-
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|u}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| (e){{ref|e|1}}
|
| (eː){{ref|ee|2}}
|
|- align="center"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| a
| (ɑ){{ref|a|3}}
| aː
| (ɑː){{ref|a|3}}
|}
:{{note|e|1}} Allophone of short {{IPA|/a/}} in certain imalah contexts
:{{note|ee|2}} In pre-Classical Arabic, {{IPA link|eː}} arose out of contraction of certain Old Arabic triphthongs. Some Arabs said ''banē'' (< *banaya) for ''banā'' ("he built") and ''zēda'' (< *zayida) for ''zāda'' ("it increased"). This {{IPA|/eː/}} merged with {{IPA|/aː/}} in later Classical Arabic. A completely different phenomenon called imalah led to the raising of {{IPAslink|a}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} adjacent to a sequence {{IPA|i(ː)C}} or {{IPA|Ci(ː)}}, where C was a non-emphatic, non-uvular consonant, e.g. ''al-kēfirīna'' < ''al-kāfirīna'' ("the disbelievers")
:{{note|a|3}} Allophone of [a(ː)] after uvular and emphatic consonants

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===
{{Main article|Arabic nouns and adjectives}}

==== Case ====
The A1 inscription dated to the 3rd or 4th c. AD in [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] script in a dialect showing affinities to that of the Safaitic inscriptions shows that short final high vowels had been lost in at least some dialects of [[Old Arabic]] at that time, obliterating the distinction between nominative and genitive case in the singular, leaving the accusative the only marked case:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/12463830/Al-Jallad._2015._New_Epigraphica_from_Jordan_I_a_pre-Islamic_Arabic_inscription_in_Greek_letters_and_a_Greek_inscription_from_north-eastern_Jordan_w._A._al-Manaser|title=Al-Jallad. 2015. New Epigraphica from Jordan I: a pre-Islamic Arabic inscription in Greek letters and a Greek inscription from north-eastern Jordan, w. A. al-Manaser|website=www.academia.edu|accessdate=2015-12-09}}</ref>

أوس (بن) عود (بن) بناء (بن) كازم الإدامي أتو من شحاص؛ أتو بناء الدورة ويرعو بقلة بكانون.

''ʾAws (ibin) ʿūḏ (?) (ibin) Bannāʾ (ibin) Kazim ʾ'''al-ʾidāmiyy''' ʾatawa miś-śiḥāṣ; ʾatawa Bannāʾa '''ʾad-dawra''' wa yirʿaw '''baqla''' bi-kānūn''

"ʾAws son of ʿūḏ (?) son of Bannāʾ son of Kazim the ʾidāmite came because of scarcity; he came to Bannāʾ in this region and they pastured on fresh herbage during Kānūn".
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" |Safaitic (ca. 3rd - 4th c. AD)
|-
!
!'''Triptote'''
!Diptote
!Dual
!Masculine Plural
!Feminine Plural
|-
|Nominative
|∅..الـ ''(ʾal-)...-∅''
| rowspan="3" | -''∅''
|الـ)..ـَان) ''(ʾal-)...-ān''
|الـ)..ـُون) ''(ʾal-)...-ūn''
| rowspan="3" |الـ)..ـَات) ''(ʾal-)...-āt''
|-
|Accusative
|الـ..ـَا ''(ʾal-)...-a''
| rowspan="2" |الـ)..ـَيْن) ''(ʾal-)...-ayn''
| rowspan="2" |الـ)..ـِين) ''(ʾal-)...-īn''
|-
|Genitive
|∅..(الـ) ''(ʾal-)...-∅''
|}
Classical Arabic however, shows a far more archaic system, essentially identical with that of [[Proto-Arabic]]:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="8" |Classical Arabic (ca. 7th c. AD)
|-
!
! colspan="2" |'''Triptote'''
!Diptote
!Dual
!Masculine Plural
! colspan="2" |Feminine Plural
|-
|Nominative
|ـٌ ''-un''
|الـ..ـُ ''ʾal-...-u''
|ـُ -''u''
|الـ)..ـَانِ) ''(ʾal-)...-āni''
|الـ)..ـُونَ) ''(ʾal-)...-ūna''
|ـَاتٌ ''-ātun''
|الـ..ـَاتُ ''ʾal-...-ātu''
|-
|Accusative
|ـًا، ـً ''-an''
|الـ..ـَ ''ʾal-...-a''
| rowspan="2" |ـَ -''a''
| rowspan="2" |الـ)..ـَيْنَ) ''(ʾal-)...-ayna''
| rowspan="2" |الـ)..ـِينَ) ''(ʾal-)...-īna''
| rowspan="2" |ـَاتٍ ''-ātin''
| rowspan="2" |الـ..ـَاتِ ''ʾal-...-āti''
|-
|Genitive
|ـٍ ''-in''
|الـ..ـِ ''ʾal-...-i''
|}

==== State ====
The definite article spread areally among the Central Semitic languages and it would seem that Proto-Arabic lacked any overt marking of definiteness. Besides dialects with no definite article, the Safaitic inscriptions exhibit about four different article forms, ordered by frequency: ''h-'', ''ʾ-'', ''ʾl-'', and ''hn-''. The Old Arabic of the Nabataean inscriptions exhibits almost exclusively the form ''ʾl-''. Unlike the Classical Arabic article, the Old Arabic ''ʾl'' almost never exhibits the assimilation of the coda to the coronals; the same situation is attested in the Graeco-Arabica, but in A1 the coda assimilates to the following ''d'', αδαυρα *''ʾad-dawra'' {{lang|ar|الدورة}} 'the region'.

In Classical Arabic, the definite article takes the form ''ʾal-'', with the coda of the article exhibiting assimilation to the following dental and denti-alveolar consonants. Note the inclusion of palatal {{IPA|/ɕ/}}, which alone among the palatal consonants exhibits assimilation, indicating that assimilation ceased to be productive before that consonant shifted from Old Arabic {{IPA|/ɬ/}}:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Sun consonants in Classical Arabic
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|-
! style="font-size: 80%;" | plain
! style="font-size: 80%;" | [[Velarization|emphatic]]
! style="font-size: 80%;" | plain
! style="font-size: 80%;" | [[Velarization|emphatic]]
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|n}} n – {{lang|ar|ن}}
|
|
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|t}} t – {{lang|ar|ت}}
| {{IPA|tˁ}} ṭ – {{lang|ar|ط}}
|
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|d}} d – {{lang|ar|د}}
|
|
|-
| {{IPA|θ}} ṯ – {{lang|ar|ث}}
|
| {{IPA|s}} s – {{lang|ar|س}}
| {{IPA|sˁ}} ṣ – {{lang|ar|ص}}
|
|-
| {{IPA|ð}} ḏ – {{lang|ar|ذ}}
| {{IPA|ðˤ}} ẓ – {{lang|ar|ظ}}
| {{IPA|z}} z – {{lang|ar|ز}}
|
|
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|ɕ}} (< *ɬ) [[š]] – {{lang|ar|ش}}
|{{IPA link|ɮˤ}} ḍ – {{lang|ar|ض}}
|
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|l}} l – {{lang|ar|ل}}
|
|
|-
|
|
| {{IPA|r}} r – {{lang|ar|ر}}
|
|
|}

=== Verbs ===
{{Main article|Arabic verbs}}

==== Barth-Ginsberg alternation ====
Proto-Central Semitic, Proto-Arabic, various forms of Old Arabic, and some modern Najdi dialects to this day have alternation in the performative vowel of the prefix conjugation, depending on the stem vowel of the verb. Early forms of Classical Arabic allowed this alternation, but later forms of Classical Arabic levelled the /a/ allomorph:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |Pre-Classical (''taltalah'')
!Classical
|-
|1 sg.
|''ʾi-rkabu''
|''ʾa-qtulu''
|''ʾa-...-u''
|-
|2 m.sg.
|''ti-rkabu''
|''ta-qtulu''
|''ta-...-u''
|-
|3 m.sg.
|''ya-rkabu'' (< *''yi-'')
|''ya-qtulu''
|''ya-...-u''
|-
|1 pl.
|''ni-rkabu''
|''na-qtulu''
|''na-...-u''
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam}}
*[[Arabic language]]
*[[Modern Standard Arabic]]
*[[Ancient North Arabian]]
*[[Quranic Arabic Corpus]]
*[[Arabic-English Lexicon|Arabic–English Lexicon]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Bin-Muqbil
|first=Musaed
|year=2006
|title=Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Arabic Emphatics and Gutturals
|place=University of Wisconsin–Madison
|ref=harv
|postscript=
}}
*Holes, Clive (2004) ''Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties'' Georgetown University Press. {{ISBN|1-58901-022-1}}
*[[Kees Versteegh|Versteegh, Kees]] (2001) ''The Arabic Language'' Edinburgh University Press {{ISBN|0-7486-1436-2}} (Ch.5 available in link below)
*{{Cite journal
|last=Watson
|first=Janet
|year=2002
|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
|place=New York
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|ref=harv
|postscript=
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Bin Radhan
|first=Neil
|title=Die Wissenschaft des Tadschwīd
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Classical Arabic}}
{{Wiktionary|Modern Standard Arabic}}
{{Wiktionary|Fus-ha}}
*[http://quran.khalidzaheer.com/ Learn Quran] – Lectures on Quranic Arabic by Dr. Khalid Zaheer (CA)
* [http://drvaniya.com Blog of Classical Arabic learning resources]
* [http://www.lqtoronto.com Institute of the Language of the Quran] - Free Video lectures on basic and advanced Classical Arabic grammar
* [https://sites.google.com/site/khaledshaalan/publications/journal-papers/Arabic_GramCheck.pdf?attredirects=0 Arabic Grammar Checking]
* [https://sites.google.com/site/khaledshaalan/publications/journal-papers/LR_81-108.pdf?attredirects=0 Arabic Intelligent tutoring system]
*[http://sheepoo.wordpress.com Classical Arabic Blog]
*[http://arabic.tripod.com Arabic grammar online]
* [http://www.80percentwords.com/ Online Classical Arabic Reader]
* [http://corpus.quran.com Classical Arabic Grammar Documentation] – Visualization of Classical Quranic Grammar ([[i'rab|{{transl|ar|ALA|iʻrāb}}]])
* [http://www.way-to-allah.com/dokument/TadschuiedBuch.pdf Die Wissenschaft des Tadschwīd]
*[http://essentialilm.com EssentialIlm] – Free Video Lessons on Arabic
* [http://www.arabic-studio.com/quranic_arabic.html Quranic Arabic, Classical Arabic and MSA] Different types of Arabic at Arabic-Studio.com
*[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00831338 ''Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural'']

{{Language phonologies}}
{{Arabic language}}
{{Varieties of Arabic}}

[[Category:Arabic languages]]
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[[Category:Medieval languages|Arabic, Classical]]
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[[Category:Languages attested from the 7th century]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Classical Arabic]]

Aisha

2017-07-10T08:29:08Z

Soft coder: /* Age at marriage */ Others can have their own opinion. why this is relevant here ?

{{Other uses}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{infobox person
| name= Aisha [[Wives of Muhammad|Mother of the Believers]] 
| image = [[File:Aisha.png|200px]]
| native_name={{smaller|([[Arabic]]): عائشة}}
| birth_name =‘Ā’ishah bint Abī Bakr
| birth_date = c. 613/614 CE
| birth_place = {{longitem|[[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], Arabia {{smaller|(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}}}}
| death_date= 13 July 678 / 17 Ramadan 58 AH (aged 64)
| death_place = {{longitem|[[Medina]], [[Hejaz]], Arabia {{smaller|(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}}}}
| resting_place= [[Jannat al-Baqi]], Medina, Hejaz, Arabia {{smaller|(present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])}}
| religion= [[Islam]]
| parents= [[Abu Bakr]] {{smaller|(father)}} [[Umm Ruman]] {{smaller|(mother)}}
| module ={{infobox military person|embed=yes
| battles= [[First Fitna]]
*[[Battle of the Camel]]
}}
| spouse= [[Muhammad]] (m. 619 – 8 June 632)
}}

'''‘Ā’ishah bint Abī Bakr''' (613/614 – 678 CE;<ref name=Siddiqui/> {{lang-ar|عائشة}} transliteration: ''‘Ā’ishah'' {{IPA-ar|ʕaːʔɪʃa|}}, also transcribed as '''A'ishah''', '''Aisyah''', '''Ayesha''', '''A'isha''', '''Aishat''', '''Aishah''', or '''Aisha''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|iː|ˌ|ʃ|ɑː}}<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aisha "Aisha"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref>) was one of [[Muhammad]]'s wives.<ref name=spellberg3>{{harvnb|Spellberg|1994|p=3}}</ref> In Islamic writings, her name is thus often prefixed by the title "Mother of the Believers" (Arabic: أمّ المؤمنين ''umm al-[[mu'min]]īn''), per the description of [[Muhammad's wives]] in the [[Qur'an]].<ref>{{cite qur'an|33|6|style=nosup}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Brockelmann|1947}}</ref><ref name="Nabia"/>

Aisha had an important role in early Islamic history, both during Muhammad's life and after his death. In [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] tradition, Aisha is thought to be scholarly and inquisitive. She contributed to the spread of Muhammad's message and served the Muslim community for 44 years after his death.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = AuthorHouse| isbn = 9781434323576| last = Aleem| first = Shamim| title = Prophet Muhammad(s) and His Family: A Sociological Perspective| date = 2007|page=130}}</ref> She is also known for narrating 2210 [[hadith]]s,<ref>Islamyat: a core text for students</ref> not just on matters related to the Prophet's private life, but also on topics such as [[Islamic inheritance|inheritance]], [[Hajj|pilgrimage]], and [[Islamic eschatology|eschatology]].<ref name=Asma>{{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 9781107031586| last = Sayeed| first = Asma| title = Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam| date = 2013-08-06 | pages=27–9}}</ref> Her intellect and knowledge in various subjects, including poetry and medicine, were highly praised by early luminaries such as [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri|al-Zuhri]] and her student [[Urwa ibn al-Zubayr]].<ref name=Asma />

Her father, [[Abu Bakr]], became the first [[caliph]] to succeed Muhammad, and after two years was succeeded by [[Umar]]. During the time of the third caliph [[Uthman]], Aisha had a leading part in the opposition that grew against him, though she did not agree either with those responsible for his assassination nor with the party of [[Ali]].<ref name="Watt"/> During the reign of Ali, she wanted to avenge Uthman's death, which she attempted to do in the [[Battle of the Camel]]. She participated in the battle by giving speeches and leading troops on the back of her camel. She ended up losing the battle, but her involvement and determination left a lasting impression.<ref name="Nabia">{{harvnb|Abbott|1942}}</ref> Afterwards, she lived quietly in [[Medina]] for more than twenty years, took no part in politics, became reconciled to Ali and did not oppose caliph [[Mu'awiya]].<ref name="Watt"/>

The majority of traditional hadith sources state that Aisha was married to Muhammad at the age of six or seven, but she stayed in her parents' home until the age of nine, or ten according to [[Ibn Hisham]],<ref name=spellberg40>{{harvnb|Spellberg|1994|pp=39–40}}</ref> when the marriage was [[consummation|consummated]] with Muhammad, then 53, in [[Medina]].<ref name=armstrong157>{{harvnb|Armstrong|1992|p=157}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|5|58|234}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|5|58|236}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|7|62|64}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|7|62|65}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|7|62|88}}, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|8|3309}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|8|3310}}, {{Hadith-usc|muslim|8|3311}}, {{Hadith-usc|abudawud|41|4915}}, {{Hadith-usc|abudawud|usc=yes|41|4917}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{harvnb|al-Tabari|1987|p=7}}, {{harvnb|al-Tabari|1990|p=131}}</ref> This timeline has been challenged by a number of scholars in modern times.

The [[Shia Islam|Shia]] have a generally [[Shia view of Aisha|negative view of Aisha]]. They accuse her of hating Ali and defying him during his caliphate in the [[Battle of the Camel]], when she fought men from Ali's army in Basra.

==Early life==
Aisha was born in late 613 or early 614.<ref name= abbott1>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=1}}</ref><ref name=MuhammadSaad>{{harvnb|Ibn Sa'd|1995|p=55}} {{Quote|Aisha was born at the beginning of the fourth year of prophethood}} i.e., the year 613-614</ref> She was the daughter of [[Umm Ruman]] and Abu Bakr of [[Mecca]], two of Muhammad's most trusted [[Sahabah|companions]].<ref name=Esposito>{{harvnb|Esposito}}</ref> Aisha was the third and youngest wife of Muhammad.<ref name=Esposito/>

No sources offer much more information about Aisha's childhood years.<ref>{{harvnb|Watt|1961|p=102}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=7}}</ref>

===Marriage to Muhammad===
The idea to match Aisha with Muhammad was suggested by [[Khawlah bint Hakim]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ahmed|1992}}</ref><ref name= abbott3>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=3}}</ref> After this, the previous agreement regarding the marriage of Aisha with [[Jubayr ibn Mut'im]] was put aside by common consent. Abu Bakr was uncertain at first "as to the propriety or even legality of marrying his daughter to his 'brother'."<ref name= abbott3/> British historian [[William Montgomery Watt]] suggests that Muhammad hoped to strengthen his ties with Abu Bakr;<ref name="Watt"/> the strengthening of ties commonly served as a basis for marriage in Arabian culture.<ref>{{harvnb|Sonbol|2003|pp=3–9}}</ref>

===Age at marriage===
{{See also|Criticism of Muhammad#Aisha|l1=Criticism of Muhammad (Aisha)|Islam and children#Marriage|Child marriage}}

Aisha's age at the time she was married to Muhammad has been of interest since the earliest days of Islam, and references to her age by early historians are frequent.<ref name=spellberg40/> According to Sunni scriptural [[Hadith]] sources, Aisha was six or seven years old when she was married to Muhammad with the marriage not being [[consummate]]d until she had reached puberty at the age of nine or ten years old.<ref name="Watt">{{harvnb|Watt|1960}}</ref><ref name=spellberg40/><ref name=armstrong157/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>{{harvnb|Barlas|2002|pp=125–126}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1 = A.C. Brown|first1 = Jonathan|authorlink = Jonathan A.C. Brown|title = Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|date = 2014|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn = 978-1780744209|pages = 143–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1 = A.C. Brown|first1 = Jonathan|authorlink = Jonathan A.C. Brown|title = Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|date = 2014|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn = 978-1780744209|page = 316. n° 50|quote = Evidence that the Prophet waited for Aisha to reach physical maturity before consummation comes from al-Ṭabarī, who says she was too young for intercourse at the time of the marriage contract;}}</ref> For example, [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] states that Aisha narrated that the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old, and then she remained with him for nine years (i.e., till his death).{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|7|62|64}}

Some traditional sources disagree. [[Ibn Hisham]] wrote in his biography of Muhammad that she may have been ten years old at the consummation.<ref name="spellberg40"/> [[Ibn Khallikan]], as well as [[Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi]] citing [[Hisham ibn Urwah]], record that she was nine years old at marriage, and twelve at consummation.<ref name="Afsaruddin2014">{{harvnb|Afsaruddin|2014}}: "according to the chronology of Ibn Khallikān (d. 681/1282) she would have been nine at her marriage and twelve at its consummation (''Wafayāt al-aʿyān'', 3:16), a chronology also supported by a report from Hishām b. ʿUrwa recorded by Ibn Saʿd (d. 230/845; ''al-Ṭabaqāt'', 8:61)."</ref> [[Sadakat Kadri]] points out that the recording of Aisha's age by Ibn Sa'd and Bukhari (though the hadith was Sahih) came a couple of centuries after the Prophet's death.<ref>{{cite book| title=Heaven on Earth|last1=Kadri |first1=Sadakat | page=30|publisher=Farrar, Straus, Giroux|year=2012}}</ref> Child marriage was not uncommon in many places at the time, Arabia included. It often served political purposes, and Aisha's marriage to Muhammad would have had a political connotation.<ref name="Afsaruddin2014" />

Muslim authors who calculate Aisha's age based on the more detailed information available about her sister Asma estimate that she was over thirteen and perhaps between seventeen and nineteen at the time of her marriage.<ref>{{cite book |first=Asma| last=Barlas| year=2012| title=[["Believing Women" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an]] | publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] | page=126 | quote=On the other hand, however, Muslims who calculate 'Ayesha's age based on details of her sister Asma's age, about whom more is known, as well as on details of the Hijra (the Prophet's migration from Mecca to Madina), maintain that she was over thirteen and perhaps between seventeen and nineteen when she got married. Such views cohere with those Ahadith that claim that at her marriage Ayesha had "good knowledge of Ancient Arabic poetry and genealogy" and "pronounced the fundamental rules of Arabic Islamic ethics.}}</ref> Muhammad Niknam Arabshahi, an Iranian Islamic scholar and historian, has considered six different approaches{{clarify|date=May 2017}} to determining Aisha's age and concluded that she was engaged in her late teens.<ref name=arabshahi>{{harvnb|Tarikh Sahih Islam|Muhammad Niknam Arabshahi|volume 1| page 197}}{{quote| According to these sources, we can conclude that Aisha was much older than what she claimed and narrated in some hadith... and she was 17 or 19 years old when she got engaged and she would be 20 or 22 when she had sex. (Original: از اين روايات می توان چنين نتيجه گرفت که عايشه بسيار بزرگتر از آن چيزی است که خودش ادعا می کند و در روايت ها نقل شده است؛...و در هنگام ازدواج 17 يا 19 ساله و در هنگام دخول 20 يا 22 ساله خواهد بود) }}</ref> Using the age of [[Fatimah]] as a reference point, the [[Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement]] scholar [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]] has estimated that Aisha was over ten years old at the time of marriage and over fifteen at the time of its consummation.<ref>{{harvnb|Ali|1997|p=150}}</ref>

American historian [[Denise Spellberg]] has reviewed Islamic literature on Aisha's virginity, age at marriage and age when the marriage was consummated and speculates that Aisha's youth might have been exaggerated to exclude any doubt about her virginity.<ref name=spellberg40/> Spellberg states, "Aisha's age is a major pre-occupation in [[Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi|Ibn Sa'd]] where her marriage varies between six and seven; nine seems constant as her age at the marriage's consummation." She notes one exception in Ibn Hisham's biography of the Prophet, which suggests that consummation may have occurred when Aisha was age 10, summarizing her review with the note that "these specific references to the bride's age reinforce Aisha's pre-menarcheal status and, implicitly, her virginity. They also suggest the variability of Aisha's age in the historical record."<ref name=spellberg40/> Early [[Muslim]]s regarded Aisha's youth as demonstrating her virginity and therefore her suitability as a bride of Muhammad. This issue of her virginity was of great importance to those who supported Aisha's position in the debate of the [[succession to Muhammad]]. These supporters considered that as Muhammad's only virgin wife, Aisha was divinely intended for him, and therefore the most credible regarding the debate.<ref>{{harvnb|Spellberg|1994|pp=34–40}}</ref>

==Personal life==

===Relationship with Muhammad===
[[File:Mohammed and his wife Aisha freeing the daughter of a tribal chief. From the Siyer-i Nebi.jpg|thumb|Muhammad and Aisha freeing the daughter of a tribal chief]]
In many [[Islamic culture|Muslim traditions]], Aisha is described as Muhammad's most beloved or favored wife after his first wife, [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]], who died before the [[Hijra (Islam)|migration to Medina]] took place.<ref name=ahmed51>{{harvnb|Ahmed|1992|p=51}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Roded|1994|p=36}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Roded|2008|p=23}}</ref><ref name="Joseph">{{harvnb|Joseph|2007|p=227}}</ref><ref name="McAuliffe">{{harvnb|McAuliffe|2001|p=55}}</ref> There are several hadiths, or stories or sayings of Muhammad, that support this belief. One relates that when a companion asked Muhammad, "who is the person you love most in the world?" he responded, "Aisha."<ref>{{harvnb|Mernissi|1988|p=65}}</ref> Others relate that Muhammad built Aisha’s apartment so that her door opened directly into the mosque,<ref>{{harvnb|Mernissi|1988|p=107}}</ref><ref name=abbott25>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=25}}</ref> and that she was the only woman with whom Muhammad received revelations.<ref>{{harvnb|Roded|1994|p=28}}</ref><ref name=abbott46>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=46}}</ref> They bathed in the same water and he prayed while she lay stretched out in front of him.<ref>{{harvnb|Shaikh|2003|p=33}}</ref>

There are also various traditions that reveal the mutual affection between Muhammad and Aisha. He would often just sit and watch her and her friends play with dolls, and on occasion he would even join them.<ref name=abbott8>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=8}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lings|1983|pp=133–134}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Haykal|1976|pp=183–184}}</ref> Additionally, they were close enough that each was able to discern the mood of the other, as many stories relate.<ref name=abbott6768>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|pp=67–68}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lings|1983|p=371}}</ref> It is also important to note that there exists evidence that Muhammad did not view himself as entirely superior to Aisha, at least not enough to prevent Aisha from speaking her mind, even at the risk of angering Muhammad. On one such instance, Muhammad's "announcement of a revelation permitting him to enter into marriages disallowed to other men drew from her [Aisha] the retort, 'It seems to me your Lord hastens to satisfy your desire!'"<ref name=ahmed5152>{{harvnb|Ahmed|1992|pp=51–52}}</ref> Furthermore, Muhammad and Aisha had a strong intellectual relationship.<ref>{{harvnb|Mernissi|1988|p=104}}</ref> Muhammad valued her keen memory and intelligence and so instructed his companions to draw some of their religious practices from her.<ref>{{harvnb|Mernissi|1988|p=78}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ramadan|2007|p=121}}</ref>

===Accusation of adultery===
The story of accusation of adultery levied against Aisha can be traced to ''[[sura]]'' (chapter) ''[[An-Nur]]'' of the [[Qur'an]]. As the story goes, Aisha left her ''[[howdah]]'' in order to search for a missing necklace. Her slaves mounted the ''howdah'' and prepared it for travel without noticing any difference in weight without Aisha's presence. Hence the caravan accidentally departed without her. She remained at the camp until the next morning, when [[Safwan ibn Muattal|Safwan ibn al-Mu‘attal]], a nomad and member of Muhammad's army, found her and brought her back to Muhammad at the army's next camp. Rumours that Aisha and Safwan had committed adultery were spread, particularly by [[Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy]], [[Hassan ibn Thabit]], Mistah ibn Uthatha and [[Hammanah bint Jahsh]] (sister of [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]], another of Muhammad's wives). [[Usama ibn Zayd]], son of [[Zayd ibn Harithah]], defended Aisha's reputation; while [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] advised "Women are plentiful, and you can easily change one for another." Muhammad came to speak directly with Aisha about the rumours. He was still sitting in her house when he announced that he had received a revelation from [[God in Islam|God]] confirming Aisha's innocence. Surah 24 details the Islamic laws and punishment regarding [[Zina|adultery]] and slander. Aisha's accusers were subjected to punishments of 80 lashes.<ref>The story is told multiple times in the early traditions, nearly all of the versions being ultimately derived from Aisha's own account. Typical examples can be found in {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|5|59|462}}, {{Hadith-usc|Muslim|usc=yes|37|6673}} and {{harvnb|Guillaume|1955|pp=494–499}}.</ref>

===Story of the honey===
After the daily ''[[Asr prayer|Asr]]'' prayer, Muhammad would visit each of his wives' apartments to inquire about their well-being. Muhammad was just in the amount of time he spent with them and attention he gave to them.<ref>[http://www.islamswomen.com/articles/zaynab_bint_jahsh.php Great Women of Islam - Zaynab bint Jahsh]</ref> Once, Muhammad's fifth wife, Zaynab bint Jahsh, received some honey from a relative which Muhammad took a particular liking to. As a result, every time Zaynab offered some of this honey to him he would spend a longer time in her apartment. This did not sit well with Aisha and [[Hafsa bint Umar]].
{{Quote|Hafsa and I decided that when the Prophet entered upon either of us, she would say, "I smell in you the bad smell of Maghafir (a bad smelling raisin). Have you eaten Maghafir?" When he entered upon one of us, she said that to him. He replied (to her), "No, but I have drunk honey in the house of Zainab bint Jahsh, and I will never drink it again."..."But I have drunk honey." Hisham said: It also meant his saying, "I will not drink anymore, and I have taken an oath, so do not inform anybody of that'|[[Muhammad al-Bukhari]]|[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]<ref>{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|8|78|682}}</ref>}}

Soon after this event, Muhammad reported that he had received a revelation in which he was told that he could eat anything permitted by God. Some Sunni commentators on the Qur'an sometimes give this story as the "occasion of revelation" for [[At-Tahrim]], which opens with the following verses: {{Quote|O Prophet! Why holdest thou to be forbidden that which [[Allah]] has made lawful to thee? Thou seekest to please thy consorts. But Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Allah has already ordained for you, (O men), the dissolution of your oaths (in some cases): and Allah is your Protector, and He is Full of Knowledge and Wisdom.|Qur'an, surah 66 (At-Tahrim), [[ayah|ayat]] 1-2<ref>{{Cite quran|66|1|e=2|s=ns}}</ref>}} Word spread to the small [[Ummah|Muslim community]] that Muhammad's wives were speaking sharply to him and conspiring against him. Muhammad, saddened and upset, separated from his wives for a month. ‘Umar, Hafsa's father, scolded his daughter and also spoke to Muhammad of the matter. By the end of this time, his wives were humbled; they agreed to "speak correct and courteous words"<ref>{{harvnb|Ibn Sa'd|1995|pp=132–133}}</ref> and to focus on the [[afterlife]].<ref>{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|3|43|648}}</ref>

===Death of Muhammad===
Aisha remained Muhammad's favorite wife throughout his life. When he became ill and suspected that he was probably going to die, he began to ask his wives whose apartment he was to stay in next. They eventually figured out that he was trying to determine when he was due with Aisha, and they then allowed him to retire there. He remained in Aisha's apartment until his death, and his last breath was taken as he lay in the arms of Aisha, his most beloved wife.<ref name=ahmed58>{{harvnb|Ahmed|1992|p=58}}</ref><ref name=abbott69>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=69}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lings|1983|p=339}}</ref><ref name="Haykal">{{harvnb|Haykal|1976|pp=502–503}}</ref><ref name="Guillaume">{{harvnb|Guillaume|1955|p=679 and 682}}</ref>

==Political career==
After Muhammad's death, which ended Aisha and Muhammad's 9 year-long marriage, Aisha lived fifty more years in and around Medina. Much of her time was spent learning and acquiring knowledge of the Quran and the ''[[sunnah]]'' of Muhammad. Aisha was one of three wives (the other two being Hafsa bint Umar and [[Umm Salama]]) who memorized the Qur'an. Like Hafsa, Aisha had her own script of the Quran written after Muhammad's death.<ref name="jannah.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.jannah.org/sisters/aishah.html |title=Aishah bint Abu Bakr |publisher=Jannah.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-31}}</ref> During Aisha's life many prominent customs of Islam, such as [[veil]]ing and [[seclusion]] of women, began.

Aisha's importance to revitalizing the Arab tradition and leadership among the Arab women highlights her magnitude within Islam.<ref name="Elsadda" /> Aisha became involved in the politics of early Islam and the first three caliphate reigns: Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, and ‘Uthman. During a time in Islam when women were not expected, or wanted, to contribute outside the household, Aisha delivered public speeches, became directly involved in war and even battles, and helped both men and women to understand the practices of Muhammad.<ref name=ahmed51 />{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2016}}

===Role during caliphate===

====Role during first and second caliphates====
After Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr was appointed as the first caliph. This matter of succession to Muhammad is extremely controversial to the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] who believe that Ali had been appointed by Muhammad to lead while Sunni maintain that the public elected Abu Bakr.<ref>{{harvnb|Spellberg|Aghaie|pp=42–47}}</ref> Abu Bakr had two advantages in achieving his new role: his long personal friendship with Muhammad and his role as father-in-law. As caliph, Abu Bakr was the first to set guidelines for the new position of authority.<ref name=spellberg45>{{harvnb|Spellberg|1994|pp=4–5}}</ref>

Aisha garnered more special privilege in the Islamic community for being known as both a wife of Muhammad and the daughter of the first caliph. Being the daughter of Abu Bakr tied Aisha to honorable titles earned from her father's strong dedication to Islam. For example, she was given the title of ''al-siddiqa bint al-siddiq'', meaning 'the truthful woman, daughter of the truthful man',<ref name=spellberg40 /> a reference to Abu Bakr's support of the [[Isra and Mi'raj]].<ref>{{harvnb|Spellberg|1994|p=33}}</ref>

In 634 Abu Bakr fell sick and was unable to recover. Prior to his death, he appointed ‘Umar, one of his chief advisers, as the second caliph<ref name=spellberg40 /> Throughout ‘Umar's time in power Aisha continued to play the role of a consultant in political matters.<ref name=spellberg40 />

====Role during the third caliphate====
After ‘Umar died, ‘Uthmān was chosen to be the third caliph. He wanted to promote the interests of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]]. Aisha had little involvement with ‘Uthmān for the first couple years, but eventually she found a way into the politics of his reign. She eventually grew to despise ‘Uthmān, and many are unsure of what specifically triggered her eventual opposition towards him. A prominent opposition that arose towards him was when ‘Uthmān mistreated ‘[[Ammar ibn Yasir]] (companion of Muhammad) by beating him. Aisha became enraged and spoke out publicly, saying, "How soon indeed you have forgotten the practice (sunnah) of your prophet and these, his hairs, a shirt, and sandal have not yet perished!".<ref>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=108}}</ref>

As time continued issues of antipathy towards ‘Uthmān continued to arise. Another instance of opposition arose when the people came to Aisha, after Uthmān ignored the rightful punishment for Walid idn Uqbah (Uthmān's brother). Aisha and Uthmān argued with each other, Uthmān eventually made a comment on why Aisha had come and how she was "ordered to stay at home".<ref name= abbott111>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=111}}</ref> Arising from this comment, was the question of whether Aisha, and for that matter women, still had the ability to be involved in public affairs. The Muslim community became split: "some sided with Uthmān, but others demanded to know who indeed had better right than Aisha in such matters".<ref name= abbott111/>

The caliphate took a turn for the worse when [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] was governed by [[Abdullah ibn Saad]]. Abbott reports that [[Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa]] of Egypt, an opponent of ‘Uthmān, forged letters in the Mothers of the Believers' names to the conspirators against ‘Uthmān. The people cut off ‘Uthmān's water and food supply. When Aisha realized the behavior of the crowd, Abbott notes, Aisha could not believe the crowd "would offer such indignities to a widow of Mohammad".<ref name= abbott122>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=122}}</ref> This refers to when [[Safiyya bint Huyayy]] (one of Muhammad's wives) tried to help ‘Uthmān and was taken by the crowd. [[Malik al-Ashtar]] then approached her about killing Uthmān and the letter, and she claimed she would never want to "command the shedding of the blood of the Muslims and the killing of their [[Imam|Imām]]";<ref name= abbott122/> she also claimed she did not write the letters.<ref>{{harvnb|Abbott|1942|p=123}}</ref> The city continued to oppose ‘Uthmān, but as for Aisha, her journey to Mecca was approaching. With the journey to Mecca approaching at this time, she wanted to rid herself of the situation. ‘Uthmān heard of her not wanting to hurt him, and he asked her to stay because of her influence on the people, but this did not persuade Aisha, and she continued on her journey.<ref name="Nabia" />

===First Fitna===
{{Main|Battle of the Camel}}
[[File:First Fitna map blank.svg|thumb|350px|Domains of [[Rashidun Caliphate]] under [[Rashidun|four caliphs]]. The divided phase relates to the Rashidun Caliphate of [[Ali]] during the [[First Fitna]].
{{legend|#009900|Strongholds of the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali during the [[First Fitna]]}}
{{legend|#ef1000|Region under the control of [[Muawiyah I]] during the [[First Fitna]]}}
{{legend|#5200FA|Region under the control of [[Amr ibn al-As]] during the [[First Fitna]]}}]]

Abu Bakr's reign was short, and in 634 he was succeeded by Umar as caliph. Umar reigned for ten years before being assassinated and was followed by Uthman ibn Affan in 644. Both of these men had been among Muhammad's earliest followers, were linked to him by clanship and marriage, and had taken prominent parts in various military campaigns. Aisha, in the meantime, lived in Medina and made several pilgrimages to Mecca.

In 655, Uthman's house was put under siege by about 1000 rebels. Eventually the rebels broke into the house and murdered Uthman, provoking the [[First Fitna]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Lapidus|2002|p=47}}
* {{harvnb|Holt|1977|pp=70–72}}
* {{harvnb|Tabatabaei|1979|pp=50–57}}
* {{harvnb|al-Athir|1231|p=19}}P.19</ref> After killing Uthman, the rebels asked Ali to be the new caliph, although Ali was not involved in the murder of Uthman according to many reports.<ref>{{harvnb|Holt|1977|pp=67–68}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Madelung|1997|p=107 and 111}}</ref> Ali reportedly initially refused the [[caliphate]], agreeing to rule only after his followers persisted.

When Ali could not execute those merely accused of Uthman's murder, Aisha delivered a fiery speech against him for not avenging the death of Uthman. The first to respond to Aisha was Abdullah ibn Aamar al-Hadhrami, the governor of Mecca during the reign of Uthman, and prominent members of the [[Banu Umayya]]. With the funds from the "Yemeni Treasury" Aisha set out on a campaign against the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

Aisha, along with an army including [[Zubayr ibn al-Awam]] and [[Talhah|Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah]], confronted Ali's army, demanding the prosecution of Uthman's killers who had mingled with his army outside the city of [[Basra]]. When her forces captured Basra she ordered the execution of 600 Muslims and 40 others, including Hakim ibn Jabala, who were put to death in the Grand Mosque of Basra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/48/3 |title=Khalifa Ali bin Abu Talib - Ayesha's Occupation of Basra (Hakim b Jabala) |publisher=Alim.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115083505/http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/48/3%23 |archivedate=2013-11-15 |deadurl=no }}</ref><ref name="DrMI">{{cite journal | last1 = Ishaq | first1 = Mohammad | authorlink1 = | date = | title =none |journal = Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society | volume = 3 | issue = Part 1}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Razwy|2001}}</ref>
Aisha's forces are also known to have tortured and imprisoned Othman ibn Hanif the governor of Basra appointed by Ali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/48/2 |title=Khalifa Ali bin Abu Talib - Ayesha's Occupation of Basra (War in Basra)|publisher=Alim.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115231717/http://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/48/2|archivedate=2013-11-15|deadurl=no}}</ref>
[[File:Muhammad's widow, Aisha, battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Aisha battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel]]

Ali rallied supporters and fought Aisha's forces near Basra in 656. The battle is known as the [[Battle of the Camel]], after the fact that Aisha directed her forces from a [[howdah]] on the back of a large camel. Aisha's forces were defeated and an estimated 10,000 Muslims were killed in the battle,<ref>{{harvnb|Glubb|1963|p=320}}</ref> considered the first engagement where Muslims fought Muslims.<ref name="Goodwin">{{harvnb|Goodwin|1994}}</ref>

After 110 days of conflict the Rashidun Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib met Aisha with reconciliation. He sent her back to Medina under military escort headed by her brother [[Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr]], one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of state she was also awarded a pension by Ali.<ref name="Caliphate, ch xxxv">{{harvnb|Muir|1892|p=261}}</ref>

Although she retired to Medina her forsaken efforts against the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali did not end the First Fitna.<ref>{{harvnb|Black|1994|p=34}}</ref>

===Contributions to Islam and influence===
After 25 years of a monogamous relationship with his first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad participated in nine years of [[polygyny]], marrying at least nine further wives. Muhammad's subsequent marriages were depicted purely as political matches rather than unions of sexual indulgence. In particular, Muhammad's unions with Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar associated him with two of the most significant leaders of the early Muslim community, Aisha's and Hafsa's fathers, Abu Bakr and ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb, respectively.<ref name="Aslan">{{harvnb|Aslan|2005|pp=58–136}}</ref>

Aisha's marriage has given her significance among many within Islamic culture, becoming known as the most learned woman of her time. Being Muhammad's favorite wife, Aisha occupied an important position in his life.<ref name="Elsadda">{{harvnb|Elsadda|2001|pp=37–64}}</ref> When Muhammad married Aisha in her youth, she was accessible "...to the values needed to lead and influence the sisterhood of Muslim women."<ref name="Anwar">{{cite web|url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=6d6fea04944e29e558dc1e90ff7cfb62 |title=History Shows the Importance of Women in Muslim Life |publisher=Pacific News Service |work=Muslims Weekly |date=April 4, 2005 |accessdate=June 19, 2012 |author=Anwar, Jawed |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114121/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=6d6fea04944e29e558dc1e90ff7cfb62 |archivedate=December 24, 2013 }}</ref> After the death of Muhammad, Aisha was discovered to be a renowned source of hadiths, due to her qualities of intelligence and memory.<ref name="Elsadda" /> Aisha conveyed ideas expressing Muhammad's practice (sunnah). She expressed herself as a role model to women, which can also be seen within some traditions attributed to her. The traditions regarding Aisha habitually opposed ideas unfavorable to women in efforts to elicit social change.<ref>{{harvnb|Geissinger|2011|pp=37–49}}</ref>

According to [[Reza Aslan]]:<ref>{{harvnb|Aslan|2005|p=136}}</ref>
{{Quote|The so-called Muslim women’s movement is predicated on the idea that Muslim men, not Islam, have been responsible for the suppression of women’s rights. For this reason, Muslim feminists throughout the world are advocating a return to the society Muhammad originally envisioned for his followers. Despite differences in culture, nationalities, and beliefs, these women believe that the lesson to be learned from Muhammad in Medina is that Islam is above all an egalitarian religion. Their Medina is a society in which Muhammad designated women like Umm Waraqa as spiritual guides for the Ummah; in which the Prophet himself was sometimes publicly rebuked by his wives; in which women prayed and fought alongside the men; in which women like Aisha and Umm Salamah acted not only as religious but also as political—and on at least one occasion military—leaders; and in which the call to gather for prayer, bellowed from the rooftop of Muhammad’s house, brought men and women together to kneel side by side and be blessed as a single undivided community.}}

Not only was Aisha supportive of Muhammad, but she contributed scholarly intellect to the development of Islam.<ref name="Anwar" /> She was given the title ''al-Siddiqah'', meaning 'the one who affirms the truth'. Aisha was known for her "...expertise in the Quran, shares of inheritance, lawful and unlawful matters, [[Arabic poetry|poetry]], [[Arabic literature]], Arab history, genealogy, and general medicine."<ref name="Anwar" /> Her intellectual contributions regarding the verbal texts of Islam were in time transcribed into written form, becoming the official history of Islam.<ref name=ahmed4775>{{harvnb|Ahmed|1992|pp=47–75}}</ref> After the death of Muhammad, Aisha was regarded as the most reliable source in the teachings of hadith.<ref name="Anwar" /> Aisha's authentication of Muhammad's ways of prayer and his recitation of the Qur'an allowed for development of knowledge of his sunnah of praying and reading verses of the Quran.<ref name=ahmed51 />

During Aisha's entire life she was a strong advocate for the education of Islamic women, especially in law and the teachings of Islam. She was known for establishing the first ''[[madrasa]]'' for women in her home.<ref name="Anwar" />{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2016}} Attending Aisha's classes were various family relatives and orphaned children. Men also attended Aisha's classes, with a simple curtain separating the male and female students.<ref name="Anwar" />{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2016}}

===Political influence===
Some{{who|date=June 2014}} say that Aisha's political influence helped promote her father, Abu Bakr, to the caliphate after Muhammad's death.<ref name=spellberg3/>

After the defeat at the Battle of the Camel, Aisha retreated to Medina and became a teacher.<ref name=spellberg3/> Upon her arrival in Medina, Aisha retired from her public role in politics. Her discontinuation of public politics, however, did not stop her political influence completely. Privately, Aisha continued influencing those intertwined in the Islamic political sphere. Amongst the Islamic community, she was known as an intelligent woman who debated law with male companions.<ref>{{harvnb|Geissinger|2011|p=42}}</ref> Aisha was also considered to be the embodiment of proper rituals while partaking in the [[Hajj|pilgrimage to Mecca]], a journey she made with several groups of women. For the last two years of her life, Aisha spent much of her time telling the stories of Muhammad, hoping to correct false passages that had become influential in formulating Islamic law. Due to this, Aisha's political influence continues to impact those in Islam.<ref name=spellberg3/>

==Death==
Aisha died of disease at her home in Medina on 17 [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] 58 AH (16 July 678). She was 64 years old.<ref name=Siddiqui>{{harvnb|Al-Nasa'i|1997|p=108}}{{quote|‘A’isha was eighteen years of age at the time when the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) died and she remained a widow for forty-eight years till she died at the age of sixty-seven. She saw the rules of four caliphs in her lifetime. She died in Ramadan 58 AH during the caliphate of Mu‘awiya...}}</ref> Muhammad's companion [[Abu Hurairah]] led her funeral prayer after the ''[[tahajjud]]'' (night) prayer, and she was buried at [[Al-Baqi'|Jannat al-Baqi‘]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ibn Kathir||p=97}}</ref>

==Views==

===Sunni view of Aisha===
Sunnis believe she was Muhammad's favorite wife. They consider her (among other wives) to be ''Umm al-Mu’minin'' and among the members of the [[Ahl al-Bayt]], or Muhammad's family. According to Sunni hadith reports, Muhammad saw Aisha in two dreams<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Crandall|title=Islam: The Enemy|date=2008|publisher=Xulon Press|page=129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kelly Bulkeley|author2=Kate Adams|author3=Patricia M. Davis|title=Dreaming in Christianity and Islam: Culture, Conflict, and Creativity|date=2009|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813546100|page=87|chapter=6 (Dreaming in the Life of the Prophet Muhammad)}}</ref> in which he was shown that he would marry her.<ref>{{cite book|author1=M. Fethullah Gülen|authorlink1=Fethullah Gülen|title=Questions and Answers About Islam Vol. 1|date=2014|publisher=Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret|location=4.4 (Why Was The Prophet Polygamous?)|isbn=9781597846189|quote=This is surely why the Prophet was told in a dream that he would marry Aisha.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Book of Marriage |url=http://www.sahihalbukhari.com/sps/sbk/sahihalbukhari.cfm?scn=dspbookfull&BookID=62 |website=SahihalBukhari.Com |publisher=SalafiPublications.Comlocation=Hadeeth No. 4745 & 4787 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123211533/http://www.sahihalbukhari.com/sps/sbk/sahihalbukhari.cfm?scn=dspbookfull&BookID=62 |archivedate=2015-11-23 }}</ref>

===Shia view of Aisha===
{{main|Shia view of Aisha}}
The Shia view Aisha negatively. They accuse her of hating Ali and defying him during his caliphate in the Battle of the Camel, when she fought men from Ali's army in Basra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shiapen.com/comprehensive/ayesha/objections-to-shia-criticisms.html |title=Objections to the Shia criticisms leveled at Ayesha |publisher=Shiapen.com |date=2013-10-17 |accessdate=2013-12-31}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|Biography}}
* [[List of people related to Quranic verses]]
* [[The Jewel of Medina]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
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** {{cite book|last1=al-Tabari|title=The Foundation of The Community|others=Translated by [[William Montgomery Watt]] and M. V. McDonald|language=Arabic|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic1094745.files/Tabari%20Vol%207-8.pdf|year=1987|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-88706-344-2|volume=7|ref=harv}}
** {{cite book|last1=al-Tabari|title=The Last Years of the Prophet|others=Translated by [[Ismail Poonawala]]|language=Arabic|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic1094745.files/Tabari%20Vol%209.pdf|year=1990|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-0-88706-691-7|volume=9|ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Black|first1=Edwin|author1-link=Edwin Black|title=Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-year History of War, Profit, and Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LVScQYzhx5oC&pg=PA34&dq=Ali+20,000+battle+of+the+camel#v=onepage&q=Ali%2020%2C000%20battle%20of%20the%20camel&f=false|year=1994|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-0914153122|accessdate=2013-12-31|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brockelmann|first1=Carl|author1-link=Carl Brockelmann|title=Geschichte der Islamischen Volker und Staaten|trans_title=History of the Islamic Peoples, with a Review of Events, 1939-1947|others=Translated by Joel Carmichael and Moshe Perlmann|language=German|year=1947|publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Elsadda|first1=Hoda |authorlink1=Hoda Elsadda|title=Discourses on Women's Biographies and Cultural Identity: Twentieth-Century Representations of the Life of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr|date=Spring 2001|publisher=Feminist Studies, Inc.|jstor=3178448|journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|subscription=yes|volume=27|issue=1|ref=harv}}
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* {{cite journal|last1=Geissinger|first1=Aisha|title='A'isha bint Abi Bakr and her Contributions to the Formation of the Islamic Tradition|date=January 2011|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing]]doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00260.x|journal=Religion Compass|subscription=yes|volume=5|issue=1|pages=37|ref=harv|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00260.x}}
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* {{cite book|last1=Goodwin|first1=Jan|author1-link=Jan Goodwin|title=Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World|year=1994|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|isbn=978-0452283770|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Haykal|first1=Muhammad Husayn|author1-link=Muhammad Husayn Haykal|title=The Life of Muhammad|others=Translated by Isma'il Ragi Al-Faruqi|language=Arabic|year=1976|publisher=[[North American Trust Publications]]|isbn=978-0892591374|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ibn Ishaq|author1-link=Ibn Ishaq|title=Sirat Rasul Allah|trans_title=The Life of Muhammad|others=Translated by [[Alfred Guillaume]]|language=Arabic|url=https://archive.org/details/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume|year=1955|publisher=[[Oxford University]]|isbn=0-19-636034-X|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ibn Kathir|author1-link=Ibn Kathir|title=[[Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya]]|trans_title=The Beginning and the End|language=Arabic|chapter=book 4, chapter 7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ibn Sa'd|author1-link=Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi|title=Women of Madina|others=Translated by Aisha Bewley|language=Arabic|year=1995|publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers|isbn=978-1897940242|volume=8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lapidus|first1=Ira M.|author1-link=Ira M. Lapidus|title=A History of Islamic Societies|year=2002|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77933-3|edition=2nd|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lings|first1=Martin|author1-link=Martin Lings|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/MartinLings-MuhammadHisLifeBasedOnTheEarliestSources|year=1983|publisher=[[Inner Traditions International]]|isbn=978-1594771538|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Madelung|first1=Wilferd|author1-link=Wilferd Madelung|title=[[The Succession to Muhammad (book)|The Succession to Muhammad]]|year=1997|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521646963|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=McAuliffe|first1=Jane Dammen|author1-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān]]|year=2001|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-04-14743-8|volume=1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mernissi|first1=Fatema|author1-link=Fatema Mernissi|trans_title=The Veil And The Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation Of Women's Rights In Islam|others=Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland |title=Le Harem Politique|language=French|year=1988|publisher=[[Perseus Books Publishing]]|isbn=9780201632217|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Muir|first1=William|author1-link=William Muir|title=The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline And Fall from Original Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/caliphateitsris00muirgoog|year=1892|publisher=[[Religious Tract Society|The Religious Tract Society]]|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Razwy|first1=Ali Ashgar|title=A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims|url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy|year=2001|publisher=World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities|isbn=0950987913|chapter=The Battle of Basra (the battle of Camel)|chapterurl=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/battle-basra-battle-camel|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Roded|first1=Ruth|title=Women in Islamic Biographical Collections: From Ibn Sa'd to Who's Who |year=1994|publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]|isbn=978-1555874421|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Roded|first1=Ruth|title=Women in Islam and the Middle East: A Reader |year=2008|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|isbn=978-1845113858|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Shaikh|first1=Sa‘diyya |title=Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World |year=2003|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan Reference USA]]|isbn=9780028656038|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Spellberg|first1=Denise|author1-link=Denise Spellberg|title=Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr|year=1994|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0231079990|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tabatabaei|first1=Muhammad Husayn|title=Shi'ite Islam|others=Translated by [[Hossein Nasr]]|language=Arabic|year=1979|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=0-87395-272-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Vaglieri|first1=Laura Veccia|author1-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri|title=The Cambridge History of Islam| editor1-first = Peter M. |editor1-last = Holt|editor-link1 = Peter M. Holt | editor2-last=Lambton|editor2-first=Ann|editor2-link=Ann Lambton|editor3-last =Lewis| editor3-first=Bernard| editor3-link = Bernard Lewis|year=1977|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781139055024|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521219464|volume=1|chapter=4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Watt|first1=William Montgomery|author1-link=William Montgomery Watt|title=ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Bint Abī Bakr|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aisha-bint-abi-bakr-SIM_0440|year=1960|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] Online|isbn=9789004161214|edition=2nd|accessdate=26 February 2014|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Watt|first1=William Montgomery|author1-link=William Montgomery Watt|title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |year=1961|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0198810780|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures|Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Volume 5 Practices, Interpretations and Representations]]|editor1-last=Joseph|editor1-first=Suad|editor-link=Suad Joseph|year=2007|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Online]]|isbn=9789004132474|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ramadan|first1=Tariq|author1-link=Tariq Ramadan|title= In The Footsteps of The Prophet|year=2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]||ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [[Haleh Afshar, Baroness Afshar|Afshar, Haleh]], ''Democracy and Islam'', [[Hansard Society]], 2006.
* [[Maxime Rodinson|Rodinson, Maxime]], '' Muhammad'', 1980 Random House reprint of English translation
* ''Aisha bint Abi Bakr'', The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, 2000
* [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi|Rizvi, Sa'id Akhtar]], ''The Life of Muhammad The Prophet'', Darul Tabligh North America, 1971.
* Askri, Mortaza, 'Role of Ayesha in the History of Islam' (Translation), Ansarian publication, Iran
* Chavel, Geneviève. ''Aïcha : La bien-aimée du prophète''. [[Editions SW Télémaque]]. 11 October 2007. {{ISBN|978-2753300552}}

==External links==
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/history/biographies/sahaabah/bio.AISHAH_BINT_ABI_BAKR.html
|title=Biography of Aisha
|accessdate=2004-11-22
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201061117/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/history/biographies/sahaabah/bio.AISHAH_BINT_ABI_BAKR.html
|archivedate=2008-02-01
|df=
}}

{{Wives of Muhammad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aisha}}
[[Category:678 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century women]]
[[Category:Abu Bakr family]]
[[Category:Arab people]]
[[Category:Child marriage]]
[[Category:Wives of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Women in medieval warfare]]
[[Category:Women in war in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Family of Muhammad]]
[[Category:610s births]]
[[Category:Angelic visionaries]]
[[Category:First Fitna]]
[[Category:Female Sahabah]]

Soundarya Rajinikanth

2017-07-05T07:08:17Z

Soft coder: fixed infobox

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soundarya Rajnikanth
| image = Soundarya Rajinikanth at NDTV Indian Of The Year 2013 awards (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Soundarya at the NDTV Indian Of The Year 2013 awards
| birth_name = Soundarya Rajinikanth
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|09|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 2002–Present
| spouse = {{marriage|Ashwin |2010| 2017|reason=divorced}}
| children = 1
| parents = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Latha Rajinikanth]]
| occupation = [[Graphic designer]], [[film producer]], [[film director|director]]
| relatives = see [[List of South Indian film families#Rajinikanth_family|Rajinikanth Family Tree]]
}}

'''Soundarya Rajinikanth''' (born 20 September 1984)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajinikanth-is-extremely-persistent/articleshow/22487545.cms | title=Rajinikanth is extremely persistent | work=The Times of India | date=12 September 2013 | accessdate=28 September 2016 | last=Gupta | first=Priya}}</ref> ,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/sound_a_rajini | title=Soundarya.R.Ashwin Twitter profile | publisher=Twitter | accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> is an Indian [[graphic designer]], [[film producer|producer]] and [[film director|director]] who primarily works in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. She is the founder and owner of Ocher Picture Productions. Soundarya began her career in films as a graphic designer. For those starring her father [[Rajinikanth]], she designed the title sequences. She became a noted film producer through ''[[Goa (film)|Goa]]'' (2010). She made her début as a director in the film ''[[Kochadaiyaan]]''.

==Career==
Soundarya did her childhood education in The Ashram Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Velachery, Chennai. Soundarya is also the founder and chief executive of Ocher Picture Productions. In 2007, Ocher Studios signed an agreement with [[Warner Bros. Entertainment|Warner Bros Entertainment]] to partner up in producing and distributing Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.smubla.com/view.cgi?key=b835ec34cfb888133f9c1b8e9e50da9a | title=Soundarya ties up with Warner Brothers! | publisher=Smubla | date=8 January 2008 | accessdate=23 November 2011}}</ref> Her directorial début was supposed to be ''Sultan: The Warrior'', a [[3D animated]] film featuring her father [[Rajinikanth]]. Despite heavy pre-production promotion, including a teaser of the film and an interactive website, the film was dropped.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Soundarya-and-Aishwarya-the-sisters-sort-it-out/articleshow/12501606.cms | title=Soundarya and Aishwarya – the sisters sort it out | work=The Times of India | date=2 April 2012 | accessdate=13 May 2012 | archiveurl=http://archive.is/8ooD | archivedate=7 July 2012}}</ref> She instead directed ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'', India's first [[motion capture]] film, with Rajinikanth in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kochadaiiyaan-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-deepika-starrer-rocks-opening-day-600946 | title='Kochadaiiyaan' Box Office Collection: Rajinikanth-Deepika Starrer Rocks on Opening Day | work=International Business Times | accessdate=28 September 2016 | last=Ronamai | first=Raymond}}</ref> Through ''Kochadaiiyaan'', Soundarya earned the distinction of becoming the first woman to direct her father in a feature film.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Soundarya-Rajnikanth-is-the-first-daughter-to-direct-her-father/articleshow/22599652.cms | title=Soundarya Rajnikanth is the first daughter to direct her father | work=The Times of India | date=16 September 2013 | accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref> At the [[NDTV Indian of the Year]] awards 2014, she was honoured for "Technical Innovation In Film".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ndtv-indian-of-the-year-soundarya-rajinikanth-honoured-for-technical-innovation-in-film-515883 | title=NDTV Indian Of The Year: Soundarya Rajinikanth honoured for Technical Innovation In Film - NDTV Movies | publisher=[[NDTV]] | accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> Her next directorial venture, ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'', will be produced by [[S. Thanu]] in Tamil and Telugu languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/sep/27/Kabali-producer-to-bankroll-Soundarya-Rajinikanths-next-directorial-1523481.html | title='Kabali' producer to bankroll Soundarya Rajinikanth's next directorial project | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=27 September 2016 | accessdate=18 October 2016 | agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/soundarya-rajinikanth-to-direct-dhanush-in-vip-2/article9323750.ece|title=Soundarya Rajinikanth to direct Dhanush in VIP 2|work=The Hindu|date=9 November 2016|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Soundarya is the younger daughter of actor [[Rajinikanth]] and his wife [[Latha Rajinikanth|Latha]]. She has one older sister, [[Aishwarya R. Dhanush]]. Soundarya married Ashwin Ramkumar, an industrialist, on 3 September 2010 at Rani Meyyammai Hall in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/6684812-soundarya-rajinikanth-wedding-rajinikanth-daughter-soundarya-marriage-pictures/content/62941043-soundarya-wedding-photos | title=Soundarya Rajinikanth wedding : Rajinikanth daughter Soundarya marriage pictures | publisher=Allvoices.com | date=4 September 2010 | accessdate=23 November 2011}}</ref> The couple were blessed with a son on 6 May 2015, and they named him Ved.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/soundarya-rajinikanth-baby-boy-ashwin-ramkumar-aishwarya-dhanush/1/435161.html | title=Its a boy for Soundarya Rajinikanth | work=[[India Today]] | accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> In September 2016, Soundarya revealed that she and her husband had filed for divorce by mutual consent due to irreconcilable differences.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Soundarya-Rajinikanth-confirms-divorce/articleshow/54374709.cms | title=Soundarya Rajinikanth confirms divorce | work=The Times of India | date=17 September 2016 | accessdate=17 September 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Credits
|-
|| 1999 ||''[[Padayappa]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sketch only)
|-
|| 2001 || ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sequence only)
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2005 || ''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]'' || Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Majaa]]''|| Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Sandakozhi]]''|| Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sequence only)
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''|| Graphic designer
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' || Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sequence only)
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Goa (film)|Goa]]'' || Producer
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'' || Director, graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Kaththi]]'' || Graphic designer
|-
| rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' || Director
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{ccat}}
*{{IMDb name|1983400}}

{{India Animation Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajinikanth, Soundarya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian women designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous artists]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]

Soundarya Rajinikanth

2017-07-05T07:07:32Z

Soft coder: used marriage tag with divorce in infobox

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soundarya Rajnikanth
| image = Soundarya Rajinikanth at NDTV Indian Of The Year 2013 awards (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Soundarya at the NDTV Indian Of The Year 2013 awards
| birth_name = Soundarya Rajinikanth
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|09|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 2002–Present
| spouse = {{marriage|Ashwin |2010| 2017|reason=divorced}}(2010-2017)
| children = 1
| parents = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Latha Rajinikanth]]
| occupation = [[Graphic designer]], [[film producer]], [[film director|director]]
| relatives = see [[List of South Indian film families#Rajinikanth_family|Rajinikanth Family Tree]]
}}

'''Soundarya Rajinikanth''' (born 20 September 1984)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajinikanth-is-extremely-persistent/articleshow/22487545.cms | title=Rajinikanth is extremely persistent | work=The Times of India | date=12 September 2013 | accessdate=28 September 2016 | last=Gupta | first=Priya}}</ref> ,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/sound_a_rajini | title=Soundarya.R.Ashwin Twitter profile | publisher=Twitter | accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> is an Indian [[graphic designer]], [[film producer|producer]] and [[film director|director]] who primarily works in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. She is the founder and owner of Ocher Picture Productions. Soundarya began her career in films as a graphic designer. For those starring her father [[Rajinikanth]], she designed the title sequences. She became a noted film producer through ''[[Goa (film)|Goa]]'' (2010). She made her début as a director in the film ''[[Kochadaiyaan]]''.

==Career==
Soundarya did her childhood education in The Ashram Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Velachery, Chennai. Soundarya is also the founder and chief executive of Ocher Picture Productions. In 2007, Ocher Studios signed an agreement with [[Warner Bros. Entertainment|Warner Bros Entertainment]] to partner up in producing and distributing Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.smubla.com/view.cgi?key=b835ec34cfb888133f9c1b8e9e50da9a | title=Soundarya ties up with Warner Brothers! | publisher=Smubla | date=8 January 2008 | accessdate=23 November 2011}}</ref> Her directorial début was supposed to be ''Sultan: The Warrior'', a [[3D animated]] film featuring her father [[Rajinikanth]]. Despite heavy pre-production promotion, including a teaser of the film and an interactive website, the film was dropped.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Soundarya-and-Aishwarya-the-sisters-sort-it-out/articleshow/12501606.cms | title=Soundarya and Aishwarya – the sisters sort it out | work=The Times of India | date=2 April 2012 | accessdate=13 May 2012 | archiveurl=http://archive.is/8ooD | archivedate=7 July 2012}}</ref> She instead directed ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'', India's first [[motion capture]] film, with Rajinikanth in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kochadaiiyaan-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-deepika-starrer-rocks-opening-day-600946 | title='Kochadaiiyaan' Box Office Collection: Rajinikanth-Deepika Starrer Rocks on Opening Day | work=International Business Times | accessdate=28 September 2016 | last=Ronamai | first=Raymond}}</ref> Through ''Kochadaiiyaan'', Soundarya earned the distinction of becoming the first woman to direct her father in a feature film.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Soundarya-Rajnikanth-is-the-first-daughter-to-direct-her-father/articleshow/22599652.cms | title=Soundarya Rajnikanth is the first daughter to direct her father | work=The Times of India | date=16 September 2013 | accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref> At the [[NDTV Indian of the Year]] awards 2014, she was honoured for "Technical Innovation In Film".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ndtv-indian-of-the-year-soundarya-rajinikanth-honoured-for-technical-innovation-in-film-515883 | title=NDTV Indian Of The Year: Soundarya Rajinikanth honoured for Technical Innovation In Film - NDTV Movies | publisher=[[NDTV]] | accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> Her next directorial venture, ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'', will be produced by [[S. Thanu]] in Tamil and Telugu languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/sep/27/Kabali-producer-to-bankroll-Soundarya-Rajinikanths-next-directorial-1523481.html | title='Kabali' producer to bankroll Soundarya Rajinikanth's next directorial project | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=27 September 2016 | accessdate=18 October 2016 | agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/soundarya-rajinikanth-to-direct-dhanush-in-vip-2/article9323750.ece|title=Soundarya Rajinikanth to direct Dhanush in VIP 2|work=The Hindu|date=9 November 2016|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Soundarya is the younger daughter of actor [[Rajinikanth]] and his wife [[Latha Rajinikanth|Latha]]. She has one older sister, [[Aishwarya R. Dhanush]]. Soundarya married Ashwin Ramkumar, an industrialist, on 3 September 2010 at Rani Meyyammai Hall in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/6684812-soundarya-rajinikanth-wedding-rajinikanth-daughter-soundarya-marriage-pictures/content/62941043-soundarya-wedding-photos | title=Soundarya Rajinikanth wedding : Rajinikanth daughter Soundarya marriage pictures | publisher=Allvoices.com | date=4 September 2010 | accessdate=23 November 2011}}</ref> The couple were blessed with a son on 6 May 2015, and they named him Ved.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/soundarya-rajinikanth-baby-boy-ashwin-ramkumar-aishwarya-dhanush/1/435161.html | title=Its a boy for Soundarya Rajinikanth | work=[[India Today]] | accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> In September 2016, Soundarya revealed that she and her husband had filed for divorce by mutual consent due to irreconcilable differences.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Soundarya-Rajinikanth-confirms-divorce/articleshow/54374709.cms | title=Soundarya Rajinikanth confirms divorce | work=The Times of India | date=17 September 2016 | accessdate=17 September 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Credits
|-
|| 1999 ||''[[Padayappa]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sketch only)
|-
|| 2001 || ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sequence only)
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2005 || ''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]'' || Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Majaa]]''|| Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Sandakozhi]]''|| Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sequence only)
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''|| Graphic designer
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' || Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sequence only)
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Goa (film)|Goa]]'' || Producer
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'' || Director, graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Kaththi]]'' || Graphic designer
|-
| rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' || Director
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{ccat}}
*{{IMDb name|1983400}}

{{India Animation Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajinikanth, Soundarya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian women designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous artists]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]

Soundarya Rajinikanth

2017-07-05T07:02:12Z

Soft coder: corrected info box error

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soundarya Rajnikanth
| image = Soundarya Rajinikanth at NDTV Indian Of The Year 2013 awards (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Soundarya at the NDTV Indian Of The Year 2013 awards
| birth_name = Soundarya Rajinikanth
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|09|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 2002–Present
| spouse = Ashwin (2010-2017)
| children = 1
| parents = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Latha Rajinikanth]]
| occupation = [[Graphic designer]], [[film producer]], [[film director|director]]
| relatives = see [[List of South Indian film families#Rajinikanth_family|Rajinikanth Family Tree]]
}}

'''Soundarya Rajinikanth''' (born 20 September 1984)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajinikanth-is-extremely-persistent/articleshow/22487545.cms | title=Rajinikanth is extremely persistent | work=The Times of India | date=12 September 2013 | accessdate=28 September 2016 | last=Gupta | first=Priya}}</ref> ,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/sound_a_rajini | title=Soundarya.R.Ashwin Twitter profile | publisher=Twitter | accessdate=21 April 2013}}</ref> is an Indian [[graphic designer]], [[film producer|producer]] and [[film director|director]] who primarily works in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. She is the founder and owner of Ocher Picture Productions. Soundarya began her career in films as a graphic designer. For those starring her father [[Rajinikanth]], she designed the title sequences. She became a noted film producer through ''[[Goa (film)|Goa]]'' (2010). She made her début as a director in the film ''[[Kochadaiyaan]]''.

==Career==
Soundarya did her childhood education in The Ashram Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Velachery, Chennai. Soundarya is also the founder and chief executive of Ocher Picture Productions. In 2007, Ocher Studios signed an agreement with [[Warner Bros. Entertainment|Warner Bros Entertainment]] to partner up in producing and distributing Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.smubla.com/view.cgi?key=b835ec34cfb888133f9c1b8e9e50da9a | title=Soundarya ties up with Warner Brothers! | publisher=Smubla | date=8 January 2008 | accessdate=23 November 2011}}</ref> Her directorial début was supposed to be ''Sultan: The Warrior'', a [[3D animated]] film featuring her father [[Rajinikanth]]. Despite heavy pre-production promotion, including a teaser of the film and an interactive website, the film was dropped.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Soundarya-and-Aishwarya-the-sisters-sort-it-out/articleshow/12501606.cms | title=Soundarya and Aishwarya – the sisters sort it out | work=The Times of India | date=2 April 2012 | accessdate=13 May 2012 | archiveurl=http://archive.is/8ooD | archivedate=7 July 2012}}</ref> She instead directed ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'', India's first [[motion capture]] film, with Rajinikanth in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kochadaiiyaan-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-deepika-starrer-rocks-opening-day-600946 | title='Kochadaiiyaan' Box Office Collection: Rajinikanth-Deepika Starrer Rocks on Opening Day | work=International Business Times | accessdate=28 September 2016 | last=Ronamai | first=Raymond}}</ref> Through ''Kochadaiiyaan'', Soundarya earned the distinction of becoming the first woman to direct her father in a feature film.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Soundarya-Rajnikanth-is-the-first-daughter-to-direct-her-father/articleshow/22599652.cms | title=Soundarya Rajnikanth is the first daughter to direct her father | work=The Times of India | date=16 September 2013 | accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref> At the [[NDTV Indian of the Year]] awards 2014, she was honoured for "Technical Innovation In Film".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ndtv-indian-of-the-year-soundarya-rajinikanth-honoured-for-technical-innovation-in-film-515883 | title=NDTV Indian Of The Year: Soundarya Rajinikanth honoured for Technical Innovation In Film - NDTV Movies | publisher=[[NDTV]] | accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> Her next directorial venture, ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'', will be produced by [[S. Thanu]] in Tamil and Telugu languages.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/sep/27/Kabali-producer-to-bankroll-Soundarya-Rajinikanths-next-directorial-1523481.html | title='Kabali' producer to bankroll Soundarya Rajinikanth's next directorial project | work=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=27 September 2016 | accessdate=18 October 2016 | agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/soundarya-rajinikanth-to-direct-dhanush-in-vip-2/article9323750.ece|title=Soundarya Rajinikanth to direct Dhanush in VIP 2|work=The Hindu|date=9 November 2016|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Soundarya is the younger daughter of actor [[Rajinikanth]] and his wife [[Latha Rajinikanth|Latha]]. She has one older sister, [[Aishwarya R. Dhanush]]. Soundarya married Ashwin Ramkumar, an industrialist, on 3 September 2010 at Rani Meyyammai Hall in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/6684812-soundarya-rajinikanth-wedding-rajinikanth-daughter-soundarya-marriage-pictures/content/62941043-soundarya-wedding-photos | title=Soundarya Rajinikanth wedding : Rajinikanth daughter Soundarya marriage pictures | publisher=Allvoices.com | date=4 September 2010 | accessdate=23 November 2011}}</ref> The couple were blessed with a son on 6 May 2015, and they named him Ved.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/soundarya-rajinikanth-baby-boy-ashwin-ramkumar-aishwarya-dhanush/1/435161.html | title=Its a boy for Soundarya Rajinikanth | work=[[India Today]] | accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> In September 2016, Soundarya revealed that she and her husband had filed for divorce by mutual consent due to irreconcilable differences.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Soundarya-Rajinikanth-confirms-divorce/articleshow/54374709.cms | title=Soundarya Rajinikanth confirms divorce | work=The Times of India | date=17 September 2016 | accessdate=17 September 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Credits
|-
|| 1999 ||''[[Padayappa]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sketch only)
|-
|| 2001 || ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sequence only)
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2005 || ''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]'' || Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Majaa]]''|| Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Sandakozhi]]''|| Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sequence only)
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''|| Graphic designer
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' || Graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' || Graphic designer (Title sequence only)
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Goa (film)|Goa]]'' || Producer
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'' || Director, graphic designer
|-
| ''[[Kaththi]]'' || Graphic designer
|-
| rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' || Director
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{ccat}}
*{{IMDb name|1983400}}

{{India Animation Industry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajinikanth, Soundarya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Indian women designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous artists]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]

Cent (area)

2017-06-25T09:51:31Z

Soft coder: still widely in use in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, so removing obsolete category

'''Cent''' is a [[unit of measurement]] still used in southern [[India]]n states such as [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], despite the usual use of [[Metric system|metric]] units for other instances. One cent is equal to an [[area]] of 1/100 of an [[acre]], or approximately 435.5 [[square feet]]. It is still used in many news reports,<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Government-allots-78-cents-for-onsite-museum-in-Keeladi/articleshow/54726305.cms "Government allots 78 cents for onsite museum in Keeladi" - 7 October 2016 (retrieved 22 November 2016)]</ref> and real estate deals.<ref>[http://www.keralalandmart.com/land_conversion.htm Kerala Land Mart conversion chart - retrieved 22 November 2016]</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of customary units of measurement in South Asia]]
*[[Tamil units of measurement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Customary units in India]]
[[Category:Units of area]]

Cochin International Airport

2017-04-19T15:40:10Z

Soft coder: /* International- T3 */ terminal already opened

{{For|the regional airport near [[Kōchi, Kōchi|Kōchi]], [[Japan]]|Kōchi Ryōma Airport}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Cochin International Airport
| image = CIAL_New_Logo.png
| image-width = 160
| image2 = Cochin international airport terminal.jpg
| image2-width = 250
| IATA = COK
| ICAO = VOCI
| type = Public
| owner-oper = Cochin International Airport Limited
| city-served = [[Kochi]]
| location = [[Nedumbassery]], [[Kerala]], India
| opened = {{Start date|1999|06|10|df=yes}}
| hub = [[Air India Express]]
| metric-elev = yes
| elevation-m = 9
| elevation-f = 30
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.155|N|76.391|E|region:IN_type:airport}}
| website = {{URL|http://cial.aero/}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label = '''COK'''
| metric-rwy = yes
| r1-number = 27/09
| r1-length-m = 3,400
| r1-length-f = 11,200
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| h1-number = H1
| h1-length-f = 63
| h1-length-m = 19
| h1-surface = [[Asphalt]]
| stat-year = 2016
| stat1-header = Passenger movements
| stat1-data = 8,732,704
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 60,140
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 83,074
| footnotes = Source: [[Airport Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="201617passengers">{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Jan2k16annex3.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of January 2016: Annexure III |page=3 |date=9 March 2016 |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=4 April 2016 |quote=January 2016: 735,349 passengers; January 2015: 618,142 passengers}}
*{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Feb2k16annex3.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of February 2016: Annexure III |page=3 |date=8 April 2016 |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=4 April 2016 |quote=February 2016: 617,035 passengers; February 2015: 499,634 passengers}}
*{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k16annex3.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of March 2016: Annexure III |page=3 |date=22 May 2016 |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=4 April 2016 |quote=March 2016: 668,808 passengers; March 2015: 529,874 passengers}}
*{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Dec2k16annex3.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of December 2016: Annexure III |page=4 |date=30 January 2017 |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=1 February 2017 |quote=April–December 2016: 6,711,512 passengers; April–December 2015: 5,728,709 passengers}}</ref> <ref name="201617move">{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Jan2k16annex2.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of January 2016: Annexure II |page=3 |date=9 March 2016 |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=4 April 2016 |quote=January 2016: 4,943 aircraft movements; January 2015: 4,585 aircraft movements}}
*{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Feb2k16annex2.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of February 2016: Annexure II |page=3 |date=8 April 2016 |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=4 April 2016 |quote=February 2016: 4,577 aircraft movements; February 2015: 4,031 aircraft movements}}
*{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k16annex2.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of March 2016: Annexure II |page=3 |date=22 May 2016 |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=4 April 2016 |quote=March 2016: 4,841 aircraft movements; March 2015: 4,304 aircraft movements}}
*{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Dec2k16annex2.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of December 2016: Annexure II |page=3 |date=30 January 2017 |website=Airports Authority of India |access-date=1 February 2017 |quote=April–December 2016: 45,779 aircraft movements; April–December 2015: 41,819 aircraft movements}}</ref> <ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Jan2k16annex4.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of January 2016: Annexure IV |page=3 |date=9 March 2016 |work=Airports Authority of India |access-date=4 April 2016 |quote=January 2016: 6,285 tonnes}}
*{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Feb2k16annex4.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of February 2016: Annexure IV |page=3 |date=8 April 2015 |work=Airports Authority of India |access-date=4 April 2016 |quote=February 2016: 6,384 tonnes}}
*{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Mar2k16annex4.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of March 2016: Annexure IV |page=3 |date=22 May 2015 |work=Airports Authority of India |access-date=4 April 2016 |quote=March 2016: 7,449 tonnes}}
*{{cite report |url=http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/Dec2k16annex4.pdf |title=Traffic News for the month of December 2016: Annexure IV |page=4 |date=30 January 2017 |work=Airports Authority of India |access-date=1 February 2017 |quote=April–December 2016: 62,956 tonnes}}</ref>
}}
{{OSM Location map
| lat = 10.155
| lon = 76.391
| zoom = 12
| width = 250
| height = 300
| minimap = yes
| scalemark = 180
| mark-lat = 10.155
| mark-lon = 76.391
| mark-title = Cochin International Airport
| label = Cochin International Airport
| label-pos = right
}}
'''Cochin International Airport''' {{Airport codes|COK|VOCI}} is an international airport situated in the city of [[Kochi]], in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Located at [[Nedumbassery]], about 25 km (16 mi) northeast of the city, Cochin International Airport is the first airport in [[India]] developed under a [[public-private partnership]] (PPP) model and was funded by nearly 10,000 non-resident Indians from 30 countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/1999/dec/06inter.htm|title=Kochi airport is the first aviation venture owned by the public|date=6 December 1999|publisher=rediff.com|accessdate=11 November 2007|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyPqUAVQ?url=http://www.rediff.com/business/1999/dec/06inter.htm|archivedate=14 December 2010|deadurl=no|df=dmy}}</ref>

It is the busiest and largest airport in the state of [[Kerala]]. In 2016, the airport handled over 8.7 million passengers handling over 160 aircraft movements a day<ref name="201617passengers" /> The airport is a primary base for [[Air India Express]] operations which is also headquartered in the city.

With over 2 million sqft the airport's terminal 3 has become India's fourth largest terminal and on 18 August 2015, Cochin International Airport became the world's first fully [[solar power]]ed airport with the inauguration of a dedicated [[CIAL Solar Power Project|solar plant]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html |title=Cochin International Airport set to become worlds's first fully solar powered major airport|work=LiveMint|date=18 August 2015 |location=Kochi, India}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|last=Menon |first=Supriya |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? - BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==History==
The original air facilities in Kochi was an aerodrome and airstrip on [[Willingdon Island]], built in 1936 by the British Residency of [[Kingdom of Kochi]], intended for transporting British officials involved in the development of [[Cochin Port]]. The airstrip was converted into a military airport by the Indian Navy during [[World War II]]. The Royal Navy chose it as a strategic site for their headquarters in Southern India and as an air station cum landing craft and seaplane base.<ref>[http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15-02/html/ch13.htm ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207204637/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15-02/html/ch13.htm |date=7 February 2012 }}</ref> The military facility hosted naval fighter planes and was intended to thwart possible Japanese air raids.<ref>The origin of INS Venduruthy can be traced to 31 August 1939, when a small naval contingent was positioned in Kochi under Royal Indian Navy Captain L. Wadeson, who assumed the duties of Naval Officer-in-Charge, Cochin. http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/02/stories/2010070250590200.htm</ref> A small naval unit set up just two days before the outbreak of World War II.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/24/stories/2006062421530300.htm |title=Kerala / Kochi News : INS Venduruthy celebrates anniversary |work=The Hindu|date=24 June 2006 |accessdate=8 January 2014 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

After [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence]], the Indian Navy operated the airport, though it permitted civilian aircraft to use the facility. The Gulf [[economic boom]] of the 1980s made it necessary to develop international transportation to Kochi in the interests of expatriates working in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=51&linkId=51 |title=The Official Website of Cochin International Airport |publisher=Cial.aero |date=1994-03-30 |accessdate=2014-05-05}}</ref>

In October 1990, the Kerala Chamber of Commerce, supported by local industry, passed a resolution to expand the naval airport to accommodate large jets and facilitate direct flights to the Middle East. {{citation needed|date=April 2016}} The resolution was rejected by the Navy for security reasons. However, the government of India's [[Airport Authority of India]] did not have enough funds to commence a greenfield airport. {{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} This led to the formation of a novel idea of collecting funds from the public and individuals to construct an airport, which was indeed for the first time in India. The idea was put forward by Mr.V.J.Kurian,then the district collector of Ernakulam. {{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

==Construction==

The original proposal for the airport outlined an estimated cost of {{INR convert|100|c}} and an expected date of commission in 1997. Approval was granted in May 1993. The funding was envisaged to be from interest-free loans from non-resident Indians working abroad, donations from industrial undertakings, exporters, cooperative societies and loans from the state government. A body called the Cochin International Airport Society, under the chairmanship of the chief minister of Kerala, was registered in July 1993 to execute the project. To better fund mobilisation, as well as administrative convenience, a public limited company under the name Cochin International Airport Ltd. (CIAL) was registered in March 1994 with an authorised capital of {{INR convert|90|c}}.<ref name="PIB Feature">{{cite web|publisher=Government of India, Press Information Bureau|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0599/f2205991.html|title=CIAL – A NOVEL VENTURE IN INDIAN CIVIL AVIATION|accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref>

A total of {{convert|2000|acres|hectare|abbr=on}} of land was acquired for the construction of the airport.<ref name="Corporate Project Details">{{cite web |publisher=CIAL|url=http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=54&linkId=54|title=CIAL: Corporate Project Details |accessdate=28 September 2015}}</ref> Approximately 2,300 landowners and 872 families were resettled under a rehabilitation package.<ref name="CIAL ">{{cite web|publisher=IIM Ahmedabad|url=http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/~graghu/CIAL.IIR.pdf|title=GOVERNANCE ISSUES IN AIRPORT DEVELOPMENT: LEARNINGS FROM COCHIN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LTD|accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref> Major electric lines and an irrigation canal had to be diverted.

The facility was formally inaugurated by the then President of India, [[Kocheril Raman Narayanan|KR Narayanan]] on 25 May 1999 and the first commercial service began on 10 June 1999. The operations from the old naval airport were moved to CIAL on 1 July 1999.<ref name="CIAL History">{{cite web|publisher=CIAL |url=http://cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=51&linkId=51 |title=A Brief History |accessdate=12 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215125022/http://cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=51&linkId=51 |archivedate=15 December 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Expansion===

====Phase 1====
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2015}}
The airport had {{convert|18580|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} of floor space at its inauguration. CIAL envisioned six phases of expansion over 20 years, the third phase of which was completed in 2009. The original airport terminal was small enough envisioned to handle just 100 passengers at a time. However, by 2001, the international passenger traffic were growing, making necessary to redevelop the terminal.

Most of the expansion has occurred in the international terminal, as it accounts for more than 78% of all traffic. In 2002 the original airport's floor area had risen.

====Phase 2====

With a rising number of airlines operating at the airport, CIAL decided to construct an exclusive terminal for international arrivals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/11/05/stories/2006110500280100.htm |title=Exclusive terminal for International arrivals |date=14 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyPwy1wo?url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2006/11/05/stories/2006110500280100.htm |archivedate=14 December 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> which increased the floor space to {{convert|37161|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}, increasing passport controls and baggage carousels in addition to expanding the international departures floor space. As part of phase two of the expansion plans, an airline center complex of {{nowrap|{{convert|7500|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}}} was constructed on the western side of the terminal to accommodate airline and CIAL's administrative offices. The cargo terminal was also expanded in the second phase.

====Phase 3====
Work on the third phase was intended to accommodate 5 million passenger movements annually and was started in 2007.<ref>[http://www.indiainvites.com/oldisgold/tourism_newsletter/JAN07.htm Travel & Tourism Newsletter, hotels, airlines, destination – January 2007] {{cite web|url=http://www.indiainvites.com/oldisgold/tourism_newsletter/JAN07.htm |title=Phase 3 expansion |date=14 December 2010 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyPxOVm3?url=http://www.indiainvites.com/oldisgold/tourism_newsletter/JAN07.htm |archivedate=14 December 2010 }}</ref> The third phase involved the commissioning of a central block, connecting the domestic and international terminals and enlarging the airside area to accommodate more gates and waiting areas along with increased shopping areas. This increased the built-up area by another {{convert|29700|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/22/stories/2008102260630300.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=New international departure terminal to be opened soon |date=22 October 2008 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyPxlxct?url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/22/stories/2008102260630300.htm |archivedate=14 December 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The airside area of the international arrivals and departures blocks were integrated and glass walls were installed to allow for more natural light. The runway was re-surfaced in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/18/stories/2008031855111900.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Flights to Kochi airport to be rescheduled |date=18 March 2008 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyPyGhLH?url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/18/stories/2008031855111900.htm |archivedate=14 December 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The number of parking areas were increased from 15 to 24, including three dedicated for cargo airlines. The third phase also completed the expansion of the cargo village and a second aircraft taxi-way to the MRO facility. {{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}

====Phase 4====
The fourth phase of expansion was originally planned to upgrade the domestic terminal, which has remained untouched in the past three phases.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/30/stories/2009013061440300.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Rs.100 crore for airport expansion |date=30 January 2009 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyPyQOR2?url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/30/stories/2009013061440300.htm |archivedate=14 December 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aera.gov.in/airportdetail.php?loc=cochin |title=Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) - Airport Details |publisher=AERA |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> However, the expansion plans were changed after the new UDF government took over the administration of the state in May 2011.

As per the revised plans, the international terminal is to be converted completely into a domestic terminal, while a new state-of-the-art international terminal is coming up. As per the new plans announced by the board of directors in September 2011, the new international terminal would come up on the eastern side of the existing structure. The built-up space of the new terminal would be {{convert|1500000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} having segregated departures and arrivals at different levels.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/stateoftheart-terminal-at-cial-soon/article4206359.ece |title=State-of-the-art terminal at CIAL soon — Kochi — The Hindu |work=thehindu|accessdate=22 February 2013|location=Chennai, India|date=16 December 2012}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cial-to-have-new-international-terminal-112121600169_1.html |title=CIAL to have new International terminal — Kochi — The Hindu |publisher=business-standard.com |accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/new-terminal-at-cial-soon/article4206579.ece |title=New terminal at CIAL soon — Kochi — The Hindu Business Line|publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cm-new-international-terminal-for-kochi-airport/187297-60-122.html |title=CM: New international terminal for Kochi airport — National — news — Business Standard |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> The new terminal with an elevation featuring Kerala temple architecture will have all the latest features of international standards. Construction major Larsen & Toubro is building the facility which will be ready within 30 months. The two-level terminal will have provisions for 112 check-in counters, with in-line baggage screening facilities, 100 immigration counters, duty-free shops of 40,000 square feet at departure and arrival lounges, 19 boarding gates, 15 aero bridges, six baggage conveyor belts and fully covered alighting and boarding area.<ref name="cial.aero">{{cite web|url=http://cial.aero/Pressroom/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=314&news_status=F |title=CIAL |publisher=Cial.aero |date=2014-02-01 |accessdate=2014-05-05}}</ref>

The current domestic terminal would be converted into "Executive Pavilion" and would handle VIP and private chartered flights and jets. The current international terminal, once converted into a domestic terminal, will have 5 [[Jet bridge|aero-bridges]] and 10 boarding gates facility, apart from increased parking bays.

==Management==
Cochin airport is the first in India to be built in a [[public–private partnership]] and is owned by a public limited company called Cochin International Airport Limited, better known as CIAL, floated by the government of Kerala in 1994. The [[government of Kerala]] holds 33.36% stake, making it the single largest investor in the project.<ref name="Finace Report">{{cite web|publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |url=http://www.cag.gov.in/MAAG/Kerala_Fin/kerfin08-09.pdf |title=Finance Accounts 2008–09, Govt of Kerala |accessdate=14 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162937/http://www.cag.gov.in/MAAG/Kerala_Fin/kerfin08-09.pdf |archivedate=21 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[List of public sector undertakings in India|Indian government companies]] like [[Air India]], [[Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited|BPCL]], [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]] hold 8.74% stake, while foreign companies like [[Abu Dhabi]] based [[Lulu Hypermarket|Emke Group]], the Oman-based Galfar Group, [[UAE]] based Majeed Bukatara Trading holds 5.42% stake. Indian companies hold 8.57% stake, while scheduled commercial banks like [[Federal Bank]], [[State Bank of Travancore|SBT]] and [[Canara Bank]] holds 5.91%.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/cochin-airport-go-initial-public-offering-470 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209232838/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/kochi/cochin-airport-go-initial-public-offering-470 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2016-02-09 |title=Cochin airport to go for initial public offering |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date= |accessdate=2014-05-05 }}</ref> The remaining 38.03% stake is held by more than 10,000 personal investors from 29 countries, mostly non-resident Indians.<ref name="CIAL Investor Info">{{cite web|publisher=CIAL |url=http://cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=55&linkId=55 |title=Investor Info |accessdate=14 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215124902/http://cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=55&linkId=55 |archivedate=15 December 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The company has decided to go for [[Initial public offering|public offering]] and giving 10 million shares to [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation|HUDCO]] as part of debt settlement, which would to lead HUDCO having 3.37% stake in the company and reduction of stake of other holders.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

The [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] is the ex-officio chairman of CIAL. V J Kurian is the managing director, appointed on 10 June 2011.<ref name=CIALManager>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Cochin International Airport...The travel friendly airport!|url=http://www.cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=50&linkid=50|publisher=CIAL Ltd.|accessdate=6 July 2011}}</ref>

==Terminals==
[[File:Kochi airport aerial view.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial image of Cochin Airport]]

Cochin International Airport has three terminals. There is a cargo terminal spread over an area of {{convert|2000|acre}}.

===Domestic- T2===
[[File:Cochin International Airport Departure Area.jpg|thumb|right|The waiting area at the departure gates]]
The domestic terminal has an area of {{convert|10000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} and is designed to handle up to 400 passengers at peak times. The departure hall has 26 common use terminal equipment (CUTE) enabled check-in counters, including 6 premium check-in counters, 4 self check in counters. It has 6 security gates and a common waiting area that can accommodate 400 passengers at a time. There is also a family lounge and a premium lounge for [[business class]] passengers and a food court is housed in the waiting area, while a restaurant operates in entry lobby. There are 4 remote gates facility available for domestic passengers. The arrivals hall has 2 baggage carousels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=86&linkId=86 |title=The Official Website of Cochin International Airport |publisher=Cial.aero |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref> This will be shortly converted into Executive terminal once the domestic operations shifts to Terminal 1.

===International- T1===
The international terminal covers an area of {{convert|47000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} with two buildings for departures and arrivals connected inside with a corridor. The departure and arrival halls of the international terminal are designed to accommodate 1800 people each at any time. The departure hall has 42 CUTE enabled check-in counters, including 10 premium check-in counters. CIAL is the fifth airport in India to install advanced in-line baggage screening systems, replacing conventional x-ray based manual screening.<ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/September/international_September865.xml&section=international&col= New baggage screening at Cochin airport eases hassles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920030403/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/September/international_September865.xml&section=international&col= |date=20 September 2010 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile%3Ddata/international/2010/September/international_September865.xml%26section%3Dinternational%26col%3D |archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQCrGxB?url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile%3Ddata/international/2010/September/international_September865.xml%26section%3Dinternational%26col%3D |dead-url=yes |archive-date=14 December 2010 |title=Baggage systems at Cohin airport |date=14 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=none&id=news/awx/2010/10/15/awx_10_15_2010_p0-262062.xml&headline=Cochin%20Airport%20Installs%20Baggage%20Screening%20System Cochin Airport Installs Baggage Screening System | AVIATION WEEK]{{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> It has 36 passport control counters, 12 security gates and 12 customs counters. There are two premium lounges for first class and business class passengers. There are 10 gates and 5 jetways. The arrival hall has 24 passport control counters and 4 baggage carousels. This will be shortly converted into domestic terminal, once international operations move to T3

===International- T3===
[[File:Cial terminal 3 from runway.jpg|thumb|A view of the Terminal 3 of Cochin International Airport from the runway]]
On 8 September 2012, the director board of CIAL approved the design of the new international terminal which will cost {{INRConvert|6|b}}. It will have two levels, the ground level for arrivals and the top level for departures. It will be able to handle 12 million passengers annually and 4000 passengers during peak hours. It will have 15 aerobridges with a floor area of {{convert|140000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}. The terminal is expected to manage passenger traffic till 2030.<ref name="cial.aero"/>

Once the new terminal is ready, the old international terminal will become a domestic terminal. The existing domestic terminal will serve business jets only.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-17/kochi/30169093_1_international-terminal-domestic-terminal-cial | work=The Times of India | title=Airport at Kannur to take wings | date=17 September 2011}}</ref>

The Foundation Stone for the new terminal was laid on 2 February 2014 and is expected to be ready in 30 months.<ref>{{cite web|title=Construction of New Terminal of Cochin Airport began on February 2|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/construction-of-new-terminal-of-cochin-airport-to-begin-on-february-2/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref> The works of T3 has reached near completion and a formal inauguration has happened on 26 February 2016 by Chief Minister [[Oommen Chandy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Inauguration of T3|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/kerala-cm-oommen-chandy-inaugurates-cials-new-international-terminal/articleshow/51157680.cms|work=ET|publisher=Economic News|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref> The terminal opened for commercial operations on 18 April 2017.

With the commissioning of Terminal 3, Cochin Airport became India's 4th Largest airport after [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],[[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]] and [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]] with total built up area of 2 Million sqft space for commercial operations.

===Cargo===
Cochin Airport has a dedicated cargo centre on the eastern side of the complex. The cargo centre is one of the largest facilities in India with a total floor space of {{convert|120000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} in {{convert|50|acre|m2}} of land. There are three complexes in the cargo village:

* The Centre for Dry Cargo (CDC), with an area of {{convert|50000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}, has a dedicated warehousing facility and air-customs inspection facility for both import and export.<ref name="Cargo facilities at Cochin Airport">[http://www.cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=26&linkId=26 Cargo facilities at Cochin Airport] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701021515/http://www.cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=26&linkId=26 |date=1 July 2009 }}</ref>
* The Centre for Perishable Cargo (CPC) is the largest dedicated cold storage centre for perishable goods in India. It has a floor area of about {{convert|22000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} and can handle approximately 25,000 metric tonnes of cargo. It was commissioned in 2008 at a cost of {{INR convert|38|c}} jointly by CIAL, Government of India through Agricultural and Food Promotion Export Development Authority (APEDA) and Government of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=37952 |title=Cochin Airport to have largest perishable cargo centre in India |publisher=Freshplaza.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-05}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=commercially edited website|date=July 2011}}
* The Transshipment Cargo Complex is a dedicated warehouse allocated for transshipment cargo. The import and export cargo from the customs warehouses in the catchment area, as well as from airports like Chennai, Bangalore, Coimbatore, etc., are handled and stored at this centre for export.<ref name="Cargo facilities at Cochin Airport"/>

In addition, an exclusive domestic cargo complex has also been constructed for private domestic logistics firms and [[India Post]] services.

==Infrastructure==

===Air traffic control===
The [[air traffic control]] (ATC) tower is {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. Cochin ATC controls flights below an altitude of {{convert|25500|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The airport has an [[instrument landing system]] (ILS) using [[distance measuring equipment]] (DME). The Instrument Landing System allows aircraft landings in reduced visibility, as low as 650m. The ATC uses Doppler VHF omni range I and II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=6&linkid=97 |title=The Official Website of Cochin International Airport |publisher=Cial.aero |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref>

Large-scale upgrades such as the latest AIRCON 2100 air traffic control automation system were also introduced.<ref name="IBN 2013">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-radar-to-be-commissioned-at-kochi-airport-friday/421589-62-126.html|title=New radar to be commissioned at Kochi airport Friday|date=12 September 2013|publisher=IBN Live|agency=Press Trust of India|accessdate=31 August 2014}}</ref>

===Airport surveillance radar===
The [[Airports Authority of India]] has installed an advanced [[airport surveillance radar]] (ASR) as well as monopulse secondary surveillance radar (MSSR).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/departments/southern_reg_main.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India |publisher=Aai.aero |date=30 January 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-03/kochi/30109700_1_cochin-airport-airport-runway-new-radar | work=The Times of India | title=New radar for Kochi airport in 6 months | date=3 September 2011}}</ref> In addition, a surface movement radar was installed for effective monitoring of flights in the runway and parking bays.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2495816.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=CIAL to install radar at airport | date=29 September 2011}}</ref>

===Runway===
Cochin International Airport has one [[runway]], 27/09, {{Convert|3400|x|46|m|abbr=on}}. It has a full-length parallel taxiway of {{convert|3400|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The {{Convert|807|x|125|m|abbr=on}} apron comprising 16 stands can accommodate five wide bodied and eight narrow bodied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cial.aero/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=6&linkid=91 |title=The Official Website of Cochin International Airport |publisher=Cial.aero |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/kochi-1556.html |title=Kochi Airport (COK) Details — India |publisher=World-airport-codes.com |accessdate=10 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217172058/http://www.world-airport-codes.com:80/india/kochi-1556.html |archivedate=17 February 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theairdb.com/airport/COK.html |title=Kochi (COK) - Airport details |publisher=Theairdb.com |accessdate=10 February 2012}}</ref> The runway is spread over the [[panchayat]] areas of Nedumbasserry, Sreemoolanagaram and Kanjoor.

Cochin Airport has one helipad for dedicated use of helicopters, meant for air-taxi purposes. Plans for constructing a heliport is underway.<ref>[http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article289720.ece Heli taxi service launched at Kochi airport The New Indian Express] {{cite web|url=http://expressbuzz.com/cities/kochi/heli-taxi-service-launched-at-kochi-airport/213905.html |title=Helipad at Kochi airport |date=14 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQFB0ZT?url=http://expressbuzz.com/cities/kochi/heli-taxi-service-launched-at-kochi-airport/213905.html |archivedate=14 December 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Naval Air Enclave===
Indian Navy has set up a Naval Aircraft Enclave at Cochin International Airport Ltd (CIAL). The Naval Aircraft Enclave comprises a hangar for bigger aircraft of the Navy, administrative office, disbursal centre, apron capable of holding 2 Boeing type aircraft (P-8I long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft) and a taxi track. The Naval Aircraft Enclave at Cochin airport is the second such facility of the Navy attached to an international airport, after [[Mumbai]]. But it is the first public-private participation model airport to hand over land to the Navy for such a facility.

The construction began in 2013 at 10 acres of land owned by the Navy at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/kochi/38462783_1_indian-navy-cochin-international-airport-limited-cial |title=Aircraft enclave for Navy at Cial — Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=11 April 2013 |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Our Bureau |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/cial-to-have-naval-aircraft-enclave/article4602630.ece |title=CIAL to have Naval Aircraft Enclave | Business Line |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=10 April 2013 |accessdate=8 January 2014}}</ref>

===Coastal Guard Air Enclave===

Coastal Guard has taken space in CIAL to develop its second air squadron in Kochi after INS Garuda facility to improve coastal air surveillance and air related assistance.
The facility comprises 2 hangars to accommodate Chetak helicopter Squadron and the Dornier Squadron along with Advanced Light Helicopters are expected to be based here. The Air Enclave would have a 50m taxi link to the run way at CIAL and would consist of aircraft hangars, technical areas and administrative buildings. which is towards last phase of construction.<ref>{{cite web|author=Posted by chacko Joseph |url=http://brutegorilla.blogspot.in/2010/01/foundation-stone-laying-of-indian-coast.html |title=Brute Gorilla: Foundation Stone Laying Of Indian Coast Guard Air Enclave, Kochi |publisher=Brutegorilla.blogspot.in |date=2010-01-09 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==

===Passenger===
[[File:VT-AXE at Cochin International Airport.jpg|thumb|An [[Air India Express]] [[Boeing 737-800]] parked at the International Terminal.]]
[[File:Boeing 747 docked at kochi airport.jpg|thumb|An [[Air India]] [[Boeing 747-400]].]]
[[File:Oman Air 738 at Kochi Airport, June 2014.jpg|thumb|An [[Oman Air]] [[Boeing 737-800]] taxiing to the gate.]]

{{Airport-dest-list
|3rdcoltitle=Terminal
|[[Air Arabia]]|[[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]|Terminal 3
|[[Air India]]| [[Chennai Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]] |Domestic
|[[Air India]]| [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]], [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]], [[Trivandrum Airport|Trivandrum]] |Terminal 3
|[[Air India Express]]|[[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Calicut Airport|Kozhikode]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]], [[Salalah Airport|Salalah]], [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]], [[Trivandrum Airport|Trivandrum]]|Terminal 3
|[[AirAsia]]|[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]|Terminal 3
|[[AirAsia India]]| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Visakhapatnam International Airport|Visakhapatnam]] |Domestic
|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]|[[Agatti Aerodrome|Agatti]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]] |Domestic
|[[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]|[[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]|Terminal 3
|[[Etihad Airways]]|[[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]|Terminal 3
|[[flydubai]]|[[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]]|Terminal 3
|[[GoAir]]|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Sanganer International Airport|Jaipur]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]] |Domestic
|[[Gulf Air]]|[[Bahrain International Airport|Bahrain]]|Terminal 3
|[[IndiGo]]|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Chennai Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Trivandrum Airport|Trivandrum]]|Domestic
|[[IndiGo]]|[[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]] |Terminal 3
|[[Jet Airways]]| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]]|Domestic
|[[Jet Airways]]|[[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[King Fahd International Airport|Dammam]], [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]], [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]] |Terminal 3
|[[Kuwait Airways]]|[[Kuwait Airport|Kuwait]]|Terminal 3
|[[Malindo Air]]|[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]|Terminal 3
|[[Oman Air]]|[[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]|Terminal 3
|[[Qatar Airways]]|[[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]| Terminal 3
|[[Saudia]]| [[King Abdulaziz International Airport|Jeddah]], [[King Khalid International Airport|Riyadh]]|Terminal 3
|[[SilkAir]]|[[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]]|Terminal 3
|[[SpiceJet]]|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Chennai Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Veer Savarkar International Airport|Port Blair]]|Domestic
|[[SpiceJet]]|[[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Ibrahim Nasir International Airport|Malé]]|Terminal 3
|{{nowrap|[[SriLankan Airlines]]}}|[[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo]]|Terminal 3
|[[Thai AirAsia]]|[[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]|Terminal 3
|[[Tigerair]]|[[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]]|Terminal 3
|[[Vistara]]|[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]|Domestic
}}

===Cargo===
{{Airport-dest-list
|{{nowrap|[[Blue Dart Aviation]]}}| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Chennai Airport|Chennai]], [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Mumbai]]
|[[Qatar Airways Cargo]]|[[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo]], [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]
|[[SriLankan Cargo]]|[[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo]]
|[[Saudia Cargo]]|[[Dammam Airport|Dammam]], [[Hong Kong Airport|Hong Kong]]
| [[Etihad Airways|Etihad Cargo]]| [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]
}}

† only forward connection

==Security==
Cochin International Airport is listed among the 12 major airports of India. Its safety and security is handled by the [[Airport security#India|Bureau of Civil Aviation Security]] through the [[Central Industrial Security Force#Airport security]] (CISF). Cochin was the third international airport and the first private airport, in the country to come under the cover of CISF in 2001,{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} after the [[Government of India|Central Government]] decided to hand over airport security to CISF in the wake of the hijacking of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|Indian Airlines IC-814]]. Security was handled by the Kerala Police; Special Branch of [[Kochi City Police|Kochi Police]] before the CISF. The airport company's Aviation Safety Wing (ASW) oversees security facilities and equipment. The ASW is also responsible for fire and emergency services.

Security management training is provided by CIAL's Aviation Academy and personnel are employed by the company as security agents – deployed in baggage screening rooms, entry gates, the general cargo area and the lounge areas. CIAL ASW employs [[Indian Army|Army]]-trained sniffer dogs to check for explosives in baggage areas, the only Indian airport to have such a facility.<ref>[http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news.php?NewsID=551 Passenger Terminal Today] {{cite web|url=http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news.php?NewsID=551 |title=Sniffer dogs at airport |date=14 December 2010 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQMFtya?url=http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/news.php?NewsID%3D551 |archivedate=14 December 2010 }}</ref> CIAL has introduced three state-of-the-art ION scanning detectors that can identify small amounts of material, down to nanograms, of explosives.<ref>[http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article7816.ece CIAL introduces The New Indian Express] {{cite web|url=http://expressbuzz.com/States/Kerala/cial-introduces-ion-scan/21378.html |title=ION scanning detectors |date=14 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQMoqSZ?url=http://expressbuzz.com/States/Kerala/cial-introduces-ion-scan/21378.html |archivedate=14 December 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The airport is under the direct protection of the [[Kochi City Police]], who have a station outside the terminal. CISF maintains two armed squadrons and one bomb detection and disposal squad.<ref>{{cite web|author=KERALA |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/bdds-to-enhance-security-at-cochin-airport/article3046163.ece |title=BDDS to enhance security at Cochin airport - KERALA |publisher=The Hindu |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> CISF has a command center 250 metres outside the terminal, with an intelligence division and mobilization cell. The air customs division operates a narcotics detection squad in the terminal. The CIAL ASWs are working on installing a fully automated [[Intrusion detection system|perimeter intrusion detection system]] that will detect any possible violation, using sensors that will provide critical time for the security forces to react. Phase one of the intrusion prevention system is in place with barricades, automatic retractable [[bollards]], surveillance cameras, parking gate management systems and the introduction of biometric ID cards for staff.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article82651.ece |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQNIbau?url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article82651.ece |archivedate=14 December 2010 |deadurl=no |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Enhanced security equipment at Cochin airport |date=19 January 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The immigration department is handled by Kerala Police, Special Branch officials trained by the Bureau of Immigration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/article456494.ece |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQOth74?url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/article456494.ece |archivedate=14 December 2010 |deadurl=no |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |first=S. Anil |last=Radhakrishnan |title=Airport facing lack of immigration officials |date=15 June 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The airport company also has a high-end robotic security system capable of remote-handling of explosive devices and fire-fighting and hostage situations . The system is operational from September 2014, making CIAL the first in South India to have such a facility. It comprises safety robots developed by Canada-based Pedsco Ltd. and Threat Containment Vessel (TCV) and sophisticated luggage containment vehicle — both developed by Nabco, USA. The main equipment of the system is a threat containment vessel (TCV) carried by robots, which is capable of containing a blast of minimum 8 kg of TNT or equivalent quantity of explosive, triggered by suspected luggage including chemicals, radioactive materials and bombs. The container is reusable as it withstands repeated detonations and size of the TCV can be adjusted with the size of the suspected baggage.In addition to TCV, the technology also comprises a remote mobile Investigator (RMI)-9WT, which is a multipurpose six-wheel vehicle with removable tracks for step climbing capability. Using fixed arm extenders, the robot can be configured for different applications such as under car searches and second-storey window access.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/robotic-security-for-kochi-airport/article6349289.ece |title=Robotic security for Kochi airport |publisher=The Hindu |date=2014-08-25 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Education and training==
Since 2008, CIAL has been the first airport to venture into providing higher education in aviation management and technical areas to overcome the shortage of skilled manpower in the aviation industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Transportation/Cial-Academy-first-to-be-started-by-an-airport-in-India/articleshow/4246353.cms |work=The Times of India |title=CIAL academy |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQQVtH7?url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Transportation/Cial-Academy-first-to-be-started-by-an-airport-in-India/articleshow/4246353.cms |archivedate=14 December 2010 |deadurl=no |date=9 March 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> CIASL has teamed up with the [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU) to start two schools in aviation education:

* CIAL Aviation Academy provides two-year [[Master of Business Administration|management]] degrees in aviation and airport management, operations, economics, finance and human resources, along with short-term aviation oriented vocational diplomas. The academy also trains technical manpower required for airport operations. [[Air India Express]] has its temporary stewards grooming and training center in the facility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/11/stories/2009031161560300.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Aviation academy: CIAL ties up with IGNOU |date=11 March 2009 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQSOvHd?url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/11/stories/2009031161560300.htm |archivedate=14 December 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ciasl.in/html/academy.htm Cochin International Aviation Services Ltd] {{cite web|url=http://www.ciasl.in/html/academy.htm |title=Cochin International Aviation Services Ltd |date=14 December 2010 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQSWccf?url=http://www.ciasl.in/html/academy.htm |archivedate=14 December 2010 }}</ref>
* Aviation Security Training Institute — The Aviation Security Training Institute (ASTI), envisioned by the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security has been inaugurated in February 2014. The institute has state-of-the-art facilities like X-ray simulators (21), explosive model room, two classrooms with LCD projectors and other training infrastructures. Explosive model rooms display different types of switch mechanism to trigger explosion. Library consists of CDs, catering to International Civil Aviation With the establishment of ASTI in Kochi, employees and management personnel from Mangalore, Kozhikode, Coimbatore, Trichy, Madurai and Thiruvananthapuram airports can take training here. Employees of the proposed Kannur international airport are also likely to be trained here.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mampilli |first=Joseph |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Aviation-Security-Training-Institute-to-be-Ready-Soon/2014/01/23/article2015033.ece |title=Aviation Security Training Institute to be Ready Soon |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2014-01-23 |accessdate=2014-05-05}}</ref>

==Ground transportation==
CIAL is located between [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]] (NH 544), one of the main highways of South India and the [[Main Central Road]] (MC Road), one of the State Highways of Kerala. An expressway is planned from NH 49 to the MC Road to facilitate faster transport.<ref name="cochin-airport.in">[http://www.cochin-airport.in/tender/tenderdetails.aspx?tender_id=156 Expressway to the airport] {{cite web|url=http://www.cochin-airport.in/tender/tenderdetails.aspx?tender_id=156 |title=Expressway to the airport |date=14 December 2010 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyPpydSL?url=http://www.cochin-airport.in/tender/tenderdetails.aspx?tender_id%3D156 |archivedate=14 December 2010 }}</ref> Though the main railway line is only about 500 metres from the airport, the nearest station is [[Angamaly Railway Station|Angamaly]] about 8 km away.

===Air-taxi services===
Cochin airport has dedicated air-taxi services for passengers to travel to major pilgrim destinations in Kerala as well as to cities like [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kozhikode]].{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} In association with Bharat Airways, it provides scheduled air-taxi services to [[Sabarimala]].<ref>[http://www.dailyindia.com/show/401920.php Helicopter service launched for pilgrims in Kochi] {{cite web|url=http://www.dailyindia.com/show/401920.php |title=Helicopter service launched for pilgrims in Kochi |date=14 December 2010 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQUNl7R?url=http://www.dailyindia.com/show/401920.php |archivedate=14 December 2010 }}</ref>

===Buses===
Buses are the primary means to connect the airport with major parts of the city. Services are mainly operated by the [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] which operates two classes of bus service. The nearest bus stations are [[Angamaly]] bus depot and Aluva Rajiv Gandhi Municipal bus station from where local, long-distance and inter-state buses operate.

===Taxis===
Cochin airport manages a fleet of its own cabs, operating as the Cochin Airport Taxi Society (CATS), providing prepaid and regular cab facilities. CATS taxis can be booked at prepaid counters in the arrivals sections of both the international and domestic terminals.

===Helicopter===
Chipsan Aviation air charter services operating Helitaxi service from the airport to the various locations. Booking counter at domestic terminals.

==CIAL Aerotropolis==
One of the future projects for the airport is the CIAL [[Aerotropolis]], or Airport City, with a total area of {{convert|500|acre|km2}}.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/28/stories/2009022858700300.htm] CIAL Aertropolis</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cial.aero/Pressroom/eventDetails.aspx?eventId%3D66 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-12-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106032146/http://cial.aero/Pressroom/eventDetails.aspx?eventId=66 |archivedate=6 January 2012 |df=dmy }} CIAL.AERO</ref> The Aerotropolis was proposed by its founder, V.J. Kurien, to ensure additional revenue sources for the growth of the company and to increase airport traffic through tourism and allied activities. The proposed Aerotropolis will be in Nedumbassery and nearby villages, aiming to convert into a self-sustainable town, with the airport forming the core element with a residential zone. Work on the Aerotropolis commenced in 2007. {{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

===Manufacturing and business zone===
The master plan envisages the creation of a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) for aircraft-allied industries, especially spare parts and OEM manufacturing units, an airline research and development center, workshops and service zones. In addition to this an Information Technology Park, with dedicated airline support technology, design and development centers is also proposed. An integrated logistics center and central container freight station are planned at the cargo village.<ref>[http://www.cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=20&linkid=20 Kochi Aerotropolis] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052238/http://www.cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2=20&linkid=20 |date=12 August 2010 }} {{cite web|url=http://www.cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2%3D20%26linkid%3D20 |archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQVQNH4?url=http://www.cochin-airport.in/contents/viewcontent.aspx?linkIdLvl2%3D20%26linkid%3D20 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=14 December 2010 |title=Kochi Aerotropolis |date=14 December 2010 }}</ref>

CIAL's proposal for establishing the SEZ was approved by the Board of Approval of SEZs in 2008; however, work is yet to start due to the global recession. The project is estimated to begin by August 2011.

===CIAL solar power project===
[[File:Solar Plant powering the Cochin International Airport.jpg|thumb|Solar Plant powering the Cochin International Airport]]
[[CIAL Solar Power Project]] is a 15 megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station built by CIAL. Cochin International Airport became the first fully solar powered airport in the world with the commissioning the plant.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 | title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? | publisher=BBC news | date=9 October 2015 | accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref>

The plant comprises 46,150 solar panels laid across 45 acres near the international cargo complex. The plant has been installed by the Germanybased [[Robert Bosch GmbH|M/s Bosch]] Ltd. It is capable of generating 50,000 units of electricity daily. It is equipped with a Supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA), through which remote monitoring is carried out. The project components include PV modules of 265Wp capacity manufactured by Renesola, and Inverters of 1MW capacity manufactured by [[ABB Group|ABB]] India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/kochi-airport-installs-12mw-solar-plant/article7535059.ece | title=Kochi airport installs 12MW solar plant | publisher=The Hindu business line | accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref>

It is coupled with an 1.1 MW solar plant that was commissioned in 2013. This plant was installed by Emvee Photovoltaic Power Pvt. Ltd. 4000 numbers of monocrystalline modules of 250Wp with thirty three numbers of 30 kW capacity Delta make string inverters were used in this plant, which is the first Megawatt scale installation of Solar PV system in the State of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cial.aero/Pressroom/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=358&news_status=A | title=CIAL all set to become the first solar powered airport in the country | accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref>

CIAL plans to double the solar production to 28.8 MW of power production within 2 years as part an ambitious plan to expand solar power with 3 major projects which are on construction stages. The first will come up over a 3.4 km-long canal near to the airport, the second is through development of India's first solar carport roof utility plan and the third will use ground level panels on open space near the airport.<ref>{{cite web|author=Share on FacebookShare on Twitter |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Cial-places-three-more-solar-bets/articleshow/53073929.cms |title=Cial places three more solar bets - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-07-06 |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref>

==Incidents and accidents==
* On 25 April 2010, [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] Flight EK 530, a Boeing 777-200 from Dubai, dropped around {{convert|200|ft|m}} during heavy turbulence as the aircraft entered a thick [[cumulonimbus]] cloud while on its descent. 20 passengers were injured and some internal damage was caused to the plane. The aircraft was on descent into Kochi, roughly between Mumbai and Chennai air spaces when the incident occurred. There were 350 passengers and 14 crew on board.<ref>[http://www.timesnow.tv/Emirates-pilot-couldnt-avoid-Cumulonimbus-cloud/articleshow/4343790.cms 'Emirates pilot couldn't avoid Cumulonimbus cloud'- TIMESNOW.tv – Latest Breaking News, Big News Stories, News Videos] {{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Emirates-pilot-couldnt-avoid-Cumulonimbus-cloud/articleshow/4343790.cms |title=Emirates pilot couldn't avoid Cumulonimbus cloud |date=14 December 2010 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uyQWSDL5?url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Emirates-pilot-couldnt-avoid-Cumulonimbus-cloud/articleshow/4343790.cms |archivedate=14 December 2010 }}</ref>
*On 25 August 2011, a 13-year-old boy was found roaming around the runway area, raising questions about the security system of the airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/boy-trespasses-into-kochi-airport/179023-60-122.html |title=Boy trespasses into Kochi Airport — southindia — Kochi — ibnlive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-05}}</ref>
* On 29 August 2011, [[Gulf Air]] Flight GF 270, an [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus 320]] from Bahrain, carrying 137 passengers skidded off the runway at 3.55 am during its descent. The reason for the crash is suspected to be the heavy rain at the time. The aircraft had been said to have slipped off the runway and landed nose first. The aircraft broke one of its wings while landing and stalled air traffic for hours. Passengers after the crash, in chaos, were reported to have jumped from the aircraft through emergency exit doors even before stairways were brought into place. The crash caused seven minor injuries and two serious injuries due to the chaos that followed.<ref name="gulfa">[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/kochi-plane-skids-off-the-runway-7-passengers-injured-129708 Gulf Air skids off runway at Kochi Airport] NDTV, 29 August 2011</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
* [[Trivandrum International Airport]]
* [[Calicut International Airport]]
* [[Kannur International Airport]]
* [[Aranmula International Airport]]
* [[Quilon Aerodrome]]
* [[Agatti Airport]]
* [[Airports in India]]
* [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic]]
* [[CIAL Solar Power Project]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cochin International Airport}}
* [http://aai.aero/allAirports/cochin_airpo_gi.jsp Cochin International Airport] at [[Airports Authority of India]] web site
* [http://cial.aero/ Cochin Airport Official Website]
* {{WAD|VOCI}}
* {{ASN|COK}}
{{Kochi (India) topics}}
{{Airports in India}}
{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}

{{Coord|10.155|76.391|display=title}}

[[Category:Airports in Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Kochi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Convention and exhibition centres in India]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1999]]

Muhyadheen mala

2017-03-08T10:15:36Z

Soft coder: There is separate page for Abdul khadir Al Gilani and it is already linked.

{{multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=July 2010}}
{{Primary sources|date=June 2010}}
}}

'''Muhyadheen Mala''' is an ode of praise for the Muhyadheen [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani|Abdul Khadir Al Gilani]] composed by the eminent poet, Khazi Muhammad of [[Kozhikode]] four centuries ago. [[Kerala]] [[Muslim]]s celebrated its fourth century completion under cultural department last year.

Al-Gilani succeeded the spiritual chain of [[Junayd of Baghdad|Junayd Baghdadi]]. His contribution to thought in the Muslim world earned him the title Muhiyuddin (lit. "The reviver of the faith"), as he along with his students and associates laid the groundwork for the society which later produced stalwarts like [[Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo|Nur ad-Din]] and [[Saladin]]. His Sufi order named after him is generally thought to be one of the most popular [[Sufi]] orders of the Islamic world.[4]

==Popularity of Muhyadheen Mãla==
Sufi Muslims have traditionally venerated the verses. The poem is memorized and recited in [[:wikt:congregation|congregation]]s. Some Muslims believe that, if recited with love and devotion, the Mãla can cure diseases and purify hearts. [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] Muslim women used to recite during the pregnancy period to make delivery easy.

==Find the Mãla online==
The sole credit of " Muhyadheen Mala" goes to Qadi Muhammed of Kozhikode, a place situated in the southernmost part of India. Qadi Muhammed himself admits that he had relied upon the Book "Bahja" (Bahjathul Asrar va Maadinul Anwar)written by Sheik Abul Hasan Ash shettanaufi (d.713 AH).We {{Who|date=March 2017}} could not get a clear account about author of Muhyadheen mala.

english translation of mala
the American researcher keeli suton translated muhyudheen mala totally in verse form into en
English. she is currently a research fellow of Texas university trying to translate more arabi-malayalam texts to english

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Qaṣīdah al-Burda]]
* http://www.al-baz.com/shaikhabdalqadir/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhyadheen Mala}}
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Malayalam literature]]

Muhyadheen mala

2017-03-08T10:12:47Z

Soft coder: /* Find the Mãla online */ added who tag to We

{{multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=July 2010}}
{{Primary sources|date=June 2010}}
}}

'''Muhyadheen Mala''' is an ode of praise for the Muhyadheen [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani|Abdul Khadir Al Gilani]] composed by the eminent poet, Khazi Muhammad of [[Kozhikode]] four centuries ago. [[Kerala]] [[Muslim]]s celebrated its fourth century completion under cultural department last year.

==Biography of Sheikh Jeelani==
Al-Syed Muhiyudin Abu Muhammad Abdal Qadir al-Gaylani al-Hasani wal-Hussaini, (Persian: عبد القادر گیلانی Abdolqāder Gilāni) (also spelled Abdulqadir Gaylani, Abdelkader, Abdul Qadir, Abdul Khadir - Jilani, Jeelani, Jilali, Gailani, Gillani, Gilani, Al Gilani) (470–561 A.H.)(1077–1166 A.D.) was a Persian[3] Hanbali (Hambali) preacher, Sufi sheikh and the figurehead of the Qadiri Sufi order. He was born on the 1st [[Ramadan]] in 470 A.H., 1078 A.D., in the Persian province of [[Gilan Province|Gilan]] ([[Iran]]) south of the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title='Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani|edition=15th |year=2010| publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.|volume=I: A-Ak – Bayes|location= Chicago, IL|isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|pages=16}}</ref>

Al-Gilani succeeded the spiritual chain of [[Junayd of Baghdad|Junayd Baghdadi]]. His contribution to thought in the Muslim world earned him the title Muhiyuddin (lit. "The reviver of the faith"), as he along with his students and associates laid the groundwork for the society which later produced stalwarts like [[Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo|Nur ad-Din]] and [[Saladin]]. His Sufi order named after him is generally thought to be one of the most popular [[Sufi]] orders of the Islamic world.[4]

==Popularity of Muhyadheen Mãla==
Sufi Muslims have traditionally venerated the verses. The poem is memorized and recited in [[:wikt:congregation|congregation]]s. Some Muslims believe that, if recited with love and devotion, the Mãla can cure diseases and purify hearts. [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] Muslim women used to recite during the pregnancy period to make delivery easy.

==Find the Mãla online==
The sole credit of " Muhyadheen Mala" goes to Qadi Muhammed of Kozhikode, a place situated in the southernmost part of India. Qadi Muhammed himself admits that he had relied upon the Book "Bahja" (Bahjathul Asrar va Maadinul Anwar)written by Sheik Abul Hasan Ash shettanaufi (d.713 AH).We {{Who|date=March 2017}} could not get a clear account about author of Muhyadheen mala.

english translation of mala
the American researcher keeli suton translated muhyudheen mala totally in verse form into en
English. she is currently a research fellow of Texas university trying to translate more arabi-malayalam texts to english

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Qaṣīdah al-Burda]]
* http://www.al-baz.com/shaikhabdalqadir/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhyadheen Mala}}
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Malayalam literature]]

Muhyadheen mala

2017-03-08T10:11:09Z

Soft coder: /* Find the Mãla online */ removed link to missing page.

{{multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=July 2010}}
{{Primary sources|date=June 2010}}
}}

'''Muhyadheen Mala''' is an ode of praise for the Muhyadheen [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani|Abdul Khadir Al Gilani]] composed by the eminent poet, Khazi Muhammad of [[Kozhikode]] four centuries ago. [[Kerala]] [[Muslim]]s celebrated its fourth century completion under cultural department last year.

==Biography of Sheikh Jeelani==
Al-Syed Muhiyudin Abu Muhammad Abdal Qadir al-Gaylani al-Hasani wal-Hussaini, (Persian: عبد القادر گیلانی Abdolqāder Gilāni) (also spelled Abdulqadir Gaylani, Abdelkader, Abdul Qadir, Abdul Khadir - Jilani, Jeelani, Jilali, Gailani, Gillani, Gilani, Al Gilani) (470–561 A.H.)(1077–1166 A.D.) was a Persian[3] Hanbali (Hambali) preacher, Sufi sheikh and the figurehead of the Qadiri Sufi order. He was born on the 1st [[Ramadan]] in 470 A.H., 1078 A.D., in the Persian province of [[Gilan Province|Gilan]] ([[Iran]]) south of the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title='Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani|edition=15th |year=2010| publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.|volume=I: A-Ak – Bayes|location= Chicago, IL|isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|pages=16}}</ref>

Al-Gilani succeeded the spiritual chain of [[Junayd of Baghdad|Junayd Baghdadi]]. His contribution to thought in the Muslim world earned him the title Muhiyuddin (lit. "The reviver of the faith"), as he along with his students and associates laid the groundwork for the society which later produced stalwarts like [[Nur ad-Din, atabeg of Aleppo|Nur ad-Din]] and [[Saladin]]. His Sufi order named after him is generally thought to be one of the most popular [[Sufi]] orders of the Islamic world.[4]

==Popularity of Muhyadheen Mãla==
Sufi Muslims have traditionally venerated the verses. The poem is memorized and recited in [[:wikt:congregation|congregation]]s. Some Muslims believe that, if recited with love and devotion, the Mãla can cure diseases and purify hearts. [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] Muslim women used to recite during the pregnancy period to make delivery easy.

==Find the Mãla online==
The sole credit of " Muhyadheen Mala" goes to Qadi Muhammed of Kozhikode, a place situated in the southernmost part of India. Qadi Muhammed himself admits that he had relied upon the Book "Bahja" (Bahjathul Asrar va Maadinul Anwar)written by Sheik Abul Hasan Ash shettanaufi (d.713 AH).We could not get a clear account about author of Muhyadheen mala.

english translation of mala
the American researcher keeli suton translated muhyudheen mala totally in verse form into en
English. she is currently a research fellow of Texas university trying to translate more arabi-malayalam texts to english

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Qaṣīdah al-Burda]]
* http://www.al-baz.com/shaikhabdalqadir/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhyadheen Mala}}
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Malayalam literature]]

User:Soft coder

2017-02-25T08:47:22Z

Soft coder:

I am a software developer from [[India]].

In Wikipedia, I am an active reader and mostly only a passive editor. .

{{User vb-N}}
[[Category:Indian Wikipedians|{{subst:Soft_coder}}]]

2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

2017-02-25T06:39:24Z

Soft coder: /* Prior leakage of information */ changed epaper page link to archive.org site , as the original site keeps old epapers in its site only for few months.

{{about-distinguish|the 2016 decision to demonetise 500- and 1000-rupee banknotes|The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Overly detailed|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox News event
|image=Queue at Bank to Exchange INR 500 and 1000 Notes - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-11-10 02103.jpg
|caption=Queues outside a bank to exchange {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes in Salt Lake City, [[Kolkata]]
|date=8 November 2016
|time=20:15 IST (14:45 UTC)
|place= [[India]]
|casualties1= 33 dead as of 18 November 2016<ref name=33dead>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-suicides-heart-attacks-and-even-a-murder-among-33-deaths-since-decision-4378135/|title=Demonetisation: 33 deaths since government scrapped Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
}}

On 8 November 2016, the [[Government of India]] announced the [[Legal tender#Demonetisation|demonetisation]] of all {{INRConvert|500}} and {{INRConvert|1000}} banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]].<ref name="withdrawaloflegal">{{cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref> The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism.<ref name="India Today2">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/live-pm-narendra-modi-addresses-nation/1/805755.html|title=Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-500-and-Rs-1000-notes-pulled-out-of-circulation-immediately-PM-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/55315473.cms|title=Notes out of circulation|date=8 November 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The sudden nature of the announcement—and the prolonged cash shortages in the weeks that followed—created significant disruption throughout the economy, threatening economic output.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/demonetisation-to-drag-india-behind-china-in-gdp-growth-rob-fastest-growing-economy-tag/articleshow/55492970.cms|title=Demonetisation may drag India behind China in GDP growth, rob fastest-growing economy tag|last=Saikia|first=Bijoy Sankar|date=18 Nov 2016|work=|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-01-05|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21711035-withdrawing-86-value-cash-circulation-india-was-bad-idea-badly|title=The dire consequences of India’s demonetisation initiative|last=|first=|date=3 Dec 2016|website=The Economist|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> The move was heavily criticised as poorly planned and unfair, and was met with protests, litigation, and strikes.

[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced the demonetisation in an unscheduled live televised address at 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) on 8 November.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-speaks-to-nation-tonight-at-8-pm-1622948|title=Watch PM Modi's Entire Speech on Discontinuing 500, 1000 Rupee Notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=NDTV India|last1=Bhatt|first1=Abhinav|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-narendra-modis-address-to-nation/article9320548.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes: RBI explains|date=8 November 2016|website=The Hindu|access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> In the announcement, Modi declared that use of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] would be invalid past midnight, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

The [[BSE SENSEX]] and [[NIFTY 50]] stock indices fell over 6 percent on the very next day after the announcement.<ref name="stockcrash9nov" /> In the days following the demonetisation, the country faced severe cash shortages with severe detrimental effects across the economy.<ref name="dryatm" /><ref name="IEchaos" /><ref name=DeMoHardships /> People seeking to exchange their bank notes had to stand in lengthy queues, and several deaths were linked to the inconveniences caused due to the rush to exchange cash.<ref name="Aljazeera-1" /><ref name="death-ref1" />

Initially, the move received support from several bankers as well as from some international commentators. It was heavily criticised by members of the opposition parties, leading to debates in both houses of [[Indian Parliament|parliament]] and triggering organised protests against the [[Modi ministry|government]] in several places across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-oppostion-parties-countrywide-protest-bandh-call-november-28-4391208/|title=Demonetisation: Opposition calls for countrywide protest on November 28|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/demonetisation-opposition-parties-join-hands-to-hold-protest-day-on-november-28-4391937/|title=Demonetisation: Opposition parties join hands, to hold ‘protest day’ on November 28|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/demonetisation-protest-sure-to-succeed-with-peoples-support/articleshow/55607966.cms|title='Demonetisation protest sure to succeed with people's support'|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> The move is considered to have reduced the country's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and [[industrial production]]. As the cash shortages grew in the weeks following the move, the demonetisation was heavily criticised by prominent economists and by world media.

==Background==

The Indian government had demonetised bank notes on two prior occasions—once in 1946 and then again in 1978—and in both cases, the goal was to combat tax evasion by "black money" held outside the formal economic system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/the-cycles-of-demonetisation-a-looks-back-at-two-similar-experiments-in-1946-and-1978/|title=The cycles of demonetisation: A looks back at two similar experiments in 1946 and 1978|last=Doctor|first=Vikram|date=12 Nov 2016|work=|newspaper=Economic Times Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-23|via=}}</ref> In 1946, the pre-independence government hoped demonetisation would penalise Indian businesses that were concealing the fortunes amassed supplying the Allies in World War II.<ref name=":2" /> In 1978, the [[Janata Party]] coalition government demonetised banknotes of 1000, 5000 and 10,000 rupees, again in the hopes of curbing [[counterfeit money]] and black money.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uzZItqeHdMPHHgFJaq2BnM/A-history-of-demonetization-in-India.html | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes may be back, if history is a guide | work=Live Mint | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] had recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or economy, which is largely held in the form of [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|benami properties]], bullion and jewellery."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-black-money-corruption-banks-atms-modi-finance-ministry4375205/|title=At least 4 months needed to replace demonetised notes, not 50 days: Here's why|date=14 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Measures_Tackle_BlackMoney.pdf|title=Measures to Tackle Black Money in India and Abroad}}</ref> According to data from income tax probes, black money holders kept only 6% or less of their wealth as cash, suggesting that targeting this cash would not be a successful strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-has-only-6-share-in-black-money-seizures-reveals-income-tax-data/story-JfFuTiJYtxKwJQhz2ApxlL.html |title=Why govt's demonetisation move may fail to win the war against black money |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Appu Esthose Suresh}}</ref>

On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India was {{INRConvert|17.77|t}}. In terms of value, the annual report of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) of 31 March 2016 stated that total bank notes in circulation valued to {{INRConvert|16.42|t}} of which nearly 86% (around {{INRConvert|14.18|t}}) were ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 90266 million banknotes were in circulation.<ref name="equipped">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-are-banks-equipped-to-replace-1874-crore-pieces-of-notes-4364746/|title=Are banks equipped to replace 2,300 crore pieces of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes?|date=9 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 November 2016|author=Damodaran, Harish}}</ref>

In the past, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) had opposed demonetisation. BJP spokesperson [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] had said in 2014 that "The ''aam aurat''s and the ''aadmi''s (general population), those who are illiterate and have no access to banking facilities, will be the ones to be hit by such diversionary measures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-measure-is-anti-poor-when-bjp-opposed-demonetisation-during-upa-govt/story-1HSYEYCaX3SaIsRS6q2rhJ.html|title=The measure is 'anti-poor': When BJP opposed demonetisation during UPA govt|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Kumar Uttam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/bjp-had-a-very-different-view-on-demonetisation-in-2014/|title=BJP Had A Very Different View on Demonetisation in 2014|date=11 November 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in|author=Betwa Sharma|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-bjp-aap-currency-ban-4370935/|title=Explain opposition to similar move by UPA: AAP to BJP on demonetisation|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjeev-singh-blog/how-bjp-had-termed-demonetisation-as-anti-poor-in-2014/|title=How BJP had termed demonetisation as 'anti-poor' in 2014|work=The Times of India|author=|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

In June, the Government of India had devised the [[Income declaration scheme, 2016|Income Declaration Scheme]], that lasted till 30 September 2016, providing an opportunity to citizens holding [[black money]] and undeclared assets to avoid litigation and come clean by declaring their assets, paying the tax on them and a penalty of 45% thereafter.<ref name="Firstpost 2016">{{cite web | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 banned; Rs 2000 to come: Did we miss these Twitter, RBI hints? | website=Firstpost | date=9 November 2016 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rs-500-rs-1000-banned-rs-2000-to-come-did-we-miss-these-twitter-rbi-hints-3095984.html | accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref>

== Procedure ==
The plan to demonetise the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 bank notes began six to ten months prior, and was kept highly confidential with only about ten people aware of it completely. The logistical processes and preparations for printing the new {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}2000 bank notes began in early-May. The [[Union Council of Ministers|cabinet]] was informed about the demonetisation on 8 November 2016 in a meeting called by the [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi]] which was followed by Modi's public announcement about the demonetisation in a televised address.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-in-the-works-for-6-months-10-people-in-the-loop-including-raghuram-rajan-116111000009_1.html|title=Demonetisation: In the works for 6 months, 10 people in the loop, including Raghuram Rajan|last=Roychoudhury|first=Arup|date=2016-11-10|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-01-23}}</ref>

===Televised address===

On 8 November 2016, [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced the demonetisation in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> In the announcement, Modi declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2,000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

After Modi's announcement, the [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], [[Urjit Patel]], and Economic Affairs secretary, Shaktikanta Das explained in a press conference that one purpose of the action was to fight terrorism funded by counterfeit notes. While the supply of notes of all denominations had increased by 40 percent between 2011 and 2016, the ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes increased by 76 percent and 109 percent, respectively, owing to forgery. They said that forged cash was used to fund terrorist activities against India and that the demonetisation had a counter-terrorism purpose.<ref name="News 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/why-were-the-notes-scrapped-rbi-chief-and-economic-affairs-secretary-explain-1309756.html|title=Why Were the Notes Scrapped? RBI Chief, Economic Affairs Secy Explain|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=News 18}}</ref>

Patel also informed that the decision had been made about six months ago, and the printing of new banknotes of denomination ₹500 and ₹2,000 had already started. However, only the top members of the government, security agencies and the central bank were aware of the move. But media had reported in October 2016 about the introduction of ₹2,000 denomination well before the official announcement by RBI. This statement has led to much debate, because the Reserve Bank governor six months before the announcement was Raghuram Rajan, while the new banknotes have the signature of the newly appointed governor, [[Urjit Patel]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sridhar|first1=G Naga|last2=Vageesh|first2=NS|title=Coming soon to your wallet: ₹2,000 notes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-1000-notes-move-was-in-the-pipeline-for-months/article9321244.ece|title=Move was in the pipeline for months|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

=== Government ordinance ===
The Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016 was issued by the Government of India on 28 December 2016 ceasing the liability of the government for the banned bank notes, and also imposing a fine upto ₹10,000 or five times the amount of the face value of the bank notes, whichever is higher, for people transacting with them after 8 November 2016; or holding more than ten of them after 30 December 2016. The ordinance also provided for the exchange of the bank notes after December 30 for non-resident citizens and others on a case by case basis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cabinet-clears-ordinance-to-punish-people-holding-banned-notes-beyond-deadline/story-QwwN1lGHU9NuhJP2ntalmM.html|title=Cabinet clears ordinance to punish people holding banned notes beyond deadline|date=2016-12-28|newspaper=http://www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/president-approves-specified-bank-notes-cessation-liabilities-ordinance-2016/|title=President Approves Specified Bank Notes (Cessation Of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016 [Read Ordinance] {{!}} Live Law|date=2016-12-30|newspaper=Live Law|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

However, Petrol, [[CNG]] and gas stations, government hospitals, [[Indian Railways|railway]] and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums were allowed to accept the banned ₹500 and ₹1,000 bank notes until December 2, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/press_note_01122016.pdf|title=With effect from the midnight of 2nd December, 2016, old Rs. 500 bank notes will not be accepted at petrol, diesel and gas outlets of Public Sector Oil and Gas Marketing Companies as well as for purchase of Air Tickets at Airports; However, supply of LPG continues to be in the exempted category for the purpose of payment through old Rs. 500 bank notes.|last=|first=|date=1 December 2016|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

===Exchange of old notes===
[[File:2016 Indian currency note demonetisation.jpg|thumb|People gathered at ATM of [[Axis Bank]] in [[Mehsana]], Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.]]

The Reserve Bank of India stipulated a window of fifty days until 30 December 2016 to deposit the demonetised banknotes as credit in bank accounts. The banknotes could also be exchanged over the counter of bank branches upto a limit that varied over the days:<ref name="withdrawaloflegal"/>
* Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November.
* This limit was increased to ₹4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" />
* The limit was reduced to ₹2,000 per person from 18 November.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/Govt_decisions_on_oldNotes17112016.pdf|title=17 November Government press release|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-said-exchange-limit-to-be-hiked-after-november-24-exchange-stopped-4393985/|title=All note exchange stopped from today, PM Modi goes back on promise of hike after November 24|date=25 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5,000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/outlets-that-will-accept-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-in-next-72-hours/articleshow/55317768.cms|title=Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours|date=8 November 2016|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

==== Facts and figures ====
Up to 97%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/almost-97-of-demonetised-notes-back-in-banks-report-1331397.html|title=Almost 97% of the Demonetised Notes Back in Banks|publisher=[[News18]]|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indians-said-to-deposit-97-of-notes-banned-to-curb-graft-1645071|title=As Much As 97% Of Banned Notes Are Back In Banks: Report|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-features/business/97-of-scrapped-notes-deposited-with-banks-as-on-dec-30-report/articleshow/56344692.cms|title=97% of scrapped notes deposited with banks as on Dec 30: Report - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref> of the demonetised bank notes have been deposited into banks which have received a total of ₹14.97 trillion ($220 billion) as of December 30 out of the ₹15.4 trillion that was demonetised. This is against the government's initial estimate that ₹3 trillion would not return to the banking system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/demonetisation-black-money-cash-crunch-rs-14-lakh-crore-in-old-notes-are-back-only-rs-75000-crore-out-rbi4465542/|title=Demonetisation: Rs 14 lakh crore in old notes are back, only Rs 75,000 crore out|date=2017-01-09|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref>

Of the ₹15.4 trillion demonetised in the form of ₹500 and ₹1000 bank notes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series, ₹9.2 trillion in the form of ₹500 and ₹2000 bank notes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series has been recirculated as of 10 January 2017, two months after the demonetisation.<ref name=remonet10Jan>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rbi-replaces-60-of-demonetised-notes-rs-9-2-lakh-cr-new-notes-in-system-117011801335_1.html|title=RBI replaces 60% of banned currency: Rs 9.2 lakh cr remonetised till date|last=Agnihotri|first=Amit|date=2017-01-19|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref>
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| width = 700
| group 1 = 15.44 : 1.36 : 2.49 : 4.0 : 5.93 : 9.2
| colors = green
| group names = Amount of currency (in trillion rupees)
| x legends = Currency demonetised on 8 Nov '16
: Currency issued as of 18 Nov
'16<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38643|title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases|publisher=}}</ref>
: Currency issued as of 28 Nov
'16<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38727|title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases|publisher=}}</ref>
: Currency issued as of 7 Dec
'16<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/12/07/about-75-or-11-5-lakh-crores-of-demonetised-money-has-already/|title=Less Than 30% Of Scrapped Currency Value Has Been Replaced In New Notes, According To RBI|publisher=}}</ref>
: Currency issued as of 21 Dec
'16<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-reserve-bank-of-india-new-bank-notes-4438899/|title=Currency worth Rs 5.92 lakh crore issued since demonetisation: RBI|date=21 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
: Currency issued as of 10 Jan '17<ref name=remonet10Jan />
}}

=== Withdrawal limits ===
Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November.<ref name="withdrawaloflegal"/> This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November 2016.<ref name="revisedguidelines">{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/MoF_reviewed_availability_distribution_Notes.pdf|title=Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="rbirevision">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10706&Mode=0|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>

A daily limit on withdrawals from ATMs was also imposed varying from ₹2,000 per day till 14 November,<ref name="ATMsnotdispensing">{{cite web|title=ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10683&Mode=0|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> and ₹2,500 per day till 31 December.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" /> This limit was increased to ₹4,500 per day from January 1,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10807&Mode=0|title=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10807&Mode=0|last=|first=|date=30 December 2016|website=Reserve Bank of India|publisher=|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> and again to ₹10,000 from January 16, 2017. Limits placed vide the circulars cited above on cash withdrawals from Current accounts/ Cash credit accounts/ Overdraft accounts stand withdrawn with immediate effect. The limits on Savings Bank accounts will continue for the present and are under consideration for withdrawal in the near future. Limits vide the circulars cited above placed on cash withdrawals from ATMs stand withdrawn from February 1, 2017. However, banks may, at their discretion, have their own operating limits as was the case before November 8, 2016, subject to 2 (ii) above.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsbytesapp.com/timeline/India/4558/28839/50-days-of-demonetization-key-developments|title=Demonetization: Key developments|newspaper=NewsBytes|language=en|access-date=2017-01-30}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/rbi-raises-atm-withdrawal-limit-to-rs-10000-per-day-from-current-rs-4500/articleshow/56598567.cms|title=ATM withdrawal limit: RBI raises ATM withdrawal limit to Rs 10,000 per day from current Rs 4,500|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref>

==== Exceptions ====
Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families were allowed to withdraw ₹250,000 for wedding expenses from one account provided it was [[Know your customer|KYC]] compliant. The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loans.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-weddings-shaktikanta-das-government-economic-affairs-secretary/1/812730.html|title=Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account|work=India Today|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

== Prior leakage of information ==

A fortnight before the official announcement, a news report in the Hindi daily ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' quoting RBI sources mentioned about the coming release of new 2000 rupee note alongside withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123183146/http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/27-oct-2016-16-lucknow-archive-edition-ayodhya-Page-18.html# |title=ePaper link from Hindi daily Dainik Jagran of 27th October 2016|work=Dainik Jagran Epaper |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/journalist-broke-story-about-currency-demonetisation-a-fortnight-back/story-3OpgtR5ehdzkRRrwQITLgK.html |title=Journalist broke story about currency demonetisation a fortnight back |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Similar news came in The Hindu [[Business Line]] on 21 October 2016 which also mentions about coming 2000 rupee note and about possible withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece |title=The Hindu business line article about coming 2000 Rupee note and possible withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes}}</ref>

A businessman reportedly admitted in an interview that he had received prior warning of the impending demonetisation from a source in the government, and that he had sufficient time to convert most of his money into smaller denominations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Sethi|url=https://www.thequint.com/business/2016/11/11/before-pms-announcement-rumours-of-demonetisation-abounded |title=Before PM's Announcement, Rumours of Demonetisation Abounded |publisher=The Quint |date=6 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2016}}

The chairman of the [[State Bank of India]] had also openly spoken in April 2016 about the possibility of demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-500-Rs-1000-note-rumours-not-polls-behind-cash-surge-SBI/articleshow/51736091.cms |title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 note rumours, not polls, behind cash surge: SBI |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that '[[Ambani]] and [[Gautam Adani|Adani]]' were informed about the demonetisation, and made arrangements. However, he later said that it was an [[Off the record (journalism)|off-the-record]] conversation, and officially denied the comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-ambani-adani-were-informed-and-thus-made-arrangements-says-bjp-mla/447944/|title=Demonetisation: Ambani, Adani were informed and thus made arrangements, says BJP MLA|date=17 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/17/adanis-ambanis-already-knew-about-currency-ban-bjp-mla-caught-on-camera-1539642.html|title=Adanis, Ambanis already knew about currency ban: BJP MLA caught on camera|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref>

===Allegations and claims===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM) alleged that the BJP unit in [[West Bengal]] had advance knowledge about the impending announcement, and deposited money just before the announcement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pooja Mehta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-knew-of-pm-modi-s-demonetisation-plan-bengal-unit-transferred-rs-1-crore-before-announcement-cpim-2272432 |title=BJP knew of PM Modi's demonetisation plan, Bengal unit transferred Rs 1 crore before announcement: CPI(M) & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/11/west-bengal-bjp-knew-about-demonetisation-deposited-rs-1-crore-hours-before-announcement-cpm-1537470.html |title=West Bengal BJP knew about demonetisation, deposited Rs 1 crore hours before announcement: CPM |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] also claimed that there had been some leakage regarding the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-s-friends-were-given-advance-information-on-demonetization-it-is-a-surgical-strike-on-common-people-says-kejriwal-265342.html |title='PM's Friends' Were Given Advance Information on demonetisation, It Is A Surgical Strike on Common People Says Kejriwal |work=The Times of India |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=10 Nov 2016-08:02 pm , PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-and-its-friends-knew-about-demonetization-a-week-before-kejriwal-doubts-modi-s-war-on-black-money-2272145 |title=BJP and its friends knew about demonetization a week before: Kejriwal doubts Modi's war on black money |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal questioned how Sanjeev Kamboj, a BJP leader in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], posted about the ₹2000 notes days before the official announcement, and alleged that a sudden spike in bank deposits between July and September 2016 was also due to information leakage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580660/bjp-informed-friends-beforehand-demonetisation.html|title=BJP informed 'friends' beforehand about demonetisation: Kejriwal|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The Congress party demanded a probe into this huge jump in bank deposits before the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/probe-massive-jump-in-bank-deposits-before-demonetisation-congress/articleshow/55774512.cms|title=Probe massive jump in bank deposits before demonetisation: Congress|publisher=}}</ref>

Nitish Kumar,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/nitish-kumar-questions-bjp-silence-on-land-purchase-ahead-of-demonetisation-4411915/|title=Nitish Kumar questions BJP silence on land purchase ahead of demonetisation|date=5 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jdu-steps-up-attack-at-bjp-on-land-deal-claims-huge-cash-paid-4415677/|title=JDU steps up attack at BJP on land deal, claims huge cash paid|date=7 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Arvind Kejriwal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-demonetisation-narendra-modi-black-money-4400219/|title=Demonetisation, a flop: Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal|date=28 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> and Rahul Gandhi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jd-u-rjd-demand-probe-into-bjp-s-land-purchase-spree-in-bihar/story-iBMuWygvKWK4qpToPkJfMK.html|title=Bihar land deals before demonetisation put BJP in a spot|date=25 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> alleged that the BJP made large purchases of land in Bihar ahead of the demonetisation because they had prior information.

More than 30 politicians belonging to the BJP were arrested and investigated for having unaccounted money in the new 2000 rupee denomination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naradanews.com/2016/12/30-bjp-activists-caught-with-black-money-post-demonetisation/|title=Nearly 30 BJP members caught with black money post demonetisation?|access-date=2016-12-21}}</ref>

=== April fools joke ===
Seven months before the announcement, the [[Gujarat]]i newspaper ''Akila'' published an article that "announced" the demonetisation of 500 and 1000 rupee notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Local-dailys-April-1-joke-turns-news-break-of-the-year/articleshow/55381283.cms|title=Local daily's April 1 joke turns news break of the year – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasamvad.co.in/investigation/pm-modi-ministers-leaked-info-on-scrapping-rs-1000-in-april-17750|title=Not a secret? Modi's ministers had leaked info about scrapping of Rs 1,000 in April|date=26 October 2016|publisher=Indiasamvad.co.in|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Sanjeev Singh}}</ref> The editor of the newspaper claimed that it was only an [[April fools day]] prank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161111/jsp/frontpage/story_118632.jsp|title=Psst! A prank to save your black buck|location=Kolkota|author=Basant Rawat|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The article contained many details that matched the actual announcement in November, including the creation of new ₹2000 notes. The coincidence received wide coverage, and was called "mystical" and "uncanny."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/demonetisation-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-predicted-by-gujarati-paper-akila-in-april-prank-report-4374749/|title=Did this Gujarati newspaper prank ‘predict’ Modi’s demonetisation move to curb black money — in April?|date=2016-11-14|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-15}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

===Support===

The decision met with mixed initial reactions. Several bankers like [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]] (Chairperson of [[State Bank of India]]) and [[Chanda Kochhar]] (MD & CEO of [[ICICI Bank]]) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money.<ref name="IndiaInc">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/narendra-modi-rs-500-1000-sbi-arundhati-bhattacharya-icici-chanda-kochhar-here-is-how-india-inc-reacted-4364818/ | title=Govt demonitises Rs 500, 1000 notes: Here is how India Inc reacted | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Businessmen [[Anand Mahindra]] ([[Mahindra Group]]), [[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[JSW Group]]), [[Kunal Bahl]] ([[Snapdeal]] and [[FreeCharge]]) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.<ref name="IndiaInc" /> Infosys founder [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] praised the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-we-should-all-be-celebrating-says-narayana-murthy/articleshow/55357977.cms|title=Demonetisation: We should all be celebrating, says Narayana Murthy |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/move-to-withdraw-rs-500-1000-notes-master-stroke-narayana-murthy-4365782/|title=Move to withdraw Rs 500, 1,000 notes masterstroke |author=Narayana Murthy|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] said that demonetisation would clean the complete economic system, increase the size of economy and revenue base. He mentioned the demonetisation along with the upcoming [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] as "an attempt to change the spending habit and lifestyle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-war-on-black-money-scrapping-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-will-expand-economy-increase-revenue-says-jaitley-2271883 |title=War on black money: Scrapping Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes will expand economy, increase revenue, says Jaitley |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson [[Randeep Surjewala]] welcomed the move but remained sceptical on the consequences that would follow.<ref name="Cong">{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/rs-500-1000-currency-notes-banned-congress-raises-questions-against-narendra-modi-govts-shocking-move-1636286/ | title=Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes banned: Congress raises questions against Narendra Modi govt's shocking move | publisher=India.com | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] supported the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-backs-modi-on-demonetisation/article9323442.ece|title=Nitish welcomes demonetisation move|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nitish-Kumar-supports-Modis-demonetisation-move/articleshow/55336788.cms|title=Nitish Kumar supports Modi's demonetisation move |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-cm-nitish-supports-decision-to-withdraw-demonetisation-currency-rs-1000-rs-500-notes-4366034/|title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar supports decision to withdraw Rs 1000, Rs 500 notes|date=9 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-naidu-had-inkling-of-the-ban/article9320914.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 notes: Naidu had inkling of the ban?|first=K.|last=Venkateshwarlu|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/andhra-cm-naidu-asked-for-demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1-000-notes-in-october-116110900626_1.html|title=Andhra CM Naidu asked for demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 notes in October|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=9 November 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/nov/08/chandrababu-naidu-welcomes-demonetisation-move-1536401.html|title=Chandrababu Naidu welcomes demonetisation move}}</ref> Former Chief Election Commissioner of India [[S. Y. Quraishi]] said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/demonetisation-could-lead-to-long-pending-electoral-reforms/story-tXYgT7hw6Q3TQUbPuIUucO.html|title=Demonetisation could lead to long-pending electoral reforms|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Indian social activist [[Anna Hazare]] hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazare-hails-demonetisation-calls-it-revolutionary-step/articleshow/55354898.cms|title=Anna Hazare hails demonetisation, calls it 'revolutionary' step |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonitisation-a-revolutionary-step-to-fight-corruption-anna-hazare-4367070/|title=Demonetisation a revolutionary step to fight corruption: Anna Hazare|date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/notes-ban-anna-hazare-hails-pm-narendra-modis-revolutionary-step-kejriwal-criticizes-it-1623922|title=Notes Ban: Anna Hazare Hails PM Narendra Modi's 'Revolutionary' Step, Kejriwal Criticizes It}}</ref> The [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes_1947632.html|title=President Pranab Mukherjee welcomes demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-bold-step-president-pranab-mukherjee-4364815/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes bold step: President Pranab Mukherjee|date=8 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1-000-rs-500-notes-1623081|title=President Pranab Mukherjee Welcomes Demonetisation of Rs 1,000, Rs 500 Notes|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-a-bold-step-says-pranab-mukherjee/article9320915.ece|title=A bold step, says Pranab Mukherjee|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The opinion of the masses varied both ways on micro-blogs and social media sites like Twitter.<ref name="ToI Twitter reaction">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/everything-social/rs-500-1000-notes-pulled-out-how-twitter-reacted/|title=Rs 500, 1000 notes pulled out: How Twitter reacted|date=8 November 2016|work=Times of India Blogs|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>

By and large, international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.<ref name="IMF-response"/><ref name="Chinese state media"/><ref name="Swedish Minister"/> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) issued a statement supporting Modi's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy.<ref name="IMF-response">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/imf-supports-pm-modi-s-demonetization-move-in-fight-against-corruption-116111100142_1.html|title=Support by IMF|date=11 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Chinese state media ''[[Global Times]]'' praised the move and termed it as "fierce fight against black money and corruption."<ref name="Chinese state media">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-state-media-praises-modi-but-says-he/article9343797.ece|title=State media praises Modi, but says he can learn from China's crusade against corruption|first=Atul|last=Aneja|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and Vice-President of European Commission [[Jyrki Katainen]] welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-to-help-financial-system-eu/articleshow/55399290.cms|title=European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-will-help-financial-system-european-union-1311545.html|title=India's Crackdown on Black Money Will Help Financial System: European Union|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> [[BBC]]'s South Asia Correspondent [[Justin Rowlatt]] in his article praised the move for its secrecy and success and elaborated on reason behind demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37974423|title=Why India wiped out 86% of its cash overnight|first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|date=14 November 2016|work=bbc.com}}</ref> [[Tim Worstall]] termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/11/17/indias-rs-500-and-1000-demonetisation-is-lowering-interest-rates-and-also-inflation/#62464fde2edf|title=India's Rs 500 And 1,000 Demonetization Is Lowering Interest Rates And Also Inflation|first=Tim|last=Worstall|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Swedish Minister of Enterprise [[Mikael Damberg]] supported the move by calling it bold decision.<ref name="Swedish Minister">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-mikael-damberg/article9340999.ece?w=alauto|title=Swedish ICT sector wouldn't have been so successful without Indian help|first=Arun|last=S|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Singapore-based paper ''The Independent'' published a laudatory article on the move titled "Modi does a [[Lee Kuan Yew]] to stamp out corruption in India." Lee Kuan Yew was the Singaporean Prime Minister and is considered the architect of modern Singapore. "From making up his mind to rolling it out, a new Lee Kuan Yew is born in India. It will be reflected in the legacy of this Prime Minister," the article said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theindependent.sg/modi-does-a-lee-kuan-yew-to-stamp-out-corruption-in-india/|title=Modi does a Lee Kuan Yew to stamp out corruption in India|date=10 November 2016|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Criticism===

The Indian Supreme Court while hearing one among a slew of cases filed against the sudden demonetisation decision in various courts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-petitions-against-demonetization-centre-files-caveat-in-sc-2272138|title=Petitions against demonetization; Centre files caveat in SC - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=10 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> observed that it "appears to be carpet bombing and not surgical strike" which government repeatedly claims it to be.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/money/sc-currency-ban-affidavit|title=Currency ban no surgical strike, it's carpet bombing: SC to Modi|publisher=}}</ref>

Nobel laureate Indian economist [[Amartya Sen]], severely criticised the demonetisation move calling it a "despotic action" among other things.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Amartya-Sen-terms-demonetisation-a-despotic-action/article16730675.ece|title=Amartya Sen terms demonetisation a despotic action|first=|last=PTI|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/amartya-sen-criticises-demonetisation-drive-says-narendra-modi-declared-all-indians-crook-1665167/|title=Amartya Sen criticises demonetisation drive, says Narendra Modi declared all Indians ‘crook’|first=India.com News|last=Desk|date=26 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Former [[World Bank Chief Economist|Senior Vice-President and Chief Economist of the World Bank]], [[Kaushik Basu]], called it a 'major mistake' and said that the 'damage' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-damage-greater-than-its-benefits-says-kaushik-basu-116111101733_1.html |title=Demonetisation damage greater than its benefits, says Kaushik Basu |work=Business Standard |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-good-economics-demonetisation-is-not-kaushik-basu/articleshow/55375545.cms |title=GST good economics; demonetisation is not: Kaushik Basu |work=The Economic Times |date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/27/opinion/in-india-black-money-makes-for-bad-policy.html|title=In India, Black Money Makes for Bad Policy|date=27 November 2016|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

Pronab Sen, former Chief Statistician and Planning Commission of India member, called it a "hollow move" since it did not really address any of the purported goals of tackling black money or fake currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/uzvIE84KGXy1xvp06pTazM/Demonetization-is-a-hollow-move.html|title=Demonetization is a hollow move|first=Pronab|last=Sen|date=14 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

[[Prabhat Patnaik]], a former professor of economics at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" while "causing much hardship to common people."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Patnaik|first1=Prabhat|title=Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/1/9151/Demonetization-Witless-and-Anti-People|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Citizen|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Noted economist and journalist, T. N. Ninan wrote in the [[Business Standard]] that demonetisation 'looks like a bad idea, badly executed on the basis of some half-baked notions'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/t-n-ninan-four-weeks-later-116120201131_1.html|title=T N Ninan: Four weeks later|first=T. N.|last=Ninan|date=2 December 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Deepak Parekh]] (Chairman of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]]) had initially appreciated the decision to ban the Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes, but later said that the move had derailed the economy, and expressed skepticism about its outcome.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/hdfc-chairman-deepak-parekh-hits-out-at-demonetisation-drive-says-it-derailed-economy/467791/|title=HDFC Chairman Deepak Parekh hits out at demonetisation drive, says it derailed economy|date=8 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/hdfcs-deepak-parekh-says-economy-has-derailed-in-short-term-due-to-demonetisation-3145486.html|title=HDFC's Deepak Parekh says economy has derailed in short term due to demonetisation|date=8 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Industrialist [[Rajiv Bajaj]] criticised the demonetisation, saying that not just the execution, but the concept of demonetisation was wrong in itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/demonetisation-idea-wrong-dont-blame-its-execution-rajiv-bajaj-4529180/|title=Demonetisation idea wrong, don’t blame its execution: Rajiv Bajaj|date=17 February 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

Chief Ministers of several Indian states like [[Mamata Banerjee]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/one-month-of-pain-and-harrassment-pm-must-clarify-mamata-banerjee-1635504|title=One Month Of Pain And Harrassment, PM Must Clarify: Mamata Banerjee|publisher=}}</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/demonetization-is-nothing-but-a-big-bjp-scam-kejriwal-116111200849_1.html|title=Demonetization is nothing but a big BJP scam: Kejriwal|first=|last=ANI|date=12 November 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> and [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-ministers-on-dharna-say-demonetisation-destroying-cooperative-sector-2274629|title=Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan, ministers stage dharna outside RBI office - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=18 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> have criticised and led major protests against the decision in their states and in parliament. Initially, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2016/11/11/dear-pm-modi-demonetisation-brahmastra-could-have-spared-the-poor|title=Dear PM Modi, Demonetisation 'Brahmastra' Could Have Spared The Poor|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Bloomberg Quint|author=Raghav Bahl|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> A [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in [[Madras High Court]] by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the [[Indian National League]], to scrap the decision. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55353472.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title=Govt's demonetisation move fit for country's security, development: HC |work= The Economic Times |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Similar PILs were also filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pils-supreme-court-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-illegal/1/807124.html |title=PILs in Supreme Court against making Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes illegal |work=India Today |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]] is yet to decide on the matter. It is listed for hearing on 2 December 2016.

Several government ministers had declared before the demonetisation that they were holding large amounts of cash, including Arun Jaitley, who had more than 65 lakh rupees in cash. This led to speculation about whether and when the ministers had deposited the cash they held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-ministers-cash-jaitley-modi/|title=Months before demonetisation, many ministers had large amount of cash in hand: Report|date=2 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thewire.in/83783/ministers-queue-exchange-currency-notes-asks-rti-activist/|title=Did Ministers Queue Up To Exchange Their Currency Notes, Asks RTI Activist|first=Gaurav Vivek|last=Bhatnagar|publisher=}}</ref>

[[Steve Forbes]] described the move as 'Sickening And Immoral'.<ref name=forbes>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/steveforbes/2016/12/22/what-india-has-done-to-its-money-is-sickening-and-immoral/|title=What India Has Done To Its Money Is Sickening And Immoral|first=Steve|last=Forbes|publisher=}}</ref> He stated that "What India has done is commit a massive theft of people's property without even the pretense of due process--a shocking move for a democratically elected government."<ref name=forbes /> Nobel laureate [[Paul Krugman]] said that it is difficult to see gains from demonetisation, while there may be significant costs to it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htls-2016-demonetisation-gains-uncertain-says-noble-laureate-paul-krugman/story-dFszJMERsydirqemQXcZ7L.html|title=HTLS 2016: Demonetisation gains uncertain, says Nobel laureate Paul Krugman|date=2 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

The demonetisation also came in for sharp criticism from media outside India,<ref name="Reckless Blunder">{{cite news|title=Modi's demonetisation move a reckless bungle: Foreign media|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modis-demonetisation-move-a-reckless-bungle-foreign-media/articleshow/56210502.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/OldNewsPage/?Id=9260|title=Worst Mistake of PM Modi|first=gayeti|last=singh|publisher=}}</ref> with the [[New York Times]] saying that the demonetisation was "atrociously planned" and that it did not appear to have combatted black money,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-atrociously-planned-and-executed-nyt/1/854314.html|title=Demonetisation atrociously planned, little evidence it combatted black money: New York Times|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indians-suffering-after-atrociously-planned-note-ban-nyt-4468403/|title=Little evidence that demonetisation has succeeded in combating corruption: New York Times|date=10 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref> while an article in [[The Guardian]] stated that "Modi has brought havoc to India".<ref name="Reckless Blunder" /> The [[Harvard Business Review]] called it "a case study in poor policy and even poorer execution"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hbr.org/2016/12/indias-botched-war-on-cash|title=India’s Botched War on Cash|publisher=}}</ref> The frequent change in the narrative on objectives of the demonetisation to its visible impact on the poorest of the poor made other critiques calling government's narrative as spins in view of the "pointless suffering on India's poorest."<ref>{{Cite web | url =https://theconversation.com/modis-bank-note-ban-has-inflicted-pointless-suffering-on-indias-poorest-69157| title= Modi’s bank note ban has inflicted pointless suffering on India’s poorest| first=Ranjit | last=Goswami | date = 25 November 2016 | accessdate = 25 January 2017|work=The Conversation}}</ref>

===Opposition===

A Congress-led opposition which includes 13 political parties, opposed the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation issue in the Winter Session of the [[Indian Parliament]] on 16 November 2016. The [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] also met the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to oppose the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-debate-likely-to-hot-up-winter-session-didi-to-knock-on-president-s-door-2273770|title= Debate on demonetisation, in winter session|work=DNA India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-People-battle-it-out-at-banks-netas-ready-for-war-in-Parliament/articleshow/55424673.cms|title= Winter Session debate|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/winter-session-oppn-to-target-govt-on-demonetisation-orop-gst-116111401558_1.html|title=Opposition to target government on demonetisation|work=Business Standard|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-november-15-2016-effect-of-demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes/article9348006.ece|title=Government and Opposition prepare for winter session of Parliament, on demonetisation|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-janata-dal-u-gives-suspension-of-business-notice-as-parties-gear-up-for-war-in-parliament_1949763.html|title= Parties gear up for debate on demonetisation|work=zeenews.India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/opposition-parties-agree-to-raise-notes-issue-in-session/articleshow/55424453.cms|title= Parties agree to raise notes issue in session|work=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The debate on demonetisation is known to be initiated by [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-parliament-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-demonetization-congress-bjp-tmc-rahul-mamata-modi-sena-black-money-banks-atms-2273883|title=Congress on demonetisation|work= DNA India|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Anand Sharma]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 16 November 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/url-live-winter-session-of-parliament-begins-today-narendra-modi-speech-rahul-gandhi-arun-jaitley-demonetisation-effects/446936/|title= Anand Sharma speaks on demonetisation|work=The Financial Express|date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/parliament-debate-on-demonetisation-1950128|title= Congress initiates demonetisation debate|work=Zeenews.India.com|date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> while Banerjee is known to be the first to oppose the current government on the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Whys-Didi-against-demonetisation/articleshow/55378644.cms|title=Why's Mamata Banerjee against demonetization?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, Banerjee led a rainbow delegation comprising political parties of [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], BJP ally [[Shiv Sena]], Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (of Hardik Patel) and National Conference to [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] to protest against the decision to withdraw the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes. A memorandum was submitted to the [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] demanding rollback of the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-mamata-banerjee-leads-protest-march-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-4379517/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes: Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> Outside the Parliament in a rally the same day, [[Saugata Roy]], a member of parliament from the opposition [[Trinamool Congress]] Party, commented, "People are in utter distress, especially the informal sector is totally disrupted. Poor people, daily wage earners, they're all facing difficulty."<ref name="Aljazeera-1"/>

In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the winter session of Parliament at the Rajya Sabha, [[Pramod Tiwari]] from the [[Indian National Congress]] compared [[Narendra Modi]] to [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-congress-leader-compares-narendra-modi-with-adolf-hitler-sparks-outrage/447501/|title=Demonetisation row: Congress leader compares Narendra Modi with Adolf Hitler, sparks outrage|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Financial Express|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> [[Prem Chand Gupta]], a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor [[Urjit Patel]] sign on new note?". [[Praful Patel]], a member of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], stated that "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering are unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mayawati|Mayawati Prabhu Das]] stated the situation to "a financial emergency", by saying "It looks as if ''[[India|Bharat]]'' has shut down." Also, [[Sitaram Yechury]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], questioned the government on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-parliament-proceedings-november-16-2016/article9351846.ece|title=As it happened: Parliament proceedings — November 16, 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

On 17 November 2016, in a rally against demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes, led by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his West Bengal counterpart [[Mamata Banerjee]] at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale hub in the [[New Delhi|national capital]]; Kejriwal demanded the withdrawal of demonetisation in 3 days. Banerjee also stated "I give the government 3 day ultimatum, fix things or withdraw the demonetisation scheme".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-kejriwal-mamata-protest-against-demonetisation-at-azadpur-market/story-9s1OoTJ1XgN6fFXSD6x36I.html|title=Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion: Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

In the demonetisation debate on the second and third day of the Winter Session of Parliament, on 17 and 18 November 2016, the opposition and the government clashed over the demonetisation issue, bringing the house to continuous halts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/winter-session-of-parliament-parliament-proceedings-november-18-2016/article9360240.ece|title=As it happened: RS, LS adjourned till Monday|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>

On 24 November 2016, in the demonetisation debate, the former [[prime minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] said "this scheme will hurt small industries, the farming sector. The GDP can decline by about 3 per cent due to this move", while he also questioned "I would like to ask the Prime Minister examples of countries where people have deposited their money in the banks and not allowed to withdraw their own money." and later also said "It is no good that on each day banks bring out new notifications. It doesn't reflect properly on Prime Minister's Office, Finance Minister and the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. Cooperative banking system has been prevented from handling cash".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Both-Houses-adjourned-PM-absent/article16692735.ece|title=Parliament Proceedings - Both Houses adjourned; PM absent|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Singh at last termed the demonetisation move as an "organised loot, legalised plunder of the common people".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/is-modi-proving-manmohan-singh-right-with-slew-of-u-turns-on-cash-ban/articleshow/55632062.cms | title=Is Modi proving Manmohan Singh right with slew of U-turns on cash ban?}}</ref>

==== Strikes ====
As the demonetisation was opposed in both houses of the [[Indian parliament|parliament]], it triggered organised [[Bandh|nationwide strikes]] across India. Opposition parties like [[Indian National Congress]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[Trinamool Congress]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/oppositions-countrywide-protest-over-notes-ban-on-monday-next-1629159?site=full|title=Oppositions will protest|date=23 November 2016|work=ndtv.com}}</ref> DMK, JD(U), AIADMK, [[Nationalist Congress Party]], Left, [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and the [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/demonetisation-drive-opposition-to-observe-aakrosh-diwas-on-nov-28/story-KZ9hMDXjWeXpg3n1z4ZFwN.html|title=Akrosh Diwas|date=23 November 2016|work=Hindustan times}}</ref> decided to observe ‘Akrosh Diwas’ as, a protest campaign day on November 28 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161124/jsp/nation/story_121022.jsp#.WDZbgllutyI|title=Opposition stands together|date=23 November 2016|work=Telegraph India, Calcutta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/demonetisation-cpim-to-observe-november-28-as-akrosh-diwas-4391889/|title=CPI(M), 28 November as Akrosh Diwas|date=23 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> and launch protests in front of banks, demanding that money be returned to people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-attends-lok-sabha-but-no-progress-in-demonetisation-debate-with-oppn/story-kqCXDAyBe30aWZIlYhZOaO.html|title=November 28, Akrosh Diwas by opposition|date=23 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In the state of [[Bihar]], 15 trains were blocked and stranded, while the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] saw protest marches and rallies led by opposition parties.<ref name="bandh1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-opposition-protests-over-demonetisation-today-parties-divided-over-bandh/story-gSNK8OiyW2oy6VMumKOjVN.html|title=As it happened: Bharat Bandh affects some states, business as usual in others|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref> In the state of [[Kerala]], shops and business establishments were shut, with school and colleges closed throughout the state, while movements of private vehicles were also disrupted in Northern Kerala.<ref name="bandh1" />

The [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party has decided to launch a nationwide movement to expose the "biggest scam" of independent India, said spokesperson leader [[Randeep Surjewala]] on 31 December 2016. The first phase would take place from January 1–10, second phase from January 11–20 and third phase from January 20–30.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-to-launch-nation-wide-movement-against-demonetisation-from-january-1-4453386/|title=Congress to launch nation-wide movement against demonetisation from January 1|date=2016-12-31|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/congress-to-launch-nation-wide-movement-against-demonetisation-from-jan-1-116123100439_1.html|title=Congress to launch nation-wide movement against demonetisation from Jan 1|last=ANI|date=2016-12-31|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref>

==Positive effects==

===Human trafficking===
Nobel laureate [[Kailash Satyarthi]] and others working to fight human trafficking said that the note ban had led to a huge fall in sex trafficking.<ref>{{cite news|title=India currency note ban sparks ‘dramatic fall’ in sex trafficking|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/dec/22/india-currency-note-ban-sparks-dramatic-fall-sex-trafficking}}</ref> Satyarthi said the demonetisation would be effective in combating exploitation of children as well as corruption and would be a great obstacle to traffickers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 ban: Move to curb black money will break back of traffickers, says Kailash Satyarthi|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-ban-move-to-curb-black-money-will-break-back-of-traffickers-says-kailash-satyarthi-3097858.html}}</ref> However, 2 months later he expressed his disappointment on Rs 2000 notes being pushed into human trafficking in absence of other concrete steps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rs-2000-notes-too-being-pushed-into-human-trafficking-kailash-satyarthi/articleshow/56492015.cms|title=Rs 2,000 notes too being pushed into human trafficking: Kailash Satyarthi|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref>

===Radical groups===
The Demonetisation has badly hit Maoist and Naxalites as well. The surrender rate has reached its highest since the demonetisation is announced. It is said that the money these organisations have collected over the years have left with no value and it has caused them to reach to this decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-leads-to-largest-Maoist-surrenders/articleshow/55675983.cms|title=Demonetisation leads to highest ever surrender of Maoists in a month - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref>

The move also reportedly crippled Communist guerrilla groups ([[Naxalite]]s) financing through money laundering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cops-look-for-Maoists-with-old-currency/articleshow/55377997.cms|title=Cops look for Maoists with old currency – Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Modis-demonetization-set-to-cripple-Naxalites-financially/articleshow/55379177.cms|title=Modi's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 10 November the police arrested a petrol pump owner at Ranchi when he reportedly tried to deposit ₹2.5 billion, belonging to a person affiliated with the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/maoists-depend-on-sympathisers-to-tide-over-cash-crunch/article9340780.ece?homepage=true|title=Maoists depend on sympathisers to tide over cash crunch|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivas|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> According to [[Chhattisgarh Police]] demonetisation has affected the [[Naxalite]] activities. It is reported that insurgents have stashed more than ₹70 billion in the Bastar region.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/this-is-how-big-note-ban-will-affect-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-1624880|title=This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities in Chhattisgarh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-to-hit-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-police-4372900/|title=Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh: Police|date=13 November 2016}}</ref>

While [[Manohar Parrikar]] claimed that the move has also helped in reducing the incidents of stone-pelting in the Kashmir valley,<ref>{{citation |title=No stone pelting on forces in Kashmir after demonetisation move, says Manohar Parrikar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-has-led-to-decline-in-separatist-instigated-violence-in-the-Valley-MHA-sources/articleshow/55419257.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Kashmir sees sharp decline in stone-pelting cases |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/581113/kashmir-sees-sharp-decline-stone.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Demonetization ended terror-funding, stone-pelting in Kashmir: Parrikar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetisation-ended-terror-funding-stone-pelting-parrikar-2273524 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> his claim has been disputed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thewire.in/81378/kashmir-stone-pelting-demonetisation/|title=In Kashmir, Nobody Is Buying Parrikar's Link Between Demonetisation and Fall in Stone Pelting|first=Mudasir|last=Ahmad|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manohar-parrikars-remarks-on-demonetisation-ending-kashmir-protests-a-misconception-farooq-abdullah/articleshow/55456377.cms|title=Manohar Parrikar's remarks on demonetisation ending Kashmir protests a misconception: Farooq Abdullah|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/linking-stone-pelting-with-demonetization-is-misrepresentation-of-facts-omar-abdullah/articleshow/55472589.cms|title=Linking stone-pelting with demonetization is misrepresentation of facts: Omar Abdullah|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/currency-ban/2016/11/17/linking-demonetisation-and-stone-pelting-did-parrikar-jump-the-gun-rs-500-note-rs-1000-note-burhan-wani-omar-kashmir|title=Mr Parrikar, Note Ban Didn’t End Stone-Pelting & You Know That|publisher=}}</ref>

===Hawala===
Mumbai Police reported a setback to [[Hawala|Hawala operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-cripples-hawala-operations-mumbai-police/articleshow/55337722.cms|title=Demonetisation cripples hawala operations: Mumbai Police |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-effect-hawala-operations-stopped-in-mumbai/1/807544.html|title=Demonetisation effect: Hawala operations come to a grinding halt}}</ref> Hawala dealers in Kerala were also affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hawala-dealers-in-kerala-hit-hard-by-demonetisation-kerala-demonetization-unaccounted-money--1.1493198|title=Hawala dealers in Kerala hit hard by demonetisation}}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] reported the effect of demonetisation on hawala transactions of separatists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/nov/12/terror-hawala-in-kashmir-valley-rendered-trash-thanks-to-demonetisation-1537896--1.html|title=Terror hawala in Kashmir valley rendered trash, thanks to demonetisation}}</ref>

===Railways===
As of November 2016, Indian Railways did not have the option to make payment with cards at the counters. After the demonetisation move, the government announced to make card payment options available at railway counters in the country.<ref>{{citation |title=Railways gives green light to go cashless |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/railways-gives-green-light-to-go-cashless/articleshow/55736794.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2 December 2016 }}</ref> The railways placed an order for 10,000 card reader machines in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railmin-awards-contract-of-installing-10000-pos-machines-to-sbi/articleshow/56689280.cms|title=Railmin awards contract of installing 10,000 POS machines to SBI|publisher=}}</ref>

==Negative effects==

===Cash shortage===
[[File:Queue at ATM for INR 100 Notes - Howrah 2016-11-08 1773.JPG|thumb|Queue at an ATM for {{INR}}100 banknotes in [[Howrah]], on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)]]

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes since 9 November.<ref name="Aljazeera-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html|title=India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor|date=16 November 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="dryatm">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html|title=India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=IEchaos>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/|title=Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend/article9337803.ece|title=Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=DeMoHardships>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/02/100-days-demonetisation-stories-hardship-170215154335682.html|title=100 days of demonetisation: Stories of hardship|publisher=}}</ref> ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.<ref name=IEchaos /> Sporadic violence was reported in [[New Delhi]], but there were no reports of any grievous injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2016/nov/13/demonetisation-sporadic-violence-in-delhi-cops-receive-45k-calls-1538063.html|title=Demonetisation: Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5K calls|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> people attacked bank premises and ATMs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Unrest-erupts-in-UP-towns-as-cashless-crowds-vent-ire-on-bank-staff/articleshow/55528509.cms|title=Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/In-western-UP-violence-marks-day-13-of-demonetisation/articleshow/55545397.cms|title=In western UP, violence marks day 13 of demonetisation – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-effect-atm-vandalism-on-rise-1652843/|title=Demonetisation effect: ATM vandalism on rise|date=18 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-angry-customers-break-banks-glass-door-in-kollam-4371720/|title=Demonetisation: Angry customers break bank's glass door in Kollam|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/no-cash-frustrated-man-smashes-atm-glass-wall/article9340047.ece|title=No cash: ‘frustrated’ man smashes ATM glass wall|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/11/12/demonetisation-modi-rs-2000-rs-500-bank-officials-black-money-goons-attack-bank-officials-takes-its-toll-violence|title=Hid in Washroom For an Hour: Official After Attack at IDBI Bank}}</ref> and a ration shop was looted in [[Madhya Pradesh]] after the shop owner refused to accept {{INR}}500 banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/villagers-loot-pds-shop-over-invalid-after-dealer-refuses-scrapped-banknotes/story-pHFaVKqlz28OETJfvONS1M.html|title=Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161113/jsp/nation/story_118946.jsp|title=Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Villagers-looted-ration-shops-in-Madhya-Pradeshafter-the-shop-owner-refused-to-accept-old-notes/articleshow/55388557.cms|title=Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/demonetisation-fallout-cashless-villagers-loot-pds-shop-in-mps-chhatarpur-village-1311252.html|title=Demonetisation Fallout: Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP's Chhatarpur Village|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The CMD of [[Punjab National Bank]] said that panic after demonetisation started fading on 19 November 2016.<ref>The Hindu [http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/panic-following-withdrawal-of-notes-has-largely-faded/article9365673.ece Panic following withdrawal of notes has largely faded – PNB CMD] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> As of 18 December 2016, there were still long queues at banks and ATMs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/28-days-of-demonetisation-no-let-up-in-rush-at-banks-atms/articleshow/55838985.cms|title=28 days of demonetisation: No let-up in rush at banks, ATMs - The Economic Times|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-long-queues-banks-atms-mumbai/1/830100.html|title=Demonetisation: Month later, long queues still outside banks and ATMs in Mumbai|publisher=}}</ref> Three months after the withdrawal of banknotes, a quarter of the ATMs were still short of cash.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/demonetisation-pain-returns-one-fourth-atms-across-india-running-dry-again/story-kwOMTU7I3xEVyeIGYsHSLP.html|title=Demonetisation pain returns: One-fourth of ATMs across India running dry again|date=7 February 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

===Deaths===
Several people were reported to have died from standing in queues for hours to exchange their old banknotes.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-deaths-in-maharashtra-kerala-narendra-modi-4370296/|title=Two dead in Maharashtra, Kerala in country-wide rush to junk banned notes|date=11 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetosation-deaths-congress-modi-government/1/808721.html|title=Demonetisation: Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra; Congress blames Modi government|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/demonetisation-96-year-old-died-while-standing-in-queue/states/news/684631.html|title=Demonetisation: 96 year-old died while standing in queue}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/farmer-standing-in-line-to-exchange-notes-dies-of-heart-attack-116111200942_1.html|title=Farmer standing in line to exchange notes dies of heart attack|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=12 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/73-year-old-dies-waiting-in-queue-to-exchange-discontinued-curre/|accessdate=13 November 2016|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 die in queue to exchange banned notes at bank|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-die-in-country-wide-rush-to-junk-banned-notes/articleshow/55374158.cms|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Deaths were also attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of old banknotes by hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/mumbai-baby-dies-waiting-for-medical-help-as-hospital-refuses-rs-500-1000-currency-notes-1642581/|accessdate=13 November 2016|publisher=India.com|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Doc-says-no-to-deposit-in-Rs-500-notes-baby-dies-awaiting-help/articleshow/55380976.cms|title=Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baby-dies-after-doctor-refuses-to-take-rs-500-and-rs-1000-notes-for-treatment-in-mumbai/story-xxSBtmK39xdcAx0hfhViEL.html|title=Infant's death: Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> As of 15 November 2016, the attributed death toll was 25.<ref name="death-ref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/|title=Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days|work=huffingtonpost|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-many-lives-lost-for-crores-of-unaccounted-money-in-only-5-days/445560/|title=Demonetisation crisis: 25 people dead in a week already|date=14 November 2016|work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-deaths-in-country/1/811009.html|title=25 deaths in a week: PM Modis demonetisation drive takes a toll on aam aadmi|work=India Today}}</ref> and 33 deaths as of 18 November. In an interview, [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] lashed out at a BBC reporter who asked him to justify his 19 November claim that 55 deaths were linked to demonetisation.<ref>Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Published:November 19, 2016 [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-lashes-out-at-bbc-reporter-questioning-him-on-demonetisation-4384031/?campaign_id=A100 Arvind Kejriwal gets angry at BBC reporter questioning him on demonetisation] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> By the end of the year, opposition leaders claimed that over 100 people had died due to demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-government-not-mourning-over-100-deaths-due-to-cash-crunch-says-opposition-2280902|title=Demonetization: Government not mourning over 100 deaths due to cash-crunch, says Opposition - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=8 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mamata-attacks-modi-over-cash-withdrawal-limit-demonetisation-deaths-116123100489_1.html|title=Mamata attacks Modi over cash withdrawal limit, demonetisation deaths|first=|last=IANS|date=31 December 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/around-105-died-but-twitter-king-modi-didn-t-mention-it-lalu-on-demonetisation/story-XGSe6LlYLiKdTBoBBL4zJL.html|title=Around 105 died, but ‘Twitter king’ Modi didn’t mention it: Lalu on demonetisation|date=22 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

===Stock market crash===

As a combined effect of demonetisation and [[United States presidential election, 2016|US presidential election]], the stock market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, [[BSE SENSEX]] crashed nearly 1,689 points and [[NIFTY 50]] plunged by over 541 points.<ref name="stockcrash9nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece|title=Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the [[BSE SENSEX]] index was lower by 565 points and the [[NIFTY 50]] index was below 8100 intraday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/local-markets/sensex-sinks-514pts-midcap-down-4demonetisationearnings_7965381.html|title=Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4% on demonetisation & earnings |publisher=[[moneycontrol.com]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

===Transportation halts===

After the demonetisation was announced, about 800,000 truck drivers were affected with scarcity of cash, with around 400,000 trucks stranded at major highways across India were reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-with-no-cash-on-hand-4-lakh-trucks-stranded-on-highways-2273414|title=Demonetization: With no cash on hand, 4 lakh trucks stranded on highways|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> While major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the old banknotes.

[[Nitin Gadkari]], the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across India until midnight of 11 November, later extended until 14 November and again until midnight of 18 November, and yet again till 2 December.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/toll-collection-suspended-across-the-country-till-nov-11-highways-ministry/story-1bAQIFhgp3R26ja4z9OdDK.html |title=Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-toll-charges-on-national-highways-till-nov-18-midnight-116111400435_1.html|title=No toll charges on National Highways till Nov 18 midnight|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 November 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Transactions in the [[Agriculture in India|Indian agriculture sector]] are heavily dependent on cash and were adversely affected by the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nidhi-nath-srinivas/how-demonetisation-has-affected-indias-agricultural-and-food-ma/|title=How Demonetisation Has Affected India's Agricultural And Food Markets|newspaper=Huffington Post India|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Due to scarcity of the new banknotes, many farmers have insufficient cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and pesticides needed for the plantation of [[rabi crop]]s usually sown around mid-November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-farmers-fear-loss-of-crops-and-income-after-currency-ban-3111694.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers fear loss of crops and income after currency ban - Firstpost|date=2016-11-18|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Farmers and their unions conducted protest rallies in [[Gujarat]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]] against the demonetisation as well as against restrictions imposed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] on [[District Cooperative Central Bank|district cooperative central banks]] which were ordered not to accept or exchange the demonetised banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/EgxO4VZMZJKpkiFwEvHEUL/Demonetisation-Farmers-protest-in-Muzaffarnagar-over-cash-s.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers protest in Muzaffarnagar over cash shortage|last=PTI|date=2016-11-22|newspaper=http://www.livemint.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-at-gujarat-protests-farmers-dump-milk-vegetables-on-road-4385111/|title=Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road|date=2016-11-20|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/farmers-in-amritsar-stage-protest-burn-pm-modi-s-effigy/story-NlBIKQoj479XSv1DfQ5QAJ.html|title=Farmers in Amritsar stage protest against demonetisation, burn PM Modi's effigy|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=http://www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/demonetisation-gujarat-farmers-warn-of-stopping-milk-supply-demand-note-exchange-at-co-op-banks-3114610.html|title=Demonetisation: Gujarat farmers warn of stopping milk supply; demand note-exchange at co-op banks - Firstpost|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref>

===Dumping of agricultural produce===
The demonetisation led to unavailability of cash to pay for food products. The reduction in demand that arose in turn led to a crash in the prices of crops. Farmers were unable to recover even the costs of transportation from their fields to the market from the low prices offered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/farmers-forced-to-dump-the-produce-as-note-ban-turns-bumper-crop-worthless/story-q79Oaf8eGTLX0yaHXwkJLL.html|title=Farmers forced to dump their produce as note ban turns bumper crop worthless|date=26 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=50psOnions>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/onion-prices-crash-india-crop-farmers-dumps-crop-mandi/1/841577.html|title=Oh-nion: Farmers in crisis dump produce in markets instead of selling at 50 paise a kilo|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> The prices dropped as low as 50 paise per kilo for tomatoes<ref name=50psTomatoes /> and onions.<ref name=50psOnions /> This forced the farmers across the country to dump their products in desperation.<ref name=50psTomatoes>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/at-50p-a-kg-farmers-in-jharkhand-prefer-dumping-tomatoes-to-selling/story-3qvnmhtEVuxwv70SPpQAWP.html|title=At 50p a kg, farmers in Jharkhand prefer dumping tomatoes to selling|date=13 January 2017|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/indore/mp-after-onions-tomatoes-for-1-kg-farmers-dump-produce-on-streets/story-0sXaTBlsOw4WvOhw92hYuI.html|title=MP: After onions, tomatoes for ₹1/kg, farmers dump produce on streets|date=5 January 2017|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Upset-over-price-slump-farmer-dumps-lorry-load-of-tomatoes/article16922630.ece|title=Upset over price slump, farmer dumps lorry load of tomatoes|first=R. Ravikanth|last=Reddy|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Angry-onion-farmers-dump-produce-on-road/article14594654.ece|title=Angry onion farmers dump produce on road|first=Special|last=Correspondent|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> Some farmers resorted to burying unsold vegetables.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Glut-forces-Deesa-farmers-to-bury-potatoes/articleshow/56072912.cms|title=Glut forces Deesa farmers to bury potatoes}}</ref> Agricultural produce such as vegetables, foodgrains, sugarcane, milk and eggs were dumped on roads.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/Farmers-in-Surat-dump-produce/articleshow/55517803.cms|title=Farmers in Surat dump produce}}</ref><ref name=ludhianaprotest>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-protest-farmers-throw-vegetables-on-road/|title=Demonetisation protest: Farmers throw vegetables on road|date=7 January 2017|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> Some farmers dumped their produce in protest against the government.<ref name=ludhianaprotest /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-at-gujarat-protests-farmers-dump-milk-vegetables-on-road-4385111/|title=Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road|date=20 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref>

===Banking===
[[File:Rush outside SBI night.jpg|thumb|400px|A [[State Bank of India]] branch remained open at night, and a long queue of people waited outside the ATM to withdraw money]]

In the first four days after the announcement of the step, about {{INRConvert|3|t}} in the form of old ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes had been deposited in the banking system and about {{INRConvert|500|b}} had been dispensed via withdrawals from bank accounts, ATMs as well as exchanges over the bank counters. Within these four days, the banking system has handled about 180 million transactions.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /> The [[State Bank of India]] reported to have received more than {{INRConvert|300|b}} in bank deposit in first two days after demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/state-bank-of-india-gets-rs-38677-crore-deposit-in-2-days-4370826/|title=State Bank of India gets Rs 38,677 crore deposit in 2 days|date=12 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/state-bank-of-india-says-it-has-received-deposits-worth-rs-53-000-crore/story-FDoUfqDOmC5ls3OAZSe2jM.html|title=State Bank of India says it has received deposits worth Rs 53,000 crore|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/demonetisation-drive-windfall-for-banks-coffers-richer-by-rs-2-2-lakh-cr-already/444188/|title=Demonetisation drive windfall for banks, coffers richer by Rs 2.2 lakh cr already|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> A spike in the usage of debit card and credit card post demonetisation was also reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/card-usage-surges-microlending-grinds-to-a-halt/article9341086.ece?w=alauto|title=Micro lending badly hit; surge in use of cards|first1=Manojit|last1=Saha|first2=Ashish|last2=Rukhaiyar|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Between November 10 and November 27, banks reported exchange and deposits of demonetised banknotes worth {{INRConvert|8.45|t}} (exchange of {{INRConvert|339.48|b}} and deposits of {{INRConvert|8.11|t}}). During this period, an amount of {{INRConvert|2.16|lc|lk=lc}} had been withdrawn by people from their accounts.<ref name="TIEb2016">{{cite web | title=Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana: Post ‘last chance’ IDS, comes a new declaration scheme | website=The Indian Express | date=29 November 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/pradhan-mantri-garib-kalyan-yojana-ids-scheme-4400491/ | accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref>

In [[Malda district|Malda]], a district believed to be a transit-point for fake Indian currencies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bank-accounts-for-sale-in-malda-west-bengal/1/808124.html|title=Exclusive: Bank accounts for sale in West Bengals Malda!}}</ref> a large sum of cash deposits in dormant accounts were also reported. According to [[The Economic Times]], more than 80 percent of fake currency in India originates from Malda district in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/life-has-come-to-standstill-in-indias-counterfeit-capital/articleshow/55406694.cms|title=Life has come to standstill in India's counterfeit capital |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

===Business===

By the second week after demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1,000 banknotes, cigarette sales across India witnessed a fall of 30–40%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/cigarette-sales-down-30-40/448647/|title=Cigarette sales down 30–40%|accessdate=18 November 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> while E-commerce companies saw up to a 30% decline in [[cash on delivery]] (COD) orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ecommerce-firms-see-30-decline-in-cash-on-delivery-orders-post-demonetisation/article9354147.ece|title=E-commerce firms see 30% decline in cash on delivery orders post demonetisation|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-demonetisation-e-commerce-cash-on-delivery-4379522/|title=E-commerce cash-on-delivery orders down by up to 30 per cent|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> Several e-commerce companies hailed the demonetisation decision as an impetus to an increase in [[E-commerce payment system|digital payments]]. They believe that it would lead to a decline in COD returns which is expected to cut down their costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2016/11/17/flipkart-snapdeal-shopclues-say-demonetisation-good-for-e-commerce-industry/|title=Flipkart, Snapdeal, Shopclues say demonetisation good for e-commerce industry|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=Techcircle.in – India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

The demand for point of sales (POS) or card swipe machines has increased.<ref name=et1116>{{citation |title=Demonetisation gets 'acche din' for swipe-machine makers |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55429945.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> E-payment options like PayTM and [[Instamojo Technologies|Instamojo Payment Gateway]], PayUMoney has also seen a rise.<ref>{{citation |title=To stay afloat, Coimabtore traders seek card swipe machines |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/To-stay-afloat-Coimabtore-traders-seek-card-swipe-machines/articleshow/55519849.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2016 }}</ref> According to data of Pine Labs, the demand for its POS machines doubled after the decision. Further it states that the debit card transactions rose by 108% and credit card transactions by 60% on 9 November 2016.<ref name=et1116/>

===Forecast of GDP growth rate===
Global analysts cut their forecasts of India's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] growth rate due to demonetisation.<ref name=LivemintGDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/gG3pF45hFU53GyXE1BwIuJ/Cash-crunch-Analysts-cut-India-GDP-growth-forecast.html|title=Cash crunch: Analysts cut India GDP growth forecast|first=|last=Livemint|date=24 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=FinexGDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/economists-bearish-on-the-india-growth-story-predicts-sub-6-per-cent-for-fy-2017/486381/|title=Demonetisation a big blow! GDP growth may dip below 6% in FY17|date=26 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> India's GDP in 2016 is estimated to be US$2.25 trillion, hence, each 1 per cent reduction in growth rate represents a shortfall of US$22.5 billion (Rs. 1.54 lakh crores) for the Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=26&pr1.y=13&c=534&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a= | title=World Economic Outlook Database | publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] | date=October 2016}}</ref> According to [[Societe Generale]], India's quarterly GDP growth rates would drop below 7% for an entire year at a stretch for the first time since June 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/17/india-demonetisation-news-india-could-see-four-consecutive-quarters-of-below-7-percent-growth.html|title=India set for slowest growth period as demonetization dents economy|first=Saheli Roy|last=Choudhury|date=17 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 250
| width = 700
| group 1 = 7.9 : 6.8 : 7.4 : 7.9 : 7.4 : 7.7 : 7.1 : 7.6 : 7.4
| group 2 = 6.8 : 3.8 : 6.5 : 7.4 : 6.9 : 7.3 : 6.3 : 7.0 : 7.0
| colors = blue : red
| group names = Before demonetisation : After demonetisation
| units suffix = per cent
| x legends = [[Goldman Sachs]] : Ambit Capital : Emkay Global : [[ICRA Limited|ICRA]] : [[Fitch Ratings]] : [[Morgan Stanley]] : [[HSBC]] : [[World Bank]] : [[Asian Development Bank|ADB]]
}}<ref name=LivemintGDP /><ref name=FinexGDP /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Vz3abbBkVLzpUgZK71FbVM/Demonetisation-fallout-ADB-reduces-Indias-growth-forecast.html|title=Demonetisation fallout: ADB reduces India GDP growth forecast to 7%|first=Asit Ranjan|last=Mishra|date=13 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/fitch-revises-gdp-growth-estimate-for-current-fiscal-to-6-9-117011100456_1.html|title=Fitch revises GDP growth estimate for current fiscal to 6.9%|first=|last=IANS|date=11 January 2017|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/modis-demonetisation-to-hit-gdp-growth-to-fall-to-6-3-from-7-1-in-fy17-says-hsbc/501933/|title=Modi’s demonetisation to hit GDP: Growth to fall to 6.3% from 7.1% in FY17, says HSBC|date=9 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/demonetisation-wb-cuts-indian-gdp-growth-for-fiscal-to-7/articleshow/56477183.cms|title=Demonetisation: WB cuts Indian GDP growth for fiscal to 7% - The Economic Times|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-morgan-stanley-cuts-gdp-growth-forecast-from-77-to-73-over-demonetization-impact-2277951|title=Morgan Stanley cuts GDP growth forecast from 7.7% to 7.3% over demonetization impact - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=29 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

===Drop in industrial output===
There was a reduction in industrial output as industries were hit by the cash crisis. The [[Purchasing Managers' Index|Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI)]] fell to 46.7 in November from 54.5 in October, recording its sharpest reduction in three years.<ref name=BS-PMI>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/slowdown-due-to-demonetisation-pmi-services-shrinks-in-november-after-17-months-116120501411_1.html|title=Slowdown due to demonetisation: PMI services shrinks in November after 17 months|first=Dilasha|last=Seth|date=6 December 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> A reading above 50 indicates growth and a reading below shows contraction. This indicates a slowdown in both, manufacturing and services industries.<ref name=WorryingNumbers>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/01/03/five-worrying-numbers-that-show-demonetisation-impact-on-economy/|title=5 Bleak Numbers That Show Demonetisation Impact On The Economy|publisher=}}</ref> The PMI report showed also showed that the reduction in inflation in November was due to shortage in money supply.<ref name=BS-PMI />

The growth in eight core sectors such as cement, steel and refinery products, which constitute 38% of the [[Index of industrial production|Index of Industrial Production (IIP)]], was only to 4.9 percent in November as compared with 6.6 percent in October.<ref name=WorryingNumbers /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-impact-three-sets-of-numbers-tell-us-how-modis-gamble-has-slowed-the-economy-3185066.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Three sets of numbers tell us how Modi’s gamble has slowed the economy|date=3 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

===Income tax raids and cash seizures===

The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry]] instructed all revenue intelligence agencies to join the crackdown on forex traders, hawala operators and jewellers besides tracking movement of demonetised currency notes.<ref name="ED-fema-notices">{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate issues FEMA notices to forex, gold traders|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/enforcement-directorate-issues-fema-notices-to-forex-gold-traders/articleshow/55445560.cms|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> It was reported that the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) and the Prime Minister Modi himself were directly coordinating the raids conducted by the Income Tax, Enforcement Directorate (ED) and other agencies. As of 23 December, PMO received around 700 calls giving information about black money and it directly forwarded the information to various law enforcement agencies for further action.<ref>{{cite news|title=PMO coordinating black money crackdown post note ban, receiving 15-20 calls daily|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-pmo-coordinating-black-money-crackdown-post-note-ban-receiving-15-20-calls-daily-362198|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How PM Narendra Modi is managing fight against black money, corruption from 'secret war room'|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/how-pm-narendra-modi-is-managing-fight-against-black-money-corruption-from-secret-war-room_1962029.html|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref>

Income Tax departments raided various illegal tax-evasive businesses in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and other cities that traded with demonetised currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/income-tax-department-raids-chandni-chowk-shops-shut/1/807996.html |title=Income tax dept conducts raids across India as illegal financial institutions crop up; shops call it a day |work=India Today |date=11 November 2016 |author=Rai, Arpan |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] issued several [[Foreign Exchange Management Act|FEMA]] notices to forex and gold traders.<ref name="ED-fema-notices"/> Large sum of cash in defunct notes were seized in different parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/kolkata-businessman-arrested-converting-rs-25-crore-old-042429487.html|title=Kolkata businessman arrested for converting Rs. 25 crore old currency|date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs-1322-lakh-in-cash-seized/article9331654.ece?css=print|title=Rs. 13.22 lakh in cash seized|date=11 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-1624663|title=Rs 4 Crore-Worth Scrapped Notes Seized From Maharashtra Trader}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/76-lakh-cash-seized-from-vehicle-in-Mandi/articleshow/55379844.cms|title=Rs 76 lakh cash seized from vehicle in Mandi – Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-bank-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-4371753/|title=Madhya Pradesh: Rs 4 crore-worth scrapped bank notes seized from trader|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cash-seized-from-two-cars-near-nashik/article9356909.ece?homepage=true|title=Rs. 73 lakh cash seized from two cars near Nashik|publisher=|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref> In [[Chhattisgarh]] liquid cash worth of {{INRConvert|4.4|m}} was seized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chhattisgarh-cash-worth-rs-44-lakhs-in-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-seized-from-a-man-2272478|title=Chhattisgarh: Cash worth Rs 44 lakhs in Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes seized from a man |work=Daily News & Analysis|date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

As of December 28, official sources said that the Income Tax department detected over ₹4,172 crore of un-disclosed income and seized new notes worth ₹105 crore as part of its country-wide operations. The department carried out a total of 983 search, survey and enquiry operations under the provisions of the Income Tax Act and has issued 5,027 notices to various entities on charges of tax evasion and hawala-like dealings. The department also seized cash and jewellery worth over ₹549 crore out of which the new currency seized (majority of them ₹2000 notes) is valued at about ₹105 crore. The department also referred a total of 477 cases to other agencies like the CBI and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to probe other financial crimes like money laundering, disproportionate assets and corruption.<ref>{{cite news|title=I-T detects Rs 4,172 crore undisclosed income, seizes new note worth Rs 105 crore|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/i-t-detects-rs-4172-crore-undisclosed-income-seizes-new-note-worth-rs-105-crore/articleshow/56242354.cms|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>

===Seizures of ₹2000 notes===

Huge amounts of cash in the form of new notes were seized all over the country after the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-one-month-of-demonetisation-several-crores-worth-of-cash-seized-long-queues-outside-atms-4420098/|title=Rs 111.3 crore and counting: Here is a conservative list of new cash seizures reported post-demonetisation|date=10 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/i-t-department-seizes-rs-130-crore-cash-jewellery-post-demonetisation-4414001/|title=I-T department seizes Rs 130 crore cash, jewellery post demonetisation|date=6 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As of December 2016, over 4 crore in new banknotes of ₹2000 were seized from four persons in [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Over-Rs-4-crore-in-new-notes-seized-in-IT-raids-in-Bengaluru/articleshow/55728247.cms|title=New notes worth Rs 4.7 crore seized in I-T raids in Bengaluru - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bengaluru-cash-seizure-new-rs-2000-notes-demonetisation-black-money/1/825199.html|title=Bengaluru: In Indias biggest seizure since Nov 8, Rs 5.7 crore found - all in new Rs 2000 notes|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bengaluru-income-tax-raid-rs-4-crore-seized-4405135/|title=Bengaluru: Rs 2000 notes worth over Rs 4 crore seized by Income Tax dept|date=1 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> ₹33 lakh in ₹2000 notes were recovered from Manish Sharma, an expelled BJP leader in [[West Bengal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/after-bjp-leader-manish-kumars-arrest-babul-supriyo-washes-hands-off-all-linkages-calls-it-wasted-time/467387/|title=After BJP leader Manish Kumar’s arrest, Babul Supriyo washes hands off all linkages, calls it ‘wasted time’|date=7 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/several-bjp-men-caught-with-crores-karnataka-biggest-hotspot-for-illegal-cash-transactions-116120700330_1.html|title=Several BJP men caught with crores; Karnataka biggest hotspot for illegal cash transactions|first=BS Web|last=Team|date=7 December 2016|publisher=|via=Business Standard}}</ref> and ₹1.5 crore was seized in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/demonetisation-rs-1-5-crore-in-new-rs-2000-notes-seized-in-goa-two-held-459472|title=Demonetisation: Rs 1.5 crore in new Rs 2,000 notes seized in Goa, two held|date=7 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> 900 notes of the new ₹2000 notes were seized from a BJP leader in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/over-900-bills-of-rs-2000-seized-from-tn-bjp-leader-who-backed-demonetisation/story-akRx5YDntU3erDWVE2IxxN.html|title=Over 900 new Rs 2000 notes seized from TN BJP leader who backed demonetisation|date=2 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Around ₹10 crore in new notes were seized in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/585634/biggest-seizure-rs-142-cr.html|title=Biggest seizure of Rs 142 cr cash, gold post demonetisation|publisher=}}</ref>

As of 10 December, ₹242 crore in new notes had been seized.<ref name=242cr>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-crunch-rs-242-crore-in-new-currency-seized-after-demonetisation/story-ZFidspQbfQqcIGbQPcgtPJ.html|title=Cash crunch? Rs 242 crore in new currency seized after demonetisation|date=9 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref> It was noted in the media that while people were dying in queues to obtain a few thousand rupees in cash, persons with the right connections were able to amass crores of rupees in new notes, thus rendering the demonetisation exercise futile.<ref name=242cr /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/over-rs-164-crore-black-money-seized-in-new-notes-has-note-ban-failed-1481558486.html|title=Over Rs 164 crore black money seized in new notes. Has note ban failed?|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/police-seize-new-currency-notes-worth-crores-across-several-cities/|title=As India struggles for its next Rs 2,000, new currency seized across country can fill gunny bags|date=9 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

It was announced by the government that the seized notes will be brought into the mainstream as soon as possible to ease out the cash problem. Earlier, agencies kept all seized material, including cash seizures, in their strong rooms as evidence till the case was adjudicated by the courts. The seized money was then deposited into the [[Consolidated Fund of India]]. Sometimes, income tax cases took years to resolve, still all seized material was kept in safe lockers of the tax department.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rs 100 crore seized in new notes to be back in circulation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rs-100-crore-seized-in-new-notes-to-be-back-in-circulation/articleshow/56075149.cms|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>

===Job losses===
There was a loss of jobs due to demonetisation, particularly in the unorganised and informal sector and in small enterprises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/827349/a-woman-construction-worker-in-jharkhand-lost-even-her-meagre-wages-in-10-weeks-since-demonetisation|title=Cashless and demonetised: Meet three Indians who once had jobs|first=Anumeha|last=Yadav|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/BRp44zlczj0jeTFyf8vKeP/Demonetisation-has-negative-impact-on-jobs-SMEs-says-Assoc.html|title=Demonetisation has negative impact on jobs, SMEs, says Assocham survey|first=|last=PTI|date=22 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/jobs/now-demonetisation-set-to-cost-400000-jobs/454305/|title=Now, Demonetisation set to cost 400,000 jobs|date=24 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

==Evasion attempts==
[[File:Shop accepting 500 1000 rupee notes.jpg|thumb|A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.]]

===Gold purchases===
In [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]] and many other major cities, sales of gold increased on 9 November, with an increased 20 to 30% premium surging the price as much as {{INRConvert|45|k}} from the ruling price of {{INRConvert|31.9|k}} per {{Convert|10|g}}.<ref name="Gold Price">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/nov/10/gold-price-recovers-on-renewed-demand-1536940.html|title=Gold price recovers on renewed demand |date=10 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/scramble-for-gold-in-gujarat-after-demonetisation/article9323127.ece?homepage=true | title=Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Langa, Mahesh}}</ref>

Income Tax officials raided multiple branches of Axis Bank and found bank officials involved in money laundering acts, exchanging old notes for gold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Two-Axis-Bank-managers-held-in-Delhi-for-laundering-Rs.-40-cr./article16763429.ece|title=Two Axis Bank managers held in Delhi for laundering Rs. 40 cr.|first=Devesh|last=Pandey|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-ed-registers-case-against-fake-account-holders-in-axis-bank-s-noida-branch-2283742|title=ED registers case against fake account holders in Axis Bank's Noida branch - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=17 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/axis-bank-raided-again-rs-89-crore-in-19-suspicious-accounts-found-in-ahmedabad-branch/482515|title=Axis Bank raided again, Rs 89 crore in 19 suspicious accounts found in Ahmedabad branch|date=22 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

===Donations in temples===
In India, the cash deposited into ''[[Hundi (cash collection box)|hundis]]'', or cash collection boxes in temples and gurudwaras are exempted from inquiry by the tax department.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rs-500rs-1000-demonetisation-temple-money-hundis-not-come-under-scanner-52701|title=Rs 500/Rs 1000 demonetisation: Temple money from hundis not to come under scanner|date=10 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> This exemption is sometimes misused to launder money.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/13/13-ways-in-which-indians-will-convert-their-black-money-into-whi/|title=13 Ways In Which Indians Will Convert Their Black Money Into White Even After Demonetisation|publisher=}}</ref> After the note ban, there was a spike in donations in the form of the demonetised notes in temples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/demonetisation-temples-across-india-receive-high-currency-notes-as-donations-3112230.html|title=Demonetisation: Temples across India receive high currency notes as donations|date=18 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/religious-places-getting-over-the-demon-of-note-ban/articleshow/56041804.cms|title=Religious places getting over the ‘demon’ of note ban - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Rush-to-offer-Rs-500-Rs-1000-donations-at-Puri-Temple/articleshow/55347249.cms|title=Rush to offer Rs 500, Rs 1000 donations at Puri Temple - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref> Authorities of Sri Jalakanteswarar temple at [[Vellore]] discovered cash worth {{INRConvert|4.4|m}} from the temple hundi in the form of defunct notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bundles-of-cash-found-inside-a-temple-hundi/article9342666.ece?homepage=true|title=Defunct notes worth Rs. 44 lakh found in temple hundi|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Multiple bank transactions===
There have been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions by conducting multiple transactions at different bank branches and also sending hired people, employees and followers in groups to exchange large amounts of banned currency at banks.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parmar|first1=Beena|title=Despite Rs 4000-cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/despite-rs-4000-cap-on-money-exchange-loophole-allows-multiple-transactions/story-lbw8xw5XCHvsS5DOawWB1O.html|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-in-chennai-to-beat-cash-limit-they-send-full-teams-to-bank-4375951/|title=Demonetisation: In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In response, the government announced that it would start marking customers with indelible ink. This was in addition to other measures proposed to ensure that the exchange transactions are carried out only once by each person.<ref name="TOI_ink">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indelible-ink-to-mark-fingers-of-those-who-have-exchanged-cash/articleshow/55431492.cms|title=To reduce crowds at banks, ATMs, indelible ink to mark fingers of those who have exchanged old notes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/demonetisation-banks-to-use-indelible-ink-to-stop-multiple-transactions-curb-crowd-3106274.html|title=Demonetisation: Banks to use indelible ink to stop multiple transactions, curb crowd |date=15 November 2016|publisher=firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/demonetisation-indelible-ink-mark-seems-like-the-govt-is-panicking-4376665/|title=Demonetisation: Indelible ink mark seems like the government is panicking?|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

===Railway bookings===

As soon as the demonetisation was announced, it was observed by the [[Indian Railways]] authorities that a large number of people started booking tickets particularly in [[Indian Railways coaching stock|classes]] 1A and 2A for the longest distance possible, to get rid of unaccounted cash. A senior official said, "On November 13, 42.7 million passengers were nationally booked across all classes. Of these, only 1,209 were 1A and 16,999 for 2A. It is a sharp dip from the number of passengers booked on November 9, when 27,237 passengers had booked tickets in 1A and 69,950 in 2A."<ref name=":0" />

The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways Ministry]] and the Railway Board responded swiftly and decided that cancellation and refund of tickets of value ₹10,000 and above will not be allowed by any means involving cash. The payment can only be through cheque/electronic payment. Tickets above ₹10,000 can be refunded by filing ticket deposit receipt only on surrendering the original ticket. A copy of the [[PAN card]] must be submitted for any cash transaction above ₹50,000. The railway claimed that since the Railway Board on 10 November imposed a number of restrictions to book and cancel tickets, the number of people booking 1A and 2A tickets came down.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rlys-sets-5000-as-cash-refund-limit-for-tickets/articleshow/55444673.cms|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9-11|url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/railways-say-no-cash-refund-for-tickets-booked-between-nov-9-11_1949831.html|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Municipal and local tax payments===

As the use of the demonetised notes had been allowed by the government for the payment of municipal and local body taxes, it led to people using the demonetised ₹500 and ₹1,000 notes to pay large amounts of outstanding and advance taxes. As a result, revenue collections of the local civic bodies jumped. The [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] reported collecting about {{INRConvert|1.6|b}} in cash payments of outstanding and advance taxes, within 4 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/hyderabad/demonetisation-impact-greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-collects-over-rs-160-crore-in-just-four-days_1949989.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days|date=15 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref>

The tax collection by local bodies have surged over 260% <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/demonetization-windfall-civic-agencies-record-268-increase-in-tax-collection/story-O3YsryY0WtdefZy8vdBMFM.html|title=Demonetisation windfall: Civic agencies record 268% increase in tax collection|date=23 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> and more than 15000 crore mare after 14 days of demonetization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.housebolo.com/demonetisation-impact-over-13000-crores-collected-in-november/|title=Demonetisation Impact, Over 13,000 Crores Collected In November|publisher=}}</ref> The total indirect tax collection rose to 14.2% only in the month of December according to Finance Minister Arun Jaitley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/tax-figures-show-demonetization-had-little-impact-on-economy-says-arun-jaitley/story-NxPefmW9mGVeX8uQzuflLI.html|title=Higher tax collection show no impact of note ban: Jaitley|date=9 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

===Backdated accounting===
The [[Enforcement Directorate]] raided several forex establishments making back dated entries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/enforcement-directorate-raids-forex-shops-making-back-date-entries/articleshow/55373554.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Money laundering using backdated accounting was carried out by co-operative banks,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Netas-using-co-op-banks-for-backdated-FDs-DDs/articleshow/55467204.cms|title=Netas using co-op banks for backdated FDs, DDs - Times of India|publisher=}}</ref> jewellers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/jewellers-issue-backdated-invoices-to-clients/articleshow/55349735.cms|title=Jewellers issue backdated invoices to clients - The Economic Times|publisher=}}</ref> sellers of iPhones,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/back-dated-receipts-used-apple-iphone-sales-after-demonetisation-report-706095|title=Back-dated receipts used for Apple iPhone sales after demonetisation: Report|first=Pranshu|last=Rathi|publisher=}}</ref> and several other businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-tiffin-service-to-dental-implants-all-tried-to-beat-system-swap-old-notes-income-tax-department-raids-4410874/|title=Tiffin service to dental implants: All tried to beat system, swap old notes|date=5 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian black money]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]]
* [[Income declaration scheme, 2016]]
* [[Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation}}
{{wikinews|India discontinues ₹500, ₹1000 denominations; releases ₹2000 and new ₹500 bills}}
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rupees-500-1000-currency-note-faq-narendra-modi/1/805954.html What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500–1000 notes answered], ''India Today'', 8 November 2016
* [https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119 FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India]
* [http://www.finmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Finance, Government of India]

{{Indian currency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:History of money]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Monetary reform]]

Payments bank

2017-01-05T12:38:38Z

Soft coder: /* History */ Payment bank status is given to Company, so person name is not needed.

{{Banking}}
{{Finance sidebar |banking}}
'''Payments banks''' are a new model of banks conceptualised by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI). These banks can accept a restricted deposit which is currently limited to INR 1 lakh per customer and may be increased further. These banks cannot issue loans and credit cards. Both current account and savings accounts can be operated by such banks. Payments banks can issue services like ATM cards, debit cards online banking and mobile banking. Airtel has launched India's first live payments bank. Paytm is the second such service to be launched in the country.

==Regulations==
The minimum capital requirement is {{currency|100|INR}} crore. For the first five years, the stake of the [[Corporate promoter|promoter]] should be 40% minimum. Foreign share holding will be allowed in these banks as per the rules for [[Foreign direct investment|FDI]] in [[Foreign direct investment in India#Service|private banks in India]]. The voting rights will be regulated by the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]]. The voting right of any shareholder is capped at 10%, which can be raised to 26% by Reserve Bank of India. Any acquisition of more than 5% will require approval of the RBI. The majority of the bank's board of directors should consist of independent directors, appointed according to RBI guidelines.<ref name=Guidelines>{{cite web|title=Guidelines for Licensing of Payments Banks|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=2900|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref>

The bank should be fully networked from the beginning. The bank can accept [[utility bill]]s. It cannot form subsidiaries to undertake non-banking activities. Initially, the deposits will be capped at {{currency|100000|INR}} per customer, but it may be raised by the RBI based on the performance of the bank. The bank cannot undertake lending activities. 25% of its branches must be in the unbanked rural area. The bank must use the term "payments bank" in its to differentiate it from other types of bank. The banks will be licensed as payments banks under Section 22 of the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]] and will be registered as [[public limited company]] under the [[Companies Act, 2013]].<ref name=Guidelines/>

==History==
On 23 September 2013, [[Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low Income Households]], headed by [[Nachiket Mor]], was formed by the RBI.<ref name=Appointed>{{cite news|title=RBI appoints Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low-Income Households|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=29606|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |date=23 September 2013}}</ref> On 7 January 2014, the Nachiket Mor committee submitted its final report.<ref name=Report>{{cite news|title=RBI releases Report of the Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Business and Low Income Households|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=30353|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |date=7 January 2014}}</ref> Among its various recommendations, it recommended the formation of a new category of bank called payments bank.<ref name=f-inclusion>{{cite news|title=RBI panel suggests new set of banks for financial inclusion|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/hbMzVQS2vsFFkgEdHrQ1GI/Mor-panel-proposes-payments-banks-to-spread-financial-incl.html|accessdate=26 July 2014|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=7 January 2014}}</ref> On 17 July 2014, the RBI released the draft guidelines for payment banks, seeking comments for interested entities and the general public.<ref name=Draft>{{cite news|title=RBI releases Draft Guidelines for Licensing of Payments Banks and Small Banks|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=31646|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|date=17 July 2014}}</ref> On 27 November, RBI released the final guidelines for payment banks.<ref name=Final>{{cite news|title=RBI releases Guidelines for Licensing of Payments Banks|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=32615|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|date=27 November 2015}}</ref>

In February 2015, RBI released the list of entities which had applied for a payments bank licence. There were 41 applicants.<ref name=Applications>{{cite news|title=RBI releases applicants list of payment, small bank licence|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/rbi-releases-applicants-list-of-payment-small-bank-licence/article6857282.ece|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=4 February 2015}}</ref> It was also announced that an external advisory committee (EAC) headed by Nachiket Mor would evaluate the licence applications.<ref name=UshaMor>{{cite news|title=Usha Thorat, Nachiket Mor to head RBI panels for differentiated bank licenses|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/usha-thorat-nachiket-mor-to-head-rbi-panels-for-differentiated-bank-licenses-115020300263_1.html|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=3 February 2015}}</ref> On 28 February 2015, during the presentation of the [[2015 Union budget of India|Budget]] it was announced that [[India Post]] will use its large network to run [[Post Bank of India|payments bank]].<ref name=Postal>{{cite news|title=Postal dept to use its network for proposed payment bank|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/postal-dept-to-use-its-network-for-proposed-payment-bank/article1-1321813.aspx|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 February 2015}}</ref> The external advisory committee headed by Nachiket Mor submitted its findings on 6 July 2015. The applicant entities were examined for their financial track record and governance issues.<ref name=PressInPrinciple/> On 19 August 2015, the Reserve Bank of India gave "in-principle" licences to eleven entities to launch payments banks:<ref name=PressInPrinciple>{{cite news|title=Applicants for Payments Banks|url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=34754|accessdate=20 August 2015|date=19 August 2015|work=[[Reserve Bank of India]]}}</ref><ref name=NodMint>{{cite news|title=Reliance, Airtel, nine others get RBI nod to open payments banks|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/BnYggWC3TpU36R1zSQaynJ/RBI-issues-11-payments-bank-licences.html|accessdate=20 August 2015|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=20 August 2015}}</ref>
# [[Aditya Birla Group|Aditya Birla Nuvo]]
# [[Airtel|Airtel M Commerce Services]]
# [[Murugappa Group|Cholamandalam Distribution Services]]
# [[India Posts|Department of Posts]]
# [[FINO PayTech]]
# [[National Securities Depository]]
# [[Reliance Industries]]
# [[Sun Pharmaceuticals]]
# [[Paytm]]
# [[Tech Mahindra]]
# [[M-Pesa|Vodafone M-Pesa]]

Out of these, three have surrendered their licenses. First one being "Chalomandalam Distribution Services", then "Dilip Shanghvi, Sun Pharmaceuticals" and the latest, "Tech Mahindra".

The "in-principle" license is valid for 18 months within which the entities must fulfill the requirements. They are not allowed to engage in banking activities within the period. The RBI will consider grant full licenses under Section 22 of the [[Banking Regulation Act, 1949]], after it is satisfied that the conditions have been fulfilled.<ref name="PressInPrinciple" />

==See also==
* [[Regional Rural Bank]]
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[Small finance bank]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

http://www.livemint.com/Companies/jvzNGAN9SQWgNUFfZLxBOL/Dilip-Shanghvi-withdraws-payments-bank-application.html

[[Category:Banking in India]]

Euronews

2017-01-01T09:20:09Z

Soft coder: /* External links */ added youtube live streaming link

{{Infobox TV channel
| name = Euronews
| logofile = Euronews. 2016 alternative logo.png
| logosize = 200px
| logoalt = Euronews logo
| country=
| broadcast area = Worldwide
| slogan= ''All views''
| launch = 1 January 1993
| owner = Media Globe Networks<ref>{{cite web|title=Sawiris takes majority stake in Euronews|url=http://www.digitaltveurope.net/396191/sawiris-takes-majority-stake-in-euronews/|publisher=Digital TV Europe|accessdate=25 August 2016}}</ref>
| headquarters = 56, quai Rambaud 69002 [[Lyon]], [[France]]
| former names =
| replaced names=
| picture format = [[16:9]] ([[576i]], [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]])
| web = [http://www.euronews.com Official website]
| availability note=
| terr serv 1= Europe
| terr chan 1= Limited retransmission
| sat serv 1= [[Sky (UK and Ireland)|Sky]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]] & [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]])
| sat chan 1= Channel 508
| sat serv 2= [[G Sat]] ([[Philippines]])
| sat chan 2= Channel 134
| sat serv 3= [[Cyfrowy Polsat]] ([[Poland]])
| sat chan 3= Channel 181
| sat serv 4= [[Astra 1M]]
| sat chan 4= 11.817 GHz V / 27.5
| sat serv 5= direct tv 56
| sat chan 5= 12.226 GHz H / 27.5
| sat serv 6= [[Astra 2F]]
| sat chan 6= 12663 H 22000 5/6
| sat serv 7= [[Hot Bird|Eutelsat Hot Bird 13A]]
| sat chan 7= 11.034 GHz V / 27.5 & 12.597 GHz V / 27.5
| sat serv 8= [[Türksat 3A]] 42°E
| sat chan 8= 11.096 GHz H / 30.0
| sat serv 9= [[AsiaSat|Asiasat 2]]
| sat chan 9= 3.960 GHz H / 27.5
| sat serv 10= [[DStv]] ([[South Africa]])
| sat chan 10= Channel 414
| sat serv 11= [[Digiturk]] ([[Turkey]])
| sat chan 11= Channel 123
| sat serv 12= [[Dish Network]] ([[United States]])
| sat chan 12= Channel 901 (English)
| sat serv 13= [[Sky Italia]] ([[Italy]])
| sat chan 13= Channel 521
| sat serv 14= [[Dolce (satellite television)|Dolce]] ([[Romania]])
| sat chan 14= Channel 254
| sat serv 15= [[TV Vlaanderen Digitaal]]
| sat chan 15= Channel 53
| sat serv 16= [[ZAP (satellite television)|ZAP]] ([[Angola]], [[Mozambique]])
| sat chan 16= Channel 145 (POR)
| sat serv 17= [[Movistar+]] ([[Spain]])
| sat chan 17= Channel 142
| sat serv 18= [[Galaxy 23]] ([[North America]], [[C band (IEEE)|C band]] [[free-to-air]])
| sat chan 18= 3.781 GHz V / 29.270
| sat serv 19= [[Meo (Triplay service)|MEO]] ([[Portugal]])
| sat chan 19= Channel 200 (POR)
| sat serv 20= [[NOS (Portuguese media company)|NOS]] ([[Portugal]])
| sat chan 20= Channel 203 (POR)
| sat serv 21= [[Indovision]] ([[Indonesia]])
| sat chan 21= Channel 334
| sat serv 22= [[Canalsat]]
| sat chan 22= Channel 104
| cable serv 1=[[Virgin Media]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
| cable chan 1= Channel 620
| cable serv 2= [[Virgin Media Ireland]]
| cable chan 2= Channel 203 (EN) Channel 831-836 (FR-RU)
| cable serv 3=[[Cablevision]] ([[United States]])
| cable chan 3= Channel 103 (English)
| cable serv 4= [[Vidéotron]] ([[Canada]])
| cable chan 4= Channel 172 (French)
| cable serv 5= [[Rogers Cable]] ([[Canada]])
| cable chan 5= Channel 193
| cable serv 6= [[Com Hem]] ([[Sweden]])
| cable chan 6= Channel 123
| cable serv 7= [[RCS&RDS]] ([[Romania]])
| cable chan 7= Channel 47
| cable serv 8= [[UPC Romania]] ([[Romania]])
| cable chan 8= Channel 421 (digital with DVR) Channel 141 (digital)
| cable serv 9= [[MC Cable]] ([[Monaco]])
| cable chan 9= Channel 24
| cable serv 10= [[Kabel Deutschland]] ([[Germany]])
| cable chan 10= Channel 554(DE), 827(RU), 837 (FR; only upgraded networks), 848 (UK; only upgraded networks), 869(IT), 873(ES), 882(POR)
| cable serv 11= [[Ziggo]] ([[Netherlands]])
| cable chan 11= Channel 505
| cable serv 12= KTV Šibenik ([[Croatia]])
| cable chan 12= Channel 15
| cable serv 13= [[Naxoo]] ([[Switzerland]])
| cable chan 13= Channel 66
| cable serv 14= [[SkyCable]] ([[Philippines]])
| cable chan 14= Channel 159 (Digital Subscribers)
| cable serv 15= [[Upc cablecom]] ([[Switzerland]])
| cable chan 15= Channel 046 (digital CH-D)
| cable serv 16= [[StarHub TV]] ([[Singapore]])
| cable chan 16=
| cable serv 17= [[NOS (Portuguese media company)|NOS]] ([[Portugal]])
| cable chan 17= Channel 203 (POR)
| cable serv 18= [[Euskaltel]] ([[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Spain]])
| cable chan 18= Channel 29
| cable serv 19= [[UPC Poland]]
| cable chan 19= Channel 342
| cable serv 20= [[Cablelink]] ([[Philippines]])
| cable chan 20= Channel 106
| cable serv 21= [[Destiny Cable]] ([[Phlippines]])
| cable chan 21= Channel 77
| cable serv 22= [[Telemach]] ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]])
| cable chan 22= Channel 150
| cable serv 23= [[ANEKS|Blic.Net]] ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]])
| cable chan 23= Channel 046
| cable serv 24= [[TV Cabo]] ([[Angola]])
| cable chan 24= Channel 145 (POR)
| cable serv 25= [[TV Cabo]] ([[Mozambique]])
| cable chan 25= Channel 145 (POR)
| cable serv 26= [[Hot (Israel)]] ([[Israel]])
| cable chan 26= Channel 142
| adsl serv 1 = [[FetchTV (Australia)|Fetch TV]] ([[Australia]])
| adsl chan 1 = 184
| adsl serv 2 = [[Telus|TELUS TV]] ([[Canada]])
| adsl chan 2 = Channel 831 (English) Channel 2091 ([[French language|French]])
| adsl serv 3 = TrueIPTV ([[Thailand]])
| adsl chan 3 = Channel 13
| adsl serv 4 = World On Demand ([[Japan]])
| adsl chan 4 = English, Channel 110 [[French language|French]], Channel 111
| adsl serv 5 = [[Now TV]] ([[Hong Kong]])
| adsl chan 5 = Channel 326
| adsl serv 6= [[:zh:澳門有線電視|Macau Cable TV]] ([[Macau]])
| adsl chan 6= Channel 806
| adsl serv 7 = [[Meo (Triplay service)|MEO]] (Portugal)
| adsl chan 7 = Channel 203 (POR)
| adsl serv 8 = [[Hypp.TV]] ([[Malaysia]])
| adsl chan 8 = Channel 402
| adsl serv 9 = [[NexTV-America]] ([[United States]], [[Canada]])
| adsl chan 9 =
| adsl serv 10 = [[UniFi]] ([[Malaysia]])
| adsl chan 10 = Channel 402
| adsl serv 11 = [[Chunghwa Telecom|CHT MOD]] ([[Taiwan]])
| adsl chan 11 = Channel 155
| adsl serv 12 = [[KT (telecommunication company)|KT QOOK TV]] ([[South Korea]])
| adsl chan 12 = Channel 176
| adsl serv 13 = [[Moja TV]] ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]])
| adsl chan 13 = Channel 6
| adsl serv 14 = Open IPTV ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]])
| adsl chan 14 = Channel 502
| adsl serv 15= [[Canalsat]]
| adsl chan 15= Channel 104
| adsl serv 16= [[Tivibu]] (Turkey)
| adsl chan 16= Channel 76
| adsl serv 17= [[AKTA TV|Max TV]] (Macedonia)
| adsl chan 17= Channel 655
| adsl serv 18= ZAP (Cape Verde)
| adsl chan 18= Channel 8 (POR)
| online serv 1 = Official website
| online chan 1 = [http://www.euronews.com/news/streaming-live/ Watch live] (free, flash streaming available in English, French, Persian, Ukrainian) [Ukrainian is available worldwide; English and French are not available in Canada or the United States]
| online serv 2 = [[TVPlayer]]
| online chan 2 = [http://www.tvplayer.com/watch/euronews Watch live] (UK only)
}}
'''Euronews''' is a European [[multilingualism|multilingual]] [[news media]] service, headquartered in [[Lyon]], [[France]]. Created in 1993, it aims to cover world news from a [[Pan-European identity|pan-European]] perspective. [[Naguib Sawiris]], an Egyptian businessman, is Chairman of its Supervisory board. The Sawiris family owns 53% of the media (through ''Media Globe Networks'').

==Content==
As a rolling-news channel, headlines from both Europe as well as the world are broadcast in thirty-minute intervals. Each interval starts with a 10-minute news bulletin, followed by a promo of the coming show and a market update. If the space time is long enough, a weather report will be broadcast, followed by the news headlines. Next is shows about society, cinema, music,... End is "No Comment" and a weather report.

Brief magazine segments typically fill in the remaining schedule, focusing on [[market data]], financial news, sports news, art and culture, science, weather, [[Politics of Europe|European politics]], and press reviews of the major European newspapers.<ref>{{citation|title=Euronews and Metropolitan Media Ltd|publisher=Metropolitan Media Ltd|url=http://www.metmedia.net/Open_Letter.pdf|accessdate=20 August 2011}}</ref> These item slots will occasionally be preempted by [[breaking news]] or [[live television]] coverage. Some segments are displayed without commentary under the banner "No Comment", which has been the channel's signature program since its launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://advanced-television.com/2007/10/11/no-comment-from-euronews-on-youtube/|title=No comment from EuroNews on YouTube|accessdate=20 August 2011 |date=11 October 2007|publisher=Advanced Television}}</ref>
==History and organisation==
[[File:Euronews_HQ_©euronews_photo_Stéphane_Audras_2015.10.15_(169).JPG|thumb|Euronews headquarters in Lyon.]]

===General===
In 1992, following the [[Gulf War|First Persian Gulf War]], during which CNN's position as the preeminent source of 24-hour news programming was cemented, the [[European Broadcasting Union]] decided to establish Euronews to present information from a European perspective. The channel's first broadcast was on 1 January 1993 from Lyon. An additional broadcast studio was set up in [[London]] in 1996. It was founded by a group of ten European public broadcasters:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Richard|title=From Satellite to Single Market: New Communication Technology and European Public Service Television | publisher = Routledge |year=1998|location=London|pages=130|isbn=9780415179706}}</ref>

*[[Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation|CYBC]], Cyprus
*[[France Télévisions]]
*[[RAI]], Italy
*[[RTBF]], Belgium
*[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|RTP]], Portugal
*[[RTVE]], Spain (former shareholder)
*[[Télé Monte Carlo|TMC]], Monaco (former shareholder)
*[[Yleisradio|YLE]], Finland
*[[ERTU]], Egypt

In 1997, the British news broadcaster [[ITN]] purchased a 49-percent share of Euronews for £5.1 million from [[Alcatel-Alsthom]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ITN ACQUIRES 49% EURONEWS STAKE|date=1 December 1997|url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/itn-acquires-49-euronews-stake--124079 |work=Telecom Paper|accessdate=5 June 2012}}</ref> ITN supplies the content of the channel along with the remaining shareholders, which are represented by the [[Euronews SA|SOCEMIE]] (Société Editrice de la Chaîne Européenne Multilingue d'Information EuroNews) [[consortium]]. [[Euronews SA]] is the operating company that produces the channel and holds the broadcasting licence. It is co-owned by the 10 founders and:

*[[All-Russia State Television and Radio Company|VGTRK]], Russia
*[[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT]], Turkey
*[[Česká televize|ČT]], Czech Republic
*[[Public Broadcasting Services|PBS]], Malta
*[[Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision|SNRT]], Morocco
*[[Radiotelevizija Slovenija|RTVSLO]], Slovenia
*[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]], Ireland
*[[National Television Company of Ukraine|NTU]], Ukraine
*[[SRG SSR|SRG-SSR]], Switzerland
*[[Televiziunea Română|TVR]], Romania
*[[Sveriges Television|SVT]] - [[Modern Times Group|MTG]], Sweden
*[[Établissement de la Radiodiffusion-Télévision Tunisienne|ERTT]], Tunisia
*[[Entreprise nationale de télévision|ENTV]], Algeria

The broadcast switched from solely [[Analog transmission|analogue]] to mainly [[Digital data|digital]] transmission in 1999. In the same year, the Portuguese audio track was added. The Russian audio track appeared in 2001.

In 2003, ITN sold its stake in Euronews as part of its drive to streamline operations and focus on news-gathering rather than channel management.<ref name="BroadcastMagazine">{{cite news|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/itn-drops-out-of-euronews-channel/1116586.article|title=ITN Drops Out of Euronews Channel|newspaper=[[Broadcast (magazine)|Broadcast]]}}</ref>

On 6 February 2006, Ukrainian public broadcaster [[National Television Company of Ukraine|Natsionalna Telekompanya Ukraïny (NTU)]] purchased a one-percent interest in SOCEMIE.<ref name="digitalspy">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/media/news/a28857/ntu-becomes-20th-euronews-shareholder.html|title=NTU Becomes 20th EuroNews Shareholder|date=5 February 2006|publisher=[[DigitalSpy]] }}</ref>

On 27 May 2008, Spanish public broadcaster [[RTVE]] decided to leave Euronews to promote its international channel TVE Internacional. It also cited legal requirements to maintain low debt levels through careful spending as a factor influencing its decision to leave.<ref name="elmundo">{{cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/06/05/comunicacion/1212656729.html|title=TVE abandona EuroNews| language=Spanish|date=5 February 2006|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]}}</ref>

In February 2009, the Turkish public broadcaster [[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT]] became a shareholder in the channel, and joined its supervisory board.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's TRT joins Euronews supervisory board|date=15 September 2009|url= http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haberArchive&ArticleID=47271|work=World Bulletin|accessdate=5 June 2012}}</ref> TRT purchased 15.70% of the channel's shares and became the fourth main partner after France Télévisions (23.93%), RAI (21.54%), and [[All-Russia State Television and Radio Company|VGTRK]] (16.94%).

===Language availability===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! Language
! Launch
|-
| 1
| [[English language|English]]
| 1 January 1993
|-
| 1
| [[French language|French]]
| 1 January 1993
|-
| 1
| [[Standard German|German]]
| 1 January 1993
|-
| 1
| [[Italian language|Italian]]
| 1 January 1993
|-
| 1
| [[Castilian Spanish|Spanish]]
| 1 January 1993
|-
| 6
| [[European Portuguese|Portuguese]]
| November 1999
|-
| 7
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
| September 2001
|-
| 8
| [[Literary Arabic|Arabic]]
| 12 July 2008
|-
| 9
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| 30 January 2010
|-
| 10
| [[Persian language|Persian]]
| 27 October 2010
|-
| 11
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| 24 August 2011
|-
| 12
| [[Modern Greek|Greek]]
| 18 December 2012
|-
| 13
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| 30 May 2013
|-
|}

===Acquisition by Naguib Sawiris===

In February 2015, the channel's executive board has approved the bid by an Egyptian telecom businessman, [[Naguib Sawiris]], to acquire a 53% controlling stake in the media outlet. The deal raised a number of questions over Euronews' future editorial posture and its independence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egyptian Mogul Plans to Buy Controlling Stake in Europe's Answer to CNN|date=27 February 2015|url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/egyptian-mogul-sawiris-buy-euronews-778229|work=Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Controversial ventures pose questions for Euronews|date=24 March 2015|url= https://euobserver.com/news/128098|work=EU Observer|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Euronews investor Naguib Sawiris: we will resist state interference|date=27 February 2015|url= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/feb/27/euronews-investor-naguib-sawiris-we-will-resist-state-interference|work=The Guardian|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref>

===Possible partnership with NBC Universal===

In November 2016, the channel's executive board was in talks with [[NBC Universal]], parent company of [[NBC News]], for a "strategic partnership." NBCU would acquire 15 to 30% ownership of the Euronews network, would contribute to Euronews' content, and facilitate NBC News' expanded operations in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|title=NBC News, Euronews in Talks for Strategic Partnership|date=11 November 2016|url= http://variety.com/2016/tv/global/nbc-news-euronews-talks-strategic-partnership-1201915855|work=Variety Media|accessdate=11 November 2016}}</ref>

==Presentation==
{{advert|date=April 2014}}
The channel employs an unusual presentation style: initially, rather than using in-vision presenters, it showed only video footage with recorded [[voice-over]]s. This aims to prevent bias. In 2011, however, extended news items featured in-vision reporters, including occasional pieces to camera.

The principal sources of footage come from APTN ([[Associated Press Television News]]) and [[Reuters|Reuters TV]], these being the partner agencies of the European Broadcasting Union. It also draws upon resources from [[Agence France-Presse]], Italian [[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]], Portuguese [[Lusa news agency|LUSA]], German [[Deutsche Presse-Agentur|DPA]], Spanish [[EFE]] and Russian [[Russian News Agency TASS|ITAR-TASS]].

==Broadcast==
The channel is available in 350 million households in 155 countries worldwide. It reaches more than 170 million European households by [[cable television|cable]], [[satellite television|satellite]] and [[terrestrial television|terrestrial]]. It also began to secure availability on [[multimedia]] platforms such as [[IPTV]] and digital media.<ref name="MediaPressPack">{{cite news| url=http://www.euronews.net/media/the-station/mediapackpress_EN.pdf|title=Euronews Media Presspack|accessdate=27 June 2010| newspaper=Euronews}}</ref>

Euronews launched an application for mobile devices ([[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iPhone]], and [[iPad]]) which is called "Euronews Live". The application is free of charge and is available on Android Market and the App Store.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.euronews.com/services/euronews-live-app/|title=euronews live apllication|accessdate=20 August 2011|newspaper=Euronews}}</ref>

The following countries also broadcast ''Euronews'' through terrestrial channels for a limited amount of time:
{|
| valign=top |
*ArmNews.Eu ([[Sweden]]) in [[Russian language|Russian]]
*[[Face TV (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Face TV]] ([[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]) in [[English language|English]]
*[[Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation|CyBC]] DTV Platform ([[Cyprus]]) in [[English language|English]] and [[Modern Greek|Greek]] (also simulcasted by [[RIK 2]] when its programming is over)
*[[France 3]] ([[France]]) in [[French language|French]]
*[[Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation|ERT]] ([[Greece]]) in [[English language|English]] and [[Modern Greek|Greek]]
*[[Télé Liban|TL]] ([[Lebanon]]) in [[Literary Arabic|Arabic]] daily at 8:00
*[[RTÉ One]], [[RTÉ News Now]] ([[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]) in English
*[[Extremadura TV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canalextremadura.es/tv/informativos/euronews|title=Programación de Euronews en Extremadura TV|accessdate=10 February 2013|date=10 February 2013|publisher=[[Extremadura TV]]|language=Spanish}}</ref> [[Aragón TV]], [[7RM]] Murcia ([[Spain]]) in [[Castilian Spanish|Spanish]]<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.heraldo.es/noticias/comunicacion/2013/01/14/euronews_llega_tdt_espana_traves_aragon_tv_218322_311.html|title=Euronews llega a la TDT en España a través de Aragón TV|accessdate=27 January 2013|date=1 January 2013|newspaper=Heraldo|language=Spanish}}</ref>

|   || valign=top |
*[[TVM (Malta)|TVM]] ([[Malta]]) in English
*[[RTP2]] and [[RTP Açores]] ([[Portugal]]) in [[European Portuguese|Portuguese]]
*[[TVR News]] ([[Romania]]) in [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
*EVK, [[Russia-K]] ([[Russia]]) in [[Russian language|Russian]]
*[[TV Koper-Capodistria]] ([[Slovenia]]) in [[Italian language|Italian]]
*[[RSI La 1]] & [[RSI La 2]] ([[Switzerland]]) in Italian and [[Standard German|German]]
*[[RTS Un]] ([[Switzerland]]) in [[French language|French]] and English
*[[Pershyi Nazional'niy (Ukraine)|UT-1]] ([[Ukraine]]) in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] on weekdays at 15:15
*[[TRT Haber]] ([[Turkey]]) in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
|}
The channel's programmes are also available by [[podcast]], and it has also maintained a [[YouTube]] channel since October 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title="No Comment" sur YouTube ? Affirmatif|date=10 August 2007|url=http://ecrans.liberation.fr/ecrans/2007/10/10/no-comment-sur-youtube-affirmatif_103492|newspaper= Libération|accessdate=5 June 2012|language=French}}</ref>

In 2012, the largest [[Belarus]]ian state network MTIS stopped broadcasting Euronews for unknown reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2012/01/01/ic_news_116_383897/|script-title=ru:В сети МТИС прекращена трансляция канала "Евроньюс"|accessdate=5 June 2012|date=1 January 2012|publisher=Naviny|language=Russian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://euroradio.fm/ru/report/v-minske-otklyuchayut-euronews-87163|title=В Минске отключают Euronews|accessdate=5 June 2012|date=31 December 2011|publisher=Euroradio| language=Russian}}</ref>

In 2013, the new commercial channel Planet TV started broadcasting Euronews dubbed in Slovenian after Antenna TV SL purchased a major stake in the company. Euronews airs after closedown (or sign-off) of Planet TV, but both call sign logos are displayed.

In September 2016, Euronews disappeared from the [[Freesat]] channel list in the UK, in a move made by Sawiris. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.a516digital.com/2016/09/satellite-update-sky-q-by-default.html |title=Satellite Update: SkyQ by default, Freesat withdrawals |date=26 September 2016 |website=a516digital |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref>

==Logos==
[[File:Euronews logo globe.png|135px|thumb|right|Identifying graphic used with logo below]]
[[File:Euronews logo text.svg|135px|thumb|right|Logo used from 26 October 1998 to 3 June 2008]]
[[File:Euronews grey logo.svg|135px|thumb|right|Logo used from 3 June 2008 to 17 May 2016]]

The current Euronews logo is the fifth. From 1 January 1993 to 26 October 1998 the logo was in the lower right corner of the screen, between 26 October 1998 and 4 June 2008 it was in the upper left corner of the screen, and {{As of|2008|June|4|alt=since}} between 4 June 2008 and 17 May 2016 it has been in the upper right corner of the screen, and from 17 May 2016 it is in the lower left corner of the screen.

* 1 January 1993{{snd}}8 February 1997: blue lowercase word "euro" in yellow parallelogram and yellow uppercase word "NEWS".
* 8 February 1997{{snd}}26 October 1998: white lowercase word "euro" above and blue lowercase word "news" below.
* 26 October 1998{{snd}}4 June 2008: blue rectangle enclosing white camel case word "EuroNews".
* {{As of|2008|June|4|alt=Since}} 4 June 2008; white lowercase word "euronews" on a neutral grey background featuring a white circle symbolizing both the world and star circle on the flag of Europe.
*On 25 January 2016, [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/294349/economie/euronews-accuse-de-plagiat-groupe-kinois/ euronews was accused of plagiarism by the Congolese media group AfricaNews], because the Lyon-based channel has used the logo "Africanews" for its African subsidiary in 2016. But [http://www.africanewsrdc.com/ AfricaNews in Democratic Republic of Congo] has been existing since 2005 and can be found on the Internet. Its responsibles sent some letters to French authorities and managing director of euronews, Michael Peters, in order to change the related logo and not to use it for the African subsidiary of euronews.<ref>.http://www.africanewsrdc.com/societe/2016/01/25/africanews-vs-euronews-affaire-de-plagiat.html</ref><ref>.http://www.ticmag.net/rd-congo-euronews-accuse-de-plagiat-avec-africanews/</ref><ref>http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/294349/economie/euronews-accuse-de-plagiat-groupe-kinois/</ref>
* Since 17 May 2016: silver-white lowercase word "euronews" followed by a small circle at foot of the last letter, all on a light navy background.

==Bureau locations==
Euronews primarily broadcasts out of its headquarters in [[Lyon]], but also maintains a number of international bureaux for editorial or marketing purposes in [[Athens]], [[Brussels]], [[Budapest]], [[Doha]], [[Dubai]], [[Istanbul]], [[London]], [[Paris]] and [[Washington D.C.]] {{cn|date=October 2016}}

==See also==
*[[Africanews]]
*[[Politico Europe]]
*[[E!Sharp]]
*[[New Europe (newspaper)]]
*[[EurActiv]]
*[[EUobserver]]
* [[Eurosport]]

{{portal bar|European Union|Journalism|Lyon|Television}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Euronews}}
* [http://www.euronews.com euronews.com] official website
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmv7K9DjUtE Euronews YouTube live streaming]

{{Navboxes|list1=
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{{Television in Germany}}
{{Television in Ukraine}}
{{Subscription television channels in Australia}}
{{RTBF}}
}}

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[[Category:Arabic-language television stations]]
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2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

2016-12-18T13:51:08Z

Soft coder: /* Prior leakage of information */ added news that came in The Hindu buisiness line on 21st October 2016

{{about-distinguish|Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 section 26, legal character of banknotes, 8 November 2016 notification|The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978}}
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{{Notice | Heading= Title Change | Kindly refrain from moving this article to a new title until consensus is reached on the talk page of this article.}}

The [[demonetisation]] of [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 1000-rupee note|₹1,000]] banknotes was a policy enacted by the [[Government of India]] on 8 November 2016, ceasing the usage of all {{INRConvert|500}} and {{INRConvert|1000}} banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as [[legal tender]] in India after 9 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal>{{cite web|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

The announcement was made by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) on 8 November.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Bhatt|first1=Abhinav|title=Watch PM Modi's Entire Speech on Discontinuing 500, 1000 Rupee Notes|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-speaks-to-nation-tonight-at-8-pm-1622948|accessdate=8 November 2016|publisher=NDTV India|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-narendra-modis-address-to-nation/article9320548.ece |title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes: RBI explains |date=8 November 2016 |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> In the announcement, Modi declared that use of all ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] would be invalid after midnight of that day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2,000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes. However, the banknote denominations of ₹100, ₹50, ₹20, ₹10 and ₹5 of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] and ₹2 and ₹1 remained legal tender and were unaffected by the policy.

The government claimed that the demonetisation was an effort to stop counterfeiting of the current banknotes allegedly used for funding [[terrorism in India|terrorism]], as well as a crack down on [[Indian black money|black money in the country]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/live-pm-narendra-modi-addresses-nation/1/805755.html |title=Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money |date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-500-and-Rs-1000-notes-pulled-out-of-circulation-immediately-PM-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/55315473.cms|title= Notes out of circulation|work= The Times of India|date= 8 November 2016}}</ref> The move was also described as an effort to reduce [[Corruption in India|corruption]], the use of drugs, and [[smuggling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-note-ban-narendra-modis-demonetisation-move-a-death-knell-to-hawala-trade-3101610.html|title= Corruption fight|work=first post|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-hopes-demonetisation-will-pay-rich-dividends-in-state-polls/articleshow/55359573.cms|title=BJP policy|work= The Times of India|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

However, in the days following the demonetisation, banks and ATMs across the country faced severe cash shortages.<ref name="dryatm" /><ref name="IEchaos" /> with severe detrimental effects on a number of small businesses, [[Agriculture in India|agriculture]], and transportation.People seeking to exchange their notes had to stand in lengthy queues, and several deaths were linked to the inconveniences caused due to the rush to exchange cash.<ref name="Aljazeera-1" /><ref name="death-ref1" /> Also, following the announcement, the [[BSE SENSEX]] and [[NIFTY 50]] stock indices crashed for the next two days.<ref name="stockcrash9nov" />

The move received support from several bankers as well as from some international commentators. But it was heavily criticised by members of the opposition parties, leading to debates in both houses of [[Indian Parliament|parliament]] and triggering organised protests against the [[Modi ministry|government]] in several places across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-oppostion-parties-countrywide-protest-bandh-call-november-28-4391208/|title=Demonetisation: Opposition calls for countrywide protest on November 28|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/demonetisation-opposition-parties-join-hands-to-hold-protest-day-on-november-28-4391937/|title=Demonetisation: Opposition parties join hands, to hold ‘protest day’ on November 28|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/demonetisation-protest-sure-to-succeed-with-peoples-support/articleshow/55607966.cms|title='Demonetisation protest sure to succeed with people's support'|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref>

==Background==

Historically, previous Indian governments had demonetised bank notes. In January 1946, banknotes of 1,000 and 10,000 rupees were withdrawn and new notes of 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 rupees were introduced in 1954. The [[Janata Party]] coalition government had again demonetised banknotes of 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 rupees on 16 January 1978 as a means of curbing [[counterfeit money]] and black money.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uzZItqeHdMPHHgFJaq2BnM/A-history-of-demonetization-in-India.html | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes may be back, if history is a guide | work=Live Mint | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] had recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or economy, which is largely held in the form of [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|benami properties]], bullion and jewellery".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-black-money-corruption-banks-atms-modi-finance-ministry4375205/|title=At least 4 months needed to replace demonetised notes, not 50 days: Here’s why|date=14 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>http://dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Measures_Tackle_BlackMoney.pdf</ref> According to data from income tax probes, black money holders keep only 6% or less of their ill-gotten wealth as cash, hence targeting this cash may not be a successful strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-has-only-6-share-in-black-money-seizures-reveals-income-tax-data/story-JfFuTiJYtxKwJQhz2ApxlL.html |title=Why govt's demonetisation move may fail to win the war against black money |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Appu Esthose Suresh}}</ref>

On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India was {{INRConvert|17.77|t}}. In terms of value, the annual report of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) of 31 March 2016 stated that total bank notes in circulation valued to {{INRConvert|16.42|t}} of which nearly 86% (around {{INRConvert|14.18|t}}) were ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 90266 million banknotes were in circulation.<ref name="equipped">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-are-banks-equipped-to-replace-1874-crore-pieces-of-notes-4364746/|title=Are banks equipped to replace 2,300 crore pieces of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes?|date=9 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 November 2016|author=Damodaran, Harish}}</ref>

In the past, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) had opposed demonetisation. BJP spokesperson [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] had said in 2014 that "The ''aam aurat''s and the ''aadmi''s (general population), those who are illiterate and have no access to banking facilities, will be the ones to be hit by such diversionary measures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-measure-is-anti-poor-when-bjp-opposed-demonetisation-during-upa-govt/story-1HSYEYCaX3SaIsRS6q2rhJ.html|title=The measure is 'anti-poor': When BJP opposed demonetisation during UPA govt|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Kumar Uttam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/bjp-had-a-very-different-view-on-demonetisation-in-2014/|title=BJP Had A Very Different View on Demonetisation in 2014|date=11 November 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in|author=Betwa Sharma|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-bjp-aap-currency-ban-4370935/|title=Explain opposition to similar move by UPA: AAP to BJP on demonetisation|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjeev-singh-blog/how-bjp-had-termed-demonetisation-as-anti-poor-in-2014/|title=How BJP had termed demonetisation as 'anti-poor' in 2014|work=The Times of India|author=|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The Government of India devised an Income Declaration Scheme (IDS), which opened on 1 June and ended on 30 September 2016. Under the scheme, the [[black money]] holders could come clean by declaring the assets, paying the tax and penalty of 45% thereafter.<ref name="Firstpost 2016">{{cite web | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 banned; Rs 2000 to come: Did we miss these Twitter, RBI hints? | website=Firstpost | date=9 November 2016 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rs-500-rs-1000-banned-rs-2000-to-come-did-we-miss-these-twitter-rbi-hints-3095984.html | accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref>

Modi said that the queues due to demonetisation were the last queues that would end all other queues.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modis-top-quotes-parivartan-rally-moradabad-this-queue-is-the-last-queue-to-end-all-queues-4408467/</ref><ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-queue-to-end-all-queues-PM-Narendra-Modi-hard-sells-demonetisation-in-Moradabad/articleshow/55770739.cms</ref>

==Televised address==

On 8 November 2016, an announcement was made by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> In the announcement, Modi declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2,000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

After the official announcement by Prime Minister Modi, the [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], [[Urjit Patel]], and Economic Affairs secretary, Shaktikanta Das explained in a press conference that while the supply of notes of all denominations had increased by 40% between 2011 and 2016, the ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes increased by 76% and 109% respectively in this period owing to forgery. This forged cash was then used to fund terrorist activities against India. As a result the decision to eliminate the notes had been taken.<ref name="News 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/why-were-the-notes-scrapped-rbi-chief-and-economic-affairs-secretary-explain-1309756.html|title=Why Were the Notes Scrapped? RBI Chief, Economic Affairs Secy Explain|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=News 18}}</ref>

Patel also informed that the decision had been made about six months ago, and the printing of new banknotes of denomination ₹500 and ₹2,000 had already started. However, only the top members of the government, security agencies and the central bank were aware of the move. But media had reported in October 2016 about the introduction of ₹2,000 denomination well before the official announcement by RBI. This statement has led to much debate, because the Reserve Bank governor six months before the announcement was Raghuram Rajan, while the new banknotes have the signature of the newly appointed governor, [[Urjit Patel]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sridhar|first1=G Naga|last2=Vageesh|first2=NS|title=Coming soon to your wallet: ₹2,000 notes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-1000-notes-move-was-in-the-pipeline-for-months/article9321244.ece|title=Move was in the pipeline for months|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

==Exchanging old notes==
{{news release|section|date= December 2016}}
{{update section|date=November 2016}}
[[File:2016 Indian currency note demonetisation.jpg|thumb|People gathered at ATM of [[Axis Bank]] in [[Mehsana]], Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.]]

The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2,000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] and [[Indian 100-rupee note|₹100]] banknotes of the preceding [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]].<ref name="withdrawaloflegal" /> Following are the key points:
[[File:People gathered at SBI ATM in Paravur near Kollam city in Kerala due to Indian currency demonetisation, Nov 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Long queue in front of [[State Bank of India|SBI]] ATM at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near the city of [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]], 19th November 2016.]]
* Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal />
* Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November.<ref name="revisedguidelines">{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/MoF_reviewed_availability_distribution_Notes.pdf|title=Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="rbirevision">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10706&Mode=0|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>
* For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes could be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> It was announced that this facility would be available until 30 December 2016.
** Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016.
** This limit was increased to ₹4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" />
** The limit was reduced to ₹2,000 per person from 18 November 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/Govt_decisions_on_oldNotes17112016.pdf|title=The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers, small traders, Group ‘C’ Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces, Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1000/- notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500/- to Rs. 2000/-with effect from 18th November, 2016.|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
** All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-said-exchange-limit-to-be-hiked-after-november-24-exchange-stopped-4393985/</ref>
* Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2000 per day.<ref name=ATMsnotdispensing>{{cite web|title=ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10683&Mode=0|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> From 14 November onwards, ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2000 per day.<ref name=revisedguidelines /><ref name="rbirevision" />

However, exceptions were given to petrol, [[CNG]] and gas stations, government hospitals, [[Indian Railways|railway]] and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-secretary-economic-affairs-shaktikanta-das-press-conference-in-new-delhi/article9343621.ece|accessdate=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/-|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref> International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5,000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/outlets-that-will-accept-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-in-next-72-hours/articleshow/55317768.cms | title=Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours | work=The Economic Times | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families were allowed to withdraw ₹250,000 for wedding expenses from one account provided it was [[Know your customer|KYC]] compliant. The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loan.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-weddings-shaktikanta-das-government-economic-affairs-secretary/1/812730.html|title=Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account|work=India Today|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

== Prior leakage of information ==

Several exact details pertaining to the decision to demonetise the notes had been published on 1 April 2016 in a [[Gujarat]]i newspaper called ''Akila'', including for instance, that there would be around 2 months' time to exchange banned notes, and that new notes in the ₹2,000 denomination would be issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Local-dailys-April-1-joke-turns-news-break-of-the-year/articleshow/55381283.cms|title=Local daily's April 1 joke turns news break of the year – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasamvad.co.in/investigation/pm-modi-ministers-leaked-info-on-scrapping-rs-1000-in-april-17750 |title=Not a secret? Modi's ministers had leaked info about scrapping of Rs 1,000 in April |publisher=Indiasamvad.co.in |date=26 October 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Sanjeev Singh}}</ref> The editor of the newspaper claimed that it was only an [[April fools day|April fool's day]] prank.<ref>{{cite web|author=Basant Rawat |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161111/jsp/frontpage/story_118632.jsp |title=Psst! A prank to save your black buck |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A fortnight before the official announcement, a news report in the Hindi daily ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' quoting RBI sources mentioned about the coming release of new 2000 rupee note alongside withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/27-oct-2016-16-lucknow-archive-edition-ayodhya-Page-18.html# |title=ePaper link from Hindi daily Dainik Jagran of 27th Octomber 2016|work=Dainik Jagran Epaper |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/journalist-broke-story-about-currency-demonetisation-a-fortnight-back/story-3OpgtR5ehdzkRRrwQITLgK.html |title=Journalist broke story about currency demonetisation a fortnight back |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Similar news came in The Hindu [[Business Line]] on 21st October 2016 which also mentions about coming 2000 rupee note and about possible withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece |title=The Hindu business line article about coming 2000 Rupee note and possible withdrawal of 500 and 1000 rupee notes}}</ref>

A businessman reportedly admitted in an interview that he had received prior warning of the impending demonetisation from a source in the government, and that he had sufficient time to convert most of his money into smaller denominations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Sethi|url=https://www.thequint.com/business/2016/11/11/before-pms-announcement-rumours-of-demonetisation-abounded |title=Before PM's Announcement, Rumours of Demonetisation Abounded |publisher=The Quint |date=6 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The chairman of the [[State Bank of India]] had also openly spoken in April 2016 about the possibility of demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-500-Rs-1000-note-rumours-not-polls-behind-cash-surge-SBI/articleshow/51736091.cms |title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 note rumours, not polls, behind cash surge: SBI |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that '[[Ambani]] and [[Gautam Adani|Adani]]' were informed about the demonetisation, and made arrangements. However, he later said that it was an [[Off the record (journalism)|off-the-record]] conversation, and officially denied the comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-ambani-adani-were-informed-and-thus-made-arrangements-says-bjp-mla/447944/|title=Demonetisation: Ambani, Adani were informed and thus made arrangements, says BJP MLA|date=17 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/17/adanis-ambanis-already-knew-about-currency-ban-bjp-mla-caught-on-camera-1539642.html|title=Adanis, Ambanis already knew about currency ban: BJP MLA caught on camera|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref>

===Allegations and claims===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI ( M)) alleged that the BJP unit in [[West Bengal]] had advance knowledge about the impending announcement, and deposited money just before the announcement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pooja Mehta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-knew-of-pm-modi-s-demonetisation-plan-bengal-unit-transferred-rs-1-crore-before-announcement-cpim-2272432 |title=BJP knew of PM Modi's demonetisation plan, Bengal unit transferred Rs 1 crore before announcement: CPI(M) & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/11/west-bengal-bjp-knew-about-demonetisation-deposited-rs-1-crore-hours-before-announcement-cpm-1537470.html |title=West Bengal BJP knew about demonetisation, deposited Rs 1 crore hours before announcement: CPM |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] also claimed that there had been some leakage regarding the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-s-friends-were-given-advance-information-on-demonetization-it-is-a-surgical-strike-on-common-people-says-kejriwal-265342.html |title='PM's Friends' Were Given Advance Information on demonetisation, It Is A Surgical Strike on Common People Says Kejriwal |work=The Times of India |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=10 Nov 2016-08:02 pm , PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-and-its-friends-knew-about-demonetization-a-week-before-kejriwal-doubts-modi-s-war-on-black-money-2272145 |title=BJP and its friends knew about demonetization a week before: Kejriwal doubts Modi's war on black money |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal questioned how Sanjeev Kamboj, a BJP leader in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], posted about the ₹2000 notes days before the official announcement, and alleged that a sudden spike in bank deposits between July and September 2016 was also due to information leakage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580660/bjp-informed-friends-beforehand-demonetisation.html|title=BJP informed 'friends' beforehand about demonetisation: Kejriwal|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The Congress party demanded a probe into this huge jump in bank deposits before the demonetisation.<ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/probe-massive-jump-in-bank-deposits-before-demonetisation-congress/articleshow/55774512.cms</ref>

Nitish Kumar,<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/nitish-kumar-questions-bjp-silence-on-land-purchase-ahead-of-demonetisation-4411915/</ref><ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/jdu-steps-up-attack-at-bjp-on-land-deal-claims-huge-cash-paid-4415677/</ref> Arvind Kejriwal<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-demonetisation-narendra-modi-black-money-4400219/</ref> and Rahul Gandhi<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jd-u-rjd-demand-probe-into-bjp-s-land-purchase-spree-in-bihar/story-iBMuWygvKWK4qpToPkJfMK.html</ref> alleged that the BJP made large purchases of land in Bihar ahead of the demonetisation because they had prior information.

== Reactions ==

===Support===

The decision met with mixed initial reactions Several bankers like [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]] (Chairperson of [[State Bank of India]]) and [[Chanda Kochhar]] (MD & CEO of [[ICICI Bank]]) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money.<ref name="IndiaInc">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/narendra-modi-rs-500-1000-sbi-arundhati-bhattacharya-icici-chanda-kochhar-here-is-how-india-inc-reacted-4364818/ | title=Govt demonitises Rs 500, 1000 notes: Here is how India Inc reacted | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Businessmen [[Anand Mahindra]] ([[Mahindra Group]]), [[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[JSW Group]]), [[Kunal Bahl]] ([[Snapdeal]] and [[FreeCharge]]) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.<ref name="IndiaInc" /> Infosys founder [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] praised the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-we-should-all-be-celebrating-says-narayana-murthy/articleshow/55357977.cms|title=Demonetisation: We should all be celebrating, says Narayana Murthy |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/move-to-withdraw-rs-500-1000-notes-master-stroke-narayana-murthy-4365782/|title=Move to withdraw Rs 500, 1,000 notes masterstroke |author=Narayana Murthy|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] said that demonetisation would clean the complete economic system, increase the size of economy and revenue base. He mentioned the demonetisation along with the upcoming [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] as "an attempt to change the spending habit and lifestyle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-war-on-black-money-scrapping-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-will-expand-economy-increase-revenue-says-jaitley-2271883 |title=War on black money: Scrapping Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes will expand economy, increase revenue, says Jaitley |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson [[Randeep Surjewala]] welcomed the move but remained sceptical on the consequences that would follow.<ref name="Cong">{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/rs-500-1000-currency-notes-banned-congress-raises-questions-against-narendra-modi-govts-shocking-move-1636286/ | title=Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes banned: Congress raises questions against Narendra Modi govt’s shocking move | publisher=India.com | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] supported the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-backs-modi-on-demonetisation/article9323442.ece|title=Nitish welcomes demonetisation move|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nitish-Kumar-supports-Modis-demonetisation-move/articleshow/55336788.cms|title=Nitish Kumar supports Modi's demonetisation move |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-cm-nitish-supports-decision-to-withdraw-demonetisation-currency-rs-1000-rs-500-notes-4366034/|title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar supports decision to withdraw Rs 1000, Rs 500 notes|date=9 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-naidu-had-inkling-of-the-ban/article9320914.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 notes: Naidu had inkling of the ban?|first=K.|last=Venkateshwarlu|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/andhra-cm-naidu-asked-for-demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1-000-notes-in-october-116110900626_1.html|title=Andhra CM Naidu asked for demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 notes in October|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=9 November 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/nov/08/chandrababu-naidu-welcomes-demonetisation-move-1536401.html|title=Chandrababu Naidu welcomes demonetisation move}}</ref> Former Chief Election Commissioner of India [[S. Y. Quraishi]] said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/demonetisation-could-lead-to-long-pending-electoral-reforms/story-tXYgT7hw6Q3TQUbPuIUucO.html|title=Demonetisation could lead to long-pending electoral reforms|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Indian social activist [[Anna Hazare]] hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazare-hails-demonetisation-calls-it-revolutionary-step/articleshow/55354898.cms|title=Anna Hazare hails demonetisation, calls it 'revolutionary' step |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonitisation-a-revolutionary-step-to-fight-corruption-anna-hazare-4367070/|title=Demonetisation a revolutionary step to fight corruption: Anna Hazare|date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/notes-ban-anna-hazare-hails-pm-narendra-modis-revolutionary-step-kejriwal-criticizes-it-1623922|title=Notes Ban: Anna Hazare Hails PM Narendra Modi's 'Revolutionary' Step, Kejriwal Criticizes It}}</ref> The [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes_1947632.html|title=President Pranab Mukherjee welcomes demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-bold-step-president-pranab-mukherjee-4364815/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes bold step: President Pranab Mukherjee|date=8 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1-000-rs-500-notes-1623081|title=President Pranab Mukherjee Welcomes Demonetisation of Rs 1,000, Rs 500 Notes|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-a-bold-step-says-pranab-mukherjee/article9320915.ece|title=A bold step, says Pranab Mukherjee|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The opinion of the masses varied both ways on micro-blogs and social media sites like Twitter.<ref name="ToI Twitter reaction">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/everything-social/rs-500-1000-notes-pulled-out-how-twitter-reacted/|title=Rs 500, 1000 notes pulled out: How Twitter reacted|date=8 November 2016|work=Times of India Blogs|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref>

By and large, international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.<ref name="IMF-response"/><ref name="Chinese state media"/><ref name="Swedish Minister"/> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) issued a statement supporting Modi's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy.<ref name="IMF-response">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/imf-supports-pm-modi-s-demonetization-move-in-fight-against-corruption-116111100142_1.html|title=Support by IMF|date=11 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Chinese state media ''[[Global Times]]'' praised the move and termed it as "fierce fight against black money and corruption."<ref name="Chinese state media">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-state-media-praises-modi-but-says-he/article9343797.ece|title=State media praises Modi, but says he can learn from China's crusade against corruption|first=Atul|last=Aneja|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and Vice-President of European Commission [[Jyrki Katainen]] welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-to-help-financial-system-eu/articleshow/55399290.cms|title=European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-will-help-financial-system-european-union-1311545.html|title=India's Crackdown on Black Money Will Help Financial System: European Union|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> [[BBC]]'s South Asia Correspondent [[Justin Rowlatt]] in his article praised the move for its secrecy and success and elaborated on reason behind demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37974423|title=Why India wiped out 86% of its cash overnight|first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|date=14 November 2016|work=bbc.com}}</ref>[[Tim Worstall]] termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/11/17/indias-rs-500-and-1000-demonetisation-is-lowering-interest-rates-and-also-inflation/#62464fde2edf|title=India's Rs 500 And 1,000 Demonetization Is Lowering Interest Rates And Also Inflation|first=Tim|last=Worstall|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Swedish Minister of Enterprise [[Mikael Damberg]] supported the move by calling it bold decision.<ref name="Swedish Minister">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-mikael-damberg/article9340999.ece?w=alauto|title=Swedish ICT sector wouldn't have been so successful without Indian help|first=Arun|last=S|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Singapore-based paper ''The Independent'' published a laudatory article on the move titled "Modi does a [[Lee Kuan Yew]] to stamp out corruption in India." Lee Kuan Yew was the Singaporean Prime Minister and is considered the architect of modern Singapore. "From making up his mind to rolling it out, a new Lee Kuan Yew is born in India. It will be reflected in the legacy of this Prime Minister," the article said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theindependent.sg/modi-does-a-lee-kuan-yew-to-stamp-out-corruption-in-india/|title=Modi does a Lee Kuan Yew to stamp out corruption in India|date=10 November 2016|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Criticism===

The Indian Supreme Court while hearing one among a slew of cases filed against the sudden demonetisation decision in various courts,<ref>http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-petitions-against-demonetization-centre-files-caveat-in-sc-2272138</ref> observed that it "appears to be carpet bombing and not surgical strike" which government repeatedly claims it to be.<ref>http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/money/sc-currency-ban-affidavit</ref>

Nobel laureate Indian economist [[Amartya Sen]], severely critcized the demonetisation move calling it a "despotic action" among other things.<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Amartya-Sen-terms-demonetisation-a-despotic-action/article16730675.ece</ref><ref>http://www.india.com/news/india/amartya-sen-criticises-demonetisation-drive-says-narendra-modi-declared-all-indians-crook-1665167/</ref>

Former [[World Bank Chief Economist|Senior Vice-President and Chief Economist of the World Bank]], [[Kaushik Basu]], called it a 'major mistake' and said that the 'damage' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-damage-greater-than-its-benefits-says-kaushik-basu-116111101733_1.html |title=Demonetisation damage greater than its benefits, says Kaushik Basu |work=Business Standard |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-good-economics-demonetisation-is-not-kaushik-basu/articleshow/55375545.cms |title=GST good economics; demonetisation is not: Kaushik Basu |work=The Economic Times |date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/27/opinion/in-india-black-money-makes-for-bad-policy.html</ref>

Pronab Sen, former Chief Statistician and Planning Commision of India member, called it a "hollow move" since it did not really address any of the purported goals of tackling black money or fake currency.<ref>http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/uzvIE84KGXy1xvp06pTazM/Demonetization-is-a-hollow-move.html</ref>

[[Prabhat Patnaik]], a former professor of economics at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" while "causing much hardship to common people.".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Patnaik|first1=Prabhat|title=Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/1/9151/Demonetization-Witless-and-Anti-People|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Citizen|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Noted economist and journalist, T. N. Ninan wrote in the [[Business Standard]] that demonetisation 'looks like a bad idea, badly executed on the basis of some half-baked notions'.<ref>http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/t-n-ninan-four-weeks-later-116120201131_1.html</ref> [[Deepak Parekh]] (Chairman of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]]) had initially appreciated the decision to ban the Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes, but later said that the move had derailed the economy, and expressed skepticism about its outcome.<ref>http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/hdfc-chairman-deepak-parekh-hits-out-at-demonetisation-drive-says-it-derailed-economy/467791/</ref><ref>http://www.firstpost.com/business/hdfcs-deepak-parekh-says-economy-has-derailed-in-short-term-due-to-demonetisation-3145486.html</ref>

Chief Ministers of several Indian states like [[Mamata Banerjee]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/one-month-of-pain-and-harrassment-pm-must-clarify-mamata-banerjee-1635504}}</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]]<ref>http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/demonetization-is-nothing-but-a-big-bjp-scam-kejriwal-116111200849_1.html</ref> and [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<ref>http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-ministers-on-dharna-say-demonetisation-destroying-cooperative-sector-2274629</ref> have criticized and led major protests against the decision in their states and in parliament. Initially, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2016/11/11/dear-pm-modi-demonetisation-brahmastra-could-have-spared-the-poor|title=Dear PM Modi, Demonetisation 'Brahmastra' Could Have Spared The Poor|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Bloomberg Quint|author=Raghav Bahl|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> A [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in [[Madras High Court]] by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the [[Indian National League]], to scrap the decision. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55353472.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title=Govt's demonetisation move fit for country's security, development: HC |work= The Economic Times |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Similar PILs were also filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pils-supreme-court-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-illegal/1/807124.html |title=PILs in Supreme Court against making Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes illegal |work=India Today |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]] is yet to decide on the matter. It is listed for hearing on 2 December 2016.

Several government ministers had declared before the demonetisation that they were holding large amounts of cash, including Arun Jaitley, who had more than 65 lakh rupees in cash. This led to speculation about whether and when the ministers had deposited the cash they held.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-ministers-cash-jaitley-modi/</ref><ref>http://thewire.in/83783/ministers-queue-exchange-currency-notes-asks-rti-activist/</ref>

===Opposition===

A Congress-led opposition, which includes 13 political parties, opposed the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation issue in the Winter Session of the [[Indian Parliament]] on 16 November 2016. The [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] also met the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to oppose the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-debate-likely-to-hot-up-winter-session-didi-to-knock-on-president-s-door-2273770|title= Debate on demonetisation, in winter session|work=DNA India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-People-battle-it-out-at-banks-netas-ready-for-war-in-Parliament/articleshow/55424673.cms|title= Winter Session debate|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/winter-session-oppn-to-target-govt-on-demonetisation-orop-gst-116111401558_1.html|title=Opposition to target government on demonetisation|work=Business Standard|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-november-15-2016-effect-of-demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes/article9348006.ece|title=Government and Opposition prepare for winter session of Parliament, on demonetisation|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-janata-dal-u-gives-suspension-of-business-notice-as-parties-gear-up-for-war-in-parliament_1949763.html|title= Parties gear up for debate on demonetisation|work=zeenews.India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/opposition-parties-agree-to-raise-notes-issue-in-session/articleshow/55424453.cms|title= Parties agree to raise notes issue in session|work=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The debate on demonetisation is known to be initiated by [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-parliament-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-demonetization-congress-bjp-tmc-rahul-mamata-modi-sena-black-money-banks-atms-2273883|title=Congress on demonetisation|work= DNA India|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Anand Sharma]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 16 November 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/url-live-winter-session-of-parliament-begins-today-narendra-modi-speech-rahul-gandhi-arun-jaitley-demonetisation-effects/446936/|title= Anand Sharma speaks on demonetisation|work=The Financial Express|date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/parliament-debate-on-demonetisation-1950128|title= Congress initiates demonetisation debate|work=Zeenews.India.com|date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> while Banerjee is known to be the first to oppose the current government on the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Whys-Didi-against-demonetisation/articleshow/55378644.cms|title=Why's Mamata Banerjee against demonetization?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, Banerjee led a rainbow delegation comprising political parties of [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], BJP ally [[Shiv Sena]], Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (of Hardik Patel) and National Conference to [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] to protest against the decision to withdraw the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes. A memorandum was submitted to the [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] demanding rollback of the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-mamata-banerjee-leads-protest-march-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-4379517/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes: Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> Outside the Parliament in a rally the same day, [[Saugata Roy]], a member of parliament from the opposition [[Trinamool Congress]] Party, commented, "People are in utter distress, especially the informal sector is totally disrupted. Poor people, daily wage earners, they're all facing difficulty"<ref name="Aljazeera-1"/>

In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the Winter Session of Parliament at the Rajya Sabha, on 16 November 2016, [[Pramod Tiwari]] from the [[Indian National Congress]], accused [[Narendra Modi]] for the demonetisation{{clarify|reason=What is meant by "accused"?|date=December 2016}} and compared him to [[Mussolini]], [[Hitler]] and [[Qadhafi]], while [[Prem Chand Gupta]] questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor [[Urjit Patel]] sign on new note?". While on the other side, [[Praful Patel]] criticised the demonetisation by stating "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mayawati|Mayawati Prabhu Das]] stated the situiation to "a financial emergency", by saying "It looks as if ''[[India|Bharat]]'' has shut down." Also, [[Sitaram Yechury]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], questioned the government on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-parliament-proceedings-november-16-2016/article9351846.ece|title=As it happened: Parliament proceedings — November 16, 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

On 17 November 2016, in a rally against demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes, led by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his West Bengal counterpart [[Mamata Banerjee]] at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale hub in the [[New Delhi|national capital]], Arvind Kejriwal demanded the withdraw of demonetisation in 3 days, or else there would be a [[rebellion]], he said. Banerjee also stated "I give the government 3 day ultimatum, fix things or withdraw the demonetisation scheme".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-kejriwal-mamata-protest-against-demonetisation-at-azadpur-market/story-9s1OoTJ1XgN6fFXSD6x36I.html|title=Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion: Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

In the demonetisation debate on the second and third day of the Winter Session of Parliament, on 17 and 18 November 2016, the opposition and the government clashed over the demonetisation issue, bringing the house to continuous halts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/winter-session-of-parliament-parliament-proceedings-november-18-2016/article9360240.ece|title=As it happened: RS, LS adjourned till Monday|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>

On 24 November 2016, in the demonetisation debate, the former [[prime minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] said "this scheme will hurt small industries, the farming sector. The GDP can decline by about 3 per cent due to this move", while he also questioned "I would like to ask the Prime Minister examples of countries where people have deposited their money in the banks and not allowed to withdraw their own money." and later also said "It is no good that on each day banks bring out new notifications. It doesn't reflect properly on Prime Minister's Office, Finance Minister and the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. Cooperative banking system has been prevented from handling cash".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Both-Houses-adjourned-PM-absent/article16692735.ece|title=Parliament Proceedings - Both Houses adjourned; PM absent|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Singh at last termed the demonetisation move as an "organized loot, legalized plunder of the common people".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/is-modi-proving-manmohan-singh-right-with-slew-of-u-turns-on-cash-ban/articleshow/55632062.cms | title=Is Modi proving Manmohan Singh right with slew of U-turns on cash ban?}}</ref>

===Strikes===
{{main article|Aakrosh Diwas}}

As the demonetisation was opposed in both houses of the [[Indian parliament|parliament]], it triggered organised [[Bandh|nationwide strikes]] across India.The Opposition involving parties like [[Indian National Congress]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[Trinamool Congress]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/oppositions-countrywide-protest-over-notes-ban-on-monday-next-1629159?site=full|title=Oppositions will protest|date=23 November 2016|work=ndtv.com}}</ref> DMK, JD(U), AIADMK, [[Nationalist Congress Party]], Left, [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and the [[Samajwadi Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/demonetisation-drive-opposition-to-observe-aakrosh-diwas-on-nov-28/story-KZ9hMDXjWeXpg3n1z4ZFwN.html|title=Aakrosh diwas|date=23 November 2016|work=Hindustan times}}</ref>decided to observe ‘Aakrosh Diwas’ as, a protest campaign day on November 28 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161124/jsp/nation/story_121022.jsp#.WDZbgllutyI|title=Opposition , stands together|date=23 November 2016|work=Telegraph India, Calcutta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/demonetisation-cpim-to-observe-november-28-as-akrosh-diwas-4391889/|title=CPI M , 28 November as Akrosh Diwas|date=23 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> and launch protests in front of banks, demanding that money be returned to people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-attends-lok-sabha-but-no-progress-in-demonetisation-debate-with-oppn/story-kqCXDAyBe30aWZIlYhZOaO.html|title=November 28, Aakrosh Diwas, by opposition|date=23 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In the state of [[Bihar]], 15 trains were blocked and stranded, while the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] saw protest marches and rallies led by opposition parties.<ref name="bandh1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-opposition-protests-over-demonetisation-today-parties-divided-over-bandh/story-gSNK8OiyW2oy6VMumKOjVN.html|title=As it happened: Bharat Bandh affects some states, business as usual in others|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref> In the state of [[Kerala]], shops and business establishments were shut, with school and colleges closed throughout the state, while movements of private vehicles were also disrupted in Northern Kerala.<ref name="bandh1" />

==Effects and aftermath==
{{news release|section|date= December 2016}}

===Cash rush===
[[File:Queue at ATM for INR 100 Notes - Howrah 2016-11-08 1773.JPG|thumb|Queue at an ATM for {{INR}}100 banknotes in [[Howrah]], on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)]]
[[File:Queue at Bank to Exchange INR 500 and 1000 Notes - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-11-10 02103.jpg|thumb|People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes in [[Kolkata]] on 10 November 2016.]]

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes since 9 November.<ref name="dryatm">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html|title=India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=IEchaos>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/|title=Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Aljazeera-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html|title=India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor|date=16 November 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend/article9337803.ece|title=Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.<ref name=IEchaos /> Sporadic violence was reported in [[New Delhi]], but there were no reports of any grievous injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2016/nov/13/demonetisation-sporadic-violence-in-delhi-cops-receive-45k-calls-1538063.html|title=Demonetisation: Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5K calls|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> people attacked bank premises and ATMs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Unrest-erupts-in-UP-towns-as-cashless-crowds-vent-ire-on-bank-staff/articleshow/55528509.cms|title=Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/In-western-UP-violence-marks-day-13-of-demonetisation/articleshow/55545397.cms|title=In western UP, violence marks day 13 of demonetisation – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-effect-atm-vandalism-on-rise-1652843/|title=Demonetisation effect: ATM vandalism on rise|date=18 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-angry-customers-break-banks-glass-door-in-kollam-4371720/|title=Demonetisation: Angry customers break bank’s glass door in Kollam|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/no-cash-frustrated-man-smashes-atm-glass-wall/article9340047.ece|title=No cash: ‘frustrated’ man smashes ATM glass wall|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/11/12/demonetisation-modi-rs-2000-rs-500-bank-officials-black-money-goons-attack-bank-officials-takes-its-toll-violence|title=Hid in Washroom For an Hour: Official After Attack at IDBI Bank}}</ref> and a ration shop was looted in [[Madhya Pradesh]] after the shop owner refused to accept {{INR}}500 banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/villagers-loot-pds-shop-over-invalid-after-dealer-refuses-scrapped-banknotes/story-pHFaVKqlz28OETJfvONS1M.html|title=Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161113/jsp/nation/story_118946.jsp|title=Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Villagers-looted-ration-shops-in-Madhya-Pradeshafter-the-shop-owner-refused-to-accept-old-notes/articleshow/55388557.cms|title=Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/demonetisation-fallout-cashless-villagers-loot-pds-shop-in-mps-chhatarpur-village-1311252.html|title=Demonetisation Fallout: Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP's Chhatarpur Village|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

Several people were reported to have died from standing in queues for hours to exchange their old banknotes.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-deaths-in-maharashtra-kerala-narendra-modi-4370296/|title=Two dead in Maharashtra, Kerala in country-wide rush to junk banned notes|date=11 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetosation-deaths-congress-modi-government/1/808721.html|title=Demonetisation: Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra; Congress blames Modi government|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>http://www.uniindia.com/demonetisation-96-year-old-died-while-standing-in-queue/states/news/684631.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/farmer-standing-in-line-to-exchange-notes-dies-of-heart-attack-116111200942_1.html|title=Farmer standing in line to exchange notes dies of heart attack|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=12 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/73-year-old-dies-waiting-in-queue-to-exchange-discontinued-curre/|accessdate=13 November 2016|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 die in queue to exchange banned notes at bank|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-die-in-country-wide-rush-to-junk-banned-notes/articleshow/55374158.cms|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Deaths were also attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of old banknotes by hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/mumbai-baby-dies-waiting-for-medical-help-as-hospital-refuses-rs-500-1000-currency-notes-1642581/|accessdate=13 November 2016|publisher=India.com|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Doc-says-no-to-deposit-in-Rs-500-notes-baby-dies-awaiting-help/articleshow/55380976.cms|title=Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baby-dies-after-doctor-refuses-to-take-rs-500-and-rs-1000-notes-for-treatment-in-mumbai/story-xxSBtmK39xdcAx0hfhViEL.html|title=Infant's death: Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> As of 15 November 2016, the attributed death toll was 25.<ref name="death-ref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/|title=Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days|work=huffingtonpost|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-many-lives-lost-for-crores-of-unaccounted-money-in-only-5-days/445560/|title=Demonetisation crisis: 25 people dead in a week already|date=14 November 2016|work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-deaths-in-country/1/811009.html|title=25 deaths in a week: PM Modis demonetisation drive takes a toll on aam aadmi|work=India Today}}</ref> In an interview, [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] lashed out at a BBC reporter who asked him to justify his 19 November claim that 55 deaths were linked to demonetisation.<ref>Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Published:November 19, 2016 [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-lashes-out-at-bbc-reporter-questioning-him-on-demonetisation-4384031/?campaign_id=A100 Arvind Kejriwal gets angry at BBC reporter questioning him on demonetisation] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> While, the CMD of [[Punjab National Bank]] said that panic after demonetisation started fading on 19 November 2016.<ref>The Hindu [http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/panic-following-withdrawal-of-notes-has-largely-faded/article9365673.ece Panic following withdrawal of notes has largely faded – PNB CMD] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> As of 8 December 2016, there were still long queues at banks and ATMs.<ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/28-days-of-demonetisation-no-let-up-in-rush-at-banks-atms/articleshow/55838985.cms</ref><ref>http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-long-queues-banks-atms-mumbai/1/830100.html</ref>

===Stock market crash===

As a combined effect of demonetisation and [[United States presidential election, 2016|US presidential election]], the stock market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, [[BSE SENSEX]] crashed nearly 1,689 points and [[NIFTY 50]] plunged by over 541 points.<ref name="stockcrash9nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece|title=Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the [[BSE SENSEX]] index was lower by 565 points and the [[NIFTY 50]] index was below 8100 intraday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/local-markets/sensex-sinks-514pts-midcap-down-4demonetisationearnings_7965381.html|title=Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4% on demonetisation & earnings |publisher=[[moneycontrol.com]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

===Transportation halts===

After the demonetisation was announced, about 800,000 truck drivers were affected with scarcity of cash, with around 400,000 trucks stranded at major highways across India were reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-with-no-cash-on-hand-4-lakh-trucks-stranded-on-highways-2273414|title=Demonetization: With no cash on hand, 4 lakh trucks stranded on highways|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> While major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the old banknotes.

[[Nitin Gadkari]], the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across India until midnight of 11 November, later extended until 14 November and again until midnight of 18 November, and yet again till 2 December.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/toll-collection-suspended-across-the-country-till-nov-11-highways-ministry/story-1bAQIFhgp3R26ja4z9OdDK.html |title=Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-toll-charges-on-national-highways-till-nov-18-midnight-116111400435_1.html|title=No toll charges on National Highways till Nov 18 midnight|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 November 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{Missing information|section|effects of demonetisation on agriculture and farmers|date=November 2016}}

Transactions in the [[Agriculture in India|Indian agriculture sector]] are heavily dependent on cash and were adversely affected by the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nidhi-nath-srinivas/how-demonetisation-has-affected-indias-agricultural-and-food-ma/|title=How Demonetisation Has Affected India's Agricultural And Food Markets|newspaper=Huffington Post India|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Due to scarcity of the new banknotes, many farmers have unsufficient cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and pesticides needed for the plantation of [[rabi crop]]s usually sown around mid-November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-farmers-fear-loss-of-crops-and-income-after-currency-ban-3111694.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers fear loss of crops and income after currency ban - Firstpost|date=2016-11-18|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Farmers and their unions conducted protest rallies in [[Gujarat]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]] against the demonetisation as well as against restrictions imposed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] on [[District Cooperative Central Bank|district cooperative central banks]] which were ordered not to accept or exchange the demonetised banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/EgxO4VZMZJKpkiFwEvHEUL/Demonetisation-Farmers-protest-in-Muzaffarnagar-over-cash-s.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers protest in Muzaffarnagar over cash shortage|last=PTI|date=2016-11-22|newspaper=http://www.livemint.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-at-gujarat-protests-farmers-dump-milk-vegetables-on-road-4385111/|title=Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road|date=2016-11-20|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/farmers-in-amritsar-stage-protest-burn-pm-modi-s-effigy/story-NlBIKQoj479XSv1DfQ5QAJ.html|title=Farmers in Amritsar stage protest against demonetisation, burn PM Modi’s effigy|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=http://www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/demonetisation-gujarat-farmers-warn-of-stopping-milk-supply-demand-note-exchange-at-co-op-banks-3114610.html|title=Demonetisation: Gujarat farmers warn of stopping milk supply; demand note-exchange at co-op banks - Firstpost|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref>

===Banking===
[[File:Rush outside SBI night.jpg|thumb|400px|A [[State Bank of India]] branch remained open at night, and a long queue of people waited outside the ATM to withdraw money]]

In the first four days after the announcement of the step, about {{INRConvert|3|t}} in the form of old ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes had been deposited in the banking system and about {{INRConvert|500|b}} had been dispensed via withdrawals from bank accounts, ATMs as well as exchanges over the bank counters. Within these four days, the banking system has handled about 180 million transactions.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /> The [[State Bank of India]] reported to have received more than {{INRConvert|300|b}} in bank deposit in first two days after demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/state-bank-of-india-gets-rs-38677-crore-deposit-in-2-days-4370826/|title=State Bank of India gets Rs 38,677 crore deposit in 2 days|date=12 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/state-bank-of-india-says-it-has-received-deposits-worth-rs-53-000-crore/story-FDoUfqDOmC5ls3OAZSe2jM.html|title=State Bank of India says it has received deposits worth Rs 53,000 crore|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/demonetisation-drive-windfall-for-banks-coffers-richer-by-rs-2-2-lakh-cr-already/444188/|title=Demonetisation drive windfall for banks, coffers richer by Rs 2.2 lakh cr already|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> A spike in the usage of debit card and credit card post demonetisation was also reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/card-usage-surges-microlending-grinds-to-a-halt/article9341086.ece?w=alauto|title=Micro lending badly hit; surge in use of cards|first1=Manojit|last1=Saha|first2=Ashish|last2=Rukhaiyar|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Between November 10 and November 27, banks reported exchange and deposits of demonetised banknotes worth {{INRConvert|8.45|t}} (exchange of {{INRConvert|339.48|b}} and deposits of {{INRConvert|8.11|t}}). During this period, an amount of {{INRConvert|2.16|lc|lk=lc}} had been withdrawn by people from their accounts.<ref name="TIEb2016">{{cite web | title=Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana: Post ‘last chance’ IDS, comes a new declaration scheme | website=The Indian Express | date=29 November 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/pradhan-mantri-garib-kalyan-yojana-ids-scheme-4400491/ | accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref>

In [[Malda district|Malda]], a district believed to be a transit-point for fake Indian currencies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bank-accounts-for-sale-in-malda-west-bengal/1/808124.html|title=Exclusive: Bank accounts for sale in West Bengals Malda!}}</ref> a large sum of cash deposits in dormant accounts were also reported. According to [[The Economic Times]], more than 80 percent of fake currency in India originates from Malda district in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/life-has-come-to-standstill-in-indias-counterfeit-capital/articleshow/55406694.cms|title=Life has come to standstill in India's counterfeit capital |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

===Business===

By the second week after demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1,000 banknotes, cigarette sales across India witnessed a fall of 30–40%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/cigarette-sales-down-30-40/448647/|title=Cigarette sales down 30–40%|accessdate=18 November 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> while E-commerce companies saw up to a 30% decline in [[cash on delivery]] (COD) orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ecommerce-firms-see-30-decline-in-cash-on-delivery-orders-post-demonetisation/article9354147.ece|title=E-commerce firms see 30% decline in cash on delivery orders post demonetisation|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-demonetisation-e-commerce-cash-on-delivery-4379522/|title=E-commerce cash-on-delivery orders down by up to 30 per cent|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> Several e-commerce companies hailed the demonetisation decision as an impetus to an increase in [[E-commerce payment system|digital payments]]. They believe that it would lead to a decline in COD returns which is expected to cut down their costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2016/11/17/flipkart-snapdeal-shopclues-say-demonetisation-good-for-e-commerce-industry/|title=Flipkart, Snapdeal, Shopclues say demonetisation good for e-commerce industry|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=Techcircle.in – India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

The demand for point of sales (POS) or card swipe machines has increased.<ref name=et1116>{{citation |title=Demonetisation gets 'acche din' for swipe-machine makers |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55429945.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> E-payment options like PayTM and PayUMoney has also seen a rise.<ref>{{citation |title=To stay afloat, Coimabtore traders seek card swipe machines |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/To-stay-afloat-Coimabtore-traders-seek-card-swipe-machines/articleshow/55519849.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2016 }}</ref> According to data of Pine Labs, the demand for its POS machines doubled after the decision. Further it states that the debit card transactions rose by 108% and credit card transactions by 60% on 9 November 2016.<ref name=et1116/>

===Income tax raids and cash seizures===

The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry]] instructed all revenue intelligence agencies to join the crackdown on forex traders, hawala operators and jewellers besides tracking movement of demonetised currency notes.<ref name="ED-fema-notices">{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate issues FEMA notices to forex, gold traders|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/enforcement-directorate-issues-fema-notices-to-forex-gold-traders/articleshow/55445560.cms|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Income Tax departments raided various illegal tax-evasive businesses in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and other cities that traded with demonetised currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/income-tax-department-raids-chandni-chowk-shops-shut/1/807996.html |title=Income tax dept conducts raids across India as illegal financial institutions crop up; shops call it a day |work=India Today |date=11 November 2016 |author=Rai, Arpan |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] issued several [[Foreign Exchange Management Act|FEMA]] notices to forex and gold traders.<ref name="ED-fema-notices"/> Large sum of cash in defunct notes were seized in different parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs-1322-lakh-in-cash-seized/article9331654.ece?css=print|title=Rs. 13.22 lakh in cash seized|date=11 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-1624663|title=Rs 4 Crore-Worth Scrapped Notes Seized From Maharashtra Trader}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/76-lakh-cash-seized-from-vehicle-in-Mandi/articleshow/55379844.cms|title=Rs 76 lakh cash seized from vehicle in Mandi – Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-bank-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-4371753/|title=Madhya Pradesh: Rs 4 crore-worth scrapped bank notes seized from trader|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cash-seized-from-two-cars-near-nashik/article9356909.ece?homepage=true|title=Rs. 73 lakh cash seized from two cars near Nashik|publisher=|accessdate=2 December 2016}}</ref> In [[Chhattisgarh]] liquid cash worth of {{INRConvert|4.4|m}} was seized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chhattisgarh-cash-worth-rs-44-lakhs-in-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-seized-from-a-man-2272478|title=Chhattisgarh: Cash worth Rs 44 lakhs in Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes seized from a man |work=Daily News & Analysis|date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

===Seizures of new Rs. 2000 notes===
Huge amounts of cash in the form of new notes were seized all over the country after the demonetisation.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-one-month-of-demonetisation-several-crores-worth-of-cash-seized-long-queues-outside-atms-4420098/</ref><ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/i-t-department-seizes-rs-130-crore-cash-jewellery-post-demonetisation-4414001/</ref>

In December 2016, over 4 crore in new Rs. 2000 notes were seized from four persons in Bangalore,<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Over-Rs-4-crore-in-new-notes-seized-in-IT-raids-in-Bengaluru/articleshow/55728247.cms</ref><ref>http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bengaluru-cash-seizure-new-rs-2000-notes-demonetisation-black-money/1/825199.html</ref><ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bengaluru-income-tax-raid-rs-4-crore-seized-4405135/</ref> Rs 33 lakh in Rs. 2000 notes were recovered from Manish Sharma, an expelled BJP leader in West Bengal,<ref>http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/after-bjp-leader-manish-kumars-arrest-babul-supriyo-washes-hands-off-all-linkages-calls-it-wasted-time/467387/</ref><ref>http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/several-bjp-men-caught-with-crores-karnataka-biggest-hotspot-for-illegal-cash-transactions-116120700330_1.html</ref> and Rs. 1.5 crore was seized in Goa.<ref>http://www.abplive.in/india-news/demonetisation-rs-1-5-crore-in-new-rs-2000-notes-seized-in-goa-two-held-459472</ref> 900 notes of the new Rs. 2000 denomination were seized from a BJP leader in Tamil Nadu.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/over-900-bills-of-rs-2000-seized-from-tn-bjp-leader-who-backed-demonetisation/story-akRx5YDntU3erDWVE2IxxN.html</ref> Around Rs. 10 crore in new notes were seized in Chennai.<ref>http://www.deccanherald.com/content/585634/biggest-seizure-rs-142-cr.html</ref>

As of 10 December, Rs. 242 crore in new notes had been seized.<ref name=242cr>http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-crunch-rs-242-crore-in-new-currency-seized-after-demonetisation/story-ZFidspQbfQqcIGbQPcgtPJ.html</ref>

It was noted in the media that while people were dying in queues to obtain a few thousand rupees in cash, persons with the right connections were able to amass crores of rupees in new notes, thus rendering the demonetisation exercise futile.<ref name=242cr /><ref>http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/over-rs-164-crore-black-money-seized-in-new-notes-has-note-ban-failed-1481558486.html</ref><ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/police-seize-new-currency-notes-worth-crores-across-several-cities/</ref>

It was announced by the government that the seized notes will be brought into the mainstream as soon as possible to ease out the cash problem.

===Insurgent groups ===

The move also reportedly crippled Communist guerrilla groups ([[Naxalite]]s) financing through money laundering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cops-look-for-Maoists-with-old-currency/articleshow/55377997.cms|title=Cops look for Maoists with old currency – Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Modis-demonetization-set-to-cripple-Naxalites-financially/articleshow/55379177.cms|title=Modi's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 10 November the police arrested a petrol pump owner at Ranchi when he reportedly tried to deposit ₹2.5 billion, belonging to a person affiliated with the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/maoists-depend-on-sympathisers-to-tide-over-cash-crunch/article9340780.ece?homepage=true|title=Maoists depend on sympathisers to tide over cash crunch|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivas|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> According to [[Chhattisgarh Police]] demonetisation has affected the [[Naxalite]] activities. It is reported that insurgents have stashed more than ₹70 billion in the Bastar region.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/this-is-how-big-note-ban-will-affect-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-1624880|title=This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities in Chhattisgarh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-to-hit-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-police-4372900/|title=Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh: Police|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> Mumbai Police reported a setback to [[Hawala|Hawala operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-cripples-hawala-operations-mumbai-police/articleshow/55337722.cms|title=Demonetisation cripples hawala operations: Mumbai Police |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-effect-hawala-operations-stopped-in-mumbai/1/807544.html|title=Demonetisation effect: Hawala operations come to a grinding halt}}</ref> Hawala dealers in Kerala were also affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hawala-dealers-in-kerala-hit-hard-by-demonetisation-kerala-demonetization-unaccounted-money--1.1493198|title=Hawala dealers in Kerala hit hard by demonetisation}}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] reported the effect of demonetisation on hawala transactions of separatists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/nov/12/terror-hawala-in-kashmir-valley-rendered-trash-thanks-to-demonetisation-1537896--1.html|title=Terror hawala in Kashmir valley rendered trash, thanks to demonetisation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postcard.news/violence-jammu-kashmir-suddenly-stopped/|title=Why all the Violence in Jammu-Kashmir Has Suddenly Stopped???|first=Postcard|last=Team}}</ref> While [[Manohar Parrikar]] claimed that the move has also helped in reducing the incidents of stone-pelting in valley,<ref>{{citation |title=No stone pelting on forces in Kashmir after demonetisation move, says Manohar Parrikar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-has-led-to-decline-in-separatist-instigated-violence-in-the-Valley-MHA-sources/articleshow/55419257.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Kashmir sees sharp decline in stone-pelting cases |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/581113/kashmir-sees-sharp-decline-stone.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Demonetization ended terror-funding, stone-pelting in Kashmir: Parrikar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetisation-ended-terror-funding-stone-pelting-parrikar-2273524 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> his claim has been disputed.<ref>http://thewire.in/81378/kashmir-stone-pelting-demonetisation/</ref><ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manohar-parrikars-remarks-on-demonetisation-ending-kashmir-protests-a-misconception-farooq-abdullah/articleshow/55456377.cms</ref><ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/linking-stone-pelting-with-demonetization-is-misrepresentation-of-facts-omar-abdullah/articleshow/55472589.cms</ref><ref>https://www.thequint.com/currency-ban/2016/11/17/linking-demonetisation-and-stone-pelting-did-parrikar-jump-the-gun-rs-500-note-rs-1000-note-burhan-wani-omar-kashmir</ref> More than 300 Naxals have surrendered to the police voluntarily due to shortage of funds.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for this |date=November 2016}}

===Railways===
As of November 2015, Indian Railways did not have the option to make payment with cards at the counters. After the demonetisation move, the government announced to make card payment options available at railway counters in the country.<ref>{{citation |title=Railways gives green light to go cashless |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/railways-gives-green-light-to-go-cashless/articleshow/55736794.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2 December 2016 }}</ref>

==Evasion attempts==
[[File:Shop accepting 500 1000 rupee notes.jpg|thumb|A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.]]

===Gold purchases===
In [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]] and many other major cities, sales of gold increased on 9 November, with an increased 20 to 30% premium surging the price as much as {{INRConvert|45|k}} from the ruling price of {{INRConvert|31.9|k}} per {{Convert|10|g}}.<ref name="Gold Price">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/nov/10/gold-price-recovers-on-renewed-demand-1536940.html|title=Gold price recovers on renewed demand |date=10 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/scramble-for-gold-in-gujarat-after-demonetisation/article9323127.ece?homepage=true | title=Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Langa, Mahesh}}</ref>

===Donations===
Authorities of Sri Jalakanteswarar temple at [[Vellore]] discovered cash worth {{INRConvert|4.4|m}} from the temple Hundi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bundles-of-cash-found-inside-a-temple-hundi/article9342666.ece?homepage=true|title=Defunct notes worth Rs. 44 lakh found in temple hundi|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Multiple bank transactions===
There have also been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions and also attempting to convert black money into white by making multiple transactions at different bank branches.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parmar|first1=Beena|title=Despite Rs 4000-cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/despite-rs-4000-cap-on-money-exchange-loophole-allows-multiple-transactions/story-lbw8xw5XCHvsS5DOawWB1O.html|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> People were also getting rid of large amounts of banned currency by sending people in groups to exchange their money at banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-in-chennai-to-beat-cash-limit-they-send-full-teams-to-bank-4375951/|title=Demonetisation: In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In response, the government announced that it would start marking customers with indelible ink. This was in addition to other measures proposed to ensure that the exchange transactions are carried out only once by each person.<ref name="TOI_ink">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indelible-ink-to-mark-fingers-of-those-who-have-exchanged-cash/articleshow/55431492.cms|title=To reduce crowds at banks, ATMs, indelible ink to mark fingers of those who have exchanged old notes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/demonetisation-banks-to-use-indelible-ink-to-stop-multiple-transactions-curb-crowd-3106274.html|title=Demonetisation: Banks to use indelible ink to stop multiple transactions, curb crowd |date=15 November 2016|publisher=firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/demonetisation-indelible-ink-mark-seems-like-the-govt-is-panicking-4376665/|title=Demonetisation: Indelible ink mark seems like the government is panicking?|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 17 November, the government reduced the exchange amount to {{INRConvert|2|k}} to discourage attempts to convert black money into legitimate money.<ref name=":1" />

===Railway bookings===

As soon as the demonetisation was announced, it was observed by the [[Indian Railways]] authorities that a large number of people started booking tickets particularly in [[Indian Railways coaching stock|classes]] 1A and 2A for the longest distance possible, to get rid of unaccounted cash. A senior official said, "On November 13, 42.7 million passengers were nationally booked across all classes. Of these, only 1,209 were 1A and 16,999 for 2A. It is a sharp dip from the number of passengers booked on November 9, when 27,237 passengers had booked tickets in 1A and 69,950 in 2A."<ref name=":0" />

The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways Ministry]] and the Railway Board responded swiftly and decided that cancellation and refund of tickets of value ₹10,000 and above will not be allowed by any means involving cash. The payment can only be through cheque/electronic payment. Tickets above ₹10,000 can be refunded by filing ticket deposit receipt only on surrendering the original ticket. A copy of the [[PAN card]] must be submitted for any cash transaction above ₹50,000. The railway claimed that since the Railway Board on 10 November imposed a number of restrictions to book and cancel tickets, the number of people booking 1A and 2A tickets came down.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rlys-sets-5000-as-cash-refund-limit-for-tickets/articleshow/55444673.cms|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9-11|url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/railways-say-no-cash-refund-for-tickets-booked-between-nov-9-11_1949831.html|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Municipal and local tax payments===

As the use of the demonetised notes had been allowed by the government for the payment of municipal and local body taxes, it led to people using the demonetised ₹500 and ₹1,000 notes to pay large amounts of outstanding and advance taxes. As a result, revenue collections of the local civic bodies jumped. The [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] reported collecting about {{INRConvert|1.6|b}} in cash payments of outstanding and advance taxes, within 4 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/hyderabad/demonetisation-impact-greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-collects-over-rs-160-crore-in-just-four-days_1949989.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days|date=15 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref>

===Backdated accounting===
The [[Enforcement Directorate]] raided several forex establishments making back dated entries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/enforcement-directorate-raids-forex-shops-making-back-date-entries/articleshow/55373554.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Money laundering using backdated accounting was carried out by co-operative banks,<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Netas-using-co-op-banks-for-backdated-FDs-DDs/articleshow/55467204.cms</ref> jewellers,<ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/news/jewellers-issue-backdated-invoices-to-clients/articleshow/55349735.cms</ref> sellers of iPhones,<ref>http://www.ibtimes.co.in/back-dated-receipts-used-apple-iphone-sales-after-demonetisation-report-706095</ref> and several other businesses.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/demonetisation-tiffin-service-to-dental-implants-all-tried-to-beat-system-swap-old-notes-income-tax-department-raids-4410874/</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian black money]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation}}
{{wikinews|India discontinues ₹500, ₹1000 denominations; releases ₹2000 and new ₹500 bills}}
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rupees-500-1000-currency-note-faq-narendra-modi/1/805954.html What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500–1000 notes answered], ''India Today'', 8 November 2016
* [https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119 FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India]
* [http://www.finmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Finance, Government of India]

{{Indian currency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:History of money]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Monetary reform]]

Amitabh Kant

2016-12-17T03:10:15Z

Soft coder: /* Services in Kerala */ added info about being sub collector in thalassery

{{refimprove|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Amitabh Kant
|image_size =
|caption =
|native_name = अमिताभ कान्त
|birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=y|1956|3|1}}
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|nationality = Indian
|other_names =
|alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
|occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
|known_for = Author of “Branding India – An Incredible Story”
|spouse =Ranjeeta Kant
}}

'''Amitabh Kant''' is an Indian government official. As of 2015 he was CEO, [[NITI Aayog]] (National Institution for Transforming India). NITI is a Government institution for catalysing economic development.

==Early life==
Amitabh Kant first studied at Modern School, Delhi. He graduated in Economics (Hons) from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] and earned an M.A from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. He is a [[Chevening Scholarship|Chevening Scholar]]. He attended the Mid-career Program of [[Harvard University]], [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] and [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]].

==Career==
Amitabh Kant is a member of the [[Indian Administrative Service]], IAS (Kerala Cadre: 1980 batch). He is the author of ''Branding India – An Incredible Story''.

=== Tourism ===
Kant was a key driver of the “Make in India”, Startup India, “Incredible India” and “God’s Own Country” initiatives that positioned India and [[Kerala|Kerala State]] as leading manufacturing and tourism destinations. These campaigns won several international awards. They employed many activities, including infrastructure development, product enhancement, private-public partnership and positioning and branding. Kerala thereafter became India’s leading tourism destination.

Kant conceptualized and executed the “AtithiDevoBhavah” – “Guest is God” campaign to train taxi drivers, guides, immigration officials and make them stakeholders in the tourism development process.

He was the National Project Director of the Rural Tourism Project of UNDP which created a paradigm shift in spreading tourism to Indian villages that had skills in handicrafts, handlooms and culture.

===Industrial policy===
Until March, 2016 Kant was posted as national Secretary, [[Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion]] (DIPP). He was responsible for formulation and implementation of industrial policy and strategies for industrial development, monitoring the industrial growth and performance of specific industrial sectors, formulation of [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) policy and FDI promotion and facilitation. Related policies covered [[intellectual property]] rights relating to patents, trademarks, industrial design and geographical Indications. He was also responsible for promotion of productivity, quality and technical cooperation.

===Delhi/Mumbai Industrial Corridor===

Kant worked as CEO of the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (DMICDC). The Government is developing the corridor as a global manufacturing and investment destination supported by world class infrastructure and enabling policy framework. The project is aimed at the development of smart industrial cities for new technology. The intent is to encourage manufacturing as a route to the economic growth of India.

===Services in Kerala===

Amitabh Kant has worked as Secretary – Tourism, Government of Kerala, Managing Director, Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation, District Collector, [[Kozhikode]] and Managing Director, Matsyafed. During his tenure in Kerala he structured the Calicut Airport as a private sector project based on User’s Free and developed the BSES Power Project and Mattanchery Bridge under Private Public Partnership. He was also responsible for introducing new technology (fiberglass crafts and outboard motor) in the fisheries sector and launching beach level auctions which substantially enhanced returns to traditional fishermen. As District Collector, he implemented a major project of Urban Revival and Development through traditional Malabar architecture in creation of [[Mananchira]] City square in Kozhikode. He is the father of Kerala's highly successful tourism tagline " Kerala - God's Own Country"<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kozhikode-collector-goes-all-social-gets-more-than-a-few-likes-for-his-work/</ref> <ref>http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vZpL5lzkXibRCRzdntVDQI/Civil-Services-making-a-difference.html</ref> <ref>https://business.linkedin.com/marketing-solutions/events/16/09/brandconnect-delhi/speakers/amitabh-kant</ref> He began his IAS carrier working as sub collector of [[Thalassery]]. <ref>http://www.babusofindia.com/2015/03/reviving-nostalgic-memories-what-dipp.html</ref>

==Recognition==
He received the Economic Time Policy Change Agent of the Year Award, the [[Bloomberg TV]] Personality of the year Award, the NDTV Administrator of the year Award and the Distinguished Fellowship of the Institute of Directors. He is the recipient of One Globe Award-2016 for leadership in Transforming Governance for the 21st Century. He is a Member of the Steering Board of “Shaping the Future of Production Systems” of the [[World Economic Forum]].

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.amitabhkant.in/index.php/profile Profile of AMmitabh Kant]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kant, Amitabh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

2016-11-28T13:58:14Z

Soft coder: /* External links */ removed unnecessary link

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=00:52, 4 December 2016|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Notice | Heading= Title Change | Kindly refrain from moving this article to a new title until consensus is reached on the talk page of this article.}}
[[File:No 500 1000.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A store displaying the demonetisation message: "Withdrawal of legal tender status for ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", at the cash counter]]
The [[demonetisation]] of [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 1000-rupee note|₹1000]] banknotes was a policy enacted by the [[Government of India]] on 8 November 2016. All ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] ceased to be [[legal tender]] in India from 9 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal>{{cite web|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

The announcement was made by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) on 8 November.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Bhatt|first1=Abhinav|title=Watch PM Modi's Entire Speech on Discontinuing 500, 1000 Rupee Notes|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-speaks-to-nation-tonight-at-8-pm-1622948|accessdate=8 November 2016|publisher=NDTV India|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-narendra-modis-address-to-nation/article9320548.ece |title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes: RBI explains |date=8 November 2016 |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> In the announcement, Modi declared that use of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] would be invalid from midnight of the same day and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes. However, the banknote denominations of ₹100, ₹50, ₹20, ₹10 and ₹5 of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] remained legal tender and were unaffected by the policy.

The government claimed that the demonetisation was an effort to stop counterfeiting of the current banknotes allegedly used for funding [[terrorism in India|terrorism]], as well as a crack down on [[Indian black money|black money in the country]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/live-pm-narendra-modi-addresses-nation/1/805755.html |title=Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money |date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-500-and-Rs-1000-notes-pulled-out-of-circulation-immediately-PM-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/55315473.cms|title= Notes out of circulation|work= The Times of India|date= 8 November 2016}}</ref> The move was described as an effort to reduce [[Corruption in India|corruption]], the use of drugs, and [[smuggling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-note-ban-narendra-modis-demonetisation-move-a-death-knell-to-hawala-trade-3101610.html|title= Corruption fight|work=first post|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-hopes-demonetisation-will-pay-rich-dividends-in-state-polls/articleshow/55359573.cms|title=BJP policy|work= The Times of India|date=10 November 2016}}</ref> However, in the days following the demonetisation, banks and ATMs across the country faced severe cash shortages.<ref name="dryatm"/><ref name="IEchaos"/> The cash shortages had detrimental effects on a number of small businesses, [[Agriculture in India|agriculture]], and transportation, while people seeking to exchange their notes had lengthy waits, and several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash.<ref name="Aljazeera-1"/><ref name="death-ref1"/> Also, following Modi's announcement, the [[BSE SENSEX]] and [[NIFTY 50]] stock indices crashed for the next two days.<ref name="stockcrash9nov"/>

The demonetisation received support from several bankers as well as from some international commentators, although it was criticised by members of the opposition parties, which led to debates in both houses of [[Indian Parliament|parliament]] and triggered organised protests against the [[Modi ministry|current government]] in front of the parliament and elsewhere across India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-oppostion-parties-countrywide-protest-bandh-call-november-28-4391208/|title=Demonetisation: Opposition calls for countrywide protest on November 28|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/demonetisation-opposition-parties-join-hands-to-hold-protest-day-on-november-28-4391937/|title=Demonetisation: Opposition parties join hands, to hold ‘protest day’ on November 28|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/demonetisation-protest-sure-to-succeed-with-peoples-support/articleshow/55607966.cms|title='Demonetisation protest sure to succeed with people's support'|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref>

==Background==

=== Economic ===
Similar banknote denominations have been taken in the past. In January 1946, banknotes of 1000 and 10000 rupee were withdrawn and new notes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee were introduced in 1954. The [[Janata Party]] coalition government had again demonetised banknotes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee on 16 January 1978 as a means to curb [[counterfeit money]] and black money.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uzZItqeHdMPHHgFJaq2BnM/A-history-of-demonetization-in-India.html | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes may be back, if history is a guide | work=Live Mint | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] had recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or economy, which is largely held in the form of [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|benami properties]], bullion and jewellery".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-black-money-corruption-banks-atms-modi-finance-ministry4375205/|title=At least 4 months needed to replace demonetised notes, not 50 days: Here’s why|date=14 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>http://dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Measures_Tackle_BlackMoney.pdf</ref> According to data from income tax probes, black money holders keep only 6% or less of their ill-gotten wealth as cash, hence targeting this cash may not be a successful strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-has-only-6-share-in-black-money-seizures-reveals-income-tax-data/story-JfFuTiJYtxKwJQhz2ApxlL.html |title=Why govt's demonetisation move may fail to win the war against black money |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Appu Esthose Suresh}}</ref>

On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India was {{INRConvert|17.77|lc|lk=lc}}. In terms of value, the annual report of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) of 31 March 2016 stated that total bank notes in circulation valued to {{INRConvert|16.42|lc}} of which nearly 86% (around {{INRConvert|14.18|lc}}) was ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 90266 million banknotes were in circulation.<ref name="equipped">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-are-banks-equipped-to-replace-1874-crore-pieces-of-notes-4364746/|title=Are banks equipped to replace 2,300 crore pieces of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes?|date=9 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 November 2016|author=Damodaran, Harish}}</ref>

=== Political ===
In the past, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) had strongly opposed demonetisation. BJP spokesperson [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] had said in 2014 that "The aam aurats and the aadmis, those who are illiterate and have no access to banking facilities, will be the ones to be hit by such diversionary measures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-measure-is-anti-poor-when-bjp-opposed-demonetisation-during-upa-govt/story-1HSYEYCaX3SaIsRS6q2rhJ.html|title=The measure is 'anti-poor': When BJP opposed demonetisation during UPA govt|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Kumar Uttam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/bjp-had-a-very-different-view-on-demonetisation-in-2014/|title=BJP Had A Very Different View on Demonetisation in 2014|date=11 November 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in|author=Betwa Sharma|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-bjp-aap-currency-ban-4370935/|title=Explain opposition to similar move by UPA: AAP to BJP on demonetisation|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjeev-singh-blog/how-bjp-had-termed-demonetisation-as-anti-poor-in-2014/|title=How BJP had termed demonetisation as 'anti-poor' in 2014|work=The Times of India|author=|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> This was before Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched [[Jan Dhan Yojana]] to include the poor into the banking system.

==Televised address==

On 8 November 2016, an announcement was made by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> In the announcement, Modi declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

After the official announcement by Prime Minister Modi, the [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], [[Urjit Patel]], and Economic Affairs secretary, Shaktikanta Das explained in a press conference that while the supply of notes of all denominations had increased by 40% between 2011 and 2016, the ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes increased by 76% and 109% respectively in this period owing to forgery. This forged cash was then used to fund terrorist activities against India. As a result the decision to eliminate the notes had been taken.<ref name="News 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/why-were-the-notes-scrapped-rbi-chief-and-economic-affairs-secretary-explain-1309756.html|title=Why Were the Notes Scrapped? RBI Chief, Economic Affairs Secy Explain|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=News 18}}</ref>

Patel also informed that the decision had been made about six months ago, and the printing of new banknotes of denomination ₹500 and ₹2000 had already started. However, only the top members of the government, security agencies and the central bank were aware of the move. But media had reported in October 2016 about introduction of ₹2000 denomination well before the official announcement by RBI. This statement has led to much debate, because the Reserve Bank governor six months before the announcement was Raghuram Rajan, while the new banknotes have the signature of the newly appointed governor, [[Urjit Patel]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sridhar|first1=G Naga|last2=Vageesh|first2=NS|title=Coming soon to your wallet: ₹2,000 notes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-1000-notes-move-was-in-the-pipeline-for-months/article9321244.ece|title=Move was in the pipeline for months|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

==Exchanging old notes==

[[File:2016 Indian currency note demonetisation.jpg|thumb|300px|People gathered at ATM of [[Axis Bank]] in [[Mehsana]], Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.]]

The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] and [[Indian 100-rupee note|₹100]] banknotes of the preceding [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]].<ref name="withdrawaloflegal" /> Following are the key points:
[[File:People gathered at SBI ATM in Paravur near Kollam city in Kerala due to Indian currency demonetisation, Nov 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Long queue in front of [[State Bank of India|SBI]] ATM at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near the city of [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]], 19th November 2016.]]
* Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal />
* Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November.<ref name="revisedguidelines">{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/MoF_reviewed_availability_distribution_Notes.pdf|title=Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="rbirevision">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10706&Mode=0|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>
* For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes can be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This exchange is restricted to once per person.
** Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016.
** This limit was increased to ₹4500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" />
** The limit was reduced to ₹2000 per person from 18 November 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/Govt_decisions_on_oldNotes17112016.pdf|title=The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers, small traders, Group ‘C’ Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces, Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1000/- notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500/- to Rs. 2000/-with effect from 18th November, 2016.|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
* Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2000 per day.<ref name=ATMsnotdispensing>{{cite web|title=ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10683&Mode=0|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> From 14 November onwards, ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2000 per day.<ref name=revisedguidelines /><ref name="rbirevision" />

However, exceptions were given to petrol, [[CNG]] and gas stations, government hospitals, [[Indian Railways|railway]] and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-secretary-economic-affairs-shaktikanta-das-press-conference-in-new-delhi/article9343621.ece|accessdate=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/-|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref> International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/outlets-that-will-accept-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-in-next-72-hours/articleshow/55317768.cms | title=Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours | work=The Economic Times | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families will be able to withdraw ₹250,000 for weddings from one account provided it was [[Know your customer|KYC]] compliant. The rules were also been changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-weddings-shaktikanta-das-government-economic-affairs-secretary/1/812730.html|title=Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account|work=India Today|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

== Alleged prior leakage of information ==

Several exact details pertaining to the decision to demonetise the notes had been published on 1 April 2016 in a [[Gujarat]]i newspaper called ''Akila'', including for instance, that there would be around 2 months' time to exchange banned notes, and that new notes in the ₹2000 denomination would be issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Local-dailys-April-1-joke-turns-news-break-of-the-year/articleshow/55381283.cms|title=Local daily's April 1 joke turns news break of the year – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasamvad.co.in/investigation/pm-modi-ministers-leaked-info-on-scrapping-rs-1000-in-april-17750 |title=Not a secret? Modi's ministers had leaked info about scrapping of Rs 1,000 in April |publisher=Indiasamvad.co.in |date=26 October 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Sanjeev Singh}}</ref> The editor of the newspaper claimed that it was only an [[April fools day]] prank.<ref>{{cite web|author=Basant Rawat |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161111/jsp/frontpage/story_118632.jsp |title=Psst! A prank to save your black buck |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A fortnight before the official announcement, a news report in Hindi daily ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' quoting RBI sources mentioned about the coming release of new 2000 rupee note and alongside withdrawal of prevailing 500 and 1000 rupee notes when it is released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/27-oct-2016-16-lucknow-archive-edition-ayodhya-Page-18.html# |title=ePaper link from Hindi daily Dainik Jagran of 27th Octomber 2016|work=Dainik Jagran Epaper |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/journalist-broke-story-about-currency-demonetisation-a-fortnight-back/story-3OpgtR5ehdzkRRrwQITLgK.html |title=Journalist broke story about currency demonetisation a fortnight back |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A businessman reportedly admitted in an interview, that he had received prior warning of the impending demonetisation from a source in the government, and that he had sufficient time to convert most of his money into smaller denominations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Sethi|url=https://www.thequint.com/business/2016/11/11/before-pms-announcement-rumours-of-demonetisation-abounded |title=Before PM's Announcement, Rumours of Demonetisation Abounded |publisher=The Quint |date=6 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The chairman of the [[State Bank of India]] had also openly spoken in April 2016 about the possibility of demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-500-Rs-1000-note-rumours-not-polls-behind-cash-surge-SBI/articleshow/51736091.cms |title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 note rumours, not polls, behind cash surge: SBI |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that '[[Ambani]] and [[Gautam Adani|Adani]]' were informed about the demonetisation, and made arrangements. However, he later said that it was an [[Off the record (journalism)|off-the-record]] conversation, and officially denied the comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-ambani-adani-were-informed-and-thus-made-arrangements-says-bjp-mla/447944/|title=Demonetisation: Ambani, Adani were informed and thus made arrangements, says BJP MLA|date=17 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/17/adanis-ambanis-already-knew-about-currency-ban-bjp-mla-caught-on-camera-1539642.html|title=Adanis, Ambanis already knew about currency ban: BJP MLA caught on camera|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref>

===Allegations and claims===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI ( M)) alleged that the BJP unit in [[West Bengal]] had advance knowledge about the impending announcement, and deposited money just before the announcement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pooja Mehta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-knew-of-pm-modi-s-demonetisation-plan-bengal-unit-transferred-rs-1-crore-before-announcement-cpim-2272432 |title=BJP knew of PM Modi's demonetisation plan, Bengal unit transferred Rs 1 crore before announcement: CPI(M) & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/11/west-bengal-bjp-knew-about-demonetisation-deposited-rs-1-crore-hours-before-announcement-cpm-1537470.html |title=West Bengal BJP knew about demonetisation, deposited Rs 1 crore hours before announcement: CPM |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] also claimed that there had been some leakage regarding the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-s-friends-were-given-advance-information-on-demonetization-it-is-a-surgical-strike-on-common-people-says-kejriwal-265342.html |title='PM's Friends' Were Given Advance Information on demonetisation, It Is A Surgical Strike on Common People Says Kejriwal |work=The Times of India |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=10 Nov 2016-08:02 pm , PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-and-its-friends-knew-about-demonetization-a-week-before-kejriwal-doubts-modi-s-war-on-black-money-2272145 |title=BJP and its friends knew about demonetization a week before: Kejriwal doubts Modi's war on black money |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal questioned how Sanjeev Kamboj, a BJP leader in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], posted about the ₹2000 notes days before the official announcement, and alleged that a sudden spike in bank deposits between July and September 2016 was also due to information leakage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580660/bjp-informed-friends-beforehand-demonetisation.html|title=BJP informed 'friends' beforehand about demonetisation: Kejriwal|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

===Support===

The decision met with mixed reactions Several bankers like [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]] (Chairperson of [[State Bank of India]]), [[Chanda Kochhar]] (MD & CEO of [[ICICI Bank]]) and [[Deepak Parekh]] (Chairman of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]]) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money.<ref name="IndiaInc">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/narendra-modi-rs-500-1000-sbi-arundhati-bhattacharya-icici-chanda-kochhar-here-is-how-india-inc-reacted-4364818/ | title=Govt demonitises Rs 500, 1000 notes: Here is how India Inc reacted | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Businessmen [[Anand Mahindra]] ([[Mahindra Group]]), [[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[JSW Group]]), [[Kunal Bahl]] ([[Snapdeal]] and [[FreeCharge]]) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.<ref name="IndiaInc" /> Infosys founder [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] praised the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-we-should-all-be-celebrating-says-narayana-murthy/articleshow/55357977.cms|title=Demonetisation: We should all be celebrating, says Narayana Murthy |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/move-to-withdraw-rs-500-1000-notes-master-stroke-narayana-murthy-4365782/|title=Move to withdraw Rs 500, 1,000 notes masterstroke |author=Narayana Murthy|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] said that demonetisation would clean the complete economic system, increase the size of economy and revenue base. He mentioned the demonetisation along with the upcoming [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] as "an attempt to change the spending habit and lifestyle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-war-on-black-money-scrapping-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-will-expand-economy-increase-revenue-says-jaitley-2271883 |title=War on black money: Scrapping Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes will expand economy, increase revenue, says Jaitley |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson [[Randeep Surjewala]] welcomed the move but remained sceptical on the consequences that would follow.<ref name="Cong">{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/rs-500-1000-currency-notes-banned-congress-raises-questions-against-narendra-modi-govts-shocking-move-1636286/ | title=Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes banned: Congress raises questions against Narendra Modi govt’s shocking move | publisher=India.com | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] supported the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-backs-modi-on-demonetisation/article9323442.ece|title=Nitish welcomes demonetisation move|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nitish-Kumar-supports-Modis-demonetisation-move/articleshow/55336788.cms|title=Nitish Kumar supports Modi's demonetisation move |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-cm-nitish-supports-decision-to-withdraw-demonetisation-currency-rs-1000-rs-500-notes-4366034/|title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar supports decision to withdraw Rs 1000, Rs 500 notes|date=9 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-naidu-had-inkling-of-the-ban/article9320914.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 notes: Naidu had inkling of the ban?|first=K.|last=Venkateshwarlu|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/andhra-cm-naidu-asked-for-demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1-000-notes-in-october-116110900626_1.html|title=Andhra CM Naidu asked for demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 notes in October|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=9 November 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/nov/08/chandrababu-naidu-welcomes-demonetisation-move-1536401.html|title=Chandrababu Naidu welcomes demonetisation move}}</ref> Former Chief Election Commissioner of India [[S. Y. Quraishi]] said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/demonetisation-could-lead-to-long-pending-electoral-reforms/story-tXYgT7hw6Q3TQUbPuIUucO.html|title=Demonetisation could lead to long-pending electoral reforms|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Indian social activist [[Anna Hazare]] hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazare-hails-demonetisation-calls-it-revolutionary-step/articleshow/55354898.cms|title=Anna Hazare hails demonetisation, calls it 'revolutionary' step |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonitisation-a-revolutionary-step-to-fight-corruption-anna-hazare-4367070/|title=Demonetisation a revolutionary step to fight corruption: Anna Hazare|date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/notes-ban-anna-hazare-hails-pm-narendra-modis-revolutionary-step-kejriwal-criticizes-it-1623922|title=Notes Ban: Anna Hazare Hails PM Narendra Modi's 'Revolutionary' Step, Kejriwal Criticizes It}}</ref> The [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes_1947632.html|title=President Pranab Mukherjee welcomes demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-bold-step-president-pranab-mukherjee-4364815/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes bold step: President Pranab Mukherjee|date=8 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1-000-rs-500-notes-1623081|title=President Pranab Mukherjee Welcomes Demonetisation of Rs 1,000, Rs 500 Notes|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-a-bold-step-says-pranab-mukherjee/article9320915.ece|title=A bold step, says Pranab Mukherjee|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The opinion of the masses varied both ways on micro-blogs and social media sites like Twitter.<ref name="ToI Twitter reaction">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/everything-social/rs-500-1000-notes-pulled-out-how-twitter-reacted/|title=Rs 500, 1000 notes pulled out: How Twitter reacted|date=8 November 2016|work=Times of India Blogs|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref> In general, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2016/11/11/dear-pm-modi-demonetisation-brahmastra-could-have-spared-the-poor|title=Dear PM Modi, Demonetisation 'Brahmastra' Could Have Spared The Poor|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Bloomberg Quint|author=Raghav Bahl|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

By and large, international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.<ref name="IMF-response"/><ref name="Chinese state media"/><ref name="Swedish Minister"/> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) issued a statement supporting Modi's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy.<ref name="IMF-response">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/imf-supports-pm-modi-s-demonetization-move-in-fight-against-corruption-116111100142_1.html|title=Support by IMF|date=11 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Chinese state media ''[[Global Times]]'' praised the move and termed it as "fierce fight against black money and corruption."<ref name="Chinese state media">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-state-media-praises-modi-but-says-he/article9343797.ece|title=State media praises Modi, but says he can learn from China's crusade against corruption|first=Atul|last=Aneja|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and Vice-President of European Commission [[Jyrki Katainen]] welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-to-help-financial-system-eu/articleshow/55399290.cms|title=European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-will-help-financial-system-european-union-1311545.html|title=India's Crackdown on Black Money Will Help Financial System: European Union|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> [[BBC]]'s South Asia Correspondent [[Justin Rowlatt]] in his article praised the move for its secrecy and success and elaborated on reason behind demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37974423|title=Why India wiped out 86% of its cash overnight|first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|date=14 November 2016|work=bbc.com}}</ref>[[Tim Worstall]] termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/11/17/indias-rs-500-and-1000-demonetisation-is-lowering-interest-rates-and-also-inflation/#62464fde2edf|title=India's Rs 500 And 1,000 Demonetization Is Lowering Interest Rates And Also Inflation|first=Tim|last=Worstall|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Swedish Minister of Enterprise [[Mikael Damberg]] supported the move by calling it bold decision.<ref name="Swedish Minister">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-mikael-damberg/article9340999.ece?w=alauto|title=Swedish ICT sector wouldn't have been so successful without Indian help|first=Arun|last=S|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Singapore-based paper ''The Independent'' published a laudatory article on the move titled "Modi does a [[Lee Kuan Yew]] to stamp out corruption in India." Lee Kuan Yew was the Singaporean Prime Minister and is considered the architect of modern Singapore. "From making up his mind to rolling it out, a new Lee Kuan Yew is born in India. It will be reflected in the legacy of this Prime Minister," the article said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theindependent.sg/modi-does-a-lee-kuan-yew-to-stamp-out-corruption-in-india/|title=Modi does a Lee Kuan Yew to stamp out corruption in India|date=10 November 2016|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Criticism===

On 8 November 2016, Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]] called the new declaration "drama".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-reactions/article9320639.ece | title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000: Who says what | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> A [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in [[Madras High Court]] by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the [[Indian National League]], to scrap the decision. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55353472.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title=Govt's demonetisation move fit for country's security, development: HC |work= The Economic Times |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Similar PILs were also filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pils-supreme-court-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-illegal/1/807124.html |title=PILs in Supreme Court against making Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes illegal |work=India Today |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]] is yet to decide on the matter. It is listed for hearing on 2nd December 2016. Former [[World Bank]] Chief Economist, [[Kaushik Basu]], said that the 'damage' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-damage-greater-than-its-benefits-says-kaushik-basu-116111101733_1.html |title=Demonetisation damage greater than its benefits, says Kaushik Basu |work=Business Standard |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-good-economics-demonetisation-is-not-kaushik-basu/articleshow/55375545.cms |title=GST good economics; demonetisation is not: Kaushik Basu |work=The Economic Times |date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

[[Prabhat Patnaik]], a former professor of economics at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" while "causing much hardship to common people."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Patnaik|first1=Prabhat|title=Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/1/9151/Demonetization-Witless-and-Anti-People|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Citizen|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

===Opposition===

A Congress-led opposition, which includes 13 political parties, opposed the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation issue in the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] on 16 November 2016. The [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] also met the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to oppose the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-debate-likely-to-hot-up-winter-session-didi-to-knock-on-president-s-door-2273770|title= Debate on demonetisation, in winter session|work=DNA India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-People-battle-it-out-at-banks-netas-ready-for-war-in-Parliament/articleshow/55424673.cms|title= Winter Session debate|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/winter-session-oppn-to-target-govt-on-demonetisation-orop-gst-116111401558_1.html|title=Opposition to target government on demonetisation|work=Business Standard|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-november-15-2016-effect-of-demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes/article9348006.ece|title=Government and Opposition prepare for winter session of Parliament, on demonetisation|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-janata-dal-u-gives-suspension-of-business-notice-as-parties-gear-up-for-war-in-parliament_1949763.html|title= Parties gear up for debate on demonetisation|work=zeenews.India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/opposition-parties-agree-to-raise-notes-issue-in-session/articleshow/55424453.cms|title= Parties agree to raise notes issue in session|work=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The debate on demonetisation is known to be initiated by [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-parliament-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-demonetization-congress-bjp-tmc-rahul-mamata-modi-sena-black-money-banks-atms-2273883|title=Congress on demonetisation|work= DNA India|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Anand Sharma]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] on 16 November 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/url-live-winter-session-of-parliament-begins-today-narendra-modi-speech-rahul-gandhi-arun-jaitley-demonetisation-effects/446936/|title= Anand Sharma speaks on demonetisation|work=The Financial Express|date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/parliament-debate-on-demonetisation-1950128|title= Congress initiates demonetisation debate|work=Zeenews.India.com|date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> while [[Mamata Banerjee]] is known to be the first to oppose the current government on the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Whys-Didi-against-demonetisation/articleshow/55378644.cms|title=Why's Mamata Banerjee against demonetization?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] led a rainbow delegation comprising political parties of [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], BJP ally [[Shiv Sena]], Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (of Hardik Patel) and National Conference to [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] to protest against the decision to withdraw {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes. A memorandum was submitted to the [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] demanding rollback of the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-mamata-banerjee-leads-protest-march-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-4379517/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes: Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> Outside the Parliament in a rally the same day, [[Saugata Roy]], a member of parliament from the opposition [[Trinamool Congress]] Party, commented, "People are in utter distress, especially the informal sector is totally disrupted. Poor people, daily wage earners, they're all facing difficulty"<ref name="Aljazeera-1"/>

In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 16 November 2016, [[Pramod Tiwari]] from the [[Indian National Congress]], accused [[Narendra Modi]] for the demonetisation and compared Narendra Modi to [[Mussolini]], [[Hitler]] and [[Qadhafi]], while [[Prem Chand Gupta]] questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor [[Urjit Patel]] sign on new note?". While on the other side, [[Praful Patel]] criticised the demonetisation by stating "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mayawati]] stated the situiation to "a financial emergency", by saying "It looks as if ''[[India|Bharat]]'' has shut down." Also, [[Sitaram Yechury]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], questioned the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-parliament-proceedings-november-16-2016/article9351846.ece|title=As it happened: Parliament proceedings — November 16, 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

On 17 November 2016, in a rally against demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes, led by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his West Bengal counterpart [[Mamata Banerjee]] at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale hub in the [[New Delhi|national capital]], Arvind Kejriwal demanded the withdraw of demonetisation in 3 days, or else there would be a [[rebellion]], he said. Mamata Banerjee also stated "I give the government 3 day ultimatum, fix things or withdraw the demonetisation scheme".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-kejriwal-mamata-protest-against-demonetisation-at-azadpur-market/story-9s1OoTJ1XgN6fFXSD6x36I.html|title=Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion: Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

In the demonetisation debate on the second and third day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 17 and 18 November 2016, the opposition and the [[Modi ministry|current government]] clashed over the demonetisation issue, bringing the [[Rajya Sabha|house]] to continuous halts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/winter-session-of-parliament-parliament-proceedings-november-18-2016/article9360240.ece|title=As it happened: RS, LS adjourned till Monday|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>

On 24 November 2016, in the demonetisation debate in [[Rajya Sabha]], the former [[prime minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] said "this scheme will hurt small industries, the farming sector. The GDP can decline by about 3 per cent due to this move", while he also questioned "I would like to ask the Prime Minister examples of countries where people have deposited their money in the banks and not allowed to withdraw their own money." and later also said "It is no good that on each day banks bring out new notifications. It doesn't reflect properly on Prime Minister's Office, Finance Minister and the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. Cooperative banking system has been prevented from handling cash".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Both-Houses-adjourned-PM-absent/article16692735.ece|title=Parliament Proceedings - Both Houses adjourned; PM absent|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Singh at last termed the demonetisation move as an "organized loot, legalized plunder of the common people".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/is-modi-proving-manmohan-singh-right-with-slew-of-u-turns-on-cash-ban/articleshow/55632062.cms | title=Is Modi proving Manmohan Singh right with slew of U-turns on cash ban?}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

===Cash rush===
[[File:Queue at ATM for INR 100 Notes - Howrah 2016-11-08 1773.JPG|thumb|Queue at an ATM for {{INR}}100 banknotes in [[Howrah]], on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)]]
[[File:Queue at Bank to Exchange INR 500 and 1000 Notes - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-11-10 02103.jpg|thumb|People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes in [[Kolkata]] on 10 November 2016.]]

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes, faced difficulties to exchange them as endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes since 9 November.<ref name="Aljazeera-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html|title=India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor|date=16 November 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=IEchaos>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/|title=Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="dryatm">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html|title=India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend/article9337803.ece|title=Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.<ref name=IEchaos /> Sporadic violence was reported in [[New Delhi]], but there were no reports of any grievous injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2016/nov/13/demonetisation-sporadic-violence-in-delhi-cops-receive-45k-calls-1538063.html|title=Demonetisation: Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5K calls|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> people attacked bank premises and ATMs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Unrest-erupts-in-UP-towns-as-cashless-crowds-vent-ire-on-bank-staff/articleshow/55528509.cms|title=Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/In-western-UP-violence-marks-day-13-of-demonetisation/articleshow/55545397.cms|title=In western UP, violence marks day 13 of demonetisation – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-effect-atm-vandalism-on-rise-1652843/|title=Demonetisation effect: ATM vandalism on rise|date=18 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-angry-customers-break-banks-glass-door-in-kollam-4371720/|title=Demonetisation: Angry customers break bank’s glass door in Kollam|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/no-cash-frustrated-man-smashes-atm-glass-wall/article9340047.ece|title=No cash: ‘frustrated’ man smashes ATM glass wall|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/11/12/demonetisation-modi-rs-2000-rs-500-bank-officials-black-money-goons-attack-bank-officials-takes-its-toll-violence|title=Hid in Washroom For an Hour: Official After Attack at IDBI Bank}}</ref> and a ration shop was looted in [[Madhya Pradesh]] after the shop owner refused to accept {{INR}}500 banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/villagers-loot-pds-shop-over-invalid-after-dealer-refuses-scrapped-banknotes/story-pHFaVKqlz28OETJfvONS1M.html|title=Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161113/jsp/nation/story_118946.jsp|title=Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Villagers-looted-ration-shops-in-Madhya-Pradeshafter-the-shop-owner-refused-to-accept-old-notes/articleshow/55388557.cms|title=Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/demonetisation-fallout-cashless-villagers-loot-pds-shop-in-mps-chhatarpur-village-1311252.html|title=Demonetisation Fallout: Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP's Chhatarpur Village|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

Several people were reported to have died from standing in queues for hours to exchange their old banknotes.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-deaths-in-maharashtra-kerala-narendra-modi-4370296/|title=Two dead in Maharashtra, Kerala in country-wide rush to junk banned notes|date=11 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetosation-deaths-congress-modi-government/1/808721.html|title=Demonetisation: Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra; Congress blames Modi government|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>http://www.uniindia.com/demonetisation-96-year-old-died-while-standing-in-queue/states/news/684631.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/farmer-standing-in-line-to-exchange-notes-dies-of-heart-attack-116111200942_1.html|title=Farmer standing in line to exchange notes dies of heart attack|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=12 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/73-year-old-dies-waiting-in-queue-to-exchange-discontinued-curre/|accessdate=13 November 2016|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 die in queue to exchange banned notes at bank|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-die-in-country-wide-rush-to-junk-banned-notes/articleshow/55374158.cms|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Deaths were also attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of old banknotes by hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/mumbai-baby-dies-waiting-for-medical-help-as-hospital-refuses-rs-500-1000-currency-notes-1642581/|accessdate=13 November 2016|publisher=India.com|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Doc-says-no-to-deposit-in-Rs-500-notes-baby-dies-awaiting-help/articleshow/55380976.cms|title=Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baby-dies-after-doctor-refuses-to-take-rs-500-and-rs-1000-notes-for-treatment-in-mumbai/story-xxSBtmK39xdcAx0hfhViEL.html|title=Infant's death: Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> As of 15 November 2016, the attributed death toll was 25.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-many-lives-lost-for-crores-of-unaccounted-money-in-only-5-days/445560/|title=Demonetisation crisis: 25 people dead in a week already|date=14 November 2016|work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-deaths-in-country/1/811009.html|title=25 deaths in a week: PM Modis demonetisation drive takes a toll on aam aadmi|work=India Today}}</ref><ref name="death-ref1">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/|title=Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days|work=huffingtonpost|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

In an interview, [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] lashed out at a BBC reporter who asked him to justify his 19 November claim that 55 deaths were linked to demonetisation.<ref>Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Published:November 19, 2016 [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-lashes-out-at-bbc-reporter-questioning-him-on-demonetisation-4384031/?campaign_id=A100 Arvind Kejriwal gets angry at BBC reporter questioning him on demonetisation] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> While, the CMD of [[Punjab National Bank]] said that panic after demonetisation started fading on 19 November 2016.<ref>The Hindu [http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/panic-following-withdrawal-of-notes-has-largely-faded/article9365673.ece Panic following withdrawal of notes has largely faded – PNB CMD] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref>

===Effects on Economy===

====Stock market====

As a combined effect of demonetisation and [[United States presidential election, 2016|US presidential election]], the share market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, [[BSE SENSEX]] crashed nearly 1,689 points and [[NIFTY 50]] plunged by over 541 points.<ref name="stockcrash9nov">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece|title=Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the [[BSE SENSEX]] index was lower by 565 points and the [[NIFTY 50]] index was below 8100 intraday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/local-markets/sensex-sinks-514pts-midcap-down-4demonetisationearnings_7965381.html|title=Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4% on demonetisation & earnings |publisher=[[moneycontrol.com]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

====Transportation====

Major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the old banknotes. [[Nitin Gadkari]], the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across India until midnight of 11 November, later extended until 14 November and again until midnight of 18 November, and yet again till 2 December.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/toll-collection-suspended-across-the-country-till-nov-11-highways-ministry/story-1bAQIFhgp3R26ja4z9OdDK.html |title=Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-toll-charges-on-national-highways-till-nov-18-midnight-116111400435_1.html|title=No toll charges on National Highways till Nov 18 midnight|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 November 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

====Agriculture====
{{Missing information|section|effects of demonetisation on agriculture and farmers|date=November 2016}}

Transactions in the [[Agriculture in India|Indian agriculture sector]] are heavily dependent on cash and were adversely affected by the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nidhi-nath-srinivas/how-demonetisation-has-affected-indias-agricultural-and-food-ma/|title=How Demonetisation Has Affected India's Agricultural And Food Markets|newspaper=Huffington Post India|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Due to scarcity of the new banknotes, many farmers have unsufficient cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and pesticides needed for the plantation of [[rabi crop]]s usually sown around mid-November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-farmers-fear-loss-of-crops-and-income-after-currency-ban-3111694.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers fear loss of crops and income after currency ban - Firstpost|date=2016-11-18|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Farmers and their unions conducted protest rallies in [[Gujarat]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]] against the demonetisation as well as against restrictions imposed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] on [[District Cooperative Central Bank|district cooperative central banks]] which were ordered not to accept or exchange the demonetised banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/EgxO4VZMZJKpkiFwEvHEUL/Demonetisation-Farmers-protest-in-Muzaffarnagar-over-cash-s.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers protest in Muzaffarnagar over cash shortage|last=PTI|date=2016-11-22|newspaper=http://www.livemint.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-at-gujarat-protests-farmers-dump-milk-vegetables-on-road-4385111/|title=Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road|date=2016-11-20|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/farmers-in-amritsar-stage-protest-burn-pm-modi-s-effigy/story-NlBIKQoj479XSv1DfQ5QAJ.html|title=Farmers in Amritsar stage protest against demonetisation, burn PM Modi’s effigy|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=http://www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/demonetisation-gujarat-farmers-warn-of-stopping-milk-supply-demand-note-exchange-at-co-op-banks-3114610.html|title=Demonetisation: Gujarat farmers warn of stopping milk supply; demand note-exchange at co-op banks - Firstpost|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref>

====Banking====
[[File:Rush outside SBI night.jpg|thumb|400px|A [[State Bank of India]] branch remained open at night, and a long queue of people waited outside the ATM to withdraw money]]

In the first four days after the announcement of the step, about 3 trillion rupees in the form of old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes had been deposited in the banking system and about 500 billion rupees had been dispensed via withdrawals from bank accounts, ATMs as well as exchanges over the bank counters. Within these four days, the banking system has handled about 180 million transactions.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /> The [[State Bank of India]] reported to have received more than {{INR}}300 billion in bank deposit in first two days after demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/state-bank-of-india-gets-rs-38677-crore-deposit-in-2-days-4370826/|title=State Bank of India gets Rs 38,677 crore deposit in 2 days|date=12 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/state-bank-of-india-says-it-has-received-deposits-worth-rs-53-000-crore/story-FDoUfqDOmC5ls3OAZSe2jM.html|title=State Bank of India says it has received deposits worth Rs 53,000 crore|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/demonetisation-drive-windfall-for-banks-coffers-richer-by-rs-2-2-lakh-cr-already/444188/|title=Demonetisation drive windfall for banks, coffers richer by Rs 2.2 lakh cr already|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> A spike in the usage of debit card and credit card post demonetisation was also reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/card-usage-surges-microlending-grinds-to-a-halt/article9341086.ece?w=alauto|title=Micro lending badly hit; surge in use of cards|first1=Manojit|last1=Saha|first2=Ashish|last2=Rukhaiyar|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In [[Malda district|Malda]], a district believed to be a transit-point for fake Indian currencies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bank-accounts-for-sale-in-malda-west-bengal/1/808124.html|title=Exclusive: Bank accounts for sale in West Bengals Malda!}}</ref> a large sum of cash deposits in dormant accounts were also reported. According to [[The Economic Times]], more than 80 percent of fake currency in India originates from Malda district in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/life-has-come-to-standstill-in-indias-counterfeit-capital/articleshow/55406694.cms|title=Life has come to standstill in India's counterfeit capital |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

====Business====

By the second week after demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes, cigarette sales across India witnessed a fall of 30–40%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/cigarette-sales-down-30-40/448647/|title=Cigarette sales down 30–40%|accessdate=18 November 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> while E-commerce companies saw up to a 30% decline in [[cash on delivery]] (COD) orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ecommerce-firms-see-30-decline-in-cash-on-delivery-orders-post-demonetisation/article9354147.ece|title=E-commerce firms see 30% decline in cash on delivery orders post demonetisation|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-demonetisation-e-commerce-cash-on-delivery-4379522/|title=E-commerce cash-on-delivery orders down by up to 30 per cent|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> Several e-commerce companies hailed the demonetisation decision as an impetus to an increase in [[E-commerce payment system|digital payments]]. They believe that it would lead to a decline in COD returns which is expected to cut down their costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2016/11/17/flipkart-snapdeal-shopclues-say-demonetisation-good-for-e-commerce-industry/|title=Flipkart, Snapdeal, Shopclues say demonetisation good for e-commerce industry|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=Techcircle.in – India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

The demand for point of sales (POS) or card swipe machines has increased.<ref name=et1116>{{citation |title=Demonetisation gets 'acche din' for swipe-machine makers |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55429945.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> E-payment options like PayTM and PayUMoney has also seen a rise.<ref>{{citation |title=To stay afloat, Coimabtore traders seek card swipe machines |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/To-stay-afloat-Coimabtore-traders-seek-card-swipe-machines/articleshow/55519849.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2016 }}</ref> According to data of Pine Labs, the demand for its POS machines doubled after the decision. Further it states that the debit card transactions rose by 108% and credit card transactions by 60% on 9 November 2016.<ref name=et1116/>

===Income tax raids and cash seizures===

The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry]] instructed all revenue intelligence agencies to join the crackdown on forex traders, hawala operators and jewellers besides tracking movement of demonetised currency notes.<ref name="ED-fema-notices">{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate issues FEMA notices to forex, gold traders|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/enforcement-directorate-issues-fema-notices-to-forex-gold-traders/articleshow/55445560.cms|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Income Tax departments raided various illegal tax-evasive businesses in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and other cities that traded with demonetised currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/income-tax-department-raids-chandni-chowk-shops-shut/1/807996.html |title=Income tax dept conducts raids across India as illegal financial institutions crop up; shops call it a day |work=India Today |date=11 November 2016 |author=Rai, Arpan |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] issued several [[Foreign Exchange Management Act|FEMA]] notices to forex and gold traders.<ref name="ED-fema-notices"/> It also raided several forex establishments making back dated entries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/enforcement-directorate-raids-forex-shops-making-back-date-entries/articleshow/55373554.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Large sum of cash were seized in different parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs-1322-lakh-in-cash-seized/article9331654.ece?css=print|title=Rs. 13.22 lakh in cash seized|date=11 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-1624663|title=Rs 4 Crore-Worth Scrapped Notes Seized From Maharashtra Trader}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/76-lakh-cash-seized-from-vehicle-in-Mandi/articleshow/55379844.cms|title=Rs 76 lakh cash seized from vehicle in Mandi – Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-bank-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-4371753/|title=Madhya Pradesh: Rs 4 crore-worth scrapped bank notes seized from trader|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cash-seized-from-two-cars-near-nashik/article9356909.ece?homepage=true</ref> In [[Chhattisgarh]] liquid cash worth of {{INR}}4.4 million was seized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chhattisgarh-cash-worth-rs-44-lakhs-in-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-seized-from-a-man-2272478|title=Chhattisgarh: Cash worth Rs 44 lakhs in Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes seized from a man |work=Daily News & Analysis|date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

===Effect on illegal activities===

The move also reportedly crippled Communist guerrilla groups ([[Naxalite]]s) financing through money laundering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cops-look-for-Maoists-with-old-currency/articleshow/55377997.cms|title=Cops look for Maoists with old currency – Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Modis-demonetization-set-to-cripple-Naxalites-financially/articleshow/55379177.cms|title=Modi's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 10 November the police arrested a petrol pump owner at Ranchi when he reportedly tried to deposit ₹2.5 billion, belonging to a person affiliated with the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/maoists-depend-on-sympathisers-to-tide-over-cash-crunch/article9340780.ece?homepage=true|title=Maoists depend on sympathisers to tide over cash crunch|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivas|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> According to [[Chhattisgarh Police]] demonetisation has affected the [[Naxalite]] activities. It is reported that insurgents have stashed more than ₹70 billion in the Bastar region.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/this-is-how-big-note-ban-will-affect-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-1624880|title=This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities in Chhattisgarh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-to-hit-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-police-4372900/|title=Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh: Police|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> Mumbai Police reported a setback to [[Hawala|Hawala operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-cripples-hawala-operations-mumbai-police/articleshow/55337722.cms|title=Demonetisation cripples hawala operations: Mumbai Police |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-effect-hawala-operations-stopped-in-mumbai/1/807544.html|title=Demonetisation effect: Hawala operations come to a grinding halt}}</ref> Hawala dealers in Kerala were also affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hawala-dealers-in-kerala-hit-hard-by-demonetisation-kerala-demonetization-unaccounted-money--1.1493198|title=Hawala dealers in Kerala hit hard by demonetisation}}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] reported the effect of demonetisation on hawala transactions of separatists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/nov/12/terror-hawala-in-kashmir-valley-rendered-trash-thanks-to-demonetisation-1537896--1.html|title=Terror hawala in Kashmir valley rendered trash, thanks to demonetisation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postcard.news/violence-jammu-kashmir-suddenly-stopped/|title=Why all the Violence in Jammu-Kashmir Has Suddenly Stopped???|first=Postcard|last=Team}}</ref> More than 300 Naxals have surrendered to the police voluntarily due to shortage of funds.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for this |date=November 2016}}

===Evasion===
[[File:Shop accepting 500 1000 rupee notes.jpg|thumb|300px|A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.]]

====Gold purchases====
In [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]] and many other major cities, sales of gold increased on 9 November, with an increased 20 to 30% premium surging the price as much as ₹45,000 from the ruling price of ₹31,900 per {{Convert|10|g}}.<ref name="Gold Price">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/nov/10/gold-price-recovers-on-renewed-demand-1536940.html|title=Gold price recovers on renewed demand |date=10 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/scramble-for-gold-in-gujarat-after-demonetisation/article9323127.ece?homepage=true | title=Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Langa, Mahesh}}</ref>

====Donations====
Authorities of Sri Jalakanteswarar temple at [[Vellore]] discovered cash worth {{INR}}4.4 million from the temple Hundi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bundles-of-cash-found-inside-a-temple-hundi/article9342666.ece?homepage=true|title=Defunct notes worth Rs. 44 lakh found in temple hundi|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

====Multiple bank transactions====
There have also been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions and also attempting to convert black money into white by making multiple transactions at different bank branches.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parmar|first1=Beena|title=Despite Rs 4000-cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/despite-rs-4000-cap-on-money-exchange-loophole-allows-multiple-transactions/story-lbw8xw5XCHvsS5DOawWB1O.html|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> People were also getting rid of large amounts of banned currency by sending people in groups to exchange their money at banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-in-chennai-to-beat-cash-limit-they-send-full-teams-to-bank-4375951/|title=Demonetisation: In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In response, the government announced that it would start marking customers with indelible ink. This was in addition to other measures proposed to ensure that the exchange transactions are carried out only once by each person.<ref name="TOI_ink">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indelible-ink-to-mark-fingers-of-those-who-have-exchanged-cash/articleshow/55431492.cms|title=To reduce crowds at banks, ATMs, indelible ink to mark fingers of those who have exchanged old notes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/demonetisation-banks-to-use-indelible-ink-to-stop-multiple-transactions-curb-crowd-3106274.html|title=Demonetisation: Banks to use indelible ink to stop multiple transactions, curb crowd |date=15 November 2016|publisher=firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/demonetisation-indelible-ink-mark-seems-like-the-govt-is-panicking-4376665/|title=Demonetisation: Indelible ink mark seems like the government is panicking?|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 17 November, the government reduced the exchange amount to {{INR}}2000 to discourage attempts to convert black money into legitimate money.<ref name=":1" />

====Railway bookings====

As soon as the demonetisation was announced, it was observed by the [[Indian Railways]] authorities that large number of people started booking tickets particularly in [[Indian Railways coaching stock|classes]] 1A and 2A for the longest distance possible, to get rid of unaccounted cash. A senior official said, "On November 13, 42.7 million passengers were nationally booked across all classes. Of these, only 1,209 were 1A and 16,999 for 2A. It is a sharp dip from the number of passengers booked on November 9, when 27,237 passengers had booked tickets in 1A and 69,950 in 2A."<ref name=":0" />

The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways Ministry]] and the Railway Board responded swiftly and decided that: cancellation and refund of tickets of value ₹10,000 and above will not be allowed by any means involving cash. The payment can only be through cheque/electronic payment. Tickets above ₹10,000 can be refunded by filing ticket deposit receipt only on surrendering the original ticket. A copy of the [[PAN card]] must be submitted for any cash transaction above ₹50,000. The official claimed that since the Railway Board on 10 November imposed a number of restrictions to book and cancel tickets, the number of people booking 1A and 2A tickets came down.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rlys-sets-5000-as-cash-refund-limit-for-tickets/articleshow/55444673.cms|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9-11|url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/railways-say-no-cash-refund-for-tickets-booked-between-nov-9-11_1949831.html|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

====Municipal and local taxes====

The use of the demonetised notes had been allowed by the government for the payment of municipal and local body taxes. This led to people using the banned ₹500 and ₹1000 notes to pay large amounts of outstanding taxes, and also advance taxes. As a result, revenue collections of the local authorities have jumped due to the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/hyderabad/demonetisation-impact-greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-collects-over-rs-160-crore-in-just-four-days_1949989.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days|date=15 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation}}
{{wikinews|India discontinues ₹500, ₹1000 denominations; releases ₹2000 and new ₹500 bills}}
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rupees-500-1000-currency-note-faq-narendra-modi/1/805954.html What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500–1000 notes answered], ''India Today'', 8 November 2016
* [https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119 FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India]
* [http://www.finmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Finance, Government of India]

{{Indian currency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:History of money]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Monetary reform]]

2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

2016-11-26T01:18:59Z

Soft coder: remove link to unreliable source. WP is not a link farm

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Notice | Heading= Title Change | Kindly refrain from moving this article to a new title until consensus is reached on the talk page of this article.}}
[[File:No 500 1000.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A store displaying the demonetisation message: "Withdrawal of legal tender status for ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", at the cash counter]]
The [[demonetisation]] of [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 1000-rupee note|₹1000]] banknotes was a step taken by the [[Government of India]] on 8 November 2016, ceasing the use of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as a form of [[legal tender]] in India from 9 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal>{{cite web|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

The announcement was made by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) the same day.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Bhatt|first1=Abhinav|title=Watch PM Modi's Entire Speech on Discontinuing 500, 1000 Rupee Notes|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-speaks-to-nation-tonight-at-8-pm-1622948|accessdate=8 November 2016|publisher=NDTV India|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-narendra-modis-address-to-nation/article9320548.ece |title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes: RBI explains |date=8 November 2016 |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> In the announcement, Modi declared use of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid from midnight of the same day and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

However, the banknote denominations of ₹100, ₹50, ₹20, ₹10 and ₹5 of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] continued to remain as legal tender and were unaffected by the policy. The government claimed the demonetisation move as an effort to stop counterfeiting of the current banknotes allegedly used for funding [[terrorism in India|terrorism]], as well as a crack down on [[Indian black money|black money in the country]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/live-pm-narendra-modi-addresses-nation/1/805755.html |title=Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money |date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-500-and-Rs-1000-notes-pulled-out-of-circulation-immediately-PM-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/55315473.cms|title= Notes out of circulation|work= The Times of India|date= 8 November 2016}}</ref> The move is also aimed at reducing [[Corruption in India|corruption]], drug menace and [[smuggling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-note-ban-narendra-modis-demonetisation-move-a-death-knell-to-hawala-trade-3101610.html|title= Corruption fight|work=first post|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-hopes-demonetisation-will-pay-rich-dividends-in-state-polls/articleshow/55359573.cms|title=BJP policy|work= The Times of India|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Background==

=== Economic ===
Similar banknote denominations have been taken in the past. In January 1946, banknotes of 1000 and 10000 rupee were withdrawn and new notes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee were introduced in 1954. The [[Janata Party]] coalition government had again demonetised banknotes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee on 16 January 1978 as a means to curb [[counterfeit money]] and black money.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uzZItqeHdMPHHgFJaq2BnM/A-history-of-demonetization-in-India.html | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes may be back, if history is a guide | work=Live Mint | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] had recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or economy, which is largely held in the form of [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|benami properties]], bullion and jewellery".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-black-money-corruption-banks-atms-modi-finance-ministry4375205/|title=At least 4 months needed to replace demonetised notes, not 50 days: Here’s why|date=14 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>http://dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Measures_Tackle_BlackMoney.pdf</ref> According to data from income tax probes, black money holders keep only 6% or less of their ill-gotten wealth as cash, hence targeting this cash may not be a successful strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-has-only-6-share-in-black-money-seizures-reveals-income-tax-data/story-JfFuTiJYtxKwJQhz2ApxlL.html |title=Why govt's demonetisation move may fail to win the war against black money |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Appu Esthose Suresh}}</ref>

On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India was {{INRConvert|17.77|lc|lk=lc}}. In terms of value, the annual report of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) of 31 March 2016 stated that total bank notes in circulation valued to {{INRConvert|16.42|lc}} of which nearly 86% (around {{INRConvert|14.18|lc}}) was ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 90266 million banknotes were in circulation.<ref name="equipped">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-are-banks-equipped-to-replace-1874-crore-pieces-of-notes-4364746/|title=Are banks equipped to replace 2,300 crore pieces of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes?|date=9 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 November 2016|author=Damodaran, Harish}}</ref>

=== Political ===
In the past, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) had strongly opposed demonetisation. BJP spokesperson [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] had said in 2014 that "The aam aurats and the aadmis, those who are illiterate and have no access to banking facilities, will be the ones to be hit by such diversionary measures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-measure-is-anti-poor-when-bjp-opposed-demonetisation-during-upa-govt/story-1HSYEYCaX3SaIsRS6q2rhJ.html|title=The measure is 'anti-poor': When BJP opposed demonetisation during UPA govt|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Kumar Uttam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/bjp-had-a-very-different-view-on-demonetisation-in-2014/|title=BJP Had A Very Different View on Demonetisation in 2014|date=11 November 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in|author=Betwa Sharma|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-bjp-aap-currency-ban-4370935/|title=Explain opposition to similar move by UPA: AAP to BJP on demonetisation|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjeev-singh-blog/how-bjp-had-termed-demonetisation-as-anti-poor-in-2014/|title=How BJP had termed demonetisation as 'anti-poor' in 2014|work=The Times of India|author=|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> This was before Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched [[Jan Dhan Yojana]] to include the poor into the banking system.

==Televised address==

On 8 November 2016, an announcement was made by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> In the announcement, Modi declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

After the official announcement by Prime Minister Modi, the [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], [[Urjit Patel]], and Economic Affairs secretary, Shaktikanta Das explained in a press conference that while the supply of notes of all denominations had increased by 40% between 2011 and 2016, the ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes increased by 76% and 109% respectively in this period owing to forgery. This forged cash was then used to fund terrorist activities against India. As a result the decision to eliminate the notes had been taken.<ref name="News 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/why-were-the-notes-scrapped-rbi-chief-and-economic-affairs-secretary-explain-1309756.html|title=Why Were the Notes Scrapped? RBI Chief, Economic Affairs Secy Explain|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=News 18}}</ref>

Patel also informed that the decision had been made about six months ago, and the printing of new banknotes of denomination ₹500 and ₹2000 had already started. However, only the top members of the government, security agencies and the central bank were aware of the move. But media had reported in October 2016 about introduction of ₹2000 denomination well before the official announcement by RBI. This statement has led to much debate, because the Reserve Bank governor six months before the announcement was Raghuram Rajan, while the new banknotes have the signature of the newly appointed governor, [[Urjit Patel]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sridhar|first1=G Naga|last2=Vageesh|first2=NS|title=Coming soon to your wallet: ₹2,000 notes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-1000-notes-move-was-in-the-pipeline-for-months/article9321244.ece|title=Move was in the pipeline for months|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

==Exchanging old notes==

[[File:2016 Indian currency note demonetisation.jpg|thumb|300px|People gathered at ATM of [[Axis Bank]] in [[Mehsana]], Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.]]

The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] and [[Indian 100-rupee note|₹100]] banknotes of the preceding [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]].<ref name="withdrawaloflegal" /> Following are the key points:
[[File:People gathered at SBI ATM in Paravur near Kollam city in Kerala due to Indian currency demonetisation, Nov 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Long queue in front of [[State Bank of India|SBI]] ATM at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near the city of [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]], 19th November 2016.]]
* Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal />
* Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November.<ref name="revisedguidelines">{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/MoF_reviewed_availability_distribution_Notes.pdf|title=Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="rbirevision">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10706&Mode=0|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>
* For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes can be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This exchange is restricted to once per person.
** Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016.
** This limit was increased to ₹4500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" />
** The limit was reduced to ₹2000 per person from 18 November 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/Govt_decisions_on_oldNotes17112016.pdf|title=The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers, small traders, Group ‘C’ Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces, Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1000/- notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500/- to Rs. 2000/-with effect from 18th November, 2016.|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
* Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2000 per day.<ref name=ATMsnotdispensing>{{cite web|title=ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10683&Mode=0|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> From 14 November onwards, ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2000 per day.<ref name=revisedguidelines /><ref name="rbirevision" />

However, exceptions were given to petrol, [[CNG]] and gas stations, government hospitals, [[Indian Railways|railway]] and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-secretary-economic-affairs-shaktikanta-das-press-conference-in-new-delhi/article9343621.ece|accessdate=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/-|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref> International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/outlets-that-will-accept-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-in-next-72-hours/articleshow/55317768.cms | title=Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours | work=The Economic Times | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families will be able to withdraw ₹250,000 for weddings from one account provided it was [[Know your customer|KYC]] compliant. The rules were also been changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-weddings-shaktikanta-das-government-economic-affairs-secretary/1/812730.html|title=Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account|work=India Today|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

== Alleged prior leakage of information ==

Several exact details pertaining to the decision to demonetise the notes had been published on 1 April 2016 in a [[Gujarat]]i newspaper called ''Akila'', including for instance, that there would be around 2 months' time to exchange banned notes, and that new notes in the ₹2000 denomination would be issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Local-dailys-April-1-joke-turns-news-break-of-the-year/articleshow/55381283.cms|title=Local daily's April 1 joke turns news break of the year – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasamvad.co.in/investigation/pm-modi-ministers-leaked-info-on-scrapping-rs-1000-in-april-17750 |title=Not a secret? Modi's ministers had leaked info about scrapping of Rs 1,000 in April |publisher=Indiasamvad.co.in |date=26 October 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Sanjeev Singh}}</ref> The editor of the newspaper claimed that it was only an [[April fools day]] prank.<ref>{{cite web|author=Basant Rawat |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161111/jsp/frontpage/story_118632.jsp |title=Psst! A prank to save your black buck |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A fortnight before the official announcement, a news report in Hindi daily ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' quoting RBI sources mentioned about the coming release of new 2000 rupee note and alongside withdrawal of prevailing 500 and 1000 rupee notes when it is released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/27-oct-2016-16-lucknow-archive-edition-ayodhya-Page-18.html# |title=ePaper link from Hindi daily Dainik Jagran of 27th Octomber 2016|work=Dainik Jagran Epaper |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/journalist-broke-story-about-currency-demonetisation-a-fortnight-back/story-3OpgtR5ehdzkRRrwQITLgK.html |title=Journalist broke story about currency demonetisation a fortnight back |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A businessman reportedly admitted in an interview, that he had received prior warning of the impending demonetisation from a source in the government, and that he had sufficient time to convert most of his money into smaller denominations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Sethi|url=https://www.thequint.com/business/2016/11/11/before-pms-announcement-rumours-of-demonetisation-abounded |title=Before PM's Announcement, Rumours of Demonetisation Abounded |publisher=The Quint |date=6 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The chairman of the [[State Bank of India]] had also openly spoken in April 2016 about the possibility of demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-500-Rs-1000-note-rumours-not-polls-behind-cash-surge-SBI/articleshow/51736091.cms |title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 note rumours, not polls, behind cash surge: SBI |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

===Allegations and claims===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI ( M)) alleged that the BJP unit in [[West Bengal]] had advance knowledge about the impending announcement, and deposited money just before the announcement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pooja Mehta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-knew-of-pm-modi-s-demonetisation-plan-bengal-unit-transferred-rs-1-crore-before-announcement-cpim-2272432 |title=BJP knew of PM Modi's demonetisation plan, Bengal unit transferred Rs 1 crore before announcement: CPI(M) & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/11/west-bengal-bjp-knew-about-demonetisation-deposited-rs-1-crore-hours-before-announcement-cpm-1537470.html |title=West Bengal BJP knew about demonetisation, deposited Rs 1 crore hours before announcement: CPM |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] also claimed that there had been some leakage regarding the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-s-friends-were-given-advance-information-on-demonetization-it-is-a-surgical-strike-on-common-people-says-kejriwal-265342.html |title='PM's Friends' Were Given Advance Information on Demonetization, It Is A Surgical Strike on Common People Says Kejriwal |work=The Times of India |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=10 Nov 2016-08:02 pm , PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-and-its-friends-knew-about-demonetization-a-week-before-kejriwal-doubts-modi-s-war-on-black-money-2272145 |title=BJP and its friends knew about demonetization a week before: Kejriwal doubts Modi's war on black money |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal questioned how Sanjeev Kamboj, a BJP leader in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], posted about the ₹2000 notes days before the official announcement, and alleged that a sudden spike in bank deposits between July and September 2016 was also due to information leakage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580660/bjp-informed-friends-beforehand-demonetisation.html|title=BJP informed 'friends' beforehand about demonetisation: Kejriwal|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that '[[Ambani]] and [[Gautam Adani|Adani]]' were informed about the demonetisation, and made arrangements. However, he later said that it was an [[Off the record (journalism)|off-the-record]] conversation, and officially denied the comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-ambani-adani-were-informed-and-thus-made-arrangements-says-bjp-mla/447944/|title=Demonetisation: Ambani, Adani were informed and thus made arrangements, says BJP MLA|date=17 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/17/adanis-ambanis-already-knew-about-currency-ban-bjp-mla-caught-on-camera-1539642.html|title=Adanis, Ambanis already knew about currency ban: BJP MLA caught on camera|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

===Support===

The decision met with mixed reactions Several bankers like [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]] (Chairperson of [[State Bank of India]]), [[Chanda Kochhar]] (MD & CEO of [[ICICI Bank]]) and [[Deepak Parekh]] (Chairman of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]]) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money.<ref name="IndiaInc">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/narendra-modi-rs-500-1000-sbi-arundhati-bhattacharya-icici-chanda-kochhar-here-is-how-india-inc-reacted-4364818/ | title=Govt demonitises Rs 500, 1000 notes: Here is how India Inc reacted | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Businessmen [[Anand Mahindra]] ([[Mahindra Group]]), [[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[JSW Group]]), [[Kunal Bahl]] ([[Snapdeal]] and [[FreeCharge]]) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.<ref name="IndiaInc" /> Infosys founder [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] praised the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-we-should-all-be-celebrating-says-narayana-murthy/articleshow/55357977.cms|title=Demonetisation: We should all be celebrating, says Narayana Murthy |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/move-to-withdraw-rs-500-1000-notes-master-stroke-narayana-murthy-4365782/|title=Move to withdraw Rs 500, 1,000 notes masterstroke |author=Narayana Murthy|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] said that demonetisation would clean the complete economic system, increase the size of economy and revenue base. He mentioned the demonetisation along with the upcoming [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] as "an attempt to change the spending habit and lifestyle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-war-on-black-money-scrapping-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-will-expand-economy-increase-revenue-says-jaitley-2271883 |title=War on black money: Scrapping Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes will expand economy, increase revenue, says Jaitley |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson [[Randeep Surjewala]] welcomed the move but remained sceptical on the consequences that would follow.<ref name="Cong">{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/rs-500-1000-currency-notes-banned-congress-raises-questions-against-narendra-modi-govts-shocking-move-1636286/ | title=Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes banned: Congress raises questions against Narendra Modi govt’s shocking move | publisher=India.com | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] supported the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-backs-modi-on-demonetisation/article9323442.ece|title=Nitish welcomes demonetisation move|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nitish-Kumar-supports-Modis-demonetisation-move/articleshow/55336788.cms|title=Nitish Kumar supports Modi's demonetisation move |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-cm-nitish-supports-decision-to-withdraw-demonetisation-currency-rs-1000-rs-500-notes-4366034/|title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar supports decision to withdraw Rs 1000, Rs 500 notes|date=9 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-naidu-had-inkling-of-the-ban/article9320914.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 notes: Naidu had inkling of the ban?|first=K.|last=Venkateshwarlu|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/andhra-cm-naidu-asked-for-demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1-000-notes-in-october-116110900626_1.html|title=Andhra CM Naidu asked for demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 notes in October|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=9 November 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/nov/08/chandrababu-naidu-welcomes-demonetisation-move-1536401.html|title=Chandrababu Naidu welcomes demonetisation move}}</ref> Former Chief Election Commissioner of India [[S. Y. Quraishi]] said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/demonetisation-could-lead-to-long-pending-electoral-reforms/story-tXYgT7hw6Q3TQUbPuIUucO.html|title=Demonetisation could lead to long-pending electoral reforms|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Indian social activist [[Anna Hazare]] hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazare-hails-demonetisation-calls-it-revolutionary-step/articleshow/55354898.cms|title=Anna Hazare hails demonetisation, calls it 'revolutionary' step |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonitisation-a-revolutionary-step-to-fight-corruption-anna-hazare-4367070/|title=Demonetisation a revolutionary step to fight corruption: Anna Hazare|date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/notes-ban-anna-hazare-hails-pm-narendra-modis-revolutionary-step-kejriwal-criticizes-it-1623922|title=Notes Ban: Anna Hazare Hails PM Narendra Modi's 'Revolutionary' Step, Kejriwal Criticizes It}}</ref> The [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes_1947632.html|title=President Pranab Mukherjee welcomes demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-bold-step-president-pranab-mukherjee-4364815/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes bold step: President Pranab Mukherjee|date=8 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1-000-rs-500-notes-1623081|title=President Pranab Mukherjee Welcomes Demonetisation of Rs 1,000, Rs 500 Notes|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-a-bold-step-says-pranab-mukherjee/article9320915.ece|title=A bold step, says Pranab Mukherjee|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The opinion of the masses varied both ways on micro-blogs and social media sites like Twitter.<ref name="ToI Twitter reaction">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/everything-social/rs-500-1000-notes-pulled-out-how-twitter-reacted/|title=Rs 500, 1000 notes pulled out: How Twitter reacted|date=8 November 2016|work=Times of India Blogs|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref> In general, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2016/11/11/dear-pm-modi-demonetisation-brahmastra-could-have-spared-the-poor|title=Dear PM Modi, Demonetisation 'Brahmastra' Could Have Spared The Poor|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Bloomberg Quint|author=Raghav Bahl|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

By and large, international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.<ref name="IMF-response"/><ref name="Chinese state media"/><ref name="Swedish Minister"/> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) issued a statement supporting Modi's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy.<ref name="IMF-response">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/imf-supports-pm-modi-s-demonetization-move-in-fight-against-corruption-116111100142_1.html|title=Support by IMF|date=11 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Chinese state media ''[[Global Times]]'' praised the move and termed it as "fierce fight against black money and corruption."<ref name="Chinese state media">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-state-media-praises-modi-but-says-he/article9343797.ece|title=State media praises Modi, but says he can learn from China's crusade against corruption|first=Atul|last=Aneja|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and Vice-President of European Commission [[Jyrki Katainen]] welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-to-help-financial-system-eu/articleshow/55399290.cms|title=European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-will-help-financial-system-european-union-1311545.html|title=India's Crackdown on Black Money Will Help Financial System: European Union|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> [[BBC]]'s South Asia Correspondent [[Justin Rowlatt]] in his article praised the move for its secrecy and success and elaborated on reason behind demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37974423|title=Why India wiped out 86% of its cash overnight|first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|date=14 November 2016|work=bbc.com}}</ref>[[Tim Worstall]] termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/11/17/indias-rs-500-and-1000-demonetisation-is-lowering-interest-rates-and-also-inflation/#62464fde2edf|title=India's Rs 500 And 1,000 Demonetization Is Lowering Interest Rates And Also Inflation|first=Tim|last=Worstall|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Swedish Minister of Enterprise [[Mikael Damberg]] supported the move by calling it bold decision.<ref name="Swedish Minister">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-mikael-damberg/article9340999.ece?w=alauto|title=Swedish ICT sector wouldn't have been so successful without Indian help|first=Arun|last=S|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Singapore-based paper ''The Independent'' published a laudatory article on the move titled "Modi does a [[Lee Kuan Yew]] to stamp out corruption in India." Lee Kuan Yew was the Singaporean Prime Minister and is considered the architect of modern Singapore. "From making up his mind to rolling it out, a new Lee Kuan Yew is born in India. It will be reflected in the legacy of this Prime Minister," the article said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theindependent.sg/modi-does-a-lee-kuan-yew-to-stamp-out-corruption-in-india/|title=Modi does a Lee Kuan Yew to stamp out corruption in India|date=10 November 2016|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Criticism===

On 8 November 2016, Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]] called the new declaration "drama".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-reactions/article9320639.ece | title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000: Who says what | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> A [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in [[Madras High Court]] by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the [[Indian National League]], to scrap the decision. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55353472.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title=Govt's demonetisation move fit for country's security, development: HC |work= The Economic Times |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Similar PILs were also filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pils-supreme-court-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-illegal/1/807124.html |title=PILs in Supreme Court against making Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes illegal |work=India Today |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]] gave judgement that Government is free to change policy, taking into consideration the prevalent socio-economic conditions and that the courts have only a limited role to play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-free-to-change-policy-to-suit-socioeconomic-situation-supreme-court/article9345175.ece?ref=sliderNews|title=Govt free to change policy to suit socio-economic situation: Supreme Court|first=Krishnadas|last=Rajagopal|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[World Bank]] Chief Economist, [[Kaushik Basu]], said that the 'damage' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-damage-greater-than-its-benefits-says-kaushik-basu-116111101733_1.html |title=Demonetisation damage greater than its benefits, says Kaushik Basu |work=Business Standard |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-good-economics-demonetisation-is-not-kaushik-basu/articleshow/55375545.cms |title=GST good economics; demonetisation is not: Kaushik Basu |work=The Economic Times |date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

[[Prabhat Patnaik]], a former professor of economics at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" while "causing much hardship to common people."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Patnaik|first1=Prabhat|title=Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/1/9151/Demonetization-Witless-and-Anti-People|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Citizen|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

===Opposition===

A Congress-led opposition, which includes 13 political parties, opposed the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation issue in the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] on 16 November 2016. The [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] also met the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to oppose the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-debate-likely-to-hot-up-winter-session-didi-to-knock-on-president-s-door-2273770|title= Debate on demonetisation, in winter session|work=DNA India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-People-battle-it-out-at-banks-netas-ready-for-war-in-Parliament/articleshow/55424673.cms|title= Winter Session debate|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/winter-session-oppn-to-target-govt-on-demonetisation-orop-gst-116111401558_1.html|title=Opposition to target government on demonetisation|work=Business Standard|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-november-15-2016-effect-of-demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes/article9348006.ece|title=Government and Opposition prepare for winter session of Parliament, on demonetisation|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-janata-dal-u-gives-suspension-of-business-notice-as-parties-gear-up-for-war-in-parliament_1949763.html|title= Parties gear up for debate on demonetisation|work=zeenews.India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/opposition-parties-agree-to-raise-notes-issue-in-session/articleshow/55424453.cms|title= Parties agree to raise notes issue in session|work=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The debate on demonetisation is known to be initiated by [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-parliament-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-demonetization-congress-bjp-tmc-rahul-mamata-modi-sena-black-money-banks-atms-2273883|title=Congress on demonetisation|work= DNA India|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Anand Sharma]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] on 16 November 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/url-live-winter-session-of-parliament-begins-today-narendra-modi-speech-rahul-gandhi-arun-jaitley-demonetisation-effects/446936/|title= Anand Sharma speaks on demonetisation|work=The Financial Express|date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/parliament-debate-on-demonetisation-1950128|title= Congress initiates demonetisation debate|work=Zeenews.India.com|date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> while [[Mamata Banerjee]] is known to be the first to oppose the current government on the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Whys-Didi-against-demonetisation/articleshow/55378644.cms|title=Why's Mamata Banerjee against demonetization?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] led a rainbow delegation comprising political parties of [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], BJP ally [[Shiv Sena]], Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (of Hardik Patel) and National Conference to [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] to protest against the decision to withdraw {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes. A memorandum was submitted to the [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] demanding rollback of the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-mamata-banerjee-leads-protest-march-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-4379517/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes: Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> Outside the Parliament in a rally the same day, [[Saugata Roy]], a member of parliament from the opposition [[Trinamool Congress]] Party, commented, "People are in utter distress, especially the informal sector is totally disrupted. Poor people, daily wage earners, they're all facing difficulty"<ref name="Aljazeera-1"/>

In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 16 November 2016, [[Pramod Tiwari]] from the [[Indian National Congress]], accused [[Narendra Modi]] for the demonetisation and compared Narendra Modi to [[Mussolini]], [[Hitler]] and [[Qadhafi]], while [[Prem Chand Gupta]] questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor [[Urjit Patel]] sign on new note?". While on the other side, [[Praful Patel]] criticised the demonetisation by stating "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mayawati]] stated the situiation to "a financial emergency", by saying "It looks as if ''[[India|Bharat]]'' has shut down." Also, [[Sitaram Yechury]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], questioned the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-parliament-proceedings-november-16-2016/article9351846.ece|title=As it happened: Parliament proceedings — November 16, 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

On 17 November 2016, in a rally against demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes, led by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his West Bengal counterpart [[Mamata Banerjee]] at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale hub in the [[New Delhi|national capital]], Arvind Kejriwal demanded the withdraw of demonetisation in 3 days, or else there would be a [[rebellion]], he said. Mamata Banerjee also stated "I give the government 3 day ultimatum, fix things or withdraw the demonetisation scheme".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-kejriwal-mamata-protest-against-demonetisation-at-azadpur-market/story-9s1OoTJ1XgN6fFXSD6x36I.html|title=Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion: Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

In the demonetisation debate on the second and third day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 17 and 18 November 2016, the opposition and the [[Modi ministry|current government]] clashed over the demonetisation issue, bringing the [[Rajya Sabha|house]] to continuous halts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/winter-session-of-parliament-parliament-proceedings-november-18-2016/article9360240.ece|title=As it happened: RS, LS adjourned till Monday|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

===Cash rush===
[[File:Queue at ATM for INR 100 Notes - Howrah 2016-11-08 1773.JPG|thumb|Queue at an ATM for {{INR}}100 banknotes in [[Howrah]], on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)]]
[[File:Queue at Bank to Exchange INR 500 and 1000 Notes - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-11-10 02103.jpg|thumb|People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes in [[Kolkata]] on 10 November 2016.]]

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes, faced difficulties to exchange them as endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes since 9 November.<ref name="Aljazeera-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html|title=India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor|date=16 November 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=IEchaos>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/|title=Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html|title=India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend/article9337803.ece|title=Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.<ref name=IEchaos /> Sporadic violence was reported in [[New Delhi]], but there were no reports of any grievous injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2016/nov/13/demonetisation-sporadic-violence-in-delhi-cops-receive-45k-calls-1538063.html|title=Demonetisation: Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5K calls|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> people attacked bank premises and ATMs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Unrest-erupts-in-UP-towns-as-cashless-crowds-vent-ire-on-bank-staff/articleshow/55528509.cms|title=Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/In-western-UP-violence-marks-day-13-of-demonetisation/articleshow/55545397.cms|title=In western UP, violence marks day 13 of demonetisation – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-effect-atm-vandalism-on-rise-1652843/|title=Demonetisation effect: ATM vandalism on rise|date=18 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-angry-customers-break-banks-glass-door-in-kollam-4371720/|title=Demonetisation: Angry customers break bank’s glass door in Kollam|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/no-cash-frustrated-man-smashes-atm-glass-wall/article9340047.ece|title=No cash: ‘frustrated’ man smashes ATM glass wall|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/11/12/demonetisation-modi-rs-2000-rs-500-bank-officials-black-money-goons-attack-bank-officials-takes-its-toll-violence|title=Hid in Washroom For an Hour: Official After Attack at IDBI Bank}}</ref> and a ration shop was looted in [[Madhya Pradesh]] after the shop owner refused to accept {{INR}}500 banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/villagers-loot-pds-shop-over-invalid-after-dealer-refuses-scrapped-banknotes/story-pHFaVKqlz28OETJfvONS1M.html|title=Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161113/jsp/nation/story_118946.jsp|title=Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Villagers-looted-ration-shops-in-Madhya-Pradeshafter-the-shop-owner-refused-to-accept-old-notes/articleshow/55388557.cms|title=Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/demonetisation-fallout-cashless-villagers-loot-pds-shop-in-mps-chhatarpur-village-1311252.html|title=Demonetisation Fallout: Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP's Chhatarpur Village|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

Several people were reported to have died from standing in queues for hours to exchange their old banknotes.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-deaths-in-maharashtra-kerala-narendra-modi-4370296/|title=Two dead in Maharashtra, Kerala in country-wide rush to junk banned notes|date=11 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetosation-deaths-congress-modi-government/1/808721.html|title=Demonetisation: Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra; Congress blames Modi government|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>http://www.uniindia.com/demonetisation-96-year-old-died-while-standing-in-queue/states/news/684631.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/farmer-standing-in-line-to-exchange-notes-dies-of-heart-attack-116111200942_1.html|title=Farmer standing in line to exchange notes dies of heart attack|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=12 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/73-year-old-dies-waiting-in-queue-to-exchange-discontinued-curre/|accessdate=13 November 2016|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 die in queue to exchange banned notes at bank|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-die-in-country-wide-rush-to-junk-banned-notes/articleshow/55374158.cms|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Deaths were also attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of old banknotes by hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/mumbai-baby-dies-waiting-for-medical-help-as-hospital-refuses-rs-500-1000-currency-notes-1642581/|accessdate=13 November 2016|publisher=India.com|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Doc-says-no-to-deposit-in-Rs-500-notes-baby-dies-awaiting-help/articleshow/55380976.cms|title=Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baby-dies-after-doctor-refuses-to-take-rs-500-and-rs-1000-notes-for-treatment-in-mumbai/story-xxSBtmK39xdcAx0hfhViEL.html|title=Infant's death: Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> As of 15 November 2016, the attributed death toll was 25.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-many-lives-lost-for-crores-of-unaccounted-money-in-only-5-days/445560/|title=Demonetisation crisis: 25 people dead in a week already|date=14 November 2016|work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-deaths-in-country/1/811009.html|title=25 deaths in a week: PM Modis demonetisation drive takes a toll on aam aadmi|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/|title=Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days|work=huffingtonpost}}</ref>

In an interview, [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] lashed out at a BBC reporter who asked him to justify his 19 November claim that 55 deaths were linked to demonetisation.<ref>Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Published:November 19, 2016 [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-lashes-out-at-bbc-reporter-questioning-him-on-demonetisation-4384031/?campaign_id=A100 Arvind Kejriwal gets angry at BBC reporter questioning him on demonetisation] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> The CMD of [[Punjab National Bank]] said that panic after demonetization started fading on 19 November 2016.<ref>The Hindu [http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/panic-following-withdrawal-of-notes-has-largely-faded/article9365673.ece Panic following withdrawal of notes has largely faded – PNB CMD] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref>

===Effects on Economy===

====Stock market====

As a combined effect of demonetisation and [[United States presidential election, 2016|US presidential election]], the share market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, [[BSE SENSEX]] crashed nearly 1,689 points and [[NIFTY 50]] plunged by over 541 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece|title=Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the [[BSE SENSEX]] index was lower by 565 points and the [[NIFTY 50]] index was below 8100 intraday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/local-markets/sensex-sinks-514pts-midcap-down-4demonetisationearnings_7965381.html|title=Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4% on demonetisation & earnings |publisher=[[moneycontrol.com]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

====Transportation====

Major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the old banknotes. [[Nitin Gadkari]], the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across India until midnight of 11 November, later extended until 14 November and again until midnight of 18 November, and yet again till 2 December.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/toll-collection-suspended-across-the-country-till-nov-11-highways-ministry/story-1bAQIFhgp3R26ja4z9OdDK.html |title=Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-toll-charges-on-national-highways-till-nov-18-midnight-116111400435_1.html|title=No toll charges on National Highways till Nov 18 midnight|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 November 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

====Agriculture====
{{Missing information|section|effects of demonetisation on agriculture and farmers|date=November 2016}}

Transactions in the [[Agriculture in India|Indian agriculture sector]] are heavily dependent on cash and were adversely affected by the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nidhi-nath-srinivas/how-demonetisation-has-affected-indias-agricultural-and-food-ma/|title=How Demonetisation Has Affected India's Agricultural And Food Markets|newspaper=Huffington Post India|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Due to scarcity of the new banknotes, many farmers have unsufficient cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and pesticides needed for the plantation of [[rabi crop]]s usually sown around mid-November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-farmers-fear-loss-of-crops-and-income-after-currency-ban-3111694.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers fear loss of crops and income after currency ban - Firstpost|date=2016-11-18|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Farmers and their unions conducted protest rallies in [[Gujarat]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]] against the demonetisation as well as against restrictions imposed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] on [[District Cooperative Central Bank|district cooperative central banks]] which were ordered not to accept or exchange the demonetised banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/EgxO4VZMZJKpkiFwEvHEUL/Demonetisation-Farmers-protest-in-Muzaffarnagar-over-cash-s.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers protest in Muzaffarnagar over cash shortage|last=PTI|date=2016-11-22|newspaper=http://www.livemint.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-at-gujarat-protests-farmers-dump-milk-vegetables-on-road-4385111/|title=Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road|date=2016-11-20|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/farmers-in-amritsar-stage-protest-burn-pm-modi-s-effigy/story-NlBIKQoj479XSv1DfQ5QAJ.html|title=Farmers in Amritsar stage protest against demonetisation, burn PM Modi’s effigy|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=http://www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/demonetisation-gujarat-farmers-warn-of-stopping-milk-supply-demand-note-exchange-at-co-op-banks-3114610.html|title=Demonetisation: Gujarat farmers warn of stopping milk supply; demand note-exchange at co-op banks - Firstpost|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref>

====Banking====
[[File:Rush outside SBI night.jpg|thumb|400px|A [[State Bank of India]] branch remained open at night, and a long queue of people waited outside the ATM to withdraw money]]

In the first four days after the announcement of the step, about 3 trillion rupees in the form of old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes had been deposited in the banking system and about 500 billion rupees had been dispensed via withdrawals from bank accounts, ATMs as well as exchanges over the bank counters. Within these four days, the banking system has handled about 180 million transactions.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /> The [[State Bank of India]] reported to have received more than {{INR}}300 billion in bank deposit in first two days after demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/state-bank-of-india-gets-rs-38677-crore-deposit-in-2-days-4370826/|title=State Bank of India gets Rs 38,677 crore deposit in 2 days|date=12 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/state-bank-of-india-says-it-has-received-deposits-worth-rs-53-000-crore/story-FDoUfqDOmC5ls3OAZSe2jM.html|title=State Bank of India says it has received deposits worth Rs 53,000 crore|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/demonetisation-drive-windfall-for-banks-coffers-richer-by-rs-2-2-lakh-cr-already/444188/|title=Demonetisation drive windfall for banks, coffers richer by Rs 2.2 lakh cr already|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> A spike in the usage of debit card and credit card post demonetisation was also reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/card-usage-surges-microlending-grinds-to-a-halt/article9341086.ece?w=alauto|title=Micro lending badly hit; surge in use of cards|first1=Manojit|last1=Saha|first2=Ashish|last2=Rukhaiyar|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In [[Malda district|Malda]], a district believed to be a transit-point for fake Indian currencies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bank-accounts-for-sale-in-malda-west-bengal/1/808124.html|title=Exclusive: Bank accounts for sale in West Bengals Malda!}}</ref> a large sum of cash deposits in dormant accounts were also reported. According to [[The Economic Times]], more than 80 percent of fake currency in India originates from Malda district in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/life-has-come-to-standstill-in-indias-counterfeit-capital/articleshow/55406694.cms|title=Life has come to standstill in India's counterfeit capital |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

====Business====

By the second week after demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes, cigarette sales across India witnessed a fall of 30–40%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/cigarette-sales-down-30-40/448647/|title=Cigarette sales down 30–40%|accessdate=18 November 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> while E-commerce companies saw up to a 30% decline in [[cash on delivery]] (COD) orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ecommerce-firms-see-30-decline-in-cash-on-delivery-orders-post-demonetisation/article9354147.ece|title=E-commerce firms see 30% decline in cash on delivery orders post demonetisation|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-demonetisation-e-commerce-cash-on-delivery-4379522/|title=E-commerce cash-on-delivery orders down by up to 30 per cent|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> Several e-commerce companies hailed the demonetisation decision as an impetus to an increase in [[E-commerce payment system|digital payments]]. They believe that it would lead to a decline in COD returns which is expected to cut down their costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2016/11/17/flipkart-snapdeal-shopclues-say-demonetisation-good-for-e-commerce-industry/|title=Flipkart, Snapdeal, Shopclues say demonetisation good for e-commerce industry|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=Techcircle.in – India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

The demand for point of sales (POS) or card swipe machines has increased.<ref name=et1116>{{citation |title=Demonetisation gets 'acche din' for swipe-machine makers |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55429945.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> E-payment options like PayTM and PayUMoney has also seen a rise.<ref>{{citation |title=To stay afloat, Coimabtore traders seek card swipe machines |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/To-stay-afloat-Coimabtore-traders-seek-card-swipe-machines/articleshow/55519849.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2016 }}</ref> According to data of Pine Labs, the demand for its POS machines doubled after the decision. Further it states that the debit card transactions rose by 108% and credit card transactions by 60% on 9 November 2016.<ref name=et1116/>

===Income tax raids and cash seizures===

The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry]] instructed all revenue intelligence agencies to join the crackdown on forex traders, hawala operators and jewellers besides tracking movement of demonetised currency notes.<ref name="ED-fema-notices">{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate issues FEMA notices to forex, gold traders|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/enforcement-directorate-issues-fema-notices-to-forex-gold-traders/articleshow/55445560.cms|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Income Tax departments raided various illegal tax-evasive businesses in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and other cities that traded with demonetised currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/income-tax-department-raids-chandni-chowk-shops-shut/1/807996.html |title=Income tax dept conducts raids across India as illegal financial institutions crop up; shops call it a day |work=India Today |date=11 November 2016 |author=Rai, Arpan |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] issued several [[Foreign Exchange Management Act|FEMA]] notices to forex and gold traders.<ref name="ED-fema-notices"/> It also raided several forex establishments making back dated entries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/enforcement-directorate-raids-forex-shops-making-back-date-entries/articleshow/55373554.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Large sum of cash were seized in different parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs-1322-lakh-in-cash-seized/article9331654.ece?css=print|title=Rs. 13.22 lakh in cash seized|date=11 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-1624663|title=Rs 4 Crore-Worth Scrapped Notes Seized From Maharashtra Trader}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/76-lakh-cash-seized-from-vehicle-in-Mandi/articleshow/55379844.cms|title=Rs 76 lakh cash seized from vehicle in Mandi – Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-bank-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-4371753/|title=Madhya Pradesh: Rs 4 crore-worth scrapped bank notes seized from trader|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cash-seized-from-two-cars-near-nashik/article9356909.ece?homepage=true</ref> In [[Chhattisgarh]] liquid cash worth of {{INR}}4.4 million was seized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chhattisgarh-cash-worth-rs-44-lakhs-in-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-seized-from-a-man-2272478|title=Chhattisgarh: Cash worth Rs 44 lakhs in Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes seized from a man |work=Daily News & Analysis|date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

===Effect on illegal activities===

The move also reportedly crippled Communist guerrilla groups ([[Naxalite]]s) financing through money laundering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cops-look-for-Maoists-with-old-currency/articleshow/55377997.cms|title=Cops look for Maoists with old currency – Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Modis-demonetization-set-to-cripple-Naxalites-financially/articleshow/55379177.cms|title=Modi's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 10 November the police arrested a petrol pump owner at Ranchi when he reportedly tried to deposit ₹25 lacs, belonging to a person affiliated with the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/maoists-depend-on-sympathisers-to-tide-over-cash-crunch/article9340780.ece?homepage=true|title=Maoists depend on sympathisers to tide over cash crunch|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivas|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> According to [[Chhattisgarh Police]] demonetisation has affected the [[Naxalite]] activities. It is reported that insurgents have stashed more than ₹7000 crore in the Bastar region.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/this-is-how-big-note-ban-will-affect-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-1624880|title=This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities in Chhattisgarh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-to-hit-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-police-4372900/|title=Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh: Police|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> Mumbai Police reported a setback to [[Hawala|Hawala operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-cripples-hawala-operations-mumbai-police/articleshow/55337722.cms|title=Demonetisation cripples hawala operations: Mumbai Police |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-effect-hawala-operations-stopped-in-mumbai/1/807544.html|title=Demonetisation effect: Hawala operations come to a grinding halt}}</ref> Hawala dealers in Kerala were also affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hawala-dealers-in-kerala-hit-hard-by-demonetisation-kerala-demonetization-unaccounted-money--1.1493198|title=Hawala dealers in Kerala hit hard by demonetisation}}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] reported the effect of demonetisation on hawala transactions of separatists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/nov/12/terror-hawala-in-kashmir-valley-rendered-trash-thanks-to-demonetisation-1537896--1.html|title=Terror hawala in Kashmir valley rendered trash, thanks to demonetisation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postcard.news/violence-jammu-kashmir-suddenly-stopped/|title=Why all the Violence in Jammu-Kashmir Has Suddenly Stopped???|first=Postcard|last=Team}}</ref> More than 300 Naxals have surrendered to the police voluntarily due to shortage of funds.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for this |date=November 2016}}

===Evasion===
[[File:Shop accepting 500 1000 rupee notes.jpg|thumb|300px|A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.]]

====Gold purchases====
In [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]] and many other major cities, sales of gold increased on 9 November, with an increased 20 to 30% premium surging the price as much as ₹45,000 from the ruling price of ₹31,900 per {{Convert|10|g}}.<ref name="Gold Price">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/nov/10/gold-price-recovers-on-renewed-demand-1536940.html|title=Gold price recovers on renewed demand |date=10 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/scramble-for-gold-in-gujarat-after-demonetisation/article9323127.ece?homepage=true | title=Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Langa, Mahesh}}</ref>

====Donations====
Authorities of Sri Jalakanteswarar temple at [[Vellore]] discovered cash worth {{INR}}4.4 million from the temple Hundi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bundles-of-cash-found-inside-a-temple-hundi/article9342666.ece?homepage=true|title=Defunct notes worth Rs. 44 lakh found in temple hundi|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

====Multiple bank transactions====
There have also been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions and also attempting to convert black money into white by making multiple transactions at different bank branches.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parmar|first1=Beena|title=Despite Rs 4000-cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/despite-rs-4000-cap-on-money-exchange-loophole-allows-multiple-transactions/story-lbw8xw5XCHvsS5DOawWB1O.html|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> People were also getting rid of large amounts of banned currency by sending people in groups to exchange their money at banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-in-chennai-to-beat-cash-limit-they-send-full-teams-to-bank-4375951/|title=Demonetisation: In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In response, the government announced that it would start marking customers with indelible ink. This was in addition to other measures proposed to ensure that the exchange transactions are carried out only once by each person.<ref name="TOI_ink">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indelible-ink-to-mark-fingers-of-those-who-have-exchanged-cash/articleshow/55431492.cms|title=To reduce crowds at banks, ATMs, indelible ink to mark fingers of those who have exchanged old notes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/demonetisation-banks-to-use-indelible-ink-to-stop-multiple-transactions-curb-crowd-3106274.html|title=Demonetisation: Banks to use indelible ink to stop multiple transactions, curb crowd |date=15 November 2016|publisher=firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/demonetisation-indelible-ink-mark-seems-like-the-govt-is-panicking-4376665/|title=Demonetisation: Indelible ink mark seems like the government is panicking?|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 17 November, the government reduced the exchange amount to {{INR}}2000 to discourage attempts to convert black money into legitimate money.<ref name=":1" />

====Railway bookings====

As soon as the demonetisation was announced, it was observed by the [[Indian Railways]] authorities that large number of people started booking tickets particularly in [[Indian Railways coaching stock|classes]] 1A and 2A for the longest distance possible, to get rid of unaccounted cash. A senior official said, "On November 13, 42.7 million passengers were nationally booked across all classes. Of these, only 1,209 were 1A and 16,999 for 2A. It is a sharp dip from the number of passengers booked on November 9, when 27,237 passengers had booked tickets in 1A and 69,950 in 2A."<ref name=":0" />

The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways Ministry]] and the Railway Board responded swiftly and decided that: cancellation and refund of tickets of value ₹10,000 and above will not be allowed by any means involving cash. The payment can only be through cheque/electronic payment. Tickets above ₹10,000 can be refunded by filing ticket deposit receipt only on surrendering the original ticket. A copy of the [[PAN card]] must be submitted for any cash transaction above ₹50,000. The official claimed that since the Railway Board on 10 November imposed a number of restrictions to book and cancel tickets, the number of people booking 1A and 2A tickets came down.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rlys-sets-5000-as-cash-refund-limit-for-tickets/articleshow/55444673.cms|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9-11|url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/railways-say-no-cash-refund-for-tickets-booked-between-nov-9-11_1949831.html|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

====Municipal and local taxes====

The use of the demonetised notes had been allowed by the government for the payment of municipal and local body taxes. This led to people using the banned ₹500 and ₹1000 notes to pay large amounts of outstanding taxes, and also advance taxes. As a result, revenue collections of the local authorities have jumped due to the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/hyderabad/demonetisation-impact-greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-collects-over-rs-160-crore-in-just-four-days_1949989.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days|date=15 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation}}
{{wikinews|India discontinues ₹500, ₹1000 denominations; releases ₹2000 and new ₹500 bills}}
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rupees-500-1000-currency-note-faq-narendra-modi/1/805954.html What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500–1000 notes answered], ''India Today'', 8 November 2016
* [https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119 FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India]
* [http://www.finmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Finance, Government of India]
* [https://www.dailyfastnews.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-demonetises-rs-500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-in-india/ PM Narendra Modi Demonetises Rs 500 and Rs 1000 Currency Notes In India]

{{Indian currency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:History of money]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Monetary reform]]

2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

2016-11-25T07:25:45Z

Soft coder: /* Effect on illegal activities */ added citation required for 200 naxal surrender

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Notice | Heading= Title Change | Kindly refrain from moving this article to a new title until consensus is reached on the talk page of this article.}}
[[File:No 500 1000.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A store displaying the demonetisation message: "Withdrawal of legal tender status for ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", at the cash counter]]
The [[demonetisation]] of [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 1000-rupee note|₹1000]] banknotes was a step taken by the [[Government of India]] on 8 November 2016, ceasing the usage of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as a form of [[legal tender]] in India from 9 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal>{{cite web|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

The announcement was made by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) the same day.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Bhatt|first1=Abhinav|title=Watch PM Modi's Entire Speech on Discontinuing 500, 1000 Rupee Notes|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-speaks-to-nation-tonight-at-8-pm-1622948|accessdate=8 November 2016|publisher=NDTV India|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-narendra-modis-address-to-nation/article9320548.ece |title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes: RBI explains |date=8 November 2016 |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> In the announcement, Modi declared use of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid from midnight of the same day and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

However, the banknote denominations of ₹100, ₹50, ₹20, ₹10 and ₹5 of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] continued to remain as legal tender and were unaffected by the policy. The government claimed the demonetisation move as an effort to stop counterfeiting of the current banknotes allegedly used for funding [[terrorism in India|terrorism]], as well as a crack down on [[Indian black money|black money in the country]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/live-pm-narendra-modi-addresses-nation/1/805755.html |title=Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money |date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-500-and-Rs-1000-notes-pulled-out-of-circulation-immediately-PM-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/55315473.cms|title= Notes out of circulation|work= The Times of India|date= 8 November 2016}}</ref> The move is also aimed at reducing [[Corruption in India|corruption]], drug menace and [[smuggling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-note-ban-narendra-modis-demonetisation-move-a-death-knell-to-hawala-trade-3101610.html|title= Corruption fight|work=first post|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-hopes-demonetisation-will-pay-rich-dividends-in-state-polls/articleshow/55359573.cms|title=BJP policy|work= The Times of India|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Background==

=== Economic ===
Similar demonetisation of banknote denominations have been taken in the past. In January 1946, banknotes of 1000 and 10000 rupee were withdrawn and new notes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee were introduced in 1954. The [[Janata Party]] coalition government had again demonetised banknotes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee on 16 January 1978 as a means to curb [[counterfeit money]] and black money.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uzZItqeHdMPHHgFJaq2BnM/A-history-of-demonetization-in-India.html | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes may be back, if history is a guide | work=Live Mint | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] had recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or economy, which is largely held in the form of [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|benami properties]], bullion and jewellery".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-black-money-corruption-banks-atms-modi-finance-ministry4375205/|title=At least 4 months needed to replace demonetised notes, not 50 days: Here’s why|date=14 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>http://dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Measures_Tackle_BlackMoney.pdf</ref> According to data from income tax probes, black money holders keep only 6% or less of their ill-gotten wealth as cash, hence targeting this cash may not be a successful strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-has-only-6-share-in-black-money-seizures-reveals-income-tax-data/story-JfFuTiJYtxKwJQhz2ApxlL.html |title=Why govt's demonetisation move may fail to win the war against black money |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Appu Esthose Suresh}}</ref>

On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India was {{INRConvert|17.77|lc|lk=lc}}. In terms of value, the annual report of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) of 31 March 2016 stated that total bank notes in circulation valued to {{INRConvert|16.42|lc}} of which nearly 86% (around {{INRConvert|14.18|lc}}) was ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 90266 million banknotes were in circulation.<ref name="equipped">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-are-banks-equipped-to-replace-1874-crore-pieces-of-notes-4364746/|title=Are banks equipped to replace 2,300 crore pieces of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes?|date=9 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 November 2016|author=Damodaran, Harish}}</ref>

=== Political ===
In the past, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) had strongly opposed demonetisation. BJP spokesperson [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] had said in 2014 that "The aam aurats and the aadmis, those who are illiterate and have no access to banking facilities, will be the ones to be hit by such diversionary measures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-measure-is-anti-poor-when-bjp-opposed-demonetisation-during-upa-govt/story-1HSYEYCaX3SaIsRS6q2rhJ.html|title=The measure is 'anti-poor': When BJP opposed demonetisation during UPA govt|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Kumar Uttam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/bjp-had-a-very-different-view-on-demonetisation-in-2014/|title=BJP Had A Very Different View on Demonetisation in 2014|date=11 November 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in|author=Betwa Sharma|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-bjp-aap-currency-ban-4370935/|title=Explain opposition to similar move by UPA: AAP to BJP on demonetisation|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjeev-singh-blog/how-bjp-had-termed-demonetisation-as-anti-poor-in-2014/|title=How BJP had termed demonetisation as 'anti-poor' in 2014|work=The Times of India|author=|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> This was before Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched [[Jan Dhan Yojana]] to include the poor into the banking system.

==Televised address==

On 8 November 2016, an announcement was made by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> In the announcement, Modi declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

After the official announcement by Prime Minister Modi, the [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], [[Urjit Patel]], and Economic Affairs secretary, Shaktikanta Das explained in a press conference that while the supply of notes of all denominations had increased by 40% between 2011 and 2016, the ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes increased by 76% and 109% respectively in this period owing to forgery. This forged cash was then used to fund terrorist activities against India. As a result the decision to eliminate the notes had been taken.<ref name="News 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/why-were-the-notes-scrapped-rbi-chief-and-economic-affairs-secretary-explain-1309756.html|title=Why Were the Notes Scrapped? RBI Chief, Economic Affairs Secy Explain|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=News 18}}</ref>

Patel also informed that the decision had been made about six months ago, and the printing of new banknotes of denomination ₹500 and ₹2000 had already started. However, only the top members of the government, security agencies and the central bank were aware of the move. But media had reported in October 2016 about introduction of ₹2000 denomination well before the official announcement by RBI. This statement has led to much debate, because the Reserve Bank governor six months before the announcement was Raghuram Rajan, while the new banknotes have the signature of the newly appointed governor, [[Urjit Patel]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sridhar|first1=G Naga|last2=Vageesh|first2=NS|title=Coming soon to your wallet: ₹2,000 notes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-1000-notes-move-was-in-the-pipeline-for-months/article9321244.ece|title=Move was in the pipeline for months|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

==Exchanging old notes==

[[File:2016 Indian currency note demonetisation.jpg|thumb|300px|People gathered at ATM of [[Axis Bank]] in [[Mehsana]], Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.]]

The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] and [[Indian 100-rupee note|₹100]] banknotes of the preceding [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]].<ref name="withdrawaloflegal" /> Following are the key points:
[[File:People gathered at SBI ATM in Paravur near Kollam city in Kerala due to Indian currency demonetisation, Nov 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Long queue in front of [[State Bank of India|SBI]] ATM at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near the city of [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]], 19th November 2016.]]
* Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal />
* Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November.<ref name="revisedguidelines">{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/MoF_reviewed_availability_distribution_Notes.pdf|title=Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="rbirevision">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10706&Mode=0|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>
* For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes can be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This exchange is restricted to once per person.
** Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016.
** This limit was increased to ₹4500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" />
** The limit was reduced to ₹2000 per person from 18 November 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/Govt_decisions_on_oldNotes17112016.pdf|title=The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers, small traders, Group ‘C’ Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces, Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1000/- notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500/- to Rs. 2000/-with effect from 18th November, 2016.|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
* Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2000 per day.<ref name=ATMsnotdispensing>{{cite web|title=ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10683&Mode=0|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> From 14 November onwards, ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2000 per day.<ref name=revisedguidelines /><ref name="rbirevision" />

However, exceptions were given to petrol, [[CNG]] and gas stations, government hospitals, [[Indian Railways|railway]] and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-secretary-economic-affairs-shaktikanta-das-press-conference-in-new-delhi/article9343621.ece|accessdate=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/-|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref> International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/outlets-that-will-accept-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-in-next-72-hours/articleshow/55317768.cms | title=Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours | work=The Economic Times | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families will be able to withdraw ₹250,000 for weddings from one account provided it was [[Know your customer|KYC]] compliant. The rules were also been changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-weddings-shaktikanta-das-government-economic-affairs-secretary/1/812730.html|title=Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account|work=India Today|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

== Alleged prior leakage of information ==

Several exact details pertaining to the decision to demonetise the notes had been published on 1 April 2016 in a [[Gujarat]]i newspaper called ''Akila'', including for instance, that there would be around 2 months' time to exchange banned notes, and that new notes in the ₹2000 denomination would be issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Local-dailys-April-1-joke-turns-news-break-of-the-year/articleshow/55381283.cms|title=Local daily's April 1 joke turns news break of the year – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasamvad.co.in/investigation/pm-modi-ministers-leaked-info-on-scrapping-rs-1000-in-april-17750 |title=Not a secret? Modi's ministers had leaked info about scrapping of Rs 1,000 in April |publisher=Indiasamvad.co.in |date=26 October 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Sanjeev Singh}}</ref> The editor of the newspaper claimed that it was only an [[April fools day]] prank.<ref>{{cite web|author=Basant Rawat |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161111/jsp/frontpage/story_118632.jsp |title=Psst! A prank to save your black buck |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A fortnight before the official announcement, a news report in Hindi daily ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' quoting RBI sources mentioned about the coming release of new 2000 rupee note and alongside withdrawal of prevailing 500 and 1000 rupee notes when it is released. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/27-oct-2016-16-lucknow-archive-edition-ayodhya-Page-18.html# |title=ePaper link from Hindi daily Dainik Jagran of 27th Octomber 2016|work=Dainik Jagran Epaper |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/journalist-broke-story-about-currency-demonetisation-a-fortnight-back/story-3OpgtR5ehdzkRRrwQITLgK.html |title=Journalist broke story about currency demonetisation a fortnight back |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A businessman reportedly admitted in an interview, that he had received prior warning of the impending demonetisation from a source in the government, and that he had sufficient time to convert most of his money into smaller denominations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Sethi|url=https://www.thequint.com/business/2016/11/11/before-pms-announcement-rumours-of-demonetisation-abounded |title=Before PM's Announcement, Rumours of Demonetisation Abounded |publisher=The Quint |date=6 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The chairman of the [[State Bank of India]] had also openly spoken in April 2016 about the possibility of demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-500-Rs-1000-note-rumours-not-polls-behind-cash-surge-SBI/articleshow/51736091.cms |title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 note rumours, not polls, behind cash surge: SBI |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

===Allegations and claims===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI ( M)) alleged that the BJP unit in [[West Bengal]] had advance knowledge about the impending announcement, and deposited money just before the announcement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pooja Mehta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-knew-of-pm-modi-s-demonetisation-plan-bengal-unit-transferred-rs-1-crore-before-announcement-cpim-2272432 |title=BJP knew of PM Modi's demonetisation plan, Bengal unit transferred Rs 1 crore before announcement: CPI(M) & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/11/west-bengal-bjp-knew-about-demonetisation-deposited-rs-1-crore-hours-before-announcement-cpm-1537470.html |title=West Bengal BJP knew about demonetisation, deposited Rs 1 crore hours before announcement: CPM |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] also claimed that there had been some leakage regarding the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-s-friends-were-given-advance-information-on-demonetization-it-is-a-surgical-strike-on-common-people-says-kejriwal-265342.html |title='PM's Friends' Were Given Advance Information on Demonetization, It Is A Surgical Strike on Common People Says Kejriwal |work=The Times of India |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=10 Nov 2016-08:02 pm , PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-and-its-friends-knew-about-demonetization-a-week-before-kejriwal-doubts-modi-s-war-on-black-money-2272145 |title=BJP and its friends knew about demonetization a week before: Kejriwal doubts Modi's war on black money |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal questioned how Sanjeev Kamboj, a BJP leader in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], posted about the ₹2000 notes days before the official announcement, and alleged that a sudden spike in bank deposits between July and September 2016 was also due to information leakage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580660/bjp-informed-friends-beforehand-demonetisation.html|title=BJP informed 'friends' beforehand about demonetisation: Kejriwal|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that '[[Ambani]] and [[Gautam Adani|Adani]]' were informed about the demonetisation, and made arrangements. However, he later said that it was an [[Off the record (journalism)|off-the-record]] conversation, and officially denied the comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-ambani-adani-were-informed-and-thus-made-arrangements-says-bjp-mla/447944/|title=Demonetisation: Ambani, Adani were informed and thus made arrangements, says BJP MLA|date=17 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/17/adanis-ambanis-already-knew-about-currency-ban-bjp-mla-caught-on-camera-1539642.html|title=Adanis, Ambanis already knew about currency ban: BJP MLA caught on camera|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

===Support===

The decision met with mixed reactions Several bankers like [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]] (Chairperson of [[State Bank of India]]), [[Chanda Kochhar]] (MD & CEO of [[ICICI Bank]]) and [[Deepak Parekh]] (Chairman of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]]) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money.<ref name="IndiaInc">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/narendra-modi-rs-500-1000-sbi-arundhati-bhattacharya-icici-chanda-kochhar-here-is-how-india-inc-reacted-4364818/ | title=Govt demonitises Rs 500, 1000 notes: Here is how India Inc reacted | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Businessmen [[Anand Mahindra]] ([[Mahindra Group]]), [[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[JSW Group]]), [[Kunal Bahl]] ([[Snapdeal]] and [[FreeCharge]]) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.<ref name="IndiaInc" /> Infosys founder [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] praised the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-we-should-all-be-celebrating-says-narayana-murthy/articleshow/55357977.cms|title=Demonetisation: We should all be celebrating, says Narayana Murthy |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/move-to-withdraw-rs-500-1000-notes-master-stroke-narayana-murthy-4365782/|title=Move to withdraw Rs 500, 1,000 notes masterstroke |author=Narayana Murthy|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] said that demonetisation would clean the complete economic system, increase the size of economy and revenue base. He mentioned the demonetisation along with the upcoming [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] as "an attempt to change the spending habit and lifestyle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-war-on-black-money-scrapping-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-will-expand-economy-increase-revenue-says-jaitley-2271883 |title=War on black money: Scrapping Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes will expand economy, increase revenue, says Jaitley |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson [[Randeep Surjewala]] welcomed the move but remained sceptical on the consequences that would follow.<ref name="Cong">{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/rs-500-1000-currency-notes-banned-congress-raises-questions-against-narendra-modi-govts-shocking-move-1636286/ | title=Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes banned: Congress raises questions against Narendra Modi govt’s shocking move | publisher=India.com | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] supported the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-backs-modi-on-demonetisation/article9323442.ece|title=Nitish welcomes demonetisation move|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nitish-Kumar-supports-Modis-demonetisation-move/articleshow/55336788.cms|title=Nitish Kumar supports Modi's demonetisation move |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-cm-nitish-supports-decision-to-withdraw-demonetisation-currency-rs-1000-rs-500-notes-4366034/|title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar supports decision to withdraw Rs 1000, Rs 500 notes|date=9 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-naidu-had-inkling-of-the-ban/article9320914.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 notes: Naidu had inkling of the ban?|first=K.|last=Venkateshwarlu|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/andhra-cm-naidu-asked-for-demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1-000-notes-in-october-116110900626_1.html|title=Andhra CM Naidu asked for demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 notes in October|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=9 November 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/nov/08/chandrababu-naidu-welcomes-demonetisation-move-1536401.html|title=Chandrababu Naidu welcomes demonetisation move}}</ref> Former Chief Election Commissioner of India [[S. Y. Quraishi]] said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/demonetisation-could-lead-to-long-pending-electoral-reforms/story-tXYgT7hw6Q3TQUbPuIUucO.html|title=Demonetisation could lead to long-pending electoral reforms|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Indian social activist [[Anna Hazare]] hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazare-hails-demonetisation-calls-it-revolutionary-step/articleshow/55354898.cms|title=Anna Hazare hails demonetisation, calls it 'revolutionary' step |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonitisation-a-revolutionary-step-to-fight-corruption-anna-hazare-4367070/|title=Demonetisation a revolutionary step to fight corruption: Anna Hazare|date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/notes-ban-anna-hazare-hails-pm-narendra-modis-revolutionary-step-kejriwal-criticizes-it-1623922|title=Notes Ban: Anna Hazare Hails PM Narendra Modi's 'Revolutionary' Step, Kejriwal Criticizes It}}</ref> The [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes_1947632.html|title=President Pranab Mukherjee welcomes demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-bold-step-president-pranab-mukherjee-4364815/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes bold step: President Pranab Mukherjee|date=8 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1-000-rs-500-notes-1623081|title=President Pranab Mukherjee Welcomes Demonetisation of Rs 1,000, Rs 500 Notes|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-a-bold-step-says-pranab-mukherjee/article9320915.ece|title=A bold step, says Pranab Mukherjee|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The opinion of the masses varied both ways on micro-blogs and social media sites like Twitter.<ref name="ToI Twitter reaction">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/everything-social/rs-500-1000-notes-pulled-out-how-twitter-reacted/|title=Rs 500, 1000 notes pulled out: How Twitter reacted|date=8 November 2016|work=Times of India Blogs|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref> In general, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2016/11/11/dear-pm-modi-demonetisation-brahmastra-could-have-spared-the-poor|title=Dear PM Modi, Demonetisation 'Brahmastra' Could Have Spared The Poor|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Bloomberg Quint|author=Raghav Bahl|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

By and large, international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.<ref name="IMF-response"/><ref name="Chinese state media"/><ref name="Swedish Minister"/> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) issued a statement supporting Modi's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy.<ref name="IMF-response">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/imf-supports-pm-modi-s-demonetization-move-in-fight-against-corruption-116111100142_1.html|title=Support by IMF|date=11 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Chinese state media ''[[Global Times]]'' praised the move and termed it as "fierce fight against black money and corruption."<ref name="Chinese state media">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-state-media-praises-modi-but-says-he/article9343797.ece|title=State media praises Modi, but says he can learn from China's crusade against corruption|first=Atul|last=Aneja|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and Vice-President of European Commission [[Jyrki Katainen]] welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-to-help-financial-system-eu/articleshow/55399290.cms|title=European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-will-help-financial-system-european-union-1311545.html|title=India's Crackdown on Black Money Will Help Financial System: European Union|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> [[BBC]]'s South Asia Correspondent [[Justin Rowlatt]] in his article praised the move for its secrecy and success and elaborated on reason behind demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37974423|title=Why India wiped out 86% of its cash overnight|first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|date=14 November 2016|work=bbc.com}}</ref>[[Tim Worstall]] termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/11/17/indias-rs-500-and-1000-demonetisation-is-lowering-interest-rates-and-also-inflation/#62464fde2edf|title=India's Rs 500 And 1,000 Demonetization Is Lowering Interest Rates And Also Inflation|first=Tim|last=Worstall|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Swedish Minister of Enterprise [[Mikael Damberg]] supported the move by calling it bold decision.<ref name="Swedish Minister">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-mikael-damberg/article9340999.ece?w=alauto|title=Swedish ICT sector wouldn't have been so successful without Indian help|first=Arun|last=S|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Singapore-based paper ''The Independent'' published a laudatory article on the move titled "Modi does a [[Lee Kuan Yew]] to stamp out corruption in India." Lee Kuan Yew was the Singaporean Prime Minister and is considered the architect of modern Singapore. "From making up his mind to rolling it out, a new Lee Kuan Yew is born in India. It will be reflected in the legacy of this Prime Minister," the article said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theindependent.sg/modi-does-a-lee-kuan-yew-to-stamp-out-corruption-in-india/|title=Modi does a Lee Kuan Yew to stamp out corruption in India|date=10 November 2016|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Criticism===

On 8 November 2016, Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]] called the new declaration "drama".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-reactions/article9320639.ece | title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000: Who says what | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> A [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in [[Madras High Court]] by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the [[Indian National League]], to scrap the decision. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55353472.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title=Govt's demonetisation move fit for country's security, development: HC |work= The Economic Times |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Similar PILs were also filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pils-supreme-court-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-illegal/1/807124.html |title=PILs in Supreme Court against making Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes illegal |work=India Today |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]] gave judgement that Government is free to change policy, taking into consideration the prevalent socio-economic conditions and that the courts have only a limited role to play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-free-to-change-policy-to-suit-socioeconomic-situation-supreme-court/article9345175.ece?ref=sliderNews|title=Govt free to change policy to suit socio-economic situation: Supreme Court|first=Krishnadas|last=Rajagopal|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[World Bank]] Chief Economist, [[Kaushik Basu]], said that the 'damage' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-damage-greater-than-its-benefits-says-kaushik-basu-116111101733_1.html |title=Demonetisation damage greater than its benefits, says Kaushik Basu |work=Business Standard |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-good-economics-demonetisation-is-not-kaushik-basu/articleshow/55375545.cms |title=GST good economics; demonetisation is not: Kaushik Basu |work=The Economic Times |date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

[[Prabhat Patnaik]], a former professor of economics at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" while "causing much hardship to common people."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Patnaik|first1=Prabhat|title=Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/1/9151/Demonetization-Witless-and-Anti-People|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Citizen|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

===Opposition===

A Congress-led opposition, which includes 13 political parties, opposed the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation issue in the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] on 16 November 2016. The [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] also met the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to oppose the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-debate-likely-to-hot-up-winter-session-didi-to-knock-on-president-s-door-2273770|title= Debate on demonetisation, in winter session|work=DNA India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-People-battle-it-out-at-banks-netas-ready-for-war-in-Parliament/articleshow/55424673.cms|title= Winter Session debate|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/winter-session-oppn-to-target-govt-on-demonetisation-orop-gst-116111401558_1.html|title=Opposition to target government on demonetisation|work=Business Standard|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-november-15-2016-effect-of-demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes/article9348006.ece|title=Government and Opposition prepare for winter session of Parliament, on demonetisation|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-janata-dal-u-gives-suspension-of-business-notice-as-parties-gear-up-for-war-in-parliament_1949763.html|title= Parties gear up for debate on demonetisation|work=zeenews.India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/opposition-parties-agree-to-raise-notes-issue-in-session/articleshow/55424453.cms|title= Parties agree to raise notes issue in session|work=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The debate on demonetisation is known to be initiated by [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-parliament-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-demonetization-congress-bjp-tmc-rahul-mamata-modi-sena-black-money-banks-atms-2273883|title=Congress on demonetisation|work= DNA India|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Anand Sharma]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] on 16 November 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/url-live-winter-session-of-parliament-begins-today-narendra-modi-speech-rahul-gandhi-arun-jaitley-demonetisation-effects/446936/|title= Anand Sharma speaks on demonetisation|work=The Financial Express|date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/parliament-debate-on-demonetisation-1950128|title= Congress initiates demonetisation debate|work=Zeenews.India.com|date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> while [[Mamata Banerjee]] is known to be the first to oppose the current government on the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Whys-Didi-against-demonetisation/articleshow/55378644.cms|title=Why's Mamata Banerjee against demonetization?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] led a rainbow delegation comprising political parties of [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], BJP ally [[Shiv Sena]], Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (of Hardik Patel) and National Conference to [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] to protest against the decision to withdraw {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes. A memorandum was submitted to the [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] demanding rollback of the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-mamata-banerjee-leads-protest-march-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-4379517/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes: Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> Outside the Parliament in a rally the same day, [[Saugata Roy]], a member of parliament from the opposition [[Trinamool Congress]] Party, commented, "People are in utter distress, especially the informal sector is totally disrupted. Poor people, daily wage earners, they're all facing difficulty"<ref name="Aljazeera-1"/>

In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 16 November 2016, [[Pramod Tiwari]] from the [[Indian National Congress]], accused [[Narendra Modi]] for the demonetisation and compared Narendra Modi to [[Mussolini]], [[Hitler]] and [[Qadhafi]], while [[Prem Chand Gupta]] questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor [[Urjit Patel]] sign on new note?". While on the other side, [[Praful Patel]] criticised the demonetisation by stating "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mayawati]] stated the situiation to "a financial emergency", by saying "It looks as if ''[[India|Bharat]]'' has shut down." Also, [[Sitaram Yechury]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], questioned the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-parliament-proceedings-november-16-2016/article9351846.ece|title=As it happened: Parliament proceedings — November 16, 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

On 17 November 2016, in a rally against demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes, led by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his West Bengal counterpart [[Mamata Banerjee]] at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale hub in the [[New Delhi|national capital]], Arvind Kejriwal demanded the withdraw of demonetisation in 3 days, or else there would be a [[rebellion]], he said. Mamata Banerjee also stated "I give the government 3 day ultimatum, fix things or withdraw the demonetisation scheme".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-kejriwal-mamata-protest-against-demonetisation-at-azadpur-market/story-9s1OoTJ1XgN6fFXSD6x36I.html|title=Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion: Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

In the demonetisation debate on the second and third day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 17 and 18 November 2016, the opposition and the [[Modi ministry|current government]] clashed over the demonetisation issue, bringing the [[Rajya Sabha|house]] to continuous halts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/winter-session-of-parliament-parliament-proceedings-november-18-2016/article9360240.ece|title=As it happened: RS, LS adjourned till Monday|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

===Cash rush===
[[File:Queue at ATM for INR 100 Notes - Howrah 2016-11-08 1773.JPG|thumb|Queue at an ATM for {{INR}}100 banknotes in [[Howrah]], on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)]]
[[File:Queue at Bank to Exchange INR 500 and 1000 Notes - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-11-10 02103.jpg|thumb|People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes in [[Kolkata]] on 10 November 2016.]]

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes, faced difficulties to exchange them as endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes since 9 November.<ref name="Aljazeera-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html|title=India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor|date=16 November 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=IEchaos>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/|title=Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html|title=India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend/article9337803.ece|title=Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.<ref name=IEchaos /> Sporadic violence was reported in [[New Delhi]], but there were no reports of any grievous injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2016/nov/13/demonetisation-sporadic-violence-in-delhi-cops-receive-45k-calls-1538063.html|title=Demonetisation: Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5K calls|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> people attacked bank premises and ATMs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Unrest-erupts-in-UP-towns-as-cashless-crowds-vent-ire-on-bank-staff/articleshow/55528509.cms|title=Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/In-western-UP-violence-marks-day-13-of-demonetisation/articleshow/55545397.cms|title=In western UP, violence marks day 13 of demonetisation – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-effect-atm-vandalism-on-rise-1652843/|title=Demonetisation effect: ATM vandalism on rise|date=18 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-angry-customers-break-banks-glass-door-in-kollam-4371720/|title=Demonetisation: Angry customers break bank’s glass door in Kollam|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/no-cash-frustrated-man-smashes-atm-glass-wall/article9340047.ece|title=No cash: ‘frustrated’ man smashes ATM glass wall|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/11/12/demonetisation-modi-rs-2000-rs-500-bank-officials-black-money-goons-attack-bank-officials-takes-its-toll-violence|title=Hid in Washroom For an Hour: Official After Attack at IDBI Bank}}</ref> and a ration shop was looted in [[Madhya Pradesh]] after the shop owner refused to accept {{INR}}500 banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/villagers-loot-pds-shop-over-invalid-after-dealer-refuses-scrapped-banknotes/story-pHFaVKqlz28OETJfvONS1M.html|title=Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161113/jsp/nation/story_118946.jsp|title=Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Villagers-looted-ration-shops-in-Madhya-Pradeshafter-the-shop-owner-refused-to-accept-old-notes/articleshow/55388557.cms|title=Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/demonetisation-fallout-cashless-villagers-loot-pds-shop-in-mps-chhatarpur-village-1311252.html|title=Demonetisation Fallout: Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP's Chhatarpur Village|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

Several people were reported dead by falling off and standing in queue for hours to exchange their old banknotes. However, none of this is proven that the deaths happened due to demonetization.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-deaths-in-maharashtra-kerala-narendra-modi-4370296/|title=Two dead in Maharashtra, Kerala in country-wide rush to junk banned notes|date=11 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetosation-deaths-congress-modi-government/1/808721.html|title=Demonetisation: Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra; Congress blames Modi government|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>http://www.uniindia.com/demonetisation-96-year-old-died-while-standing-in-queue/states/news/684631.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/farmer-standing-in-line-to-exchange-notes-dies-of-heart-attack-116111200942_1.html|title=Farmer standing in line to exchange notes dies of heart attack|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=12 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/73-year-old-dies-waiting-in-queue-to-exchange-discontinued-curre/|accessdate=13 November 2016|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 die in queue to exchange banned notes at bank|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-die-in-country-wide-rush-to-junk-banned-notes/articleshow/55374158.cms|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Deaths were also attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of old banknotes by hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/mumbai-baby-dies-waiting-for-medical-help-as-hospital-refuses-rs-500-1000-currency-notes-1642581/|accessdate=13 November 2016|publisher=India.com|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Doc-says-no-to-deposit-in-Rs-500-notes-baby-dies-awaiting-help/articleshow/55380976.cms|title=Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baby-dies-after-doctor-refuses-to-take-rs-500-and-rs-1000-notes-for-treatment-in-mumbai/story-xxSBtmK39xdcAx0hfhViEL.html|title=Infant's death: Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The attributed death toll was 25, till 15 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-many-lives-lost-for-crores-of-unaccounted-money-in-only-5-days/445560/|title=Demonetisation crisis: 25 people dead in a week already|date=14 November 2016|work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-deaths-in-country/1/811009.html|title=25 deaths in a week: PM Modis demonetisation drive takes a toll on aam aadmi|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/|title=Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days|work=huffingtonpost}}</ref>

In an interview, [[Arvind Kejriwal]] lashed out at a reporter who asked him to justify his claim on 19 November that 55 deaths were linked to demonetisation.<ref>Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Published:November 19, 2016 [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-lashes-out-at-bbc-reporter-questioning-him-on-demonetisation-4384031/?campaign_id=A100 Arvind Kejriwal gets angry at BBC reporter questioning him on demonetisation] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> While on the other side, the CMD of [[Punjab National Bank]] said that panic after demonetization started fading on 19 November 2016.<ref> The Hindu [http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/panic-following-withdrawal-of-notes-has-largely-faded/article9365673.ece Panic following withdrawal of notes has largely faded – PNB CMD] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref>

===Effects on Economy===

====Stock market====

As a combined effect of demonetisation and [[United States presidential election, 2016|US presidential election]], the share market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, [[BSE SENSEX]] crashed nearly 1,689 points and [[NIFTY 50]] plunged by over 541 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece|title=Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the [[BSE SENSEX]] index was lower by 565 points and the [[NIFTY 50]] index was below 8100 intraday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/local-markets/sensex-sinks-514pts-midcap-down-4demonetisationearnings_7965381.html|title=Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4% on demonetisation & earnings |publisher=[[moneycontrol.com]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

====Transportation====

Major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the old banknotes. [[Nitin Gadkari]], the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across India until midnight of 11 November, later extended until 14 November and again until midnight of 18 November, and yet again till 2 December.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/toll-collection-suspended-across-the-country-till-nov-11-highways-ministry/story-1bAQIFhgp3R26ja4z9OdDK.html |title=Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-toll-charges-on-national-highways-till-nov-18-midnight-116111400435_1.html|title=No toll charges on National Highways till Nov 18 midnight|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 November 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

====Agriculture====
{{Missing information|section|effects of demonetisation on agriculture and farmers|date=November 2016}}

Transactions in the [[Agriculture in India|Indian Agriculture sector]] is heavily dependent on cash and was adversely affected by the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nidhi-nath-srinivas/how-demonetisation-has-affected-indias-agricultural-and-food-ma/|title=How Demonetisation Has Affected India's Agricultural And Food Markets|newspaper=Huffington Post India|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Due to scarcity of the new banknotes, many farmers did not have sufficient cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and pesticides needed for the plantation of [[Rabi crop|rabi crops]] usually sown around mid-November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-farmers-fear-loss-of-crops-and-income-after-currency-ban-3111694.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers fear loss of crops and income after currency ban - Firstpost|date=2016-11-18|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Farmers and their unions conducted protest rallies in [[Gujarat]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]] against the demonetisation as well as against restrictions imposed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] on [[District Cooperative Central Bank|district cooperative central banks]] which were ordered not to accept or exchange the demonetised banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/EgxO4VZMZJKpkiFwEvHEUL/Demonetisation-Farmers-protest-in-Muzaffarnagar-over-cash-s.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers protest in Muzaffarnagar over cash shortage|last=PTI|date=2016-11-22|newspaper=http://www.livemint.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-at-gujarat-protests-farmers-dump-milk-vegetables-on-road-4385111/|title=Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road|date=2016-11-20|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/farmers-in-amritsar-stage-protest-burn-pm-modi-s-effigy/story-NlBIKQoj479XSv1DfQ5QAJ.html|title=Farmers in Amritsar stage protest against demonetisation, burn PM Modi’s effigy|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=http://www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/demonetisation-gujarat-farmers-warn-of-stopping-milk-supply-demand-note-exchange-at-co-op-banks-3114610.html|title=Demonetisation: Gujarat farmers warn of stopping milk supply; demand note-exchange at co-op banks - Firstpost|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref>

====Banking====

In the first four days after the announcement of the step, about 3 trillion rupees in the form of old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes had been deposited in the banking system and about 500 billion rupees had been dispensed via withdrawals from bank accounts, ATMs as well as exchanges over the bank counters. Within these four days, the banking system has handled about 180 million transactions.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /> The [[State Bank of India]] reported to have received more than {{INR}}300 billion in bank deposit in first two days after demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/state-bank-of-india-gets-rs-38677-crore-deposit-in-2-days-4370826/|title=State Bank of India gets Rs 38,677 crore deposit in 2 days|date=12 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/state-bank-of-india-says-it-has-received-deposits-worth-rs-53-000-crore/story-FDoUfqDOmC5ls3OAZSe2jM.html|title=State Bank of India says it has received deposits worth Rs 53,000 crore|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/demonetisation-drive-windfall-for-banks-coffers-richer-by-rs-2-2-lakh-cr-already/444188/|title=Demonetisation drive windfall for banks, coffers richer by Rs 2.2 lakh cr already|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> A spike in the usage of debit card and credit card post demonetisation was also reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/card-usage-surges-microlending-grinds-to-a-halt/article9341086.ece?w=alauto|title=Micro lending badly hit; surge in use of cards|first1=Manojit|last1=Saha|first2=Ashish|last2=Rukhaiyar|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In [[Malda district|Malda]], a district believed to be a transit-point for fake Indian currencies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bank-accounts-for-sale-in-malda-west-bengal/1/808124.html|title=Exclusive: Bank accounts for sale in West Bengals Malda!}}</ref> a large sum of cash deposits in dormant accounts were also reported. According to [[The Economic Times]], more than 80 percent of fake currency in India originates from Malda district in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/life-has-come-to-standstill-in-indias-counterfeit-capital/articleshow/55406694.cms|title=Life has come to standstill in India's counterfeit capital |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

====Business====

By the second week after demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes, cigarette sales across India witnessed a fall of 30–40%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/cigarette-sales-down-30-40/448647/|title=Cigarette sales down 30–40%|accessdate=18 November 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> while E-commerce companies saw up to a 30% decline in [[cash on delivery]] (COD) orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ecommerce-firms-see-30-decline-in-cash-on-delivery-orders-post-demonetisation/article9354147.ece|title=E-commerce firms see 30% decline in cash on delivery orders post demonetisation|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-demonetisation-e-commerce-cash-on-delivery-4379522/|title=E-commerce cash-on-delivery orders down by up to 30 per cent|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> Several e-commerce companies hailed the demonetisation decision as an impetus to an increase in [[E-commerce payment system|digital payments]]. They believe that it would lead to a decline in COD returns which is expected to cut down their costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2016/11/17/flipkart-snapdeal-shopclues-say-demonetisation-good-for-e-commerce-industry/|title=Flipkart, Snapdeal, Shopclues say demonetisation good for e-commerce industry|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=Techcircle.in – India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

The demand for point of sales (POS) or card swipe machines has increased.<ref name=et1116>{{citation |title=Demonetisation gets 'acche din' for swipe-machine makers |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55429945.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> E-payment options like PayTM and PayUMoney has also seen a rise.<ref>{{citation |title=To stay afloat, Coimabtore traders seek card swipe machines |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/To-stay-afloat-Coimabtore-traders-seek-card-swipe-machines/articleshow/55519849.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2016 }}</ref> According to data of Pine Labs, the demand for its POS machines doubled after the decision. Further it states that the debit card transactions rose by 108% and credit card transactions by 60% on 9 November 2016.<ref name=et1116/>

===Income tax raids and cash seizures===

The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry]] instructed all revenue intelligence agencies to join the crackdown on forex traders, hawala operators and jewellers besides tracking movement of demonetised currency notes.<ref name="ED-fema-notices">{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate issues FEMA notices to forex, gold traders|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/enforcement-directorate-issues-fema-notices-to-forex-gold-traders/articleshow/55445560.cms|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Income Tax departments raided various illegal tax-evasive businesses in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and other cities that traded with demonetised currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/income-tax-department-raids-chandni-chowk-shops-shut/1/807996.html |title=Income tax dept conducts raids across India as illegal financial institutions crop up; shops call it a day |work=India Today |date=11 November 2016 |author=Rai, Arpan |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] issued several [[Foreign Exchange Management Act|FEMA]] notices to forex and gold traders.<ref name="ED-fema-notices"/> It also raided several forex establishments making back dated entries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/enforcement-directorate-raids-forex-shops-making-back-date-entries/articleshow/55373554.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Large sum of cash were seized in different parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs-1322-lakh-in-cash-seized/article9331654.ece?css=print|title=Rs. 13.22 lakh in cash seized|date=11 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-1624663|title=Rs 4 Crore-Worth Scrapped Notes Seized From Maharashtra Trader}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/76-lakh-cash-seized-from-vehicle-in-Mandi/articleshow/55379844.cms|title=Rs 76 lakh cash seized from vehicle in Mandi – Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-bank-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-4371753/|title=Madhya Pradesh: Rs 4 crore-worth scrapped bank notes seized from trader|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cash-seized-from-two-cars-near-nashik/article9356909.ece?homepage=true</ref> In [[Chhattisgarh]] liquid cash worth of {{INR}}4.4 million was seized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chhattisgarh-cash-worth-rs-44-lakhs-in-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-seized-from-a-man-2272478|title=Chhattisgarh: Cash worth Rs 44 lakhs in Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes seized from a man |work=Daily News & Analysis|date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

===Effect on illegal activities===

The move also reportedly crippled Communist guerrilla groups ([[Naxalite]]s) financing through money laundering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cops-look-for-Maoists-with-old-currency/articleshow/55377997.cms|title=Cops look for Maoists with old currency – Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Modis-demonetization-set-to-cripple-Naxalites-financially/articleshow/55379177.cms|title=Modi's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 10 November the police arrested a petrol pump owner at Ranchi when he reportedly tried to deposit ₹2.5 million, belonging to a person affiliated with the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/maoists-depend-on-sympathisers-to-tide-over-cash-crunch/article9340780.ece?homepage=true|title=Maoists depend on sympathisers to tide over cash crunch|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivas|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> According to [[Chhattisgarh Police]] demonetisation has affected the [[Naxalite]] activities. It is reported that insurgents have stashed more than ₹70 billion in the Bastar region.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/this-is-how-big-note-ban-will-affect-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-1624880|title=This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities in Chhattisgarh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-to-hit-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-police-4372900/|title=Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh: Police|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> Mumbai Police reported a setback to [[Hawala|Hawala operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-cripples-hawala-operations-mumbai-police/articleshow/55337722.cms|title=Demonetisation cripples hawala operations: Mumbai Police |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-effect-hawala-operations-stopped-in-mumbai/1/807544.html|title=Demonetisation effect: Hawala operations come to a grinding halt}}</ref> Hawala dealers in Kerala were also affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hawala-dealers-in-kerala-hit-hard-by-demonetisation-kerala-demonetization-unaccounted-money--1.1493198|title=Hawala dealers in Kerala hit hard by demonetisation}}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] reported the effect of demonetisation on hawala transactions of separatists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/nov/12/terror-hawala-in-kashmir-valley-rendered-trash-thanks-to-demonetisation-1537896--1.html|title=Terror hawala in Kashmir valley rendered trash, thanks to demonetisation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postcard.news/violence-jammu-kashmir-suddenly-stopped/|title=Why all the Violence in Jammu-Kashmir Has Suddenly Stopped???|first=Postcard|last=Team}}</ref>. More than 300 Naxals have surrendered to the police voluntarily due to shortage of funds.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for this |date=November 2016}}

===Evasion===
[[File:Shop accepting 500 1000 rupee notes.jpg|thumb|300px|A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.]]

====Gold purchases====
In [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]] and many other major cities, sales of gold increased on 9 November, with an increased 20 to 30% premium surging the price as much as ₹45,000 from the ruling price of ₹31,900 per {{Convert|10|g}}.<ref name="Gold Price">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/nov/10/gold-price-recovers-on-renewed-demand-1536940.html|title=Gold price recovers on renewed demand |date=10 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/scramble-for-gold-in-gujarat-after-demonetisation/article9323127.ece?homepage=true | title=Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Langa, Mahesh}}</ref>

====Donations====
Authorities of Sri Jalakanteswarar temple at [[Vellore]] discovered cash worth {{INR}}4.4 million from the temple Hundi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bundles-of-cash-found-inside-a-temple-hundi/article9342666.ece?homepage=true|title=Defunct notes worth Rs. 44 lakh found in temple hundi|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

====Multiple bank transactions====
There have also been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions and also attempting to convert black money into white by making multiple transactions at different bank branches.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parmar|first1=Beena|title=Despite Rs 4000-cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/despite-rs-4000-cap-on-money-exchange-loophole-allows-multiple-transactions/story-lbw8xw5XCHvsS5DOawWB1O.html|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> People were also getting rid of large amounts of banned currency by sending people in groups to exchange their money at banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-in-chennai-to-beat-cash-limit-they-send-full-teams-to-bank-4375951/|title=Demonetisation: In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In response, the government announced that it would start marking customers with indelible ink. This was in addition to other measures proposed to ensure that the exchange transactions are carried out only once by each person.<ref name="TOI_ink">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indelible-ink-to-mark-fingers-of-those-who-have-exchanged-cash/articleshow/55431492.cms|title=To reduce crowds at banks, ATMs, indelible ink to mark fingers of those who have exchanged old notes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/demonetisation-banks-to-use-indelible-ink-to-stop-multiple-transactions-curb-crowd-3106274.html|title=Demonetisation: Banks to use indelible ink to stop multiple transactions, curb crowd |date=15 November 2016|publisher=firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/demonetisation-indelible-ink-mark-seems-like-the-govt-is-panicking-4376665/|title=Demonetisation: Indelible ink mark seems like the government is panicking?|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 17 November, the government reduced the exchange amount to {{INR}}2000 to discourage attempts to convert black money into legitimate money.<ref name=":1" />

====Railway bookings====

As soon as the demonetisation was announced, it was observed by the [[Indian Railways]] authorities that large number of people started booking tickets particularly in [[Indian Railways coaching stock|classes]] 1A and 2A for the longest distance possible, to get rid of unaccounted cash. A senior official said, "On November 13, 42.7 million passengers were nationally booked across all classes. Of these, only 1,209 were 1A and 16,999 for 2A. It is a sharp dip from the number of passengers booked on November 9, when 27,237 passengers had booked tickets in 1A and 69,950 in 2A."<ref name=":0" />

The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways Ministry]] and the Railway Board responded swiftly and decided that: cancellation and refund of tickets of value ₹10,000 and above will not be allowed by any means involving cash. The payment can only be through cheque/electronic payment. Tickets above ₹10,000 can be refunded by filing ticket deposit receipt only on surrendering the original ticket. A copy of the [[PAN card]] must be submitted for any cash transaction above ₹50,000. The official claimed that since the Railway Board on 10 November imposed a number of restrictions to book and cancel tickets, the number of people booking 1A and 2A tickets came down.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rlys-sets-5000-as-cash-refund-limit-for-tickets/articleshow/55444673.cms|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9-11|url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/railways-say-no-cash-refund-for-tickets-booked-between-nov-9-11_1949831.html|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

====Municipal and local taxes====

The use of the demonetised notes had been allowed by the government for the payment of municipal and local body taxes. This led to people using the banned ₹500 and ₹1000 notes to pay large amounts of outstanding taxes, and also advance taxes. As a result, revenue collections of the local authorities have jumped due to the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/hyderabad/demonetisation-impact-greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-collects-over-rs-160-crore-in-just-four-days_1949989.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days|date=15 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation}}
{{wikinews|India discontinues ₹500, ₹1000 denominations; releases ₹2000 and new ₹500 bills}}
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rupees-500-1000-currency-note-faq-narendra-modi/1/805954.html What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500–1000 notes answered], ''India Today'', 8 November 2016
* [https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119 FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India]
* [http://www.finmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Finance, Government of India]
* [https://www.dailyfastnews.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-demonetises-rs-500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-in-india/ PM Narendra Modi Demonetises Rs 500 and Rs 1000 Currency Notes In India]

{{Indian currency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:History of money]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Monetary reform]]

2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

2016-11-25T07:19:04Z

Soft coder: Seems to be biased sentence 132.188.112.74 (talk)

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Notice | Heading= Title Change | Kindly refrain from moving this article to a new title until consensus is reached on the talk page of this article.}}
[[File:No 500 1000.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A store displaying the demonetisation message: "Withdrawal of legal tender status for ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", at the cash counter]]
The [[demonetisation]] of [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 1000-rupee note|₹1000]] banknotes was a step taken by the [[Government of India]] on 8 November 2016, ceasing the usage of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as a form of [[legal tender]] in India from 9 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal>{{cite web|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

The announcement was made by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) the same day.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Bhatt|first1=Abhinav|title=Watch PM Modi's Entire Speech on Discontinuing 500, 1000 Rupee Notes|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-speaks-to-nation-tonight-at-8-pm-1622948|accessdate=8 November 2016|publisher=NDTV India|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-narendra-modis-address-to-nation/article9320548.ece |title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes: RBI explains |date=8 November 2016 |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> In the announcement, Modi declared use of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid from midnight of the same day and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

However, the banknote denominations of ₹100, ₹50, ₹20, ₹10 and ₹5 of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] continued to remain as legal tender and were unaffected by the policy. The government claimed the demonetisation move as an effort to stop counterfeiting of the current banknotes allegedly used for funding [[terrorism in India|terrorism]], as well as a crack down on [[Indian black money|black money in the country]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/live-pm-narendra-modi-addresses-nation/1/805755.html |title=Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money |date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-500-and-Rs-1000-notes-pulled-out-of-circulation-immediately-PM-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/55315473.cms|title= Notes out of circulation|work= The Times of India|date= 8 November 2016}}</ref> The move is also aimed at reducing [[Corruption in India|corruption]], drug menace and [[smuggling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-note-ban-narendra-modis-demonetisation-move-a-death-knell-to-hawala-trade-3101610.html|title= Corruption fight|work=first post|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-hopes-demonetisation-will-pay-rich-dividends-in-state-polls/articleshow/55359573.cms|title=BJP policy|work= The Times of India|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Background==

=== Economic ===
Similar demonetisation of banknote denominations have been taken in the past. In January 1946, banknotes of 1000 and 10000 rupee were withdrawn and new notes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee were introduced in 1954. The [[Janata Party]] coalition government had again demonetised banknotes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee on 16 January 1978 as a means to curb [[counterfeit money]] and black money.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uzZItqeHdMPHHgFJaq2BnM/A-history-of-demonetization-in-India.html | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes may be back, if history is a guide | work=Live Mint | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] had recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or economy, which is largely held in the form of [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|benami properties]], bullion and jewellery".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-black-money-corruption-banks-atms-modi-finance-ministry4375205/|title=At least 4 months needed to replace demonetised notes, not 50 days: Here’s why|date=14 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>http://dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Measures_Tackle_BlackMoney.pdf</ref> According to data from income tax probes, black money holders keep only 6% or less of their ill-gotten wealth as cash, hence targeting this cash may not be a successful strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-has-only-6-share-in-black-money-seizures-reveals-income-tax-data/story-JfFuTiJYtxKwJQhz2ApxlL.html |title=Why govt's demonetisation move may fail to win the war against black money |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Appu Esthose Suresh}}</ref>

On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India was {{INRConvert|17.77|lc|lk=lc}}. In terms of value, the annual report of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) of 31 March 2016 stated that total bank notes in circulation valued to {{INRConvert|16.42|lc}} of which nearly 86% (around {{INRConvert|14.18|lc}}) was ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 90266 million banknotes were in circulation.<ref name="equipped">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-are-banks-equipped-to-replace-1874-crore-pieces-of-notes-4364746/|title=Are banks equipped to replace 2,300 crore pieces of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes?|date=9 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 November 2016|author=Damodaran, Harish}}</ref>

=== Political ===
In the past, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) had strongly opposed demonetisation. BJP spokesperson [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] had said in 2014 that "The aam aurats and the aadmis, those who are illiterate and have no access to banking facilities, will be the ones to be hit by such diversionary measures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-measure-is-anti-poor-when-bjp-opposed-demonetisation-during-upa-govt/story-1HSYEYCaX3SaIsRS6q2rhJ.html|title=The measure is 'anti-poor': When BJP opposed demonetisation during UPA govt|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Kumar Uttam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/bjp-had-a-very-different-view-on-demonetisation-in-2014/|title=BJP Had A Very Different View on Demonetisation in 2014|date=11 November 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in|author=Betwa Sharma|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-bjp-aap-currency-ban-4370935/|title=Explain opposition to similar move by UPA: AAP to BJP on demonetisation|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjeev-singh-blog/how-bjp-had-termed-demonetisation-as-anti-poor-in-2014/|title=How BJP had termed demonetisation as 'anti-poor' in 2014|work=The Times of India|author=|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> This was before Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched [[Jan Dhan Yojana]] to include the poor into the banking system.

==Televised address==

On 8 November 2016, an announcement was made by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> In the announcement, Modi declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

After the official announcement by Prime Minister Modi, the [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], [[Urjit Patel]], and Economic Affairs secretary, Shaktikanta Das explained in a press conference that while the supply of notes of all denominations had increased by 40% between 2011 and 2016, the ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes increased by 76% and 109% respectively in this period owing to forgery. This forged cash was then used to fund terrorist activities against India. As a result the decision to eliminate the notes had been taken.<ref name="News 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/why-were-the-notes-scrapped-rbi-chief-and-economic-affairs-secretary-explain-1309756.html|title=Why Were the Notes Scrapped? RBI Chief, Economic Affairs Secy Explain|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=News 18}}</ref>

Patel also informed that the decision had been made about six months ago, and the printing of new banknotes of denomination ₹500 and ₹2000 had already started. However, only the top members of the government, security agencies and the central bank were aware of the move. But media had reported in October 2016 about introduction of ₹2000 denomination well before the official announcement by RBI. This statement has led to much debate, because the Reserve Bank governor six months before the announcement was Raghuram Rajan, while the new banknotes have the signature of the newly appointed governor, [[Urjit Patel]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sridhar|first1=G Naga|last2=Vageesh|first2=NS|title=Coming soon to your wallet: ₹2,000 notes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-1000-notes-move-was-in-the-pipeline-for-months/article9321244.ece|title=Move was in the pipeline for months|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

==Exchanging old notes==

[[File:2016 Indian currency note demonetisation.jpg|thumb|300px|People gathered at ATM of [[Axis Bank]] in [[Mehsana]], Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.]]

The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] and [[Indian 100-rupee note|₹100]] banknotes of the preceding [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]].<ref name="withdrawaloflegal" /> Following are the key points:
[[File:People gathered at SBI ATM in Paravur near Kollam city in Kerala due to Indian currency demonetisation, Nov 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Long queue in front of [[State Bank of India|SBI]] ATM at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near the city of [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]], 19th November 2016.]]
* Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal />
* Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November.<ref name="revisedguidelines">{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/MoF_reviewed_availability_distribution_Notes.pdf|title=Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="rbirevision">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10706&Mode=0|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>
* For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes can be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This exchange is restricted to once per person.
** Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016.
** This limit was increased to ₹4500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" />
** The limit was reduced to ₹2000 per person from 18 November 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/Govt_decisions_on_oldNotes17112016.pdf|title=The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers, small traders, Group ‘C’ Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces, Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1000/- notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500/- to Rs. 2000/-with effect from 18th November, 2016.|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
* Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2000 per day.<ref name=ATMsnotdispensing>{{cite web|title=ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10683&Mode=0|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> From 14 November onwards, ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2000 per day.<ref name=revisedguidelines /><ref name="rbirevision" />

However, exceptions were given to petrol, [[CNG]] and gas stations, government hospitals, [[Indian Railways|railway]] and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-secretary-economic-affairs-shaktikanta-das-press-conference-in-new-delhi/article9343621.ece|accessdate=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/-|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref> International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/outlets-that-will-accept-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-in-next-72-hours/articleshow/55317768.cms | title=Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours | work=The Economic Times | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families will be able to withdraw ₹250,000 for weddings from one account provided it was [[Know your customer|KYC]] compliant. The rules were also been changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-weddings-shaktikanta-das-government-economic-affairs-secretary/1/812730.html|title=Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account|work=India Today|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

== Alleged prior leakage of information ==

Several exact details pertaining to the decision to demonetise the notes had been published on 1 April 2016 in a [[Gujarat]]i newspaper called ''Akila'', including for instance, that there would be around 2 months' time to exchange banned notes, and that new notes in the ₹2000 denomination would be issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Local-dailys-April-1-joke-turns-news-break-of-the-year/articleshow/55381283.cms|title=Local daily's April 1 joke turns news break of the year – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasamvad.co.in/investigation/pm-modi-ministers-leaked-info-on-scrapping-rs-1000-in-april-17750 |title=Not a secret? Modi's ministers had leaked info about scrapping of Rs 1,000 in April |publisher=Indiasamvad.co.in |date=26 October 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Sanjeev Singh}}</ref> The editor of the newspaper claimed that it was only an [[April fools day]] prank.<ref>{{cite web|author=Basant Rawat |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161111/jsp/frontpage/story_118632.jsp |title=Psst! A prank to save your black buck |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A fortnight before the official announcement, a news report in Hindi daily ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' quoting RBI sources mentioned about the coming release of new 2000 rupee note and alongside withdrawal of prevailing 500 and 1000 rupee notes when it is released. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/27-oct-2016-16-lucknow-archive-edition-ayodhya-Page-18.html# |title=ePaper link from Hindi daily Dainik Jagran of 27th Octomber 2016|work=Dainik Jagran Epaper |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/journalist-broke-story-about-currency-demonetisation-a-fortnight-back/story-3OpgtR5ehdzkRRrwQITLgK.html |title=Journalist broke story about currency demonetisation a fortnight back |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A businessman reportedly admitted in an interview, that he had received prior warning of the impending demonetisation from a source in the government, and that he had sufficient time to convert most of his money into smaller denominations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Sethi|url=https://www.thequint.com/business/2016/11/11/before-pms-announcement-rumours-of-demonetisation-abounded |title=Before PM's Announcement, Rumours of Demonetisation Abounded |publisher=The Quint |date=6 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The chairman of the [[State Bank of India]] had also openly spoken in April 2016 about the possibility of demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-500-Rs-1000-note-rumours-not-polls-behind-cash-surge-SBI/articleshow/51736091.cms |title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 note rumours, not polls, behind cash surge: SBI |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

===Allegations and claims===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI ( M)) alleged that the BJP unit in [[West Bengal]] had advance knowledge about the impending announcement, and deposited money just before the announcement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pooja Mehta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-knew-of-pm-modi-s-demonetisation-plan-bengal-unit-transferred-rs-1-crore-before-announcement-cpim-2272432 |title=BJP knew of PM Modi's demonetisation plan, Bengal unit transferred Rs 1 crore before announcement: CPI(M) & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/11/west-bengal-bjp-knew-about-demonetisation-deposited-rs-1-crore-hours-before-announcement-cpm-1537470.html |title=West Bengal BJP knew about demonetisation, deposited Rs 1 crore hours before announcement: CPM |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] also claimed that there had been some leakage regarding the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-s-friends-were-given-advance-information-on-demonetization-it-is-a-surgical-strike-on-common-people-says-kejriwal-265342.html |title='PM's Friends' Were Given Advance Information on Demonetization, It Is A Surgical Strike on Common People Says Kejriwal |work=The Times of India |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=10 Nov 2016-08:02 pm , PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-and-its-friends-knew-about-demonetization-a-week-before-kejriwal-doubts-modi-s-war-on-black-money-2272145 |title=BJP and its friends knew about demonetization a week before: Kejriwal doubts Modi's war on black money |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal questioned how Sanjeev Kamboj, a BJP leader in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], posted about the ₹2000 notes days before the official announcement, and alleged that a sudden spike in bank deposits between July and September 2016 was also due to information leakage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580660/bjp-informed-friends-beforehand-demonetisation.html|title=BJP informed 'friends' beforehand about demonetisation: Kejriwal|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that '[[Ambani]] and [[Gautam Adani|Adani]]' were informed about the demonetisation, and made arrangements. However, he later said that it was an [[Off the record (journalism)|off-the-record]] conversation, and officially denied the comments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-ambani-adani-were-informed-and-thus-made-arrangements-says-bjp-mla/447944/|title=Demonetisation: Ambani, Adani were informed and thus made arrangements, says BJP MLA|date=17 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/17/adanis-ambanis-already-knew-about-currency-ban-bjp-mla-caught-on-camera-1539642.html|title=Adanis, Ambanis already knew about currency ban: BJP MLA caught on camera|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref>

== Reactions ==

===Support===

The decision met with mixed reactions Several bankers like [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]] (Chairperson of [[State Bank of India]]), [[Chanda Kochhar]] (MD & CEO of [[ICICI Bank]]) and [[Deepak Parekh]] (Chairman of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]]) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money.<ref name="IndiaInc">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/narendra-modi-rs-500-1000-sbi-arundhati-bhattacharya-icici-chanda-kochhar-here-is-how-india-inc-reacted-4364818/ | title=Govt demonitises Rs 500, 1000 notes: Here is how India Inc reacted | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Businessmen [[Anand Mahindra]] ([[Mahindra Group]]), [[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[JSW Group]]), [[Kunal Bahl]] ([[Snapdeal]] and [[FreeCharge]]) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.<ref name="IndiaInc" /> Infosys founder [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] praised the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-we-should-all-be-celebrating-says-narayana-murthy/articleshow/55357977.cms|title=Demonetisation: We should all be celebrating, says Narayana Murthy |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/move-to-withdraw-rs-500-1000-notes-master-stroke-narayana-murthy-4365782/|title=Move to withdraw Rs 500, 1,000 notes masterstroke |author=Narayana Murthy|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] said that demonetisation would clean the complete economic system, increase the size of economy and revenue base. He mentioned the demonetisation along with the upcoming [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] as "an attempt to change the spending habit and lifestyle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-war-on-black-money-scrapping-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-will-expand-economy-increase-revenue-says-jaitley-2271883 |title=War on black money: Scrapping Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes will expand economy, increase revenue, says Jaitley |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson [[Randeep Surjewala]] welcomed the move but remained sceptical on the consequences that would follow.<ref name="Cong">{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/rs-500-1000-currency-notes-banned-congress-raises-questions-against-narendra-modi-govts-shocking-move-1636286/ | title=Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes banned: Congress raises questions against Narendra Modi govt’s shocking move | publisher=India.com | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] supported the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-backs-modi-on-demonetisation/article9323442.ece|title=Nitish welcomes demonetisation move|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nitish-Kumar-supports-Modis-demonetisation-move/articleshow/55336788.cms|title=Nitish Kumar supports Modi's demonetisation move |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-cm-nitish-supports-decision-to-withdraw-demonetisation-currency-rs-1000-rs-500-notes-4366034/|title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar supports decision to withdraw Rs 1000, Rs 500 notes|date=9 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-naidu-had-inkling-of-the-ban/article9320914.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 notes: Naidu had inkling of the ban?|first=K.|last=Venkateshwarlu|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/andhra-cm-naidu-asked-for-demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1-000-notes-in-october-116110900626_1.html|title=Andhra CM Naidu asked for demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 notes in October|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=9 November 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/nov/08/chandrababu-naidu-welcomes-demonetisation-move-1536401.html|title=Chandrababu Naidu welcomes demonetisation move}}</ref> Former Chief Election Commissioner of India [[S. Y. Quraishi]] said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/demonetisation-could-lead-to-long-pending-electoral-reforms/story-tXYgT7hw6Q3TQUbPuIUucO.html|title=Demonetisation could lead to long-pending electoral reforms|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Indian social activist [[Anna Hazare]] hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazare-hails-demonetisation-calls-it-revolutionary-step/articleshow/55354898.cms|title=Anna Hazare hails demonetisation, calls it 'revolutionary' step |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonitisation-a-revolutionary-step-to-fight-corruption-anna-hazare-4367070/|title=Demonetisation a revolutionary step to fight corruption: Anna Hazare|date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/notes-ban-anna-hazare-hails-pm-narendra-modis-revolutionary-step-kejriwal-criticizes-it-1623922|title=Notes Ban: Anna Hazare Hails PM Narendra Modi's 'Revolutionary' Step, Kejriwal Criticizes It}}</ref> The [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes_1947632.html|title=President Pranab Mukherjee welcomes demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-bold-step-president-pranab-mukherjee-4364815/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes bold step: President Pranab Mukherjee|date=8 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1-000-rs-500-notes-1623081|title=President Pranab Mukherjee Welcomes Demonetisation of Rs 1,000, Rs 500 Notes|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-a-bold-step-says-pranab-mukherjee/article9320915.ece|title=A bold step, says Pranab Mukherjee|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The opinion of the masses varied both ways on micro-blogs and social media sites like Twitter.<ref name="ToI Twitter reaction">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/everything-social/rs-500-1000-notes-pulled-out-how-twitter-reacted/|title=Rs 500, 1000 notes pulled out: How Twitter reacted|date=8 November 2016|work=Times of India Blogs|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref> In general, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2016/11/11/dear-pm-modi-demonetisation-brahmastra-could-have-spared-the-poor|title=Dear PM Modi, Demonetisation 'Brahmastra' Could Have Spared The Poor|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Bloomberg Quint|author=Raghav Bahl|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

By and large, international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.<ref name="IMF-response"/><ref name="Chinese state media"/><ref name="Swedish Minister"/> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) issued a statement supporting Modi's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy.<ref name="IMF-response">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/imf-supports-pm-modi-s-demonetization-move-in-fight-against-corruption-116111100142_1.html|title=Support by IMF|date=11 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Chinese state media ''[[Global Times]]'' praised the move and termed it as "fierce fight against black money and corruption."<ref name="Chinese state media">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-state-media-praises-modi-but-says-he/article9343797.ece|title=State media praises Modi, but says he can learn from China's crusade against corruption|first=Atul|last=Aneja|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and Vice-President of European Commission [[Jyrki Katainen]] welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-to-help-financial-system-eu/articleshow/55399290.cms|title=European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-will-help-financial-system-european-union-1311545.html|title=India's Crackdown on Black Money Will Help Financial System: European Union|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> [[BBC]]'s South Asia Correspondent [[Justin Rowlatt]] in his article praised the move for its secrecy and success and elaborated on reason behind demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37974423|title=Why India wiped out 86% of its cash overnight|first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|date=14 November 2016|work=bbc.com}}</ref>[[Tim Worstall]] termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/11/17/indias-rs-500-and-1000-demonetisation-is-lowering-interest-rates-and-also-inflation/#62464fde2edf|title=India's Rs 500 And 1,000 Demonetization Is Lowering Interest Rates And Also Inflation|first=Tim|last=Worstall|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Swedish Minister of Enterprise [[Mikael Damberg]] supported the move by calling it bold decision.<ref name="Swedish Minister">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-mikael-damberg/article9340999.ece?w=alauto|title=Swedish ICT sector wouldn't have been so successful without Indian help|first=Arun|last=S|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Singapore-based paper ''The Independent'' published a laudatory article on the move titled "Modi does a [[Lee Kuan Yew]] to stamp out corruption in India." Lee Kuan Yew was the Singaporean Prime Minister and is considered the architect of modern Singapore. "From making up his mind to rolling it out, a new Lee Kuan Yew is born in India. It will be reflected in the legacy of this Prime Minister," the article said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theindependent.sg/modi-does-a-lee-kuan-yew-to-stamp-out-corruption-in-india/|title=Modi does a Lee Kuan Yew to stamp out corruption in India|date=10 November 2016|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Criticism===

On 8 November 2016, Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]] called the new declaration "drama".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-reactions/article9320639.ece | title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000: Who says what | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> A [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in [[Madras High Court]] by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the [[Indian National League]], to scrap the decision. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55353472.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title=Govt's demonetisation move fit for country's security, development: HC |work= The Economic Times |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Similar PILs were also filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pils-supreme-court-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-illegal/1/807124.html |title=PILs in Supreme Court against making Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes illegal |work=India Today |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]] gave judgement that Government is free to change policy, taking into consideration the prevalent socio-economic conditions and that the courts have only a limited role to play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-free-to-change-policy-to-suit-socioeconomic-situation-supreme-court/article9345175.ece?ref=sliderNews|title=Govt free to change policy to suit socio-economic situation: Supreme Court|first=Krishnadas|last=Rajagopal|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[World Bank]] Chief Economist, [[Kaushik Basu]], said that the 'damage' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-damage-greater-than-its-benefits-says-kaushik-basu-116111101733_1.html |title=Demonetisation damage greater than its benefits, says Kaushik Basu |work=Business Standard |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-good-economics-demonetisation-is-not-kaushik-basu/articleshow/55375545.cms |title=GST good economics; demonetisation is not: Kaushik Basu |work=The Economic Times |date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

[[Prabhat Patnaik]], a former professor of economics at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" while "causing much hardship to common people."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Patnaik|first1=Prabhat|title=Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/1/9151/Demonetization-Witless-and-Anti-People|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Citizen|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

===Opposition===

A Congress-led opposition, which includes 13 political parties, opposed the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation issue in the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] on 16 November 2016. The [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] also met the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to oppose the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-debate-likely-to-hot-up-winter-session-didi-to-knock-on-president-s-door-2273770|title= Debate on demonetisation, in winter session|work=DNA India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-People-battle-it-out-at-banks-netas-ready-for-war-in-Parliament/articleshow/55424673.cms|title= Winter Session debate|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/winter-session-oppn-to-target-govt-on-demonetisation-orop-gst-116111401558_1.html|title=Opposition to target government on demonetisation|work=Business Standard|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-november-15-2016-effect-of-demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes/article9348006.ece|title=Government and Opposition prepare for winter session of Parliament, on demonetisation|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-janata-dal-u-gives-suspension-of-business-notice-as-parties-gear-up-for-war-in-parliament_1949763.html|title= Parties gear up for debate on demonetisation|work=zeenews.India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/opposition-parties-agree-to-raise-notes-issue-in-session/articleshow/55424453.cms|title= Parties agree to raise notes issue in session|work=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The debate on demonetisation is known to be initiated by [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-parliament-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-demonetization-congress-bjp-tmc-rahul-mamata-modi-sena-black-money-banks-atms-2273883|title=Congress on demonetisation|work= DNA India|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Anand Sharma]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] on 16 November 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/url-live-winter-session-of-parliament-begins-today-narendra-modi-speech-rahul-gandhi-arun-jaitley-demonetisation-effects/446936/|title= Anand Sharma speaks on demonetisation|work=The Financial Express|date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/parliament-debate-on-demonetisation-1950128|title= Congress initiates demonetisation debate|work=Zeenews.India.com|date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> while [[Mamata Banerjee]] is known to be the first to oppose the current government on the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Whys-Didi-against-demonetisation/articleshow/55378644.cms|title=Why's Mamata Banerjee against demonetization?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] led a rainbow delegation comprising political parties of [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], BJP ally [[Shiv Sena]], Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (of Hardik Patel) and National Conference to [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] to protest against the decision to withdraw {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes. A memorandum was submitted to the [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] demanding rollback of the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-mamata-banerjee-leads-protest-march-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-4379517/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes: Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> Outside the Parliament in a rally the same day, [[Saugata Roy]], a member of parliament from the opposition [[Trinamool Congress]] Party, commented, "People are in utter distress, especially the informal sector is totally disrupted. Poor people, daily wage earners, they're all facing difficulty"<ref name="Aljazeera-1"/>

In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 16 November 2016, [[Pramod Tiwari]] from the [[Indian National Congress]], accused [[Narendra Modi]] for the demonetisation and compared Narendra Modi to [[Mussolini]], [[Hitler]] and [[Qadhafi]], while [[Prem Chand Gupta]] questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor [[Urjit Patel]] sign on new note?". While on the other side, [[Praful Patel]] criticised the demonetisation by stating "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mayawati]] stated the situiation to "a financial emergency", by saying "It looks as if ''[[India|Bharat]]'' has shut down." Also, [[Sitaram Yechury]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], questioned the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-parliament-proceedings-november-16-2016/article9351846.ece|title=As it happened: Parliament proceedings — November 16, 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

On 17 November 2016, in a rally against demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes, led by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his West Bengal counterpart [[Mamata Banerjee]] at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale hub in the [[New Delhi|national capital]], Arvind Kejriwal demanded the withdraw of demonetisation in 3 days, or else there would be a [[rebellion]], he said. Mamata Banerjee also stated "I give the government 3 day ultimatum, fix things or withdraw the demonetisation scheme".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-kejriwal-mamata-protest-against-demonetisation-at-azadpur-market/story-9s1OoTJ1XgN6fFXSD6x36I.html|title=Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion: Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

In the demonetisation debate on the second and third day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 17 and 18 November 2016, the opposition and the [[Modi ministry|current government]] clashed over the demonetisation issue, bringing the [[Rajya Sabha|house]] to continuous halts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/winter-session-of-parliament-parliament-proceedings-november-18-2016/article9360240.ece|title=As it happened: RS, LS adjourned till Monday|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

===Cash rush===
[[File:Queue at ATM for INR 100 Notes - Howrah 2016-11-08 1773.JPG|thumb|Queue at an ATM for {{INR}}100 banknotes in [[Howrah]], on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)]]
[[File:Queue at Bank to Exchange INR 500 and 1000 Notes - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-11-10 02103.jpg|thumb|People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes in [[Kolkata]] on 10 November 2016.]]

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes, faced difficulties to exchange them as endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes since 9 November.<ref name="Aljazeera-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html|title=India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor|date=16 November 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=IEchaos>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/|title=Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html|title=India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend/article9337803.ece|title=Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.<ref name=IEchaos /> Sporadic violence was reported in [[New Delhi]], but there were no reports of any grievous injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2016/nov/13/demonetisation-sporadic-violence-in-delhi-cops-receive-45k-calls-1538063.html|title=Demonetisation: Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5K calls|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> people attacked bank premises and ATMs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Unrest-erupts-in-UP-towns-as-cashless-crowds-vent-ire-on-bank-staff/articleshow/55528509.cms|title=Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/In-western-UP-violence-marks-day-13-of-demonetisation/articleshow/55545397.cms|title=In western UP, violence marks day 13 of demonetisation – Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-effect-atm-vandalism-on-rise-1652843/|title=Demonetisation effect: ATM vandalism on rise|date=18 November 2016|publisher=|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-angry-customers-break-banks-glass-door-in-kollam-4371720/|title=Demonetisation: Angry customers break bank’s glass door in Kollam|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/no-cash-frustrated-man-smashes-atm-glass-wall/article9340047.ece|title=No cash: ‘frustrated’ man smashes ATM glass wall|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/11/12/demonetisation-modi-rs-2000-rs-500-bank-officials-black-money-goons-attack-bank-officials-takes-its-toll-violence|title=Hid in Washroom For an Hour: Official After Attack at IDBI Bank}}</ref> and a ration shop was looted in [[Madhya Pradesh]] after the shop owner refused to accept {{INR}}500 banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/villagers-loot-pds-shop-over-invalid-after-dealer-refuses-scrapped-banknotes/story-pHFaVKqlz28OETJfvONS1M.html|title=Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161113/jsp/nation/story_118946.jsp|title=Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Villagers-looted-ration-shops-in-Madhya-Pradeshafter-the-shop-owner-refused-to-accept-old-notes/articleshow/55388557.cms|title=Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/demonetisation-fallout-cashless-villagers-loot-pds-shop-in-mps-chhatarpur-village-1311252.html|title=Demonetisation Fallout: Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP's Chhatarpur Village|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

Several people were reported dead by falling off and standing in queue for hours to exchange their old banknotes. However, none of this is proven that the deaths happened due to demonetization.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-deaths-in-maharashtra-kerala-narendra-modi-4370296/|title=Two dead in Maharashtra, Kerala in country-wide rush to junk banned notes|date=11 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetosation-deaths-congress-modi-government/1/808721.html|title=Demonetisation: Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra; Congress blames Modi government|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>http://www.uniindia.com/demonetisation-96-year-old-died-while-standing-in-queue/states/news/684631.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/farmer-standing-in-line-to-exchange-notes-dies-of-heart-attack-116111200942_1.html|title=Farmer standing in line to exchange notes dies of heart attack|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=12 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/73-year-old-dies-waiting-in-queue-to-exchange-discontinued-curre/|accessdate=13 November 2016|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 die in queue to exchange banned notes at bank|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-die-in-country-wide-rush-to-junk-banned-notes/articleshow/55374158.cms|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Deaths were also attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of old banknotes by hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/mumbai-baby-dies-waiting-for-medical-help-as-hospital-refuses-rs-500-1000-currency-notes-1642581/|accessdate=13 November 2016|publisher=India.com|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Doc-says-no-to-deposit-in-Rs-500-notes-baby-dies-awaiting-help/articleshow/55380976.cms|title=Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baby-dies-after-doctor-refuses-to-take-rs-500-and-rs-1000-notes-for-treatment-in-mumbai/story-xxSBtmK39xdcAx0hfhViEL.html|title=Infant's death: Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The attributed death toll was 25, till 15 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-many-lives-lost-for-crores-of-unaccounted-money-in-only-5-days/445560/|title=Demonetisation crisis: 25 people dead in a week already|date=14 November 2016|work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-deaths-in-country/1/811009.html|title=25 deaths in a week: PM Modis demonetisation drive takes a toll on aam aadmi|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/|title=Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days|work=huffingtonpost}}</ref>

In an interview, [[Arvind Kejriwal]] lashed out at a reporter who asked him to justify his claim on 19 November that 55 deaths were linked to demonetisation.<ref>Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Published:November 19, 2016 [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-lashes-out-at-bbc-reporter-questioning-him-on-demonetisation-4384031/?campaign_id=A100 Arvind Kejriwal gets angry at BBC reporter questioning him on demonetisation] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> While on the other side, the CMD of [[Punjab National Bank]] said that panic after demonetization started fading on 19 November 2016.<ref> The Hindu [http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/panic-following-withdrawal-of-notes-has-largely-faded/article9365673.ece Panic following withdrawal of notes has largely faded – PNB CMD] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref>

===Effects on Economy===

====Stock market====

As a combined effect of demonetisation and [[United States presidential election, 2016|US presidential election]], the share market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, [[BSE SENSEX]] crashed nearly 1,689 points and [[NIFTY 50]] plunged by over 541 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece|title=Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the [[BSE SENSEX]] index was lower by 565 points and the [[NIFTY 50]] index was below 8100 intraday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/local-markets/sensex-sinks-514pts-midcap-down-4demonetisationearnings_7965381.html|title=Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4% on demonetisation & earnings |publisher=[[moneycontrol.com]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

====Transportation====

Major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the old banknotes. [[Nitin Gadkari]], the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across India until midnight of 11 November, later extended until 14 November and again until midnight of 18 November, and yet again till 2 December.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/toll-collection-suspended-across-the-country-till-nov-11-highways-ministry/story-1bAQIFhgp3R26ja4z9OdDK.html |title=Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-toll-charges-on-national-highways-till-nov-18-midnight-116111400435_1.html|title=No toll charges on National Highways till Nov 18 midnight|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 November 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

====Agriculture====
{{Missing information|section|effects of demonetisation on agriculture and farmers|date=November 2016}}

Transactions in the [[Agriculture in India|Indian Agriculture sector]] is heavily dependent on cash and was adversely affected by the demonetisation of ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nidhi-nath-srinivas/how-demonetisation-has-affected-indias-agricultural-and-food-ma/|title=How Demonetisation Has Affected India's Agricultural And Food Markets|newspaper=Huffington Post India|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Due to scarcity of the new banknotes, many farmers did not have sufficient cash to purchase seeds, fertilisers and pesticides needed for the plantation of [[Rabi crop|rabi crops]] usually sown around mid-November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/demonetisation-farmers-fear-loss-of-crops-and-income-after-currency-ban-3111694.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers fear loss of crops and income after currency ban - Firstpost|date=2016-11-18|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> Farmers and their unions conducted protest rallies in [[Gujarat]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Muzaffarnagar]] against the demonetisation as well as against restrictions imposed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] on [[District Cooperative Central Bank|district cooperative central banks]] which were ordered not to accept or exchange the demonetised banknotes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/EgxO4VZMZJKpkiFwEvHEUL/Demonetisation-Farmers-protest-in-Muzaffarnagar-over-cash-s.html|title=Demonetisation: Farmers protest in Muzaffarnagar over cash shortage|last=PTI|date=2016-11-22|newspaper=http://www.livemint.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-at-gujarat-protests-farmers-dump-milk-vegetables-on-road-4385111/|title=Demonetisation: At Gujarat protests, farmers dump milk, vegetables on road|date=2016-11-20|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/farmers-in-amritsar-stage-protest-burn-pm-modi-s-effigy/story-NlBIKQoj479XSv1DfQ5QAJ.html|title=Farmers in Amritsar stage protest against demonetisation, burn PM Modi’s effigy|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=http://www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/demonetisation-gujarat-farmers-warn-of-stopping-milk-supply-demand-note-exchange-at-co-op-banks-3114610.html|title=Demonetisation: Gujarat farmers warn of stopping milk supply; demand note-exchange at co-op banks - Firstpost|date=2016-11-19|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref>

====Banking====

In the first four days after the announcement of the step, about 3 trillion rupees in the form of old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes had been deposited in the banking system and about 500 billion rupees had been dispensed via withdrawals from bank accounts, ATMs as well as exchanges over the bank counters. Within these four days, the banking system has handled about 180 million transactions.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /> The [[State Bank of India]] reported to have received more than {{INR}}300 billion in bank deposit in first two days after demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/state-bank-of-india-gets-rs-38677-crore-deposit-in-2-days-4370826/|title=State Bank of India gets Rs 38,677 crore deposit in 2 days|date=12 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/state-bank-of-india-says-it-has-received-deposits-worth-rs-53-000-crore/story-FDoUfqDOmC5ls3OAZSe2jM.html|title=State Bank of India says it has received deposits worth Rs 53,000 crore|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/demonetisation-drive-windfall-for-banks-coffers-richer-by-rs-2-2-lakh-cr-already/444188/|title=Demonetisation drive windfall for banks, coffers richer by Rs 2.2 lakh cr already|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> A spike in the usage of debit card and credit card post demonetisation was also reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/card-usage-surges-microlending-grinds-to-a-halt/article9341086.ece?w=alauto|title=Micro lending badly hit; surge in use of cards|first1=Manojit|last1=Saha|first2=Ashish|last2=Rukhaiyar|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In [[Malda district|Malda]], a district believed to be a transit-point for fake Indian currencies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bank-accounts-for-sale-in-malda-west-bengal/1/808124.html|title=Exclusive: Bank accounts for sale in West Bengals Malda!}}</ref> a large sum of cash deposits in dormant accounts were also reported. According to [[The Economic Times]], more than 80 percent of fake currency in India originates from Malda district in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/life-has-come-to-standstill-in-indias-counterfeit-capital/articleshow/55406694.cms|title=Life has come to standstill in India's counterfeit capital |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

====Business====

By the second week after demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes, cigarette sales across India witnessed a fall of 30–40%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/cigarette-sales-down-30-40/448647/|title=Cigarette sales down 30–40%|accessdate=18 November 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> while E-commerce companies saw up to a 30% decline in [[cash on delivery]] (COD) orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ecommerce-firms-see-30-decline-in-cash-on-delivery-orders-post-demonetisation/article9354147.ece|title=E-commerce firms see 30% decline in cash on delivery orders post demonetisation|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-demonetisation-e-commerce-cash-on-delivery-4379522/|title=E-commerce cash-on-delivery orders down by up to 30 per cent|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> Several e-commerce companies hailed the demonetisation decision as an impetus to an increase in [[E-commerce payment system|digital payments]]. They believe that it would lead to a decline in COD returns which is expected to cut down their costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2016/11/17/flipkart-snapdeal-shopclues-say-demonetisation-good-for-e-commerce-industry/|title=Flipkart, Snapdeal, Shopclues say demonetisation good for e-commerce industry|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=Techcircle.in – India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

The demand for point of sales (POS) or card swipe machines has increased.<ref name=et1116>{{citation |title=Demonetisation gets 'acche din' for swipe-machine makers |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55429945.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> E-payment options like PayTM and PayUMoney has also seen a rise.<ref>{{citation |title=To stay afloat, Coimabtore traders seek card swipe machines |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/To-stay-afloat-Coimabtore-traders-seek-card-swipe-machines/articleshow/55519849.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2016 }}</ref> According to data of Pine Labs, the demand for its POS machines doubled after the decision. Further it states that the debit card transactions rose by 108% and credit card transactions by 60% on 9 November 2016.<ref name=et1116/>

===Income tax raids and cash seizures===

The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry]] instructed all revenue intelligence agencies to join the crackdown on forex traders, hawala operators and jewellers besides tracking movement of demonetised currency notes.<ref name="ED-fema-notices">{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate issues FEMA notices to forex, gold traders|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/enforcement-directorate-issues-fema-notices-to-forex-gold-traders/articleshow/55445560.cms|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Income Tax departments raided various illegal tax-evasive businesses in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and other cities that traded with demonetised currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/income-tax-department-raids-chandni-chowk-shops-shut/1/807996.html |title=Income tax dept conducts raids across India as illegal financial institutions crop up; shops call it a day |work=India Today |date=11 November 2016 |author=Rai, Arpan |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] issued several [[Foreign Exchange Management Act|FEMA]] notices to forex and gold traders.<ref name="ED-fema-notices"/> It also raided several forex establishments making back dated entries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/enforcement-directorate-raids-forex-shops-making-back-date-entries/articleshow/55373554.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Large sum of cash were seized in different parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs-1322-lakh-in-cash-seized/article9331654.ece?css=print|title=Rs. 13.22 lakh in cash seized|date=11 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-1624663|title=Rs 4 Crore-Worth Scrapped Notes Seized From Maharashtra Trader}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/76-lakh-cash-seized-from-vehicle-in-Mandi/articleshow/55379844.cms|title=Rs 76 lakh cash seized from vehicle in Mandi – Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-bank-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-4371753/|title=Madhya Pradesh: Rs 4 crore-worth scrapped bank notes seized from trader|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cash-seized-from-two-cars-near-nashik/article9356909.ece?homepage=true</ref> In [[Chhattisgarh]] liquid cash worth of {{INR}}4.4 million was seized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chhattisgarh-cash-worth-rs-44-lakhs-in-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-seized-from-a-man-2272478|title=Chhattisgarh: Cash worth Rs 44 lakhs in Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes seized from a man |work=Daily News & Analysis|date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

===Effect on illegal activities===

The move also reportedly crippled Communist guerrilla groups ([[Naxalite]]s) financing through money laundering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cops-look-for-Maoists-with-old-currency/articleshow/55377997.cms|title=Cops look for Maoists with old currency – Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Modis-demonetization-set-to-cripple-Naxalites-financially/articleshow/55379177.cms|title=Modi's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 10 November the police arrested a petrol pump owner at Ranchi when he reportedly tried to deposit ₹2.5 million, belonging to a person affiliated with the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/maoists-depend-on-sympathisers-to-tide-over-cash-crunch/article9340780.ece?homepage=true|title=Maoists depend on sympathisers to tide over cash crunch|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivas|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> According to [[Chhattisgarh Police]] demonetisation has affected the [[Naxalite]] activities. It is reported that insurgents have stashed more than ₹70 billion in the Bastar region.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/this-is-how-big-note-ban-will-affect-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-1624880|title=This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities in Chhattisgarh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-to-hit-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-police-4372900/|title=Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh: Police|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> Mumbai Police reported a setback to [[Hawala|Hawala operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-cripples-hawala-operations-mumbai-police/articleshow/55337722.cms|title=Demonetisation cripples hawala operations: Mumbai Police |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-effect-hawala-operations-stopped-in-mumbai/1/807544.html|title=Demonetisation effect: Hawala operations come to a grinding halt}}</ref> Hawala dealers in Kerala were also affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hawala-dealers-in-kerala-hit-hard-by-demonetisation-kerala-demonetization-unaccounted-money--1.1493198|title=Hawala dealers in Kerala hit hard by demonetisation}}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] reported the effect of demonetisation on hawala transactions of separatists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/nov/12/terror-hawala-in-kashmir-valley-rendered-trash-thanks-to-demonetisation-1537896--1.html|title=Terror hawala in Kashmir valley rendered trash, thanks to demonetisation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postcard.news/violence-jammu-kashmir-suddenly-stopped/|title=Why all the Violence in Jammu-Kashmir Has Suddenly Stopped???|first=Postcard|last=Team}}</ref>. More than 300 Naxals have surrendered to the police voluntarily due to shortage of funds.

===Evasion===
[[File:Shop accepting 500 1000 rupee notes.jpg|thumb|300px|A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.]]

====Gold purchases====
In [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]] and many other major cities, sales of gold increased on 9 November, with an increased 20 to 30% premium surging the price as much as ₹45,000 from the ruling price of ₹31,900 per {{Convert|10|g}}.<ref name="Gold Price">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/nov/10/gold-price-recovers-on-renewed-demand-1536940.html|title=Gold price recovers on renewed demand |date=10 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/scramble-for-gold-in-gujarat-after-demonetisation/article9323127.ece?homepage=true | title=Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Langa, Mahesh}}</ref>

====Donations====
Authorities of Sri Jalakanteswarar temple at [[Vellore]] discovered cash worth {{INR}}4.4 million from the temple Hundi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bundles-of-cash-found-inside-a-temple-hundi/article9342666.ece?homepage=true|title=Defunct notes worth Rs. 44 lakh found in temple hundi|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

====Multiple bank transactions====
There have also been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions and also attempting to convert black money into white by making multiple transactions at different bank branches.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parmar|first1=Beena|title=Despite Rs 4000-cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/despite-rs-4000-cap-on-money-exchange-loophole-allows-multiple-transactions/story-lbw8xw5XCHvsS5DOawWB1O.html|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> People were also getting rid of large amounts of banned currency by sending people in groups to exchange their money at banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-in-chennai-to-beat-cash-limit-they-send-full-teams-to-bank-4375951/|title=Demonetisation: In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In response, the government announced that it would start marking customers with indelible ink. This was in addition to other measures proposed to ensure that the exchange transactions are carried out only once by each person.<ref name="TOI_ink">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indelible-ink-to-mark-fingers-of-those-who-have-exchanged-cash/articleshow/55431492.cms|title=To reduce crowds at banks, ATMs, indelible ink to mark fingers of those who have exchanged old notes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/demonetisation-banks-to-use-indelible-ink-to-stop-multiple-transactions-curb-crowd-3106274.html|title=Demonetisation: Banks to use indelible ink to stop multiple transactions, curb crowd |date=15 November 2016|publisher=firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/demonetisation-indelible-ink-mark-seems-like-the-govt-is-panicking-4376665/|title=Demonetisation: Indelible ink mark seems like the government is panicking?|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 17 November, the government reduced the exchange amount to {{INR}}2000 to discourage attempts to convert black money into legitimate money.<ref name=":1" />

====Railway bookings====

As soon as the demonetisation was announced, it was observed by the [[Indian Railways]] authorities that large number of people started booking tickets particularly in [[Indian Railways coaching stock|classes]] 1A and 2A for the longest distance possible, to get rid of unaccounted cash. A senior official said, "On November 13, 42.7 million passengers were nationally booked across all classes. Of these, only 1,209 were 1A and 16,999 for 2A. It is a sharp dip from the number of passengers booked on November 9, when 27,237 passengers had booked tickets in 1A and 69,950 in 2A."<ref name=":0" />

The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways Ministry]] and the Railway Board responded swiftly and decided that: cancellation and refund of tickets of value ₹10,000 and above will not be allowed by any means involving cash. The payment can only be through cheque/electronic payment. Tickets above ₹10,000 can be refunded by filing ticket deposit receipt only on surrendering the original ticket. A copy of the [[PAN card]] must be submitted for any cash transaction above ₹50,000. The official claimed that since the Railway Board on 10 November imposed a number of restrictions to book and cancel tickets, the number of people booking 1A and 2A tickets came down.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rlys-sets-5000-as-cash-refund-limit-for-tickets/articleshow/55444673.cms|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9-11|url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/railways-say-no-cash-refund-for-tickets-booked-between-nov-9-11_1949831.html|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

====Municipal and local taxes====

The use of the demonetised notes had been allowed by the government for the payment of municipal and local body taxes. This led to people using the banned ₹500 and ₹1000 notes to pay large amounts of outstanding taxes, and also advance taxes. As a result, revenue collections of the local authorities have jumped due to the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/hyderabad/demonetisation-impact-greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-collects-over-rs-160-crore-in-just-four-days_1949989.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days|date=15 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation}}
{{wikinews|India discontinues ₹500, ₹1000 denominations; releases ₹2000 and new ₹500 bills}}
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rupees-500-1000-currency-note-faq-narendra-modi/1/805954.html What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500–1000 notes answered], ''India Today'', 8 November 2016
* [https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119 FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India]
* [http://www.finmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Finance, Government of India]
* [https://www.dailyfastnews.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-demonetises-rs-500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-in-india/ PM Narendra Modi Demonetises Rs 500 and Rs 1000 Currency Notes In India]

{{Indian currency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:History of money]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Monetary reform]]

User:Soft coder/sandbox

2016-11-24T15:04:04Z

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2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

2016-11-24T11:03:54Z

Soft coder: please explain from reliable source where you got 99.5 figure 59.144.134.155 (talk)

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Notice | Heading= Title Change | Kindly refrain from moving this article to a new title until consensus is reached on the talk page of this article.}}
[[File:No 500 1000.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A store displaying the demonetisation message: "Withdrawal of legal tender status for ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", at the cash counter]]
The [[demonetisation]] of [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 1000-rupee note|₹1000]] banknotes was a step taken by the [[Government of India]] on 8 November 2016, ceasing the usage of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as a form of [[legal tender]] in India from 9 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal>{{cite web|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

The announcement was made by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) the same day.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Bhatt|first1=Abhinav|title=Watch PM Modi's Entire Speech on Discontinuing 500, 1000 Rupee Notes|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-speaks-to-nation-tonight-at-8-pm-1622948|accessdate=8 November 2016|publisher=NDTV India|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-narendra-modis-address-to-nation/article9320548.ece |title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes: RBI explains |date=8 November 2016 |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> In the announcement, Modi declared use of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid from midnight of the same day and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

The banknote denominations of ₹100, ₹50, ₹20, ₹10 and ₹5 of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] continued to remain as legal tender and were unaffected by the policy. The demonetisation was done in an effort to stop counterfeiting of the current banknotes allegedly used for funding [[terrorism in India|terrorism]], as well as a crack down on [[Indian black money|black money in the country]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/live-pm-narendra-modi-addresses-nation/1/805755.html |title=Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money |date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-500-and-Rs-1000-notes-pulled-out-of-circulation-immediately-PM-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/55315473.cms|title= Notes out of circulation|work= The Times of India|date= 8 November 2016}}</ref> The move is also aimed at reducing [[Corruption in India|corruption]], drug menace and [[smuggling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-note-ban-narendra-modis-demonetisation-move-a-death-knell-to-hawala-trade-3101610.html|title= Corruption fight|work=first post|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-hopes-demonetisation-will-pay-rich-dividends-in-state-polls/articleshow/55359573.cms|title=BJP policy|work= The Times of India|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Background==

=== Economic ===
Similar demonetisation of banknote denominations have been taken in the past. In January 1946, banknotes of 1000 and 10000 rupee were withdrawn and new notes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee were introduced in 1954. The [[Janata Party]] coalition government had again demonetised banknotes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee on 16 January 1978 as a means to curb [[counterfeit money]] and black money.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uzZItqeHdMPHHgFJaq2BnM/A-history-of-demonetization-in-India.html | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes may be back, if history is a guide | work=Live Mint | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] had recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or economy, which is largely held in the form of [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|benami properties]], bullion and jewellery".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-black-money-corruption-banks-atms-modi-finance-ministry4375205/|title=At least 4 months needed to replace demonetised notes, not 50 days: Here’s why|date=14 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>http://dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Measures_Tackle_BlackMoney.pdf</ref> According to data from income tax probes, black money holders keep only 6% or less of their ill-gotten wealth as cash, hence targeting this cash may not be a successful strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-has-only-6-share-in-black-money-seizures-reveals-income-tax-data/story-JfFuTiJYtxKwJQhz2ApxlL.html |title=Why govt's demonetisation move may fail to win the war against black money |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Appu Esthose Suresh}}</ref>

On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India was {{INRConvert|17.77|lc|lk=lc}}. In terms of value, the annual report of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) of 31 March 2016 stated that total bank notes in circulation valued to {{INRConvert|16.42|lc}} of which nearly 86% (around {{INRConvert|14.18|lc}}) was ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 90266 million banknotes were in circulation.<ref name="equipped">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-are-banks-equipped-to-replace-1874-crore-pieces-of-notes-4364746/|title=Are banks equipped to replace 2,300 crore pieces of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes?|date=9 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 November 2016|author=Damodaran, Harish}}</ref>

=== Political ===
In the past, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) had strongly opposed demonetisation. BJP spokesperson [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] had said in 2014 that "The aam aurats and the aadmis, those who are illiterate and have no access to banking facilities, will be the ones to be hit by such diversionary measures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-measure-is-anti-poor-when-bjp-opposed-demonetisation-during-upa-govt/story-1HSYEYCaX3SaIsRS6q2rhJ.html|title=The measure is 'anti-poor': When BJP opposed demonetisation during UPA govt|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Kumar Uttam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/bjp-had-a-very-different-view-on-demonetisation-in-2014/|title=BJP Had A Very Different View on Demonetisation in 2014|date=11 November 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in|author=Betwa Sharma|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-bjp-aap-currency-ban-4370935/|title=Explain opposition to similar move by UPA: AAP to BJP on demonetisation|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjeev-singh-blog/how-bjp-had-termed-demonetisation-as-anti-poor-in-2014/|title=How BJP had termed demonetisation as 'anti-poor' in 2014|work=The Times of India|author=|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> This was before Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched [[Jan Dhan Yojana]] to include the poor into the banking system.

==Televised address==

On 8 November 2016, an announcement was made by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> In the announcement, Modi declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

After the official announcement by Prime Minister Modi, the [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], [[Urjit Patel]], and Economic Affairs secretary, Shaktikanta Das explained in a press conference that while the supply of notes of all denominations had increased by 40% between 2011 and 2016, the ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes increased by 76% and 109% respectively in this period owing to forgery. This forged cash was then used to fund terrorist activities against India. As a result the decision to eliminate the notes had been taken.<ref name="News 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/why-were-the-notes-scrapped-rbi-chief-and-economic-affairs-secretary-explain-1309756.html|title=Why Were the Notes Scrapped? RBI Chief, Economic Affairs Secy Explain|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=News 18}}</ref>

Patel also informed that the decision had been made about six months ago, and the printing of new banknotes of denomination ₹500 and ₹2000 had already started. However, only the top members of the government, security agencies and the central bank were aware of the move. But media had reported in October 2016 about introduction of ₹2000 denomination well before the official announcement by RBI. This statement has led to much debate, because the Reserve Bank governor six months before the announcement was Raghuram Rajan, while the new banknotes have the signature of the newly appointed governor, [[Urjit Patel]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sridhar|first1=G Naga|last2=Vageesh|first2=NS|title=Coming soon to your wallet: ₹2,000 notes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-1000-notes-move-was-in-the-pipeline-for-months/article9321244.ece|title=Move was in the pipeline for months|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

==Exchanging old notes==

[[File:2016 Indian currency note demonetisation.jpg|thumb|300px|People gathered at ATM of [[Axis Bank]] in [[Mehsana]], Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.]]

The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] and [[Indian 100-rupee note|₹100]] banknotes of the preceding [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]].<ref name="withdrawaloflegal" /> Following are the key points:
[[File:People gathered at SBI ATM in Paravur near Kollam city in Kerala due to Indian currency demonetisation, Nov 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Long queue in front of [[State Bank of India|SBI]] ATM at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near the city of [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]], 19th November 2016.]]
* Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal />
* Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November.<ref name="revisedguidelines">{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/MoF_reviewed_availability_distribution_Notes.pdf|title=Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="rbirevision">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10706&Mode=0|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>
* For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes can be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This exchange is restricted to once per person.
** Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016.
** This limit was increased to ₹4500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" />
** The limit was reduced to ₹2000 per person from 18 November 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/Govt_decisions_on_oldNotes17112016.pdf|title=The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers, small traders, Group ‘C’ Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces, Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1000/- notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500/- to Rs. 2000/-with effect from 18th November, 2016.|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
* Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2000 per day.<ref name=ATMsnotdispensing>{{cite web|title=ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10683&Mode=0|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> From 14 November onwards, ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2000 per day.<ref name=revisedguidelines /><ref name="rbirevision" />

However, exceptions were given to petrol, [[CNG]] and gas stations, government hospitals, [[Indian Railways|railway]] and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-secretary-economic-affairs-shaktikanta-das-press-conference-in-new-delhi/article9343621.ece|accessdate=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/-|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref> International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/outlets-that-will-accept-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-in-next-72-hours/articleshow/55317768.cms | title=Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours | work=The Economic Times | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families will be able to withdraw ₹250,000 for weddings from one account provided it was [[Know your customer|KYC]] compliant. The rules were also been changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-weddings-shaktikanta-das-government-economic-affairs-secretary/1/812730.html|title=Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account|work=India Today|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

==Prior leakage of information==

Several exact details pertaining to the decision to demonetise the notes had been published on 1 April 2016 in a [[Gujarat]]i newspaper called ''Akila'', including for instance, that there would be around 2 months' time to exchange banned notes, and that new notes in the ₹2000 denomination would be issued.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Local-dailys-April-1-joke-turns-news-break-of-the-year/articleshow/55381283.cms</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasamvad.co.in/investigation/pm-modi-ministers-leaked-info-on-scrapping-rs-1000-in-april-17750 |title=Not a secret? Modi's ministers had leaked info about scrapping of Rs 1,000 in April |publisher=Indiasamvad.co.in |date=26 October 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Sanjeev Singh}}</ref> The editor of the newspaper claimed that it was only an [[April fools day]] prank.<ref>{{cite web|author=Basant Rawat |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161111/jsp/frontpage/story_118632.jsp |title=Psst! A prank to save your black buck |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A fortnight before the official announcement, a news report in Hindi daily ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' quoting RBI sources mentioned about the coming release of new 2000 rupee note and alongside withdrawal of prevailing 500 and 1000 rupee notes when it is released. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/27-oct-2016-16-lucknow-archive-edition-ayodhya-Page-18.html# |title=ePaper link from Hindi daily Dainik Jagran of 27th Octomber 2016|work=Dainik Jagran Epaper |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/journalist-broke-story-about-currency-demonetisation-a-fortnight-back/story-3OpgtR5ehdzkRRrwQITLgK.html |title=Journalist broke story about currency demonetisation a fortnight back |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A businessman reportedly admitted in an interview, that he had received prior warning of the impending demonetisation from a source in the government, and that he had sufficient time to convert most of his money into smaller denominations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Sethi|url=https://www.thequint.com/business/2016/11/11/before-pms-announcement-rumours-of-demonetisation-abounded |title=Before PM's Announcement, Rumours of Demonetisation Abounded |publisher=The Quint |date=6 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The chairman of the [[State Bank of India]] had also openly spoken in April 2016 about the possibility of demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-500-Rs-1000-note-rumours-not-polls-behind-cash-surge-SBI/articleshow/51736091.cms |title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 note rumours, not polls, behind cash surge: SBI |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

===Allegations and claims===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI ( M)) alleged that the BJP unit in [[West Bengal]] had advance knowledge about the impending announcement, and deposited money just before the announcement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pooja Mehta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-knew-of-pm-modi-s-demonetisation-plan-bengal-unit-transferred-rs-1-crore-before-announcement-cpim-2272432 |title=BJP knew of PM Modi's demonetisation plan, Bengal unit transferred Rs 1 crore before announcement: CPI(M) & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/11/west-bengal-bjp-knew-about-demonetisation-deposited-rs-1-crore-hours-before-announcement-cpm-1537470.html |title=West Bengal BJP knew about demonetisation, deposited Rs 1 crore hours before announcement: CPM |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] also claimed that there had been some leakage regarding the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-s-friends-were-given-advance-information-on-demonetization-it-is-a-surgical-strike-on-common-people-says-kejriwal-265342.html |title='PM's Friends' Were Given Advance Information on Demonetization, It Is A Surgical Strike on Common People Says Kejriwal |work=The Times of India |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=10 Nov 2016-08:02 pm , PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-and-its-friends-knew-about-demonetization-a-week-before-kejriwal-doubts-modi-s-war-on-black-money-2272145 |title=BJP and its friends knew about demonetization a week before: Kejriwal doubts Modi's war on black money |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal questioned how Sanjeev Kamboj, a BJP leader in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], posted about the ₹2000 notes days before the official announcement, and alleged that a sudden spike in bank deposits between July and September 2016 was also due to information leakage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580660/bjp-informed-friends-beforehand-demonetisation.html|title=BJP informed 'friends' beforehand about demonetisation: Kejriwal|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that '[[Ambani]] and [[Gautam Adani|Adani]]' were informed about the demonetisation, and made arrangements. However, he later said that it was an [[Off the record (journalism)|off-the-record]] conversation, and officially denied the comments.<ref>http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-ambani-adani-were-informed-and-thus-made-arrangements-says-bjp-mla/447944/</ref><ref>http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/17/adanis-ambanis-already-knew-about-currency-ban-bjp-mla-caught-on-camera-1539642.html</ref>

== Reactions ==

===Support===

The decision met with mixed reactions Several bankers like [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]] (Chairperson of [[State Bank of India]]), [[Chanda Kochhar]] (MD & CEO of [[ICICI Bank]]) and [[Deepak Parekh]] (Chairman of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]]) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money.<ref name="IndiaInc">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/narendra-modi-rs-500-1000-sbi-arundhati-bhattacharya-icici-chanda-kochhar-here-is-how-india-inc-reacted-4364818/ | title=Govt demonitises Rs 500, 1000 notes: Here is how India Inc reacted | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Businessmen [[Anand Mahindra]] ([[Mahindra Group]]), [[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[JSW Group]]), [[Kunal Bahl]] ([[Snapdeal]] and [[FreeCharge]]) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.<ref name="IndiaInc" /> Infosys founder [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] praised the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-we-should-all-be-celebrating-says-narayana-murthy/articleshow/55357977.cms|title=Demonetisation: We should all be celebrating, says Narayana Murthy |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/move-to-withdraw-rs-500-1000-notes-master-stroke-narayana-murthy-4365782/|title=Move to withdraw Rs 500, 1,000 notes masterstroke |author=Narayana Murthy|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] said that demonetisation would clean the complete economic system, increase the size of economy and revenue base. He mentioned the demonetisation along with the upcoming [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] as "an attempt to change the spending habit and lifestyle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-war-on-black-money-scrapping-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-will-expand-economy-increase-revenue-says-jaitley-2271883 |title=War on black money: Scrapping Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes will expand economy, increase revenue, says Jaitley |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson [[Randeep Surjewala]] welcomed the move but remained sceptical on the consequences that would follow.<ref name="Cong">{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/rs-500-1000-currency-notes-banned-congress-raises-questions-against-narendra-modi-govts-shocking-move-1636286/ | title=Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes banned: Congress raises questions against Narendra Modi govt’s shocking move | publisher=India.com | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] supported the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-backs-modi-on-demonetisation/article9323442.ece|title=Nitish welcomes demonetisation move|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nitish-Kumar-supports-Modis-demonetisation-move/articleshow/55336788.cms|title=Nitish Kumar supports Modi's demonetisation move |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-cm-nitish-supports-decision-to-withdraw-demonetisation-currency-rs-1000-rs-500-notes-4366034/|title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar supports decision to withdraw Rs 1000, Rs 500 notes|date=9 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-naidu-had-inkling-of-the-ban/article9320914.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 notes: Naidu had inkling of the ban?|first=K.|last=Venkateshwarlu|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/andhra-cm-naidu-asked-for-demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1-000-notes-in-october-116110900626_1.html|title=Andhra CM Naidu asked for demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 notes in October|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=9 November 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/nov/08/chandrababu-naidu-welcomes-demonetisation-move-1536401.html|title=Chandrababu Naidu welcomes demonetisation move}}</ref> Former Chief Election Commissioner of India [[S. Y. Quraishi]] said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/demonetisation-could-lead-to-long-pending-electoral-reforms/story-tXYgT7hw6Q3TQUbPuIUucO.html|title=Demonetisation could lead to long-pending electoral reforms|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Indian social activist [[Anna Hazare]] hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazare-hails-demonetisation-calls-it-revolutionary-step/articleshow/55354898.cms|title=Anna Hazare hails demonetisation, calls it 'revolutionary' step |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonitisation-a-revolutionary-step-to-fight-corruption-anna-hazare-4367070/|title=Demonetisation a revolutionary step to fight corruption: Anna Hazare|date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/notes-ban-anna-hazare-hails-pm-narendra-modis-revolutionary-step-kejriwal-criticizes-it-1623922|title=Notes Ban: Anna Hazare Hails PM Narendra Modi's 'Revolutionary' Step, Kejriwal Criticizes It}}</ref> The [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes_1947632.html|title=President Pranab Mukherjee welcomes demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-bold-step-president-pranab-mukherjee-4364815/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes bold step: President Pranab Mukherjee|date=8 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1-000-rs-500-notes-1623081|title=President Pranab Mukherjee Welcomes Demonetisation of Rs 1,000, Rs 500 Notes|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-a-bold-step-says-pranab-mukherjee/article9320915.ece|title=A bold step, says Pranab Mukherjee|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The opinion of the masses varied both ways on micro-blogs and social media sites like Twitter.<ref name="ToI Twitter reaction">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/everything-social/rs-500-1000-notes-pulled-out-how-twitter-reacted/|title=Rs 500, 1000 notes pulled out: How Twitter reacted|date=8 November 2016|work=Times of India Blogs|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref> In general, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2016/11/11/dear-pm-modi-demonetisation-brahmastra-could-have-spared-the-poor|title=Dear PM Modi, Demonetisation 'Brahmastra' Could Have Spared The Poor|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Bloomberg Quint|author=Raghav Bahl|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

By and large, international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.<ref name="IMF-response"/><ref name="Chinese state media"/><ref name="Swedish Minister"/> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) issued a statement supporting Modi's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy.<ref name="IMF-response">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/imf-supports-pm-modi-s-demonetization-move-in-fight-against-corruption-116111100142_1.html|title=Support by IMF|date=11 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Chinese state media ''[[Global Times]]'' praised the move and termed it as "fierce fight against black money and corruption."<ref name="Chinese state media">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-state-media-praises-modi-but-says-he/article9343797.ece|title=State media praises Modi, but says he can learn from China's crusade against corruption|first=Atul|last=Aneja|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and Vice-President of European Commission [[Jyrki Katainen]] welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-to-help-financial-system-eu/articleshow/55399290.cms|title=European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-will-help-financial-system-european-union-1311545.html|title=India's Crackdown on Black Money Will Help Financial System: European Union|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> [[BBC]]'s South Asia Correspondent [[Justin Rowlatt]] in his article praised the move for its secrecy and success and elaborated on reason behind demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37974423|title=Why India wiped out 86% of its cash overnight|first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|date=14 November 2016|work=bbc.com}}</ref>[[Tim Worstall]] termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine.<ref>http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/11/17/indias-rs-500-and-1000-demonetisation-is-lowering-interest-rates-and-also-inflation/#62464fde2edf</ref> Swedish Minister of Enterprise [[Mikael Damberg]] supported the move by calling it bold decision.<ref name="Swedish Minister">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-mikael-damberg/article9340999.ece?w=alauto|title=Swedish ICT sector wouldn't have been so successful without Indian help|first=Arun|last=S|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Singapore-based paper ''The Independent'' published a laudatory article on the move titled "Modi does a [[Lee Kuan Yew]] to stamp out corruption in India." Lee Kuan Yew was the Singaporean Prime Minister and is considered the architect of modern Singapore. "From making up his mind to rolling it out, a new Lee Kuan Yew is born in India. It will be reflected in the legacy of this Prime Minister," the article said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theindependent.sg/modi-does-a-lee-kuan-yew-to-stamp-out-corruption-in-india/|title=Modi does a Lee Kuan Yew to stamp out corruption in India|date=10 November 2016|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Criticism===

On 8 November 2016, Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]] called the new declaration "drama".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-reactions/article9320639.ece | title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000: Who says what | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> A [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in [[Madras High Court]] by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the [[Indian National League]], to scrap the decision. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55353472.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title=Govt's demonetisation move fit for country's security, development: HC |work= The Economic Times |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Similar PILs were also filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pils-supreme-court-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-illegal/1/807124.html |title=PILs in Supreme Court against making Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes illegal |work=India Today |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]] gave judgement that Government is free to change policy, taking into consideration the prevalent socio-economic conditions and that the courts have only a limited role to play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-free-to-change-policy-to-suit-socioeconomic-situation-supreme-court/article9345175.ece?ref=sliderNews|title=Govt free to change policy to suit socio-economic situation: Supreme Court|first=Krishnadas|last=Rajagopal|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[World Bank]] Chief Economist, [[Kaushik Basu]], said that the 'damage' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-damage-greater-than-its-benefits-says-kaushik-basu-116111101733_1.html |title=Demonetisation damage greater than its benefits, says Kaushik Basu |work=Business Standard |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-good-economics-demonetisation-is-not-kaushik-basu/articleshow/55375545.cms |title=GST good economics; demonetisation is not: Kaushik Basu |work=The Economic Times |date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

[[Prabhat Patnaik]], a former professor of economics at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" while "causing much hardship to common people."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Patnaik|first1=Prabhat|title=Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/1/9151/Demonetization-Witless-and-Anti-People|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Citizen|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

===Opposition===

A Congress-led opposition, which includes 13 political parties, opposed the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation issue in the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] on 16 November 2016. The [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] also met the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to oppose the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-debate-likely-to-hot-up-winter-session-didi-to-knock-on-president-s-door-2273770|title= Debate on demonetisation, in winter session|work=DNA India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-People-battle-it-out-at-banks-netas-ready-for-war-in-Parliament/articleshow/55424673.cms|title= Winter Session debate|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/winter-session-oppn-to-target-govt-on-demonetisation-orop-gst-116111401558_1.html|title=Opposition to target government on demonetisation|work=Business Standard|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-november-15-2016-effect-of-demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes/article9348006.ece|title=Government and Opposition prepare for winter session of Parliament, on demonetisation|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-janata-dal-u-gives-suspension-of-business-notice-as-parties-gear-up-for-war-in-parliament_1949763.html|title= Parties gear up for debate on demonetisation|work=zeenews.India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/opposition-parties-agree-to-raise-notes-issue-in-session/articleshow/55424453.cms|title= Parties agree to raise notes issue in session|work=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The debate on demonetisation is known to be initiated by [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-parliament-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-demonetization-congress-bjp-tmc-rahul-mamata-modi-sena-black-money-banks-atms-2273883|title=Congress on demonetisation|work= DNA India|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Anand Sharma]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] on 16 November 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/url-live-winter-session-of-parliament-begins-today-narendra-modi-speech-rahul-gandhi-arun-jaitley-demonetisation-effects/446936/|title= Anand Sharma speaks on demonetisation|work=The Financial Express|date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/parliament-debate-on-demonetisation-1950128|title= Congress initiates demonetisation debate|work=Zeenews.India.com|date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> while [[Mamata Banerjee]] is known to be the first to oppose the current government on the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Whys-Didi-against-demonetisation/articleshow/55378644.cms|title=Why's Mamata Banerjee against demonetization?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] led a rainbow delegation comprising political parties of [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], BJP ally [[Shiv Sena]], Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (of Hardik Patel) and National Conference to [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] to protest against the decision to withdraw {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes. A memorandum was submitted to the [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] demanding rollback of the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-mamata-banerjee-leads-protest-march-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-4379517/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes: Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> Outside the Parliament in a rally the same day, [[Saugata Roy]], a member of parliament from the opposition [[Trinamool Congress]] Party, commented, "People are in utter distress, especially the informal sector is totally disrupted. Poor people, daily wage earners, they're all facing difficulty"<ref name="Aljazeera-1"/>

In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 16 November 2016, [[Pramod Tiwari]] from the [[Indian National Congress]], accused [[Narendra Modi]] for the demonetisation and compared Narendra Modi to [[Mussolini]], [[Hitler]] and [[Qadhafi]], while [[Prem Chand Gupta]] questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor [[Urjit Patel]] sign on new note?". While on the other side, [[Praful Patel]] criticised the demonetisation by stating "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mayawati]] stated the situiation to "a financial emergency", by saying "It looks as if ''[[India|Bharat]]'' has shut down." Also, [[Sitaram Yechury]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], questioned the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-parliament-proceedings-november-16-2016/article9351846.ece|title=As it happened: Parliament proceedings — November 16, 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

On 17 November 2016, in a rally against demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes, led by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his West Bengal counterpart [[Mamata Banerjee]] at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale hub in the [[New Delhi|national capital]], Arvind Kejriwal demanded the withdraw of demonetisation in 3 days, or else there would be a [[rebellion]], he said. Mamata Banerjee also stated "I give the government 3 day ultimatum, fix things or withdraw the demonetisation scheme".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-kejriwal-mamata-protest-against-demonetisation-at-azadpur-market/story-9s1OoTJ1XgN6fFXSD6x36I.html|title=Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion: Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

In the demonetisation debate on the second and third day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 17 and 18 November 2016, the opposition and the [[Modi ministry|current government]] clashed over the demonetisation issue, bringing the [[Rajya Sabha|house]] to continuous halts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/winter-session-of-parliament-parliament-proceedings-november-18-2016/article9360240.ece|title=As it happened: RS, LS adjourned till Monday|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

===Cash rush===
[[File:Queue at ATM for INR 100 Notes - Howrah 2016-11-08 1773.JPG|thumb|Queue at an ATM for {{INR}}100 banknotes in [[Howrah]], on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)]]
[[File:Queue at Bank to Exchange INR 500 and 1000 Notes - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-11-10 02103.jpg|thumb|People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes in [[Kolkata]] on 10 November 2016.]]

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes, faced difficulties to exchange them as endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes since 9 November. <ref name="Aljazeera-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html|title=India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor|date=16 November 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=IEchaos>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/|title=Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html|title=India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend/article9337803.ece|title=Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The CMD of [[Punjab National Bank]] said that panic after demonetization started fading on 19 November 2016.<ref> The Hindu [http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/panic-following-withdrawal-of-notes-has-largely-faded/article9365673.ece Panic following withdrawal of notes has largely faded - PNB CMD] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.<ref name=IEchaos /> Sporadic violence was reported in [[New Delhi]], but there were no reports of any grievous injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2016/nov/13/demonetisation-sporadic-violence-in-delhi-cops-receive-45k-calls-1538063.html|title=Demonetisation: Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5K calls|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> people attacked bank premises and ATMs,<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Unrest-erupts-in-UP-towns-as-cashless-crowds-vent-ire-on-bank-staff/articleshow/55528509.cms</ref><ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/In-western-UP-violence-marks-day-13-of-demonetisation/articleshow/55545397.cms</ref><ref>http://www.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-effect-atm-vandalism-on-rise-1652843/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-angry-customers-break-banks-glass-door-in-kollam-4371720/|title=Demonetisation: Angry customers break bank’s glass door in Kollam|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/no-cash-frustrated-man-smashes-atm-glass-wall/article9340047.ece|title=No cash: ‘frustrated’ man smashes ATM glass wall|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/11/12/demonetisation-modi-rs-2000-rs-500-bank-officials-black-money-goons-attack-bank-officials-takes-its-toll-violence|title=Hid in Washroom For an Hour: Official After Attack at IDBI Bank}}</ref> and a ration shop was looted in [[Madhya Pradesh]] after the shop owner refused to accept {{INR}}500 banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/villagers-loot-pds-shop-over-invalid-after-dealer-refuses-scrapped-banknotes/story-pHFaVKqlz28OETJfvONS1M.html|title=Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161113/jsp/nation/story_118946.jsp|title=Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Villagers-looted-ration-shops-in-Madhya-Pradeshafter-the-shop-owner-refused-to-accept-old-notes/articleshow/55388557.cms|title=Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/demonetisation-fallout-cashless-villagers-loot-pds-shop-in-mps-chhatarpur-village-1311252.html|title=Demonetisation Fallout: Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP's Chhatarpur Village|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> Several people died while standing in queues to exchange their old banknotes. One person died as he fell down from the building. One farmer died after standing in queue for two hours.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-deaths-in-maharashtra-kerala-narendra-modi-4370296/|title=Two dead in Maharashtra, Kerala in country-wide rush to junk banned notes|date=11 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetosation-deaths-congress-modi-government/1/808721.html|title=Demonetisation: Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra; Congress blames Modi government|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>http://www.uniindia.com/demonetisation-96-year-old-died-while-standing-in-queue/states/news/684631.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/farmer-standing-in-line-to-exchange-notes-dies-of-heart-attack-116111200942_1.html|title=Farmer standing in line to exchange notes dies of heart attack|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=12 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/73-year-old-dies-waiting-in-queue-to-exchange-discontinued-curre/|accessdate=13 November 2016|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 die in queue to exchange banned notes at bank|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-die-in-country-wide-rush-to-junk-banned-notes/articleshow/55374158.cms|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> one death is being attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of old banknotes by hospitals. Action was taken against the hospital refusing old bank notes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/mumbai-baby-dies-waiting-for-medical-help-as-hospital-refuses-rs-500-1000-currency-notes-1642581/|accessdate=13 November 2016|publisher=India.com|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Doc-says-no-to-deposit-in-Rs-500-notes-baby-dies-awaiting-help/articleshow/55380976.cms|title=Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baby-dies-after-doctor-refuses-to-take-rs-500-and-rs-1000-notes-for-treatment-in-mumbai/story-xxSBtmK39xdcAx0hfhViEL.html|title=Infant's death: Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The attributed death toll was 25, till 15 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-many-lives-lost-for-crores-of-unaccounted-money-in-only-5-days/445560/|title=Demonetisation crisis: 25 people dead in a week already|date=14 November 2016|work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-deaths-in-country/1/811009.html|title=25 deaths in a week: PM Modis demonetisation drive takes a toll on aam aadmi|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/|title=Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days|work=huffingtonpost}}</ref> In an interview, Arvind Kejriwal lashed out at a reporter who asked him to justify his claim on 19 November that 55 deaths were linked to demonetisation.<ref>Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Published:November 19, 2016 [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-lashes-out-at-bbc-reporter-questioning-him-on-demonetisation-4384031/?campaign_id=A100 Arvind Kejriwal gets angry at BBC reporter questioning him on demonetisation] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref>

===Effects on Economy===

====Stock market====

As a combined effect of demonetisation and [[United States presidential election, 2016|US presidential election]], the share market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, [[BSE SENSEX]] crashed nearly 1,689 points and [[NIFTY 50]] plunged by over 541 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece|title=Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the [[BSE SENSEX]] index was lower by 565 points and the [[NIFTY 50]] index was below 8100 intraday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/local-markets/sensex-sinks-514pts-midcap-down-4demonetisationearnings_7965381.html|title=Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4% on demonetisation & earnings |publisher=[[moneycontrol.com]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

====Transportation====

Major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the old banknotes. [[Nitin Gadkari]], the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across India until midnight of 11 November, later extended until 14 November and again until midnight of 18 November.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/toll-collection-suspended-across-the-country-till-nov-11-highways-ministry/story-1bAQIFhgp3R26ja4z9OdDK.html |title=Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-toll-charges-on-national-highways-till-nov-18-midnight-116111400435_1.html|title=No toll charges on National Highways till Nov 18 midnight|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 November 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

====Agriculture====
{{Missing information|section|effects of demonetisation on agriculture and farmers|date=November 2016}}

====Banking====

In the first four days after the announcement of the step, about 3 trillion rupees in the form of old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes had been deposited in the banking system and about 500 billion rupees had been dispensed via withdrawals from bank accounts, ATMs as well as exchanges over the bank counters. Within these four days, the banking system has handled about 180 million transactions.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /> The [[State Bank of India]] reported to have received more than {{INR}}300 billion in bank deposit in first two days after demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/state-bank-of-india-gets-rs-38677-crore-deposit-in-2-days-4370826/|title=State Bank of India gets Rs 38,677 crore deposit in 2 days|date=12 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/state-bank-of-india-says-it-has-received-deposits-worth-rs-53-000-crore/story-FDoUfqDOmC5ls3OAZSe2jM.html|title=State Bank of India says it has received deposits worth Rs 53,000 crore|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/demonetisation-drive-windfall-for-banks-coffers-richer-by-rs-2-2-lakh-cr-already/444188/|title=Demonetisation drive windfall for banks, coffers richer by Rs 2.2 lakh cr already|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> A spike in the usage of debit card and credit card post demonetisation was also reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/card-usage-surges-microlending-grinds-to-a-halt/article9341086.ece?w=alauto|title=Micro lending badly hit; surge in use of cards|first1=Manojit|last1=Saha|first2=Ashish|last2=Rukhaiyar|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In [[Malda district|Malda]], a district believed to be a transit-point for fake Indian currencies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bank-accounts-for-sale-in-malda-west-bengal/1/808124.html|title=Exclusive: Bank accounts for sale in West Bengals Malda!}}</ref> a large sum of cash deposits in dormant accounts were also reported. According to [[The Economic Times]], more than 80 percent of fake currency in India originates from Malda district in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/life-has-come-to-standstill-in-indias-counterfeit-capital/articleshow/55406694.cms|title=Life has come to standstill in India's counterfeit capital |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

====Business====

By the second week after demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes, cigarette sales across India witnessed a fall of 30-40%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/cigarette-sales-down-30-40/448647/|title=Cigarette sales down 30-40%|accessdate=18 November 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> while E-commerce companies saw up to a 30% decline in [[cash on delivery]] (COD) orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ecommerce-firms-see-30-decline-in-cash-on-delivery-orders-post-demonetisation/article9354147.ece|title=E-commerce firms see 30% decline in cash on delivery orders post demonetisation|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-demonetisation-e-commerce-cash-on-delivery-4379522/|title=E-commerce cash-on-delivery orders down by up to 30 per cent|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> Several e-commerce companies hailed the demonetisation decision as an impetus to an increase in [[E-commerce payment system|digital payments]]. They believe that it would lead to a decline in COD returns which is expected to cut down their costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2016/11/17/flipkart-snapdeal-shopclues-say-demonetisation-good-for-e-commerce-industry/|title=Flipkart, Snapdeal, Shopclues say demonetisation good for e-commerce industry|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=Techcircle.in - India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

The demand for point of sales (POS) or card swipe machines has increased.<ref name=et1116>{{citation |title=Demonetisation gets 'acche din' for swipe-machine makers |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55429945.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> E-payment options like PayTM and PayUMoney has also seen a rise.<ref>{{citation |title=To stay afloat, Coimabtore traders seek card swipe machines |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/To-stay-afloat-Coimabtore-traders-seek-card-swipe-machines/articleshow/55519849.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2016 }}</ref> According to data of Pine Labs, the demand for its POS machines doubled after the decision. Further it states that the debit card transactions rose by 108% and credit card transactions by 60% on 9 November 2016.<ref name=et1116/>

===Income tax raids and cash seizures===

The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry]] instructed all revenue intelligence agencies to join the crackdown on forex traders, hawala operators and jewellers besides tracking movement of demonetised currency notes.<ref name="ED-fema-notices">{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate issues FEMA notices to forex, gold traders|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/enforcement-directorate-issues-fema-notices-to-forex-gold-traders/articleshow/55445560.cms|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Income Tax departments raided various illegal tax-evasive businesses in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and other cities that traded with demonetised currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/income-tax-department-raids-chandni-chowk-shops-shut/1/807996.html |title=Income tax dept conducts raids across India as illegal financial institutions crop up; shops call it a day |work=India Today |date=11 November 2016 |author=Rai, Arpan |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] issued several [[Foreign Exchange Management Act|FEMA]] notices to forex and gold traders.<ref name="ED-fema-notices"/> It also raided several forex establishments making back dated entries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/enforcement-directorate-raids-forex-shops-making-back-date-entries/articleshow/55373554.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Large sum of cash were seized in different parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs-1322-lakh-in-cash-seized/article9331654.ece?css=print|title=Rs. 13.22 lakh in cash seized|date=11 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-1624663|title=Rs 4 Crore-Worth Scrapped Notes Seized From Maharashtra Trader}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/76-lakh-cash-seized-from-vehicle-in-Mandi/articleshow/55379844.cms|title=Rs 76 lakh cash seized from vehicle in Mandi – Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-bank-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-4371753/|title=Madhya Pradesh: Rs 4 crore-worth scrapped bank notes seized from trader|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cash-seized-from-two-cars-near-nashik/article9356909.ece?homepage=true</ref> In [[Chhattisgarh]] liquid cash worth of {{INR}}4.4 million was seized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chhattisgarh-cash-worth-rs-44-lakhs-in-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-seized-from-a-man-2272478|title=Chhattisgarh: Cash worth Rs 44 lakhs in Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes seized from a man |work=Daily News & Analysis|date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

===Effect on illegal activities===

The move also reportedly crippled Communist guerrilla groups ([[Naxalite]]s) financing through money laundering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cops-look-for-Maoists-with-old-currency/articleshow/55377997.cms|title=Cops look for Maoists with old currency – Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Modis-demonetization-set-to-cripple-Naxalites-financially/articleshow/55379177.cms|title=Modi's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 10 November the police arrested a petrol pump owner at Ranchi when he reportedly tried to deposit ₹2.5 million, belonging to a person affiliated with the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/maoists-depend-on-sympathisers-to-tide-over-cash-crunch/article9340780.ece?homepage=true|title=Maoists depend on sympathisers to tide over cash crunch|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivas|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> According to [[Chhattisgarh Police]] demonetisation has affected the [[Naxalite]] activities. It is reported that insurgents have stashed more than ₹70 billion in the Bastar region.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/this-is-how-big-note-ban-will-affect-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-1624880|title=This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities in Chhattisgarh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-to-hit-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-police-4372900/|title=Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh: Police|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> Mumbai Police reported a setback to [[Hawala|Hawala operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-cripples-hawala-operations-mumbai-police/articleshow/55337722.cms|title=Demonetisation cripples hawala operations: Mumbai Police |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-effect-hawala-operations-stopped-in-mumbai/1/807544.html|title=Demonetisation effect: Hawala operations come to a grinding halt}}</ref> Hawala dealers in Kerala were also affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hawala-dealers-in-kerala-hit-hard-by-demonetisation-kerala-demonetization-unaccounted-money--1.1493198|title=Hawala dealers in Kerala hit hard by demonetisation}}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] reported the effect of demonetisation on hawala transactions of separatists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/nov/12/terror-hawala-in-kashmir-valley-rendered-trash-thanks-to-demonetisation-1537896--1.html|title=Terror hawala in Kashmir valley rendered trash, thanks to demonetisation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postcard.news/violence-jammu-kashmir-suddenly-stopped/|title=Why all the Violence in Jammu-Kashmir Has Suddenly Stopped???|first=Postcard|last=Team}}</ref>

===Evasion===
[[File:Shop accepting 500 1000 rupee notes.jpg|thumb|300px|A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.]]

====Gold purchases====
In [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]] and many other major cities, sales of gold increased on 9 November, with an increased 20 to 30% premium surging the price as much as ₹45,000 from the ruling price of ₹31,900 per {{Convert|10|g}}.<ref name="Gold Price">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/nov/10/gold-price-recovers-on-renewed-demand-1536940.html|title=Gold price recovers on renewed demand |date=10 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/scramble-for-gold-in-gujarat-after-demonetisation/article9323127.ece?homepage=true | title=Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Langa, Mahesh}}</ref>

====Dumping====
A bag of burnt notes was found in [[Uttar Pradesh]] following demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttar-pradesh-burnt-rs-500-and-rs-1-000-notes-bareilly/1/807068.html|title=Burnt Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes found in Bareilly}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-banned-burnt-remnants-of-notes-found-in-uttar-pradesh-3097970.html|title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 banned: Burnt remnants of notes found in Uttar Pradesh – Firstpost|date=10 November 2016}}</ref> Old ₹500 and ₹1000 notes were also found floating in the Ganga river near Mirzapur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-500-1000-notes-found-floating-in-ganga-river-in-up-1624316|title=Old School Notes of Rs 500 And Rs 1,000 Found Floating in Ganga}}</ref>

====Donations====
Authorities of Sri Jalakanteswarar temple at [[Vellore]] discovered cash worth {{INR}}4.4 million from the temple Hundi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bundles-of-cash-found-inside-a-temple-hundi/article9342666.ece?homepage=true|title=Defunct notes worth Rs. 44 lakh found in temple hundi|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

====Multiple bank transactions====
There have also been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions and also attempting to convert black money into white by making multiple transactions at different bank branches.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parmar|first1=Beena|title=Despite Rs 4000-cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/despite-rs-4000-cap-on-money-exchange-loophole-allows-multiple-transactions/story-lbw8xw5XCHvsS5DOawWB1O.html|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> People were also getting rid of large amounts of banned currency by sending people in groups to exchange their money at banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-in-chennai-to-beat-cash-limit-they-send-full-teams-to-bank-4375951/|title=Demonetisation: In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In response, the government announced that it would start marking customers with indelible ink. This was in addition to other measures proposed to ensure that the exchange transactions are carried out only once by each person.<ref name="TOI_ink">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indelible-ink-to-mark-fingers-of-those-who-have-exchanged-cash/articleshow/55431492.cms|title=To reduce crowds at banks, ATMs, indelible ink to mark fingers of those who have exchanged old notes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/demonetisation-banks-to-use-indelible-ink-to-stop-multiple-transactions-curb-crowd-3106274.html|title=Demonetisation: Banks to use indelible ink to stop multiple transactions, curb crowd |date=15 November 2016|publisher=firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/demonetisation-indelible-ink-mark-seems-like-the-govt-is-panicking-4376665/|title=Demonetisation: Indelible ink mark seems like the government is panicking?|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 17 November, the government reduced the exchange amount to {{INR}}2000 to discourage attempts to convert black money into legitimate money.<ref name=":1" />

====Railway bookings====

As soon as the demonetisation was announced, it was observed by the [[Indian Railways]] authorities that large number of people started booking tickets particularly in [[Indian Railways coaching stock|classes]] 1A and 2A for the longest distance possible, to get rid of unaccounted cash. A senior official said, "On November 13, 42.7 million passengers were nationally booked across all classes. Of these, only 1,209 were 1A and 16,999 for 2A. It is a sharp dip from the number of passengers booked on November 9, when 27,237 passengers had booked tickets in 1A and 69,950 in 2A."<ref name=":0" />

The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways Ministry]] and the Railway Board responded swiftly and decided that: cancellation and refund of tickets of value ₹10,000 and above will not be allowed by any means involving cash. The payment can only be through cheque/electronic payment. Tickets above ₹10,000 can be refunded by filing ticket deposit receipt only on surrendering the original ticket. A copy of the [[PAN card]] must be submitted for any cash transaction above ₹50,000. The official claimed that since the Railway Board on 10 November imposed a number of restrictions to book and cancel tickets, the number of people booking 1A and 2A tickets came down.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rlys-sets-5000-as-cash-refund-limit-for-tickets/articleshow/55444673.cms|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9-11|url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/railways-say-no-cash-refund-for-tickets-booked-between-nov-9-11_1949831.html|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

====Municipal and local taxes====

The use of the demonetised notes had been allowed by the government for the payment of municipal and local body taxes. This led to people using the banned ₹500 and ₹1000 notes to pay large amounts of outstanding taxes, and also advance taxes. As a result, revenue collections of the local authorities have jumped due to the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/hyderabad/demonetisation-impact-greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-collects-over-rs-160-crore-in-just-four-days_1949989.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days|date=15 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation}}
{{wikinews|India discontinues ₹500, ₹1000 denominations; releases ₹2000 and new ₹500 bills}}
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rupees-500-1000-currency-note-faq-narendra-modi/1/805954.html What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500–1000 notes answered], ''India Today'', 8 November 2016
* [https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119 FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India]
* [http://www.finmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Finance, Government of India]
* [https://www.dailyfastnews.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-demonetises-rs-500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-in-india/ PM Narendra Modi Demonetises Rs 500 and Rs 1000 Currency Notes In India]

{{Indian currency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:History of money]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Monetary reform]]

2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

2016-11-24T08:02:18Z

Soft coder: Undid revision 751239296 by Reshi5399 (talk)

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Notice | Heading= Title Change | Kindly refrain from moving this article to a new title until consensus is reached on the talk page of this article.}}
[[File:No 500 1000.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A store displaying the demonetisation message: "Withdrawal of legal tender status for ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", at the cash counter]]
The [[demonetisation]] of [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 1000-rupee note|₹1000]] banknotes was a step taken by the [[Government of India]] on 8 November 2016, ceasing the usage of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as a form of [[legal tender]] in India from 9 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal>{{cite web|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38520|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

The announcement was made by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) the same day.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last1=Bhatt|first1=Abhinav|title=Watch PM Modi's Entire Speech on Discontinuing 500, 1000 Rupee Notes|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-speaks-to-nation-tonight-at-8-pm-1622948|accessdate=8 November 2016|publisher=NDTV India|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-narendra-modis-address-to-nation/article9320548.ece |title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes: RBI explains |date=8 November 2016 |website=The Hindu |access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> In the announcement, Modi declared use of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid from midnight of the same day and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

The banknote denominations of ₹100, ₹50, ₹20, ₹10 and ₹5 of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] continued to remain as legal tender and were unaffected by the policy. The demonetisation was done in an effort to stop counterfeiting of the current banknotes allegedly used for funding [[terrorism in India|terrorism]], as well as a crack down on [[Indian black money|black money in the country]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/live-pm-narendra-modi-addresses-nation/1/805755.html |title=Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money |date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=9 November 2016 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-500-and-Rs-1000-notes-pulled-out-of-circulation-immediately-PM-Narendra-Modi/articleshow/55315473.cms|title= Notes out of circulation|work= The Times of India|date= 8 November 2016}}</ref> The move is also aimed at reducing [[Corruption in India|corruption]], drug menace and [[smuggling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-note-ban-narendra-modis-demonetisation-move-a-death-knell-to-hawala-trade-3101610.html|title= Corruption fight|work=first post|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BJP-hopes-demonetisation-will-pay-rich-dividends-in-state-polls/articleshow/55359573.cms|title=BJP policy|work= The Times of India|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Background==

=== Economic ===
Similar demonetisation of banknote denominations have been taken in the past. In January 1946, banknotes of 1000 and 10000 rupee were withdrawn and new notes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee were introduced in 1954. The [[Janata Party]] coalition government had again demonetised banknotes of 1000, 5000 and 10000 rupee on 16 January 1978 as a means to curb [[counterfeit money]] and black money.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/uzZItqeHdMPHHgFJaq2BnM/A-history-of-demonetization-in-India.html | title=Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes may be back, if history is a guide | work=Live Mint | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] had recommended against demonetisation, saying in a report that "demonetisation may not be a solution for tackling black money or economy, which is largely held in the form of [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|benami properties]], bullion and jewellery".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/demonetisation-black-money-corruption-banks-atms-modi-finance-ministry4375205/|title=At least 4 months needed to replace demonetised notes, not 50 days: Here’s why|date=14 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>http://dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Measures_Tackle_BlackMoney.pdf</ref> According to data from income tax probes, black money holders keep only 6% or less of their ill-gotten wealth as cash, hence targeting this cash may not be a successful strategy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cash-has-only-6-share-in-black-money-seizures-reveals-income-tax-data/story-JfFuTiJYtxKwJQhz2ApxlL.html |title=Why govt's demonetisation move may fail to win the war against black money |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Appu Esthose Suresh}}</ref>

On 28 October 2016 the total banknotes in circulation in India was {{INRConvert|17.77|lc|lk=lc}}. In terms of value, the annual report of Reserve Bank of India (RBI) of 31 March 2016 stated that total bank notes in circulation valued to {{INRConvert|16.42|lc}} of which nearly 86% (around {{INRConvert|14.18|lc}}) was ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes. In terms of volume, the report stated that 24% (around 22.03 billion) of the total 90266 million banknotes were in circulation.<ref name="equipped">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-are-banks-equipped-to-replace-1874-crore-pieces-of-notes-4364746/|title=Are banks equipped to replace 2,300 crore pieces of Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes?|date=9 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=9 November 2016|author=Damodaran, Harish}}</ref>

=== Political ===
In the past, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) had strongly opposed demonetisation. BJP spokesperson [[Meenakshi Lekhi]] had said in 2014 that "The aam aurats and the aadmis, those who are illiterate and have no access to banking facilities, will be the ones to be hit by such diversionary measures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-measure-is-anti-poor-when-bjp-opposed-demonetisation-during-upa-govt/story-1HSYEYCaX3SaIsRS6q2rhJ.html|title=The measure is 'anti-poor': When BJP opposed demonetisation during UPA govt|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 November 2016|author=Kumar Uttam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/bjp-had-a-very-different-view-on-demonetisation-in-2014/|title=BJP Had A Very Different View on Demonetisation in 2014|date=11 November 2016|publisher=Huffingtonpost.in|author=Betwa Sharma|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-bjp-aap-currency-ban-4370935/|title=Explain opposition to similar move by UPA: AAP to BJP on demonetisation|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjeev-singh-blog/how-bjp-had-termed-demonetisation-as-anti-poor-in-2014/|title=How BJP had termed demonetisation as 'anti-poor' in 2014|work=The Times of India|author=|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> This was before Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched [[Jan Dhan Yojana]] to include the poor into the banking system.

==Televised address==

On 8 November 2016, an announcement was made by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in an unscheduled live televised address to the nation at 20:15 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> In the announcement, Modi declared circulation of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]] as invalid effective from the midnight of the same day, and announced the issuance of new ₹500 and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] in exchange for the old banknotes.

After the official announcement by Prime Minister Modi, the [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]], [[Urjit Patel]], and Economic Affairs secretary, Shaktikanta Das explained in a press conference that while the supply of notes of all denominations had increased by 40% between 2011 and 2016, the ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes increased by 76% and 109% respectively in this period owing to forgery. This forged cash was then used to fund terrorist activities against India. As a result the decision to eliminate the notes had been taken.<ref name="News 18">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/why-were-the-notes-scrapped-rbi-chief-and-economic-affairs-secretary-explain-1309756.html|title=Why Were the Notes Scrapped? RBI Chief, Economic Affairs Secy Explain|date=8 November 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|work=News 18}}</ref>

Patel also informed that the decision had been made about six months ago, and the printing of new banknotes of denomination ₹500 and ₹2000 had already started. However, only the top members of the government, security agencies and the central bank were aware of the move. But media had reported in October 2016 about introduction of ₹2000 denomination well before the official announcement by RBI. This statement has led to much debate, because the Reserve Bank governor six months before the announcement was Raghuram Rajan, while the new banknotes have the signature of the newly appointed governor, [[Urjit Patel]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sridhar|first1=G Naga|last2=Vageesh|first2=NS|title=Coming soon to your wallet: ₹2,000 notes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/coming-soon-to-your-wallet-2000-notes/article9252371.ece|work=[[Business Line]]|date=21 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-1000-notes-move-was-in-the-pipeline-for-months/article9321244.ece|title=Move was in the pipeline for months|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

==Exchanging old notes==

[[File:2016 Indian currency note demonetisation.jpg|thumb|300px|People gathered at ATM of [[Axis Bank]] in [[Mehsana]], Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.]]

The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] and [[Indian 2000-rupee note|₹2000]] banknotes of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] and [[Indian 100-rupee note|₹100]] banknotes of the preceding [[Mahatma Gandhi Series]].<ref name="withdrawaloflegal" /> Following are the key points:
[[File:People gathered at SBI ATM in Paravur near Kollam city in Kerala due to Indian currency demonetisation, Nov 2016.jpg|right|thumb|Long queue in front of [[State Bank of India|SBI]] ATM at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] near the city of [[Kollam]] in [[Kerala]], 19th November 2016.]]
* Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal />
* Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 per day and ₹20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This limit was increased to ₹24,000 per week from 14 November.<ref name="revisedguidelines">{{cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/MoF_reviewed_availability_distribution_Notes.pdf|title=Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="rbirevision">{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10706&Mode=0|title=Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>
* For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes can be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof.<ref name=withdrawaloflegal /> This exchange is restricted to once per person.
** Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016.
** This limit was increased to ₹4500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /><ref name="rbirevision" />
** The limit was reduced to ₹2000 per person from 18 November 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/press_room/2016/Govt_decisions_on_oldNotes17112016.pdf|title=The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers, small traders, Group ‘C’ Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces, Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1000/- notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500/- to Rs. 2000/-with effect from 18th November, 2016.|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Finance, Government of India|publisher=|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
* Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2000 per day.<ref name=ATMsnotdispensing>{{cite web|title=ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10683&Mode=0|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=8 November 2016|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> From 14 November onwards, ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2000 per day.<ref name=revisedguidelines /><ref name="rbirevision" />

However, exceptions were given to petrol, [[CNG]] and gas stations, government hospitals, [[Indian Railways|railway]] and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-secretary-economic-affairs-shaktikanta-das-press-conference-in-new-delhi/article9343621.ece|accessdate=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/-|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref> International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5000 for foreign tourists and out-bound passengers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/outlets-that-will-accept-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-in-next-72-hours/articleshow/55317768.cms | title=Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours | work=The Economic Times | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families will be able to withdraw ₹250,000 for weddings from one account provided it was [[Know your customer|KYC]] compliant. The rules were also been changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 per week from their accounts.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-weddings-shaktikanta-das-government-economic-affairs-secretary/1/812730.html|title=Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account|work=India Today|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

==Prior leakage of information==

Several exact details pertaining to the decision to demonetise the notes had been published on 1 April 2016 in a [[Gujarat]]i newspaper called ''Akila'', including for instance, that there would be around 2 months' time to exchange banned notes, and that new notes in the ₹2000 denomination would be issued.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Local-dailys-April-1-joke-turns-news-break-of-the-year/articleshow/55381283.cms</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiasamvad.co.in/investigation/pm-modi-ministers-leaked-info-on-scrapping-rs-1000-in-april-17750 |title=Not a secret? Modi's ministers had leaked info about scrapping of Rs 1,000 in April |publisher=Indiasamvad.co.in |date=26 October 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016 |author=Sanjeev Singh}}</ref> The editor of the newspaper claimed that it was only an [[April fools day]] prank.<ref>{{cite web|author=Basant Rawat |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161111/jsp/frontpage/story_118632.jsp |title=Psst! A prank to save your black buck |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A fortnight before the official announcement, a news report in Hindi daily ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' quoting RBI sources mentioned about the coming release of new 2000 rupee note and alongside withdrawal of prevailing 500 and 1000 rupee notes when it is released. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/27-oct-2016-16-lucknow-archive-edition-ayodhya-Page-18.html# |title=ePaper link from Hindi daily Dainik Jagran of 27th Octomber 2016|work=Dainik Jagran Epaper |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/journalist-broke-story-about-currency-demonetisation-a-fortnight-back/story-3OpgtR5ehdzkRRrwQITLgK.html |title=Journalist broke story about currency demonetisation a fortnight back |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

A businessman reportedly admitted in an interview, that he had received prior warning of the impending demonetisation from a source in the government, and that he had sufficient time to convert most of his money into smaller denominations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aman Sethi|url=https://www.thequint.com/business/2016/11/11/before-pms-announcement-rumours-of-demonetisation-abounded |title=Before PM's Announcement, Rumours of Demonetisation Abounded |publisher=The Quint |date=6 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

The chairman of the [[State Bank of India]] had also openly spoken in April 2016 about the possibility of demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-500-Rs-1000-note-rumours-not-polls-behind-cash-surge-SBI/articleshow/51736091.cms |title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 note rumours, not polls, behind cash surge: SBI |work=The Times of India |date=8 April 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

===Allegations and claims===
The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI ( M)) alleged that the BJP unit in [[West Bengal]] had advance knowledge about the impending announcement, and deposited money just before the announcement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pooja Mehta |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-knew-of-pm-modi-s-demonetisation-plan-bengal-unit-transferred-rs-1-crore-before-announcement-cpim-2272432 |title=BJP knew of PM Modi's demonetisation plan, Bengal unit transferred Rs 1 crore before announcement: CPI(M) & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/11/west-bengal-bjp-knew-about-demonetisation-deposited-rs-1-crore-hours-before-announcement-cpm-1537470.html |title=West Bengal BJP knew about demonetisation, deposited Rs 1 crore hours before announcement: CPM |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 August 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]] also claimed that there had been some leakage regarding the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-s-friends-were-given-advance-information-on-demonetization-it-is-a-surgical-strike-on-common-people-says-kejriwal-265342.html |title='PM's Friends' Were Given Advance Information on Demonetization, It Is A Surgical Strike on Common People Says Kejriwal |work=The Times of India |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=10 Nov 2016-08:02 pm , PTI |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-and-its-friends-knew-about-demonetization-a-week-before-kejriwal-doubts-modi-s-war-on-black-money-2272145 |title=BJP and its friends knew about demonetization a week before: Kejriwal doubts Modi's war on black money |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 February 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal questioned how Sanjeev Kamboj, a BJP leader in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], posted about the ₹2000 notes days before the official announcement, and alleged that a sudden spike in bank deposits between July and September 2016 was also due to information leakage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/580660/bjp-informed-friends-beforehand-demonetisation.html|title=BJP informed 'friends' beforehand about demonetisation: Kejriwal|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

A BJP MLA from Rajasthan, Bhawani Singh Rajawat, claimed in a video that '[[Ambani]] and [[Gautam Adani|Adani]]' were informed about the demonetisation, and made arrangements. However, he later said that it was an [[Off the record (journalism)|off-the-record]] conversation, and officially denied the comments.<ref>http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-ambani-adani-were-informed-and-thus-made-arrangements-says-bjp-mla/447944/</ref><ref>http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/17/adanis-ambanis-already-knew-about-currency-ban-bjp-mla-caught-on-camera-1539642.html</ref>

== Reactions ==

===Support===

The decision met with mixed reactions Several bankers like [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]] (Chairperson of [[State Bank of India]]), [[Chanda Kochhar]] (MD & CEO of [[ICICI Bank]]) and [[Deepak Parekh]] (Chairman of [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]]) appreciated the move in the sense that it would help curb black money.<ref name="IndiaInc">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/narendra-modi-rs-500-1000-sbi-arundhati-bhattacharya-icici-chanda-kochhar-here-is-how-india-inc-reacted-4364818/ | title=Govt demonitises Rs 500, 1000 notes: Here is how India Inc reacted | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Businessmen [[Anand Mahindra]] ([[Mahindra Group]]), [[Sajjan Jindal]] ([[JSW Group]]), [[Kunal Bahl]] ([[Snapdeal]] and [[FreeCharge]]) also supported the move adding that it would also accelerate e-commerce.<ref name="IndiaInc" /> Infosys founder [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] praised the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-we-should-all-be-celebrating-says-narayana-murthy/articleshow/55357977.cms|title=Demonetisation: We should all be celebrating, says Narayana Murthy |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/move-to-withdraw-rs-500-1000-notes-master-stroke-narayana-murthy-4365782/|title=Move to withdraw Rs 500, 1,000 notes masterstroke |author=Narayana Murthy|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] said that demonetisation would clean the complete economic system, increase the size of economy and revenue base. He mentioned the demonetisation along with the upcoming [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] as "an attempt to change the spending habit and lifestyle."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-war-on-black-money-scrapping-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-will-expand-economy-increase-revenue-says-jaitley-2271883 |title=War on black money: Scrapping Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes will expand economy, increase revenue, says Jaitley |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] spokesperson [[Randeep Surjewala]] welcomed the move but remained sceptical on the consequences that would follow.<ref name="Cong">{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/india/rs-500-1000-currency-notes-banned-congress-raises-questions-against-narendra-modi-govts-shocking-move-1636286/ | title=Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes banned: Congress raises questions against Narendra Modi govt’s shocking move | publisher=India.com | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] supported the move.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-backs-modi-on-demonetisation/article9323442.ece|title=Nitish welcomes demonetisation move|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nitish-Kumar-supports-Modis-demonetisation-move/articleshow/55336788.cms|title=Nitish Kumar supports Modi's demonetisation move |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bihar-cm-nitish-supports-decision-to-withdraw-demonetisation-currency-rs-1000-rs-500-notes-4366034/|title=Bihar CM Nitish Kumar supports decision to withdraw Rs 1000, Rs 500 notes|date=9 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref> The demonetisation also got support from Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-naidu-had-inkling-of-the-ban/article9320914.ece|title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500, Rs. 1000 notes: Naidu had inkling of the ban?|first=K.|last=Venkateshwarlu|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/andhra-cm-naidu-asked-for-demonitisation-of-rs-500-rs-1-000-notes-in-october-116110900626_1.html|title=Andhra CM Naidu asked for demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 notes in October|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=9 November 2016|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/nov/08/chandrababu-naidu-welcomes-demonetisation-move-1536401.html|title=Chandrababu Naidu welcomes demonetisation move}}</ref> Former Chief Election Commissioner of India [[S. Y. Quraishi]] said demonetisation could lead to long term electoral reforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/demonetisation-could-lead-to-long-pending-electoral-reforms/story-tXYgT7hw6Q3TQUbPuIUucO.html|title=Demonetisation could lead to long-pending electoral reforms|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Indian social activist [[Anna Hazare]] hailed demonetisation as a revolutionary step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anna-hazare-hails-demonetisation-calls-it-revolutionary-step/articleshow/55354898.cms|title=Anna Hazare hails demonetisation, calls it 'revolutionary' step |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonitisation-a-revolutionary-step-to-fight-corruption-anna-hazare-4367070/|title=Demonetisation a revolutionary step to fight corruption: Anna Hazare|date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/notes-ban-anna-hazare-hails-pm-narendra-modis-revolutionary-step-kejriwal-criticizes-it-1623922|title=Notes Ban: Anna Hazare Hails PM Narendra Modi's 'Revolutionary' Step, Kejriwal Criticizes It}}</ref> The [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] welcomed the demonetisation move by calling it bold step.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes_1947632.html|title=President Pranab Mukherjee welcomes demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes|date=8 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-1000-and-rs-500-notes-bold-step-president-pranab-mukherjee-4364815/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes bold step: President Pranab Mukherjee|date=8 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/president-pranab-mukherjee-welcomes-demonetisation-of-rs-1-000-rs-500-notes-1623081|title=President Pranab Mukherjee Welcomes Demonetisation of Rs 1,000, Rs 500 Notes|publisher=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-a-bold-step-says-pranab-mukherjee/article9320915.ece|title=A bold step, says Pranab Mukherjee|date=9 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The opinion of the masses varied both ways on micro-blogs and social media sites like Twitter.<ref name="ToI Twitter reaction">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/everything-social/rs-500-1000-notes-pulled-out-how-twitter-reacted/|title=Rs 500, 1000 notes pulled out: How Twitter reacted|date=8 November 2016|work=Times of India Blogs|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref> In general, the move to demonetise and try to hinder black money was appreciated, but the manner in which it was carried out by causing hardships to common people was criticised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2016/11/11/dear-pm-modi-demonetisation-brahmastra-could-have-spared-the-poor|title=Dear PM Modi, Demonetisation 'Brahmastra' Could Have Spared The Poor|date=8 November 2016|publisher=Bloomberg Quint|author=Raghav Bahl|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

By and large, international response was positive which saw the move as a bold crackdown on corruption.<ref name="IMF-response"/><ref name="Chinese state media"/><ref name="Swedish Minister"/> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) issued a statement supporting Modi's efforts to fight corruption by the demonetisation policy.<ref name="IMF-response">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/imf-supports-pm-modi-s-demonetization-move-in-fight-against-corruption-116111100142_1.html|title=Support by IMF|date=11 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

Chinese state media ''[[Global Times]]'' praised the move and termed it as "fierce fight against black money and corruption."<ref name="Chinese state media">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-state-media-praises-modi-but-says-he/article9343797.ece|title=State media praises Modi, but says he can learn from China's crusade against corruption|first=Atul|last=Aneja|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[Prime Minister of Finland]] and Vice-President of European Commission [[Jyrki Katainen]] welcomed the demonetisation move stressing that bringing transparency will strengthen Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-to-help-financial-system-eu/articleshow/55399290.cms|title=European Union welcomes India's step on demonetisation |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/business/indias-crackdown-on-black-money-will-help-financial-system-european-union-1311545.html|title=India's Crackdown on Black Money Will Help Financial System: European Union|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> [[BBC]]'s South Asia Correspondent [[Justin Rowlatt]] in his article praised the move for its secrecy and success and elaborated on reason behind demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37974423|title=Why India wiped out 86% of its cash overnight|first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|date=14 November 2016|work=bbc.com}}</ref>[[Tim Worstall]] termed the demonetisation as welcome macroeconomic effect in his article in Forbes magazine.<ref>http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/11/17/indias-rs-500-and-1000-demonetisation-is-lowering-interest-rates-and-also-inflation/#62464fde2edf</ref> Swedish Minister of Enterprise [[Mikael Damberg]] supported the move by calling it bold decision.<ref name="Swedish Minister">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-mikael-damberg/article9340999.ece?w=alauto|title=Swedish ICT sector wouldn't have been so successful without Indian help|first=Arun|last=S|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Singapore-based paper ''The Independent'' published a laudatory article on the move titled "Modi does a [[Lee Kuan Yew]] to stamp out corruption in India." Lee Kuan Yew was the Singaporean Prime Minister and is considered the architect of modern Singapore. "From making up his mind to rolling it out, a new Lee Kuan Yew is born in India. It will be reflected in the legacy of this Prime Minister," the article said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theindependent.sg/modi-does-a-lee-kuan-yew-to-stamp-out-corruption-in-india/|title=Modi does a Lee Kuan Yew to stamp out corruption in India|date=10 November 2016|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

===Criticism===

On 8 November 2016, Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]] called the new declaration "drama".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonitisation-of-rs500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-reactions/article9320639.ece | title=Demonetisation of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000: Who says what | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> A [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) was filed in [[Madras High Court]] by M Seeni Ahamed, General Secretary of the [[Indian National League]], to scrap the decision. The High Court dismissed the PIL stating that it could not interfere in monetary policies of the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55353472.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |title=Govt's demonetisation move fit for country's security, development: HC |work= The Economic Times |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> Similar PILs were also filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pils-supreme-court-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-illegal/1/807124.html |title=PILs in Supreme Court against making Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes illegal |work=India Today |date=10 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> [[Supreme Court of India]] gave judgement that Government is free to change policy, taking into consideration the prevalent socio-economic conditions and that the courts have only a limited role to play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-free-to-change-policy-to-suit-socioeconomic-situation-supreme-court/article9345175.ece?ref=sliderNews|title=Govt free to change policy to suit socio-economic situation: Supreme Court|first=Krishnadas|last=Rajagopal|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Former [[World Bank]] Chief Economist, [[Kaushik Basu]], said that the 'damage' is likely to be much greater than any possible benefits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/demonetisation-damage-greater-than-its-benefits-says-kaushik-basu-116111101733_1.html |title=Demonetisation damage greater than its benefits, says Kaushik Basu |work=Business Standard |date=12 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-good-economics-demonetisation-is-not-kaushik-basu/articleshow/55375545.cms |title=GST good economics; demonetisation is not: Kaushik Basu |work=The Economic Times |date=11 November 2016 |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>

[[Prabhat Patnaik]], a former professor of economics at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] called the move 'witless' and 'anti-people'. He criticised the simple way in which black money was assumed as "a hoard of cash", saying that it would have little effect in eliminating "black activities" while "causing much hardship to common people."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Patnaik|first1=Prabhat|title=Demonetization: Witless and Anti-People|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/1/9151/Demonetization-Witless-and-Anti-People|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Citizen|date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

===Opposition===

A Congress-led opposition, which includes 13 political parties, opposed the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation issue in the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] on 16 November 2016. The [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] also met the President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to oppose the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-demonetization-debate-likely-to-hot-up-winter-session-didi-to-knock-on-president-s-door-2273770|title= Debate on demonetisation, in winter session|work=DNA India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demonetisation-People-battle-it-out-at-banks-netas-ready-for-war-in-Parliament/articleshow/55424673.cms|title= Winter Session debate|work=The Times of India|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/winter-session-oppn-to-target-govt-on-demonetisation-orop-gst-116111401558_1.html|title=Opposition to target government on demonetisation|work=Business Standard|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-november-15-2016-effect-of-demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes/article9348006.ece|title=Government and Opposition prepare for winter session of Parliament, on demonetisation|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-janata-dal-u-gives-suspension-of-business-notice-as-parties-gear-up-for-war-in-parliament_1949763.html|title= Parties gear up for debate on demonetisation|work=zeenews.India.com|date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/opposition-parties-agree-to-raise-notes-issue-in-session/articleshow/55424453.cms|title= Parties agree to raise notes issue in session|work=The Economic Times|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The debate on demonetisation is known to be initiated by [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/live-parliament-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-demonetization-congress-bjp-tmc-rahul-mamata-modi-sena-black-money-banks-atms-2273883|title=Congress on demonetisation|work= DNA India|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Anand Sharma]] in [[Rajya Sabha]] on 16 November 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/url-live-winter-session-of-parliament-begins-today-narendra-modi-speech-rahul-gandhi-arun-jaitley-demonetisation-effects/446936/|title= Anand Sharma speaks on demonetisation|work=The Financial Express|date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/live-updates/parliament-debate-on-demonetisation-1950128|title= Congress initiates demonetisation debate|work=Zeenews.India.com|date= 16 November 2016}}</ref> while [[Mamata Banerjee]] is known to be the first to oppose the current government on the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Whys-Didi-against-demonetisation/articleshow/55378644.cms|title=Why's Mamata Banerjee against demonetization?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

On 16 November 2016, [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] led a rainbow delegation comprising political parties of [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party]], BJP ally [[Shiv Sena]], Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (of Hardik Patel) and National Conference to [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] to protest against the decision to withdraw {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes. A memorandum was submitted to the [[President of India]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] demanding rollback of the decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-of-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-mamata-banerjee-leads-protest-march-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-4379517/|title=Demonetisation of Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes: Mamata Banerjee leads protest march to Rashtrapati Bhavan|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> Outside the Parliament in a rally the same day, [[Saugata Roy]], a member of parliament from the opposition [[Trinamool Congress]] Party, commented, "People are in utter distress, especially the informal sector is totally disrupted. Poor people, daily wage earners, they're all facing difficulty"<ref name="Aljazeera-1"/>

In the demonetisation debate on the first day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 16 November 2016, [[Pramod Tiwari]] from the [[Indian National Congress]], accused [[Narendra Modi]] for the demonetisation and compared Narendra Modi to [[Mussolini]], [[Hitler]] and [[Qadhafi]], while [[Prem Chand Gupta]] questioned a statement of Modi from the unscheduled TV broadcast on 8 November, "If it was planned 10 months ago, how did RBI Governor [[Urjit Patel]] sign on new note?". While on the other side, [[Praful Patel]] criticised the demonetisation by stating "the government was not even prepared to recalibrate the ATMs while announcing the move. People's suffering unimaginable. Nobody is questioning the government's intention, but you are unprepared to execute the move". Later, the former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] [[Mayawati]] stated the situiation to "a financial emergency", by saying "It looks as if ''[[India|Bharat]]'' has shut down." Also, [[Sitaram Yechury]] from [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]], questioned the [[Modi ministry|current government]] on the demonetisation move by stating "only 6% of black money in India is in cash to drive his point that demonetisation won't curb illicit wealth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-parliament-proceedings-november-16-2016/article9351846.ece|title=As it happened: Parliament proceedings — November 16, 2016 |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

On 17 November 2016, in a rally against demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 notes, led by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his West Bengal counterpart [[Mamata Banerjee]] at Azadpur Mandi, the biggest vegetable and fruits wholesale hub in the [[New Delhi|national capital]], Arvind Kejriwal demanded the withdraw of demonetisation in 3 days, or else there would be a [[rebellion]], he said. Mamata Banerjee also stated "I give the government 3 day ultimatum, fix things or withdraw the demonetisation scheme".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-kejriwal-mamata-protest-against-demonetisation-at-azadpur-market/story-9s1OoTJ1XgN6fFXSD6x36I.html|title=Resolve cash crunch in 3 days or face rebellion: Mamata, Kejriwal to Govt|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref>

In the demonetisation debate on the second and third day of the Winter Session of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] at the [[Rajya Sabha]], on 17 and 18 November 2016, the opposition and the [[Modi ministry|current government]] clashed over the demonetisation issue, bringing the [[Rajya Sabha|house]] to continuous halts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/winter-session-of-parliament-parliament-proceedings-november-18-2016/article9360240.ece|title=As it happened: RS, LS adjourned till Monday|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

===Cash rush===
[[File:Queue at ATM for INR 100 Notes - Howrah 2016-11-08 1773.JPG|thumb|Queue at an ATM for {{INR}}100 banknotes in [[Howrah]], on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST)]]
[[File:Queue at Bank to Exchange INR 500 and 1000 Notes - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2016-11-10 02103.jpg|thumb|People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes in [[Kolkata]] on 10 November 2016.]]

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes, faced difficulties to exchange them as endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes since 9 November. <ref name="Aljazeera-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-takes-toll-poor-161116172745225.html|title=India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor|date=16 November 2016|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=IEchaos>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend-4371373/|title=Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-demonetisation-chaos-atms-run-dry-161109061403011.html|title=India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/demonetisation-move-chaos-grows-queues-get-longer-at-banks-atms-on-weekend/article9337803.ece|title=Queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend|date=12 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The CMD of [[Punjab National Bank]] said that panic after demonetization started fading on 19 November 2016.<ref> The Hindu [http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/panic-following-withdrawal-of-notes-has-largely-faded/article9365673.ece Panic following withdrawal of notes has largely faded - PNB CMD] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref> ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.<ref name=IEchaos /> Sporadic violence was reported in [[New Delhi]], but there were no reports of any grievous injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2016/nov/13/demonetisation-sporadic-violence-in-delhi-cops-receive-45k-calls-1538063.html|title=Demonetisation: Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5K calls|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> people attacked bank premises and ATMs,<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Unrest-erupts-in-UP-towns-as-cashless-crowds-vent-ire-on-bank-staff/articleshow/55528509.cms</ref><ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/In-western-UP-violence-marks-day-13-of-demonetisation/articleshow/55545397.cms</ref><ref>http://www.india.com/news/india/demonetisation-effect-atm-vandalism-on-rise-1652843/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-angry-customers-break-banks-glass-door-in-kollam-4371720/|title=Demonetisation: Angry customers break bank’s glass door in Kollam|date=12 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/no-cash-frustrated-man-smashes-atm-glass-wall/article9340047.ece|title=No cash: ‘frustrated’ man smashes ATM glass wall|first=Staff|last=Reporter|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/2016/11/12/demonetisation-modi-rs-2000-rs-500-bank-officials-black-money-goons-attack-bank-officials-takes-its-toll-violence|title=Hid in Washroom For an Hour: Official After Attack at IDBI Bank}}</ref> and a ration shop was looted in [[Madhya Pradesh]] after the shop owner refused to accept {{INR}}500 banknotes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/villagers-loot-pds-shop-over-invalid-after-dealer-refuses-scrapped-banknotes/story-pHFaVKqlz28OETJfvONS1M.html|title=Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes|date=12 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161113/jsp/nation/story_118946.jsp|title=Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Villagers-looted-ration-shops-in-Madhya-Pradeshafter-the-shop-owner-refused-to-accept-old-notes/articleshow/55388557.cms|title=Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/demonetisation-fallout-cashless-villagers-loot-pds-shop-in-mps-chhatarpur-village-1311252.html|title=Demonetisation Fallout: Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP's Chhatarpur Village|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> Several people died while standing in queues to exchange their old banknotes. One person died as he fell down from the building. One farmer died after standing in queue for two hours.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-deaths-in-maharashtra-kerala-narendra-modi-4370296/|title=Two dead in Maharashtra, Kerala in country-wide rush to junk banned notes|date=11 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetosation-deaths-congress-modi-government/1/808721.html|title=Demonetisation: Rush for cash kills 2 in Kerala, 1 in Maharashtra; Congress blames Modi government|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>http://www.uniindia.com/demonetisation-96-year-old-died-while-standing-in-queue/states/news/684631.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/farmer-standing-in-line-to-exchange-notes-dies-of-heart-attack-116111200942_1.html|title=Farmer standing in line to exchange notes dies of heart attack|first=Press Trust of|last=India|date=12 November 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Three People Die While Waiting in Queue To Exchange Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 Currency Notes|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/11/73-year-old-dies-waiting-in-queue-to-exchange-discontinued-curre/|accessdate=13 November 2016|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 die in queue to exchange banned notes at bank|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-die-in-country-wide-rush-to-junk-banned-notes/articleshow/55374158.cms|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=11 November 2016}}</ref> one death is being attributed to lack of medical help due to refusal of old banknotes by hospitals. Action was taken against the hospital refusing old bank notes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Baby dies waiting for medical help as hospital refuses Rs 500 & 1000 currency notes|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/mumbai-baby-dies-waiting-for-medical-help-as-hospital-refuses-rs-500-1000-currency-notes-1642581/|accessdate=13 November 2016|publisher=India.com|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/Doc-says-no-to-deposit-in-Rs-500-notes-baby-dies-awaiting-help/articleshow/55380976.cms|title=Doc says no to deposit in Rs 500 notes, baby dies awaiting help |work=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baby-dies-after-doctor-refuses-to-take-rs-500-and-rs-1000-notes-for-treatment-in-mumbai/story-xxSBtmK39xdcAx0hfhViEL.html|title=Infant's death: Doc booked over claims of refusing treatment in Mumbai|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The attributed death toll was 25, till 15 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/demonetisation-row-many-lives-lost-for-crores-of-unaccounted-money-in-only-5-days/445560/|title=Demonetisation crisis: 25 people dead in a week already|date=14 November 2016|work=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-deaths-in-country/1/811009.html|title=25 deaths in a week: PM Modis demonetisation drive takes a toll on aam aadmi|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/15/demonetisation-death-toll-rises-to-25-and-its-only-been-6-days/|title=Demonetisation Death Toll Rises To 25 And It's Only Been 6 Days|work=huffingtonpost}}</ref> In an interview, Arvind Kejriwal lashed out at a reporter who asked him to justify his claim on 19 November that 55 deaths were linked to demonetisation.<ref>Express Web Desk | New Delhi | Published:November 19, 2016 [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/arvind-kejriwal-lashes-out-at-bbc-reporter-questioning-him-on-demonetisation-4384031/?campaign_id=A100 Arvind Kejriwal gets angry at BBC reporter questioning him on demonetisation] (Accessed on 20 November 2016)</ref>

===Effects on Economy===

====Stock market====

As a combined effect of demonetisation and [[United States presidential election, 2016|US presidential election]], the share market indices dropped to an around six-month low in the week following the announcement. The day after the demonetisation announcement, [[BSE SENSEX]] crashed nearly 1,689 points and [[NIFTY 50]] plunged by over 541 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/stock-market-news-november-9-2016/article9322930.ece|title=Sensex crashes 1,689 points on black money crackdown, U.S. election|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref> By the end of the intraday trading section on 15 November 2016, the [[BSE SENSEX]] index was lower by 565 points and the [[NIFTY 50]] index was below 8100 intraday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/local-markets/sensex-sinks-514pts-midcap-down-4demonetisationearnings_7965381.html|title=Sensex sinks 514pts, Midcap down 4% on demonetisation & earnings |publisher=[[moneycontrol.com]]|accessdate=16 November 2016}}</ref>

====Transportation====

Major highway toll junctions on the Gujarat and Delhi-Mumbai highways also saw long queues as toll plaza operators refused the old banknotes. [[Nitin Gadkari]], the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Transport]], subsequently announced a suspension of toll collections on all national highways across India until midnight of 11 November, later extended until 14 November and again until midnight of 18 November.<ref name="toll">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/toll-collection-suspended-across-the-country-till-nov-11-highways-ministry/story-1bAQIFhgp3R26ja4z9OdDK.html |title=Toll tax suspended on national highways till Nov 11, banks open this weekend |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/no-toll-charges-on-national-highways-till-nov-18-midnight-116111400435_1.html|title=No toll charges on National Highways till Nov 18 midnight|agency=Press Trust of India|date=14 November 2016|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

====Agriculture====
{{Missing information|section|effects of demonetisation on agriculture and farmers|date=November 2016}}

====Banking====

In the first four days after the announcement of the step, about 3 trillion rupees in the form of old ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes had been deposited in the banking system and about 500 billion rupees had been dispensed via withdrawals from bank accounts, ATMs as well as exchanges over the bank counters. Within these four days, the banking system has handled about 180 million transactions.<ref name="revisedguidelines" /> The [[State Bank of India]] reported to have received more than {{INR}}300 billion in bank deposit in first two days after demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/state-bank-of-india-gets-rs-38677-crore-deposit-in-2-days-4370826/|title=State Bank of India gets Rs 38,677 crore deposit in 2 days|date=12 November 2016|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/state-bank-of-india-says-it-has-received-deposits-worth-rs-53-000-crore/story-FDoUfqDOmC5ls3OAZSe2jM.html|title=State Bank of India says it has received deposits worth Rs 53,000 crore|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/banking-finance/demonetisation-drive-windfall-for-banks-coffers-richer-by-rs-2-2-lakh-cr-already/444188/|title=Demonetisation drive windfall for banks, coffers richer by Rs 2.2 lakh cr already|date=12 November 2016}}</ref> A spike in the usage of debit card and credit card post demonetisation was also reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/card-usage-surges-microlending-grinds-to-a-halt/article9341086.ece?w=alauto|title=Micro lending badly hit; surge in use of cards|first1=Manojit|last1=Saha|first2=Ashish|last2=Rukhaiyar|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In [[Malda district|Malda]], a district believed to be a transit-point for fake Indian currencies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bank-accounts-for-sale-in-malda-west-bengal/1/808124.html|title=Exclusive: Bank accounts for sale in West Bengals Malda!}}</ref> a large sum of cash deposits in dormant accounts were also reported. According to [[The Economic Times]], more than 80 percent of fake currency in India originates from Malda district in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/life-has-come-to-standstill-in-indias-counterfeit-capital/articleshow/55406694.cms|title=Life has come to standstill in India's counterfeit capital |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

====Business====

By the second week after demonetisation of {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1000 banknotes, cigarette sales across India witnessed a fall of 30-40%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/cigarette-sales-down-30-40/448647/|title=Cigarette sales down 30-40%|accessdate=18 November 2016|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> while E-commerce companies saw up to a 30% decline in [[cash on delivery]] (COD) orders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ecommerce-firms-see-30-decline-in-cash-on-delivery-orders-post-demonetisation/article9354147.ece|title=E-commerce firms see 30% decline in cash on delivery orders post demonetisation|date=2016-11-16|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/rs-500-rs-1000-notes-demonetisation-e-commerce-cash-on-delivery-4379522/|title=E-commerce cash-on-delivery orders down by up to 30 per cent|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> Several e-commerce companies hailed the demonetisation decision as an impetus to an increase in [[E-commerce payment system|digital payments]]. They believe that it would lead to a decline in COD returns which is expected to cut down their costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2016/11/17/flipkart-snapdeal-shopclues-say-demonetisation-good-for-e-commerce-industry/|title=Flipkart, Snapdeal, Shopclues say demonetisation good for e-commerce industry|date=2016-11-17|newspaper=Techcircle.in - India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

The demand for point of sales (POS) or card swipe machines has increased.<ref name=et1116>{{citation |title=Demonetisation gets 'acche din' for swipe-machine makers |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55429945.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 November 2016 }}</ref> E-payment options like PayTM and PayUMoney has also seen a rise.<ref>{{citation |title=To stay afloat, Coimabtore traders seek card swipe machines |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/To-stay-afloat-Coimabtore-traders-seek-card-swipe-machines/articleshow/55519849.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2016 }}</ref> According to data of Pine Labs, the demand for its POS machines doubled after the decision. Further it states that the debit card transactions rose by 108% and credit card transactions by 60% on 9 November 2016.<ref name=et1116/>

===Income tax raids and cash seizures===

The [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Ministry]] instructed all revenue intelligence agencies to join the crackdown on forex traders, hawala operators and jewellers besides tracking movement of demonetised currency notes.<ref name="ED-fema-notices">{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate issues FEMA notices to forex, gold traders|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/enforcement-directorate-issues-fema-notices-to-forex-gold-traders/articleshow/55445560.cms|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Income Tax departments raided various illegal tax-evasive businesses in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and other cities that traded with demonetised currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/income-tax-department-raids-chandni-chowk-shops-shut/1/807996.html |title=Income tax dept conducts raids across India as illegal financial institutions crop up; shops call it a day |work=India Today |date=11 November 2016 |author=Rai, Arpan |accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] issued several [[Foreign Exchange Management Act|FEMA]] notices to forex and gold traders.<ref name="ED-fema-notices"/> It also raided several forex establishments making back dated entries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enforcement Directorate raids forex shops making back date entries|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/enforcement-directorate-raids-forex-shops-making-back-date-entries/articleshow/55373554.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Large sum of cash were seized in different parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rs-1322-lakh-in-cash-seized/article9331654.ece?css=print|title=Rs. 13.22 lakh in cash seized|date=11 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-1624663|title=Rs 4 Crore-Worth Scrapped Notes Seized From Maharashtra Trader}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/76-lakh-cash-seized-from-vehicle-in-Mandi/articleshow/55379844.cms|title=Rs 76 lakh cash seized from vehicle in Mandi – Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/madhya-pradesh-rs-4-crore-worth-scrapped-bank-notes-seized-from-maharashtra-trader-4371753/|title=Madhya Pradesh: Rs 4 crore-worth scrapped bank notes seized from trader|date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cash-seized-from-two-cars-near-nashik/article9356909.ece?homepage=true</ref> In [[Chhattisgarh]] liquid cash worth of {{INR}}4.4 million was seized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-chhattisgarh-cash-worth-rs-44-lakhs-in-rs-500-rs-1000-notes-seized-from-a-man-2272478|title=Chhattisgarh: Cash worth Rs 44 lakhs in Rs 500, Rs 1000 notes seized from a man |work=Daily News & Analysis|date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

===Effect on illegal activities===

The move also reportedly crippled Communist guerrilla groups ([[Naxalite]]s) financing through money laundering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cops-look-for-Maoists-with-old-currency/articleshow/55377997.cms|title=Cops look for Maoists with old currency – Times of India}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Modis-demonetization-set-to-cripple-Naxalites-financially/articleshow/55379177.cms|title=Modi's demonetization set to cripple Naxalites financially |work=Times of India}}</ref> On 10 November the police arrested a petrol pump owner at Ranchi when he reportedly tried to deposit ₹2.5 million, belonging to a person affiliated with the banned [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/maoists-depend-on-sympathisers-to-tide-over-cash-crunch/article9340780.ece?homepage=true|title=Maoists depend on sympathisers to tide over cash crunch|first=Rajulapudi|last=Srinivas|date=13 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> According to [[Chhattisgarh Police]] demonetisation has affected the [[Naxalite]] activities. It is reported that insurgents have stashed more than ₹70 billion in the Bastar region.<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/this-is-how-big-note-ban-will-affect-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-1624880|title=This Is How Big Note Ban Will Affect Maoist Activities in Chhattisgarh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-to-hit-maoist-activities-in-chhattisgarh-police-4372900/|title=Demonetisation to hit Maoist activities in Chhattisgarh: Police|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> Mumbai Police reported a setback to [[Hawala|Hawala operations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/demonetisation-cripples-hawala-operations-mumbai-police/articleshow/55337722.cms|title=Demonetisation cripples hawala operations: Mumbai Police |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/demonetisation-effect-hawala-operations-stopped-in-mumbai/1/807544.html|title=Demonetisation effect: Hawala operations come to a grinding halt}}</ref> Hawala dealers in Kerala were also affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hawala-dealers-in-kerala-hit-hard-by-demonetisation-kerala-demonetization-unaccounted-money--1.1493198|title=Hawala dealers in Kerala hit hard by demonetisation}}</ref> The [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] reported the effect of demonetisation on hawala transactions of separatists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2016/nov/12/terror-hawala-in-kashmir-valley-rendered-trash-thanks-to-demonetisation-1537896--1.html|title=Terror hawala in Kashmir valley rendered trash, thanks to demonetisation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://postcard.news/violence-jammu-kashmir-suddenly-stopped/|title=Why all the Violence in Jammu-Kashmir Has Suddenly Stopped???|first=Postcard|last=Team}}</ref>

===Evasion===
[[File:Shop accepting 500 1000 rupee notes.jpg|thumb|300px|A jewellery store in a shopping mall with a notice "We accept ₹500 and ₹1000 notes", even after they were no longer valid banknotes.]]

====Gold purchases====
In [[Gujarat]], [[Delhi]] and many other major cities, sales of gold increased on 9 November, with an increased 20 to 30% premium surging the price as much as ₹45,000 from the ruling price of ₹31,900 per {{Convert|10|g}}.<ref name="Gold Price">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2016/nov/10/gold-price-recovers-on-renewed-demand-1536940.html|title=Gold price recovers on renewed demand |date=10 November 2016 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/scramble-for-gold-in-gujarat-after-demonetisation/article9323127.ece?homepage=true | title=Scramble for gold in Gujarat after demonetisation | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016 | author=Langa, Mahesh}}</ref>

====Dumping====
A bag of burnt notes was found in [[Uttar Pradesh]] following demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/uttar-pradesh-burnt-rs-500-and-rs-1-000-notes-bareilly/1/807068.html|title=Burnt Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 notes found in Bareilly}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rs-500-rs-1000-banned-burnt-remnants-of-notes-found-in-uttar-pradesh-3097970.html|title=Rs 500, Rs 1,000 banned: Burnt remnants of notes found in Uttar Pradesh – Firstpost|date=10 November 2016}}</ref> Old ₹500 and ₹1000 notes were also found floating in the Ganga river near Mirzapur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-500-1000-notes-found-floating-in-ganga-river-in-up-1624316|title=Old School Notes of Rs 500 And Rs 1,000 Found Floating in Ganga}}</ref>

====Donations====
Authorities of Sri Jalakanteswarar temple at [[Vellore]] discovered cash worth {{INR}}4.4 million from the temple Hundi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/bundles-of-cash-found-inside-a-temple-hundi/article9342666.ece?homepage=true|title=Defunct notes worth Rs. 44 lakh found in temple hundi|date=14 November 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

====Multiple bank transactions====
There have also been reports of people circumventing the restrictions imposed on exchange transactions and also attempting to convert black money into white by making multiple transactions at different bank branches.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parmar|first1=Beena|title=Despite Rs 4000-cap on money exchange, loophole allows multiple transactions|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/despite-rs-4000-cap-on-money-exchange-loophole-allows-multiple-transactions/story-lbw8xw5XCHvsS5DOawWB1O.html|accessdate=13 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> People were also getting rid of large amounts of banned currency by sending people in groups to exchange their money at banks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/demonetisation-in-chennai-to-beat-cash-limit-they-send-full-teams-to-bank-4375951/|title=Demonetisation: In Chennai, To beat cash limit, they send full teams to bank|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> In response, the government announced that it would start marking customers with indelible ink. This was in addition to other measures proposed to ensure that the exchange transactions are carried out only once by each person.<ref name="TOI_ink">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indelible-ink-to-mark-fingers-of-those-who-have-exchanged-cash/articleshow/55431492.cms|title=To reduce crowds at banks, ATMs, indelible ink to mark fingers of those who have exchanged old notes |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/demonetisation-banks-to-use-indelible-ink-to-stop-multiple-transactions-curb-crowd-3106274.html|title=Demonetisation: Banks to use indelible ink to stop multiple transactions, curb crowd |date=15 November 2016|publisher=firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/demonetisation-indelible-ink-mark-seems-like-the-govt-is-panicking-4376665/|title=Demonetisation: Indelible ink mark seems like the government is panicking?|date=15 November 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> On 17 November, the government reduced the exchange amount to {{INR}}2000 to discourage attempts to convert black money into legitimate money.<ref name=":1" />

====Railway bookings====

As soon as the demonetisation was announced, it was observed by the [[Indian Railways]] authorities that large number of people started booking tickets particularly in [[Indian Railways coaching stock|classes]] 1A and 2A for the longest distance possible, to get rid of unaccounted cash. A senior official said, "On November 13, 42.7 million passengers were nationally booked across all classes. Of these, only 1,209 were 1A and 16,999 for 2A. It is a sharp dip from the number of passengers booked on November 9, when 27,237 passengers had booked tickets in 1A and 69,950 in 2A."<ref name=":0" />

The [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railways Ministry]] and the Railway Board responded swiftly and decided that: cancellation and refund of tickets of value ₹10,000 and above will not be allowed by any means involving cash. The payment can only be through cheque/electronic payment. Tickets above ₹10,000 can be refunded by filing ticket deposit receipt only on surrendering the original ticket. A copy of the [[PAN card]] must be submitted for any cash transaction above ₹50,000. The official claimed that since the Railway Board on 10 November imposed a number of restrictions to book and cancel tickets, the number of people booking 1A and 2A tickets came down.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Rlys sets 5000 as cash refund limit for tickets|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rlys-sets-5000-as-cash-refund-limit-for-tickets/articleshow/55444673.cms|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways say, no cash refund for tickets booked between Nov 9-11|url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/railways-say-no-cash-refund-for-tickets-booked-between-nov-9-11_1949831.html|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

====Municipal and local taxes====

The use of the demonetised notes had been allowed by the government for the payment of municipal and local body taxes. This led to people using the banned ₹500 and ₹1000 notes to pay large amounts of outstanding taxes, and also advance taxes. As a result, revenue collections of the local authorities have jumped due to the demonetisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/hyderabad/demonetisation-impact-greater-hyderabad-municipal-corporation-collects-over-rs-160-crore-in-just-four-days_1949989.html|title=Demonetisation impact: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation collects over Rs 160 crore in just four days|date=15 November 2016|publisher=india.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation}}
{{wikinews|India discontinues ₹500, ₹1000 denominations; releases ₹2000 and new ₹500 bills}}
* [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rupees-500-1000-currency-note-faq-narendra-modi/1/805954.html What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500–1000 notes answered], ''India Today'', 8 November 2016
* [https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=119 FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of India]
* [http://www.finmin.nic.in/ Ministry of Finance, Government of India]
* [https://www.dailyfastnews.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-demonetises-rs-500-and-rs-1000-currency-notes-in-india/ PM Narendra Modi Demonetises Rs 500 and Rs 1000 Currency Notes In India]

{{Indian currency}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:History of money]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Monetary reform]]